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/wiki/Thomas_Joseph_Byrnes#P39#2
|
What was the position of Thomas Joseph Byrnes before Apr 1886?
|
Thomas Joseph Byrnes Thomas Joseph Byrnes ( 11 November 1860 – 27 September 1898 ) was Premier of Queensland from April 1898 until his death in October of the same year , having previously served in several ministerial positions in his parliamentary career . He was the first Roman Catholic Premier of Queensland and the first to die in office . Early life . Byrnes was born in Spring Hill , Queensland , to Irish immigrants Patrick Byrnes and his wife Anna , née Tighe . Byrnes was educated at Bowen State School , then , winning a scholarship where he topped the state , he studied at Brisbane Grammar School and then studied arts and law at the University of Melbourne , graduating with honours in both . During his time at the University of Melbourne he was Prelector of the Dialectic Society of Trinity College ( University of Melbourne ) , winning the Societys inaugural Wigram Allen Prize in 1883 , only months after it had been established by Sir George Wigram Allen . In 1882-83 Byrnes taught at Xavier College . Career . Byrnes was admitted as a barrister in Victoria on 8 July 1884 and returned for a Queensland admission on 5 August ; he then began a successful career as a barrister . Byrnes talent brought him to the attention of fellow barrister Sir Samuel Griffith , then Premier of Queensland , who had him appointed Solicitor-General with a seat in the Legislative Council . Byrnes stood down from the Legislative Council to successfully stand for Cairns in the Legislative Assembly in 1893 . He represented Cairns until 1896 , after which he represented Warwick in the Legislative Assembly from 1896 to his death in 1898 . Byrnes continued his private law practice and participated in two major Supreme Court of Queensland cases . In the Queensland Investment Co . v . Grimley case , Byrnes successful conduct of the defence was praised widely . In the John Robb arbitration case of 1892 , praise for Byrnes skill was accompanied by public objection to the high fees paid to Samuel Griffith as leading counsel and to Byrnes as one of his assistants . In 1895 and 1897 , Byrnes represented Queensland at meetings of the Federal Council of Australasia . Sir Thomas McIlwraith appointed him as Attorney-General of Queensland in the Continuous Ministry , and when Hugh Nelson stepped down as Premier ; Byrnes , the youngest member of the Ministry by a large margin , became Premier . Late life . Byrnes ability had led many to expect great things of him , but he contracted measles then pneumonia and died on 27 September 1898 . Byrnes was accorded a state funeral which proceeded from St Stephens Cathedral to the Toowong Cemetery . Never married , he was survived by several brothers and sisters . Legacy . Byrnes is commemorated by two statues , one in Centenary Place in Brisbane and the heritage-listed T J Byrnes Monument in Warwick , both funded by public subscriptions . The commissioning of the Brisbane statue encountered a series of setbacks . The sculptor Achille Simonetti was approached by the committee to create the statue . However , Simonetti had never seen Byrnes during his life and produced a plaster cast from photographs for the committees approval before commencing the statue . The committee did not think the cast was sufficiently like Byrnes and there were a number of iterations before they were satisfied . Then there was an argument of whether Byrnes should be depicted in a university gown or in an ordinary frock coat , deciding on a frock coat in order to depict Byrnes as the premier rather than as a lawyer . Then as Simonetti was tendering to provide a 9-foot-tall bronze statue for £1,800 , a local sculptor James Laurence Watts offered to provide the statue for only £1,000 , dividing the committee . However , after Byrnes sisters indicated their strong preference for Simonettis work and Simonetti offered a revised tender of £1400 , the committee went ahead and commissioned the statue from Simonetti . Early in 1900 , the argument about the clothing erupted once more when Simonetti expressed an artistic preference for robes rather than a frock coat , and the committee reversed its decision in favour of robes . During this argument , Simonetti took ill and died . It was then announced in the newspaper that it had been Simonettis wish that his former pupil , James White , should complete his unfinished commissions . The committee negotiated with White , but finally gave the commission to sculptor Bertram Mackennal . The township of Byrnestown in Queensland is named after him , as is its main street Byrnes Parade and its railway station . St Thomass Catholic Church in Camp Hill , Brisbane ( then known as East Coorparoo ) built in 1923 is another memorial to Byrnes . He had owned the land on which the church was built , but it had passed to his sister Matilda Margaret Maloney after his death . In 1916 she agreed to sell the land to the Catholic Church and then , on her death in 1922 , bequeathed £300 towards the cost of erecting a church in memory of her brother . References . - Byrnes , Thomas Joseph — Brisbane City Council Grave Location Search
|
[
""
] |
[
{
"text": " Thomas Joseph Byrnes ( 11 November 1860 – 27 September 1898 ) was Premier of Queensland from April 1898 until his death in October of the same year , having previously served in several ministerial positions in his parliamentary career . He was the first Roman Catholic Premier of Queensland and the first to die in office .",
"title": "Thomas Joseph Byrnes"
},
{
"text": "Byrnes was born in Spring Hill , Queensland , to Irish immigrants Patrick Byrnes and his wife Anna , née Tighe . Byrnes was educated at Bowen State School , then , winning a scholarship where he topped the state , he studied at Brisbane Grammar School and then studied arts and law at the University of Melbourne , graduating with honours in both . During his time at the University of Melbourne he was Prelector of the Dialectic Society of Trinity College ( University of Melbourne ) , winning the Societys inaugural Wigram Allen Prize in 1883 , only",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "months after it had been established by Sir George Wigram Allen . In 1882-83 Byrnes taught at Xavier College .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Byrnes was admitted as a barrister in Victoria on 8 July 1884 and returned for a Queensland admission on 5 August ; he then began a successful career as a barrister . Byrnes talent brought him to the attention of fellow barrister Sir Samuel Griffith , then Premier of Queensland , who had him appointed Solicitor-General with a seat in the Legislative Council . Byrnes stood down from the Legislative Council to successfully stand for Cairns in the Legislative Assembly in 1893 . He represented Cairns until 1896 , after which he represented Warwick in the Legislative Assembly from 1896",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "to his death in 1898 .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " Byrnes continued his private law practice and participated in two major Supreme Court of Queensland cases . In the Queensland Investment Co . v . Grimley case , Byrnes successful conduct of the defence was praised widely . In the John Robb arbitration case of 1892 , praise for Byrnes skill was accompanied by public objection to the high fees paid to Samuel Griffith as leading counsel and to Byrnes as one of his assistants . In 1895 and 1897 , Byrnes represented Queensland at meetings of the Federal Council of Australasia .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Sir Thomas McIlwraith appointed him as Attorney-General of Queensland in the Continuous Ministry , and when Hugh Nelson stepped down as Premier ; Byrnes , the youngest member of the Ministry by a large margin , became Premier .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " Byrnes ability had led many to expect great things of him , but he contracted measles then pneumonia and died on 27 September 1898 . Byrnes was accorded a state funeral which proceeded from St Stephens Cathedral to the Toowong Cemetery . Never married , he was survived by several brothers and sisters .",
"title": "Late life"
},
{
"text": " Byrnes is commemorated by two statues , one in Centenary Place in Brisbane and the heritage-listed T J Byrnes Monument in Warwick , both funded by public subscriptions .",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": "The commissioning of the Brisbane statue encountered a series of setbacks . The sculptor Achille Simonetti was approached by the committee to create the statue . However , Simonetti had never seen Byrnes during his life and produced a plaster cast from photographs for the committees approval before commencing the statue . The committee did not think the cast was sufficiently like Byrnes and there were a number of iterations before they were satisfied . Then there was an argument of whether Byrnes should be depicted in a university gown or in an ordinary frock coat , deciding on a",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": "frock coat in order to depict Byrnes as the premier rather than as a lawyer . Then as Simonetti was tendering to provide a 9-foot-tall bronze statue for £1,800 , a local sculptor James Laurence Watts offered to provide the statue for only £1,000 , dividing the committee . However , after Byrnes sisters indicated their strong preference for Simonettis work and Simonetti offered a revised tender of £1400 , the committee went ahead and commissioned the statue from Simonetti . Early in 1900 , the argument about the clothing erupted once more when Simonetti expressed an artistic preference for",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": "robes rather than a frock coat , and the committee reversed its decision in favour of robes . During this argument , Simonetti took ill and died . It was then announced in the newspaper that it had been Simonettis wish that his former pupil , James White , should complete his unfinished commissions . The committee negotiated with White , but finally gave the commission to sculptor Bertram Mackennal .",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": " The township of Byrnestown in Queensland is named after him , as is its main street Byrnes Parade and its railway station .",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": "St Thomass Catholic Church in Camp Hill , Brisbane ( then known as East Coorparoo ) built in 1923 is another memorial to Byrnes . He had owned the land on which the church was built , but it had passed to his sister Matilda Margaret Maloney after his death . In 1916 she agreed to sell the land to the Catholic Church and then , on her death in 1922 , bequeathed £300 towards the cost of erecting a church in memory of her brother .",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": " - Byrnes , Thomas Joseph — Brisbane City Council Grave Location Search",
"title": "References"
}
] |
/wiki/Neil_Abercrombie#P69#0
|
Which school did Neil Abercrombie go to before Mar 1958?
|
Neil Abercrombie Neil Abercrombie ( born June 26 , 1938 ) is an American politician who served as the seventh governor of Hawaii from 2010 to 2014 . He is a member of the Democratic Party . Born in Buffalo , New York , Abercrombie is a graduate of Union College and the University of Hawaii at Mānoa . He began his political career in 1975 , winning a seat in the Hawaii House of Representatives . He served in the Hawaii House until 1979 , when he was elected to the Hawaii State Senate . Upon the resignation of Cecil Heftel , who resigned from the U.S . House of Representatives to run for governor , Abercrombie was elected to his vacant seat in a special election in 1986 , but lost the Democratic primary for a full term on the same day . Abercrombie served the remainder of Heftels term until January 1987 . He served on the Honolulu City Council from 1988 to 1990 before returning to Congress in 1991 . Abercrombie served nine consecutive terms in the House from 1993 to 2010 , representing Hawaiis 1st congressional district , consisting of urban Honolulu . With incumbent Governor Linda Lingle prevented by term limits from running for reelection , Abercrombie declared his candidacy for governor in March 2009 . In September 2010 he won the five-candidate Democratic primary with 59% of the vote . Abercrombie went on to face Republican nominee , Lieutenant Governor Duke Aiona , in the general election . On November 2 , 2010 , Abercrombie and running mate Brian Schatz defeated Aiona with 57% of the vote . Abercrombie was sworn into office on December 6 , 2010 . Issues he faced during his tenure included the aftermath of the Great Recession and restructuring labor union pensions . In 2014 , he was defeated in the Democratic primary by state senator David Ige , who went on to win the general election . Early life and education . Abercrombie was born on June 26 , 1938 , in Buffalo , New York , the son of Vera June ( née Grader ) and George Donald Abercrombie . His ancestry includes English , Irish and German . His paternal great-grandfather James Abercrombie left Ireland for Canada ; his son then immigrated to the United States . After graduating from Williamsville High School ( now Williamsville South High School ) , Abercrombie pursued studies in sociology at Union College in Schenectady , New York , where he earned his bachelors degree in 1959 . He arrived in Honolulu in September 1959 to study at the University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa , where he earned a masters degree in sociology and later a doctorate in American Studies . At the university he befriended and attended classes with President Barack Obamas parents , Ann Dunham and Barack Obama Sr . To support himself as a graduate student , Abercrombie worked as a waiter at Chucks Steak House in Waikīkī , locker desk clerk at the Central YMCA , custodian at Mother Rice Preschool , construction apprentice program director , elementary school teacher , and a college lecturer . Political career . Abercrombie first participated in a political campaign in 1970 , seeking the Democratic nomination for U.S . Senate . Unsuccessful , Abercrombie ran for the Hawaii State House of Representatives , where he served from 1975 to 1979 . A distinguishing symbol of his early campaigns was a yellow Checker Taxi with his name and face painted on the side , the use of which was motivated by lack of money for traditional campaigning methods . The taxi became a symbol of both his standing as an outsider from the mainland and his unconventional style . In 1979 Abercrombie was elected to the Hawaii State Senate , where he served from 1980 to 1986 . After U.S . Representative Cecil Heftel resigned in July 1986 to run for governor of Hawaii , Abercrombie was elected to the House in a September 1986 special election to complete Heftels unexpired term . On the same day , he lost the Democratic primary for a full two-year term to Mufi Hannemann , who lost to Republican Pat Saiki in the general election . Abercrombie then set his sights on a seat of the Honolulu City Council . He won the race and served from 1988 to 1990 . U.S . Congress . At the end of his council tenure in 1990 , Abercrombie once again ran for Congress and won . He was reelected ten times . In the 2008 election he won with 70.6% of the vote . Abercrombie was a member of the Congressional Progressive Caucus and compiled a generally liberal voting record . He supported and voted for the 2001 No Child Left Behind Act . On October 10 , 2002 , he was among the 133 members of the House who voted against authorizing the 2003 invasion of Iraq . He cosponsored H.R . 1312 ( Assault Weapons Ban and Law Enforcement Protection Act of 2005 ) on July 28 , 2005 . He took issue with the Vatican over not listing torture as a sin . According to Project Vote Smart , Abercrombie holds the following issue positions : he is pro-choice , has voted against a ban on partial birth abortion , and has voted with the interests of NARAL and Planned Parenthood 100% of the time between 2000 and 2006 . He has voted for bills designed to make it easier for Americans to vote , such as the motor voter bill . He has advocated strongly for civil liberties ; his voting record is supported by both the American Civil Liberties Union ( ACLU ) and American Library Association . He was one of the 67 representatives to vote against the Defense of Marriage Act ( DOMA ) in 1996 and has also voted against a constitutional amendment proposed in 2006 to limit marriage to being between one man and one woman . He was one of only nine representatives not to cast a vote for or against the USA PATRIOT Act in 2001 . In 2005 he voted against the extension of the act , calling it a blank check to trample civil liberties . In 2007 he signed on as a co-sponsor of H.R . 676 , which would have established a national health insurance program . He resigned from Congress on February 28 , 2010 , to concentrate on his campaign for governor . Abercrombie served as chairman of the Armed Forces Subcommittee on Air and Land Forces and a senior member of the Natural Resources Committee . He co-authored landmark legislation creating public-private partnerships between the military and private developers to build , maintain and manage housing for military families . 2010 gubernatorial campaign . On March 9 , 2009 , Abercrombie announced his candidacy for governor of Hawaii . On December 11 , 2009 , he announced that he would resign from Congress to concentrate on his gubernatorial bid . He was succeeded in Congress by Republican Charles Djou , the first Republican elected to Congress from Hawaii since Pat Saiki . During his campaign , Abercrombie released his A New Day in Hawaii Plan , offering a roadmap based on Hawaiis values and priorities . The plan was the result of conversations with thousands of people and many hours of research . Abercrombie met with business people , entrepreneurs , economists , principals , teachers , parents , academics , public employees , farmers , nonprofit leaders , health professionals , students , seniors , conservationists , cultural practitioners , construction workers , and citizens of all backgrounds . He also held dozens of issue forums and meetings on every island to hear from residents about their concerns and hopes for Hawaii . Abercrombie defeated his challenger , former Honolulu Mayor Mufi Hannemann , in the 2010 Democratic gubernatorial primary election on September 18 , 2010 , 59.3% to 37.7% . On November 2 , 2010 , Abercrombie defeated Republican nominee Duke Aiona , 57.8% to 40.8% , to become Hawaiis 7th governor . In his November 3 victory speech he credited many people for his success , including the founder of the Department of Religion at the University of Hawaii Manoa , Dr . Mitsuo Aoki . Governor of Hawaii . Abercrombie was sworn in as governor of Hawaii on December 6 , 2010 , the first gubernatorial victor of the 2010 election cycle to be sworn into office . Abercrombie was 72 when he was sworn in as governor , and was the oldest current United States governor for a little less than a month . On January 3 , 2011 , he lost that title to Jerry Brown of California , who is two months older than Abercrombie . When Abercrombie took office , he vowed to end the investigations into President Obamas birth certificate . A spokesperson for Abercrombie said he would ask the office of the Attorney General what it could do . State Attorney General David M . Louie informed Abercrombie that state privacy laws prevent the release of an individuals birth documentation without the persons consent to persons who do not have a tangible interest in the document . According to polls , in October 2011 Abercrombie was the least popular governor in the country , with a 30% approval rating . In February 2011 Abercrombie signed into law a bill legalizing civil unions . His predecessor , Linda Lingle , had vetoed the legislation . In 2013 he called the Hawaii Legislature into a special session to consider a bill legalizing same-sex marriage , which he signed into law on November 13 . Upon the death of longtime Senator Daniel Inouye , Abercrombie had to appoint his replacement . The State Democratic Party gave him a list of three finalists and he chose Lieutenant Governor Brian Schatz , despite Inouyes stated wish that he select Colleen Hanabusa . Schatz is now Hawaiis senior U.S . Senator . Obama appointed Abercrombie to the Council of Governors , and he served from 2012 to 2014 . The council consists of 10 governors the president appoints to focus on national security , homeland defense , synchronization and integration of state and federal military activities in the United States and matters of mutual interest pertaining to the National Guard . In November 2013 Abercrombie was named to Obamas Task Force on Climate Preparedness and Resilience , a group of governors , mayors and other leaders who were to develop recommendations on how the federal government could better support local preparedness and resilience-building efforts . Hawaii also signed on to the Majuro Declaration as a U.S . Climate Leader in September of that year , making the state the first sub-national government to sign . After an intense special session , Abercrombie signed into law a bill that legalized marriage for same-sex couples in Hawaii . The new law took effect on December 2 , 2013 . Hawaii was the 15th state to legalize same-sex marriage . In the August 9 , 2014 , Democratic gubernatorial primary , Abercrombie was defeated by state senator David Ige , taking just 31% of the vote to Iges 67% , making him the first incumbent governor to lose a primary in Hawaiis history . The margin of defeat was the largest for any incumbent governor in United States history ( though not the smallest share of the vote ) . Personal life . In 1981 Abercrombie married Nancie Caraway , a political scientist and feminist writer at the University of Hawaii at Mānoas Globalization Research Center . Abercrombie is an avid powerlifter and has a stated goal of lifting 200 pounds more than his age on each birthday . On his 72nd birthday he bench-pressed 272 pounds . In 2006 Abercrombie was named Scot of the Year by the Caledonian Society of Hawaii . Abercrombie lives in the Manoa Valley area of Honolulu . External links . - Neil Abercrombie for Governor - The African Activist Archive Project website includes Statement from Councilmember Neil Abercrombie for the Rally in Support of South African Freedom , March 21 , 1990
|
[
"University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa",
"Union College in Schenectady , New York"
] |
[
{
"text": " Neil Abercrombie ( born June 26 , 1938 ) is an American politician who served as the seventh governor of Hawaii from 2010 to 2014 . He is a member of the Democratic Party .",
"title": "Neil Abercrombie"
},
{
"text": "Born in Buffalo , New York , Abercrombie is a graduate of Union College and the University of Hawaii at Mānoa . He began his political career in 1975 , winning a seat in the Hawaii House of Representatives . He served in the Hawaii House until 1979 , when he was elected to the Hawaii State Senate . Upon the resignation of Cecil Heftel , who resigned from the U.S . House of Representatives to run for governor , Abercrombie was elected to his vacant seat in a special election in 1986 , but lost the Democratic primary for",
"title": "Neil Abercrombie"
},
{
"text": "a full term on the same day . Abercrombie served the remainder of Heftels term until January 1987 . He served on the Honolulu City Council from 1988 to 1990 before returning to Congress in 1991 . Abercrombie served nine consecutive terms in the House from 1993 to 2010 , representing Hawaiis 1st congressional district , consisting of urban Honolulu .",
"title": "Neil Abercrombie"
},
{
"text": " With incumbent Governor Linda Lingle prevented by term limits from running for reelection , Abercrombie declared his candidacy for governor in March 2009 . In September 2010 he won the five-candidate Democratic primary with 59% of the vote . Abercrombie went on to face Republican nominee , Lieutenant Governor Duke Aiona , in the general election .",
"title": "Neil Abercrombie"
},
{
"text": "On November 2 , 2010 , Abercrombie and running mate Brian Schatz defeated Aiona with 57% of the vote . Abercrombie was sworn into office on December 6 , 2010 . Issues he faced during his tenure included the aftermath of the Great Recession and restructuring labor union pensions . In 2014 , he was defeated in the Democratic primary by state senator David Ige , who went on to win the general election .",
"title": "Neil Abercrombie"
},
{
"text": "Abercrombie was born on June 26 , 1938 , in Buffalo , New York , the son of Vera June ( née Grader ) and George Donald Abercrombie . His ancestry includes English , Irish and German . His paternal great-grandfather James Abercrombie left Ireland for Canada ; his son then immigrated to the United States . After graduating from Williamsville High School ( now Williamsville South High School ) , Abercrombie pursued studies in sociology at Union College in Schenectady , New York , where he earned his bachelors degree in 1959 . He arrived in Honolulu in September",
"title": "Neil Abercrombie"
},
{
"text": "1959 to study at the University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa , where he earned a masters degree in sociology and later a doctorate in American Studies . At the university he befriended and attended classes with President Barack Obamas parents , Ann Dunham and Barack Obama Sr .",
"title": "Neil Abercrombie"
},
{
"text": " To support himself as a graduate student , Abercrombie worked as a waiter at Chucks Steak House in Waikīkī , locker desk clerk at the Central YMCA , custodian at Mother Rice Preschool , construction apprentice program director , elementary school teacher , and a college lecturer .",
"title": "Neil Abercrombie"
},
{
"text": "Abercrombie first participated in a political campaign in 1970 , seeking the Democratic nomination for U.S . Senate . Unsuccessful , Abercrombie ran for the Hawaii State House of Representatives , where he served from 1975 to 1979 . A distinguishing symbol of his early campaigns was a yellow Checker Taxi with his name and face painted on the side , the use of which was motivated by lack of money for traditional campaigning methods . The taxi became a symbol of both his standing as an outsider from the mainland and his unconventional style . In 1979 Abercrombie was",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "elected to the Hawaii State Senate , where he served from 1980 to 1986 . After U.S . Representative Cecil Heftel resigned in July 1986 to run for governor of Hawaii , Abercrombie was elected to the House in a September 1986 special election to complete Heftels unexpired term . On the same day , he lost the Democratic primary for a full two-year term to Mufi Hannemann , who lost to Republican Pat Saiki in the general election .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " Abercrombie then set his sights on a seat of the Honolulu City Council . He won the race and served from 1988 to 1990 .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " At the end of his council tenure in 1990 , Abercrombie once again ran for Congress and won . He was reelected ten times . In the 2008 election he won with 70.6% of the vote .",
"title": "U.S . Congress"
},
{
"text": "Abercrombie was a member of the Congressional Progressive Caucus and compiled a generally liberal voting record . He supported and voted for the 2001 No Child Left Behind Act . On October 10 , 2002 , he was among the 133 members of the House who voted against authorizing the 2003 invasion of Iraq . He cosponsored H.R . 1312 ( Assault Weapons Ban and Law Enforcement Protection Act of 2005 ) on July 28 , 2005 . He took issue with the Vatican over not listing torture as a sin .",
"title": "U.S . Congress"
},
{
"text": "According to Project Vote Smart , Abercrombie holds the following issue positions : he is pro-choice , has voted against a ban on partial birth abortion , and has voted with the interests of NARAL and Planned Parenthood 100% of the time between 2000 and 2006 . He has voted for bills designed to make it easier for Americans to vote , such as the motor voter bill . He has advocated strongly for civil liberties ; his voting record is supported by both the American Civil Liberties Union ( ACLU ) and American Library Association . He was one",
"title": "U.S . Congress"
},
{
"text": "of the 67 representatives to vote against the Defense of Marriage Act ( DOMA ) in 1996 and has also voted against a constitutional amendment proposed in 2006 to limit marriage to being between one man and one woman . He was one of only nine representatives not to cast a vote for or against the USA PATRIOT Act in 2001 . In 2005 he voted against the extension of the act , calling it a blank check to trample civil liberties . In 2007 he signed on as a co-sponsor of H.R . 676 , which would have established",
"title": "U.S . Congress"
},
{
"text": "a national health insurance program . He resigned from Congress on February 28 , 2010 , to concentrate on his campaign for governor .",
"title": "U.S . Congress"
},
{
"text": " Abercrombie served as chairman of the Armed Forces Subcommittee on Air and Land Forces and a senior member of the Natural Resources Committee . He co-authored landmark legislation creating public-private partnerships between the military and private developers to build , maintain and manage housing for military families . 2010 gubernatorial campaign .",
"title": "U.S . Congress"
},
{
"text": "On March 9 , 2009 , Abercrombie announced his candidacy for governor of Hawaii . On December 11 , 2009 , he announced that he would resign from Congress to concentrate on his gubernatorial bid . He was succeeded in Congress by Republican Charles Djou , the first Republican elected to Congress from Hawaii since Pat Saiki .",
"title": "U.S . Congress"
},
{
"text": "During his campaign , Abercrombie released his A New Day in Hawaii Plan , offering a roadmap based on Hawaiis values and priorities . The plan was the result of conversations with thousands of people and many hours of research . Abercrombie met with business people , entrepreneurs , economists , principals , teachers , parents , academics , public employees , farmers , nonprofit leaders , health professionals , students , seniors , conservationists , cultural practitioners , construction workers , and citizens of all backgrounds . He also held dozens of issue forums and meetings on every island",
"title": "U.S . Congress"
},
{
"text": "to hear from residents about their concerns and hopes for Hawaii .",
"title": "U.S . Congress"
},
{
"text": " Abercrombie defeated his challenger , former Honolulu Mayor Mufi Hannemann , in the 2010 Democratic gubernatorial primary election on September 18 , 2010 , 59.3% to 37.7% . On November 2 , 2010 , Abercrombie defeated Republican nominee Duke Aiona , 57.8% to 40.8% , to become Hawaiis 7th governor . In his November 3 victory speech he credited many people for his success , including the founder of the Department of Religion at the University of Hawaii Manoa , Dr . Mitsuo Aoki .",
"title": "U.S . Congress"
},
{
"text": " Abercrombie was sworn in as governor of Hawaii on December 6 , 2010 , the first gubernatorial victor of the 2010 election cycle to be sworn into office . Abercrombie was 72 when he was sworn in as governor , and was the oldest current United States governor for a little less than a month . On January 3 , 2011 , he lost that title to Jerry Brown of California , who is two months older than Abercrombie .",
"title": "Governor of Hawaii"
},
{
"text": "When Abercrombie took office , he vowed to end the investigations into President Obamas birth certificate . A spokesperson for Abercrombie said he would ask the office of the Attorney General what it could do . State Attorney General David M . Louie informed Abercrombie that state privacy laws prevent the release of an individuals birth documentation without the persons consent to persons who do not have a tangible interest in the document .",
"title": "Governor of Hawaii"
},
{
"text": " According to polls , in October 2011 Abercrombie was the least popular governor in the country , with a 30% approval rating . In February 2011 Abercrombie signed into law a bill legalizing civil unions . His predecessor , Linda Lingle , had vetoed the legislation . In 2013 he called the Hawaii Legislature into a special session to consider a bill legalizing same-sex marriage , which he signed into law on November 13 .",
"title": "Governor of Hawaii"
},
{
"text": "Upon the death of longtime Senator Daniel Inouye , Abercrombie had to appoint his replacement . The State Democratic Party gave him a list of three finalists and he chose Lieutenant Governor Brian Schatz , despite Inouyes stated wish that he select Colleen Hanabusa . Schatz is now Hawaiis senior U.S . Senator .",
"title": "Governor of Hawaii"
},
{
"text": " Obama appointed Abercrombie to the Council of Governors , and he served from 2012 to 2014 . The council consists of 10 governors the president appoints to focus on national security , homeland defense , synchronization and integration of state and federal military activities in the United States and matters of mutual interest pertaining to the National Guard .",
"title": "Governor of Hawaii"
},
{
"text": "In November 2013 Abercrombie was named to Obamas Task Force on Climate Preparedness and Resilience , a group of governors , mayors and other leaders who were to develop recommendations on how the federal government could better support local preparedness and resilience-building efforts . Hawaii also signed on to the Majuro Declaration as a U.S . Climate Leader in September of that year , making the state the first sub-national government to sign .",
"title": "Governor of Hawaii"
},
{
"text": " After an intense special session , Abercrombie signed into law a bill that legalized marriage for same-sex couples in Hawaii . The new law took effect on December 2 , 2013 . Hawaii was the 15th state to legalize same-sex marriage .",
"title": "Governor of Hawaii"
},
{
"text": "In the August 9 , 2014 , Democratic gubernatorial primary , Abercrombie was defeated by state senator David Ige , taking just 31% of the vote to Iges 67% , making him the first incumbent governor to lose a primary in Hawaiis history . The margin of defeat was the largest for any incumbent governor in United States history ( though not the smallest share of the vote ) .",
"title": "Governor of Hawaii"
},
{
"text": " In 1981 Abercrombie married Nancie Caraway , a political scientist and feminist writer at the University of Hawaii at Mānoas Globalization Research Center . Abercrombie is an avid powerlifter and has a stated goal of lifting 200 pounds more than his age on each birthday . On his 72nd birthday he bench-pressed 272 pounds . In 2006 Abercrombie was named Scot of the Year by the Caledonian Society of Hawaii . Abercrombie lives in the Manoa Valley area of Honolulu .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " - Neil Abercrombie for Governor - The African Activist Archive Project website includes Statement from Councilmember Neil Abercrombie for the Rally in Support of South African Freedom , March 21 , 1990",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Neil_Abercrombie#P69#1
|
Which school did Neil Abercrombie go to between Feb 1962 and Oct 1963?
|
Neil Abercrombie Neil Abercrombie ( born June 26 , 1938 ) is an American politician who served as the seventh governor of Hawaii from 2010 to 2014 . He is a member of the Democratic Party . Born in Buffalo , New York , Abercrombie is a graduate of Union College and the University of Hawaii at Mānoa . He began his political career in 1975 , winning a seat in the Hawaii House of Representatives . He served in the Hawaii House until 1979 , when he was elected to the Hawaii State Senate . Upon the resignation of Cecil Heftel , who resigned from the U.S . House of Representatives to run for governor , Abercrombie was elected to his vacant seat in a special election in 1986 , but lost the Democratic primary for a full term on the same day . Abercrombie served the remainder of Heftels term until January 1987 . He served on the Honolulu City Council from 1988 to 1990 before returning to Congress in 1991 . Abercrombie served nine consecutive terms in the House from 1993 to 2010 , representing Hawaiis 1st congressional district , consisting of urban Honolulu . With incumbent Governor Linda Lingle prevented by term limits from running for reelection , Abercrombie declared his candidacy for governor in March 2009 . In September 2010 he won the five-candidate Democratic primary with 59% of the vote . Abercrombie went on to face Republican nominee , Lieutenant Governor Duke Aiona , in the general election . On November 2 , 2010 , Abercrombie and running mate Brian Schatz defeated Aiona with 57% of the vote . Abercrombie was sworn into office on December 6 , 2010 . Issues he faced during his tenure included the aftermath of the Great Recession and restructuring labor union pensions . In 2014 , he was defeated in the Democratic primary by state senator David Ige , who went on to win the general election . Early life and education . Abercrombie was born on June 26 , 1938 , in Buffalo , New York , the son of Vera June ( née Grader ) and George Donald Abercrombie . His ancestry includes English , Irish and German . His paternal great-grandfather James Abercrombie left Ireland for Canada ; his son then immigrated to the United States . After graduating from Williamsville High School ( now Williamsville South High School ) , Abercrombie pursued studies in sociology at Union College in Schenectady , New York , where he earned his bachelors degree in 1959 . He arrived in Honolulu in September 1959 to study at the University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa , where he earned a masters degree in sociology and later a doctorate in American Studies . At the university he befriended and attended classes with President Barack Obamas parents , Ann Dunham and Barack Obama Sr . To support himself as a graduate student , Abercrombie worked as a waiter at Chucks Steak House in Waikīkī , locker desk clerk at the Central YMCA , custodian at Mother Rice Preschool , construction apprentice program director , elementary school teacher , and a college lecturer . Political career . Abercrombie first participated in a political campaign in 1970 , seeking the Democratic nomination for U.S . Senate . Unsuccessful , Abercrombie ran for the Hawaii State House of Representatives , where he served from 1975 to 1979 . A distinguishing symbol of his early campaigns was a yellow Checker Taxi with his name and face painted on the side , the use of which was motivated by lack of money for traditional campaigning methods . The taxi became a symbol of both his standing as an outsider from the mainland and his unconventional style . In 1979 Abercrombie was elected to the Hawaii State Senate , where he served from 1980 to 1986 . After U.S . Representative Cecil Heftel resigned in July 1986 to run for governor of Hawaii , Abercrombie was elected to the House in a September 1986 special election to complete Heftels unexpired term . On the same day , he lost the Democratic primary for a full two-year term to Mufi Hannemann , who lost to Republican Pat Saiki in the general election . Abercrombie then set his sights on a seat of the Honolulu City Council . He won the race and served from 1988 to 1990 . U.S . Congress . At the end of his council tenure in 1990 , Abercrombie once again ran for Congress and won . He was reelected ten times . In the 2008 election he won with 70.6% of the vote . Abercrombie was a member of the Congressional Progressive Caucus and compiled a generally liberal voting record . He supported and voted for the 2001 No Child Left Behind Act . On October 10 , 2002 , he was among the 133 members of the House who voted against authorizing the 2003 invasion of Iraq . He cosponsored H.R . 1312 ( Assault Weapons Ban and Law Enforcement Protection Act of 2005 ) on July 28 , 2005 . He took issue with the Vatican over not listing torture as a sin . According to Project Vote Smart , Abercrombie holds the following issue positions : he is pro-choice , has voted against a ban on partial birth abortion , and has voted with the interests of NARAL and Planned Parenthood 100% of the time between 2000 and 2006 . He has voted for bills designed to make it easier for Americans to vote , such as the motor voter bill . He has advocated strongly for civil liberties ; his voting record is supported by both the American Civil Liberties Union ( ACLU ) and American Library Association . He was one of the 67 representatives to vote against the Defense of Marriage Act ( DOMA ) in 1996 and has also voted against a constitutional amendment proposed in 2006 to limit marriage to being between one man and one woman . He was one of only nine representatives not to cast a vote for or against the USA PATRIOT Act in 2001 . In 2005 he voted against the extension of the act , calling it a blank check to trample civil liberties . In 2007 he signed on as a co-sponsor of H.R . 676 , which would have established a national health insurance program . He resigned from Congress on February 28 , 2010 , to concentrate on his campaign for governor . Abercrombie served as chairman of the Armed Forces Subcommittee on Air and Land Forces and a senior member of the Natural Resources Committee . He co-authored landmark legislation creating public-private partnerships between the military and private developers to build , maintain and manage housing for military families . 2010 gubernatorial campaign . On March 9 , 2009 , Abercrombie announced his candidacy for governor of Hawaii . On December 11 , 2009 , he announced that he would resign from Congress to concentrate on his gubernatorial bid . He was succeeded in Congress by Republican Charles Djou , the first Republican elected to Congress from Hawaii since Pat Saiki . During his campaign , Abercrombie released his A New Day in Hawaii Plan , offering a roadmap based on Hawaiis values and priorities . The plan was the result of conversations with thousands of people and many hours of research . Abercrombie met with business people , entrepreneurs , economists , principals , teachers , parents , academics , public employees , farmers , nonprofit leaders , health professionals , students , seniors , conservationists , cultural practitioners , construction workers , and citizens of all backgrounds . He also held dozens of issue forums and meetings on every island to hear from residents about their concerns and hopes for Hawaii . Abercrombie defeated his challenger , former Honolulu Mayor Mufi Hannemann , in the 2010 Democratic gubernatorial primary election on September 18 , 2010 , 59.3% to 37.7% . On November 2 , 2010 , Abercrombie defeated Republican nominee Duke Aiona , 57.8% to 40.8% , to become Hawaiis 7th governor . In his November 3 victory speech he credited many people for his success , including the founder of the Department of Religion at the University of Hawaii Manoa , Dr . Mitsuo Aoki . Governor of Hawaii . Abercrombie was sworn in as governor of Hawaii on December 6 , 2010 , the first gubernatorial victor of the 2010 election cycle to be sworn into office . Abercrombie was 72 when he was sworn in as governor , and was the oldest current United States governor for a little less than a month . On January 3 , 2011 , he lost that title to Jerry Brown of California , who is two months older than Abercrombie . When Abercrombie took office , he vowed to end the investigations into President Obamas birth certificate . A spokesperson for Abercrombie said he would ask the office of the Attorney General what it could do . State Attorney General David M . Louie informed Abercrombie that state privacy laws prevent the release of an individuals birth documentation without the persons consent to persons who do not have a tangible interest in the document . According to polls , in October 2011 Abercrombie was the least popular governor in the country , with a 30% approval rating . In February 2011 Abercrombie signed into law a bill legalizing civil unions . His predecessor , Linda Lingle , had vetoed the legislation . In 2013 he called the Hawaii Legislature into a special session to consider a bill legalizing same-sex marriage , which he signed into law on November 13 . Upon the death of longtime Senator Daniel Inouye , Abercrombie had to appoint his replacement . The State Democratic Party gave him a list of three finalists and he chose Lieutenant Governor Brian Schatz , despite Inouyes stated wish that he select Colleen Hanabusa . Schatz is now Hawaiis senior U.S . Senator . Obama appointed Abercrombie to the Council of Governors , and he served from 2012 to 2014 . The council consists of 10 governors the president appoints to focus on national security , homeland defense , synchronization and integration of state and federal military activities in the United States and matters of mutual interest pertaining to the National Guard . In November 2013 Abercrombie was named to Obamas Task Force on Climate Preparedness and Resilience , a group of governors , mayors and other leaders who were to develop recommendations on how the federal government could better support local preparedness and resilience-building efforts . Hawaii also signed on to the Majuro Declaration as a U.S . Climate Leader in September of that year , making the state the first sub-national government to sign . After an intense special session , Abercrombie signed into law a bill that legalized marriage for same-sex couples in Hawaii . The new law took effect on December 2 , 2013 . Hawaii was the 15th state to legalize same-sex marriage . In the August 9 , 2014 , Democratic gubernatorial primary , Abercrombie was defeated by state senator David Ige , taking just 31% of the vote to Iges 67% , making him the first incumbent governor to lose a primary in Hawaiis history . The margin of defeat was the largest for any incumbent governor in United States history ( though not the smallest share of the vote ) . Personal life . In 1981 Abercrombie married Nancie Caraway , a political scientist and feminist writer at the University of Hawaii at Mānoas Globalization Research Center . Abercrombie is an avid powerlifter and has a stated goal of lifting 200 pounds more than his age on each birthday . On his 72nd birthday he bench-pressed 272 pounds . In 2006 Abercrombie was named Scot of the Year by the Caledonian Society of Hawaii . Abercrombie lives in the Manoa Valley area of Honolulu . External links . - Neil Abercrombie for Governor - The African Activist Archive Project website includes Statement from Councilmember Neil Abercrombie for the Rally in Support of South African Freedom , March 21 , 1990
|
[
"University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa"
] |
[
{
"text": " Neil Abercrombie ( born June 26 , 1938 ) is an American politician who served as the seventh governor of Hawaii from 2010 to 2014 . He is a member of the Democratic Party .",
"title": "Neil Abercrombie"
},
{
"text": "Born in Buffalo , New York , Abercrombie is a graduate of Union College and the University of Hawaii at Mānoa . He began his political career in 1975 , winning a seat in the Hawaii House of Representatives . He served in the Hawaii House until 1979 , when he was elected to the Hawaii State Senate . Upon the resignation of Cecil Heftel , who resigned from the U.S . House of Representatives to run for governor , Abercrombie was elected to his vacant seat in a special election in 1986 , but lost the Democratic primary for",
"title": "Neil Abercrombie"
},
{
"text": "a full term on the same day . Abercrombie served the remainder of Heftels term until January 1987 . He served on the Honolulu City Council from 1988 to 1990 before returning to Congress in 1991 . Abercrombie served nine consecutive terms in the House from 1993 to 2010 , representing Hawaiis 1st congressional district , consisting of urban Honolulu .",
"title": "Neil Abercrombie"
},
{
"text": " With incumbent Governor Linda Lingle prevented by term limits from running for reelection , Abercrombie declared his candidacy for governor in March 2009 . In September 2010 he won the five-candidate Democratic primary with 59% of the vote . Abercrombie went on to face Republican nominee , Lieutenant Governor Duke Aiona , in the general election .",
"title": "Neil Abercrombie"
},
{
"text": "On November 2 , 2010 , Abercrombie and running mate Brian Schatz defeated Aiona with 57% of the vote . Abercrombie was sworn into office on December 6 , 2010 . Issues he faced during his tenure included the aftermath of the Great Recession and restructuring labor union pensions . In 2014 , he was defeated in the Democratic primary by state senator David Ige , who went on to win the general election .",
"title": "Neil Abercrombie"
},
{
"text": "Abercrombie was born on June 26 , 1938 , in Buffalo , New York , the son of Vera June ( née Grader ) and George Donald Abercrombie . His ancestry includes English , Irish and German . His paternal great-grandfather James Abercrombie left Ireland for Canada ; his son then immigrated to the United States . After graduating from Williamsville High School ( now Williamsville South High School ) , Abercrombie pursued studies in sociology at Union College in Schenectady , New York , where he earned his bachelors degree in 1959 . He arrived in Honolulu in September",
"title": "Neil Abercrombie"
},
{
"text": "1959 to study at the University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa , where he earned a masters degree in sociology and later a doctorate in American Studies . At the university he befriended and attended classes with President Barack Obamas parents , Ann Dunham and Barack Obama Sr .",
"title": "Neil Abercrombie"
},
{
"text": " To support himself as a graduate student , Abercrombie worked as a waiter at Chucks Steak House in Waikīkī , locker desk clerk at the Central YMCA , custodian at Mother Rice Preschool , construction apprentice program director , elementary school teacher , and a college lecturer .",
"title": "Neil Abercrombie"
},
{
"text": "Abercrombie first participated in a political campaign in 1970 , seeking the Democratic nomination for U.S . Senate . Unsuccessful , Abercrombie ran for the Hawaii State House of Representatives , where he served from 1975 to 1979 . A distinguishing symbol of his early campaigns was a yellow Checker Taxi with his name and face painted on the side , the use of which was motivated by lack of money for traditional campaigning methods . The taxi became a symbol of both his standing as an outsider from the mainland and his unconventional style . In 1979 Abercrombie was",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "elected to the Hawaii State Senate , where he served from 1980 to 1986 . After U.S . Representative Cecil Heftel resigned in July 1986 to run for governor of Hawaii , Abercrombie was elected to the House in a September 1986 special election to complete Heftels unexpired term . On the same day , he lost the Democratic primary for a full two-year term to Mufi Hannemann , who lost to Republican Pat Saiki in the general election .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " Abercrombie then set his sights on a seat of the Honolulu City Council . He won the race and served from 1988 to 1990 .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " At the end of his council tenure in 1990 , Abercrombie once again ran for Congress and won . He was reelected ten times . In the 2008 election he won with 70.6% of the vote .",
"title": "U.S . Congress"
},
{
"text": "Abercrombie was a member of the Congressional Progressive Caucus and compiled a generally liberal voting record . He supported and voted for the 2001 No Child Left Behind Act . On October 10 , 2002 , he was among the 133 members of the House who voted against authorizing the 2003 invasion of Iraq . He cosponsored H.R . 1312 ( Assault Weapons Ban and Law Enforcement Protection Act of 2005 ) on July 28 , 2005 . He took issue with the Vatican over not listing torture as a sin .",
"title": "U.S . Congress"
},
{
"text": "According to Project Vote Smart , Abercrombie holds the following issue positions : he is pro-choice , has voted against a ban on partial birth abortion , and has voted with the interests of NARAL and Planned Parenthood 100% of the time between 2000 and 2006 . He has voted for bills designed to make it easier for Americans to vote , such as the motor voter bill . He has advocated strongly for civil liberties ; his voting record is supported by both the American Civil Liberties Union ( ACLU ) and American Library Association . He was one",
"title": "U.S . Congress"
},
{
"text": "of the 67 representatives to vote against the Defense of Marriage Act ( DOMA ) in 1996 and has also voted against a constitutional amendment proposed in 2006 to limit marriage to being between one man and one woman . He was one of only nine representatives not to cast a vote for or against the USA PATRIOT Act in 2001 . In 2005 he voted against the extension of the act , calling it a blank check to trample civil liberties . In 2007 he signed on as a co-sponsor of H.R . 676 , which would have established",
"title": "U.S . Congress"
},
{
"text": "a national health insurance program . He resigned from Congress on February 28 , 2010 , to concentrate on his campaign for governor .",
"title": "U.S . Congress"
},
{
"text": " Abercrombie served as chairman of the Armed Forces Subcommittee on Air and Land Forces and a senior member of the Natural Resources Committee . He co-authored landmark legislation creating public-private partnerships between the military and private developers to build , maintain and manage housing for military families . 2010 gubernatorial campaign .",
"title": "U.S . Congress"
},
{
"text": "On March 9 , 2009 , Abercrombie announced his candidacy for governor of Hawaii . On December 11 , 2009 , he announced that he would resign from Congress to concentrate on his gubernatorial bid . He was succeeded in Congress by Republican Charles Djou , the first Republican elected to Congress from Hawaii since Pat Saiki .",
"title": "U.S . Congress"
},
{
"text": "During his campaign , Abercrombie released his A New Day in Hawaii Plan , offering a roadmap based on Hawaiis values and priorities . The plan was the result of conversations with thousands of people and many hours of research . Abercrombie met with business people , entrepreneurs , economists , principals , teachers , parents , academics , public employees , farmers , nonprofit leaders , health professionals , students , seniors , conservationists , cultural practitioners , construction workers , and citizens of all backgrounds . He also held dozens of issue forums and meetings on every island",
"title": "U.S . Congress"
},
{
"text": "to hear from residents about their concerns and hopes for Hawaii .",
"title": "U.S . Congress"
},
{
"text": " Abercrombie defeated his challenger , former Honolulu Mayor Mufi Hannemann , in the 2010 Democratic gubernatorial primary election on September 18 , 2010 , 59.3% to 37.7% . On November 2 , 2010 , Abercrombie defeated Republican nominee Duke Aiona , 57.8% to 40.8% , to become Hawaiis 7th governor . In his November 3 victory speech he credited many people for his success , including the founder of the Department of Religion at the University of Hawaii Manoa , Dr . Mitsuo Aoki .",
"title": "U.S . Congress"
},
{
"text": " Abercrombie was sworn in as governor of Hawaii on December 6 , 2010 , the first gubernatorial victor of the 2010 election cycle to be sworn into office . Abercrombie was 72 when he was sworn in as governor , and was the oldest current United States governor for a little less than a month . On January 3 , 2011 , he lost that title to Jerry Brown of California , who is two months older than Abercrombie .",
"title": "Governor of Hawaii"
},
{
"text": "When Abercrombie took office , he vowed to end the investigations into President Obamas birth certificate . A spokesperson for Abercrombie said he would ask the office of the Attorney General what it could do . State Attorney General David M . Louie informed Abercrombie that state privacy laws prevent the release of an individuals birth documentation without the persons consent to persons who do not have a tangible interest in the document .",
"title": "Governor of Hawaii"
},
{
"text": " According to polls , in October 2011 Abercrombie was the least popular governor in the country , with a 30% approval rating . In February 2011 Abercrombie signed into law a bill legalizing civil unions . His predecessor , Linda Lingle , had vetoed the legislation . In 2013 he called the Hawaii Legislature into a special session to consider a bill legalizing same-sex marriage , which he signed into law on November 13 .",
"title": "Governor of Hawaii"
},
{
"text": "Upon the death of longtime Senator Daniel Inouye , Abercrombie had to appoint his replacement . The State Democratic Party gave him a list of three finalists and he chose Lieutenant Governor Brian Schatz , despite Inouyes stated wish that he select Colleen Hanabusa . Schatz is now Hawaiis senior U.S . Senator .",
"title": "Governor of Hawaii"
},
{
"text": " Obama appointed Abercrombie to the Council of Governors , and he served from 2012 to 2014 . The council consists of 10 governors the president appoints to focus on national security , homeland defense , synchronization and integration of state and federal military activities in the United States and matters of mutual interest pertaining to the National Guard .",
"title": "Governor of Hawaii"
},
{
"text": "In November 2013 Abercrombie was named to Obamas Task Force on Climate Preparedness and Resilience , a group of governors , mayors and other leaders who were to develop recommendations on how the federal government could better support local preparedness and resilience-building efforts . Hawaii also signed on to the Majuro Declaration as a U.S . Climate Leader in September of that year , making the state the first sub-national government to sign .",
"title": "Governor of Hawaii"
},
{
"text": " After an intense special session , Abercrombie signed into law a bill that legalized marriage for same-sex couples in Hawaii . The new law took effect on December 2 , 2013 . Hawaii was the 15th state to legalize same-sex marriage .",
"title": "Governor of Hawaii"
},
{
"text": "In the August 9 , 2014 , Democratic gubernatorial primary , Abercrombie was defeated by state senator David Ige , taking just 31% of the vote to Iges 67% , making him the first incumbent governor to lose a primary in Hawaiis history . The margin of defeat was the largest for any incumbent governor in United States history ( though not the smallest share of the vote ) .",
"title": "Governor of Hawaii"
},
{
"text": " In 1981 Abercrombie married Nancie Caraway , a political scientist and feminist writer at the University of Hawaii at Mānoas Globalization Research Center . Abercrombie is an avid powerlifter and has a stated goal of lifting 200 pounds more than his age on each birthday . On his 72nd birthday he bench-pressed 272 pounds . In 2006 Abercrombie was named Scot of the Year by the Caledonian Society of Hawaii . Abercrombie lives in the Manoa Valley area of Honolulu .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " - Neil Abercrombie for Governor - The African Activist Archive Project website includes Statement from Councilmember Neil Abercrombie for the Rally in Support of South African Freedom , March 21 , 1990",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Neil_Abercrombie#P69#2
|
Which school did Neil Abercrombie go to between Nov 1971 and Sep 1973?
|
Neil Abercrombie Neil Abercrombie ( born June 26 , 1938 ) is an American politician who served as the seventh governor of Hawaii from 2010 to 2014 . He is a member of the Democratic Party . Born in Buffalo , New York , Abercrombie is a graduate of Union College and the University of Hawaii at Mānoa . He began his political career in 1975 , winning a seat in the Hawaii House of Representatives . He served in the Hawaii House until 1979 , when he was elected to the Hawaii State Senate . Upon the resignation of Cecil Heftel , who resigned from the U.S . House of Representatives to run for governor , Abercrombie was elected to his vacant seat in a special election in 1986 , but lost the Democratic primary for a full term on the same day . Abercrombie served the remainder of Heftels term until January 1987 . He served on the Honolulu City Council from 1988 to 1990 before returning to Congress in 1991 . Abercrombie served nine consecutive terms in the House from 1993 to 2010 , representing Hawaiis 1st congressional district , consisting of urban Honolulu . With incumbent Governor Linda Lingle prevented by term limits from running for reelection , Abercrombie declared his candidacy for governor in March 2009 . In September 2010 he won the five-candidate Democratic primary with 59% of the vote . Abercrombie went on to face Republican nominee , Lieutenant Governor Duke Aiona , in the general election . On November 2 , 2010 , Abercrombie and running mate Brian Schatz defeated Aiona with 57% of the vote . Abercrombie was sworn into office on December 6 , 2010 . Issues he faced during his tenure included the aftermath of the Great Recession and restructuring labor union pensions . In 2014 , he was defeated in the Democratic primary by state senator David Ige , who went on to win the general election . Early life and education . Abercrombie was born on June 26 , 1938 , in Buffalo , New York , the son of Vera June ( née Grader ) and George Donald Abercrombie . His ancestry includes English , Irish and German . His paternal great-grandfather James Abercrombie left Ireland for Canada ; his son then immigrated to the United States . After graduating from Williamsville High School ( now Williamsville South High School ) , Abercrombie pursued studies in sociology at Union College in Schenectady , New York , where he earned his bachelors degree in 1959 . He arrived in Honolulu in September 1959 to study at the University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa , where he earned a masters degree in sociology and later a doctorate in American Studies . At the university he befriended and attended classes with President Barack Obamas parents , Ann Dunham and Barack Obama Sr . To support himself as a graduate student , Abercrombie worked as a waiter at Chucks Steak House in Waikīkī , locker desk clerk at the Central YMCA , custodian at Mother Rice Preschool , construction apprentice program director , elementary school teacher , and a college lecturer . Political career . Abercrombie first participated in a political campaign in 1970 , seeking the Democratic nomination for U.S . Senate . Unsuccessful , Abercrombie ran for the Hawaii State House of Representatives , where he served from 1975 to 1979 . A distinguishing symbol of his early campaigns was a yellow Checker Taxi with his name and face painted on the side , the use of which was motivated by lack of money for traditional campaigning methods . The taxi became a symbol of both his standing as an outsider from the mainland and his unconventional style . In 1979 Abercrombie was elected to the Hawaii State Senate , where he served from 1980 to 1986 . After U.S . Representative Cecil Heftel resigned in July 1986 to run for governor of Hawaii , Abercrombie was elected to the House in a September 1986 special election to complete Heftels unexpired term . On the same day , he lost the Democratic primary for a full two-year term to Mufi Hannemann , who lost to Republican Pat Saiki in the general election . Abercrombie then set his sights on a seat of the Honolulu City Council . He won the race and served from 1988 to 1990 . U.S . Congress . At the end of his council tenure in 1990 , Abercrombie once again ran for Congress and won . He was reelected ten times . In the 2008 election he won with 70.6% of the vote . Abercrombie was a member of the Congressional Progressive Caucus and compiled a generally liberal voting record . He supported and voted for the 2001 No Child Left Behind Act . On October 10 , 2002 , he was among the 133 members of the House who voted against authorizing the 2003 invasion of Iraq . He cosponsored H.R . 1312 ( Assault Weapons Ban and Law Enforcement Protection Act of 2005 ) on July 28 , 2005 . He took issue with the Vatican over not listing torture as a sin . According to Project Vote Smart , Abercrombie holds the following issue positions : he is pro-choice , has voted against a ban on partial birth abortion , and has voted with the interests of NARAL and Planned Parenthood 100% of the time between 2000 and 2006 . He has voted for bills designed to make it easier for Americans to vote , such as the motor voter bill . He has advocated strongly for civil liberties ; his voting record is supported by both the American Civil Liberties Union ( ACLU ) and American Library Association . He was one of the 67 representatives to vote against the Defense of Marriage Act ( DOMA ) in 1996 and has also voted against a constitutional amendment proposed in 2006 to limit marriage to being between one man and one woman . He was one of only nine representatives not to cast a vote for or against the USA PATRIOT Act in 2001 . In 2005 he voted against the extension of the act , calling it a blank check to trample civil liberties . In 2007 he signed on as a co-sponsor of H.R . 676 , which would have established a national health insurance program . He resigned from Congress on February 28 , 2010 , to concentrate on his campaign for governor . Abercrombie served as chairman of the Armed Forces Subcommittee on Air and Land Forces and a senior member of the Natural Resources Committee . He co-authored landmark legislation creating public-private partnerships between the military and private developers to build , maintain and manage housing for military families . 2010 gubernatorial campaign . On March 9 , 2009 , Abercrombie announced his candidacy for governor of Hawaii . On December 11 , 2009 , he announced that he would resign from Congress to concentrate on his gubernatorial bid . He was succeeded in Congress by Republican Charles Djou , the first Republican elected to Congress from Hawaii since Pat Saiki . During his campaign , Abercrombie released his A New Day in Hawaii Plan , offering a roadmap based on Hawaiis values and priorities . The plan was the result of conversations with thousands of people and many hours of research . Abercrombie met with business people , entrepreneurs , economists , principals , teachers , parents , academics , public employees , farmers , nonprofit leaders , health professionals , students , seniors , conservationists , cultural practitioners , construction workers , and citizens of all backgrounds . He also held dozens of issue forums and meetings on every island to hear from residents about their concerns and hopes for Hawaii . Abercrombie defeated his challenger , former Honolulu Mayor Mufi Hannemann , in the 2010 Democratic gubernatorial primary election on September 18 , 2010 , 59.3% to 37.7% . On November 2 , 2010 , Abercrombie defeated Republican nominee Duke Aiona , 57.8% to 40.8% , to become Hawaiis 7th governor . In his November 3 victory speech he credited many people for his success , including the founder of the Department of Religion at the University of Hawaii Manoa , Dr . Mitsuo Aoki . Governor of Hawaii . Abercrombie was sworn in as governor of Hawaii on December 6 , 2010 , the first gubernatorial victor of the 2010 election cycle to be sworn into office . Abercrombie was 72 when he was sworn in as governor , and was the oldest current United States governor for a little less than a month . On January 3 , 2011 , he lost that title to Jerry Brown of California , who is two months older than Abercrombie . When Abercrombie took office , he vowed to end the investigations into President Obamas birth certificate . A spokesperson for Abercrombie said he would ask the office of the Attorney General what it could do . State Attorney General David M . Louie informed Abercrombie that state privacy laws prevent the release of an individuals birth documentation without the persons consent to persons who do not have a tangible interest in the document . According to polls , in October 2011 Abercrombie was the least popular governor in the country , with a 30% approval rating . In February 2011 Abercrombie signed into law a bill legalizing civil unions . His predecessor , Linda Lingle , had vetoed the legislation . In 2013 he called the Hawaii Legislature into a special session to consider a bill legalizing same-sex marriage , which he signed into law on November 13 . Upon the death of longtime Senator Daniel Inouye , Abercrombie had to appoint his replacement . The State Democratic Party gave him a list of three finalists and he chose Lieutenant Governor Brian Schatz , despite Inouyes stated wish that he select Colleen Hanabusa . Schatz is now Hawaiis senior U.S . Senator . Obama appointed Abercrombie to the Council of Governors , and he served from 2012 to 2014 . The council consists of 10 governors the president appoints to focus on national security , homeland defense , synchronization and integration of state and federal military activities in the United States and matters of mutual interest pertaining to the National Guard . In November 2013 Abercrombie was named to Obamas Task Force on Climate Preparedness and Resilience , a group of governors , mayors and other leaders who were to develop recommendations on how the federal government could better support local preparedness and resilience-building efforts . Hawaii also signed on to the Majuro Declaration as a U.S . Climate Leader in September of that year , making the state the first sub-national government to sign . After an intense special session , Abercrombie signed into law a bill that legalized marriage for same-sex couples in Hawaii . The new law took effect on December 2 , 2013 . Hawaii was the 15th state to legalize same-sex marriage . In the August 9 , 2014 , Democratic gubernatorial primary , Abercrombie was defeated by state senator David Ige , taking just 31% of the vote to Iges 67% , making him the first incumbent governor to lose a primary in Hawaiis history . The margin of defeat was the largest for any incumbent governor in United States history ( though not the smallest share of the vote ) . Personal life . In 1981 Abercrombie married Nancie Caraway , a political scientist and feminist writer at the University of Hawaii at Mānoas Globalization Research Center . Abercrombie is an avid powerlifter and has a stated goal of lifting 200 pounds more than his age on each birthday . On his 72nd birthday he bench-pressed 272 pounds . In 2006 Abercrombie was named Scot of the Year by the Caledonian Society of Hawaii . Abercrombie lives in the Manoa Valley area of Honolulu . External links . - Neil Abercrombie for Governor - The African Activist Archive Project website includes Statement from Councilmember Neil Abercrombie for the Rally in Support of South African Freedom , March 21 , 1990
|
[
""
] |
[
{
"text": " Neil Abercrombie ( born June 26 , 1938 ) is an American politician who served as the seventh governor of Hawaii from 2010 to 2014 . He is a member of the Democratic Party .",
"title": "Neil Abercrombie"
},
{
"text": "Born in Buffalo , New York , Abercrombie is a graduate of Union College and the University of Hawaii at Mānoa . He began his political career in 1975 , winning a seat in the Hawaii House of Representatives . He served in the Hawaii House until 1979 , when he was elected to the Hawaii State Senate . Upon the resignation of Cecil Heftel , who resigned from the U.S . House of Representatives to run for governor , Abercrombie was elected to his vacant seat in a special election in 1986 , but lost the Democratic primary for",
"title": "Neil Abercrombie"
},
{
"text": "a full term on the same day . Abercrombie served the remainder of Heftels term until January 1987 . He served on the Honolulu City Council from 1988 to 1990 before returning to Congress in 1991 . Abercrombie served nine consecutive terms in the House from 1993 to 2010 , representing Hawaiis 1st congressional district , consisting of urban Honolulu .",
"title": "Neil Abercrombie"
},
{
"text": " With incumbent Governor Linda Lingle prevented by term limits from running for reelection , Abercrombie declared his candidacy for governor in March 2009 . In September 2010 he won the five-candidate Democratic primary with 59% of the vote . Abercrombie went on to face Republican nominee , Lieutenant Governor Duke Aiona , in the general election .",
"title": "Neil Abercrombie"
},
{
"text": "On November 2 , 2010 , Abercrombie and running mate Brian Schatz defeated Aiona with 57% of the vote . Abercrombie was sworn into office on December 6 , 2010 . Issues he faced during his tenure included the aftermath of the Great Recession and restructuring labor union pensions . In 2014 , he was defeated in the Democratic primary by state senator David Ige , who went on to win the general election .",
"title": "Neil Abercrombie"
},
{
"text": "Abercrombie was born on June 26 , 1938 , in Buffalo , New York , the son of Vera June ( née Grader ) and George Donald Abercrombie . His ancestry includes English , Irish and German . His paternal great-grandfather James Abercrombie left Ireland for Canada ; his son then immigrated to the United States . After graduating from Williamsville High School ( now Williamsville South High School ) , Abercrombie pursued studies in sociology at Union College in Schenectady , New York , where he earned his bachelors degree in 1959 . He arrived in Honolulu in September",
"title": "Neil Abercrombie"
},
{
"text": "1959 to study at the University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa , where he earned a masters degree in sociology and later a doctorate in American Studies . At the university he befriended and attended classes with President Barack Obamas parents , Ann Dunham and Barack Obama Sr .",
"title": "Neil Abercrombie"
},
{
"text": " To support himself as a graduate student , Abercrombie worked as a waiter at Chucks Steak House in Waikīkī , locker desk clerk at the Central YMCA , custodian at Mother Rice Preschool , construction apprentice program director , elementary school teacher , and a college lecturer .",
"title": "Neil Abercrombie"
},
{
"text": "Abercrombie first participated in a political campaign in 1970 , seeking the Democratic nomination for U.S . Senate . Unsuccessful , Abercrombie ran for the Hawaii State House of Representatives , where he served from 1975 to 1979 . A distinguishing symbol of his early campaigns was a yellow Checker Taxi with his name and face painted on the side , the use of which was motivated by lack of money for traditional campaigning methods . The taxi became a symbol of both his standing as an outsider from the mainland and his unconventional style . In 1979 Abercrombie was",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "elected to the Hawaii State Senate , where he served from 1980 to 1986 . After U.S . Representative Cecil Heftel resigned in July 1986 to run for governor of Hawaii , Abercrombie was elected to the House in a September 1986 special election to complete Heftels unexpired term . On the same day , he lost the Democratic primary for a full two-year term to Mufi Hannemann , who lost to Republican Pat Saiki in the general election .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " Abercrombie then set his sights on a seat of the Honolulu City Council . He won the race and served from 1988 to 1990 .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " At the end of his council tenure in 1990 , Abercrombie once again ran for Congress and won . He was reelected ten times . In the 2008 election he won with 70.6% of the vote .",
"title": "U.S . Congress"
},
{
"text": "Abercrombie was a member of the Congressional Progressive Caucus and compiled a generally liberal voting record . He supported and voted for the 2001 No Child Left Behind Act . On October 10 , 2002 , he was among the 133 members of the House who voted against authorizing the 2003 invasion of Iraq . He cosponsored H.R . 1312 ( Assault Weapons Ban and Law Enforcement Protection Act of 2005 ) on July 28 , 2005 . He took issue with the Vatican over not listing torture as a sin .",
"title": "U.S . Congress"
},
{
"text": "According to Project Vote Smart , Abercrombie holds the following issue positions : he is pro-choice , has voted against a ban on partial birth abortion , and has voted with the interests of NARAL and Planned Parenthood 100% of the time between 2000 and 2006 . He has voted for bills designed to make it easier for Americans to vote , such as the motor voter bill . He has advocated strongly for civil liberties ; his voting record is supported by both the American Civil Liberties Union ( ACLU ) and American Library Association . He was one",
"title": "U.S . Congress"
},
{
"text": "of the 67 representatives to vote against the Defense of Marriage Act ( DOMA ) in 1996 and has also voted against a constitutional amendment proposed in 2006 to limit marriage to being between one man and one woman . He was one of only nine representatives not to cast a vote for or against the USA PATRIOT Act in 2001 . In 2005 he voted against the extension of the act , calling it a blank check to trample civil liberties . In 2007 he signed on as a co-sponsor of H.R . 676 , which would have established",
"title": "U.S . Congress"
},
{
"text": "a national health insurance program . He resigned from Congress on February 28 , 2010 , to concentrate on his campaign for governor .",
"title": "U.S . Congress"
},
{
"text": " Abercrombie served as chairman of the Armed Forces Subcommittee on Air and Land Forces and a senior member of the Natural Resources Committee . He co-authored landmark legislation creating public-private partnerships between the military and private developers to build , maintain and manage housing for military families . 2010 gubernatorial campaign .",
"title": "U.S . Congress"
},
{
"text": "On March 9 , 2009 , Abercrombie announced his candidacy for governor of Hawaii . On December 11 , 2009 , he announced that he would resign from Congress to concentrate on his gubernatorial bid . He was succeeded in Congress by Republican Charles Djou , the first Republican elected to Congress from Hawaii since Pat Saiki .",
"title": "U.S . Congress"
},
{
"text": "During his campaign , Abercrombie released his A New Day in Hawaii Plan , offering a roadmap based on Hawaiis values and priorities . The plan was the result of conversations with thousands of people and many hours of research . Abercrombie met with business people , entrepreneurs , economists , principals , teachers , parents , academics , public employees , farmers , nonprofit leaders , health professionals , students , seniors , conservationists , cultural practitioners , construction workers , and citizens of all backgrounds . He also held dozens of issue forums and meetings on every island",
"title": "U.S . Congress"
},
{
"text": "to hear from residents about their concerns and hopes for Hawaii .",
"title": "U.S . Congress"
},
{
"text": " Abercrombie defeated his challenger , former Honolulu Mayor Mufi Hannemann , in the 2010 Democratic gubernatorial primary election on September 18 , 2010 , 59.3% to 37.7% . On November 2 , 2010 , Abercrombie defeated Republican nominee Duke Aiona , 57.8% to 40.8% , to become Hawaiis 7th governor . In his November 3 victory speech he credited many people for his success , including the founder of the Department of Religion at the University of Hawaii Manoa , Dr . Mitsuo Aoki .",
"title": "U.S . Congress"
},
{
"text": " Abercrombie was sworn in as governor of Hawaii on December 6 , 2010 , the first gubernatorial victor of the 2010 election cycle to be sworn into office . Abercrombie was 72 when he was sworn in as governor , and was the oldest current United States governor for a little less than a month . On January 3 , 2011 , he lost that title to Jerry Brown of California , who is two months older than Abercrombie .",
"title": "Governor of Hawaii"
},
{
"text": "When Abercrombie took office , he vowed to end the investigations into President Obamas birth certificate . A spokesperson for Abercrombie said he would ask the office of the Attorney General what it could do . State Attorney General David M . Louie informed Abercrombie that state privacy laws prevent the release of an individuals birth documentation without the persons consent to persons who do not have a tangible interest in the document .",
"title": "Governor of Hawaii"
},
{
"text": " According to polls , in October 2011 Abercrombie was the least popular governor in the country , with a 30% approval rating . In February 2011 Abercrombie signed into law a bill legalizing civil unions . His predecessor , Linda Lingle , had vetoed the legislation . In 2013 he called the Hawaii Legislature into a special session to consider a bill legalizing same-sex marriage , which he signed into law on November 13 .",
"title": "Governor of Hawaii"
},
{
"text": "Upon the death of longtime Senator Daniel Inouye , Abercrombie had to appoint his replacement . The State Democratic Party gave him a list of three finalists and he chose Lieutenant Governor Brian Schatz , despite Inouyes stated wish that he select Colleen Hanabusa . Schatz is now Hawaiis senior U.S . Senator .",
"title": "Governor of Hawaii"
},
{
"text": " Obama appointed Abercrombie to the Council of Governors , and he served from 2012 to 2014 . The council consists of 10 governors the president appoints to focus on national security , homeland defense , synchronization and integration of state and federal military activities in the United States and matters of mutual interest pertaining to the National Guard .",
"title": "Governor of Hawaii"
},
{
"text": "In November 2013 Abercrombie was named to Obamas Task Force on Climate Preparedness and Resilience , a group of governors , mayors and other leaders who were to develop recommendations on how the federal government could better support local preparedness and resilience-building efforts . Hawaii also signed on to the Majuro Declaration as a U.S . Climate Leader in September of that year , making the state the first sub-national government to sign .",
"title": "Governor of Hawaii"
},
{
"text": " After an intense special session , Abercrombie signed into law a bill that legalized marriage for same-sex couples in Hawaii . The new law took effect on December 2 , 2013 . Hawaii was the 15th state to legalize same-sex marriage .",
"title": "Governor of Hawaii"
},
{
"text": "In the August 9 , 2014 , Democratic gubernatorial primary , Abercrombie was defeated by state senator David Ige , taking just 31% of the vote to Iges 67% , making him the first incumbent governor to lose a primary in Hawaiis history . The margin of defeat was the largest for any incumbent governor in United States history ( though not the smallest share of the vote ) .",
"title": "Governor of Hawaii"
},
{
"text": " In 1981 Abercrombie married Nancie Caraway , a political scientist and feminist writer at the University of Hawaii at Mānoas Globalization Research Center . Abercrombie is an avid powerlifter and has a stated goal of lifting 200 pounds more than his age on each birthday . On his 72nd birthday he bench-pressed 272 pounds . In 2006 Abercrombie was named Scot of the Year by the Caledonian Society of Hawaii . Abercrombie lives in the Manoa Valley area of Honolulu .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " - Neil Abercrombie for Governor - The African Activist Archive Project website includes Statement from Councilmember Neil Abercrombie for the Rally in Support of South African Freedom , March 21 , 1990",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Bob_Matsui#P69#0
|
Where was Bob Matsui educated in Dec 1958?
|
Bob Matsui Robert Takeo Matsui ( September 17 , 1941 – January 1 , 2005 ) was an American politician from the state of California . Matsui was a member of the Democratic Party and served in the U.S . House of Representatives as the congressman for Californias 5th congressional district from 1979 until his death at the end of his 13th term . The Robert T . Matsui United States Courthouse in Sacramento is named in his honor . Early life and education . A third-generation Japanese American , Matsui was born in Sacramento , California , and was six months old when he and his family were taken from Sacramento and interned by the U.S . government at the Tule Lake War Relocation Center in 1942 . Matsui graduated from the University of California , Berkeley in 1963 with a BA in political science , and then from the Hastings College of Law in 1966 . He founded his own Sacramento law practice in 1967 . Political career . In 1971 , Matsui was elected to the Sacramento City Council . He won re-election in 1975 and became vice mayor of the city in 1977 . In 1978 , Matsui ran for the Democratic nomination in what was then the 3rd District after 12-term incumbent John E . Moss announced his retirement . He won a five-way Democratic primary with 36 percent of the vote , besting a field that included State Assemblyman Eugene Gualco and Sacramento Mayor Phil Isenberg . He defeated Republican Sandy Smolley with 53 percent of the vote . He would never face another contest nearly that close in what has long been the most Democratic district in interior California , and would be reelected 13 times . After his initial contest , he never dropped below 68 percent of the vote . He was reelected in 1982 with no major-party opposition , and was unopposed in 1984 . His district was renumbered as the 5th District after the 1990 Census . In 1988 , Matsui succeeded in helping pass the Civil Liberties Act of 1988 , which produced an official apology from the Federal government for the World War II internment program and offered token compensation to victims . He was also instrumental in the designation of Manzanar internment camp as a national historic site and in obtaining land in Washington , D.C . for the memorial to Japanese-American patriotism in World War II . He was a chairman of the Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee , ranking member of the United States House Committee on Ways and Means , and third-ranking Democrat on the Ways and Means Committee . During his term he was noted for his staunch opposition to privatization of Social Security . He had a mostly liberal voting record having opposed the Defense of Marriage Act , the ban on partial-birth abortions , and the Private Securities and Litigations Reform Act . In what would be his last election , 2004 , he faced Republican Mike Dugas and easily won a 14th term with 71.4% of the vote , compared to Dugas 23.4% . Opponents Pat Driscoll ( Green Party ) and John Reiger ( Peace and Freedom Party ) , won 3.4% and 1.8% of the vote , respectively . ( DCCC chairs are chosen in part because they are not expected to face serious competition for re-election. ) Personal life . He was married to Doris Okada who , until December 1998 , worked as deputy assistant to the President and Deputy Director of Public Liaison for President Bill Clinton , leaving to become senior advisor and director of government relations at the firm of Collier Shannon Scott , PLLC before winning election to her late husbands seat . The Matsuis had one son , Brian , who received his undergraduate and law degree from Stanford University . Death . In late 2004 , Matsui entered Bethesda Naval Hospital with pneumonia on December 24 . It was a complication from myelodysplastic syndrome , a rare stem cell disorder that causes an inability of the bone marrow to produce blood products , such as red blood cells , white blood cells and platelets . He died of pneumonia on January 1 , 2005 . In the special election on March 8 to fill the vacant seat , Matsuis widow Doris won with over 68 percent of the vote ; she was sworn in on March 10 , 2005 .
|
[
""
] |
[
{
"text": " Robert Takeo Matsui ( September 17 , 1941 – January 1 , 2005 ) was an American politician from the state of California . Matsui was a member of the Democratic Party and served in the U.S . House of Representatives as the congressman for Californias 5th congressional district from 1979 until his death at the end of his 13th term . The Robert T . Matsui United States Courthouse in Sacramento is named in his honor . Early life and education .",
"title": "Bob Matsui"
},
{
"text": "A third-generation Japanese American , Matsui was born in Sacramento , California , and was six months old when he and his family were taken from Sacramento and interned by the U.S . government at the Tule Lake War Relocation Center in 1942 .",
"title": "Bob Matsui"
},
{
"text": " Matsui graduated from the University of California , Berkeley in 1963 with a BA in political science , and then from the Hastings College of Law in 1966 . He founded his own Sacramento law practice in 1967 .",
"title": "Bob Matsui"
},
{
"text": " In 1971 , Matsui was elected to the Sacramento City Council . He won re-election in 1975 and became vice mayor of the city in 1977 . In 1978 , Matsui ran for the Democratic nomination in what was then the 3rd District after 12-term incumbent John E . Moss announced his retirement . He won a five-way Democratic primary with 36 percent of the vote , besting a field that included State Assemblyman Eugene Gualco and Sacramento Mayor Phil Isenberg .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "He defeated Republican Sandy Smolley with 53 percent of the vote . He would never face another contest nearly that close in what has long been the most Democratic district in interior California , and would be reelected 13 times . After his initial contest , he never dropped below 68 percent of the vote . He was reelected in 1982 with no major-party opposition , and was unopposed in 1984 . His district was renumbered as the 5th District after the 1990 Census .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " In 1988 , Matsui succeeded in helping pass the Civil Liberties Act of 1988 , which produced an official apology from the Federal government for the World War II internment program and offered token compensation to victims . He was also instrumental in the designation of Manzanar internment camp as a national historic site and in obtaining land in Washington , D.C . for the memorial to Japanese-American patriotism in World War II .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "He was a chairman of the Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee , ranking member of the United States House Committee on Ways and Means , and third-ranking Democrat on the Ways and Means Committee . During his term he was noted for his staunch opposition to privatization of Social Security . He had a mostly liberal voting record having opposed the Defense of Marriage Act , the ban on partial-birth abortions , and the Private Securities and Litigations Reform Act .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " In what would be his last election , 2004 , he faced Republican Mike Dugas and easily won a 14th term with 71.4% of the vote , compared to Dugas 23.4% . Opponents Pat Driscoll ( Green Party ) and John Reiger ( Peace and Freedom Party ) , won 3.4% and 1.8% of the vote , respectively . ( DCCC chairs are chosen in part because they are not expected to face serious competition for re-election. )",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " He was married to Doris Okada who , until December 1998 , worked as deputy assistant to the President and Deputy Director of Public Liaison for President Bill Clinton , leaving to become senior advisor and director of government relations at the firm of Collier Shannon Scott , PLLC before winning election to her late husbands seat . The Matsuis had one son , Brian , who received his undergraduate and law degree from Stanford University .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " In late 2004 , Matsui entered Bethesda Naval Hospital with pneumonia on December 24 . It was a complication from myelodysplastic syndrome , a rare stem cell disorder that causes an inability of the bone marrow to produce blood products , such as red blood cells , white blood cells and platelets . He died of pneumonia on January 1 , 2005 . In the special election on March 8 to fill the vacant seat , Matsuis widow Doris won with over 68 percent of the vote ; she was sworn in on March 10 , 2005 .",
"title": "Death"
}
] |
/wiki/Bob_Matsui#P69#1
|
Where was Bob Matsui educated in 1959?
|
Bob Matsui Robert Takeo Matsui ( September 17 , 1941 – January 1 , 2005 ) was an American politician from the state of California . Matsui was a member of the Democratic Party and served in the U.S . House of Representatives as the congressman for Californias 5th congressional district from 1979 until his death at the end of his 13th term . The Robert T . Matsui United States Courthouse in Sacramento is named in his honor . Early life and education . A third-generation Japanese American , Matsui was born in Sacramento , California , and was six months old when he and his family were taken from Sacramento and interned by the U.S . government at the Tule Lake War Relocation Center in 1942 . Matsui graduated from the University of California , Berkeley in 1963 with a BA in political science , and then from the Hastings College of Law in 1966 . He founded his own Sacramento law practice in 1967 . Political career . In 1971 , Matsui was elected to the Sacramento City Council . He won re-election in 1975 and became vice mayor of the city in 1977 . In 1978 , Matsui ran for the Democratic nomination in what was then the 3rd District after 12-term incumbent John E . Moss announced his retirement . He won a five-way Democratic primary with 36 percent of the vote , besting a field that included State Assemblyman Eugene Gualco and Sacramento Mayor Phil Isenberg . He defeated Republican Sandy Smolley with 53 percent of the vote . He would never face another contest nearly that close in what has long been the most Democratic district in interior California , and would be reelected 13 times . After his initial contest , he never dropped below 68 percent of the vote . He was reelected in 1982 with no major-party opposition , and was unopposed in 1984 . His district was renumbered as the 5th District after the 1990 Census . In 1988 , Matsui succeeded in helping pass the Civil Liberties Act of 1988 , which produced an official apology from the Federal government for the World War II internment program and offered token compensation to victims . He was also instrumental in the designation of Manzanar internment camp as a national historic site and in obtaining land in Washington , D.C . for the memorial to Japanese-American patriotism in World War II . He was a chairman of the Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee , ranking member of the United States House Committee on Ways and Means , and third-ranking Democrat on the Ways and Means Committee . During his term he was noted for his staunch opposition to privatization of Social Security . He had a mostly liberal voting record having opposed the Defense of Marriage Act , the ban on partial-birth abortions , and the Private Securities and Litigations Reform Act . In what would be his last election , 2004 , he faced Republican Mike Dugas and easily won a 14th term with 71.4% of the vote , compared to Dugas 23.4% . Opponents Pat Driscoll ( Green Party ) and John Reiger ( Peace and Freedom Party ) , won 3.4% and 1.8% of the vote , respectively . ( DCCC chairs are chosen in part because they are not expected to face serious competition for re-election. ) Personal life . He was married to Doris Okada who , until December 1998 , worked as deputy assistant to the President and Deputy Director of Public Liaison for President Bill Clinton , leaving to become senior advisor and director of government relations at the firm of Collier Shannon Scott , PLLC before winning election to her late husbands seat . The Matsuis had one son , Brian , who received his undergraduate and law degree from Stanford University . Death . In late 2004 , Matsui entered Bethesda Naval Hospital with pneumonia on December 24 . It was a complication from myelodysplastic syndrome , a rare stem cell disorder that causes an inability of the bone marrow to produce blood products , such as red blood cells , white blood cells and platelets . He died of pneumonia on January 1 , 2005 . In the special election on March 8 to fill the vacant seat , Matsuis widow Doris won with over 68 percent of the vote ; she was sworn in on March 10 , 2005 .
|
[
"University of California"
] |
[
{
"text": " Robert Takeo Matsui ( September 17 , 1941 – January 1 , 2005 ) was an American politician from the state of California . Matsui was a member of the Democratic Party and served in the U.S . House of Representatives as the congressman for Californias 5th congressional district from 1979 until his death at the end of his 13th term . The Robert T . Matsui United States Courthouse in Sacramento is named in his honor . Early life and education .",
"title": "Bob Matsui"
},
{
"text": "A third-generation Japanese American , Matsui was born in Sacramento , California , and was six months old when he and his family were taken from Sacramento and interned by the U.S . government at the Tule Lake War Relocation Center in 1942 .",
"title": "Bob Matsui"
},
{
"text": " Matsui graduated from the University of California , Berkeley in 1963 with a BA in political science , and then from the Hastings College of Law in 1966 . He founded his own Sacramento law practice in 1967 .",
"title": "Bob Matsui"
},
{
"text": " In 1971 , Matsui was elected to the Sacramento City Council . He won re-election in 1975 and became vice mayor of the city in 1977 . In 1978 , Matsui ran for the Democratic nomination in what was then the 3rd District after 12-term incumbent John E . Moss announced his retirement . He won a five-way Democratic primary with 36 percent of the vote , besting a field that included State Assemblyman Eugene Gualco and Sacramento Mayor Phil Isenberg .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "He defeated Republican Sandy Smolley with 53 percent of the vote . He would never face another contest nearly that close in what has long been the most Democratic district in interior California , and would be reelected 13 times . After his initial contest , he never dropped below 68 percent of the vote . He was reelected in 1982 with no major-party opposition , and was unopposed in 1984 . His district was renumbered as the 5th District after the 1990 Census .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " In 1988 , Matsui succeeded in helping pass the Civil Liberties Act of 1988 , which produced an official apology from the Federal government for the World War II internment program and offered token compensation to victims . He was also instrumental in the designation of Manzanar internment camp as a national historic site and in obtaining land in Washington , D.C . for the memorial to Japanese-American patriotism in World War II .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "He was a chairman of the Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee , ranking member of the United States House Committee on Ways and Means , and third-ranking Democrat on the Ways and Means Committee . During his term he was noted for his staunch opposition to privatization of Social Security . He had a mostly liberal voting record having opposed the Defense of Marriage Act , the ban on partial-birth abortions , and the Private Securities and Litigations Reform Act .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " In what would be his last election , 2004 , he faced Republican Mike Dugas and easily won a 14th term with 71.4% of the vote , compared to Dugas 23.4% . Opponents Pat Driscoll ( Green Party ) and John Reiger ( Peace and Freedom Party ) , won 3.4% and 1.8% of the vote , respectively . ( DCCC chairs are chosen in part because they are not expected to face serious competition for re-election. )",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " He was married to Doris Okada who , until December 1998 , worked as deputy assistant to the President and Deputy Director of Public Liaison for President Bill Clinton , leaving to become senior advisor and director of government relations at the firm of Collier Shannon Scott , PLLC before winning election to her late husbands seat . The Matsuis had one son , Brian , who received his undergraduate and law degree from Stanford University .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " In late 2004 , Matsui entered Bethesda Naval Hospital with pneumonia on December 24 . It was a complication from myelodysplastic syndrome , a rare stem cell disorder that causes an inability of the bone marrow to produce blood products , such as red blood cells , white blood cells and platelets . He died of pneumonia on January 1 , 2005 . In the special election on March 8 to fill the vacant seat , Matsuis widow Doris won with over 68 percent of the vote ; she was sworn in on March 10 , 2005 .",
"title": "Death"
}
] |
/wiki/Bob_Matsui#P69#2
|
Where was Bob Matsui educated between Dec 1965 and 1966?
|
Bob Matsui Robert Takeo Matsui ( September 17 , 1941 – January 1 , 2005 ) was an American politician from the state of California . Matsui was a member of the Democratic Party and served in the U.S . House of Representatives as the congressman for Californias 5th congressional district from 1979 until his death at the end of his 13th term . The Robert T . Matsui United States Courthouse in Sacramento is named in his honor . Early life and education . A third-generation Japanese American , Matsui was born in Sacramento , California , and was six months old when he and his family were taken from Sacramento and interned by the U.S . government at the Tule Lake War Relocation Center in 1942 . Matsui graduated from the University of California , Berkeley in 1963 with a BA in political science , and then from the Hastings College of Law in 1966 . He founded his own Sacramento law practice in 1967 . Political career . In 1971 , Matsui was elected to the Sacramento City Council . He won re-election in 1975 and became vice mayor of the city in 1977 . In 1978 , Matsui ran for the Democratic nomination in what was then the 3rd District after 12-term incumbent John E . Moss announced his retirement . He won a five-way Democratic primary with 36 percent of the vote , besting a field that included State Assemblyman Eugene Gualco and Sacramento Mayor Phil Isenberg . He defeated Republican Sandy Smolley with 53 percent of the vote . He would never face another contest nearly that close in what has long been the most Democratic district in interior California , and would be reelected 13 times . After his initial contest , he never dropped below 68 percent of the vote . He was reelected in 1982 with no major-party opposition , and was unopposed in 1984 . His district was renumbered as the 5th District after the 1990 Census . In 1988 , Matsui succeeded in helping pass the Civil Liberties Act of 1988 , which produced an official apology from the Federal government for the World War II internment program and offered token compensation to victims . He was also instrumental in the designation of Manzanar internment camp as a national historic site and in obtaining land in Washington , D.C . for the memorial to Japanese-American patriotism in World War II . He was a chairman of the Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee , ranking member of the United States House Committee on Ways and Means , and third-ranking Democrat on the Ways and Means Committee . During his term he was noted for his staunch opposition to privatization of Social Security . He had a mostly liberal voting record having opposed the Defense of Marriage Act , the ban on partial-birth abortions , and the Private Securities and Litigations Reform Act . In what would be his last election , 2004 , he faced Republican Mike Dugas and easily won a 14th term with 71.4% of the vote , compared to Dugas 23.4% . Opponents Pat Driscoll ( Green Party ) and John Reiger ( Peace and Freedom Party ) , won 3.4% and 1.8% of the vote , respectively . ( DCCC chairs are chosen in part because they are not expected to face serious competition for re-election. ) Personal life . He was married to Doris Okada who , until December 1998 , worked as deputy assistant to the President and Deputy Director of Public Liaison for President Bill Clinton , leaving to become senior advisor and director of government relations at the firm of Collier Shannon Scott , PLLC before winning election to her late husbands seat . The Matsuis had one son , Brian , who received his undergraduate and law degree from Stanford University . Death . In late 2004 , Matsui entered Bethesda Naval Hospital with pneumonia on December 24 . It was a complication from myelodysplastic syndrome , a rare stem cell disorder that causes an inability of the bone marrow to produce blood products , such as red blood cells , white blood cells and platelets . He died of pneumonia on January 1 , 2005 . In the special election on March 8 to fill the vacant seat , Matsuis widow Doris won with over 68 percent of the vote ; she was sworn in on March 10 , 2005 .
|
[
"Hastings College of Law"
] |
[
{
"text": " Robert Takeo Matsui ( September 17 , 1941 – January 1 , 2005 ) was an American politician from the state of California . Matsui was a member of the Democratic Party and served in the U.S . House of Representatives as the congressman for Californias 5th congressional district from 1979 until his death at the end of his 13th term . The Robert T . Matsui United States Courthouse in Sacramento is named in his honor . Early life and education .",
"title": "Bob Matsui"
},
{
"text": "A third-generation Japanese American , Matsui was born in Sacramento , California , and was six months old when he and his family were taken from Sacramento and interned by the U.S . government at the Tule Lake War Relocation Center in 1942 .",
"title": "Bob Matsui"
},
{
"text": " Matsui graduated from the University of California , Berkeley in 1963 with a BA in political science , and then from the Hastings College of Law in 1966 . He founded his own Sacramento law practice in 1967 .",
"title": "Bob Matsui"
},
{
"text": " In 1971 , Matsui was elected to the Sacramento City Council . He won re-election in 1975 and became vice mayor of the city in 1977 . In 1978 , Matsui ran for the Democratic nomination in what was then the 3rd District after 12-term incumbent John E . Moss announced his retirement . He won a five-way Democratic primary with 36 percent of the vote , besting a field that included State Assemblyman Eugene Gualco and Sacramento Mayor Phil Isenberg .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "He defeated Republican Sandy Smolley with 53 percent of the vote . He would never face another contest nearly that close in what has long been the most Democratic district in interior California , and would be reelected 13 times . After his initial contest , he never dropped below 68 percent of the vote . He was reelected in 1982 with no major-party opposition , and was unopposed in 1984 . His district was renumbered as the 5th District after the 1990 Census .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " In 1988 , Matsui succeeded in helping pass the Civil Liberties Act of 1988 , which produced an official apology from the Federal government for the World War II internment program and offered token compensation to victims . He was also instrumental in the designation of Manzanar internment camp as a national historic site and in obtaining land in Washington , D.C . for the memorial to Japanese-American patriotism in World War II .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "He was a chairman of the Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee , ranking member of the United States House Committee on Ways and Means , and third-ranking Democrat on the Ways and Means Committee . During his term he was noted for his staunch opposition to privatization of Social Security . He had a mostly liberal voting record having opposed the Defense of Marriage Act , the ban on partial-birth abortions , and the Private Securities and Litigations Reform Act .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " In what would be his last election , 2004 , he faced Republican Mike Dugas and easily won a 14th term with 71.4% of the vote , compared to Dugas 23.4% . Opponents Pat Driscoll ( Green Party ) and John Reiger ( Peace and Freedom Party ) , won 3.4% and 1.8% of the vote , respectively . ( DCCC chairs are chosen in part because they are not expected to face serious competition for re-election. )",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " He was married to Doris Okada who , until December 1998 , worked as deputy assistant to the President and Deputy Director of Public Liaison for President Bill Clinton , leaving to become senior advisor and director of government relations at the firm of Collier Shannon Scott , PLLC before winning election to her late husbands seat . The Matsuis had one son , Brian , who received his undergraduate and law degree from Stanford University .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " In late 2004 , Matsui entered Bethesda Naval Hospital with pneumonia on December 24 . It was a complication from myelodysplastic syndrome , a rare stem cell disorder that causes an inability of the bone marrow to produce blood products , such as red blood cells , white blood cells and platelets . He died of pneumonia on January 1 , 2005 . In the special election on March 8 to fill the vacant seat , Matsuis widow Doris won with over 68 percent of the vote ; she was sworn in on March 10 , 2005 .",
"title": "Death"
}
] |
/wiki/Denis_Obua_(footballer)#P54#0
|
Which team did Denis Obua (footballer) play for between Aug 1971 and Mar 1976?
|
Denis Obua ( footballer ) Denis Obua ( 13 June 1947 – 4 May 2010 ) was a former Ugandan association football player and administrator , who played on the left-wing for Uganda between 1968 and 1977 and later served as President of the Federation of Uganda Football Associations ( FUFA ) and chairman of the Council for East and Central Africa Football Associations ( CECAFA ) . Playing career . Club career . Denis Otim Obua was born on 13 June 1947 in the village of Akol in the Amolatar District of Uganda . He was educated at Boroboro Junior School and Manjasi High School , Tororo , where , in 1967 , his talent was recognised and he was signed by Coffee United FC . The following year he joined Police FC , with whom he pursued parallel careers as a footballer and a policeman . In 1977 , Obua was the leagues top goalscorer , with 24 goals , but after Police were relegated at the end of the 1978 season he joined Maroons FC of Luzira . Obua only played for Maroons for one season . In April 1979 , the Ugandan dictator , Idi Amin , was ousted and , during the unstable period that followed , several players from Simba FC—a team which , at that time , was drawn entirely from serving Army officers—were arrested . To avoid a similar fate , Obua and a number of other soccer players fled to Kenya , where he played for Luo Union . He returned to Uganda in 1980 and rejoined Police FC , but could not regain his form and retired . In 1983 , he came out of retirement and joined Villa SC , who had won the Ugandan Premier League championship the previous year . Obua played for Villa in both second round matches of the 1983 African Cup of Champions Clubs , but , just before the first leg of the quarter-finals , he was injured in an incident that brought his playing career to an end . He was in a bar in Kamwokya when it was attacked by gunmen , who began shooting indiscriminately at the customers . Obua was shot in the abdomen and , though he was flown to West Germany for treatment , he was unable to resume playing . International career . Denis Obua was called up to the national squad in 1967 and soon established himself in the left wing position . In 1968 , he was selected to represent East Africa in a game against visiting English club West Bromwich Albion . Against Zanzibar in the 1969 East Africa Challenge Cup , he scored four goals in Ugandas 7–1 win and was a member of Ugandas CECAFA Cup-winning team on six occasions . He represented Uganda in three Africa Cup of Nations tournaments , in 1968 , 1974 and 1976 , scoring one of Ugandas two goals in the latter tournament , but was dropped from the squad before the 1978 African Cup of Nations , in which Uganda reached the final . Denis Obua is regarded as one of the best players to play at no . 11 for Uganda . Career as an administrator . In 1984 Obua started a new career as a coach , initially on a part-time basis , with his old club , Police FC . In 1995 , he became the full-time coach and , under his guidance , the club gained promotion back to the Super League after a 19-year absence . At the national level , Obua managed the Uganda youth team at the 1991 All-Africa Games and in 1995 he managed the Uganda B team that reached the final of the 1995 CECAFA Cup . In 1998 , he was offered the post of coach to the national team , but turned it down . Instead , in December that year , he contested and won the election for president of FUFA . In 2001 , he was re-elected to a second term and in 2003 he also became chairman of the Council for East and Central Africa Football Associations ( CECAFA ) . Beginning in late 2004 , Obua was involved in controversy over the management of FUFA . On 30 November 2004 , he announced that the executive boards term of office had expired ; this was disputed by Obuas predecessor as FUFA president , Twaha Kakaire . Obua announced that new elections would be held in February 2005 , but , a few days before the elections were due to be held , Ugandas Sports Minister suspended FUFA , pending an investigation of its affairs . A fortnight later , Obua announced that he was resigning as FUFA president . A pressure group of Ugandan soccer fans then brought charges against Obua and FUFAs former secretary-general , alleging that they had embezzled funds while in office . Obua was in Kenya on CECAFA business when the charges were laid and on his return to Kampala he was arrested for failing to appear in court . and spent two weeks in jail . Subsequently , Obua was one of 17 FUFA officials named by Ugandas Inspector General of Government as having been responsible for gross mismanagement of finances ; the 17 were order to refund varying amounts to FUFA or face prosecution . Obua continued to serve as chairman of CECAFA until his term expired , in 2007 ; he was appointed honorary chairman for CECAFAs General Assembly in 2007 and remained an honorary member until his death . Family . Denis Obua fathered 18 children . His son David is a current Ugandan international and plays for Hearts in the Scottish Premier League . Another son , Eric , plays for SC Villa in the Ugandan Super League , while a third , Kevin , plays for his school , St Marys Secondary School , Kitende . A daughter , Sarah Desire Birungi , captains the National Insurance Corporation netball team in Ugandas National Netball League .
|
[
"Uganda",
"Police FC",
"East Africa"
] |
[
{
"text": " Denis Obua ( 13 June 1947 – 4 May 2010 ) was a former Ugandan association football player and administrator , who played on the left-wing for Uganda between 1968 and 1977 and later served as President of the Federation of Uganda Football Associations ( FUFA ) and chairman of the Council for East and Central Africa Football Associations ( CECAFA ) .",
"title": "Denis Obua ( footballer )"
},
{
"text": "Denis Otim Obua was born on 13 June 1947 in the village of Akol in the Amolatar District of Uganda . He was educated at Boroboro Junior School and Manjasi High School , Tororo , where , in 1967 , his talent was recognised and he was signed by Coffee United FC . The following year he joined Police FC , with whom he pursued parallel careers as a footballer and a policeman . In 1977 , Obua was the leagues top goalscorer , with 24 goals , but after Police were relegated at the end of the 1978 season",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"text": "he joined Maroons FC of Luzira .",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"text": "Obua only played for Maroons for one season . In April 1979 , the Ugandan dictator , Idi Amin , was ousted and , during the unstable period that followed , several players from Simba FC—a team which , at that time , was drawn entirely from serving Army officers—were arrested . To avoid a similar fate , Obua and a number of other soccer players fled to Kenya , where he played for Luo Union . He returned to Uganda in 1980 and rejoined Police FC , but could not regain his form and retired . In 1983 ,",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"text": "he came out of retirement and joined Villa SC , who had won the Ugandan Premier League championship the previous year .",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"text": " Obua played for Villa in both second round matches of the 1983 African Cup of Champions Clubs , but , just before the first leg of the quarter-finals , he was injured in an incident that brought his playing career to an end . He was in a bar in Kamwokya when it was attacked by gunmen , who began shooting indiscriminately at the customers . Obua was shot in the abdomen and , though he was flown to West Germany for treatment , he was unable to resume playing .",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"text": " Denis Obua was called up to the national squad in 1967 and soon established himself in the left wing position . In 1968 , he was selected to represent East Africa in a game against visiting English club West Bromwich Albion . Against Zanzibar in the 1969 East Africa Challenge Cup , he scored four goals in Ugandas 7–1 win and was a member of Ugandas CECAFA Cup-winning team on six occasions .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "He represented Uganda in three Africa Cup of Nations tournaments , in 1968 , 1974 and 1976 , scoring one of Ugandas two goals in the latter tournament , but was dropped from the squad before the 1978 African Cup of Nations , in which Uganda reached the final .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " Denis Obua is regarded as one of the best players to play at no . 11 for Uganda . Career as an administrator .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "In 1984 Obua started a new career as a coach , initially on a part-time basis , with his old club , Police FC . In 1995 , he became the full-time coach and , under his guidance , the club gained promotion back to the Super League after a 19-year absence . At the national level , Obua managed the Uganda youth team at the 1991 All-Africa Games and in 1995 he managed the Uganda B team that reached the final of the 1995 CECAFA Cup . In 1998 , he was offered the post of coach to the",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "national team , but turned it down . Instead , in December that year , he contested and won the election for president of FUFA . In 2001 , he was re-elected to a second term and in 2003 he also became chairman of the Council for East and Central Africa Football Associations ( CECAFA ) .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "Beginning in late 2004 , Obua was involved in controversy over the management of FUFA . On 30 November 2004 , he announced that the executive boards term of office had expired ; this was disputed by Obuas predecessor as FUFA president , Twaha Kakaire . Obua announced that new elections would be held in February 2005 , but , a few days before the elections were due to be held , Ugandas Sports Minister suspended FUFA , pending an investigation of its affairs . A fortnight later , Obua announced that he was resigning as FUFA president . A",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "pressure group of Ugandan soccer fans then brought charges against Obua and FUFAs former secretary-general , alleging that they had embezzled funds while in office . Obua was in Kenya on CECAFA business when the charges were laid and on his return to Kampala he was arrested for failing to appear in court . and spent two weeks in jail . Subsequently , Obua was one of 17 FUFA officials named by Ugandas Inspector General of Government as having been responsible for gross mismanagement of finances ; the 17 were order to refund varying amounts to FUFA or face prosecution",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": ".",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " Obua continued to serve as chairman of CECAFA until his term expired , in 2007 ; he was appointed honorary chairman for CECAFAs General Assembly in 2007 and remained an honorary member until his death .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " Denis Obua fathered 18 children . His son David is a current Ugandan international and plays for Hearts in the Scottish Premier League . Another son , Eric , plays for SC Villa in the Ugandan Super League , while a third , Kevin , plays for his school , St Marys Secondary School , Kitende . A daughter , Sarah Desire Birungi , captains the National Insurance Corporation netball team in Ugandas National Netball League .",
"title": "Family"
}
] |
/wiki/Denis_Obua_(footballer)#P54#1
|
Which team did Denis Obua (footballer) play for in 1977?
|
Denis Obua ( footballer ) Denis Obua ( 13 June 1947 – 4 May 2010 ) was a former Ugandan association football player and administrator , who played on the left-wing for Uganda between 1968 and 1977 and later served as President of the Federation of Uganda Football Associations ( FUFA ) and chairman of the Council for East and Central Africa Football Associations ( CECAFA ) . Playing career . Club career . Denis Otim Obua was born on 13 June 1947 in the village of Akol in the Amolatar District of Uganda . He was educated at Boroboro Junior School and Manjasi High School , Tororo , where , in 1967 , his talent was recognised and he was signed by Coffee United FC . The following year he joined Police FC , with whom he pursued parallel careers as a footballer and a policeman . In 1977 , Obua was the leagues top goalscorer , with 24 goals , but after Police were relegated at the end of the 1978 season he joined Maroons FC of Luzira . Obua only played for Maroons for one season . In April 1979 , the Ugandan dictator , Idi Amin , was ousted and , during the unstable period that followed , several players from Simba FC—a team which , at that time , was drawn entirely from serving Army officers—were arrested . To avoid a similar fate , Obua and a number of other soccer players fled to Kenya , where he played for Luo Union . He returned to Uganda in 1980 and rejoined Police FC , but could not regain his form and retired . In 1983 , he came out of retirement and joined Villa SC , who had won the Ugandan Premier League championship the previous year . Obua played for Villa in both second round matches of the 1983 African Cup of Champions Clubs , but , just before the first leg of the quarter-finals , he was injured in an incident that brought his playing career to an end . He was in a bar in Kamwokya when it was attacked by gunmen , who began shooting indiscriminately at the customers . Obua was shot in the abdomen and , though he was flown to West Germany for treatment , he was unable to resume playing . International career . Denis Obua was called up to the national squad in 1967 and soon established himself in the left wing position . In 1968 , he was selected to represent East Africa in a game against visiting English club West Bromwich Albion . Against Zanzibar in the 1969 East Africa Challenge Cup , he scored four goals in Ugandas 7–1 win and was a member of Ugandas CECAFA Cup-winning team on six occasions . He represented Uganda in three Africa Cup of Nations tournaments , in 1968 , 1974 and 1976 , scoring one of Ugandas two goals in the latter tournament , but was dropped from the squad before the 1978 African Cup of Nations , in which Uganda reached the final . Denis Obua is regarded as one of the best players to play at no . 11 for Uganda . Career as an administrator . In 1984 Obua started a new career as a coach , initially on a part-time basis , with his old club , Police FC . In 1995 , he became the full-time coach and , under his guidance , the club gained promotion back to the Super League after a 19-year absence . At the national level , Obua managed the Uganda youth team at the 1991 All-Africa Games and in 1995 he managed the Uganda B team that reached the final of the 1995 CECAFA Cup . In 1998 , he was offered the post of coach to the national team , but turned it down . Instead , in December that year , he contested and won the election for president of FUFA . In 2001 , he was re-elected to a second term and in 2003 he also became chairman of the Council for East and Central Africa Football Associations ( CECAFA ) . Beginning in late 2004 , Obua was involved in controversy over the management of FUFA . On 30 November 2004 , he announced that the executive boards term of office had expired ; this was disputed by Obuas predecessor as FUFA president , Twaha Kakaire . Obua announced that new elections would be held in February 2005 , but , a few days before the elections were due to be held , Ugandas Sports Minister suspended FUFA , pending an investigation of its affairs . A fortnight later , Obua announced that he was resigning as FUFA president . A pressure group of Ugandan soccer fans then brought charges against Obua and FUFAs former secretary-general , alleging that they had embezzled funds while in office . Obua was in Kenya on CECAFA business when the charges were laid and on his return to Kampala he was arrested for failing to appear in court . and spent two weeks in jail . Subsequently , Obua was one of 17 FUFA officials named by Ugandas Inspector General of Government as having been responsible for gross mismanagement of finances ; the 17 were order to refund varying amounts to FUFA or face prosecution . Obua continued to serve as chairman of CECAFA until his term expired , in 2007 ; he was appointed honorary chairman for CECAFAs General Assembly in 2007 and remained an honorary member until his death . Family . Denis Obua fathered 18 children . His son David is a current Ugandan international and plays for Hearts in the Scottish Premier League . Another son , Eric , plays for SC Villa in the Ugandan Super League , while a third , Kevin , plays for his school , St Marys Secondary School , Kitende . A daughter , Sarah Desire Birungi , captains the National Insurance Corporation netball team in Ugandas National Netball League .
|
[
"Police FC"
] |
[
{
"text": " Denis Obua ( 13 June 1947 – 4 May 2010 ) was a former Ugandan association football player and administrator , who played on the left-wing for Uganda between 1968 and 1977 and later served as President of the Federation of Uganda Football Associations ( FUFA ) and chairman of the Council for East and Central Africa Football Associations ( CECAFA ) .",
"title": "Denis Obua ( footballer )"
},
{
"text": "Denis Otim Obua was born on 13 June 1947 in the village of Akol in the Amolatar District of Uganda . He was educated at Boroboro Junior School and Manjasi High School , Tororo , where , in 1967 , his talent was recognised and he was signed by Coffee United FC . The following year he joined Police FC , with whom he pursued parallel careers as a footballer and a policeman . In 1977 , Obua was the leagues top goalscorer , with 24 goals , but after Police were relegated at the end of the 1978 season",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"text": "he joined Maroons FC of Luzira .",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"text": "Obua only played for Maroons for one season . In April 1979 , the Ugandan dictator , Idi Amin , was ousted and , during the unstable period that followed , several players from Simba FC—a team which , at that time , was drawn entirely from serving Army officers—were arrested . To avoid a similar fate , Obua and a number of other soccer players fled to Kenya , where he played for Luo Union . He returned to Uganda in 1980 and rejoined Police FC , but could not regain his form and retired . In 1983 ,",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"text": "he came out of retirement and joined Villa SC , who had won the Ugandan Premier League championship the previous year .",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"text": " Obua played for Villa in both second round matches of the 1983 African Cup of Champions Clubs , but , just before the first leg of the quarter-finals , he was injured in an incident that brought his playing career to an end . He was in a bar in Kamwokya when it was attacked by gunmen , who began shooting indiscriminately at the customers . Obua was shot in the abdomen and , though he was flown to West Germany for treatment , he was unable to resume playing .",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"text": " Denis Obua was called up to the national squad in 1967 and soon established himself in the left wing position . In 1968 , he was selected to represent East Africa in a game against visiting English club West Bromwich Albion . Against Zanzibar in the 1969 East Africa Challenge Cup , he scored four goals in Ugandas 7–1 win and was a member of Ugandas CECAFA Cup-winning team on six occasions .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "He represented Uganda in three Africa Cup of Nations tournaments , in 1968 , 1974 and 1976 , scoring one of Ugandas two goals in the latter tournament , but was dropped from the squad before the 1978 African Cup of Nations , in which Uganda reached the final .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " Denis Obua is regarded as one of the best players to play at no . 11 for Uganda . Career as an administrator .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "In 1984 Obua started a new career as a coach , initially on a part-time basis , with his old club , Police FC . In 1995 , he became the full-time coach and , under his guidance , the club gained promotion back to the Super League after a 19-year absence . At the national level , Obua managed the Uganda youth team at the 1991 All-Africa Games and in 1995 he managed the Uganda B team that reached the final of the 1995 CECAFA Cup . In 1998 , he was offered the post of coach to the",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "national team , but turned it down . Instead , in December that year , he contested and won the election for president of FUFA . In 2001 , he was re-elected to a second term and in 2003 he also became chairman of the Council for East and Central Africa Football Associations ( CECAFA ) .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "Beginning in late 2004 , Obua was involved in controversy over the management of FUFA . On 30 November 2004 , he announced that the executive boards term of office had expired ; this was disputed by Obuas predecessor as FUFA president , Twaha Kakaire . Obua announced that new elections would be held in February 2005 , but , a few days before the elections were due to be held , Ugandas Sports Minister suspended FUFA , pending an investigation of its affairs . A fortnight later , Obua announced that he was resigning as FUFA president . A",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "pressure group of Ugandan soccer fans then brought charges against Obua and FUFAs former secretary-general , alleging that they had embezzled funds while in office . Obua was in Kenya on CECAFA business when the charges were laid and on his return to Kampala he was arrested for failing to appear in court . and spent two weeks in jail . Subsequently , Obua was one of 17 FUFA officials named by Ugandas Inspector General of Government as having been responsible for gross mismanagement of finances ; the 17 were order to refund varying amounts to FUFA or face prosecution",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": ".",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " Obua continued to serve as chairman of CECAFA until his term expired , in 2007 ; he was appointed honorary chairman for CECAFAs General Assembly in 2007 and remained an honorary member until his death .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " Denis Obua fathered 18 children . His son David is a current Ugandan international and plays for Hearts in the Scottish Premier League . Another son , Eric , plays for SC Villa in the Ugandan Super League , while a third , Kevin , plays for his school , St Marys Secondary School , Kitende . A daughter , Sarah Desire Birungi , captains the National Insurance Corporation netball team in Ugandas National Netball League .",
"title": "Family"
}
] |
/wiki/Denis_Obua_(footballer)#P54#2
|
Which team did Denis Obua (footballer) play for in Jun 1982?
|
Denis Obua ( footballer ) Denis Obua ( 13 June 1947 – 4 May 2010 ) was a former Ugandan association football player and administrator , who played on the left-wing for Uganda between 1968 and 1977 and later served as President of the Federation of Uganda Football Associations ( FUFA ) and chairman of the Council for East and Central Africa Football Associations ( CECAFA ) . Playing career . Club career . Denis Otim Obua was born on 13 June 1947 in the village of Akol in the Amolatar District of Uganda . He was educated at Boroboro Junior School and Manjasi High School , Tororo , where , in 1967 , his talent was recognised and he was signed by Coffee United FC . The following year he joined Police FC , with whom he pursued parallel careers as a footballer and a policeman . In 1977 , Obua was the leagues top goalscorer , with 24 goals , but after Police were relegated at the end of the 1978 season he joined Maroons FC of Luzira . Obua only played for Maroons for one season . In April 1979 , the Ugandan dictator , Idi Amin , was ousted and , during the unstable period that followed , several players from Simba FC—a team which , at that time , was drawn entirely from serving Army officers—were arrested . To avoid a similar fate , Obua and a number of other soccer players fled to Kenya , where he played for Luo Union . He returned to Uganda in 1980 and rejoined Police FC , but could not regain his form and retired . In 1983 , he came out of retirement and joined Villa SC , who had won the Ugandan Premier League championship the previous year . Obua played for Villa in both second round matches of the 1983 African Cup of Champions Clubs , but , just before the first leg of the quarter-finals , he was injured in an incident that brought his playing career to an end . He was in a bar in Kamwokya when it was attacked by gunmen , who began shooting indiscriminately at the customers . Obua was shot in the abdomen and , though he was flown to West Germany for treatment , he was unable to resume playing . International career . Denis Obua was called up to the national squad in 1967 and soon established himself in the left wing position . In 1968 , he was selected to represent East Africa in a game against visiting English club West Bromwich Albion . Against Zanzibar in the 1969 East Africa Challenge Cup , he scored four goals in Ugandas 7–1 win and was a member of Ugandas CECAFA Cup-winning team on six occasions . He represented Uganda in three Africa Cup of Nations tournaments , in 1968 , 1974 and 1976 , scoring one of Ugandas two goals in the latter tournament , but was dropped from the squad before the 1978 African Cup of Nations , in which Uganda reached the final . Denis Obua is regarded as one of the best players to play at no . 11 for Uganda . Career as an administrator . In 1984 Obua started a new career as a coach , initially on a part-time basis , with his old club , Police FC . In 1995 , he became the full-time coach and , under his guidance , the club gained promotion back to the Super League after a 19-year absence . At the national level , Obua managed the Uganda youth team at the 1991 All-Africa Games and in 1995 he managed the Uganda B team that reached the final of the 1995 CECAFA Cup . In 1998 , he was offered the post of coach to the national team , but turned it down . Instead , in December that year , he contested and won the election for president of FUFA . In 2001 , he was re-elected to a second term and in 2003 he also became chairman of the Council for East and Central Africa Football Associations ( CECAFA ) . Beginning in late 2004 , Obua was involved in controversy over the management of FUFA . On 30 November 2004 , he announced that the executive boards term of office had expired ; this was disputed by Obuas predecessor as FUFA president , Twaha Kakaire . Obua announced that new elections would be held in February 2005 , but , a few days before the elections were due to be held , Ugandas Sports Minister suspended FUFA , pending an investigation of its affairs . A fortnight later , Obua announced that he was resigning as FUFA president . A pressure group of Ugandan soccer fans then brought charges against Obua and FUFAs former secretary-general , alleging that they had embezzled funds while in office . Obua was in Kenya on CECAFA business when the charges were laid and on his return to Kampala he was arrested for failing to appear in court . and spent two weeks in jail . Subsequently , Obua was one of 17 FUFA officials named by Ugandas Inspector General of Government as having been responsible for gross mismanagement of finances ; the 17 were order to refund varying amounts to FUFA or face prosecution . Obua continued to serve as chairman of CECAFA until his term expired , in 2007 ; he was appointed honorary chairman for CECAFAs General Assembly in 2007 and remained an honorary member until his death . Family . Denis Obua fathered 18 children . His son David is a current Ugandan international and plays for Hearts in the Scottish Premier League . Another son , Eric , plays for SC Villa in the Ugandan Super League , while a third , Kevin , plays for his school , St Marys Secondary School , Kitende . A daughter , Sarah Desire Birungi , captains the National Insurance Corporation netball team in Ugandas National Netball League .
|
[
"Police FC"
] |
[
{
"text": " Denis Obua ( 13 June 1947 – 4 May 2010 ) was a former Ugandan association football player and administrator , who played on the left-wing for Uganda between 1968 and 1977 and later served as President of the Federation of Uganda Football Associations ( FUFA ) and chairman of the Council for East and Central Africa Football Associations ( CECAFA ) .",
"title": "Denis Obua ( footballer )"
},
{
"text": "Denis Otim Obua was born on 13 June 1947 in the village of Akol in the Amolatar District of Uganda . He was educated at Boroboro Junior School and Manjasi High School , Tororo , where , in 1967 , his talent was recognised and he was signed by Coffee United FC . The following year he joined Police FC , with whom he pursued parallel careers as a footballer and a policeman . In 1977 , Obua was the leagues top goalscorer , with 24 goals , but after Police were relegated at the end of the 1978 season",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"text": "he joined Maroons FC of Luzira .",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"text": "Obua only played for Maroons for one season . In April 1979 , the Ugandan dictator , Idi Amin , was ousted and , during the unstable period that followed , several players from Simba FC—a team which , at that time , was drawn entirely from serving Army officers—were arrested . To avoid a similar fate , Obua and a number of other soccer players fled to Kenya , where he played for Luo Union . He returned to Uganda in 1980 and rejoined Police FC , but could not regain his form and retired . In 1983 ,",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"text": "he came out of retirement and joined Villa SC , who had won the Ugandan Premier League championship the previous year .",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"text": " Obua played for Villa in both second round matches of the 1983 African Cup of Champions Clubs , but , just before the first leg of the quarter-finals , he was injured in an incident that brought his playing career to an end . He was in a bar in Kamwokya when it was attacked by gunmen , who began shooting indiscriminately at the customers . Obua was shot in the abdomen and , though he was flown to West Germany for treatment , he was unable to resume playing .",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"text": " Denis Obua was called up to the national squad in 1967 and soon established himself in the left wing position . In 1968 , he was selected to represent East Africa in a game against visiting English club West Bromwich Albion . Against Zanzibar in the 1969 East Africa Challenge Cup , he scored four goals in Ugandas 7–1 win and was a member of Ugandas CECAFA Cup-winning team on six occasions .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "He represented Uganda in three Africa Cup of Nations tournaments , in 1968 , 1974 and 1976 , scoring one of Ugandas two goals in the latter tournament , but was dropped from the squad before the 1978 African Cup of Nations , in which Uganda reached the final .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " Denis Obua is regarded as one of the best players to play at no . 11 for Uganda . Career as an administrator .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "In 1984 Obua started a new career as a coach , initially on a part-time basis , with his old club , Police FC . In 1995 , he became the full-time coach and , under his guidance , the club gained promotion back to the Super League after a 19-year absence . At the national level , Obua managed the Uganda youth team at the 1991 All-Africa Games and in 1995 he managed the Uganda B team that reached the final of the 1995 CECAFA Cup . In 1998 , he was offered the post of coach to the",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "national team , but turned it down . Instead , in December that year , he contested and won the election for president of FUFA . In 2001 , he was re-elected to a second term and in 2003 he also became chairman of the Council for East and Central Africa Football Associations ( CECAFA ) .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "Beginning in late 2004 , Obua was involved in controversy over the management of FUFA . On 30 November 2004 , he announced that the executive boards term of office had expired ; this was disputed by Obuas predecessor as FUFA president , Twaha Kakaire . Obua announced that new elections would be held in February 2005 , but , a few days before the elections were due to be held , Ugandas Sports Minister suspended FUFA , pending an investigation of its affairs . A fortnight later , Obua announced that he was resigning as FUFA president . A",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "pressure group of Ugandan soccer fans then brought charges against Obua and FUFAs former secretary-general , alleging that they had embezzled funds while in office . Obua was in Kenya on CECAFA business when the charges were laid and on his return to Kampala he was arrested for failing to appear in court . and spent two weeks in jail . Subsequently , Obua was one of 17 FUFA officials named by Ugandas Inspector General of Government as having been responsible for gross mismanagement of finances ; the 17 were order to refund varying amounts to FUFA or face prosecution",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": ".",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " Obua continued to serve as chairman of CECAFA until his term expired , in 2007 ; he was appointed honorary chairman for CECAFAs General Assembly in 2007 and remained an honorary member until his death .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " Denis Obua fathered 18 children . His son David is a current Ugandan international and plays for Hearts in the Scottish Premier League . Another son , Eric , plays for SC Villa in the Ugandan Super League , while a third , Kevin , plays for his school , St Marys Secondary School , Kitende . A daughter , Sarah Desire Birungi , captains the National Insurance Corporation netball team in Ugandas National Netball League .",
"title": "Family"
}
] |
/wiki/David_Holdsworth#P54#0
|
David Holdsworth played for which team before Apr 1992?
|
David Holdsworth David Gary Holdsworth ( born 8 November 1968 ) is an English former professional footballer turned manager . As a player , he was a defender who played between 1986 and 2005 for Watford , Sheffield United , Birmingham City , Walsall , Bolton Wanderers and Gretna . In 2008 , he moved into management and has since been in charge of Ilkeston Town , Mansfield Town , Lincoln City and Goole . Playing career . Watford . Holdsworth started his career at Watford in the mid 1980s , going on to make more than 250 league appearances for the club . At Watford he played alongside his brother Dean Holdsworth . Sheffield United . In October 1996 , he left Watford for a new challenge at Sheffield United . In his first season , he helped United to the 1997 Football League First Division play-off Final but they were defeated by Crystal Palace . He also helped them to the 1997-98 FA Cup semi final at Old Trafford where they were defeated by Newcastle United . In the quarter final replay against Coventry City , United found themselves 1-0 down at Bramall Lane with 2 minutes left . Holdsworth popped up to equalise from a corner , sending the game to extra time and then penalties , which United went on to win . Birmingham City . In March 1999 Holdsworth transferred to Birmingham City . He helped Birmingham to the play offs at the end of that season where they faced his former club Watford . However Holdsworth was sent off as they lost on penalties . He spent three full seasons there , helping them to the 2001 League Cup Final in which he was an unused substitute in the defeat to Liverpool . In January 2002 he went on loan to Walsall . At Walsall he scored once against Coventry but was sent off twice in 3-0 defeats to Sheffield Wednesday and Wolves . Later career . After being released by Birmingham in 2002 , he joined Bolton Wanderers on a free transfer where he played alongside his brother Dean again . However , he only made one appearance for the Trotters : in a League Cup defeat to Bury ( David started and his brother Dean came on as a substitute ) . Shortly afterwards he joined Scarborough in the Football Conference and then Scottish club Gretna where he retired . Whilst at Gretna he scored once , his goal coming in the Scottish Cup against Dumbarton . International career . He was capped once for England at Under-21 level . Managerial career . After retiring from playing he became reserve team manager at Gretna , where he was appointed director of youth development in May 2006 , but was sacked in a cost-cutting exercise a few months later . On 20 May 2008 , Holdsworth was appointed to his first managerial role , taking over at Northern Premier League Premier Division side Ilkeston Town from Nigel Jemson , the first appointment of new owner Check Whyte . On 29 December 2008 Holdsworth was appointed as the new manager of Conference National club Mansfield Town having led Ilkeston to sixth in the Northern Premier League Premier Division , ten points off first placed Hednesford Town with two games in hand . On 18 November 2010 , it was announced that Holdsworth had agreed to leave Field Mill by mutual consent after less than two years with the club . On 24 October 2011 , Holdsworth was named Lincoln City manager until the end of the 2011–12 season , replacing Steve Tilson . He left the club by mutual consent on Sunday 17 February 2013 , leaving Lincoln 18th in the Conference Premier . On 14 October 2013 , he returned to management with Goole with his former Sheffield United teammate Curtis Woodhouse acting as his assistant . Holdsworth stepped down as Goole manager on 27 January 2014 with Woodhouse taking over the role . On 3 August 2018 Holdsworth was appointed as director of football at Carlisle United . Personal life . His twin brother Dean Holdsworth is also a footballer turned football manager . On 18 September 2010 , they became the first twins to manage against each other in the top five divisions of English football , when Dean was manager of Newport County and David manager of Mansfield Town . Newport won the match 1–0 . David Holdsworths house was featured on an episode of Through the Keyhole . External links . - Profile at Post War English & Scottish Football League A – Z Players Database
|
[
"Watford"
] |
[
{
"text": " David Gary Holdsworth ( born 8 November 1968 ) is an English former professional footballer turned manager . As a player , he was a defender who played between 1986 and 2005 for Watford , Sheffield United , Birmingham City , Walsall , Bolton Wanderers and Gretna . In 2008 , he moved into management and has since been in charge of Ilkeston Town , Mansfield Town , Lincoln City and Goole .",
"title": "David Holdsworth"
},
{
"text": " Holdsworth started his career at Watford in the mid 1980s , going on to make more than 250 league appearances for the club . At Watford he played alongside his brother Dean Holdsworth .",
"title": "Watford"
},
{
"text": "In October 1996 , he left Watford for a new challenge at Sheffield United . In his first season , he helped United to the 1997 Football League First Division play-off Final but they were defeated by Crystal Palace . He also helped them to the 1997-98 FA Cup semi final at Old Trafford where they were defeated by Newcastle United . In the quarter final replay against Coventry City , United found themselves 1-0 down at Bramall Lane with 2 minutes left . Holdsworth popped up to equalise from a corner , sending the game to extra time and",
"title": "Sheffield United"
},
{
"text": "then penalties , which United went on to win .",
"title": "Sheffield United"
},
{
"text": " In March 1999 Holdsworth transferred to Birmingham City . He helped Birmingham to the play offs at the end of that season where they faced his former club Watford . However Holdsworth was sent off as they lost on penalties . He spent three full seasons there , helping them to the 2001 League Cup Final in which he was an unused substitute in the defeat to Liverpool .",
"title": "Birmingham City"
},
{
"text": "In January 2002 he went on loan to Walsall . At Walsall he scored once against Coventry but was sent off twice in 3-0 defeats to Sheffield Wednesday and Wolves .",
"title": "Birmingham City"
},
{
"text": " After being released by Birmingham in 2002 , he joined Bolton Wanderers on a free transfer where he played alongside his brother Dean again . However , he only made one appearance for the Trotters : in a League Cup defeat to Bury ( David started and his brother Dean came on as a substitute ) . Shortly afterwards he joined Scarborough in the Football Conference and then Scottish club Gretna where he retired . Whilst at Gretna he scored once , his goal coming in the Scottish Cup against Dumbarton .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": " After retiring from playing he became reserve team manager at Gretna , where he was appointed director of youth development in May 2006 , but was sacked in a cost-cutting exercise a few months later . On 20 May 2008 , Holdsworth was appointed to his first managerial role , taking over at Northern Premier League Premier Division side Ilkeston Town from Nigel Jemson , the first appointment of new owner Check Whyte .",
"title": "Managerial career"
},
{
"text": "On 29 December 2008 Holdsworth was appointed as the new manager of Conference National club Mansfield Town having led Ilkeston to sixth in the Northern Premier League Premier Division , ten points off first placed Hednesford Town with two games in hand .",
"title": "Managerial career"
},
{
"text": " On 18 November 2010 , it was announced that Holdsworth had agreed to leave Field Mill by mutual consent after less than two years with the club . On 24 October 2011 , Holdsworth was named Lincoln City manager until the end of the 2011–12 season , replacing Steve Tilson . He left the club by mutual consent on Sunday 17 February 2013 , leaving Lincoln 18th in the Conference Premier .",
"title": "Managerial career"
},
{
"text": "On 14 October 2013 , he returned to management with Goole with his former Sheffield United teammate Curtis Woodhouse acting as his assistant . Holdsworth stepped down as Goole manager on 27 January 2014 with Woodhouse taking over the role .",
"title": "Managerial career"
},
{
"text": " On 3 August 2018 Holdsworth was appointed as director of football at Carlisle United .",
"title": "Managerial career"
},
{
"text": " His twin brother Dean Holdsworth is also a footballer turned football manager . On 18 September 2010 , they became the first twins to manage against each other in the top five divisions of English football , when Dean was manager of Newport County and David manager of Mansfield Town . Newport won the match 1–0 . David Holdsworths house was featured on an episode of Through the Keyhole .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " - Profile at Post War English & Scottish Football League A – Z Players Database",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/David_Holdsworth#P54#1
|
David Holdsworth played for which team between Feb 1997 and Sep 1997?
|
David Holdsworth David Gary Holdsworth ( born 8 November 1968 ) is an English former professional footballer turned manager . As a player , he was a defender who played between 1986 and 2005 for Watford , Sheffield United , Birmingham City , Walsall , Bolton Wanderers and Gretna . In 2008 , he moved into management and has since been in charge of Ilkeston Town , Mansfield Town , Lincoln City and Goole . Playing career . Watford . Holdsworth started his career at Watford in the mid 1980s , going on to make more than 250 league appearances for the club . At Watford he played alongside his brother Dean Holdsworth . Sheffield United . In October 1996 , he left Watford for a new challenge at Sheffield United . In his first season , he helped United to the 1997 Football League First Division play-off Final but they were defeated by Crystal Palace . He also helped them to the 1997-98 FA Cup semi final at Old Trafford where they were defeated by Newcastle United . In the quarter final replay against Coventry City , United found themselves 1-0 down at Bramall Lane with 2 minutes left . Holdsworth popped up to equalise from a corner , sending the game to extra time and then penalties , which United went on to win . Birmingham City . In March 1999 Holdsworth transferred to Birmingham City . He helped Birmingham to the play offs at the end of that season where they faced his former club Watford . However Holdsworth was sent off as they lost on penalties . He spent three full seasons there , helping them to the 2001 League Cup Final in which he was an unused substitute in the defeat to Liverpool . In January 2002 he went on loan to Walsall . At Walsall he scored once against Coventry but was sent off twice in 3-0 defeats to Sheffield Wednesday and Wolves . Later career . After being released by Birmingham in 2002 , he joined Bolton Wanderers on a free transfer where he played alongside his brother Dean again . However , he only made one appearance for the Trotters : in a League Cup defeat to Bury ( David started and his brother Dean came on as a substitute ) . Shortly afterwards he joined Scarborough in the Football Conference and then Scottish club Gretna where he retired . Whilst at Gretna he scored once , his goal coming in the Scottish Cup against Dumbarton . International career . He was capped once for England at Under-21 level . Managerial career . After retiring from playing he became reserve team manager at Gretna , where he was appointed director of youth development in May 2006 , but was sacked in a cost-cutting exercise a few months later . On 20 May 2008 , Holdsworth was appointed to his first managerial role , taking over at Northern Premier League Premier Division side Ilkeston Town from Nigel Jemson , the first appointment of new owner Check Whyte . On 29 December 2008 Holdsworth was appointed as the new manager of Conference National club Mansfield Town having led Ilkeston to sixth in the Northern Premier League Premier Division , ten points off first placed Hednesford Town with two games in hand . On 18 November 2010 , it was announced that Holdsworth had agreed to leave Field Mill by mutual consent after less than two years with the club . On 24 October 2011 , Holdsworth was named Lincoln City manager until the end of the 2011–12 season , replacing Steve Tilson . He left the club by mutual consent on Sunday 17 February 2013 , leaving Lincoln 18th in the Conference Premier . On 14 October 2013 , he returned to management with Goole with his former Sheffield United teammate Curtis Woodhouse acting as his assistant . Holdsworth stepped down as Goole manager on 27 January 2014 with Woodhouse taking over the role . On 3 August 2018 Holdsworth was appointed as director of football at Carlisle United . Personal life . His twin brother Dean Holdsworth is also a footballer turned football manager . On 18 September 2010 , they became the first twins to manage against each other in the top five divisions of English football , when Dean was manager of Newport County and David manager of Mansfield Town . Newport won the match 1–0 . David Holdsworths house was featured on an episode of Through the Keyhole . External links . - Profile at Post War English & Scottish Football League A – Z Players Database
|
[
"Sheffield United"
] |
[
{
"text": " David Gary Holdsworth ( born 8 November 1968 ) is an English former professional footballer turned manager . As a player , he was a defender who played between 1986 and 2005 for Watford , Sheffield United , Birmingham City , Walsall , Bolton Wanderers and Gretna . In 2008 , he moved into management and has since been in charge of Ilkeston Town , Mansfield Town , Lincoln City and Goole .",
"title": "David Holdsworth"
},
{
"text": " Holdsworth started his career at Watford in the mid 1980s , going on to make more than 250 league appearances for the club . At Watford he played alongside his brother Dean Holdsworth .",
"title": "Watford"
},
{
"text": "In October 1996 , he left Watford for a new challenge at Sheffield United . In his first season , he helped United to the 1997 Football League First Division play-off Final but they were defeated by Crystal Palace . He also helped them to the 1997-98 FA Cup semi final at Old Trafford where they were defeated by Newcastle United . In the quarter final replay against Coventry City , United found themselves 1-0 down at Bramall Lane with 2 minutes left . Holdsworth popped up to equalise from a corner , sending the game to extra time and",
"title": "Sheffield United"
},
{
"text": "then penalties , which United went on to win .",
"title": "Sheffield United"
},
{
"text": " In March 1999 Holdsworth transferred to Birmingham City . He helped Birmingham to the play offs at the end of that season where they faced his former club Watford . However Holdsworth was sent off as they lost on penalties . He spent three full seasons there , helping them to the 2001 League Cup Final in which he was an unused substitute in the defeat to Liverpool .",
"title": "Birmingham City"
},
{
"text": "In January 2002 he went on loan to Walsall . At Walsall he scored once against Coventry but was sent off twice in 3-0 defeats to Sheffield Wednesday and Wolves .",
"title": "Birmingham City"
},
{
"text": " After being released by Birmingham in 2002 , he joined Bolton Wanderers on a free transfer where he played alongside his brother Dean again . However , he only made one appearance for the Trotters : in a League Cup defeat to Bury ( David started and his brother Dean came on as a substitute ) . Shortly afterwards he joined Scarborough in the Football Conference and then Scottish club Gretna where he retired . Whilst at Gretna he scored once , his goal coming in the Scottish Cup against Dumbarton .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": " After retiring from playing he became reserve team manager at Gretna , where he was appointed director of youth development in May 2006 , but was sacked in a cost-cutting exercise a few months later . On 20 May 2008 , Holdsworth was appointed to his first managerial role , taking over at Northern Premier League Premier Division side Ilkeston Town from Nigel Jemson , the first appointment of new owner Check Whyte .",
"title": "Managerial career"
},
{
"text": "On 29 December 2008 Holdsworth was appointed as the new manager of Conference National club Mansfield Town having led Ilkeston to sixth in the Northern Premier League Premier Division , ten points off first placed Hednesford Town with two games in hand .",
"title": "Managerial career"
},
{
"text": " On 18 November 2010 , it was announced that Holdsworth had agreed to leave Field Mill by mutual consent after less than two years with the club . On 24 October 2011 , Holdsworth was named Lincoln City manager until the end of the 2011–12 season , replacing Steve Tilson . He left the club by mutual consent on Sunday 17 February 2013 , leaving Lincoln 18th in the Conference Premier .",
"title": "Managerial career"
},
{
"text": "On 14 October 2013 , he returned to management with Goole with his former Sheffield United teammate Curtis Woodhouse acting as his assistant . Holdsworth stepped down as Goole manager on 27 January 2014 with Woodhouse taking over the role .",
"title": "Managerial career"
},
{
"text": " On 3 August 2018 Holdsworth was appointed as director of football at Carlisle United .",
"title": "Managerial career"
},
{
"text": " His twin brother Dean Holdsworth is also a footballer turned football manager . On 18 September 2010 , they became the first twins to manage against each other in the top five divisions of English football , when Dean was manager of Newport County and David manager of Mansfield Town . Newport won the match 1–0 . David Holdsworths house was featured on an episode of Through the Keyhole .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " - Profile at Post War English & Scottish Football League A – Z Players Database",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/David_Holdsworth#P54#2
|
David Holdsworth played for which team in Jul 1999?
|
David Holdsworth David Gary Holdsworth ( born 8 November 1968 ) is an English former professional footballer turned manager . As a player , he was a defender who played between 1986 and 2005 for Watford , Sheffield United , Birmingham City , Walsall , Bolton Wanderers and Gretna . In 2008 , he moved into management and has since been in charge of Ilkeston Town , Mansfield Town , Lincoln City and Goole . Playing career . Watford . Holdsworth started his career at Watford in the mid 1980s , going on to make more than 250 league appearances for the club . At Watford he played alongside his brother Dean Holdsworth . Sheffield United . In October 1996 , he left Watford for a new challenge at Sheffield United . In his first season , he helped United to the 1997 Football League First Division play-off Final but they were defeated by Crystal Palace . He also helped them to the 1997-98 FA Cup semi final at Old Trafford where they were defeated by Newcastle United . In the quarter final replay against Coventry City , United found themselves 1-0 down at Bramall Lane with 2 minutes left . Holdsworth popped up to equalise from a corner , sending the game to extra time and then penalties , which United went on to win . Birmingham City . In March 1999 Holdsworth transferred to Birmingham City . He helped Birmingham to the play offs at the end of that season where they faced his former club Watford . However Holdsworth was sent off as they lost on penalties . He spent three full seasons there , helping them to the 2001 League Cup Final in which he was an unused substitute in the defeat to Liverpool . In January 2002 he went on loan to Walsall . At Walsall he scored once against Coventry but was sent off twice in 3-0 defeats to Sheffield Wednesday and Wolves . Later career . After being released by Birmingham in 2002 , he joined Bolton Wanderers on a free transfer where he played alongside his brother Dean again . However , he only made one appearance for the Trotters : in a League Cup defeat to Bury ( David started and his brother Dean came on as a substitute ) . Shortly afterwards he joined Scarborough in the Football Conference and then Scottish club Gretna where he retired . Whilst at Gretna he scored once , his goal coming in the Scottish Cup against Dumbarton . International career . He was capped once for England at Under-21 level . Managerial career . After retiring from playing he became reserve team manager at Gretna , where he was appointed director of youth development in May 2006 , but was sacked in a cost-cutting exercise a few months later . On 20 May 2008 , Holdsworth was appointed to his first managerial role , taking over at Northern Premier League Premier Division side Ilkeston Town from Nigel Jemson , the first appointment of new owner Check Whyte . On 29 December 2008 Holdsworth was appointed as the new manager of Conference National club Mansfield Town having led Ilkeston to sixth in the Northern Premier League Premier Division , ten points off first placed Hednesford Town with two games in hand . On 18 November 2010 , it was announced that Holdsworth had agreed to leave Field Mill by mutual consent after less than two years with the club . On 24 October 2011 , Holdsworth was named Lincoln City manager until the end of the 2011–12 season , replacing Steve Tilson . He left the club by mutual consent on Sunday 17 February 2013 , leaving Lincoln 18th in the Conference Premier . On 14 October 2013 , he returned to management with Goole with his former Sheffield United teammate Curtis Woodhouse acting as his assistant . Holdsworth stepped down as Goole manager on 27 January 2014 with Woodhouse taking over the role . On 3 August 2018 Holdsworth was appointed as director of football at Carlisle United . Personal life . His twin brother Dean Holdsworth is also a footballer turned football manager . On 18 September 2010 , they became the first twins to manage against each other in the top five divisions of English football , when Dean was manager of Newport County and David manager of Mansfield Town . Newport won the match 1–0 . David Holdsworths house was featured on an episode of Through the Keyhole . External links . - Profile at Post War English & Scottish Football League A – Z Players Database
|
[
"Birmingham City"
] |
[
{
"text": " David Gary Holdsworth ( born 8 November 1968 ) is an English former professional footballer turned manager . As a player , he was a defender who played between 1986 and 2005 for Watford , Sheffield United , Birmingham City , Walsall , Bolton Wanderers and Gretna . In 2008 , he moved into management and has since been in charge of Ilkeston Town , Mansfield Town , Lincoln City and Goole .",
"title": "David Holdsworth"
},
{
"text": " Holdsworth started his career at Watford in the mid 1980s , going on to make more than 250 league appearances for the club . At Watford he played alongside his brother Dean Holdsworth .",
"title": "Watford"
},
{
"text": "In October 1996 , he left Watford for a new challenge at Sheffield United . In his first season , he helped United to the 1997 Football League First Division play-off Final but they were defeated by Crystal Palace . He also helped them to the 1997-98 FA Cup semi final at Old Trafford where they were defeated by Newcastle United . In the quarter final replay against Coventry City , United found themselves 1-0 down at Bramall Lane with 2 minutes left . Holdsworth popped up to equalise from a corner , sending the game to extra time and",
"title": "Sheffield United"
},
{
"text": "then penalties , which United went on to win .",
"title": "Sheffield United"
},
{
"text": " In March 1999 Holdsworth transferred to Birmingham City . He helped Birmingham to the play offs at the end of that season where they faced his former club Watford . However Holdsworth was sent off as they lost on penalties . He spent three full seasons there , helping them to the 2001 League Cup Final in which he was an unused substitute in the defeat to Liverpool .",
"title": "Birmingham City"
},
{
"text": "In January 2002 he went on loan to Walsall . At Walsall he scored once against Coventry but was sent off twice in 3-0 defeats to Sheffield Wednesday and Wolves .",
"title": "Birmingham City"
},
{
"text": " After being released by Birmingham in 2002 , he joined Bolton Wanderers on a free transfer where he played alongside his brother Dean again . However , he only made one appearance for the Trotters : in a League Cup defeat to Bury ( David started and his brother Dean came on as a substitute ) . Shortly afterwards he joined Scarborough in the Football Conference and then Scottish club Gretna where he retired . Whilst at Gretna he scored once , his goal coming in the Scottish Cup against Dumbarton .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": " After retiring from playing he became reserve team manager at Gretna , where he was appointed director of youth development in May 2006 , but was sacked in a cost-cutting exercise a few months later . On 20 May 2008 , Holdsworth was appointed to his first managerial role , taking over at Northern Premier League Premier Division side Ilkeston Town from Nigel Jemson , the first appointment of new owner Check Whyte .",
"title": "Managerial career"
},
{
"text": "On 29 December 2008 Holdsworth was appointed as the new manager of Conference National club Mansfield Town having led Ilkeston to sixth in the Northern Premier League Premier Division , ten points off first placed Hednesford Town with two games in hand .",
"title": "Managerial career"
},
{
"text": " On 18 November 2010 , it was announced that Holdsworth had agreed to leave Field Mill by mutual consent after less than two years with the club . On 24 October 2011 , Holdsworth was named Lincoln City manager until the end of the 2011–12 season , replacing Steve Tilson . He left the club by mutual consent on Sunday 17 February 2013 , leaving Lincoln 18th in the Conference Premier .",
"title": "Managerial career"
},
{
"text": "On 14 October 2013 , he returned to management with Goole with his former Sheffield United teammate Curtis Woodhouse acting as his assistant . Holdsworth stepped down as Goole manager on 27 January 2014 with Woodhouse taking over the role .",
"title": "Managerial career"
},
{
"text": " On 3 August 2018 Holdsworth was appointed as director of football at Carlisle United .",
"title": "Managerial career"
},
{
"text": " His twin brother Dean Holdsworth is also a footballer turned football manager . On 18 September 2010 , they became the first twins to manage against each other in the top five divisions of English football , when Dean was manager of Newport County and David manager of Mansfield Town . Newport won the match 1–0 . David Holdsworths house was featured on an episode of Through the Keyhole .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " - Profile at Post War English & Scottish Football League A – Z Players Database",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/David_Holdsworth#P54#3
|
David Holdsworth played for which team in May 2002?
|
David Holdsworth David Gary Holdsworth ( born 8 November 1968 ) is an English former professional footballer turned manager . As a player , he was a defender who played between 1986 and 2005 for Watford , Sheffield United , Birmingham City , Walsall , Bolton Wanderers and Gretna . In 2008 , he moved into management and has since been in charge of Ilkeston Town , Mansfield Town , Lincoln City and Goole . Playing career . Watford . Holdsworth started his career at Watford in the mid 1980s , going on to make more than 250 league appearances for the club . At Watford he played alongside his brother Dean Holdsworth . Sheffield United . In October 1996 , he left Watford for a new challenge at Sheffield United . In his first season , he helped United to the 1997 Football League First Division play-off Final but they were defeated by Crystal Palace . He also helped them to the 1997-98 FA Cup semi final at Old Trafford where they were defeated by Newcastle United . In the quarter final replay against Coventry City , United found themselves 1-0 down at Bramall Lane with 2 minutes left . Holdsworth popped up to equalise from a corner , sending the game to extra time and then penalties , which United went on to win . Birmingham City . In March 1999 Holdsworth transferred to Birmingham City . He helped Birmingham to the play offs at the end of that season where they faced his former club Watford . However Holdsworth was sent off as they lost on penalties . He spent three full seasons there , helping them to the 2001 League Cup Final in which he was an unused substitute in the defeat to Liverpool . In January 2002 he went on loan to Walsall . At Walsall he scored once against Coventry but was sent off twice in 3-0 defeats to Sheffield Wednesday and Wolves . Later career . After being released by Birmingham in 2002 , he joined Bolton Wanderers on a free transfer where he played alongside his brother Dean again . However , he only made one appearance for the Trotters : in a League Cup defeat to Bury ( David started and his brother Dean came on as a substitute ) . Shortly afterwards he joined Scarborough in the Football Conference and then Scottish club Gretna where he retired . Whilst at Gretna he scored once , his goal coming in the Scottish Cup against Dumbarton . International career . He was capped once for England at Under-21 level . Managerial career . After retiring from playing he became reserve team manager at Gretna , where he was appointed director of youth development in May 2006 , but was sacked in a cost-cutting exercise a few months later . On 20 May 2008 , Holdsworth was appointed to his first managerial role , taking over at Northern Premier League Premier Division side Ilkeston Town from Nigel Jemson , the first appointment of new owner Check Whyte . On 29 December 2008 Holdsworth was appointed as the new manager of Conference National club Mansfield Town having led Ilkeston to sixth in the Northern Premier League Premier Division , ten points off first placed Hednesford Town with two games in hand . On 18 November 2010 , it was announced that Holdsworth had agreed to leave Field Mill by mutual consent after less than two years with the club . On 24 October 2011 , Holdsworth was named Lincoln City manager until the end of the 2011–12 season , replacing Steve Tilson . He left the club by mutual consent on Sunday 17 February 2013 , leaving Lincoln 18th in the Conference Premier . On 14 October 2013 , he returned to management with Goole with his former Sheffield United teammate Curtis Woodhouse acting as his assistant . Holdsworth stepped down as Goole manager on 27 January 2014 with Woodhouse taking over the role . On 3 August 2018 Holdsworth was appointed as director of football at Carlisle United . Personal life . His twin brother Dean Holdsworth is also a footballer turned football manager . On 18 September 2010 , they became the first twins to manage against each other in the top five divisions of English football , when Dean was manager of Newport County and David manager of Mansfield Town . Newport won the match 1–0 . David Holdsworths house was featured on an episode of Through the Keyhole . External links . - Profile at Post War English & Scottish Football League A – Z Players Database
|
[
"Bolton Wanderers"
] |
[
{
"text": " David Gary Holdsworth ( born 8 November 1968 ) is an English former professional footballer turned manager . As a player , he was a defender who played between 1986 and 2005 for Watford , Sheffield United , Birmingham City , Walsall , Bolton Wanderers and Gretna . In 2008 , he moved into management and has since been in charge of Ilkeston Town , Mansfield Town , Lincoln City and Goole .",
"title": "David Holdsworth"
},
{
"text": " Holdsworth started his career at Watford in the mid 1980s , going on to make more than 250 league appearances for the club . At Watford he played alongside his brother Dean Holdsworth .",
"title": "Watford"
},
{
"text": "In October 1996 , he left Watford for a new challenge at Sheffield United . In his first season , he helped United to the 1997 Football League First Division play-off Final but they were defeated by Crystal Palace . He also helped them to the 1997-98 FA Cup semi final at Old Trafford where they were defeated by Newcastle United . In the quarter final replay against Coventry City , United found themselves 1-0 down at Bramall Lane with 2 minutes left . Holdsworth popped up to equalise from a corner , sending the game to extra time and",
"title": "Sheffield United"
},
{
"text": "then penalties , which United went on to win .",
"title": "Sheffield United"
},
{
"text": " In March 1999 Holdsworth transferred to Birmingham City . He helped Birmingham to the play offs at the end of that season where they faced his former club Watford . However Holdsworth was sent off as they lost on penalties . He spent three full seasons there , helping them to the 2001 League Cup Final in which he was an unused substitute in the defeat to Liverpool .",
"title": "Birmingham City"
},
{
"text": "In January 2002 he went on loan to Walsall . At Walsall he scored once against Coventry but was sent off twice in 3-0 defeats to Sheffield Wednesday and Wolves .",
"title": "Birmingham City"
},
{
"text": " After being released by Birmingham in 2002 , he joined Bolton Wanderers on a free transfer where he played alongside his brother Dean again . However , he only made one appearance for the Trotters : in a League Cup defeat to Bury ( David started and his brother Dean came on as a substitute ) . Shortly afterwards he joined Scarborough in the Football Conference and then Scottish club Gretna where he retired . Whilst at Gretna he scored once , his goal coming in the Scottish Cup against Dumbarton .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": " After retiring from playing he became reserve team manager at Gretna , where he was appointed director of youth development in May 2006 , but was sacked in a cost-cutting exercise a few months later . On 20 May 2008 , Holdsworth was appointed to his first managerial role , taking over at Northern Premier League Premier Division side Ilkeston Town from Nigel Jemson , the first appointment of new owner Check Whyte .",
"title": "Managerial career"
},
{
"text": "On 29 December 2008 Holdsworth was appointed as the new manager of Conference National club Mansfield Town having led Ilkeston to sixth in the Northern Premier League Premier Division , ten points off first placed Hednesford Town with two games in hand .",
"title": "Managerial career"
},
{
"text": " On 18 November 2010 , it was announced that Holdsworth had agreed to leave Field Mill by mutual consent after less than two years with the club . On 24 October 2011 , Holdsworth was named Lincoln City manager until the end of the 2011–12 season , replacing Steve Tilson . He left the club by mutual consent on Sunday 17 February 2013 , leaving Lincoln 18th in the Conference Premier .",
"title": "Managerial career"
},
{
"text": "On 14 October 2013 , he returned to management with Goole with his former Sheffield United teammate Curtis Woodhouse acting as his assistant . Holdsworth stepped down as Goole manager on 27 January 2014 with Woodhouse taking over the role .",
"title": "Managerial career"
},
{
"text": " On 3 August 2018 Holdsworth was appointed as director of football at Carlisle United .",
"title": "Managerial career"
},
{
"text": " His twin brother Dean Holdsworth is also a footballer turned football manager . On 18 September 2010 , they became the first twins to manage against each other in the top five divisions of English football , when Dean was manager of Newport County and David manager of Mansfield Town . Newport won the match 1–0 . David Holdsworths house was featured on an episode of Through the Keyhole .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " - Profile at Post War English & Scottish Football League A – Z Players Database",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/David_Holdsworth#P54#4
|
David Holdsworth played for which team in Jun 2004?
|
David Holdsworth David Gary Holdsworth ( born 8 November 1968 ) is an English former professional footballer turned manager . As a player , he was a defender who played between 1986 and 2005 for Watford , Sheffield United , Birmingham City , Walsall , Bolton Wanderers and Gretna . In 2008 , he moved into management and has since been in charge of Ilkeston Town , Mansfield Town , Lincoln City and Goole . Playing career . Watford . Holdsworth started his career at Watford in the mid 1980s , going on to make more than 250 league appearances for the club . At Watford he played alongside his brother Dean Holdsworth . Sheffield United . In October 1996 , he left Watford for a new challenge at Sheffield United . In his first season , he helped United to the 1997 Football League First Division play-off Final but they were defeated by Crystal Palace . He also helped them to the 1997-98 FA Cup semi final at Old Trafford where they were defeated by Newcastle United . In the quarter final replay against Coventry City , United found themselves 1-0 down at Bramall Lane with 2 minutes left . Holdsworth popped up to equalise from a corner , sending the game to extra time and then penalties , which United went on to win . Birmingham City . In March 1999 Holdsworth transferred to Birmingham City . He helped Birmingham to the play offs at the end of that season where they faced his former club Watford . However Holdsworth was sent off as they lost on penalties . He spent three full seasons there , helping them to the 2001 League Cup Final in which he was an unused substitute in the defeat to Liverpool . In January 2002 he went on loan to Walsall . At Walsall he scored once against Coventry but was sent off twice in 3-0 defeats to Sheffield Wednesday and Wolves . Later career . After being released by Birmingham in 2002 , he joined Bolton Wanderers on a free transfer where he played alongside his brother Dean again . However , he only made one appearance for the Trotters : in a League Cup defeat to Bury ( David started and his brother Dean came on as a substitute ) . Shortly afterwards he joined Scarborough in the Football Conference and then Scottish club Gretna where he retired . Whilst at Gretna he scored once , his goal coming in the Scottish Cup against Dumbarton . International career . He was capped once for England at Under-21 level . Managerial career . After retiring from playing he became reserve team manager at Gretna , where he was appointed director of youth development in May 2006 , but was sacked in a cost-cutting exercise a few months later . On 20 May 2008 , Holdsworth was appointed to his first managerial role , taking over at Northern Premier League Premier Division side Ilkeston Town from Nigel Jemson , the first appointment of new owner Check Whyte . On 29 December 2008 Holdsworth was appointed as the new manager of Conference National club Mansfield Town having led Ilkeston to sixth in the Northern Premier League Premier Division , ten points off first placed Hednesford Town with two games in hand . On 18 November 2010 , it was announced that Holdsworth had agreed to leave Field Mill by mutual consent after less than two years with the club . On 24 October 2011 , Holdsworth was named Lincoln City manager until the end of the 2011–12 season , replacing Steve Tilson . He left the club by mutual consent on Sunday 17 February 2013 , leaving Lincoln 18th in the Conference Premier . On 14 October 2013 , he returned to management with Goole with his former Sheffield United teammate Curtis Woodhouse acting as his assistant . Holdsworth stepped down as Goole manager on 27 January 2014 with Woodhouse taking over the role . On 3 August 2018 Holdsworth was appointed as director of football at Carlisle United . Personal life . His twin brother Dean Holdsworth is also a footballer turned football manager . On 18 September 2010 , they became the first twins to manage against each other in the top five divisions of English football , when Dean was manager of Newport County and David manager of Mansfield Town . Newport won the match 1–0 . David Holdsworths house was featured on an episode of Through the Keyhole . External links . - Profile at Post War English & Scottish Football League A – Z Players Database
|
[
"Gretna"
] |
[
{
"text": " David Gary Holdsworth ( born 8 November 1968 ) is an English former professional footballer turned manager . As a player , he was a defender who played between 1986 and 2005 for Watford , Sheffield United , Birmingham City , Walsall , Bolton Wanderers and Gretna . In 2008 , he moved into management and has since been in charge of Ilkeston Town , Mansfield Town , Lincoln City and Goole .",
"title": "David Holdsworth"
},
{
"text": " Holdsworth started his career at Watford in the mid 1980s , going on to make more than 250 league appearances for the club . At Watford he played alongside his brother Dean Holdsworth .",
"title": "Watford"
},
{
"text": "In October 1996 , he left Watford for a new challenge at Sheffield United . In his first season , he helped United to the 1997 Football League First Division play-off Final but they were defeated by Crystal Palace . He also helped them to the 1997-98 FA Cup semi final at Old Trafford where they were defeated by Newcastle United . In the quarter final replay against Coventry City , United found themselves 1-0 down at Bramall Lane with 2 minutes left . Holdsworth popped up to equalise from a corner , sending the game to extra time and",
"title": "Sheffield United"
},
{
"text": "then penalties , which United went on to win .",
"title": "Sheffield United"
},
{
"text": " In March 1999 Holdsworth transferred to Birmingham City . He helped Birmingham to the play offs at the end of that season where they faced his former club Watford . However Holdsworth was sent off as they lost on penalties . He spent three full seasons there , helping them to the 2001 League Cup Final in which he was an unused substitute in the defeat to Liverpool .",
"title": "Birmingham City"
},
{
"text": "In January 2002 he went on loan to Walsall . At Walsall he scored once against Coventry but was sent off twice in 3-0 defeats to Sheffield Wednesday and Wolves .",
"title": "Birmingham City"
},
{
"text": " After being released by Birmingham in 2002 , he joined Bolton Wanderers on a free transfer where he played alongside his brother Dean again . However , he only made one appearance for the Trotters : in a League Cup defeat to Bury ( David started and his brother Dean came on as a substitute ) . Shortly afterwards he joined Scarborough in the Football Conference and then Scottish club Gretna where he retired . Whilst at Gretna he scored once , his goal coming in the Scottish Cup against Dumbarton .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": " After retiring from playing he became reserve team manager at Gretna , where he was appointed director of youth development in May 2006 , but was sacked in a cost-cutting exercise a few months later . On 20 May 2008 , Holdsworth was appointed to his first managerial role , taking over at Northern Premier League Premier Division side Ilkeston Town from Nigel Jemson , the first appointment of new owner Check Whyte .",
"title": "Managerial career"
},
{
"text": "On 29 December 2008 Holdsworth was appointed as the new manager of Conference National club Mansfield Town having led Ilkeston to sixth in the Northern Premier League Premier Division , ten points off first placed Hednesford Town with two games in hand .",
"title": "Managerial career"
},
{
"text": " On 18 November 2010 , it was announced that Holdsworth had agreed to leave Field Mill by mutual consent after less than two years with the club . On 24 October 2011 , Holdsworth was named Lincoln City manager until the end of the 2011–12 season , replacing Steve Tilson . He left the club by mutual consent on Sunday 17 February 2013 , leaving Lincoln 18th in the Conference Premier .",
"title": "Managerial career"
},
{
"text": "On 14 October 2013 , he returned to management with Goole with his former Sheffield United teammate Curtis Woodhouse acting as his assistant . Holdsworth stepped down as Goole manager on 27 January 2014 with Woodhouse taking over the role .",
"title": "Managerial career"
},
{
"text": " On 3 August 2018 Holdsworth was appointed as director of football at Carlisle United .",
"title": "Managerial career"
},
{
"text": " His twin brother Dean Holdsworth is also a footballer turned football manager . On 18 September 2010 , they became the first twins to manage against each other in the top five divisions of English football , when Dean was manager of Newport County and David manager of Mansfield Town . Newport won the match 1–0 . David Holdsworths house was featured on an episode of Through the Keyhole .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " - Profile at Post War English & Scottish Football League A – Z Players Database",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Radisson_Hotel_Group#P127#0
|
Who owned Radisson Hotel Group before May 2001?
|
Radisson Hotel Group Radisson Hospitality , Inc . ( trading as Radisson Hotel Group ) is an American multi-national hospitality company . It started as a division of Carlson Companies , which owned Radisson Hotels , Country Inns & Suites and other brands . In 1994 , Carlson signed a franchise agreement with SAS International Hotels ( SIH ) , after which SIH started to use the brand Radisson SAS in the Europe , Middle East and Africa markets . In 2005 , Carlson acquired 25% of the shares of SIH , at that time known as Rezidor SAS Hospitality . In 2010 , Rezidor Hotel Group ( formerly Rezidor SAS ) became a subsidiary of Carlson . The enlarged hotel group adopted a new trading name , Carlson Rezidor Hotel Group , which was one of the top hotel corporations in 2013 . In 2016 , Carlson Companies sold Carlson Rezidor Hotel Group to Chinese conglomerate HNA Group . In the fourth quarter of 2017 , Carlson Hotels , Inc . ( the holding company of the hotel group ) was renamed to Radisson Hospitality , Inc. , while the listed subsidiary ( Rezidor Hotel Group AB ) was renamed to Radisson Hospitality AB . In 2018 , HNA Group re-sold Radisson to a consortium led by a Chinese state-owned hospitality company , Jin Jiang International . As of 2019 , Radisson Hotel Group owns or operates seven hotel brands : Radisson , Radisson Blu , Radisson Collection , Radisson Red , Country Inn & Suites by Radisson , Park Inn by Radisson and Park Plaza . The loyalty program is known as Radisson Rewards . History . Predecessors . Curt Carlson , founder of the namesake company , bought Radisson Hotel in downtown Minneapolis , in 1962 ( Radisson Hotel Group claimed it was 1960 ) . 40 years later , the hotel division of Carlson had expanded into one of the top hotel corporations , as of 2013 . On top of Radisson Hotels , the division also owned several other brands , such as Park Inn , Park Plaza ( acquired in 2000 ) , Country Inns & Suites ( founded by Carlson in 1986 ) , etc . The division acquired the brand Regent in 1997 , but sold the brand in 2010 . In 1994 , the division expanded into Europe , the Middle East and Africa markets ( EMEA ) by signing a franchise agreement with SAS Groups SAS International Hotels ( SIH ) . SIH would use Carlsons brand Radisson in EMEA . The agreement gave birth of the co-brand Radisson SAS , which became Radisson Blu since 2009 . SAS International Hotels , later known as Rezidor SAS Hospitality in 2001 and then Rezidor Hotel Group in 2006 , had expanded into a hotel group that consisted of more than 320 hotels as of 2008 . The franchise agreement was renewed in 2002 and again in 2005 . The 2002 deal added Park Inn , Regent and Country Inns into the agreement , while in 2005 agreement , Carlson purchased 25% shares of Rezidor SAS from SAS Group . The 2005 franchise agreement would last until year 2052 . Rezidor Hotel Group also had other brands , such as Hotel Missoni , which was licensed from Missoni . Carlson Rezidor Hotel Group . Rezidor Hotel Group , formerly Rezidor SAS , became a listed company in 2006 . SAS Group ceased to be the shareholder of Rezidor Hotel Group in 2007 , while Carlson , a significant shareholder of Rezidor SAS since 2005 , became the parent company of Rezidor Hotel Group in 2010 . Since January 2012 , the enlarged hotel group was trading as Carlson Rezidor Hotel Group . In February 2014 , Carlson Rezidor terminated the license agreement of Hotel Missoni . Carlson Rezidors Hotel Missoni Edinburgh and Hotel Missoni Kuwait would cease to use the brand Hotel Missoni not later than June 30 , 2014 . In the same month , two new brands of the group were introduced , namely Quorvus Collection and Radisson Red . In March 2016 , Carlson Rezidor acquired a 49% stake in German hotel chain prizeotel , for €14.7 million , with a future right to acquire the remaining 51% of the shares . ( On October 4 , 2019 , Radisson announced that it was purchasing the remaining 51% of prizeotel. ) In April 2016 , Carlson Rezidor Hotel Group was sold to HNA Tourism Group , a division of Chinese conglomerate HNA Group . The loyalty programs : HNA Group and Hainan Airlines Fortune Wings Club and Radissons Radisson Rewards , signed a partnership agreement in June 2018 . Radisson Hotel Group . In the fourth quarter of 2017 , Carlson Hotels , Inc . ( the US-based holding company of Carlson Rezidor Hotel Group ) was renamed to Radisson Hospitality , Inc. , while the Brussels-based Swedish-listed subsidiary ( Rezidor Hotel Group AB ) was renamed to Radisson Hospitality AB in May 2018 . The whole group received a new trading name – Radisson Hotel Group . The customer loyalty program was renamed from Club Carlson to Radisson Rewards . Radisson Hotel Group was sold in August 2018 to Aplite Holdings AB , a consortium led by a Chinese state-owned hospitality company , Jin Jiang International . According to the press release , Radisson Hotel Group had more than 1,400 hotels in operation and under development at that time . As of December 2017 , the listed subsidiary Rezidor Hotel Group AB had been operating 369 hotels . Brands . Current - artotel - Country Inn & Suites by Radisson - Park Inn by Radisson - Park Plaza - prizeotel - Radisson - Radisson Blu - Radisson Collection - Radisson Individuals - Radisson Red Former - Hotel Missoni ( license agreement was terminated in 2014 ) - Regent ( sold in 2010 ) Country Inn & Suites by Radisson . Country Inn & Suites by Radisson , formerly Country Inns & Suites by Carlson and Country Inns by Carlson , is a hotel chain of the Radisson Hotel Group ( former Carlson Hotels ) . It was established by the former Carlson Hotels owner , Carlson Companies in 1986 as a middle-class brand . The sister brand , Radisson Hotels was classified as full-service , upscale brand of the group . Carlson Companies also owned the namesake , Country Kitchen restaurant chain at that time . In January 2018 , two years after Carlson sold Carlson–Rezidor hotel group to HNA Group , the chain was rebranded into Country Inn & Suites by Radisson . Radisson Collection . Radisson Collection was formerly known as Quorvus Collection from 2014 to 2018 . Quorvus Collection was introduced in 2014 as a luxury brand . The first hotel of former Rezidor Hotel Group in Copenhagen , was converted to use Radisson Collection brand .
|
[
"Carlson Companies"
] |
[
{
"text": "Radisson Hospitality , Inc . ( trading as Radisson Hotel Group ) is an American multi-national hospitality company . It started as a division of Carlson Companies , which owned Radisson Hotels , Country Inns & Suites and other brands . In 1994 , Carlson signed a franchise agreement with SAS International Hotels ( SIH ) , after which SIH started to use the brand Radisson SAS in the Europe , Middle East and Africa markets . In 2005 , Carlson acquired 25% of the shares of SIH , at that time known as Rezidor SAS Hospitality . In 2010",
"title": "Radisson Hotel Group"
},
{
"text": ", Rezidor Hotel Group ( formerly Rezidor SAS ) became a subsidiary of Carlson . The enlarged hotel group adopted a new trading name , Carlson Rezidor Hotel Group , which was one of the top hotel corporations in 2013 .",
"title": "Radisson Hotel Group"
},
{
"text": " In 2016 , Carlson Companies sold Carlson Rezidor Hotel Group to Chinese conglomerate HNA Group . In the fourth quarter of 2017 , Carlson Hotels , Inc . ( the holding company of the hotel group ) was renamed to Radisson Hospitality , Inc. , while the listed subsidiary ( Rezidor Hotel Group AB ) was renamed to Radisson Hospitality AB . In 2018 , HNA Group re-sold Radisson to a consortium led by a Chinese state-owned hospitality company , Jin Jiang International .",
"title": "Radisson Hotel Group"
},
{
"text": "As of 2019 , Radisson Hotel Group owns or operates seven hotel brands : Radisson , Radisson Blu , Radisson Collection , Radisson Red , Country Inn & Suites by Radisson , Park Inn by Radisson and Park Plaza . The loyalty program is known as Radisson Rewards .",
"title": "Radisson Hotel Group"
},
{
"text": "Curt Carlson , founder of the namesake company , bought Radisson Hotel in downtown Minneapolis , in 1962 ( Radisson Hotel Group claimed it was 1960 ) . 40 years later , the hotel division of Carlson had expanded into one of the top hotel corporations , as of 2013 . On top of Radisson Hotels , the division also owned several other brands , such as Park Inn , Park Plaza ( acquired in 2000 ) , Country Inns & Suites ( founded by Carlson in 1986 ) , etc . The division acquired the brand Regent in 1997",
"title": "Predecessors"
},
{
"text": ", but sold the brand in 2010 .",
"title": "Predecessors"
},
{
"text": " In 1994 , the division expanded into Europe , the Middle East and Africa markets ( EMEA ) by signing a franchise agreement with SAS Groups SAS International Hotels ( SIH ) . SIH would use Carlsons brand Radisson in EMEA . The agreement gave birth of the co-brand Radisson SAS , which became Radisson Blu since 2009 . SAS International Hotels , later known as Rezidor SAS Hospitality in 2001 and then Rezidor Hotel Group in 2006 , had expanded into a hotel group that consisted of more than 320 hotels as of 2008 .",
"title": "Predecessors"
},
{
"text": "The franchise agreement was renewed in 2002 and again in 2005 . The 2002 deal added Park Inn , Regent and Country Inns into the agreement , while in 2005 agreement , Carlson purchased 25% shares of Rezidor SAS from SAS Group . The 2005 franchise agreement would last until year 2052 .",
"title": "Predecessors"
},
{
"text": " Rezidor Hotel Group also had other brands , such as Hotel Missoni , which was licensed from Missoni . Carlson Rezidor Hotel Group . Rezidor Hotel Group , formerly Rezidor SAS , became a listed company in 2006 . SAS Group ceased to be the shareholder of Rezidor Hotel Group in 2007 , while Carlson , a significant shareholder of Rezidor SAS since 2005 , became the parent company of Rezidor Hotel Group in 2010 . Since January 2012 , the enlarged hotel group was trading as Carlson Rezidor Hotel Group .",
"title": "Predecessors"
},
{
"text": "In February 2014 , Carlson Rezidor terminated the license agreement of Hotel Missoni . Carlson Rezidors Hotel Missoni Edinburgh and Hotel Missoni Kuwait would cease to use the brand Hotel Missoni not later than June 30 , 2014 . In the same month , two new brands of the group were introduced , namely Quorvus Collection and Radisson Red .",
"title": "Predecessors"
},
{
"text": " In March 2016 , Carlson Rezidor acquired a 49% stake in German hotel chain prizeotel , for €14.7 million , with a future right to acquire the remaining 51% of the shares . ( On October 4 , 2019 , Radisson announced that it was purchasing the remaining 51% of prizeotel. )",
"title": "Predecessors"
},
{
"text": "In April 2016 , Carlson Rezidor Hotel Group was sold to HNA Tourism Group , a division of Chinese conglomerate HNA Group . The loyalty programs : HNA Group and Hainan Airlines Fortune Wings Club and Radissons Radisson Rewards , signed a partnership agreement in June 2018 .",
"title": "Predecessors"
},
{
"text": " In the fourth quarter of 2017 , Carlson Hotels , Inc . ( the US-based holding company of Carlson Rezidor Hotel Group ) was renamed to Radisson Hospitality , Inc. , while the Brussels-based Swedish-listed subsidiary ( Rezidor Hotel Group AB ) was renamed to Radisson Hospitality AB in May 2018 . The whole group received a new trading name – Radisson Hotel Group . The customer loyalty program was renamed from Club Carlson to Radisson Rewards .",
"title": "Radisson Hotel Group"
},
{
"text": "Radisson Hotel Group was sold in August 2018 to Aplite Holdings AB , a consortium led by a Chinese state-owned hospitality company , Jin Jiang International . According to the press release , Radisson Hotel Group had more than 1,400 hotels in operation and under development at that time . As of December 2017 , the listed subsidiary Rezidor Hotel Group AB had been operating 369 hotels .",
"title": "Radisson Hotel Group"
},
{
"text": " - artotel - Country Inn & Suites by Radisson - Park Inn by Radisson - Park Plaza - prizeotel - Radisson - Radisson Blu - Radisson Collection - Radisson Individuals - Radisson Red",
"title": "Current"
},
{
"text": " - Hotel Missoni ( license agreement was terminated in 2014 ) - Regent ( sold in 2010 ) Country Inn & Suites by Radisson .",
"title": "Former"
},
{
"text": "Country Inn & Suites by Radisson , formerly Country Inns & Suites by Carlson and Country Inns by Carlson , is a hotel chain of the Radisson Hotel Group ( former Carlson Hotels ) . It was established by the former Carlson Hotels owner , Carlson Companies in 1986 as a middle-class brand . The sister brand , Radisson Hotels was classified as full-service , upscale brand of the group . Carlson Companies also owned the namesake , Country Kitchen restaurant chain at that time . In January 2018 , two years after Carlson sold Carlson–Rezidor hotel group to HNA",
"title": "Former"
},
{
"text": "Group , the chain was rebranded into Country Inn & Suites by Radisson .",
"title": "Former"
},
{
"text": " Radisson Collection was formerly known as Quorvus Collection from 2014 to 2018 . Quorvus Collection was introduced in 2014 as a luxury brand . The first hotel of former Rezidor Hotel Group in Copenhagen , was converted to use Radisson Collection brand .",
"title": "Radisson Collection"
}
] |
/wiki/Radisson_Hotel_Group#P127#1
|
Who owned Radisson Hotel Group between Oct 2017 and Nov 2017?
|
Radisson Hotel Group Radisson Hospitality , Inc . ( trading as Radisson Hotel Group ) is an American multi-national hospitality company . It started as a division of Carlson Companies , which owned Radisson Hotels , Country Inns & Suites and other brands . In 1994 , Carlson signed a franchise agreement with SAS International Hotels ( SIH ) , after which SIH started to use the brand Radisson SAS in the Europe , Middle East and Africa markets . In 2005 , Carlson acquired 25% of the shares of SIH , at that time known as Rezidor SAS Hospitality . In 2010 , Rezidor Hotel Group ( formerly Rezidor SAS ) became a subsidiary of Carlson . The enlarged hotel group adopted a new trading name , Carlson Rezidor Hotel Group , which was one of the top hotel corporations in 2013 . In 2016 , Carlson Companies sold Carlson Rezidor Hotel Group to Chinese conglomerate HNA Group . In the fourth quarter of 2017 , Carlson Hotels , Inc . ( the holding company of the hotel group ) was renamed to Radisson Hospitality , Inc. , while the listed subsidiary ( Rezidor Hotel Group AB ) was renamed to Radisson Hospitality AB . In 2018 , HNA Group re-sold Radisson to a consortium led by a Chinese state-owned hospitality company , Jin Jiang International . As of 2019 , Radisson Hotel Group owns or operates seven hotel brands : Radisson , Radisson Blu , Radisson Collection , Radisson Red , Country Inn & Suites by Radisson , Park Inn by Radisson and Park Plaza . The loyalty program is known as Radisson Rewards . History . Predecessors . Curt Carlson , founder of the namesake company , bought Radisson Hotel in downtown Minneapolis , in 1962 ( Radisson Hotel Group claimed it was 1960 ) . 40 years later , the hotel division of Carlson had expanded into one of the top hotel corporations , as of 2013 . On top of Radisson Hotels , the division also owned several other brands , such as Park Inn , Park Plaza ( acquired in 2000 ) , Country Inns & Suites ( founded by Carlson in 1986 ) , etc . The division acquired the brand Regent in 1997 , but sold the brand in 2010 . In 1994 , the division expanded into Europe , the Middle East and Africa markets ( EMEA ) by signing a franchise agreement with SAS Groups SAS International Hotels ( SIH ) . SIH would use Carlsons brand Radisson in EMEA . The agreement gave birth of the co-brand Radisson SAS , which became Radisson Blu since 2009 . SAS International Hotels , later known as Rezidor SAS Hospitality in 2001 and then Rezidor Hotel Group in 2006 , had expanded into a hotel group that consisted of more than 320 hotels as of 2008 . The franchise agreement was renewed in 2002 and again in 2005 . The 2002 deal added Park Inn , Regent and Country Inns into the agreement , while in 2005 agreement , Carlson purchased 25% shares of Rezidor SAS from SAS Group . The 2005 franchise agreement would last until year 2052 . Rezidor Hotel Group also had other brands , such as Hotel Missoni , which was licensed from Missoni . Carlson Rezidor Hotel Group . Rezidor Hotel Group , formerly Rezidor SAS , became a listed company in 2006 . SAS Group ceased to be the shareholder of Rezidor Hotel Group in 2007 , while Carlson , a significant shareholder of Rezidor SAS since 2005 , became the parent company of Rezidor Hotel Group in 2010 . Since January 2012 , the enlarged hotel group was trading as Carlson Rezidor Hotel Group . In February 2014 , Carlson Rezidor terminated the license agreement of Hotel Missoni . Carlson Rezidors Hotel Missoni Edinburgh and Hotel Missoni Kuwait would cease to use the brand Hotel Missoni not later than June 30 , 2014 . In the same month , two new brands of the group were introduced , namely Quorvus Collection and Radisson Red . In March 2016 , Carlson Rezidor acquired a 49% stake in German hotel chain prizeotel , for €14.7 million , with a future right to acquire the remaining 51% of the shares . ( On October 4 , 2019 , Radisson announced that it was purchasing the remaining 51% of prizeotel. ) In April 2016 , Carlson Rezidor Hotel Group was sold to HNA Tourism Group , a division of Chinese conglomerate HNA Group . The loyalty programs : HNA Group and Hainan Airlines Fortune Wings Club and Radissons Radisson Rewards , signed a partnership agreement in June 2018 . Radisson Hotel Group . In the fourth quarter of 2017 , Carlson Hotels , Inc . ( the US-based holding company of Carlson Rezidor Hotel Group ) was renamed to Radisson Hospitality , Inc. , while the Brussels-based Swedish-listed subsidiary ( Rezidor Hotel Group AB ) was renamed to Radisson Hospitality AB in May 2018 . The whole group received a new trading name – Radisson Hotel Group . The customer loyalty program was renamed from Club Carlson to Radisson Rewards . Radisson Hotel Group was sold in August 2018 to Aplite Holdings AB , a consortium led by a Chinese state-owned hospitality company , Jin Jiang International . According to the press release , Radisson Hotel Group had more than 1,400 hotels in operation and under development at that time . As of December 2017 , the listed subsidiary Rezidor Hotel Group AB had been operating 369 hotels . Brands . Current - artotel - Country Inn & Suites by Radisson - Park Inn by Radisson - Park Plaza - prizeotel - Radisson - Radisson Blu - Radisson Collection - Radisson Individuals - Radisson Red Former - Hotel Missoni ( license agreement was terminated in 2014 ) - Regent ( sold in 2010 ) Country Inn & Suites by Radisson . Country Inn & Suites by Radisson , formerly Country Inns & Suites by Carlson and Country Inns by Carlson , is a hotel chain of the Radisson Hotel Group ( former Carlson Hotels ) . It was established by the former Carlson Hotels owner , Carlson Companies in 1986 as a middle-class brand . The sister brand , Radisson Hotels was classified as full-service , upscale brand of the group . Carlson Companies also owned the namesake , Country Kitchen restaurant chain at that time . In January 2018 , two years after Carlson sold Carlson–Rezidor hotel group to HNA Group , the chain was rebranded into Country Inn & Suites by Radisson . Radisson Collection . Radisson Collection was formerly known as Quorvus Collection from 2014 to 2018 . Quorvus Collection was introduced in 2014 as a luxury brand . The first hotel of former Rezidor Hotel Group in Copenhagen , was converted to use Radisson Collection brand .
|
[
"HNA Group"
] |
[
{
"text": "Radisson Hospitality , Inc . ( trading as Radisson Hotel Group ) is an American multi-national hospitality company . It started as a division of Carlson Companies , which owned Radisson Hotels , Country Inns & Suites and other brands . In 1994 , Carlson signed a franchise agreement with SAS International Hotels ( SIH ) , after which SIH started to use the brand Radisson SAS in the Europe , Middle East and Africa markets . In 2005 , Carlson acquired 25% of the shares of SIH , at that time known as Rezidor SAS Hospitality . In 2010",
"title": "Radisson Hotel Group"
},
{
"text": ", Rezidor Hotel Group ( formerly Rezidor SAS ) became a subsidiary of Carlson . The enlarged hotel group adopted a new trading name , Carlson Rezidor Hotel Group , which was one of the top hotel corporations in 2013 .",
"title": "Radisson Hotel Group"
},
{
"text": " In 2016 , Carlson Companies sold Carlson Rezidor Hotel Group to Chinese conglomerate HNA Group . In the fourth quarter of 2017 , Carlson Hotels , Inc . ( the holding company of the hotel group ) was renamed to Radisson Hospitality , Inc. , while the listed subsidiary ( Rezidor Hotel Group AB ) was renamed to Radisson Hospitality AB . In 2018 , HNA Group re-sold Radisson to a consortium led by a Chinese state-owned hospitality company , Jin Jiang International .",
"title": "Radisson Hotel Group"
},
{
"text": "As of 2019 , Radisson Hotel Group owns or operates seven hotel brands : Radisson , Radisson Blu , Radisson Collection , Radisson Red , Country Inn & Suites by Radisson , Park Inn by Radisson and Park Plaza . The loyalty program is known as Radisson Rewards .",
"title": "Radisson Hotel Group"
},
{
"text": "Curt Carlson , founder of the namesake company , bought Radisson Hotel in downtown Minneapolis , in 1962 ( Radisson Hotel Group claimed it was 1960 ) . 40 years later , the hotel division of Carlson had expanded into one of the top hotel corporations , as of 2013 . On top of Radisson Hotels , the division also owned several other brands , such as Park Inn , Park Plaza ( acquired in 2000 ) , Country Inns & Suites ( founded by Carlson in 1986 ) , etc . The division acquired the brand Regent in 1997",
"title": "Predecessors"
},
{
"text": ", but sold the brand in 2010 .",
"title": "Predecessors"
},
{
"text": " In 1994 , the division expanded into Europe , the Middle East and Africa markets ( EMEA ) by signing a franchise agreement with SAS Groups SAS International Hotels ( SIH ) . SIH would use Carlsons brand Radisson in EMEA . The agreement gave birth of the co-brand Radisson SAS , which became Radisson Blu since 2009 . SAS International Hotels , later known as Rezidor SAS Hospitality in 2001 and then Rezidor Hotel Group in 2006 , had expanded into a hotel group that consisted of more than 320 hotels as of 2008 .",
"title": "Predecessors"
},
{
"text": "The franchise agreement was renewed in 2002 and again in 2005 . The 2002 deal added Park Inn , Regent and Country Inns into the agreement , while in 2005 agreement , Carlson purchased 25% shares of Rezidor SAS from SAS Group . The 2005 franchise agreement would last until year 2052 .",
"title": "Predecessors"
},
{
"text": " Rezidor Hotel Group also had other brands , such as Hotel Missoni , which was licensed from Missoni . Carlson Rezidor Hotel Group . Rezidor Hotel Group , formerly Rezidor SAS , became a listed company in 2006 . SAS Group ceased to be the shareholder of Rezidor Hotel Group in 2007 , while Carlson , a significant shareholder of Rezidor SAS since 2005 , became the parent company of Rezidor Hotel Group in 2010 . Since January 2012 , the enlarged hotel group was trading as Carlson Rezidor Hotel Group .",
"title": "Predecessors"
},
{
"text": "In February 2014 , Carlson Rezidor terminated the license agreement of Hotel Missoni . Carlson Rezidors Hotel Missoni Edinburgh and Hotel Missoni Kuwait would cease to use the brand Hotel Missoni not later than June 30 , 2014 . In the same month , two new brands of the group were introduced , namely Quorvus Collection and Radisson Red .",
"title": "Predecessors"
},
{
"text": " In March 2016 , Carlson Rezidor acquired a 49% stake in German hotel chain prizeotel , for €14.7 million , with a future right to acquire the remaining 51% of the shares . ( On October 4 , 2019 , Radisson announced that it was purchasing the remaining 51% of prizeotel. )",
"title": "Predecessors"
},
{
"text": "In April 2016 , Carlson Rezidor Hotel Group was sold to HNA Tourism Group , a division of Chinese conglomerate HNA Group . The loyalty programs : HNA Group and Hainan Airlines Fortune Wings Club and Radissons Radisson Rewards , signed a partnership agreement in June 2018 .",
"title": "Predecessors"
},
{
"text": " In the fourth quarter of 2017 , Carlson Hotels , Inc . ( the US-based holding company of Carlson Rezidor Hotel Group ) was renamed to Radisson Hospitality , Inc. , while the Brussels-based Swedish-listed subsidiary ( Rezidor Hotel Group AB ) was renamed to Radisson Hospitality AB in May 2018 . The whole group received a new trading name – Radisson Hotel Group . The customer loyalty program was renamed from Club Carlson to Radisson Rewards .",
"title": "Radisson Hotel Group"
},
{
"text": "Radisson Hotel Group was sold in August 2018 to Aplite Holdings AB , a consortium led by a Chinese state-owned hospitality company , Jin Jiang International . According to the press release , Radisson Hotel Group had more than 1,400 hotels in operation and under development at that time . As of December 2017 , the listed subsidiary Rezidor Hotel Group AB had been operating 369 hotels .",
"title": "Radisson Hotel Group"
},
{
"text": " - artotel - Country Inn & Suites by Radisson - Park Inn by Radisson - Park Plaza - prizeotel - Radisson - Radisson Blu - Radisson Collection - Radisson Individuals - Radisson Red",
"title": "Current"
},
{
"text": " - Hotel Missoni ( license agreement was terminated in 2014 ) - Regent ( sold in 2010 ) Country Inn & Suites by Radisson .",
"title": "Former"
},
{
"text": "Country Inn & Suites by Radisson , formerly Country Inns & Suites by Carlson and Country Inns by Carlson , is a hotel chain of the Radisson Hotel Group ( former Carlson Hotels ) . It was established by the former Carlson Hotels owner , Carlson Companies in 1986 as a middle-class brand . The sister brand , Radisson Hotels was classified as full-service , upscale brand of the group . Carlson Companies also owned the namesake , Country Kitchen restaurant chain at that time . In January 2018 , two years after Carlson sold Carlson–Rezidor hotel group to HNA",
"title": "Former"
},
{
"text": "Group , the chain was rebranded into Country Inn & Suites by Radisson .",
"title": "Former"
},
{
"text": " Radisson Collection was formerly known as Quorvus Collection from 2014 to 2018 . Quorvus Collection was introduced in 2014 as a luxury brand . The first hotel of former Rezidor Hotel Group in Copenhagen , was converted to use Radisson Collection brand .",
"title": "Radisson Collection"
}
] |
/wiki/Radisson_Hotel_Group#P127#2
|
Who owned Radisson Hotel Group after May 2018?
|
Radisson Hotel Group Radisson Hospitality , Inc . ( trading as Radisson Hotel Group ) is an American multi-national hospitality company . It started as a division of Carlson Companies , which owned Radisson Hotels , Country Inns & Suites and other brands . In 1994 , Carlson signed a franchise agreement with SAS International Hotels ( SIH ) , after which SIH started to use the brand Radisson SAS in the Europe , Middle East and Africa markets . In 2005 , Carlson acquired 25% of the shares of SIH , at that time known as Rezidor SAS Hospitality . In 2010 , Rezidor Hotel Group ( formerly Rezidor SAS ) became a subsidiary of Carlson . The enlarged hotel group adopted a new trading name , Carlson Rezidor Hotel Group , which was one of the top hotel corporations in 2013 . In 2016 , Carlson Companies sold Carlson Rezidor Hotel Group to Chinese conglomerate HNA Group . In the fourth quarter of 2017 , Carlson Hotels , Inc . ( the holding company of the hotel group ) was renamed to Radisson Hospitality , Inc. , while the listed subsidiary ( Rezidor Hotel Group AB ) was renamed to Radisson Hospitality AB . In 2018 , HNA Group re-sold Radisson to a consortium led by a Chinese state-owned hospitality company , Jin Jiang International . As of 2019 , Radisson Hotel Group owns or operates seven hotel brands : Radisson , Radisson Blu , Radisson Collection , Radisson Red , Country Inn & Suites by Radisson , Park Inn by Radisson and Park Plaza . The loyalty program is known as Radisson Rewards . History . Predecessors . Curt Carlson , founder of the namesake company , bought Radisson Hotel in downtown Minneapolis , in 1962 ( Radisson Hotel Group claimed it was 1960 ) . 40 years later , the hotel division of Carlson had expanded into one of the top hotel corporations , as of 2013 . On top of Radisson Hotels , the division also owned several other brands , such as Park Inn , Park Plaza ( acquired in 2000 ) , Country Inns & Suites ( founded by Carlson in 1986 ) , etc . The division acquired the brand Regent in 1997 , but sold the brand in 2010 . In 1994 , the division expanded into Europe , the Middle East and Africa markets ( EMEA ) by signing a franchise agreement with SAS Groups SAS International Hotels ( SIH ) . SIH would use Carlsons brand Radisson in EMEA . The agreement gave birth of the co-brand Radisson SAS , which became Radisson Blu since 2009 . SAS International Hotels , later known as Rezidor SAS Hospitality in 2001 and then Rezidor Hotel Group in 2006 , had expanded into a hotel group that consisted of more than 320 hotels as of 2008 . The franchise agreement was renewed in 2002 and again in 2005 . The 2002 deal added Park Inn , Regent and Country Inns into the agreement , while in 2005 agreement , Carlson purchased 25% shares of Rezidor SAS from SAS Group . The 2005 franchise agreement would last until year 2052 . Rezidor Hotel Group also had other brands , such as Hotel Missoni , which was licensed from Missoni . Carlson Rezidor Hotel Group . Rezidor Hotel Group , formerly Rezidor SAS , became a listed company in 2006 . SAS Group ceased to be the shareholder of Rezidor Hotel Group in 2007 , while Carlson , a significant shareholder of Rezidor SAS since 2005 , became the parent company of Rezidor Hotel Group in 2010 . Since January 2012 , the enlarged hotel group was trading as Carlson Rezidor Hotel Group . In February 2014 , Carlson Rezidor terminated the license agreement of Hotel Missoni . Carlson Rezidors Hotel Missoni Edinburgh and Hotel Missoni Kuwait would cease to use the brand Hotel Missoni not later than June 30 , 2014 . In the same month , two new brands of the group were introduced , namely Quorvus Collection and Radisson Red . In March 2016 , Carlson Rezidor acquired a 49% stake in German hotel chain prizeotel , for €14.7 million , with a future right to acquire the remaining 51% of the shares . ( On October 4 , 2019 , Radisson announced that it was purchasing the remaining 51% of prizeotel. ) In April 2016 , Carlson Rezidor Hotel Group was sold to HNA Tourism Group , a division of Chinese conglomerate HNA Group . The loyalty programs : HNA Group and Hainan Airlines Fortune Wings Club and Radissons Radisson Rewards , signed a partnership agreement in June 2018 . Radisson Hotel Group . In the fourth quarter of 2017 , Carlson Hotels , Inc . ( the US-based holding company of Carlson Rezidor Hotel Group ) was renamed to Radisson Hospitality , Inc. , while the Brussels-based Swedish-listed subsidiary ( Rezidor Hotel Group AB ) was renamed to Radisson Hospitality AB in May 2018 . The whole group received a new trading name – Radisson Hotel Group . The customer loyalty program was renamed from Club Carlson to Radisson Rewards . Radisson Hotel Group was sold in August 2018 to Aplite Holdings AB , a consortium led by a Chinese state-owned hospitality company , Jin Jiang International . According to the press release , Radisson Hotel Group had more than 1,400 hotels in operation and under development at that time . As of December 2017 , the listed subsidiary Rezidor Hotel Group AB had been operating 369 hotels . Brands . Current - artotel - Country Inn & Suites by Radisson - Park Inn by Radisson - Park Plaza - prizeotel - Radisson - Radisson Blu - Radisson Collection - Radisson Individuals - Radisson Red Former - Hotel Missoni ( license agreement was terminated in 2014 ) - Regent ( sold in 2010 ) Country Inn & Suites by Radisson . Country Inn & Suites by Radisson , formerly Country Inns & Suites by Carlson and Country Inns by Carlson , is a hotel chain of the Radisson Hotel Group ( former Carlson Hotels ) . It was established by the former Carlson Hotels owner , Carlson Companies in 1986 as a middle-class brand . The sister brand , Radisson Hotels was classified as full-service , upscale brand of the group . Carlson Companies also owned the namesake , Country Kitchen restaurant chain at that time . In January 2018 , two years after Carlson sold Carlson–Rezidor hotel group to HNA Group , the chain was rebranded into Country Inn & Suites by Radisson . Radisson Collection . Radisson Collection was formerly known as Quorvus Collection from 2014 to 2018 . Quorvus Collection was introduced in 2014 as a luxury brand . The first hotel of former Rezidor Hotel Group in Copenhagen , was converted to use Radisson Collection brand .
|
[
"Jin Jiang International"
] |
[
{
"text": "Radisson Hospitality , Inc . ( trading as Radisson Hotel Group ) is an American multi-national hospitality company . It started as a division of Carlson Companies , which owned Radisson Hotels , Country Inns & Suites and other brands . In 1994 , Carlson signed a franchise agreement with SAS International Hotels ( SIH ) , after which SIH started to use the brand Radisson SAS in the Europe , Middle East and Africa markets . In 2005 , Carlson acquired 25% of the shares of SIH , at that time known as Rezidor SAS Hospitality . In 2010",
"title": "Radisson Hotel Group"
},
{
"text": ", Rezidor Hotel Group ( formerly Rezidor SAS ) became a subsidiary of Carlson . The enlarged hotel group adopted a new trading name , Carlson Rezidor Hotel Group , which was one of the top hotel corporations in 2013 .",
"title": "Radisson Hotel Group"
},
{
"text": " In 2016 , Carlson Companies sold Carlson Rezidor Hotel Group to Chinese conglomerate HNA Group . In the fourth quarter of 2017 , Carlson Hotels , Inc . ( the holding company of the hotel group ) was renamed to Radisson Hospitality , Inc. , while the listed subsidiary ( Rezidor Hotel Group AB ) was renamed to Radisson Hospitality AB . In 2018 , HNA Group re-sold Radisson to a consortium led by a Chinese state-owned hospitality company , Jin Jiang International .",
"title": "Radisson Hotel Group"
},
{
"text": "As of 2019 , Radisson Hotel Group owns or operates seven hotel brands : Radisson , Radisson Blu , Radisson Collection , Radisson Red , Country Inn & Suites by Radisson , Park Inn by Radisson and Park Plaza . The loyalty program is known as Radisson Rewards .",
"title": "Radisson Hotel Group"
},
{
"text": "Curt Carlson , founder of the namesake company , bought Radisson Hotel in downtown Minneapolis , in 1962 ( Radisson Hotel Group claimed it was 1960 ) . 40 years later , the hotel division of Carlson had expanded into one of the top hotel corporations , as of 2013 . On top of Radisson Hotels , the division also owned several other brands , such as Park Inn , Park Plaza ( acquired in 2000 ) , Country Inns & Suites ( founded by Carlson in 1986 ) , etc . The division acquired the brand Regent in 1997",
"title": "Predecessors"
},
{
"text": ", but sold the brand in 2010 .",
"title": "Predecessors"
},
{
"text": " In 1994 , the division expanded into Europe , the Middle East and Africa markets ( EMEA ) by signing a franchise agreement with SAS Groups SAS International Hotels ( SIH ) . SIH would use Carlsons brand Radisson in EMEA . The agreement gave birth of the co-brand Radisson SAS , which became Radisson Blu since 2009 . SAS International Hotels , later known as Rezidor SAS Hospitality in 2001 and then Rezidor Hotel Group in 2006 , had expanded into a hotel group that consisted of more than 320 hotels as of 2008 .",
"title": "Predecessors"
},
{
"text": "The franchise agreement was renewed in 2002 and again in 2005 . The 2002 deal added Park Inn , Regent and Country Inns into the agreement , while in 2005 agreement , Carlson purchased 25% shares of Rezidor SAS from SAS Group . The 2005 franchise agreement would last until year 2052 .",
"title": "Predecessors"
},
{
"text": " Rezidor Hotel Group also had other brands , such as Hotel Missoni , which was licensed from Missoni . Carlson Rezidor Hotel Group . Rezidor Hotel Group , formerly Rezidor SAS , became a listed company in 2006 . SAS Group ceased to be the shareholder of Rezidor Hotel Group in 2007 , while Carlson , a significant shareholder of Rezidor SAS since 2005 , became the parent company of Rezidor Hotel Group in 2010 . Since January 2012 , the enlarged hotel group was trading as Carlson Rezidor Hotel Group .",
"title": "Predecessors"
},
{
"text": "In February 2014 , Carlson Rezidor terminated the license agreement of Hotel Missoni . Carlson Rezidors Hotel Missoni Edinburgh and Hotel Missoni Kuwait would cease to use the brand Hotel Missoni not later than June 30 , 2014 . In the same month , two new brands of the group were introduced , namely Quorvus Collection and Radisson Red .",
"title": "Predecessors"
},
{
"text": " In March 2016 , Carlson Rezidor acquired a 49% stake in German hotel chain prizeotel , for €14.7 million , with a future right to acquire the remaining 51% of the shares . ( On October 4 , 2019 , Radisson announced that it was purchasing the remaining 51% of prizeotel. )",
"title": "Predecessors"
},
{
"text": "In April 2016 , Carlson Rezidor Hotel Group was sold to HNA Tourism Group , a division of Chinese conglomerate HNA Group . The loyalty programs : HNA Group and Hainan Airlines Fortune Wings Club and Radissons Radisson Rewards , signed a partnership agreement in June 2018 .",
"title": "Predecessors"
},
{
"text": " In the fourth quarter of 2017 , Carlson Hotels , Inc . ( the US-based holding company of Carlson Rezidor Hotel Group ) was renamed to Radisson Hospitality , Inc. , while the Brussels-based Swedish-listed subsidiary ( Rezidor Hotel Group AB ) was renamed to Radisson Hospitality AB in May 2018 . The whole group received a new trading name – Radisson Hotel Group . The customer loyalty program was renamed from Club Carlson to Radisson Rewards .",
"title": "Radisson Hotel Group"
},
{
"text": "Radisson Hotel Group was sold in August 2018 to Aplite Holdings AB , a consortium led by a Chinese state-owned hospitality company , Jin Jiang International . According to the press release , Radisson Hotel Group had more than 1,400 hotels in operation and under development at that time . As of December 2017 , the listed subsidiary Rezidor Hotel Group AB had been operating 369 hotels .",
"title": "Radisson Hotel Group"
},
{
"text": " - artotel - Country Inn & Suites by Radisson - Park Inn by Radisson - Park Plaza - prizeotel - Radisson - Radisson Blu - Radisson Collection - Radisson Individuals - Radisson Red",
"title": "Current"
},
{
"text": " - Hotel Missoni ( license agreement was terminated in 2014 ) - Regent ( sold in 2010 ) Country Inn & Suites by Radisson .",
"title": "Former"
},
{
"text": "Country Inn & Suites by Radisson , formerly Country Inns & Suites by Carlson and Country Inns by Carlson , is a hotel chain of the Radisson Hotel Group ( former Carlson Hotels ) . It was established by the former Carlson Hotels owner , Carlson Companies in 1986 as a middle-class brand . The sister brand , Radisson Hotels was classified as full-service , upscale brand of the group . Carlson Companies also owned the namesake , Country Kitchen restaurant chain at that time . In January 2018 , two years after Carlson sold Carlson–Rezidor hotel group to HNA",
"title": "Former"
},
{
"text": "Group , the chain was rebranded into Country Inn & Suites by Radisson .",
"title": "Former"
},
{
"text": " Radisson Collection was formerly known as Quorvus Collection from 2014 to 2018 . Quorvus Collection was introduced in 2014 as a luxury brand . The first hotel of former Rezidor Hotel Group in Copenhagen , was converted to use Radisson Collection brand .",
"title": "Radisson Collection"
}
] |
/wiki/Civic_Choice#P488#0
|
Who was the chair of Civic Choice between Jan 2013 and Mar 2013?
|
Civic Choice Civic Choice ( , SC ) was a centrist and liberal political party in Italy founded by Mario Monti . The party was formed in the run-up of the 2013 general election to support the outgoing Prime Minister Monti and continue his political agenda . In the election SC was part of a centrist coalition named With Monti for Italy , along with Union of the Centre of Pier Ferdinando Casini and Future and Freedom of Gianfranco Fini . In April 2013 SC became part of the grand coalition government led by Enrico Letta of the Democratic Party . In February 2014 after Lettas resignation , Civic Choice supported the cabinet of Matteo Renzi . After that , the party did not support the cabinet of Paolo Gentiloni and , by the end of 2017 , joined forces with Silvio Berlusconis Forza Italia . Following the 2018 Italian general election , the party was disbanded on 24 July 2019 . History . Foundation and composition . In order to compete in the upcoming general election , on 4 January 2013 technocratic Prime Minister Mario Monti launched SC as an electoral list of the civil society to implement his agenda . It was announced that SC would be part of the With Monti for Italy ( CMI ) coalition , alongside the Union of the Centre ( UdC ) and Future and Freedom ( FLI ) . At its beginnings SC was composed of several groups and individuals , who were represented in the partys lists : - Toward the Third Republic ( Verso la Terza Repubblica , VTR ) , notably including : - Future Italy ( Italia Futura , IF ) , led by Luca Cordero di Montezemolo ; - leading figures of Catholic ecclesial movements , such as minister Andrea Riccardi of the Community of SantEgidio and Andrea Olivero of the Christian Associations of Italian Workers ( ACLI ) ; - Union for Trentino ( Unione per il Trentino , UpT ) , led by Lorenzo Dellai ; - Toward North ( Verso Nord ) , led by Alessio Vianello ; - ministers of Montis technical government , including Riccardi , Renato Balduzzi and Enzo Moavero Milanesi ( a fourth minister , Mario Catania , ran with UdC ; others , like Corrado Passera , chose not to endorse Monti ) ; - dissidents from The People of Freedom ( PdL ) , including Mario Mauro , Gabriele Albertini and Giuliano Cazzola , plus others retiring from Parliament ( Franco Frattini , Giuseppe Pisanu , etc. ) ; - dissidents from the Democratic Party ( PD ) , including Pietro Ichino , Maria Paola Merloni , Alessandro Maran , Benedetto Adragna , plus others retiring from Parliament ( Lucio DUbaldo , Flavio Pertoldi , etc. ) ; - Italian Union ( Unione Italiana , UI ) , led by Gianfranco Librandi ; - individuals from other parties , such as Fabio Gava of the Italian Liberal Party ( PLI ) and Emanuela Baio of Alliance for Italy ( ApI ) . - other minor groups and individuals , notably including Linda Lanzillotta ( a senator elected with ApI ) , Alberto Bombassei ( a former vice president of Confindustria ) , Luigi Marino ( president of Confcooperative ) , Mario Sechi , Ilaria Capua , Valentina Vezzali and Annalisa Minetti . 2013 general election and aftermath . In the 2013 general election SC obtained 8.3% of the vote , 37 deputies ( in its own lists ) and 15 senators ( within CMI ) . After the election , SC deputies and senators formed joint groups named Civic Choice , including also UdC and FLI MPs , in both houses of Parliament . In late April the party joined Enrico Lettas grand coalition government , which included three SC leading members : Mario Mauro as minister of Defence , Enzo Moavero Milanesi as minister of European Affairs and Carlo Calenda as deputy minister of Economic Development . The party began to take shape too : on 13 March Monti , who replaced Andrea Riccardi as provisional president , appointed Andrea Olivero as coordinator ; on ⍌337⍍ Monti was unanimously elected president by the partys assembly ; on ⍌338⍍ the leadership proposed by Monti was approved with only three abstentions . In the event Olivero was confirmed coordinator , Alberto Bombassei was appointed first vice president , and Benedetto Della Vedova , a former member of the Italian Radicals , Forza Italia , the PdL and finally FLI , spokesperson . The rest of the leadership was composed mainly by former Democrats : Maria Paola Merloni ( vice president ) , Lorenzo Dellai ( party leader in the Chamber of Deputies ) , Gianluca Susta ( party leader in the Senate ) , Andrea Causin ( organizational secretary ) , Pietro Ichino ( platform coordinator ) and Gregorio Gitti ( local structures coordinator ) . No member of Future Italy , a liberal think tank , took a leading role . Since then , the party was often riven by internal disputes . Monti twice presented ( and later retracted ) his resignation from president . In late July he clashed with the Catholic wing of the party , especially with Olivero , whom he accused of being too close to the UdC ( whose deputies and senators were part of SCs parliamentary groups ) . Also Future Italy , seemed to have little patience with the Catholic wing and even to be willing to distance from the party . In this phase , an issue which divided SC was the debate on European party affiliation . Some , including the partys Catholics , former members of PdL and Monti himself , favoured joining the European Peoples Party ( EPP ) , while others , notably those close to Future Italy , Benedetto Della Vedova and Linda Lanzillotta , preferred the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe ( ALDE ) Party . It later emerged that Monti had favoured the EPP and had consequently started talks with the EPPs leadership in order to appease the partys Christian democrats led by Mauro and avoid a split . Montis resignation and Populars split . On 17 October 2013 Monti resigned as president of SC and was replaced by his deputy Alberto Bombassei as acting president . Monti cited his disagreement with 12 senators ( out of 20 ) , including Mario Mauro , Andrea Olivero , Gabriele Albertini , Pier Ferdinando Casini ( UdC leader ) , Maria Paola Merloni , Luigi Marino and Lucio Romano . Particularly , Monti criticized Mauros line of unconditioned support to the government and of transforming SC in a larger centre-right political party , open to the PdL . One of the 12 senators , Tito Di Maggio , was even unveiled as PdL–SC–UdC joint candidate for President in Basilicata . After Montis abrupt departure , spokesperson Benedetto Della Vedova , who represented the liberal wing of the party ( including Pietro Ichino , Gianluca Susta , Linda Lanzillotta , etc. ) , announced that SC would go on as a liberal , peoples , reform and European party and would never form a partnership with the PdL . Lanzillotta remarked that Italy needs a liberal , peoples , deeply reform-minded and Europeanist party and that we did not take votes for giving life to a Catholic party and being part of a centre-right still led by Berlusconi . For his part , during a TV interview , Monti stated that my and SCs commitment does not end now and that many tell me they did not vote for SC for the specific reason that we were with president Casini ; they might have been right . On 22 October the executive committee voted in favour of the separation from the UdC . The popular majority of SCs parliamentary group in the Senate responded by dismissing Susta as floor leader , while Olivero stated that the Populars aimed at forming a party modelled on Germanys Christian Democratic Union . On 6 November the SC senatorial group , dominated by Populars , elected L . Romano as new floor leader ; the decision was not endorsed by Bombassei and was opposed by Montiani and liberals , who talked about dismissing Lorenzo Dellai from leader in the Chamber as retaliation . On 15 November the Populars walked away from the partys national assembly and left the party altogether . The assembly elected Bombassei president and appointed Stefania Giannini secretary . On 23 November the Populars , led by Mauro , Dellai and Olivero , launched Populars for Italy ( PpI ) . On 10 December the partys break-up was effective in Parliament : 20 deputies ( led by Dellai ) and 12 senators ( led by L . Romano ) launched For Italy ( PI ) groups , while 26 deputies ( led by Andrea Romano ) and 8 senators ( led by Susta ) confirmed their allegiance to SC . All the UdC MPs but one joined PI . From the centre to the Democrats . After Matteo Renzis election as secretary of the Democratic Party ( PD ) in December , SC started to approach the centre-left , while ruling out any alliance with the centre-right , once again led by Silvio Berlusconis Forza Italia ( FI ) . SC had long expressed a certain affinity for Renzi , and , in early February 2014 , Stefania Giannini finally declared that she saw its party more as the right-wing of a reformed and reforming left than the left-wing of a right that still has in Berlusconi its standard-bearer . Subsequently , SC was a keen supporter of the replacement of Enrico Letta with Renzi . On 22 February 2014 the Renzi Cabinet was sworn in with Giannini , a university professor , as minister of Education . On 4 March it was announced that SC would run in the 2014 European Parliament election within European Choice ( SE ) , an electoral list including , among others , Democratic Centre , Act to Stop the Decline and the Italian Liberal Party . Members of SC topped SEs slates in two of five constituencies . The decision to side with the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe ( ALDE ) Party , cherished by Guy Verhofstadt ( ALDEs candidate for President of the European Commission ) and Romano Prodi , prompted the resignation of Andrea Causin , one of SCs few remaining Christian democrats , from organizational secretary . On 10 April Bombassei resigned as president of the party , citing his disagreement with the partys political re-positionment ( no longer a third-party force , but a close ally of Renzis PD , under Gianninis leadership ) , the change in partys identity and prevailing personal ambitions . On election day SC/SE received just 0.7% of the vote and failed to return any MEPs . Consequently , Giannini resigned from secretary . In October A . Romano , who had left the position of floor leader in the Chamber some months earlier , left the party in order to join the PD . Partys congress and diaspora . In November the partys assembly decided that the new leadership , replacing Giannini and Balduzzi , who had been elected to the Supreme Council of Magistrature and had resigned from Parliament , will be selected in a congress to be held in January 2015 . Two candidates , Irene Tinagli and Enrico Zanetti , announced their bid for secretary , while Pietro Ichino was the front-runner to become the partys president . However , in mid December , Tinagli retired from the race . In January 2015 Benedetto Della Vedova came out against Zanetti on the grounds that SC should continue to exist only through its parliamentary groups , tried to stop the congress ( along with Giannini , Bombassei , Ichino , Tinagli , Carlo Calenda , Linda Lanzillotta and other senior members ) and finally decided to run for secretary ( along with a third candidate , Luciana Cazzaniga ) . During the congress , postponed two weeks in order not to overlap with the presidential election triggered by President Giorgio Napolitanos resignation , Zanetti was virtually unanimously elected secretary . However , on 6 February , two days before the congress , eight senior members of the party ( including six former Democrats ) , including its minister ( Giannini ) , its deputy minister ( Calenda ) , two deputies and five senators ( including Giannini ) , had already left the party ; all of them , except Calenda ( who later became minister ) , joined the PD . As a result , the party was deprived of its parliamentary group in the Senate . In fact , of the two remaining senators , Della Vedova left during the congress , while Monti was no longer active . In two years , from the 2013 election to February 2015 , SC had lost more than the half of its MPs , mostly to Popular Area and the PD . Zanettis leadership and further splits . In July 2015 the partys national board elected Salvatore Matarrese president , Angelo DAgostino first vice president and Valentina Vezzali vice president . More important , the assembly decided that the party would change name and symbol by the end of the summer , in the effort of being more competitive in the 2016 municipal elections . The new chosen name , Citizens for Italy , would be used only in local elections , indeed . In January 2016 , during a cabinets reshuffle , Zanetti was promoted deputy minister of the Economy , while another SC deputy , Antimo Cesaro , was appointed undersecretary at Culture . Despite this , the party , which had virtually disappeared from opinion polls , continued to lose deputies and its group in the Chamber was reduced to 20 individuals by February . In the meantime , Zanetti explained that there were similarities between SC and Denis Verdinis Liberal Popular Alliance ( ALA ) , and , according to Corriere della Sera , the two groups could soon merge . In the meantime , SC formed a federative pact with the Moderates . In July , after that the majority of the partys deputies had come in opposition of an alliance with the ALA ( a party basically formed by splinters form Berlusconis FI ) , Zanetti led four deputies out of the parliamentary group . Contextually , Zanetti , who pretended to be still the leader of SC , started to organise a joint group with the ALA and , possibly , Flavio Tosis Act! , and a new liberal party with the contribution of Marcello Pera , a former President of the Senate and former leader of FI in Tuscany . The partys national board sided with Zanetti in July and the national assembly did the same in October , with 63 votes in favour and 39 against . This caused the final split of the party and the formation of two different parliamentary groups : - Civic Choice toward Cizitens for Italy – MAIE ( the official SC group ) , formed by eight deputies of the ALA , five of SC ( Zanetti , DAgostino , Vezzali , Rabino and Giulio Sottanelli , who was elected group leader ) , two of the Associative Movement Italians Abroad ( MAIE ) and one splinter from Act! ; the group was renamed Civic Choice – ALA for the Liberal and Popular Constituent Assembly – MAIE in December 2016 ; - Civics and Innovators , formed by the rump of the former SC group ( Giovanni Monchiero stayed as group leader ) . Road toward the centre-right . In April 2017 Rabino was elected president of the party . In September 2017 Zanetti re-positioned SC from the centre-left to the centre-right and , more specifically , in close alliance with Berlusconis FI . The 2017 Sicilian regional election , for which SC announced that its candidates would run within FIs lists , marked the first time that SC officially sided with the centre-right . In November , the partys national board endorsed Zanettis political line and marked SCs official adhesion to the centre-right coalition . The decision was opposed by a vocal minority of the partys membership and three deputies ( Ernesto Auci , DAgostino and Vezzali ) subsequently left and formed the European Civics . In December 2017 SC was a founding member of Us with Italy ( NcI ) , a pro-Berlusconi centrist electoral list within the centre-right coalition for the 2018 general election , along with Act! , splinters of Popular Alternative ( AP – two groups , a liberal one led by Enrico Costa and a Christian-democratic one led by Maurizio Lupi ) , Direction Italy ( DI ) , Popular Construction ( CP ) and the Movement for the Autonomies ( MpA ) . NcI was later enlarged to the UdC and Identity and Action ( IdeA ) , with the goal of reaching 3% , required to win seats from proportional lists under a new electoral law . In the election NcI obtained 1.3% and SC had no deputies or senators elected . After that , the party was de facto disbanded . Leadership . - President : Andrea Riccardi ( 2013 ) , Mario Monti ( 2013 ) , Alberto Bombassei ( 2013–2014 ) , Renato Balduzzi ( 2014 ) , Salvatore Matarrese ( 2015–2016 ) , Mariano Rabino ( 2017 ) - First Vice President : Andrea Riccardi ( 2013 ) , Alberto Bombassei ( 2013 ) , Renato Balduzzi ( 2013–2014 ) , Angelo DAgostino ( 2015–2017 ) - Vice President : Carlo Calenda ( 2013 ) , Ilaria Capua ( 2013 ) , Maria Paola Merloni ( 2013 ) , Milena Santerini ( 2013 ) , Luciano Cimmino ( 2013–2015 ) , Ilaria Borletti Buitoni ( 2013–2015 ) , Valentina Vezzali ( 2015–2017 ) - Coordinator / Secretary : Andrea Olivero ( 2013 ) , Stefania Giannini ( 2013–2014 ) , Enrico Zanetti ( 2015–2017 ) - Executive Secretary : Silvia Colombo ( 2013–2015 ) - Organizational Secretary : Andrea Causin ( 2013–2014 ) , Mariano Rabino ( 2014–2017 ) - Spokesperson : Lelio Alfonso ( 2013–2015 ) , Benedetto Della Vedova ( 2013–2015 ) - Party Leader in the Chamber of Deputies : Lorenzo Dellai ( 2013 ) , Andrea Romano ( 2013–2014 ) , Andrea Mazziotti ( 2014–2015 ) , Giovanni Monchiero ( 2015–2016 ) , Giulio Sottanelli ( 2016–present ) - Party Leader in the Senate : Mario Mauro ( 2013 ) , Gianluca Susta ( 2013 ) , Lucio Romano ( 2013 ) , Gianluca Susta ( 2013–2015 )
|
[
"Andrea Riccardi"
] |
[
{
"text": " Civic Choice ( , SC ) was a centrist and liberal political party in Italy founded by Mario Monti . The party was formed in the run-up of the 2013 general election to support the outgoing Prime Minister Monti and continue his political agenda . In the election SC was part of a centrist coalition named With Monti for Italy , along with Union of the Centre of Pier Ferdinando Casini and Future and Freedom of Gianfranco Fini .",
"title": "Civic Choice"
},
{
"text": "In April 2013 SC became part of the grand coalition government led by Enrico Letta of the Democratic Party . In February 2014 after Lettas resignation , Civic Choice supported the cabinet of Matteo Renzi . After that , the party did not support the cabinet of Paolo Gentiloni and , by the end of 2017 , joined forces with Silvio Berlusconis Forza Italia .",
"title": "Civic Choice"
},
{
"text": " Following the 2018 Italian general election , the party was disbanded on 24 July 2019 .",
"title": "Civic Choice"
},
{
"text": " In order to compete in the upcoming general election , on 4 January 2013 technocratic Prime Minister Mario Monti launched SC as an electoral list of the civil society to implement his agenda . It was announced that SC would be part of the With Monti for Italy ( CMI ) coalition , alongside the Union of the Centre ( UdC ) and Future and Freedom ( FLI ) . At its beginnings SC was composed of several groups and individuals , who were represented in the partys lists :",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": "- Toward the Third Republic ( Verso la Terza Repubblica , VTR ) , notably including :",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": " - Future Italy ( Italia Futura , IF ) , led by Luca Cordero di Montezemolo ; - leading figures of Catholic ecclesial movements , such as minister Andrea Riccardi of the Community of SantEgidio and Andrea Olivero of the Christian Associations of Italian Workers ( ACLI ) ; - Union for Trentino ( Unione per il Trentino , UpT ) , led by Lorenzo Dellai ; - Toward North ( Verso Nord ) , led by Alessio Vianello ;",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": "- ministers of Montis technical government , including Riccardi , Renato Balduzzi and Enzo Moavero Milanesi ( a fourth minister , Mario Catania , ran with UdC ; others , like Corrado Passera , chose not to endorse Monti ) ;",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": " - dissidents from The People of Freedom ( PdL ) , including Mario Mauro , Gabriele Albertini and Giuliano Cazzola , plus others retiring from Parliament ( Franco Frattini , Giuseppe Pisanu , etc. ) ; - dissidents from the Democratic Party ( PD ) , including Pietro Ichino , Maria Paola Merloni , Alessandro Maran , Benedetto Adragna , plus others retiring from Parliament ( Lucio DUbaldo , Flavio Pertoldi , etc. ) ; - Italian Union ( Unione Italiana , UI ) , led by Gianfranco Librandi ;",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": "- individuals from other parties , such as Fabio Gava of the Italian Liberal Party ( PLI ) and Emanuela Baio of Alliance for Italy ( ApI ) .",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": " - other minor groups and individuals , notably including Linda Lanzillotta ( a senator elected with ApI ) , Alberto Bombassei ( a former vice president of Confindustria ) , Luigi Marino ( president of Confcooperative ) , Mario Sechi , Ilaria Capua , Valentina Vezzali and Annalisa Minetti . 2013 general election and aftermath .",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": "In the 2013 general election SC obtained 8.3% of the vote , 37 deputies ( in its own lists ) and 15 senators ( within CMI ) . After the election , SC deputies and senators formed joint groups named Civic Choice , including also UdC and FLI MPs , in both houses of Parliament .",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": " In late April the party joined Enrico Lettas grand coalition government , which included three SC leading members : Mario Mauro as minister of Defence , Enzo Moavero Milanesi as minister of European Affairs and Carlo Calenda as deputy minister of Economic Development .",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": "The party began to take shape too : on 13 March Monti , who replaced Andrea Riccardi as provisional president , appointed Andrea Olivero as coordinator ; on ⍌337⍍ Monti was unanimously elected president by the partys assembly ; on ⍌338⍍ the leadership proposed by Monti was approved with only three abstentions . In the event Olivero was confirmed coordinator , Alberto Bombassei was appointed first vice president , and Benedetto Della Vedova , a former member of the Italian Radicals , Forza Italia , the PdL and finally FLI , spokesperson . The rest of the leadership was composed",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": "mainly by former Democrats : Maria Paola Merloni ( vice president ) , Lorenzo Dellai ( party leader in the Chamber of Deputies ) , Gianluca Susta ( party leader in the Senate ) , Andrea Causin ( organizational secretary ) , Pietro Ichino ( platform coordinator ) and Gregorio Gitti ( local structures coordinator ) . No member of Future Italy , a liberal think tank , took a leading role .",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": " Since then , the party was often riven by internal disputes . Monti twice presented ( and later retracted ) his resignation from president . In late July he clashed with the Catholic wing of the party , especially with Olivero , whom he accused of being too close to the UdC ( whose deputies and senators were part of SCs parliamentary groups ) . Also Future Italy , seemed to have little patience with the Catholic wing and even to be willing to distance from the party .",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": "In this phase , an issue which divided SC was the debate on European party affiliation . Some , including the partys Catholics , former members of PdL and Monti himself , favoured joining the European Peoples Party ( EPP ) , while others , notably those close to Future Italy , Benedetto Della Vedova and Linda Lanzillotta , preferred the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe ( ALDE ) Party . It later emerged that Monti had favoured the EPP and had consequently started talks with the EPPs leadership in order to appease the partys Christian democrats led",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": "by Mauro and avoid a split .",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": "On 17 October 2013 Monti resigned as president of SC and was replaced by his deputy Alberto Bombassei as acting president . Monti cited his disagreement with 12 senators ( out of 20 ) , including Mario Mauro , Andrea Olivero , Gabriele Albertini , Pier Ferdinando Casini ( UdC leader ) , Maria Paola Merloni , Luigi Marino and Lucio Romano . Particularly , Monti criticized Mauros line of unconditioned support to the government and of transforming SC in a larger centre-right political party , open to the PdL . One of the 12 senators , Tito Di Maggio",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": ", was even unveiled as PdL–SC–UdC joint candidate for President in Basilicata .",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": "After Montis abrupt departure , spokesperson Benedetto Della Vedova , who represented the liberal wing of the party ( including Pietro Ichino , Gianluca Susta , Linda Lanzillotta , etc. ) , announced that SC would go on as a liberal , peoples , reform and European party and would never form a partnership with the PdL . Lanzillotta remarked that Italy needs a liberal , peoples , deeply reform-minded and Europeanist party and that we did not take votes for giving life to a Catholic party and being part of a centre-right still led by Berlusconi . For his",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": "part , during a TV interview , Monti stated that my and SCs commitment does not end now and that many tell me they did not vote for SC for the specific reason that we were with president Casini ; they might have been right .",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": "On 22 October the executive committee voted in favour of the separation from the UdC . The popular majority of SCs parliamentary group in the Senate responded by dismissing Susta as floor leader , while Olivero stated that the Populars aimed at forming a party modelled on Germanys Christian Democratic Union . On 6 November the SC senatorial group , dominated by Populars , elected L . Romano as new floor leader ; the decision was not endorsed by Bombassei and was opposed by Montiani and liberals , who talked about dismissing Lorenzo Dellai from leader in the Chamber as",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": "retaliation .",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": "On 15 November the Populars walked away from the partys national assembly and left the party altogether . The assembly elected Bombassei president and appointed Stefania Giannini secretary . On 23 November the Populars , led by Mauro , Dellai and Olivero , launched Populars for Italy ( PpI ) . On 10 December the partys break-up was effective in Parliament : 20 deputies ( led by Dellai ) and 12 senators ( led by L . Romano ) launched For Italy ( PI ) groups , while 26 deputies ( led by Andrea Romano ) and 8 senators (",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": "led by Susta ) confirmed their allegiance to SC . All the UdC MPs but one joined PI .",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": "After Matteo Renzis election as secretary of the Democratic Party ( PD ) in December , SC started to approach the centre-left , while ruling out any alliance with the centre-right , once again led by Silvio Berlusconis Forza Italia ( FI ) . SC had long expressed a certain affinity for Renzi , and , in early February 2014 , Stefania Giannini finally declared that she saw its party more as the right-wing of a reformed and reforming left than the left-wing of a right that still has in Berlusconi its standard-bearer .",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": " Subsequently , SC was a keen supporter of the replacement of Enrico Letta with Renzi . On 22 February 2014 the Renzi Cabinet was sworn in with Giannini , a university professor , as minister of Education .",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": "On 4 March it was announced that SC would run in the 2014 European Parliament election within European Choice ( SE ) , an electoral list including , among others , Democratic Centre , Act to Stop the Decline and the Italian Liberal Party . Members of SC topped SEs slates in two of five constituencies . The decision to side with the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe ( ALDE ) Party , cherished by Guy Verhofstadt ( ALDEs candidate for President of the European Commission ) and Romano Prodi , prompted the resignation of Andrea Causin ,",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": "one of SCs few remaining Christian democrats , from organizational secretary .",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": " On 10 April Bombassei resigned as president of the party , citing his disagreement with the partys political re-positionment ( no longer a third-party force , but a close ally of Renzis PD , under Gianninis leadership ) , the change in partys identity and prevailing personal ambitions . On election day SC/SE received just 0.7% of the vote and failed to return any MEPs . Consequently , Giannini resigned from secretary .",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": "In October A . Romano , who had left the position of floor leader in the Chamber some months earlier , left the party in order to join the PD .",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": " Partys congress and diaspora . In November the partys assembly decided that the new leadership , replacing Giannini and Balduzzi , who had been elected to the Supreme Council of Magistrature and had resigned from Parliament , will be selected in a congress to be held in January 2015 .",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": "Two candidates , Irene Tinagli and Enrico Zanetti , announced their bid for secretary , while Pietro Ichino was the front-runner to become the partys president . However , in mid December , Tinagli retired from the race . In January 2015 Benedetto Della Vedova came out against Zanetti on the grounds that SC should continue to exist only through its parliamentary groups , tried to stop the congress ( along with Giannini , Bombassei , Ichino , Tinagli , Carlo Calenda , Linda Lanzillotta and other senior members ) and finally decided to run for secretary ( along with",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": "a third candidate , Luciana Cazzaniga ) . During the congress , postponed two weeks in order not to overlap with the presidential election triggered by President Giorgio Napolitanos resignation , Zanetti was virtually unanimously elected secretary .",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": "However , on 6 February , two days before the congress , eight senior members of the party ( including six former Democrats ) , including its minister ( Giannini ) , its deputy minister ( Calenda ) , two deputies and five senators ( including Giannini ) , had already left the party ; all of them , except Calenda ( who later became minister ) , joined the PD . As a result , the party was deprived of its parliamentary group in the Senate . In fact , of the two remaining senators , Della Vedova left",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": "during the congress , while Monti was no longer active .",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": " In two years , from the 2013 election to February 2015 , SC had lost more than the half of its MPs , mostly to Popular Area and the PD . Zanettis leadership and further splits .",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": "In July 2015 the partys national board elected Salvatore Matarrese president , Angelo DAgostino first vice president and Valentina Vezzali vice president . More important , the assembly decided that the party would change name and symbol by the end of the summer , in the effort of being more competitive in the 2016 municipal elections . The new chosen name , Citizens for Italy , would be used only in local elections , indeed .",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": "In January 2016 , during a cabinets reshuffle , Zanetti was promoted deputy minister of the Economy , while another SC deputy , Antimo Cesaro , was appointed undersecretary at Culture . Despite this , the party , which had virtually disappeared from opinion polls , continued to lose deputies and its group in the Chamber was reduced to 20 individuals by February . In the meantime , Zanetti explained that there were similarities between SC and Denis Verdinis Liberal Popular Alliance ( ALA ) , and , according to Corriere della Sera , the two groups could soon merge",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": ". In the meantime , SC formed a federative pact with the Moderates .",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": "In July , after that the majority of the partys deputies had come in opposition of an alliance with the ALA ( a party basically formed by splinters form Berlusconis FI ) , Zanetti led four deputies out of the parliamentary group . Contextually , Zanetti , who pretended to be still the leader of SC , started to organise a joint group with the ALA and , possibly , Flavio Tosis Act! , and a new liberal party with the contribution of Marcello Pera , a former President of the Senate and former leader of FI in Tuscany .",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": "The partys national board sided with Zanetti in July and the national assembly did the same in October , with 63 votes in favour and 39 against .",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": " This caused the final split of the party and the formation of two different parliamentary groups :",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": "- Civic Choice toward Cizitens for Italy – MAIE ( the official SC group ) , formed by eight deputies of the ALA , five of SC ( Zanetti , DAgostino , Vezzali , Rabino and Giulio Sottanelli , who was elected group leader ) , two of the Associative Movement Italians Abroad ( MAIE ) and one splinter from Act! ; the group was renamed Civic Choice – ALA for the Liberal and Popular Constituent Assembly – MAIE in December 2016 ;",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": " - Civics and Innovators , formed by the rump of the former SC group ( Giovanni Monchiero stayed as group leader ) . Road toward the centre-right . In April 2017 Rabino was elected president of the party .",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": "In September 2017 Zanetti re-positioned SC from the centre-left to the centre-right and , more specifically , in close alliance with Berlusconis FI . The 2017 Sicilian regional election , for which SC announced that its candidates would run within FIs lists , marked the first time that SC officially sided with the centre-right . In November , the partys national board endorsed Zanettis political line and marked SCs official adhesion to the centre-right coalition . The decision was opposed by a vocal minority of the partys membership and three deputies ( Ernesto Auci , DAgostino and Vezzali ) subsequently",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": "left and formed the European Civics .",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": "In December 2017 SC was a founding member of Us with Italy ( NcI ) , a pro-Berlusconi centrist electoral list within the centre-right coalition for the 2018 general election , along with Act! , splinters of Popular Alternative ( AP – two groups , a liberal one led by Enrico Costa and a Christian-democratic one led by Maurizio Lupi ) , Direction Italy ( DI ) , Popular Construction ( CP ) and the Movement for the Autonomies ( MpA ) . NcI was later enlarged to the UdC and Identity and Action ( IdeA ) , with the",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": "goal of reaching 3% , required to win seats from proportional lists under a new electoral law .",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": " In the election NcI obtained 1.3% and SC had no deputies or senators elected . After that , the party was de facto disbanded .",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": " - President : Andrea Riccardi ( 2013 ) , Mario Monti ( 2013 ) , Alberto Bombassei ( 2013–2014 ) , Renato Balduzzi ( 2014 ) , Salvatore Matarrese ( 2015–2016 ) , Mariano Rabino ( 2017 ) - First Vice President : Andrea Riccardi ( 2013 ) , Alberto Bombassei ( 2013 ) , Renato Balduzzi ( 2013–2014 ) , Angelo DAgostino ( 2015–2017 )",
"title": "Leadership"
},
{
"text": "- Vice President : Carlo Calenda ( 2013 ) , Ilaria Capua ( 2013 ) , Maria Paola Merloni ( 2013 ) , Milena Santerini ( 2013 ) , Luciano Cimmino ( 2013–2015 ) , Ilaria Borletti Buitoni ( 2013–2015 ) , Valentina Vezzali ( 2015–2017 )",
"title": "Leadership"
},
{
"text": " - Coordinator / Secretary : Andrea Olivero ( 2013 ) , Stefania Giannini ( 2013–2014 ) , Enrico Zanetti ( 2015–2017 ) - Executive Secretary : Silvia Colombo ( 2013–2015 ) - Organizational Secretary : Andrea Causin ( 2013–2014 ) , Mariano Rabino ( 2014–2017 ) - Spokesperson : Lelio Alfonso ( 2013–2015 ) , Benedetto Della Vedova ( 2013–2015 ) - Party Leader in the Chamber of Deputies : Lorenzo Dellai ( 2013 ) , Andrea Romano ( 2013–2014 ) , Andrea Mazziotti ( 2014–2015 ) , Giovanni Monchiero ( 2015–2016 ) , Giulio Sottanelli ( 2016–present )",
"title": "Leadership"
},
{
"text": "- Party Leader in the Senate : Mario Mauro ( 2013 ) , Gianluca Susta ( 2013 ) , Lucio Romano ( 2013 ) , Gianluca Susta ( 2013–2015 )",
"title": "Leadership"
}
] |
/wiki/Civic_Choice#P488#1
|
Who was the chair of Civic Choice in Aug 2013?
|
Civic Choice Civic Choice ( , SC ) was a centrist and liberal political party in Italy founded by Mario Monti . The party was formed in the run-up of the 2013 general election to support the outgoing Prime Minister Monti and continue his political agenda . In the election SC was part of a centrist coalition named With Monti for Italy , along with Union of the Centre of Pier Ferdinando Casini and Future and Freedom of Gianfranco Fini . In April 2013 SC became part of the grand coalition government led by Enrico Letta of the Democratic Party . In February 2014 after Lettas resignation , Civic Choice supported the cabinet of Matteo Renzi . After that , the party did not support the cabinet of Paolo Gentiloni and , by the end of 2017 , joined forces with Silvio Berlusconis Forza Italia . Following the 2018 Italian general election , the party was disbanded on 24 July 2019 . History . Foundation and composition . In order to compete in the upcoming general election , on 4 January 2013 technocratic Prime Minister Mario Monti launched SC as an electoral list of the civil society to implement his agenda . It was announced that SC would be part of the With Monti for Italy ( CMI ) coalition , alongside the Union of the Centre ( UdC ) and Future and Freedom ( FLI ) . At its beginnings SC was composed of several groups and individuals , who were represented in the partys lists : - Toward the Third Republic ( Verso la Terza Repubblica , VTR ) , notably including : - Future Italy ( Italia Futura , IF ) , led by Luca Cordero di Montezemolo ; - leading figures of Catholic ecclesial movements , such as minister Andrea Riccardi of the Community of SantEgidio and Andrea Olivero of the Christian Associations of Italian Workers ( ACLI ) ; - Union for Trentino ( Unione per il Trentino , UpT ) , led by Lorenzo Dellai ; - Toward North ( Verso Nord ) , led by Alessio Vianello ; - ministers of Montis technical government , including Riccardi , Renato Balduzzi and Enzo Moavero Milanesi ( a fourth minister , Mario Catania , ran with UdC ; others , like Corrado Passera , chose not to endorse Monti ) ; - dissidents from The People of Freedom ( PdL ) , including Mario Mauro , Gabriele Albertini and Giuliano Cazzola , plus others retiring from Parliament ( Franco Frattini , Giuseppe Pisanu , etc. ) ; - dissidents from the Democratic Party ( PD ) , including Pietro Ichino , Maria Paola Merloni , Alessandro Maran , Benedetto Adragna , plus others retiring from Parliament ( Lucio DUbaldo , Flavio Pertoldi , etc. ) ; - Italian Union ( Unione Italiana , UI ) , led by Gianfranco Librandi ; - individuals from other parties , such as Fabio Gava of the Italian Liberal Party ( PLI ) and Emanuela Baio of Alliance for Italy ( ApI ) . - other minor groups and individuals , notably including Linda Lanzillotta ( a senator elected with ApI ) , Alberto Bombassei ( a former vice president of Confindustria ) , Luigi Marino ( president of Confcooperative ) , Mario Sechi , Ilaria Capua , Valentina Vezzali and Annalisa Minetti . 2013 general election and aftermath . In the 2013 general election SC obtained 8.3% of the vote , 37 deputies ( in its own lists ) and 15 senators ( within CMI ) . After the election , SC deputies and senators formed joint groups named Civic Choice , including also UdC and FLI MPs , in both houses of Parliament . In late April the party joined Enrico Lettas grand coalition government , which included three SC leading members : Mario Mauro as minister of Defence , Enzo Moavero Milanesi as minister of European Affairs and Carlo Calenda as deputy minister of Economic Development . The party began to take shape too : on 13 March Monti , who replaced Andrea Riccardi as provisional president , appointed Andrea Olivero as coordinator ; on ⍌337⍍ Monti was unanimously elected president by the partys assembly ; on ⍌338⍍ the leadership proposed by Monti was approved with only three abstentions . In the event Olivero was confirmed coordinator , Alberto Bombassei was appointed first vice president , and Benedetto Della Vedova , a former member of the Italian Radicals , Forza Italia , the PdL and finally FLI , spokesperson . The rest of the leadership was composed mainly by former Democrats : Maria Paola Merloni ( vice president ) , Lorenzo Dellai ( party leader in the Chamber of Deputies ) , Gianluca Susta ( party leader in the Senate ) , Andrea Causin ( organizational secretary ) , Pietro Ichino ( platform coordinator ) and Gregorio Gitti ( local structures coordinator ) . No member of Future Italy , a liberal think tank , took a leading role . Since then , the party was often riven by internal disputes . Monti twice presented ( and later retracted ) his resignation from president . In late July he clashed with the Catholic wing of the party , especially with Olivero , whom he accused of being too close to the UdC ( whose deputies and senators were part of SCs parliamentary groups ) . Also Future Italy , seemed to have little patience with the Catholic wing and even to be willing to distance from the party . In this phase , an issue which divided SC was the debate on European party affiliation . Some , including the partys Catholics , former members of PdL and Monti himself , favoured joining the European Peoples Party ( EPP ) , while others , notably those close to Future Italy , Benedetto Della Vedova and Linda Lanzillotta , preferred the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe ( ALDE ) Party . It later emerged that Monti had favoured the EPP and had consequently started talks with the EPPs leadership in order to appease the partys Christian democrats led by Mauro and avoid a split . Montis resignation and Populars split . On 17 October 2013 Monti resigned as president of SC and was replaced by his deputy Alberto Bombassei as acting president . Monti cited his disagreement with 12 senators ( out of 20 ) , including Mario Mauro , Andrea Olivero , Gabriele Albertini , Pier Ferdinando Casini ( UdC leader ) , Maria Paola Merloni , Luigi Marino and Lucio Romano . Particularly , Monti criticized Mauros line of unconditioned support to the government and of transforming SC in a larger centre-right political party , open to the PdL . One of the 12 senators , Tito Di Maggio , was even unveiled as PdL–SC–UdC joint candidate for President in Basilicata . After Montis abrupt departure , spokesperson Benedetto Della Vedova , who represented the liberal wing of the party ( including Pietro Ichino , Gianluca Susta , Linda Lanzillotta , etc. ) , announced that SC would go on as a liberal , peoples , reform and European party and would never form a partnership with the PdL . Lanzillotta remarked that Italy needs a liberal , peoples , deeply reform-minded and Europeanist party and that we did not take votes for giving life to a Catholic party and being part of a centre-right still led by Berlusconi . For his part , during a TV interview , Monti stated that my and SCs commitment does not end now and that many tell me they did not vote for SC for the specific reason that we were with president Casini ; they might have been right . On 22 October the executive committee voted in favour of the separation from the UdC . The popular majority of SCs parliamentary group in the Senate responded by dismissing Susta as floor leader , while Olivero stated that the Populars aimed at forming a party modelled on Germanys Christian Democratic Union . On 6 November the SC senatorial group , dominated by Populars , elected L . Romano as new floor leader ; the decision was not endorsed by Bombassei and was opposed by Montiani and liberals , who talked about dismissing Lorenzo Dellai from leader in the Chamber as retaliation . On 15 November the Populars walked away from the partys national assembly and left the party altogether . The assembly elected Bombassei president and appointed Stefania Giannini secretary . On 23 November the Populars , led by Mauro , Dellai and Olivero , launched Populars for Italy ( PpI ) . On 10 December the partys break-up was effective in Parliament : 20 deputies ( led by Dellai ) and 12 senators ( led by L . Romano ) launched For Italy ( PI ) groups , while 26 deputies ( led by Andrea Romano ) and 8 senators ( led by Susta ) confirmed their allegiance to SC . All the UdC MPs but one joined PI . From the centre to the Democrats . After Matteo Renzis election as secretary of the Democratic Party ( PD ) in December , SC started to approach the centre-left , while ruling out any alliance with the centre-right , once again led by Silvio Berlusconis Forza Italia ( FI ) . SC had long expressed a certain affinity for Renzi , and , in early February 2014 , Stefania Giannini finally declared that she saw its party more as the right-wing of a reformed and reforming left than the left-wing of a right that still has in Berlusconi its standard-bearer . Subsequently , SC was a keen supporter of the replacement of Enrico Letta with Renzi . On 22 February 2014 the Renzi Cabinet was sworn in with Giannini , a university professor , as minister of Education . On 4 March it was announced that SC would run in the 2014 European Parliament election within European Choice ( SE ) , an electoral list including , among others , Democratic Centre , Act to Stop the Decline and the Italian Liberal Party . Members of SC topped SEs slates in two of five constituencies . The decision to side with the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe ( ALDE ) Party , cherished by Guy Verhofstadt ( ALDEs candidate for President of the European Commission ) and Romano Prodi , prompted the resignation of Andrea Causin , one of SCs few remaining Christian democrats , from organizational secretary . On 10 April Bombassei resigned as president of the party , citing his disagreement with the partys political re-positionment ( no longer a third-party force , but a close ally of Renzis PD , under Gianninis leadership ) , the change in partys identity and prevailing personal ambitions . On election day SC/SE received just 0.7% of the vote and failed to return any MEPs . Consequently , Giannini resigned from secretary . In October A . Romano , who had left the position of floor leader in the Chamber some months earlier , left the party in order to join the PD . Partys congress and diaspora . In November the partys assembly decided that the new leadership , replacing Giannini and Balduzzi , who had been elected to the Supreme Council of Magistrature and had resigned from Parliament , will be selected in a congress to be held in January 2015 . Two candidates , Irene Tinagli and Enrico Zanetti , announced their bid for secretary , while Pietro Ichino was the front-runner to become the partys president . However , in mid December , Tinagli retired from the race . In January 2015 Benedetto Della Vedova came out against Zanetti on the grounds that SC should continue to exist only through its parliamentary groups , tried to stop the congress ( along with Giannini , Bombassei , Ichino , Tinagli , Carlo Calenda , Linda Lanzillotta and other senior members ) and finally decided to run for secretary ( along with a third candidate , Luciana Cazzaniga ) . During the congress , postponed two weeks in order not to overlap with the presidential election triggered by President Giorgio Napolitanos resignation , Zanetti was virtually unanimously elected secretary . However , on 6 February , two days before the congress , eight senior members of the party ( including six former Democrats ) , including its minister ( Giannini ) , its deputy minister ( Calenda ) , two deputies and five senators ( including Giannini ) , had already left the party ; all of them , except Calenda ( who later became minister ) , joined the PD . As a result , the party was deprived of its parliamentary group in the Senate . In fact , of the two remaining senators , Della Vedova left during the congress , while Monti was no longer active . In two years , from the 2013 election to February 2015 , SC had lost more than the half of its MPs , mostly to Popular Area and the PD . Zanettis leadership and further splits . In July 2015 the partys national board elected Salvatore Matarrese president , Angelo DAgostino first vice president and Valentina Vezzali vice president . More important , the assembly decided that the party would change name and symbol by the end of the summer , in the effort of being more competitive in the 2016 municipal elections . The new chosen name , Citizens for Italy , would be used only in local elections , indeed . In January 2016 , during a cabinets reshuffle , Zanetti was promoted deputy minister of the Economy , while another SC deputy , Antimo Cesaro , was appointed undersecretary at Culture . Despite this , the party , which had virtually disappeared from opinion polls , continued to lose deputies and its group in the Chamber was reduced to 20 individuals by February . In the meantime , Zanetti explained that there were similarities between SC and Denis Verdinis Liberal Popular Alliance ( ALA ) , and , according to Corriere della Sera , the two groups could soon merge . In the meantime , SC formed a federative pact with the Moderates . In July , after that the majority of the partys deputies had come in opposition of an alliance with the ALA ( a party basically formed by splinters form Berlusconis FI ) , Zanetti led four deputies out of the parliamentary group . Contextually , Zanetti , who pretended to be still the leader of SC , started to organise a joint group with the ALA and , possibly , Flavio Tosis Act! , and a new liberal party with the contribution of Marcello Pera , a former President of the Senate and former leader of FI in Tuscany . The partys national board sided with Zanetti in July and the national assembly did the same in October , with 63 votes in favour and 39 against . This caused the final split of the party and the formation of two different parliamentary groups : - Civic Choice toward Cizitens for Italy – MAIE ( the official SC group ) , formed by eight deputies of the ALA , five of SC ( Zanetti , DAgostino , Vezzali , Rabino and Giulio Sottanelli , who was elected group leader ) , two of the Associative Movement Italians Abroad ( MAIE ) and one splinter from Act! ; the group was renamed Civic Choice – ALA for the Liberal and Popular Constituent Assembly – MAIE in December 2016 ; - Civics and Innovators , formed by the rump of the former SC group ( Giovanni Monchiero stayed as group leader ) . Road toward the centre-right . In April 2017 Rabino was elected president of the party . In September 2017 Zanetti re-positioned SC from the centre-left to the centre-right and , more specifically , in close alliance with Berlusconis FI . The 2017 Sicilian regional election , for which SC announced that its candidates would run within FIs lists , marked the first time that SC officially sided with the centre-right . In November , the partys national board endorsed Zanettis political line and marked SCs official adhesion to the centre-right coalition . The decision was opposed by a vocal minority of the partys membership and three deputies ( Ernesto Auci , DAgostino and Vezzali ) subsequently left and formed the European Civics . In December 2017 SC was a founding member of Us with Italy ( NcI ) , a pro-Berlusconi centrist electoral list within the centre-right coalition for the 2018 general election , along with Act! , splinters of Popular Alternative ( AP – two groups , a liberal one led by Enrico Costa and a Christian-democratic one led by Maurizio Lupi ) , Direction Italy ( DI ) , Popular Construction ( CP ) and the Movement for the Autonomies ( MpA ) . NcI was later enlarged to the UdC and Identity and Action ( IdeA ) , with the goal of reaching 3% , required to win seats from proportional lists under a new electoral law . In the election NcI obtained 1.3% and SC had no deputies or senators elected . After that , the party was de facto disbanded . Leadership . - President : Andrea Riccardi ( 2013 ) , Mario Monti ( 2013 ) , Alberto Bombassei ( 2013–2014 ) , Renato Balduzzi ( 2014 ) , Salvatore Matarrese ( 2015–2016 ) , Mariano Rabino ( 2017 ) - First Vice President : Andrea Riccardi ( 2013 ) , Alberto Bombassei ( 2013 ) , Renato Balduzzi ( 2013–2014 ) , Angelo DAgostino ( 2015–2017 ) - Vice President : Carlo Calenda ( 2013 ) , Ilaria Capua ( 2013 ) , Maria Paola Merloni ( 2013 ) , Milena Santerini ( 2013 ) , Luciano Cimmino ( 2013–2015 ) , Ilaria Borletti Buitoni ( 2013–2015 ) , Valentina Vezzali ( 2015–2017 ) - Coordinator / Secretary : Andrea Olivero ( 2013 ) , Stefania Giannini ( 2013–2014 ) , Enrico Zanetti ( 2015–2017 ) - Executive Secretary : Silvia Colombo ( 2013–2015 ) - Organizational Secretary : Andrea Causin ( 2013–2014 ) , Mariano Rabino ( 2014–2017 ) - Spokesperson : Lelio Alfonso ( 2013–2015 ) , Benedetto Della Vedova ( 2013–2015 ) - Party Leader in the Chamber of Deputies : Lorenzo Dellai ( 2013 ) , Andrea Romano ( 2013–2014 ) , Andrea Mazziotti ( 2014–2015 ) , Giovanni Monchiero ( 2015–2016 ) , Giulio Sottanelli ( 2016–present ) - Party Leader in the Senate : Mario Mauro ( 2013 ) , Gianluca Susta ( 2013 ) , Lucio Romano ( 2013 ) , Gianluca Susta ( 2013–2015 )
|
[
"Mario Monti"
] |
[
{
"text": " Civic Choice ( , SC ) was a centrist and liberal political party in Italy founded by Mario Monti . The party was formed in the run-up of the 2013 general election to support the outgoing Prime Minister Monti and continue his political agenda . In the election SC was part of a centrist coalition named With Monti for Italy , along with Union of the Centre of Pier Ferdinando Casini and Future and Freedom of Gianfranco Fini .",
"title": "Civic Choice"
},
{
"text": "In April 2013 SC became part of the grand coalition government led by Enrico Letta of the Democratic Party . In February 2014 after Lettas resignation , Civic Choice supported the cabinet of Matteo Renzi . After that , the party did not support the cabinet of Paolo Gentiloni and , by the end of 2017 , joined forces with Silvio Berlusconis Forza Italia .",
"title": "Civic Choice"
},
{
"text": " Following the 2018 Italian general election , the party was disbanded on 24 July 2019 .",
"title": "Civic Choice"
},
{
"text": " In order to compete in the upcoming general election , on 4 January 2013 technocratic Prime Minister Mario Monti launched SC as an electoral list of the civil society to implement his agenda . It was announced that SC would be part of the With Monti for Italy ( CMI ) coalition , alongside the Union of the Centre ( UdC ) and Future and Freedom ( FLI ) . At its beginnings SC was composed of several groups and individuals , who were represented in the partys lists :",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": "- Toward the Third Republic ( Verso la Terza Repubblica , VTR ) , notably including :",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": " - Future Italy ( Italia Futura , IF ) , led by Luca Cordero di Montezemolo ; - leading figures of Catholic ecclesial movements , such as minister Andrea Riccardi of the Community of SantEgidio and Andrea Olivero of the Christian Associations of Italian Workers ( ACLI ) ; - Union for Trentino ( Unione per il Trentino , UpT ) , led by Lorenzo Dellai ; - Toward North ( Verso Nord ) , led by Alessio Vianello ;",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": "- ministers of Montis technical government , including Riccardi , Renato Balduzzi and Enzo Moavero Milanesi ( a fourth minister , Mario Catania , ran with UdC ; others , like Corrado Passera , chose not to endorse Monti ) ;",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": " - dissidents from The People of Freedom ( PdL ) , including Mario Mauro , Gabriele Albertini and Giuliano Cazzola , plus others retiring from Parliament ( Franco Frattini , Giuseppe Pisanu , etc. ) ; - dissidents from the Democratic Party ( PD ) , including Pietro Ichino , Maria Paola Merloni , Alessandro Maran , Benedetto Adragna , plus others retiring from Parliament ( Lucio DUbaldo , Flavio Pertoldi , etc. ) ; - Italian Union ( Unione Italiana , UI ) , led by Gianfranco Librandi ;",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": "- individuals from other parties , such as Fabio Gava of the Italian Liberal Party ( PLI ) and Emanuela Baio of Alliance for Italy ( ApI ) .",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": " - other minor groups and individuals , notably including Linda Lanzillotta ( a senator elected with ApI ) , Alberto Bombassei ( a former vice president of Confindustria ) , Luigi Marino ( president of Confcooperative ) , Mario Sechi , Ilaria Capua , Valentina Vezzali and Annalisa Minetti . 2013 general election and aftermath .",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": "In the 2013 general election SC obtained 8.3% of the vote , 37 deputies ( in its own lists ) and 15 senators ( within CMI ) . After the election , SC deputies and senators formed joint groups named Civic Choice , including also UdC and FLI MPs , in both houses of Parliament .",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": " In late April the party joined Enrico Lettas grand coalition government , which included three SC leading members : Mario Mauro as minister of Defence , Enzo Moavero Milanesi as minister of European Affairs and Carlo Calenda as deputy minister of Economic Development .",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": "The party began to take shape too : on 13 March Monti , who replaced Andrea Riccardi as provisional president , appointed Andrea Olivero as coordinator ; on ⍌337⍍ Monti was unanimously elected president by the partys assembly ; on ⍌338⍍ the leadership proposed by Monti was approved with only three abstentions . In the event Olivero was confirmed coordinator , Alberto Bombassei was appointed first vice president , and Benedetto Della Vedova , a former member of the Italian Radicals , Forza Italia , the PdL and finally FLI , spokesperson . The rest of the leadership was composed",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": "mainly by former Democrats : Maria Paola Merloni ( vice president ) , Lorenzo Dellai ( party leader in the Chamber of Deputies ) , Gianluca Susta ( party leader in the Senate ) , Andrea Causin ( organizational secretary ) , Pietro Ichino ( platform coordinator ) and Gregorio Gitti ( local structures coordinator ) . No member of Future Italy , a liberal think tank , took a leading role .",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": " Since then , the party was often riven by internal disputes . Monti twice presented ( and later retracted ) his resignation from president . In late July he clashed with the Catholic wing of the party , especially with Olivero , whom he accused of being too close to the UdC ( whose deputies and senators were part of SCs parliamentary groups ) . Also Future Italy , seemed to have little patience with the Catholic wing and even to be willing to distance from the party .",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": "In this phase , an issue which divided SC was the debate on European party affiliation . Some , including the partys Catholics , former members of PdL and Monti himself , favoured joining the European Peoples Party ( EPP ) , while others , notably those close to Future Italy , Benedetto Della Vedova and Linda Lanzillotta , preferred the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe ( ALDE ) Party . It later emerged that Monti had favoured the EPP and had consequently started talks with the EPPs leadership in order to appease the partys Christian democrats led",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": "by Mauro and avoid a split .",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": "On 17 October 2013 Monti resigned as president of SC and was replaced by his deputy Alberto Bombassei as acting president . Monti cited his disagreement with 12 senators ( out of 20 ) , including Mario Mauro , Andrea Olivero , Gabriele Albertini , Pier Ferdinando Casini ( UdC leader ) , Maria Paola Merloni , Luigi Marino and Lucio Romano . Particularly , Monti criticized Mauros line of unconditioned support to the government and of transforming SC in a larger centre-right political party , open to the PdL . One of the 12 senators , Tito Di Maggio",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": ", was even unveiled as PdL–SC–UdC joint candidate for President in Basilicata .",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": "After Montis abrupt departure , spokesperson Benedetto Della Vedova , who represented the liberal wing of the party ( including Pietro Ichino , Gianluca Susta , Linda Lanzillotta , etc. ) , announced that SC would go on as a liberal , peoples , reform and European party and would never form a partnership with the PdL . Lanzillotta remarked that Italy needs a liberal , peoples , deeply reform-minded and Europeanist party and that we did not take votes for giving life to a Catholic party and being part of a centre-right still led by Berlusconi . For his",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": "part , during a TV interview , Monti stated that my and SCs commitment does not end now and that many tell me they did not vote for SC for the specific reason that we were with president Casini ; they might have been right .",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": "On 22 October the executive committee voted in favour of the separation from the UdC . The popular majority of SCs parliamentary group in the Senate responded by dismissing Susta as floor leader , while Olivero stated that the Populars aimed at forming a party modelled on Germanys Christian Democratic Union . On 6 November the SC senatorial group , dominated by Populars , elected L . Romano as new floor leader ; the decision was not endorsed by Bombassei and was opposed by Montiani and liberals , who talked about dismissing Lorenzo Dellai from leader in the Chamber as",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": "retaliation .",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": "On 15 November the Populars walked away from the partys national assembly and left the party altogether . The assembly elected Bombassei president and appointed Stefania Giannini secretary . On 23 November the Populars , led by Mauro , Dellai and Olivero , launched Populars for Italy ( PpI ) . On 10 December the partys break-up was effective in Parliament : 20 deputies ( led by Dellai ) and 12 senators ( led by L . Romano ) launched For Italy ( PI ) groups , while 26 deputies ( led by Andrea Romano ) and 8 senators (",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": "led by Susta ) confirmed their allegiance to SC . All the UdC MPs but one joined PI .",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": "After Matteo Renzis election as secretary of the Democratic Party ( PD ) in December , SC started to approach the centre-left , while ruling out any alliance with the centre-right , once again led by Silvio Berlusconis Forza Italia ( FI ) . SC had long expressed a certain affinity for Renzi , and , in early February 2014 , Stefania Giannini finally declared that she saw its party more as the right-wing of a reformed and reforming left than the left-wing of a right that still has in Berlusconi its standard-bearer .",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": " Subsequently , SC was a keen supporter of the replacement of Enrico Letta with Renzi . On 22 February 2014 the Renzi Cabinet was sworn in with Giannini , a university professor , as minister of Education .",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": "On 4 March it was announced that SC would run in the 2014 European Parliament election within European Choice ( SE ) , an electoral list including , among others , Democratic Centre , Act to Stop the Decline and the Italian Liberal Party . Members of SC topped SEs slates in two of five constituencies . The decision to side with the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe ( ALDE ) Party , cherished by Guy Verhofstadt ( ALDEs candidate for President of the European Commission ) and Romano Prodi , prompted the resignation of Andrea Causin ,",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": "one of SCs few remaining Christian democrats , from organizational secretary .",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": " On 10 April Bombassei resigned as president of the party , citing his disagreement with the partys political re-positionment ( no longer a third-party force , but a close ally of Renzis PD , under Gianninis leadership ) , the change in partys identity and prevailing personal ambitions . On election day SC/SE received just 0.7% of the vote and failed to return any MEPs . Consequently , Giannini resigned from secretary .",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": "In October A . Romano , who had left the position of floor leader in the Chamber some months earlier , left the party in order to join the PD .",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": " Partys congress and diaspora . In November the partys assembly decided that the new leadership , replacing Giannini and Balduzzi , who had been elected to the Supreme Council of Magistrature and had resigned from Parliament , will be selected in a congress to be held in January 2015 .",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": "Two candidates , Irene Tinagli and Enrico Zanetti , announced their bid for secretary , while Pietro Ichino was the front-runner to become the partys president . However , in mid December , Tinagli retired from the race . In January 2015 Benedetto Della Vedova came out against Zanetti on the grounds that SC should continue to exist only through its parliamentary groups , tried to stop the congress ( along with Giannini , Bombassei , Ichino , Tinagli , Carlo Calenda , Linda Lanzillotta and other senior members ) and finally decided to run for secretary ( along with",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": "a third candidate , Luciana Cazzaniga ) . During the congress , postponed two weeks in order not to overlap with the presidential election triggered by President Giorgio Napolitanos resignation , Zanetti was virtually unanimously elected secretary .",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": "However , on 6 February , two days before the congress , eight senior members of the party ( including six former Democrats ) , including its minister ( Giannini ) , its deputy minister ( Calenda ) , two deputies and five senators ( including Giannini ) , had already left the party ; all of them , except Calenda ( who later became minister ) , joined the PD . As a result , the party was deprived of its parliamentary group in the Senate . In fact , of the two remaining senators , Della Vedova left",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": "during the congress , while Monti was no longer active .",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": " In two years , from the 2013 election to February 2015 , SC had lost more than the half of its MPs , mostly to Popular Area and the PD . Zanettis leadership and further splits .",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": "In July 2015 the partys national board elected Salvatore Matarrese president , Angelo DAgostino first vice president and Valentina Vezzali vice president . More important , the assembly decided that the party would change name and symbol by the end of the summer , in the effort of being more competitive in the 2016 municipal elections . The new chosen name , Citizens for Italy , would be used only in local elections , indeed .",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": "In January 2016 , during a cabinets reshuffle , Zanetti was promoted deputy minister of the Economy , while another SC deputy , Antimo Cesaro , was appointed undersecretary at Culture . Despite this , the party , which had virtually disappeared from opinion polls , continued to lose deputies and its group in the Chamber was reduced to 20 individuals by February . In the meantime , Zanetti explained that there were similarities between SC and Denis Verdinis Liberal Popular Alliance ( ALA ) , and , according to Corriere della Sera , the two groups could soon merge",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": ". In the meantime , SC formed a federative pact with the Moderates .",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": "In July , after that the majority of the partys deputies had come in opposition of an alliance with the ALA ( a party basically formed by splinters form Berlusconis FI ) , Zanetti led four deputies out of the parliamentary group . Contextually , Zanetti , who pretended to be still the leader of SC , started to organise a joint group with the ALA and , possibly , Flavio Tosis Act! , and a new liberal party with the contribution of Marcello Pera , a former President of the Senate and former leader of FI in Tuscany .",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": "The partys national board sided with Zanetti in July and the national assembly did the same in October , with 63 votes in favour and 39 against .",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": " This caused the final split of the party and the formation of two different parliamentary groups :",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": "- Civic Choice toward Cizitens for Italy – MAIE ( the official SC group ) , formed by eight deputies of the ALA , five of SC ( Zanetti , DAgostino , Vezzali , Rabino and Giulio Sottanelli , who was elected group leader ) , two of the Associative Movement Italians Abroad ( MAIE ) and one splinter from Act! ; the group was renamed Civic Choice – ALA for the Liberal and Popular Constituent Assembly – MAIE in December 2016 ;",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": " - Civics and Innovators , formed by the rump of the former SC group ( Giovanni Monchiero stayed as group leader ) . Road toward the centre-right . In April 2017 Rabino was elected president of the party .",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": "In September 2017 Zanetti re-positioned SC from the centre-left to the centre-right and , more specifically , in close alliance with Berlusconis FI . The 2017 Sicilian regional election , for which SC announced that its candidates would run within FIs lists , marked the first time that SC officially sided with the centre-right . In November , the partys national board endorsed Zanettis political line and marked SCs official adhesion to the centre-right coalition . The decision was opposed by a vocal minority of the partys membership and three deputies ( Ernesto Auci , DAgostino and Vezzali ) subsequently",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": "left and formed the European Civics .",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": "In December 2017 SC was a founding member of Us with Italy ( NcI ) , a pro-Berlusconi centrist electoral list within the centre-right coalition for the 2018 general election , along with Act! , splinters of Popular Alternative ( AP – two groups , a liberal one led by Enrico Costa and a Christian-democratic one led by Maurizio Lupi ) , Direction Italy ( DI ) , Popular Construction ( CP ) and the Movement for the Autonomies ( MpA ) . NcI was later enlarged to the UdC and Identity and Action ( IdeA ) , with the",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": "goal of reaching 3% , required to win seats from proportional lists under a new electoral law .",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": " In the election NcI obtained 1.3% and SC had no deputies or senators elected . After that , the party was de facto disbanded .",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": " - President : Andrea Riccardi ( 2013 ) , Mario Monti ( 2013 ) , Alberto Bombassei ( 2013–2014 ) , Renato Balduzzi ( 2014 ) , Salvatore Matarrese ( 2015–2016 ) , Mariano Rabino ( 2017 ) - First Vice President : Andrea Riccardi ( 2013 ) , Alberto Bombassei ( 2013 ) , Renato Balduzzi ( 2013–2014 ) , Angelo DAgostino ( 2015–2017 )",
"title": "Leadership"
},
{
"text": "- Vice President : Carlo Calenda ( 2013 ) , Ilaria Capua ( 2013 ) , Maria Paola Merloni ( 2013 ) , Milena Santerini ( 2013 ) , Luciano Cimmino ( 2013–2015 ) , Ilaria Borletti Buitoni ( 2013–2015 ) , Valentina Vezzali ( 2015–2017 )",
"title": "Leadership"
},
{
"text": " - Coordinator / Secretary : Andrea Olivero ( 2013 ) , Stefania Giannini ( 2013–2014 ) , Enrico Zanetti ( 2015–2017 ) - Executive Secretary : Silvia Colombo ( 2013–2015 ) - Organizational Secretary : Andrea Causin ( 2013–2014 ) , Mariano Rabino ( 2014–2017 ) - Spokesperson : Lelio Alfonso ( 2013–2015 ) , Benedetto Della Vedova ( 2013–2015 ) - Party Leader in the Chamber of Deputies : Lorenzo Dellai ( 2013 ) , Andrea Romano ( 2013–2014 ) , Andrea Mazziotti ( 2014–2015 ) , Giovanni Monchiero ( 2015–2016 ) , Giulio Sottanelli ( 2016–present )",
"title": "Leadership"
},
{
"text": "- Party Leader in the Senate : Mario Mauro ( 2013 ) , Gianluca Susta ( 2013 ) , Lucio Romano ( 2013 ) , Gianluca Susta ( 2013–2015 )",
"title": "Leadership"
}
] |
/wiki/Civic_Choice#P488#2
|
Who was the chair of Civic Choice between Jan 2014 and Feb 2014?
|
Civic Choice Civic Choice ( , SC ) was a centrist and liberal political party in Italy founded by Mario Monti . The party was formed in the run-up of the 2013 general election to support the outgoing Prime Minister Monti and continue his political agenda . In the election SC was part of a centrist coalition named With Monti for Italy , along with Union of the Centre of Pier Ferdinando Casini and Future and Freedom of Gianfranco Fini . In April 2013 SC became part of the grand coalition government led by Enrico Letta of the Democratic Party . In February 2014 after Lettas resignation , Civic Choice supported the cabinet of Matteo Renzi . After that , the party did not support the cabinet of Paolo Gentiloni and , by the end of 2017 , joined forces with Silvio Berlusconis Forza Italia . Following the 2018 Italian general election , the party was disbanded on 24 July 2019 . History . Foundation and composition . In order to compete in the upcoming general election , on 4 January 2013 technocratic Prime Minister Mario Monti launched SC as an electoral list of the civil society to implement his agenda . It was announced that SC would be part of the With Monti for Italy ( CMI ) coalition , alongside the Union of the Centre ( UdC ) and Future and Freedom ( FLI ) . At its beginnings SC was composed of several groups and individuals , who were represented in the partys lists : - Toward the Third Republic ( Verso la Terza Repubblica , VTR ) , notably including : - Future Italy ( Italia Futura , IF ) , led by Luca Cordero di Montezemolo ; - leading figures of Catholic ecclesial movements , such as minister Andrea Riccardi of the Community of SantEgidio and Andrea Olivero of the Christian Associations of Italian Workers ( ACLI ) ; - Union for Trentino ( Unione per il Trentino , UpT ) , led by Lorenzo Dellai ; - Toward North ( Verso Nord ) , led by Alessio Vianello ; - ministers of Montis technical government , including Riccardi , Renato Balduzzi and Enzo Moavero Milanesi ( a fourth minister , Mario Catania , ran with UdC ; others , like Corrado Passera , chose not to endorse Monti ) ; - dissidents from The People of Freedom ( PdL ) , including Mario Mauro , Gabriele Albertini and Giuliano Cazzola , plus others retiring from Parliament ( Franco Frattini , Giuseppe Pisanu , etc. ) ; - dissidents from the Democratic Party ( PD ) , including Pietro Ichino , Maria Paola Merloni , Alessandro Maran , Benedetto Adragna , plus others retiring from Parliament ( Lucio DUbaldo , Flavio Pertoldi , etc. ) ; - Italian Union ( Unione Italiana , UI ) , led by Gianfranco Librandi ; - individuals from other parties , such as Fabio Gava of the Italian Liberal Party ( PLI ) and Emanuela Baio of Alliance for Italy ( ApI ) . - other minor groups and individuals , notably including Linda Lanzillotta ( a senator elected with ApI ) , Alberto Bombassei ( a former vice president of Confindustria ) , Luigi Marino ( president of Confcooperative ) , Mario Sechi , Ilaria Capua , Valentina Vezzali and Annalisa Minetti . 2013 general election and aftermath . In the 2013 general election SC obtained 8.3% of the vote , 37 deputies ( in its own lists ) and 15 senators ( within CMI ) . After the election , SC deputies and senators formed joint groups named Civic Choice , including also UdC and FLI MPs , in both houses of Parliament . In late April the party joined Enrico Lettas grand coalition government , which included three SC leading members : Mario Mauro as minister of Defence , Enzo Moavero Milanesi as minister of European Affairs and Carlo Calenda as deputy minister of Economic Development . The party began to take shape too : on 13 March Monti , who replaced Andrea Riccardi as provisional president , appointed Andrea Olivero as coordinator ; on ⍌337⍍ Monti was unanimously elected president by the partys assembly ; on ⍌338⍍ the leadership proposed by Monti was approved with only three abstentions . In the event Olivero was confirmed coordinator , Alberto Bombassei was appointed first vice president , and Benedetto Della Vedova , a former member of the Italian Radicals , Forza Italia , the PdL and finally FLI , spokesperson . The rest of the leadership was composed mainly by former Democrats : Maria Paola Merloni ( vice president ) , Lorenzo Dellai ( party leader in the Chamber of Deputies ) , Gianluca Susta ( party leader in the Senate ) , Andrea Causin ( organizational secretary ) , Pietro Ichino ( platform coordinator ) and Gregorio Gitti ( local structures coordinator ) . No member of Future Italy , a liberal think tank , took a leading role . Since then , the party was often riven by internal disputes . Monti twice presented ( and later retracted ) his resignation from president . In late July he clashed with the Catholic wing of the party , especially with Olivero , whom he accused of being too close to the UdC ( whose deputies and senators were part of SCs parliamentary groups ) . Also Future Italy , seemed to have little patience with the Catholic wing and even to be willing to distance from the party . In this phase , an issue which divided SC was the debate on European party affiliation . Some , including the partys Catholics , former members of PdL and Monti himself , favoured joining the European Peoples Party ( EPP ) , while others , notably those close to Future Italy , Benedetto Della Vedova and Linda Lanzillotta , preferred the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe ( ALDE ) Party . It later emerged that Monti had favoured the EPP and had consequently started talks with the EPPs leadership in order to appease the partys Christian democrats led by Mauro and avoid a split . Montis resignation and Populars split . On 17 October 2013 Monti resigned as president of SC and was replaced by his deputy Alberto Bombassei as acting president . Monti cited his disagreement with 12 senators ( out of 20 ) , including Mario Mauro , Andrea Olivero , Gabriele Albertini , Pier Ferdinando Casini ( UdC leader ) , Maria Paola Merloni , Luigi Marino and Lucio Romano . Particularly , Monti criticized Mauros line of unconditioned support to the government and of transforming SC in a larger centre-right political party , open to the PdL . One of the 12 senators , Tito Di Maggio , was even unveiled as PdL–SC–UdC joint candidate for President in Basilicata . After Montis abrupt departure , spokesperson Benedetto Della Vedova , who represented the liberal wing of the party ( including Pietro Ichino , Gianluca Susta , Linda Lanzillotta , etc. ) , announced that SC would go on as a liberal , peoples , reform and European party and would never form a partnership with the PdL . Lanzillotta remarked that Italy needs a liberal , peoples , deeply reform-minded and Europeanist party and that we did not take votes for giving life to a Catholic party and being part of a centre-right still led by Berlusconi . For his part , during a TV interview , Monti stated that my and SCs commitment does not end now and that many tell me they did not vote for SC for the specific reason that we were with president Casini ; they might have been right . On 22 October the executive committee voted in favour of the separation from the UdC . The popular majority of SCs parliamentary group in the Senate responded by dismissing Susta as floor leader , while Olivero stated that the Populars aimed at forming a party modelled on Germanys Christian Democratic Union . On 6 November the SC senatorial group , dominated by Populars , elected L . Romano as new floor leader ; the decision was not endorsed by Bombassei and was opposed by Montiani and liberals , who talked about dismissing Lorenzo Dellai from leader in the Chamber as retaliation . On 15 November the Populars walked away from the partys national assembly and left the party altogether . The assembly elected Bombassei president and appointed Stefania Giannini secretary . On 23 November the Populars , led by Mauro , Dellai and Olivero , launched Populars for Italy ( PpI ) . On 10 December the partys break-up was effective in Parliament : 20 deputies ( led by Dellai ) and 12 senators ( led by L . Romano ) launched For Italy ( PI ) groups , while 26 deputies ( led by Andrea Romano ) and 8 senators ( led by Susta ) confirmed their allegiance to SC . All the UdC MPs but one joined PI . From the centre to the Democrats . After Matteo Renzis election as secretary of the Democratic Party ( PD ) in December , SC started to approach the centre-left , while ruling out any alliance with the centre-right , once again led by Silvio Berlusconis Forza Italia ( FI ) . SC had long expressed a certain affinity for Renzi , and , in early February 2014 , Stefania Giannini finally declared that she saw its party more as the right-wing of a reformed and reforming left than the left-wing of a right that still has in Berlusconi its standard-bearer . Subsequently , SC was a keen supporter of the replacement of Enrico Letta with Renzi . On 22 February 2014 the Renzi Cabinet was sworn in with Giannini , a university professor , as minister of Education . On 4 March it was announced that SC would run in the 2014 European Parliament election within European Choice ( SE ) , an electoral list including , among others , Democratic Centre , Act to Stop the Decline and the Italian Liberal Party . Members of SC topped SEs slates in two of five constituencies . The decision to side with the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe ( ALDE ) Party , cherished by Guy Verhofstadt ( ALDEs candidate for President of the European Commission ) and Romano Prodi , prompted the resignation of Andrea Causin , one of SCs few remaining Christian democrats , from organizational secretary . On 10 April Bombassei resigned as president of the party , citing his disagreement with the partys political re-positionment ( no longer a third-party force , but a close ally of Renzis PD , under Gianninis leadership ) , the change in partys identity and prevailing personal ambitions . On election day SC/SE received just 0.7% of the vote and failed to return any MEPs . Consequently , Giannini resigned from secretary . In October A . Romano , who had left the position of floor leader in the Chamber some months earlier , left the party in order to join the PD . Partys congress and diaspora . In November the partys assembly decided that the new leadership , replacing Giannini and Balduzzi , who had been elected to the Supreme Council of Magistrature and had resigned from Parliament , will be selected in a congress to be held in January 2015 . Two candidates , Irene Tinagli and Enrico Zanetti , announced their bid for secretary , while Pietro Ichino was the front-runner to become the partys president . However , in mid December , Tinagli retired from the race . In January 2015 Benedetto Della Vedova came out against Zanetti on the grounds that SC should continue to exist only through its parliamentary groups , tried to stop the congress ( along with Giannini , Bombassei , Ichino , Tinagli , Carlo Calenda , Linda Lanzillotta and other senior members ) and finally decided to run for secretary ( along with a third candidate , Luciana Cazzaniga ) . During the congress , postponed two weeks in order not to overlap with the presidential election triggered by President Giorgio Napolitanos resignation , Zanetti was virtually unanimously elected secretary . However , on 6 February , two days before the congress , eight senior members of the party ( including six former Democrats ) , including its minister ( Giannini ) , its deputy minister ( Calenda ) , two deputies and five senators ( including Giannini ) , had already left the party ; all of them , except Calenda ( who later became minister ) , joined the PD . As a result , the party was deprived of its parliamentary group in the Senate . In fact , of the two remaining senators , Della Vedova left during the congress , while Monti was no longer active . In two years , from the 2013 election to February 2015 , SC had lost more than the half of its MPs , mostly to Popular Area and the PD . Zanettis leadership and further splits . In July 2015 the partys national board elected Salvatore Matarrese president , Angelo DAgostino first vice president and Valentina Vezzali vice president . More important , the assembly decided that the party would change name and symbol by the end of the summer , in the effort of being more competitive in the 2016 municipal elections . The new chosen name , Citizens for Italy , would be used only in local elections , indeed . In January 2016 , during a cabinets reshuffle , Zanetti was promoted deputy minister of the Economy , while another SC deputy , Antimo Cesaro , was appointed undersecretary at Culture . Despite this , the party , which had virtually disappeared from opinion polls , continued to lose deputies and its group in the Chamber was reduced to 20 individuals by February . In the meantime , Zanetti explained that there were similarities between SC and Denis Verdinis Liberal Popular Alliance ( ALA ) , and , according to Corriere della Sera , the two groups could soon merge . In the meantime , SC formed a federative pact with the Moderates . In July , after that the majority of the partys deputies had come in opposition of an alliance with the ALA ( a party basically formed by splinters form Berlusconis FI ) , Zanetti led four deputies out of the parliamentary group . Contextually , Zanetti , who pretended to be still the leader of SC , started to organise a joint group with the ALA and , possibly , Flavio Tosis Act! , and a new liberal party with the contribution of Marcello Pera , a former President of the Senate and former leader of FI in Tuscany . The partys national board sided with Zanetti in July and the national assembly did the same in October , with 63 votes in favour and 39 against . This caused the final split of the party and the formation of two different parliamentary groups : - Civic Choice toward Cizitens for Italy – MAIE ( the official SC group ) , formed by eight deputies of the ALA , five of SC ( Zanetti , DAgostino , Vezzali , Rabino and Giulio Sottanelli , who was elected group leader ) , two of the Associative Movement Italians Abroad ( MAIE ) and one splinter from Act! ; the group was renamed Civic Choice – ALA for the Liberal and Popular Constituent Assembly – MAIE in December 2016 ; - Civics and Innovators , formed by the rump of the former SC group ( Giovanni Monchiero stayed as group leader ) . Road toward the centre-right . In April 2017 Rabino was elected president of the party . In September 2017 Zanetti re-positioned SC from the centre-left to the centre-right and , more specifically , in close alliance with Berlusconis FI . The 2017 Sicilian regional election , for which SC announced that its candidates would run within FIs lists , marked the first time that SC officially sided with the centre-right . In November , the partys national board endorsed Zanettis political line and marked SCs official adhesion to the centre-right coalition . The decision was opposed by a vocal minority of the partys membership and three deputies ( Ernesto Auci , DAgostino and Vezzali ) subsequently left and formed the European Civics . In December 2017 SC was a founding member of Us with Italy ( NcI ) , a pro-Berlusconi centrist electoral list within the centre-right coalition for the 2018 general election , along with Act! , splinters of Popular Alternative ( AP – two groups , a liberal one led by Enrico Costa and a Christian-democratic one led by Maurizio Lupi ) , Direction Italy ( DI ) , Popular Construction ( CP ) and the Movement for the Autonomies ( MpA ) . NcI was later enlarged to the UdC and Identity and Action ( IdeA ) , with the goal of reaching 3% , required to win seats from proportional lists under a new electoral law . In the election NcI obtained 1.3% and SC had no deputies or senators elected . After that , the party was de facto disbanded . Leadership . - President : Andrea Riccardi ( 2013 ) , Mario Monti ( 2013 ) , Alberto Bombassei ( 2013–2014 ) , Renato Balduzzi ( 2014 ) , Salvatore Matarrese ( 2015–2016 ) , Mariano Rabino ( 2017 ) - First Vice President : Andrea Riccardi ( 2013 ) , Alberto Bombassei ( 2013 ) , Renato Balduzzi ( 2013–2014 ) , Angelo DAgostino ( 2015–2017 ) - Vice President : Carlo Calenda ( 2013 ) , Ilaria Capua ( 2013 ) , Maria Paola Merloni ( 2013 ) , Milena Santerini ( 2013 ) , Luciano Cimmino ( 2013–2015 ) , Ilaria Borletti Buitoni ( 2013–2015 ) , Valentina Vezzali ( 2015–2017 ) - Coordinator / Secretary : Andrea Olivero ( 2013 ) , Stefania Giannini ( 2013–2014 ) , Enrico Zanetti ( 2015–2017 ) - Executive Secretary : Silvia Colombo ( 2013–2015 ) - Organizational Secretary : Andrea Causin ( 2013–2014 ) , Mariano Rabino ( 2014–2017 ) - Spokesperson : Lelio Alfonso ( 2013–2015 ) , Benedetto Della Vedova ( 2013–2015 ) - Party Leader in the Chamber of Deputies : Lorenzo Dellai ( 2013 ) , Andrea Romano ( 2013–2014 ) , Andrea Mazziotti ( 2014–2015 ) , Giovanni Monchiero ( 2015–2016 ) , Giulio Sottanelli ( 2016–present ) - Party Leader in the Senate : Mario Mauro ( 2013 ) , Gianluca Susta ( 2013 ) , Lucio Romano ( 2013 ) , Gianluca Susta ( 2013–2015 )
|
[
"Alberto Bombassei"
] |
[
{
"text": " Civic Choice ( , SC ) was a centrist and liberal political party in Italy founded by Mario Monti . The party was formed in the run-up of the 2013 general election to support the outgoing Prime Minister Monti and continue his political agenda . In the election SC was part of a centrist coalition named With Monti for Italy , along with Union of the Centre of Pier Ferdinando Casini and Future and Freedom of Gianfranco Fini .",
"title": "Civic Choice"
},
{
"text": "In April 2013 SC became part of the grand coalition government led by Enrico Letta of the Democratic Party . In February 2014 after Lettas resignation , Civic Choice supported the cabinet of Matteo Renzi . After that , the party did not support the cabinet of Paolo Gentiloni and , by the end of 2017 , joined forces with Silvio Berlusconis Forza Italia .",
"title": "Civic Choice"
},
{
"text": " Following the 2018 Italian general election , the party was disbanded on 24 July 2019 .",
"title": "Civic Choice"
},
{
"text": " In order to compete in the upcoming general election , on 4 January 2013 technocratic Prime Minister Mario Monti launched SC as an electoral list of the civil society to implement his agenda . It was announced that SC would be part of the With Monti for Italy ( CMI ) coalition , alongside the Union of the Centre ( UdC ) and Future and Freedom ( FLI ) . At its beginnings SC was composed of several groups and individuals , who were represented in the partys lists :",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": "- Toward the Third Republic ( Verso la Terza Repubblica , VTR ) , notably including :",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": " - Future Italy ( Italia Futura , IF ) , led by Luca Cordero di Montezemolo ; - leading figures of Catholic ecclesial movements , such as minister Andrea Riccardi of the Community of SantEgidio and Andrea Olivero of the Christian Associations of Italian Workers ( ACLI ) ; - Union for Trentino ( Unione per il Trentino , UpT ) , led by Lorenzo Dellai ; - Toward North ( Verso Nord ) , led by Alessio Vianello ;",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": "- ministers of Montis technical government , including Riccardi , Renato Balduzzi and Enzo Moavero Milanesi ( a fourth minister , Mario Catania , ran with UdC ; others , like Corrado Passera , chose not to endorse Monti ) ;",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": " - dissidents from The People of Freedom ( PdL ) , including Mario Mauro , Gabriele Albertini and Giuliano Cazzola , plus others retiring from Parliament ( Franco Frattini , Giuseppe Pisanu , etc. ) ; - dissidents from the Democratic Party ( PD ) , including Pietro Ichino , Maria Paola Merloni , Alessandro Maran , Benedetto Adragna , plus others retiring from Parliament ( Lucio DUbaldo , Flavio Pertoldi , etc. ) ; - Italian Union ( Unione Italiana , UI ) , led by Gianfranco Librandi ;",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": "- individuals from other parties , such as Fabio Gava of the Italian Liberal Party ( PLI ) and Emanuela Baio of Alliance for Italy ( ApI ) .",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": " - other minor groups and individuals , notably including Linda Lanzillotta ( a senator elected with ApI ) , Alberto Bombassei ( a former vice president of Confindustria ) , Luigi Marino ( president of Confcooperative ) , Mario Sechi , Ilaria Capua , Valentina Vezzali and Annalisa Minetti . 2013 general election and aftermath .",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": "In the 2013 general election SC obtained 8.3% of the vote , 37 deputies ( in its own lists ) and 15 senators ( within CMI ) . After the election , SC deputies and senators formed joint groups named Civic Choice , including also UdC and FLI MPs , in both houses of Parliament .",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": " In late April the party joined Enrico Lettas grand coalition government , which included three SC leading members : Mario Mauro as minister of Defence , Enzo Moavero Milanesi as minister of European Affairs and Carlo Calenda as deputy minister of Economic Development .",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": "The party began to take shape too : on 13 March Monti , who replaced Andrea Riccardi as provisional president , appointed Andrea Olivero as coordinator ; on ⍌337⍍ Monti was unanimously elected president by the partys assembly ; on ⍌338⍍ the leadership proposed by Monti was approved with only three abstentions . In the event Olivero was confirmed coordinator , Alberto Bombassei was appointed first vice president , and Benedetto Della Vedova , a former member of the Italian Radicals , Forza Italia , the PdL and finally FLI , spokesperson . The rest of the leadership was composed",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": "mainly by former Democrats : Maria Paola Merloni ( vice president ) , Lorenzo Dellai ( party leader in the Chamber of Deputies ) , Gianluca Susta ( party leader in the Senate ) , Andrea Causin ( organizational secretary ) , Pietro Ichino ( platform coordinator ) and Gregorio Gitti ( local structures coordinator ) . No member of Future Italy , a liberal think tank , took a leading role .",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": " Since then , the party was often riven by internal disputes . Monti twice presented ( and later retracted ) his resignation from president . In late July he clashed with the Catholic wing of the party , especially with Olivero , whom he accused of being too close to the UdC ( whose deputies and senators were part of SCs parliamentary groups ) . Also Future Italy , seemed to have little patience with the Catholic wing and even to be willing to distance from the party .",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": "In this phase , an issue which divided SC was the debate on European party affiliation . Some , including the partys Catholics , former members of PdL and Monti himself , favoured joining the European Peoples Party ( EPP ) , while others , notably those close to Future Italy , Benedetto Della Vedova and Linda Lanzillotta , preferred the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe ( ALDE ) Party . It later emerged that Monti had favoured the EPP and had consequently started talks with the EPPs leadership in order to appease the partys Christian democrats led",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": "by Mauro and avoid a split .",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": "On 17 October 2013 Monti resigned as president of SC and was replaced by his deputy Alberto Bombassei as acting president . Monti cited his disagreement with 12 senators ( out of 20 ) , including Mario Mauro , Andrea Olivero , Gabriele Albertini , Pier Ferdinando Casini ( UdC leader ) , Maria Paola Merloni , Luigi Marino and Lucio Romano . Particularly , Monti criticized Mauros line of unconditioned support to the government and of transforming SC in a larger centre-right political party , open to the PdL . One of the 12 senators , Tito Di Maggio",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": ", was even unveiled as PdL–SC–UdC joint candidate for President in Basilicata .",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": "After Montis abrupt departure , spokesperson Benedetto Della Vedova , who represented the liberal wing of the party ( including Pietro Ichino , Gianluca Susta , Linda Lanzillotta , etc. ) , announced that SC would go on as a liberal , peoples , reform and European party and would never form a partnership with the PdL . Lanzillotta remarked that Italy needs a liberal , peoples , deeply reform-minded and Europeanist party and that we did not take votes for giving life to a Catholic party and being part of a centre-right still led by Berlusconi . For his",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": "part , during a TV interview , Monti stated that my and SCs commitment does not end now and that many tell me they did not vote for SC for the specific reason that we were with president Casini ; they might have been right .",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": "On 22 October the executive committee voted in favour of the separation from the UdC . The popular majority of SCs parliamentary group in the Senate responded by dismissing Susta as floor leader , while Olivero stated that the Populars aimed at forming a party modelled on Germanys Christian Democratic Union . On 6 November the SC senatorial group , dominated by Populars , elected L . Romano as new floor leader ; the decision was not endorsed by Bombassei and was opposed by Montiani and liberals , who talked about dismissing Lorenzo Dellai from leader in the Chamber as",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": "retaliation .",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": "On 15 November the Populars walked away from the partys national assembly and left the party altogether . The assembly elected Bombassei president and appointed Stefania Giannini secretary . On 23 November the Populars , led by Mauro , Dellai and Olivero , launched Populars for Italy ( PpI ) . On 10 December the partys break-up was effective in Parliament : 20 deputies ( led by Dellai ) and 12 senators ( led by L . Romano ) launched For Italy ( PI ) groups , while 26 deputies ( led by Andrea Romano ) and 8 senators (",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": "led by Susta ) confirmed their allegiance to SC . All the UdC MPs but one joined PI .",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": "After Matteo Renzis election as secretary of the Democratic Party ( PD ) in December , SC started to approach the centre-left , while ruling out any alliance with the centre-right , once again led by Silvio Berlusconis Forza Italia ( FI ) . SC had long expressed a certain affinity for Renzi , and , in early February 2014 , Stefania Giannini finally declared that she saw its party more as the right-wing of a reformed and reforming left than the left-wing of a right that still has in Berlusconi its standard-bearer .",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": " Subsequently , SC was a keen supporter of the replacement of Enrico Letta with Renzi . On 22 February 2014 the Renzi Cabinet was sworn in with Giannini , a university professor , as minister of Education .",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": "On 4 March it was announced that SC would run in the 2014 European Parliament election within European Choice ( SE ) , an electoral list including , among others , Democratic Centre , Act to Stop the Decline and the Italian Liberal Party . Members of SC topped SEs slates in two of five constituencies . The decision to side with the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe ( ALDE ) Party , cherished by Guy Verhofstadt ( ALDEs candidate for President of the European Commission ) and Romano Prodi , prompted the resignation of Andrea Causin ,",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": "one of SCs few remaining Christian democrats , from organizational secretary .",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": " On 10 April Bombassei resigned as president of the party , citing his disagreement with the partys political re-positionment ( no longer a third-party force , but a close ally of Renzis PD , under Gianninis leadership ) , the change in partys identity and prevailing personal ambitions . On election day SC/SE received just 0.7% of the vote and failed to return any MEPs . Consequently , Giannini resigned from secretary .",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": "In October A . Romano , who had left the position of floor leader in the Chamber some months earlier , left the party in order to join the PD .",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": " Partys congress and diaspora . In November the partys assembly decided that the new leadership , replacing Giannini and Balduzzi , who had been elected to the Supreme Council of Magistrature and had resigned from Parliament , will be selected in a congress to be held in January 2015 .",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": "Two candidates , Irene Tinagli and Enrico Zanetti , announced their bid for secretary , while Pietro Ichino was the front-runner to become the partys president . However , in mid December , Tinagli retired from the race . In January 2015 Benedetto Della Vedova came out against Zanetti on the grounds that SC should continue to exist only through its parliamentary groups , tried to stop the congress ( along with Giannini , Bombassei , Ichino , Tinagli , Carlo Calenda , Linda Lanzillotta and other senior members ) and finally decided to run for secretary ( along with",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": "a third candidate , Luciana Cazzaniga ) . During the congress , postponed two weeks in order not to overlap with the presidential election triggered by President Giorgio Napolitanos resignation , Zanetti was virtually unanimously elected secretary .",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": "However , on 6 February , two days before the congress , eight senior members of the party ( including six former Democrats ) , including its minister ( Giannini ) , its deputy minister ( Calenda ) , two deputies and five senators ( including Giannini ) , had already left the party ; all of them , except Calenda ( who later became minister ) , joined the PD . As a result , the party was deprived of its parliamentary group in the Senate . In fact , of the two remaining senators , Della Vedova left",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": "during the congress , while Monti was no longer active .",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": " In two years , from the 2013 election to February 2015 , SC had lost more than the half of its MPs , mostly to Popular Area and the PD . Zanettis leadership and further splits .",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": "In July 2015 the partys national board elected Salvatore Matarrese president , Angelo DAgostino first vice president and Valentina Vezzali vice president . More important , the assembly decided that the party would change name and symbol by the end of the summer , in the effort of being more competitive in the 2016 municipal elections . The new chosen name , Citizens for Italy , would be used only in local elections , indeed .",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": "In January 2016 , during a cabinets reshuffle , Zanetti was promoted deputy minister of the Economy , while another SC deputy , Antimo Cesaro , was appointed undersecretary at Culture . Despite this , the party , which had virtually disappeared from opinion polls , continued to lose deputies and its group in the Chamber was reduced to 20 individuals by February . In the meantime , Zanetti explained that there were similarities between SC and Denis Verdinis Liberal Popular Alliance ( ALA ) , and , according to Corriere della Sera , the two groups could soon merge",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": ". In the meantime , SC formed a federative pact with the Moderates .",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": "In July , after that the majority of the partys deputies had come in opposition of an alliance with the ALA ( a party basically formed by splinters form Berlusconis FI ) , Zanetti led four deputies out of the parliamentary group . Contextually , Zanetti , who pretended to be still the leader of SC , started to organise a joint group with the ALA and , possibly , Flavio Tosis Act! , and a new liberal party with the contribution of Marcello Pera , a former President of the Senate and former leader of FI in Tuscany .",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": "The partys national board sided with Zanetti in July and the national assembly did the same in October , with 63 votes in favour and 39 against .",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": " This caused the final split of the party and the formation of two different parliamentary groups :",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": "- Civic Choice toward Cizitens for Italy – MAIE ( the official SC group ) , formed by eight deputies of the ALA , five of SC ( Zanetti , DAgostino , Vezzali , Rabino and Giulio Sottanelli , who was elected group leader ) , two of the Associative Movement Italians Abroad ( MAIE ) and one splinter from Act! ; the group was renamed Civic Choice – ALA for the Liberal and Popular Constituent Assembly – MAIE in December 2016 ;",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": " - Civics and Innovators , formed by the rump of the former SC group ( Giovanni Monchiero stayed as group leader ) . Road toward the centre-right . In April 2017 Rabino was elected president of the party .",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": "In September 2017 Zanetti re-positioned SC from the centre-left to the centre-right and , more specifically , in close alliance with Berlusconis FI . The 2017 Sicilian regional election , for which SC announced that its candidates would run within FIs lists , marked the first time that SC officially sided with the centre-right . In November , the partys national board endorsed Zanettis political line and marked SCs official adhesion to the centre-right coalition . The decision was opposed by a vocal minority of the partys membership and three deputies ( Ernesto Auci , DAgostino and Vezzali ) subsequently",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": "left and formed the European Civics .",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": "In December 2017 SC was a founding member of Us with Italy ( NcI ) , a pro-Berlusconi centrist electoral list within the centre-right coalition for the 2018 general election , along with Act! , splinters of Popular Alternative ( AP – two groups , a liberal one led by Enrico Costa and a Christian-democratic one led by Maurizio Lupi ) , Direction Italy ( DI ) , Popular Construction ( CP ) and the Movement for the Autonomies ( MpA ) . NcI was later enlarged to the UdC and Identity and Action ( IdeA ) , with the",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": "goal of reaching 3% , required to win seats from proportional lists under a new electoral law .",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": " In the election NcI obtained 1.3% and SC had no deputies or senators elected . After that , the party was de facto disbanded .",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": " - President : Andrea Riccardi ( 2013 ) , Mario Monti ( 2013 ) , Alberto Bombassei ( 2013–2014 ) , Renato Balduzzi ( 2014 ) , Salvatore Matarrese ( 2015–2016 ) , Mariano Rabino ( 2017 ) - First Vice President : Andrea Riccardi ( 2013 ) , Alberto Bombassei ( 2013 ) , Renato Balduzzi ( 2013–2014 ) , Angelo DAgostino ( 2015–2017 )",
"title": "Leadership"
},
{
"text": "- Vice President : Carlo Calenda ( 2013 ) , Ilaria Capua ( 2013 ) , Maria Paola Merloni ( 2013 ) , Milena Santerini ( 2013 ) , Luciano Cimmino ( 2013–2015 ) , Ilaria Borletti Buitoni ( 2013–2015 ) , Valentina Vezzali ( 2015–2017 )",
"title": "Leadership"
},
{
"text": " - Coordinator / Secretary : Andrea Olivero ( 2013 ) , Stefania Giannini ( 2013–2014 ) , Enrico Zanetti ( 2015–2017 ) - Executive Secretary : Silvia Colombo ( 2013–2015 ) - Organizational Secretary : Andrea Causin ( 2013–2014 ) , Mariano Rabino ( 2014–2017 ) - Spokesperson : Lelio Alfonso ( 2013–2015 ) , Benedetto Della Vedova ( 2013–2015 ) - Party Leader in the Chamber of Deputies : Lorenzo Dellai ( 2013 ) , Andrea Romano ( 2013–2014 ) , Andrea Mazziotti ( 2014–2015 ) , Giovanni Monchiero ( 2015–2016 ) , Giulio Sottanelli ( 2016–present )",
"title": "Leadership"
},
{
"text": "- Party Leader in the Senate : Mario Mauro ( 2013 ) , Gianluca Susta ( 2013 ) , Lucio Romano ( 2013 ) , Gianluca Susta ( 2013–2015 )",
"title": "Leadership"
}
] |
/wiki/Civic_Choice#P488#3
|
Who was the chair of Civic Choice in Jul 2014?
|
Civic Choice Civic Choice ( , SC ) was a centrist and liberal political party in Italy founded by Mario Monti . The party was formed in the run-up of the 2013 general election to support the outgoing Prime Minister Monti and continue his political agenda . In the election SC was part of a centrist coalition named With Monti for Italy , along with Union of the Centre of Pier Ferdinando Casini and Future and Freedom of Gianfranco Fini . In April 2013 SC became part of the grand coalition government led by Enrico Letta of the Democratic Party . In February 2014 after Lettas resignation , Civic Choice supported the cabinet of Matteo Renzi . After that , the party did not support the cabinet of Paolo Gentiloni and , by the end of 2017 , joined forces with Silvio Berlusconis Forza Italia . Following the 2018 Italian general election , the party was disbanded on 24 July 2019 . History . Foundation and composition . In order to compete in the upcoming general election , on 4 January 2013 technocratic Prime Minister Mario Monti launched SC as an electoral list of the civil society to implement his agenda . It was announced that SC would be part of the With Monti for Italy ( CMI ) coalition , alongside the Union of the Centre ( UdC ) and Future and Freedom ( FLI ) . At its beginnings SC was composed of several groups and individuals , who were represented in the partys lists : - Toward the Third Republic ( Verso la Terza Repubblica , VTR ) , notably including : - Future Italy ( Italia Futura , IF ) , led by Luca Cordero di Montezemolo ; - leading figures of Catholic ecclesial movements , such as minister Andrea Riccardi of the Community of SantEgidio and Andrea Olivero of the Christian Associations of Italian Workers ( ACLI ) ; - Union for Trentino ( Unione per il Trentino , UpT ) , led by Lorenzo Dellai ; - Toward North ( Verso Nord ) , led by Alessio Vianello ; - ministers of Montis technical government , including Riccardi , Renato Balduzzi and Enzo Moavero Milanesi ( a fourth minister , Mario Catania , ran with UdC ; others , like Corrado Passera , chose not to endorse Monti ) ; - dissidents from The People of Freedom ( PdL ) , including Mario Mauro , Gabriele Albertini and Giuliano Cazzola , plus others retiring from Parliament ( Franco Frattini , Giuseppe Pisanu , etc. ) ; - dissidents from the Democratic Party ( PD ) , including Pietro Ichino , Maria Paola Merloni , Alessandro Maran , Benedetto Adragna , plus others retiring from Parliament ( Lucio DUbaldo , Flavio Pertoldi , etc. ) ; - Italian Union ( Unione Italiana , UI ) , led by Gianfranco Librandi ; - individuals from other parties , such as Fabio Gava of the Italian Liberal Party ( PLI ) and Emanuela Baio of Alliance for Italy ( ApI ) . - other minor groups and individuals , notably including Linda Lanzillotta ( a senator elected with ApI ) , Alberto Bombassei ( a former vice president of Confindustria ) , Luigi Marino ( president of Confcooperative ) , Mario Sechi , Ilaria Capua , Valentina Vezzali and Annalisa Minetti . 2013 general election and aftermath . In the 2013 general election SC obtained 8.3% of the vote , 37 deputies ( in its own lists ) and 15 senators ( within CMI ) . After the election , SC deputies and senators formed joint groups named Civic Choice , including also UdC and FLI MPs , in both houses of Parliament . In late April the party joined Enrico Lettas grand coalition government , which included three SC leading members : Mario Mauro as minister of Defence , Enzo Moavero Milanesi as minister of European Affairs and Carlo Calenda as deputy minister of Economic Development . The party began to take shape too : on 13 March Monti , who replaced Andrea Riccardi as provisional president , appointed Andrea Olivero as coordinator ; on ⍌337⍍ Monti was unanimously elected president by the partys assembly ; on ⍌338⍍ the leadership proposed by Monti was approved with only three abstentions . In the event Olivero was confirmed coordinator , Alberto Bombassei was appointed first vice president , and Benedetto Della Vedova , a former member of the Italian Radicals , Forza Italia , the PdL and finally FLI , spokesperson . The rest of the leadership was composed mainly by former Democrats : Maria Paola Merloni ( vice president ) , Lorenzo Dellai ( party leader in the Chamber of Deputies ) , Gianluca Susta ( party leader in the Senate ) , Andrea Causin ( organizational secretary ) , Pietro Ichino ( platform coordinator ) and Gregorio Gitti ( local structures coordinator ) . No member of Future Italy , a liberal think tank , took a leading role . Since then , the party was often riven by internal disputes . Monti twice presented ( and later retracted ) his resignation from president . In late July he clashed with the Catholic wing of the party , especially with Olivero , whom he accused of being too close to the UdC ( whose deputies and senators were part of SCs parliamentary groups ) . Also Future Italy , seemed to have little patience with the Catholic wing and even to be willing to distance from the party . In this phase , an issue which divided SC was the debate on European party affiliation . Some , including the partys Catholics , former members of PdL and Monti himself , favoured joining the European Peoples Party ( EPP ) , while others , notably those close to Future Italy , Benedetto Della Vedova and Linda Lanzillotta , preferred the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe ( ALDE ) Party . It later emerged that Monti had favoured the EPP and had consequently started talks with the EPPs leadership in order to appease the partys Christian democrats led by Mauro and avoid a split . Montis resignation and Populars split . On 17 October 2013 Monti resigned as president of SC and was replaced by his deputy Alberto Bombassei as acting president . Monti cited his disagreement with 12 senators ( out of 20 ) , including Mario Mauro , Andrea Olivero , Gabriele Albertini , Pier Ferdinando Casini ( UdC leader ) , Maria Paola Merloni , Luigi Marino and Lucio Romano . Particularly , Monti criticized Mauros line of unconditioned support to the government and of transforming SC in a larger centre-right political party , open to the PdL . One of the 12 senators , Tito Di Maggio , was even unveiled as PdL–SC–UdC joint candidate for President in Basilicata . After Montis abrupt departure , spokesperson Benedetto Della Vedova , who represented the liberal wing of the party ( including Pietro Ichino , Gianluca Susta , Linda Lanzillotta , etc. ) , announced that SC would go on as a liberal , peoples , reform and European party and would never form a partnership with the PdL . Lanzillotta remarked that Italy needs a liberal , peoples , deeply reform-minded and Europeanist party and that we did not take votes for giving life to a Catholic party and being part of a centre-right still led by Berlusconi . For his part , during a TV interview , Monti stated that my and SCs commitment does not end now and that many tell me they did not vote for SC for the specific reason that we were with president Casini ; they might have been right . On 22 October the executive committee voted in favour of the separation from the UdC . The popular majority of SCs parliamentary group in the Senate responded by dismissing Susta as floor leader , while Olivero stated that the Populars aimed at forming a party modelled on Germanys Christian Democratic Union . On 6 November the SC senatorial group , dominated by Populars , elected L . Romano as new floor leader ; the decision was not endorsed by Bombassei and was opposed by Montiani and liberals , who talked about dismissing Lorenzo Dellai from leader in the Chamber as retaliation . On 15 November the Populars walked away from the partys national assembly and left the party altogether . The assembly elected Bombassei president and appointed Stefania Giannini secretary . On 23 November the Populars , led by Mauro , Dellai and Olivero , launched Populars for Italy ( PpI ) . On 10 December the partys break-up was effective in Parliament : 20 deputies ( led by Dellai ) and 12 senators ( led by L . Romano ) launched For Italy ( PI ) groups , while 26 deputies ( led by Andrea Romano ) and 8 senators ( led by Susta ) confirmed their allegiance to SC . All the UdC MPs but one joined PI . From the centre to the Democrats . After Matteo Renzis election as secretary of the Democratic Party ( PD ) in December , SC started to approach the centre-left , while ruling out any alliance with the centre-right , once again led by Silvio Berlusconis Forza Italia ( FI ) . SC had long expressed a certain affinity for Renzi , and , in early February 2014 , Stefania Giannini finally declared that she saw its party more as the right-wing of a reformed and reforming left than the left-wing of a right that still has in Berlusconi its standard-bearer . Subsequently , SC was a keen supporter of the replacement of Enrico Letta with Renzi . On 22 February 2014 the Renzi Cabinet was sworn in with Giannini , a university professor , as minister of Education . On 4 March it was announced that SC would run in the 2014 European Parliament election within European Choice ( SE ) , an electoral list including , among others , Democratic Centre , Act to Stop the Decline and the Italian Liberal Party . Members of SC topped SEs slates in two of five constituencies . The decision to side with the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe ( ALDE ) Party , cherished by Guy Verhofstadt ( ALDEs candidate for President of the European Commission ) and Romano Prodi , prompted the resignation of Andrea Causin , one of SCs few remaining Christian democrats , from organizational secretary . On 10 April Bombassei resigned as president of the party , citing his disagreement with the partys political re-positionment ( no longer a third-party force , but a close ally of Renzis PD , under Gianninis leadership ) , the change in partys identity and prevailing personal ambitions . On election day SC/SE received just 0.7% of the vote and failed to return any MEPs . Consequently , Giannini resigned from secretary . In October A . Romano , who had left the position of floor leader in the Chamber some months earlier , left the party in order to join the PD . Partys congress and diaspora . In November the partys assembly decided that the new leadership , replacing Giannini and Balduzzi , who had been elected to the Supreme Council of Magistrature and had resigned from Parliament , will be selected in a congress to be held in January 2015 . Two candidates , Irene Tinagli and Enrico Zanetti , announced their bid for secretary , while Pietro Ichino was the front-runner to become the partys president . However , in mid December , Tinagli retired from the race . In January 2015 Benedetto Della Vedova came out against Zanetti on the grounds that SC should continue to exist only through its parliamentary groups , tried to stop the congress ( along with Giannini , Bombassei , Ichino , Tinagli , Carlo Calenda , Linda Lanzillotta and other senior members ) and finally decided to run for secretary ( along with a third candidate , Luciana Cazzaniga ) . During the congress , postponed two weeks in order not to overlap with the presidential election triggered by President Giorgio Napolitanos resignation , Zanetti was virtually unanimously elected secretary . However , on 6 February , two days before the congress , eight senior members of the party ( including six former Democrats ) , including its minister ( Giannini ) , its deputy minister ( Calenda ) , two deputies and five senators ( including Giannini ) , had already left the party ; all of them , except Calenda ( who later became minister ) , joined the PD . As a result , the party was deprived of its parliamentary group in the Senate . In fact , of the two remaining senators , Della Vedova left during the congress , while Monti was no longer active . In two years , from the 2013 election to February 2015 , SC had lost more than the half of its MPs , mostly to Popular Area and the PD . Zanettis leadership and further splits . In July 2015 the partys national board elected Salvatore Matarrese president , Angelo DAgostino first vice president and Valentina Vezzali vice president . More important , the assembly decided that the party would change name and symbol by the end of the summer , in the effort of being more competitive in the 2016 municipal elections . The new chosen name , Citizens for Italy , would be used only in local elections , indeed . In January 2016 , during a cabinets reshuffle , Zanetti was promoted deputy minister of the Economy , while another SC deputy , Antimo Cesaro , was appointed undersecretary at Culture . Despite this , the party , which had virtually disappeared from opinion polls , continued to lose deputies and its group in the Chamber was reduced to 20 individuals by February . In the meantime , Zanetti explained that there were similarities between SC and Denis Verdinis Liberal Popular Alliance ( ALA ) , and , according to Corriere della Sera , the two groups could soon merge . In the meantime , SC formed a federative pact with the Moderates . In July , after that the majority of the partys deputies had come in opposition of an alliance with the ALA ( a party basically formed by splinters form Berlusconis FI ) , Zanetti led four deputies out of the parliamentary group . Contextually , Zanetti , who pretended to be still the leader of SC , started to organise a joint group with the ALA and , possibly , Flavio Tosis Act! , and a new liberal party with the contribution of Marcello Pera , a former President of the Senate and former leader of FI in Tuscany . The partys national board sided with Zanetti in July and the national assembly did the same in October , with 63 votes in favour and 39 against . This caused the final split of the party and the formation of two different parliamentary groups : - Civic Choice toward Cizitens for Italy – MAIE ( the official SC group ) , formed by eight deputies of the ALA , five of SC ( Zanetti , DAgostino , Vezzali , Rabino and Giulio Sottanelli , who was elected group leader ) , two of the Associative Movement Italians Abroad ( MAIE ) and one splinter from Act! ; the group was renamed Civic Choice – ALA for the Liberal and Popular Constituent Assembly – MAIE in December 2016 ; - Civics and Innovators , formed by the rump of the former SC group ( Giovanni Monchiero stayed as group leader ) . Road toward the centre-right . In April 2017 Rabino was elected president of the party . In September 2017 Zanetti re-positioned SC from the centre-left to the centre-right and , more specifically , in close alliance with Berlusconis FI . The 2017 Sicilian regional election , for which SC announced that its candidates would run within FIs lists , marked the first time that SC officially sided with the centre-right . In November , the partys national board endorsed Zanettis political line and marked SCs official adhesion to the centre-right coalition . The decision was opposed by a vocal minority of the partys membership and three deputies ( Ernesto Auci , DAgostino and Vezzali ) subsequently left and formed the European Civics . In December 2017 SC was a founding member of Us with Italy ( NcI ) , a pro-Berlusconi centrist electoral list within the centre-right coalition for the 2018 general election , along with Act! , splinters of Popular Alternative ( AP – two groups , a liberal one led by Enrico Costa and a Christian-democratic one led by Maurizio Lupi ) , Direction Italy ( DI ) , Popular Construction ( CP ) and the Movement for the Autonomies ( MpA ) . NcI was later enlarged to the UdC and Identity and Action ( IdeA ) , with the goal of reaching 3% , required to win seats from proportional lists under a new electoral law . In the election NcI obtained 1.3% and SC had no deputies or senators elected . After that , the party was de facto disbanded . Leadership . - President : Andrea Riccardi ( 2013 ) , Mario Monti ( 2013 ) , Alberto Bombassei ( 2013–2014 ) , Renato Balduzzi ( 2014 ) , Salvatore Matarrese ( 2015–2016 ) , Mariano Rabino ( 2017 ) - First Vice President : Andrea Riccardi ( 2013 ) , Alberto Bombassei ( 2013 ) , Renato Balduzzi ( 2013–2014 ) , Angelo DAgostino ( 2015–2017 ) - Vice President : Carlo Calenda ( 2013 ) , Ilaria Capua ( 2013 ) , Maria Paola Merloni ( 2013 ) , Milena Santerini ( 2013 ) , Luciano Cimmino ( 2013–2015 ) , Ilaria Borletti Buitoni ( 2013–2015 ) , Valentina Vezzali ( 2015–2017 ) - Coordinator / Secretary : Andrea Olivero ( 2013 ) , Stefania Giannini ( 2013–2014 ) , Enrico Zanetti ( 2015–2017 ) - Executive Secretary : Silvia Colombo ( 2013–2015 ) - Organizational Secretary : Andrea Causin ( 2013–2014 ) , Mariano Rabino ( 2014–2017 ) - Spokesperson : Lelio Alfonso ( 2013–2015 ) , Benedetto Della Vedova ( 2013–2015 ) - Party Leader in the Chamber of Deputies : Lorenzo Dellai ( 2013 ) , Andrea Romano ( 2013–2014 ) , Andrea Mazziotti ( 2014–2015 ) , Giovanni Monchiero ( 2015–2016 ) , Giulio Sottanelli ( 2016–present ) - Party Leader in the Senate : Mario Mauro ( 2013 ) , Gianluca Susta ( 2013 ) , Lucio Romano ( 2013 ) , Gianluca Susta ( 2013–2015 )
|
[
"Renato Balduzzi"
] |
[
{
"text": " Civic Choice ( , SC ) was a centrist and liberal political party in Italy founded by Mario Monti . The party was formed in the run-up of the 2013 general election to support the outgoing Prime Minister Monti and continue his political agenda . In the election SC was part of a centrist coalition named With Monti for Italy , along with Union of the Centre of Pier Ferdinando Casini and Future and Freedom of Gianfranco Fini .",
"title": "Civic Choice"
},
{
"text": "In April 2013 SC became part of the grand coalition government led by Enrico Letta of the Democratic Party . In February 2014 after Lettas resignation , Civic Choice supported the cabinet of Matteo Renzi . After that , the party did not support the cabinet of Paolo Gentiloni and , by the end of 2017 , joined forces with Silvio Berlusconis Forza Italia .",
"title": "Civic Choice"
},
{
"text": " Following the 2018 Italian general election , the party was disbanded on 24 July 2019 .",
"title": "Civic Choice"
},
{
"text": " In order to compete in the upcoming general election , on 4 January 2013 technocratic Prime Minister Mario Monti launched SC as an electoral list of the civil society to implement his agenda . It was announced that SC would be part of the With Monti for Italy ( CMI ) coalition , alongside the Union of the Centre ( UdC ) and Future and Freedom ( FLI ) . At its beginnings SC was composed of several groups and individuals , who were represented in the partys lists :",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": "- Toward the Third Republic ( Verso la Terza Repubblica , VTR ) , notably including :",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": " - Future Italy ( Italia Futura , IF ) , led by Luca Cordero di Montezemolo ; - leading figures of Catholic ecclesial movements , such as minister Andrea Riccardi of the Community of SantEgidio and Andrea Olivero of the Christian Associations of Italian Workers ( ACLI ) ; - Union for Trentino ( Unione per il Trentino , UpT ) , led by Lorenzo Dellai ; - Toward North ( Verso Nord ) , led by Alessio Vianello ;",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": "- ministers of Montis technical government , including Riccardi , Renato Balduzzi and Enzo Moavero Milanesi ( a fourth minister , Mario Catania , ran with UdC ; others , like Corrado Passera , chose not to endorse Monti ) ;",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": " - dissidents from The People of Freedom ( PdL ) , including Mario Mauro , Gabriele Albertini and Giuliano Cazzola , plus others retiring from Parliament ( Franco Frattini , Giuseppe Pisanu , etc. ) ; - dissidents from the Democratic Party ( PD ) , including Pietro Ichino , Maria Paola Merloni , Alessandro Maran , Benedetto Adragna , plus others retiring from Parliament ( Lucio DUbaldo , Flavio Pertoldi , etc. ) ; - Italian Union ( Unione Italiana , UI ) , led by Gianfranco Librandi ;",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": "- individuals from other parties , such as Fabio Gava of the Italian Liberal Party ( PLI ) and Emanuela Baio of Alliance for Italy ( ApI ) .",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": " - other minor groups and individuals , notably including Linda Lanzillotta ( a senator elected with ApI ) , Alberto Bombassei ( a former vice president of Confindustria ) , Luigi Marino ( president of Confcooperative ) , Mario Sechi , Ilaria Capua , Valentina Vezzali and Annalisa Minetti . 2013 general election and aftermath .",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": "In the 2013 general election SC obtained 8.3% of the vote , 37 deputies ( in its own lists ) and 15 senators ( within CMI ) . After the election , SC deputies and senators formed joint groups named Civic Choice , including also UdC and FLI MPs , in both houses of Parliament .",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": " In late April the party joined Enrico Lettas grand coalition government , which included three SC leading members : Mario Mauro as minister of Defence , Enzo Moavero Milanesi as minister of European Affairs and Carlo Calenda as deputy minister of Economic Development .",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": "The party began to take shape too : on 13 March Monti , who replaced Andrea Riccardi as provisional president , appointed Andrea Olivero as coordinator ; on ⍌337⍍ Monti was unanimously elected president by the partys assembly ; on ⍌338⍍ the leadership proposed by Monti was approved with only three abstentions . In the event Olivero was confirmed coordinator , Alberto Bombassei was appointed first vice president , and Benedetto Della Vedova , a former member of the Italian Radicals , Forza Italia , the PdL and finally FLI , spokesperson . The rest of the leadership was composed",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": "mainly by former Democrats : Maria Paola Merloni ( vice president ) , Lorenzo Dellai ( party leader in the Chamber of Deputies ) , Gianluca Susta ( party leader in the Senate ) , Andrea Causin ( organizational secretary ) , Pietro Ichino ( platform coordinator ) and Gregorio Gitti ( local structures coordinator ) . No member of Future Italy , a liberal think tank , took a leading role .",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": " Since then , the party was often riven by internal disputes . Monti twice presented ( and later retracted ) his resignation from president . In late July he clashed with the Catholic wing of the party , especially with Olivero , whom he accused of being too close to the UdC ( whose deputies and senators were part of SCs parliamentary groups ) . Also Future Italy , seemed to have little patience with the Catholic wing and even to be willing to distance from the party .",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": "In this phase , an issue which divided SC was the debate on European party affiliation . Some , including the partys Catholics , former members of PdL and Monti himself , favoured joining the European Peoples Party ( EPP ) , while others , notably those close to Future Italy , Benedetto Della Vedova and Linda Lanzillotta , preferred the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe ( ALDE ) Party . It later emerged that Monti had favoured the EPP and had consequently started talks with the EPPs leadership in order to appease the partys Christian democrats led",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": "by Mauro and avoid a split .",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": "On 17 October 2013 Monti resigned as president of SC and was replaced by his deputy Alberto Bombassei as acting president . Monti cited his disagreement with 12 senators ( out of 20 ) , including Mario Mauro , Andrea Olivero , Gabriele Albertini , Pier Ferdinando Casini ( UdC leader ) , Maria Paola Merloni , Luigi Marino and Lucio Romano . Particularly , Monti criticized Mauros line of unconditioned support to the government and of transforming SC in a larger centre-right political party , open to the PdL . One of the 12 senators , Tito Di Maggio",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": ", was even unveiled as PdL–SC–UdC joint candidate for President in Basilicata .",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": "After Montis abrupt departure , spokesperson Benedetto Della Vedova , who represented the liberal wing of the party ( including Pietro Ichino , Gianluca Susta , Linda Lanzillotta , etc. ) , announced that SC would go on as a liberal , peoples , reform and European party and would never form a partnership with the PdL . Lanzillotta remarked that Italy needs a liberal , peoples , deeply reform-minded and Europeanist party and that we did not take votes for giving life to a Catholic party and being part of a centre-right still led by Berlusconi . For his",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": "part , during a TV interview , Monti stated that my and SCs commitment does not end now and that many tell me they did not vote for SC for the specific reason that we were with president Casini ; they might have been right .",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": "On 22 October the executive committee voted in favour of the separation from the UdC . The popular majority of SCs parliamentary group in the Senate responded by dismissing Susta as floor leader , while Olivero stated that the Populars aimed at forming a party modelled on Germanys Christian Democratic Union . On 6 November the SC senatorial group , dominated by Populars , elected L . Romano as new floor leader ; the decision was not endorsed by Bombassei and was opposed by Montiani and liberals , who talked about dismissing Lorenzo Dellai from leader in the Chamber as",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": "retaliation .",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": "On 15 November the Populars walked away from the partys national assembly and left the party altogether . The assembly elected Bombassei president and appointed Stefania Giannini secretary . On 23 November the Populars , led by Mauro , Dellai and Olivero , launched Populars for Italy ( PpI ) . On 10 December the partys break-up was effective in Parliament : 20 deputies ( led by Dellai ) and 12 senators ( led by L . Romano ) launched For Italy ( PI ) groups , while 26 deputies ( led by Andrea Romano ) and 8 senators (",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": "led by Susta ) confirmed their allegiance to SC . All the UdC MPs but one joined PI .",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": "After Matteo Renzis election as secretary of the Democratic Party ( PD ) in December , SC started to approach the centre-left , while ruling out any alliance with the centre-right , once again led by Silvio Berlusconis Forza Italia ( FI ) . SC had long expressed a certain affinity for Renzi , and , in early February 2014 , Stefania Giannini finally declared that she saw its party more as the right-wing of a reformed and reforming left than the left-wing of a right that still has in Berlusconi its standard-bearer .",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": " Subsequently , SC was a keen supporter of the replacement of Enrico Letta with Renzi . On 22 February 2014 the Renzi Cabinet was sworn in with Giannini , a university professor , as minister of Education .",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": "On 4 March it was announced that SC would run in the 2014 European Parliament election within European Choice ( SE ) , an electoral list including , among others , Democratic Centre , Act to Stop the Decline and the Italian Liberal Party . Members of SC topped SEs slates in two of five constituencies . The decision to side with the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe ( ALDE ) Party , cherished by Guy Verhofstadt ( ALDEs candidate for President of the European Commission ) and Romano Prodi , prompted the resignation of Andrea Causin ,",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": "one of SCs few remaining Christian democrats , from organizational secretary .",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": " On 10 April Bombassei resigned as president of the party , citing his disagreement with the partys political re-positionment ( no longer a third-party force , but a close ally of Renzis PD , under Gianninis leadership ) , the change in partys identity and prevailing personal ambitions . On election day SC/SE received just 0.7% of the vote and failed to return any MEPs . Consequently , Giannini resigned from secretary .",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": "In October A . Romano , who had left the position of floor leader in the Chamber some months earlier , left the party in order to join the PD .",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": " Partys congress and diaspora . In November the partys assembly decided that the new leadership , replacing Giannini and Balduzzi , who had been elected to the Supreme Council of Magistrature and had resigned from Parliament , will be selected in a congress to be held in January 2015 .",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": "Two candidates , Irene Tinagli and Enrico Zanetti , announced their bid for secretary , while Pietro Ichino was the front-runner to become the partys president . However , in mid December , Tinagli retired from the race . In January 2015 Benedetto Della Vedova came out against Zanetti on the grounds that SC should continue to exist only through its parliamentary groups , tried to stop the congress ( along with Giannini , Bombassei , Ichino , Tinagli , Carlo Calenda , Linda Lanzillotta and other senior members ) and finally decided to run for secretary ( along with",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": "a third candidate , Luciana Cazzaniga ) . During the congress , postponed two weeks in order not to overlap with the presidential election triggered by President Giorgio Napolitanos resignation , Zanetti was virtually unanimously elected secretary .",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": "However , on 6 February , two days before the congress , eight senior members of the party ( including six former Democrats ) , including its minister ( Giannini ) , its deputy minister ( Calenda ) , two deputies and five senators ( including Giannini ) , had already left the party ; all of them , except Calenda ( who later became minister ) , joined the PD . As a result , the party was deprived of its parliamentary group in the Senate . In fact , of the two remaining senators , Della Vedova left",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": "during the congress , while Monti was no longer active .",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": " In two years , from the 2013 election to February 2015 , SC had lost more than the half of its MPs , mostly to Popular Area and the PD . Zanettis leadership and further splits .",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": "In July 2015 the partys national board elected Salvatore Matarrese president , Angelo DAgostino first vice president and Valentina Vezzali vice president . More important , the assembly decided that the party would change name and symbol by the end of the summer , in the effort of being more competitive in the 2016 municipal elections . The new chosen name , Citizens for Italy , would be used only in local elections , indeed .",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": "In January 2016 , during a cabinets reshuffle , Zanetti was promoted deputy minister of the Economy , while another SC deputy , Antimo Cesaro , was appointed undersecretary at Culture . Despite this , the party , which had virtually disappeared from opinion polls , continued to lose deputies and its group in the Chamber was reduced to 20 individuals by February . In the meantime , Zanetti explained that there were similarities between SC and Denis Verdinis Liberal Popular Alliance ( ALA ) , and , according to Corriere della Sera , the two groups could soon merge",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": ". In the meantime , SC formed a federative pact with the Moderates .",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": "In July , after that the majority of the partys deputies had come in opposition of an alliance with the ALA ( a party basically formed by splinters form Berlusconis FI ) , Zanetti led four deputies out of the parliamentary group . Contextually , Zanetti , who pretended to be still the leader of SC , started to organise a joint group with the ALA and , possibly , Flavio Tosis Act! , and a new liberal party with the contribution of Marcello Pera , a former President of the Senate and former leader of FI in Tuscany .",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": "The partys national board sided with Zanetti in July and the national assembly did the same in October , with 63 votes in favour and 39 against .",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": " This caused the final split of the party and the formation of two different parliamentary groups :",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": "- Civic Choice toward Cizitens for Italy – MAIE ( the official SC group ) , formed by eight deputies of the ALA , five of SC ( Zanetti , DAgostino , Vezzali , Rabino and Giulio Sottanelli , who was elected group leader ) , two of the Associative Movement Italians Abroad ( MAIE ) and one splinter from Act! ; the group was renamed Civic Choice – ALA for the Liberal and Popular Constituent Assembly – MAIE in December 2016 ;",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": " - Civics and Innovators , formed by the rump of the former SC group ( Giovanni Monchiero stayed as group leader ) . Road toward the centre-right . In April 2017 Rabino was elected president of the party .",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": "In September 2017 Zanetti re-positioned SC from the centre-left to the centre-right and , more specifically , in close alliance with Berlusconis FI . The 2017 Sicilian regional election , for which SC announced that its candidates would run within FIs lists , marked the first time that SC officially sided with the centre-right . In November , the partys national board endorsed Zanettis political line and marked SCs official adhesion to the centre-right coalition . The decision was opposed by a vocal minority of the partys membership and three deputies ( Ernesto Auci , DAgostino and Vezzali ) subsequently",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": "left and formed the European Civics .",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": "In December 2017 SC was a founding member of Us with Italy ( NcI ) , a pro-Berlusconi centrist electoral list within the centre-right coalition for the 2018 general election , along with Act! , splinters of Popular Alternative ( AP – two groups , a liberal one led by Enrico Costa and a Christian-democratic one led by Maurizio Lupi ) , Direction Italy ( DI ) , Popular Construction ( CP ) and the Movement for the Autonomies ( MpA ) . NcI was later enlarged to the UdC and Identity and Action ( IdeA ) , with the",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": "goal of reaching 3% , required to win seats from proportional lists under a new electoral law .",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": " In the election NcI obtained 1.3% and SC had no deputies or senators elected . After that , the party was de facto disbanded .",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": " - President : Andrea Riccardi ( 2013 ) , Mario Monti ( 2013 ) , Alberto Bombassei ( 2013–2014 ) , Renato Balduzzi ( 2014 ) , Salvatore Matarrese ( 2015–2016 ) , Mariano Rabino ( 2017 ) - First Vice President : Andrea Riccardi ( 2013 ) , Alberto Bombassei ( 2013 ) , Renato Balduzzi ( 2013–2014 ) , Angelo DAgostino ( 2015–2017 )",
"title": "Leadership"
},
{
"text": "- Vice President : Carlo Calenda ( 2013 ) , Ilaria Capua ( 2013 ) , Maria Paola Merloni ( 2013 ) , Milena Santerini ( 2013 ) , Luciano Cimmino ( 2013–2015 ) , Ilaria Borletti Buitoni ( 2013–2015 ) , Valentina Vezzali ( 2015–2017 )",
"title": "Leadership"
},
{
"text": " - Coordinator / Secretary : Andrea Olivero ( 2013 ) , Stefania Giannini ( 2013–2014 ) , Enrico Zanetti ( 2015–2017 ) - Executive Secretary : Silvia Colombo ( 2013–2015 ) - Organizational Secretary : Andrea Causin ( 2013–2014 ) , Mariano Rabino ( 2014–2017 ) - Spokesperson : Lelio Alfonso ( 2013–2015 ) , Benedetto Della Vedova ( 2013–2015 ) - Party Leader in the Chamber of Deputies : Lorenzo Dellai ( 2013 ) , Andrea Romano ( 2013–2014 ) , Andrea Mazziotti ( 2014–2015 ) , Giovanni Monchiero ( 2015–2016 ) , Giulio Sottanelli ( 2016–present )",
"title": "Leadership"
},
{
"text": "- Party Leader in the Senate : Mario Mauro ( 2013 ) , Gianluca Susta ( 2013 ) , Lucio Romano ( 2013 ) , Gianluca Susta ( 2013–2015 )",
"title": "Leadership"
}
] |
/wiki/Civic_Choice#P488#4
|
Who was the chair of Civic Choice between Oct 2015 and Jul 2016?
|
Civic Choice Civic Choice ( , SC ) was a centrist and liberal political party in Italy founded by Mario Monti . The party was formed in the run-up of the 2013 general election to support the outgoing Prime Minister Monti and continue his political agenda . In the election SC was part of a centrist coalition named With Monti for Italy , along with Union of the Centre of Pier Ferdinando Casini and Future and Freedom of Gianfranco Fini . In April 2013 SC became part of the grand coalition government led by Enrico Letta of the Democratic Party . In February 2014 after Lettas resignation , Civic Choice supported the cabinet of Matteo Renzi . After that , the party did not support the cabinet of Paolo Gentiloni and , by the end of 2017 , joined forces with Silvio Berlusconis Forza Italia . Following the 2018 Italian general election , the party was disbanded on 24 July 2019 . History . Foundation and composition . In order to compete in the upcoming general election , on 4 January 2013 technocratic Prime Minister Mario Monti launched SC as an electoral list of the civil society to implement his agenda . It was announced that SC would be part of the With Monti for Italy ( CMI ) coalition , alongside the Union of the Centre ( UdC ) and Future and Freedom ( FLI ) . At its beginnings SC was composed of several groups and individuals , who were represented in the partys lists : - Toward the Third Republic ( Verso la Terza Repubblica , VTR ) , notably including : - Future Italy ( Italia Futura , IF ) , led by Luca Cordero di Montezemolo ; - leading figures of Catholic ecclesial movements , such as minister Andrea Riccardi of the Community of SantEgidio and Andrea Olivero of the Christian Associations of Italian Workers ( ACLI ) ; - Union for Trentino ( Unione per il Trentino , UpT ) , led by Lorenzo Dellai ; - Toward North ( Verso Nord ) , led by Alessio Vianello ; - ministers of Montis technical government , including Riccardi , Renato Balduzzi and Enzo Moavero Milanesi ( a fourth minister , Mario Catania , ran with UdC ; others , like Corrado Passera , chose not to endorse Monti ) ; - dissidents from The People of Freedom ( PdL ) , including Mario Mauro , Gabriele Albertini and Giuliano Cazzola , plus others retiring from Parliament ( Franco Frattini , Giuseppe Pisanu , etc. ) ; - dissidents from the Democratic Party ( PD ) , including Pietro Ichino , Maria Paola Merloni , Alessandro Maran , Benedetto Adragna , plus others retiring from Parliament ( Lucio DUbaldo , Flavio Pertoldi , etc. ) ; - Italian Union ( Unione Italiana , UI ) , led by Gianfranco Librandi ; - individuals from other parties , such as Fabio Gava of the Italian Liberal Party ( PLI ) and Emanuela Baio of Alliance for Italy ( ApI ) . - other minor groups and individuals , notably including Linda Lanzillotta ( a senator elected with ApI ) , Alberto Bombassei ( a former vice president of Confindustria ) , Luigi Marino ( president of Confcooperative ) , Mario Sechi , Ilaria Capua , Valentina Vezzali and Annalisa Minetti . 2013 general election and aftermath . In the 2013 general election SC obtained 8.3% of the vote , 37 deputies ( in its own lists ) and 15 senators ( within CMI ) . After the election , SC deputies and senators formed joint groups named Civic Choice , including also UdC and FLI MPs , in both houses of Parliament . In late April the party joined Enrico Lettas grand coalition government , which included three SC leading members : Mario Mauro as minister of Defence , Enzo Moavero Milanesi as minister of European Affairs and Carlo Calenda as deputy minister of Economic Development . The party began to take shape too : on 13 March Monti , who replaced Andrea Riccardi as provisional president , appointed Andrea Olivero as coordinator ; on ⍌337⍍ Monti was unanimously elected president by the partys assembly ; on ⍌338⍍ the leadership proposed by Monti was approved with only three abstentions . In the event Olivero was confirmed coordinator , Alberto Bombassei was appointed first vice president , and Benedetto Della Vedova , a former member of the Italian Radicals , Forza Italia , the PdL and finally FLI , spokesperson . The rest of the leadership was composed mainly by former Democrats : Maria Paola Merloni ( vice president ) , Lorenzo Dellai ( party leader in the Chamber of Deputies ) , Gianluca Susta ( party leader in the Senate ) , Andrea Causin ( organizational secretary ) , Pietro Ichino ( platform coordinator ) and Gregorio Gitti ( local structures coordinator ) . No member of Future Italy , a liberal think tank , took a leading role . Since then , the party was often riven by internal disputes . Monti twice presented ( and later retracted ) his resignation from president . In late July he clashed with the Catholic wing of the party , especially with Olivero , whom he accused of being too close to the UdC ( whose deputies and senators were part of SCs parliamentary groups ) . Also Future Italy , seemed to have little patience with the Catholic wing and even to be willing to distance from the party . In this phase , an issue which divided SC was the debate on European party affiliation . Some , including the partys Catholics , former members of PdL and Monti himself , favoured joining the European Peoples Party ( EPP ) , while others , notably those close to Future Italy , Benedetto Della Vedova and Linda Lanzillotta , preferred the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe ( ALDE ) Party . It later emerged that Monti had favoured the EPP and had consequently started talks with the EPPs leadership in order to appease the partys Christian democrats led by Mauro and avoid a split . Montis resignation and Populars split . On 17 October 2013 Monti resigned as president of SC and was replaced by his deputy Alberto Bombassei as acting president . Monti cited his disagreement with 12 senators ( out of 20 ) , including Mario Mauro , Andrea Olivero , Gabriele Albertini , Pier Ferdinando Casini ( UdC leader ) , Maria Paola Merloni , Luigi Marino and Lucio Romano . Particularly , Monti criticized Mauros line of unconditioned support to the government and of transforming SC in a larger centre-right political party , open to the PdL . One of the 12 senators , Tito Di Maggio , was even unveiled as PdL–SC–UdC joint candidate for President in Basilicata . After Montis abrupt departure , spokesperson Benedetto Della Vedova , who represented the liberal wing of the party ( including Pietro Ichino , Gianluca Susta , Linda Lanzillotta , etc. ) , announced that SC would go on as a liberal , peoples , reform and European party and would never form a partnership with the PdL . Lanzillotta remarked that Italy needs a liberal , peoples , deeply reform-minded and Europeanist party and that we did not take votes for giving life to a Catholic party and being part of a centre-right still led by Berlusconi . For his part , during a TV interview , Monti stated that my and SCs commitment does not end now and that many tell me they did not vote for SC for the specific reason that we were with president Casini ; they might have been right . On 22 October the executive committee voted in favour of the separation from the UdC . The popular majority of SCs parliamentary group in the Senate responded by dismissing Susta as floor leader , while Olivero stated that the Populars aimed at forming a party modelled on Germanys Christian Democratic Union . On 6 November the SC senatorial group , dominated by Populars , elected L . Romano as new floor leader ; the decision was not endorsed by Bombassei and was opposed by Montiani and liberals , who talked about dismissing Lorenzo Dellai from leader in the Chamber as retaliation . On 15 November the Populars walked away from the partys national assembly and left the party altogether . The assembly elected Bombassei president and appointed Stefania Giannini secretary . On 23 November the Populars , led by Mauro , Dellai and Olivero , launched Populars for Italy ( PpI ) . On 10 December the partys break-up was effective in Parliament : 20 deputies ( led by Dellai ) and 12 senators ( led by L . Romano ) launched For Italy ( PI ) groups , while 26 deputies ( led by Andrea Romano ) and 8 senators ( led by Susta ) confirmed their allegiance to SC . All the UdC MPs but one joined PI . From the centre to the Democrats . After Matteo Renzis election as secretary of the Democratic Party ( PD ) in December , SC started to approach the centre-left , while ruling out any alliance with the centre-right , once again led by Silvio Berlusconis Forza Italia ( FI ) . SC had long expressed a certain affinity for Renzi , and , in early February 2014 , Stefania Giannini finally declared that she saw its party more as the right-wing of a reformed and reforming left than the left-wing of a right that still has in Berlusconi its standard-bearer . Subsequently , SC was a keen supporter of the replacement of Enrico Letta with Renzi . On 22 February 2014 the Renzi Cabinet was sworn in with Giannini , a university professor , as minister of Education . On 4 March it was announced that SC would run in the 2014 European Parliament election within European Choice ( SE ) , an electoral list including , among others , Democratic Centre , Act to Stop the Decline and the Italian Liberal Party . Members of SC topped SEs slates in two of five constituencies . The decision to side with the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe ( ALDE ) Party , cherished by Guy Verhofstadt ( ALDEs candidate for President of the European Commission ) and Romano Prodi , prompted the resignation of Andrea Causin , one of SCs few remaining Christian democrats , from organizational secretary . On 10 April Bombassei resigned as president of the party , citing his disagreement with the partys political re-positionment ( no longer a third-party force , but a close ally of Renzis PD , under Gianninis leadership ) , the change in partys identity and prevailing personal ambitions . On election day SC/SE received just 0.7% of the vote and failed to return any MEPs . Consequently , Giannini resigned from secretary . In October A . Romano , who had left the position of floor leader in the Chamber some months earlier , left the party in order to join the PD . Partys congress and diaspora . In November the partys assembly decided that the new leadership , replacing Giannini and Balduzzi , who had been elected to the Supreme Council of Magistrature and had resigned from Parliament , will be selected in a congress to be held in January 2015 . Two candidates , Irene Tinagli and Enrico Zanetti , announced their bid for secretary , while Pietro Ichino was the front-runner to become the partys president . However , in mid December , Tinagli retired from the race . In January 2015 Benedetto Della Vedova came out against Zanetti on the grounds that SC should continue to exist only through its parliamentary groups , tried to stop the congress ( along with Giannini , Bombassei , Ichino , Tinagli , Carlo Calenda , Linda Lanzillotta and other senior members ) and finally decided to run for secretary ( along with a third candidate , Luciana Cazzaniga ) . During the congress , postponed two weeks in order not to overlap with the presidential election triggered by President Giorgio Napolitanos resignation , Zanetti was virtually unanimously elected secretary . However , on 6 February , two days before the congress , eight senior members of the party ( including six former Democrats ) , including its minister ( Giannini ) , its deputy minister ( Calenda ) , two deputies and five senators ( including Giannini ) , had already left the party ; all of them , except Calenda ( who later became minister ) , joined the PD . As a result , the party was deprived of its parliamentary group in the Senate . In fact , of the two remaining senators , Della Vedova left during the congress , while Monti was no longer active . In two years , from the 2013 election to February 2015 , SC had lost more than the half of its MPs , mostly to Popular Area and the PD . Zanettis leadership and further splits . In July 2015 the partys national board elected Salvatore Matarrese president , Angelo DAgostino first vice president and Valentina Vezzali vice president . More important , the assembly decided that the party would change name and symbol by the end of the summer , in the effort of being more competitive in the 2016 municipal elections . The new chosen name , Citizens for Italy , would be used only in local elections , indeed . In January 2016 , during a cabinets reshuffle , Zanetti was promoted deputy minister of the Economy , while another SC deputy , Antimo Cesaro , was appointed undersecretary at Culture . Despite this , the party , which had virtually disappeared from opinion polls , continued to lose deputies and its group in the Chamber was reduced to 20 individuals by February . In the meantime , Zanetti explained that there were similarities between SC and Denis Verdinis Liberal Popular Alliance ( ALA ) , and , according to Corriere della Sera , the two groups could soon merge . In the meantime , SC formed a federative pact with the Moderates . In July , after that the majority of the partys deputies had come in opposition of an alliance with the ALA ( a party basically formed by splinters form Berlusconis FI ) , Zanetti led four deputies out of the parliamentary group . Contextually , Zanetti , who pretended to be still the leader of SC , started to organise a joint group with the ALA and , possibly , Flavio Tosis Act! , and a new liberal party with the contribution of Marcello Pera , a former President of the Senate and former leader of FI in Tuscany . The partys national board sided with Zanetti in July and the national assembly did the same in October , with 63 votes in favour and 39 against . This caused the final split of the party and the formation of two different parliamentary groups : - Civic Choice toward Cizitens for Italy – MAIE ( the official SC group ) , formed by eight deputies of the ALA , five of SC ( Zanetti , DAgostino , Vezzali , Rabino and Giulio Sottanelli , who was elected group leader ) , two of the Associative Movement Italians Abroad ( MAIE ) and one splinter from Act! ; the group was renamed Civic Choice – ALA for the Liberal and Popular Constituent Assembly – MAIE in December 2016 ; - Civics and Innovators , formed by the rump of the former SC group ( Giovanni Monchiero stayed as group leader ) . Road toward the centre-right . In April 2017 Rabino was elected president of the party . In September 2017 Zanetti re-positioned SC from the centre-left to the centre-right and , more specifically , in close alliance with Berlusconis FI . The 2017 Sicilian regional election , for which SC announced that its candidates would run within FIs lists , marked the first time that SC officially sided with the centre-right . In November , the partys national board endorsed Zanettis political line and marked SCs official adhesion to the centre-right coalition . The decision was opposed by a vocal minority of the partys membership and three deputies ( Ernesto Auci , DAgostino and Vezzali ) subsequently left and formed the European Civics . In December 2017 SC was a founding member of Us with Italy ( NcI ) , a pro-Berlusconi centrist electoral list within the centre-right coalition for the 2018 general election , along with Act! , splinters of Popular Alternative ( AP – two groups , a liberal one led by Enrico Costa and a Christian-democratic one led by Maurizio Lupi ) , Direction Italy ( DI ) , Popular Construction ( CP ) and the Movement for the Autonomies ( MpA ) . NcI was later enlarged to the UdC and Identity and Action ( IdeA ) , with the goal of reaching 3% , required to win seats from proportional lists under a new electoral law . In the election NcI obtained 1.3% and SC had no deputies or senators elected . After that , the party was de facto disbanded . Leadership . - President : Andrea Riccardi ( 2013 ) , Mario Monti ( 2013 ) , Alberto Bombassei ( 2013–2014 ) , Renato Balduzzi ( 2014 ) , Salvatore Matarrese ( 2015–2016 ) , Mariano Rabino ( 2017 ) - First Vice President : Andrea Riccardi ( 2013 ) , Alberto Bombassei ( 2013 ) , Renato Balduzzi ( 2013–2014 ) , Angelo DAgostino ( 2015–2017 ) - Vice President : Carlo Calenda ( 2013 ) , Ilaria Capua ( 2013 ) , Maria Paola Merloni ( 2013 ) , Milena Santerini ( 2013 ) , Luciano Cimmino ( 2013–2015 ) , Ilaria Borletti Buitoni ( 2013–2015 ) , Valentina Vezzali ( 2015–2017 ) - Coordinator / Secretary : Andrea Olivero ( 2013 ) , Stefania Giannini ( 2013–2014 ) , Enrico Zanetti ( 2015–2017 ) - Executive Secretary : Silvia Colombo ( 2013–2015 ) - Organizational Secretary : Andrea Causin ( 2013–2014 ) , Mariano Rabino ( 2014–2017 ) - Spokesperson : Lelio Alfonso ( 2013–2015 ) , Benedetto Della Vedova ( 2013–2015 ) - Party Leader in the Chamber of Deputies : Lorenzo Dellai ( 2013 ) , Andrea Romano ( 2013–2014 ) , Andrea Mazziotti ( 2014–2015 ) , Giovanni Monchiero ( 2015–2016 ) , Giulio Sottanelli ( 2016–present ) - Party Leader in the Senate : Mario Mauro ( 2013 ) , Gianluca Susta ( 2013 ) , Lucio Romano ( 2013 ) , Gianluca Susta ( 2013–2015 )
|
[
"Salvatore Matarrese"
] |
[
{
"text": " Civic Choice ( , SC ) was a centrist and liberal political party in Italy founded by Mario Monti . The party was formed in the run-up of the 2013 general election to support the outgoing Prime Minister Monti and continue his political agenda . In the election SC was part of a centrist coalition named With Monti for Italy , along with Union of the Centre of Pier Ferdinando Casini and Future and Freedom of Gianfranco Fini .",
"title": "Civic Choice"
},
{
"text": "In April 2013 SC became part of the grand coalition government led by Enrico Letta of the Democratic Party . In February 2014 after Lettas resignation , Civic Choice supported the cabinet of Matteo Renzi . After that , the party did not support the cabinet of Paolo Gentiloni and , by the end of 2017 , joined forces with Silvio Berlusconis Forza Italia .",
"title": "Civic Choice"
},
{
"text": " Following the 2018 Italian general election , the party was disbanded on 24 July 2019 .",
"title": "Civic Choice"
},
{
"text": " In order to compete in the upcoming general election , on 4 January 2013 technocratic Prime Minister Mario Monti launched SC as an electoral list of the civil society to implement his agenda . It was announced that SC would be part of the With Monti for Italy ( CMI ) coalition , alongside the Union of the Centre ( UdC ) and Future and Freedom ( FLI ) . At its beginnings SC was composed of several groups and individuals , who were represented in the partys lists :",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": "- Toward the Third Republic ( Verso la Terza Repubblica , VTR ) , notably including :",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": " - Future Italy ( Italia Futura , IF ) , led by Luca Cordero di Montezemolo ; - leading figures of Catholic ecclesial movements , such as minister Andrea Riccardi of the Community of SantEgidio and Andrea Olivero of the Christian Associations of Italian Workers ( ACLI ) ; - Union for Trentino ( Unione per il Trentino , UpT ) , led by Lorenzo Dellai ; - Toward North ( Verso Nord ) , led by Alessio Vianello ;",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": "- ministers of Montis technical government , including Riccardi , Renato Balduzzi and Enzo Moavero Milanesi ( a fourth minister , Mario Catania , ran with UdC ; others , like Corrado Passera , chose not to endorse Monti ) ;",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": " - dissidents from The People of Freedom ( PdL ) , including Mario Mauro , Gabriele Albertini and Giuliano Cazzola , plus others retiring from Parliament ( Franco Frattini , Giuseppe Pisanu , etc. ) ; - dissidents from the Democratic Party ( PD ) , including Pietro Ichino , Maria Paola Merloni , Alessandro Maran , Benedetto Adragna , plus others retiring from Parliament ( Lucio DUbaldo , Flavio Pertoldi , etc. ) ; - Italian Union ( Unione Italiana , UI ) , led by Gianfranco Librandi ;",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": "- individuals from other parties , such as Fabio Gava of the Italian Liberal Party ( PLI ) and Emanuela Baio of Alliance for Italy ( ApI ) .",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": " - other minor groups and individuals , notably including Linda Lanzillotta ( a senator elected with ApI ) , Alberto Bombassei ( a former vice president of Confindustria ) , Luigi Marino ( president of Confcooperative ) , Mario Sechi , Ilaria Capua , Valentina Vezzali and Annalisa Minetti . 2013 general election and aftermath .",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": "In the 2013 general election SC obtained 8.3% of the vote , 37 deputies ( in its own lists ) and 15 senators ( within CMI ) . After the election , SC deputies and senators formed joint groups named Civic Choice , including also UdC and FLI MPs , in both houses of Parliament .",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": " In late April the party joined Enrico Lettas grand coalition government , which included three SC leading members : Mario Mauro as minister of Defence , Enzo Moavero Milanesi as minister of European Affairs and Carlo Calenda as deputy minister of Economic Development .",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": "The party began to take shape too : on 13 March Monti , who replaced Andrea Riccardi as provisional president , appointed Andrea Olivero as coordinator ; on ⍌337⍍ Monti was unanimously elected president by the partys assembly ; on ⍌338⍍ the leadership proposed by Monti was approved with only three abstentions . In the event Olivero was confirmed coordinator , Alberto Bombassei was appointed first vice president , and Benedetto Della Vedova , a former member of the Italian Radicals , Forza Italia , the PdL and finally FLI , spokesperson . The rest of the leadership was composed",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": "mainly by former Democrats : Maria Paola Merloni ( vice president ) , Lorenzo Dellai ( party leader in the Chamber of Deputies ) , Gianluca Susta ( party leader in the Senate ) , Andrea Causin ( organizational secretary ) , Pietro Ichino ( platform coordinator ) and Gregorio Gitti ( local structures coordinator ) . No member of Future Italy , a liberal think tank , took a leading role .",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": " Since then , the party was often riven by internal disputes . Monti twice presented ( and later retracted ) his resignation from president . In late July he clashed with the Catholic wing of the party , especially with Olivero , whom he accused of being too close to the UdC ( whose deputies and senators were part of SCs parliamentary groups ) . Also Future Italy , seemed to have little patience with the Catholic wing and even to be willing to distance from the party .",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": "In this phase , an issue which divided SC was the debate on European party affiliation . Some , including the partys Catholics , former members of PdL and Monti himself , favoured joining the European Peoples Party ( EPP ) , while others , notably those close to Future Italy , Benedetto Della Vedova and Linda Lanzillotta , preferred the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe ( ALDE ) Party . It later emerged that Monti had favoured the EPP and had consequently started talks with the EPPs leadership in order to appease the partys Christian democrats led",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": "by Mauro and avoid a split .",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": "On 17 October 2013 Monti resigned as president of SC and was replaced by his deputy Alberto Bombassei as acting president . Monti cited his disagreement with 12 senators ( out of 20 ) , including Mario Mauro , Andrea Olivero , Gabriele Albertini , Pier Ferdinando Casini ( UdC leader ) , Maria Paola Merloni , Luigi Marino and Lucio Romano . Particularly , Monti criticized Mauros line of unconditioned support to the government and of transforming SC in a larger centre-right political party , open to the PdL . One of the 12 senators , Tito Di Maggio",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": ", was even unveiled as PdL–SC–UdC joint candidate for President in Basilicata .",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": "After Montis abrupt departure , spokesperson Benedetto Della Vedova , who represented the liberal wing of the party ( including Pietro Ichino , Gianluca Susta , Linda Lanzillotta , etc. ) , announced that SC would go on as a liberal , peoples , reform and European party and would never form a partnership with the PdL . Lanzillotta remarked that Italy needs a liberal , peoples , deeply reform-minded and Europeanist party and that we did not take votes for giving life to a Catholic party and being part of a centre-right still led by Berlusconi . For his",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": "part , during a TV interview , Monti stated that my and SCs commitment does not end now and that many tell me they did not vote for SC for the specific reason that we were with president Casini ; they might have been right .",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": "On 22 October the executive committee voted in favour of the separation from the UdC . The popular majority of SCs parliamentary group in the Senate responded by dismissing Susta as floor leader , while Olivero stated that the Populars aimed at forming a party modelled on Germanys Christian Democratic Union . On 6 November the SC senatorial group , dominated by Populars , elected L . Romano as new floor leader ; the decision was not endorsed by Bombassei and was opposed by Montiani and liberals , who talked about dismissing Lorenzo Dellai from leader in the Chamber as",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": "retaliation .",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": "On 15 November the Populars walked away from the partys national assembly and left the party altogether . The assembly elected Bombassei president and appointed Stefania Giannini secretary . On 23 November the Populars , led by Mauro , Dellai and Olivero , launched Populars for Italy ( PpI ) . On 10 December the partys break-up was effective in Parliament : 20 deputies ( led by Dellai ) and 12 senators ( led by L . Romano ) launched For Italy ( PI ) groups , while 26 deputies ( led by Andrea Romano ) and 8 senators (",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": "led by Susta ) confirmed their allegiance to SC . All the UdC MPs but one joined PI .",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": "After Matteo Renzis election as secretary of the Democratic Party ( PD ) in December , SC started to approach the centre-left , while ruling out any alliance with the centre-right , once again led by Silvio Berlusconis Forza Italia ( FI ) . SC had long expressed a certain affinity for Renzi , and , in early February 2014 , Stefania Giannini finally declared that she saw its party more as the right-wing of a reformed and reforming left than the left-wing of a right that still has in Berlusconi its standard-bearer .",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": " Subsequently , SC was a keen supporter of the replacement of Enrico Letta with Renzi . On 22 February 2014 the Renzi Cabinet was sworn in with Giannini , a university professor , as minister of Education .",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": "On 4 March it was announced that SC would run in the 2014 European Parliament election within European Choice ( SE ) , an electoral list including , among others , Democratic Centre , Act to Stop the Decline and the Italian Liberal Party . Members of SC topped SEs slates in two of five constituencies . The decision to side with the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe ( ALDE ) Party , cherished by Guy Verhofstadt ( ALDEs candidate for President of the European Commission ) and Romano Prodi , prompted the resignation of Andrea Causin ,",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": "one of SCs few remaining Christian democrats , from organizational secretary .",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": " On 10 April Bombassei resigned as president of the party , citing his disagreement with the partys political re-positionment ( no longer a third-party force , but a close ally of Renzis PD , under Gianninis leadership ) , the change in partys identity and prevailing personal ambitions . On election day SC/SE received just 0.7% of the vote and failed to return any MEPs . Consequently , Giannini resigned from secretary .",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": "In October A . Romano , who had left the position of floor leader in the Chamber some months earlier , left the party in order to join the PD .",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": " Partys congress and diaspora . In November the partys assembly decided that the new leadership , replacing Giannini and Balduzzi , who had been elected to the Supreme Council of Magistrature and had resigned from Parliament , will be selected in a congress to be held in January 2015 .",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": "Two candidates , Irene Tinagli and Enrico Zanetti , announced their bid for secretary , while Pietro Ichino was the front-runner to become the partys president . However , in mid December , Tinagli retired from the race . In January 2015 Benedetto Della Vedova came out against Zanetti on the grounds that SC should continue to exist only through its parliamentary groups , tried to stop the congress ( along with Giannini , Bombassei , Ichino , Tinagli , Carlo Calenda , Linda Lanzillotta and other senior members ) and finally decided to run for secretary ( along with",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": "a third candidate , Luciana Cazzaniga ) . During the congress , postponed two weeks in order not to overlap with the presidential election triggered by President Giorgio Napolitanos resignation , Zanetti was virtually unanimously elected secretary .",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": "However , on 6 February , two days before the congress , eight senior members of the party ( including six former Democrats ) , including its minister ( Giannini ) , its deputy minister ( Calenda ) , two deputies and five senators ( including Giannini ) , had already left the party ; all of them , except Calenda ( who later became minister ) , joined the PD . As a result , the party was deprived of its parliamentary group in the Senate . In fact , of the two remaining senators , Della Vedova left",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": "during the congress , while Monti was no longer active .",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": " In two years , from the 2013 election to February 2015 , SC had lost more than the half of its MPs , mostly to Popular Area and the PD . Zanettis leadership and further splits .",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": "In July 2015 the partys national board elected Salvatore Matarrese president , Angelo DAgostino first vice president and Valentina Vezzali vice president . More important , the assembly decided that the party would change name and symbol by the end of the summer , in the effort of being more competitive in the 2016 municipal elections . The new chosen name , Citizens for Italy , would be used only in local elections , indeed .",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": "In January 2016 , during a cabinets reshuffle , Zanetti was promoted deputy minister of the Economy , while another SC deputy , Antimo Cesaro , was appointed undersecretary at Culture . Despite this , the party , which had virtually disappeared from opinion polls , continued to lose deputies and its group in the Chamber was reduced to 20 individuals by February . In the meantime , Zanetti explained that there were similarities between SC and Denis Verdinis Liberal Popular Alliance ( ALA ) , and , according to Corriere della Sera , the two groups could soon merge",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": ". In the meantime , SC formed a federative pact with the Moderates .",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": "In July , after that the majority of the partys deputies had come in opposition of an alliance with the ALA ( a party basically formed by splinters form Berlusconis FI ) , Zanetti led four deputies out of the parliamentary group . Contextually , Zanetti , who pretended to be still the leader of SC , started to organise a joint group with the ALA and , possibly , Flavio Tosis Act! , and a new liberal party with the contribution of Marcello Pera , a former President of the Senate and former leader of FI in Tuscany .",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": "The partys national board sided with Zanetti in July and the national assembly did the same in October , with 63 votes in favour and 39 against .",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": " This caused the final split of the party and the formation of two different parliamentary groups :",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": "- Civic Choice toward Cizitens for Italy – MAIE ( the official SC group ) , formed by eight deputies of the ALA , five of SC ( Zanetti , DAgostino , Vezzali , Rabino and Giulio Sottanelli , who was elected group leader ) , two of the Associative Movement Italians Abroad ( MAIE ) and one splinter from Act! ; the group was renamed Civic Choice – ALA for the Liberal and Popular Constituent Assembly – MAIE in December 2016 ;",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": " - Civics and Innovators , formed by the rump of the former SC group ( Giovanni Monchiero stayed as group leader ) . Road toward the centre-right . In April 2017 Rabino was elected president of the party .",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": "In September 2017 Zanetti re-positioned SC from the centre-left to the centre-right and , more specifically , in close alliance with Berlusconis FI . The 2017 Sicilian regional election , for which SC announced that its candidates would run within FIs lists , marked the first time that SC officially sided with the centre-right . In November , the partys national board endorsed Zanettis political line and marked SCs official adhesion to the centre-right coalition . The decision was opposed by a vocal minority of the partys membership and three deputies ( Ernesto Auci , DAgostino and Vezzali ) subsequently",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": "left and formed the European Civics .",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": "In December 2017 SC was a founding member of Us with Italy ( NcI ) , a pro-Berlusconi centrist electoral list within the centre-right coalition for the 2018 general election , along with Act! , splinters of Popular Alternative ( AP – two groups , a liberal one led by Enrico Costa and a Christian-democratic one led by Maurizio Lupi ) , Direction Italy ( DI ) , Popular Construction ( CP ) and the Movement for the Autonomies ( MpA ) . NcI was later enlarged to the UdC and Identity and Action ( IdeA ) , with the",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": "goal of reaching 3% , required to win seats from proportional lists under a new electoral law .",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": " In the election NcI obtained 1.3% and SC had no deputies or senators elected . After that , the party was de facto disbanded .",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": " - President : Andrea Riccardi ( 2013 ) , Mario Monti ( 2013 ) , Alberto Bombassei ( 2013–2014 ) , Renato Balduzzi ( 2014 ) , Salvatore Matarrese ( 2015–2016 ) , Mariano Rabino ( 2017 ) - First Vice President : Andrea Riccardi ( 2013 ) , Alberto Bombassei ( 2013 ) , Renato Balduzzi ( 2013–2014 ) , Angelo DAgostino ( 2015–2017 )",
"title": "Leadership"
},
{
"text": "- Vice President : Carlo Calenda ( 2013 ) , Ilaria Capua ( 2013 ) , Maria Paola Merloni ( 2013 ) , Milena Santerini ( 2013 ) , Luciano Cimmino ( 2013–2015 ) , Ilaria Borletti Buitoni ( 2013–2015 ) , Valentina Vezzali ( 2015–2017 )",
"title": "Leadership"
},
{
"text": " - Coordinator / Secretary : Andrea Olivero ( 2013 ) , Stefania Giannini ( 2013–2014 ) , Enrico Zanetti ( 2015–2017 ) - Executive Secretary : Silvia Colombo ( 2013–2015 ) - Organizational Secretary : Andrea Causin ( 2013–2014 ) , Mariano Rabino ( 2014–2017 ) - Spokesperson : Lelio Alfonso ( 2013–2015 ) , Benedetto Della Vedova ( 2013–2015 ) - Party Leader in the Chamber of Deputies : Lorenzo Dellai ( 2013 ) , Andrea Romano ( 2013–2014 ) , Andrea Mazziotti ( 2014–2015 ) , Giovanni Monchiero ( 2015–2016 ) , Giulio Sottanelli ( 2016–present )",
"title": "Leadership"
},
{
"text": "- Party Leader in the Senate : Mario Mauro ( 2013 ) , Gianluca Susta ( 2013 ) , Lucio Romano ( 2013 ) , Gianluca Susta ( 2013–2015 )",
"title": "Leadership"
}
] |
/wiki/Civic_Choice#P488#5
|
Who was the chair of Civic Choice after Dec 2017?
|
Civic Choice Civic Choice ( , SC ) was a centrist and liberal political party in Italy founded by Mario Monti . The party was formed in the run-up of the 2013 general election to support the outgoing Prime Minister Monti and continue his political agenda . In the election SC was part of a centrist coalition named With Monti for Italy , along with Union of the Centre of Pier Ferdinando Casini and Future and Freedom of Gianfranco Fini . In April 2013 SC became part of the grand coalition government led by Enrico Letta of the Democratic Party . In February 2014 after Lettas resignation , Civic Choice supported the cabinet of Matteo Renzi . After that , the party did not support the cabinet of Paolo Gentiloni and , by the end of 2017 , joined forces with Silvio Berlusconis Forza Italia . Following the 2018 Italian general election , the party was disbanded on 24 July 2019 . History . Foundation and composition . In order to compete in the upcoming general election , on 4 January 2013 technocratic Prime Minister Mario Monti launched SC as an electoral list of the civil society to implement his agenda . It was announced that SC would be part of the With Monti for Italy ( CMI ) coalition , alongside the Union of the Centre ( UdC ) and Future and Freedom ( FLI ) . At its beginnings SC was composed of several groups and individuals , who were represented in the partys lists : - Toward the Third Republic ( Verso la Terza Repubblica , VTR ) , notably including : - Future Italy ( Italia Futura , IF ) , led by Luca Cordero di Montezemolo ; - leading figures of Catholic ecclesial movements , such as minister Andrea Riccardi of the Community of SantEgidio and Andrea Olivero of the Christian Associations of Italian Workers ( ACLI ) ; - Union for Trentino ( Unione per il Trentino , UpT ) , led by Lorenzo Dellai ; - Toward North ( Verso Nord ) , led by Alessio Vianello ; - ministers of Montis technical government , including Riccardi , Renato Balduzzi and Enzo Moavero Milanesi ( a fourth minister , Mario Catania , ran with UdC ; others , like Corrado Passera , chose not to endorse Monti ) ; - dissidents from The People of Freedom ( PdL ) , including Mario Mauro , Gabriele Albertini and Giuliano Cazzola , plus others retiring from Parliament ( Franco Frattini , Giuseppe Pisanu , etc. ) ; - dissidents from the Democratic Party ( PD ) , including Pietro Ichino , Maria Paola Merloni , Alessandro Maran , Benedetto Adragna , plus others retiring from Parliament ( Lucio DUbaldo , Flavio Pertoldi , etc. ) ; - Italian Union ( Unione Italiana , UI ) , led by Gianfranco Librandi ; - individuals from other parties , such as Fabio Gava of the Italian Liberal Party ( PLI ) and Emanuela Baio of Alliance for Italy ( ApI ) . - other minor groups and individuals , notably including Linda Lanzillotta ( a senator elected with ApI ) , Alberto Bombassei ( a former vice president of Confindustria ) , Luigi Marino ( president of Confcooperative ) , Mario Sechi , Ilaria Capua , Valentina Vezzali and Annalisa Minetti . 2013 general election and aftermath . In the 2013 general election SC obtained 8.3% of the vote , 37 deputies ( in its own lists ) and 15 senators ( within CMI ) . After the election , SC deputies and senators formed joint groups named Civic Choice , including also UdC and FLI MPs , in both houses of Parliament . In late April the party joined Enrico Lettas grand coalition government , which included three SC leading members : Mario Mauro as minister of Defence , Enzo Moavero Milanesi as minister of European Affairs and Carlo Calenda as deputy minister of Economic Development . The party began to take shape too : on 13 March Monti , who replaced Andrea Riccardi as provisional president , appointed Andrea Olivero as coordinator ; on ⍌337⍍ Monti was unanimously elected president by the partys assembly ; on ⍌338⍍ the leadership proposed by Monti was approved with only three abstentions . In the event Olivero was confirmed coordinator , Alberto Bombassei was appointed first vice president , and Benedetto Della Vedova , a former member of the Italian Radicals , Forza Italia , the PdL and finally FLI , spokesperson . The rest of the leadership was composed mainly by former Democrats : Maria Paola Merloni ( vice president ) , Lorenzo Dellai ( party leader in the Chamber of Deputies ) , Gianluca Susta ( party leader in the Senate ) , Andrea Causin ( organizational secretary ) , Pietro Ichino ( platform coordinator ) and Gregorio Gitti ( local structures coordinator ) . No member of Future Italy , a liberal think tank , took a leading role . Since then , the party was often riven by internal disputes . Monti twice presented ( and later retracted ) his resignation from president . In late July he clashed with the Catholic wing of the party , especially with Olivero , whom he accused of being too close to the UdC ( whose deputies and senators were part of SCs parliamentary groups ) . Also Future Italy , seemed to have little patience with the Catholic wing and even to be willing to distance from the party . In this phase , an issue which divided SC was the debate on European party affiliation . Some , including the partys Catholics , former members of PdL and Monti himself , favoured joining the European Peoples Party ( EPP ) , while others , notably those close to Future Italy , Benedetto Della Vedova and Linda Lanzillotta , preferred the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe ( ALDE ) Party . It later emerged that Monti had favoured the EPP and had consequently started talks with the EPPs leadership in order to appease the partys Christian democrats led by Mauro and avoid a split . Montis resignation and Populars split . On 17 October 2013 Monti resigned as president of SC and was replaced by his deputy Alberto Bombassei as acting president . Monti cited his disagreement with 12 senators ( out of 20 ) , including Mario Mauro , Andrea Olivero , Gabriele Albertini , Pier Ferdinando Casini ( UdC leader ) , Maria Paola Merloni , Luigi Marino and Lucio Romano . Particularly , Monti criticized Mauros line of unconditioned support to the government and of transforming SC in a larger centre-right political party , open to the PdL . One of the 12 senators , Tito Di Maggio , was even unveiled as PdL–SC–UdC joint candidate for President in Basilicata . After Montis abrupt departure , spokesperson Benedetto Della Vedova , who represented the liberal wing of the party ( including Pietro Ichino , Gianluca Susta , Linda Lanzillotta , etc. ) , announced that SC would go on as a liberal , peoples , reform and European party and would never form a partnership with the PdL . Lanzillotta remarked that Italy needs a liberal , peoples , deeply reform-minded and Europeanist party and that we did not take votes for giving life to a Catholic party and being part of a centre-right still led by Berlusconi . For his part , during a TV interview , Monti stated that my and SCs commitment does not end now and that many tell me they did not vote for SC for the specific reason that we were with president Casini ; they might have been right . On 22 October the executive committee voted in favour of the separation from the UdC . The popular majority of SCs parliamentary group in the Senate responded by dismissing Susta as floor leader , while Olivero stated that the Populars aimed at forming a party modelled on Germanys Christian Democratic Union . On 6 November the SC senatorial group , dominated by Populars , elected L . Romano as new floor leader ; the decision was not endorsed by Bombassei and was opposed by Montiani and liberals , who talked about dismissing Lorenzo Dellai from leader in the Chamber as retaliation . On 15 November the Populars walked away from the partys national assembly and left the party altogether . The assembly elected Bombassei president and appointed Stefania Giannini secretary . On 23 November the Populars , led by Mauro , Dellai and Olivero , launched Populars for Italy ( PpI ) . On 10 December the partys break-up was effective in Parliament : 20 deputies ( led by Dellai ) and 12 senators ( led by L . Romano ) launched For Italy ( PI ) groups , while 26 deputies ( led by Andrea Romano ) and 8 senators ( led by Susta ) confirmed their allegiance to SC . All the UdC MPs but one joined PI . From the centre to the Democrats . After Matteo Renzis election as secretary of the Democratic Party ( PD ) in December , SC started to approach the centre-left , while ruling out any alliance with the centre-right , once again led by Silvio Berlusconis Forza Italia ( FI ) . SC had long expressed a certain affinity for Renzi , and , in early February 2014 , Stefania Giannini finally declared that she saw its party more as the right-wing of a reformed and reforming left than the left-wing of a right that still has in Berlusconi its standard-bearer . Subsequently , SC was a keen supporter of the replacement of Enrico Letta with Renzi . On 22 February 2014 the Renzi Cabinet was sworn in with Giannini , a university professor , as minister of Education . On 4 March it was announced that SC would run in the 2014 European Parliament election within European Choice ( SE ) , an electoral list including , among others , Democratic Centre , Act to Stop the Decline and the Italian Liberal Party . Members of SC topped SEs slates in two of five constituencies . The decision to side with the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe ( ALDE ) Party , cherished by Guy Verhofstadt ( ALDEs candidate for President of the European Commission ) and Romano Prodi , prompted the resignation of Andrea Causin , one of SCs few remaining Christian democrats , from organizational secretary . On 10 April Bombassei resigned as president of the party , citing his disagreement with the partys political re-positionment ( no longer a third-party force , but a close ally of Renzis PD , under Gianninis leadership ) , the change in partys identity and prevailing personal ambitions . On election day SC/SE received just 0.7% of the vote and failed to return any MEPs . Consequently , Giannini resigned from secretary . In October A . Romano , who had left the position of floor leader in the Chamber some months earlier , left the party in order to join the PD . Partys congress and diaspora . In November the partys assembly decided that the new leadership , replacing Giannini and Balduzzi , who had been elected to the Supreme Council of Magistrature and had resigned from Parliament , will be selected in a congress to be held in January 2015 . Two candidates , Irene Tinagli and Enrico Zanetti , announced their bid for secretary , while Pietro Ichino was the front-runner to become the partys president . However , in mid December , Tinagli retired from the race . In January 2015 Benedetto Della Vedova came out against Zanetti on the grounds that SC should continue to exist only through its parliamentary groups , tried to stop the congress ( along with Giannini , Bombassei , Ichino , Tinagli , Carlo Calenda , Linda Lanzillotta and other senior members ) and finally decided to run for secretary ( along with a third candidate , Luciana Cazzaniga ) . During the congress , postponed two weeks in order not to overlap with the presidential election triggered by President Giorgio Napolitanos resignation , Zanetti was virtually unanimously elected secretary . However , on 6 February , two days before the congress , eight senior members of the party ( including six former Democrats ) , including its minister ( Giannini ) , its deputy minister ( Calenda ) , two deputies and five senators ( including Giannini ) , had already left the party ; all of them , except Calenda ( who later became minister ) , joined the PD . As a result , the party was deprived of its parliamentary group in the Senate . In fact , of the two remaining senators , Della Vedova left during the congress , while Monti was no longer active . In two years , from the 2013 election to February 2015 , SC had lost more than the half of its MPs , mostly to Popular Area and the PD . Zanettis leadership and further splits . In July 2015 the partys national board elected Salvatore Matarrese president , Angelo DAgostino first vice president and Valentina Vezzali vice president . More important , the assembly decided that the party would change name and symbol by the end of the summer , in the effort of being more competitive in the 2016 municipal elections . The new chosen name , Citizens for Italy , would be used only in local elections , indeed . In January 2016 , during a cabinets reshuffle , Zanetti was promoted deputy minister of the Economy , while another SC deputy , Antimo Cesaro , was appointed undersecretary at Culture . Despite this , the party , which had virtually disappeared from opinion polls , continued to lose deputies and its group in the Chamber was reduced to 20 individuals by February . In the meantime , Zanetti explained that there were similarities between SC and Denis Verdinis Liberal Popular Alliance ( ALA ) , and , according to Corriere della Sera , the two groups could soon merge . In the meantime , SC formed a federative pact with the Moderates . In July , after that the majority of the partys deputies had come in opposition of an alliance with the ALA ( a party basically formed by splinters form Berlusconis FI ) , Zanetti led four deputies out of the parliamentary group . Contextually , Zanetti , who pretended to be still the leader of SC , started to organise a joint group with the ALA and , possibly , Flavio Tosis Act! , and a new liberal party with the contribution of Marcello Pera , a former President of the Senate and former leader of FI in Tuscany . The partys national board sided with Zanetti in July and the national assembly did the same in October , with 63 votes in favour and 39 against . This caused the final split of the party and the formation of two different parliamentary groups : - Civic Choice toward Cizitens for Italy – MAIE ( the official SC group ) , formed by eight deputies of the ALA , five of SC ( Zanetti , DAgostino , Vezzali , Rabino and Giulio Sottanelli , who was elected group leader ) , two of the Associative Movement Italians Abroad ( MAIE ) and one splinter from Act! ; the group was renamed Civic Choice – ALA for the Liberal and Popular Constituent Assembly – MAIE in December 2016 ; - Civics and Innovators , formed by the rump of the former SC group ( Giovanni Monchiero stayed as group leader ) . Road toward the centre-right . In April 2017 Rabino was elected president of the party . In September 2017 Zanetti re-positioned SC from the centre-left to the centre-right and , more specifically , in close alliance with Berlusconis FI . The 2017 Sicilian regional election , for which SC announced that its candidates would run within FIs lists , marked the first time that SC officially sided with the centre-right . In November , the partys national board endorsed Zanettis political line and marked SCs official adhesion to the centre-right coalition . The decision was opposed by a vocal minority of the partys membership and three deputies ( Ernesto Auci , DAgostino and Vezzali ) subsequently left and formed the European Civics . In December 2017 SC was a founding member of Us with Italy ( NcI ) , a pro-Berlusconi centrist electoral list within the centre-right coalition for the 2018 general election , along with Act! , splinters of Popular Alternative ( AP – two groups , a liberal one led by Enrico Costa and a Christian-democratic one led by Maurizio Lupi ) , Direction Italy ( DI ) , Popular Construction ( CP ) and the Movement for the Autonomies ( MpA ) . NcI was later enlarged to the UdC and Identity and Action ( IdeA ) , with the goal of reaching 3% , required to win seats from proportional lists under a new electoral law . In the election NcI obtained 1.3% and SC had no deputies or senators elected . After that , the party was de facto disbanded . Leadership . - President : Andrea Riccardi ( 2013 ) , Mario Monti ( 2013 ) , Alberto Bombassei ( 2013–2014 ) , Renato Balduzzi ( 2014 ) , Salvatore Matarrese ( 2015–2016 ) , Mariano Rabino ( 2017 ) - First Vice President : Andrea Riccardi ( 2013 ) , Alberto Bombassei ( 2013 ) , Renato Balduzzi ( 2013–2014 ) , Angelo DAgostino ( 2015–2017 ) - Vice President : Carlo Calenda ( 2013 ) , Ilaria Capua ( 2013 ) , Maria Paola Merloni ( 2013 ) , Milena Santerini ( 2013 ) , Luciano Cimmino ( 2013–2015 ) , Ilaria Borletti Buitoni ( 2013–2015 ) , Valentina Vezzali ( 2015–2017 ) - Coordinator / Secretary : Andrea Olivero ( 2013 ) , Stefania Giannini ( 2013–2014 ) , Enrico Zanetti ( 2015–2017 ) - Executive Secretary : Silvia Colombo ( 2013–2015 ) - Organizational Secretary : Andrea Causin ( 2013–2014 ) , Mariano Rabino ( 2014–2017 ) - Spokesperson : Lelio Alfonso ( 2013–2015 ) , Benedetto Della Vedova ( 2013–2015 ) - Party Leader in the Chamber of Deputies : Lorenzo Dellai ( 2013 ) , Andrea Romano ( 2013–2014 ) , Andrea Mazziotti ( 2014–2015 ) , Giovanni Monchiero ( 2015–2016 ) , Giulio Sottanelli ( 2016–present ) - Party Leader in the Senate : Mario Mauro ( 2013 ) , Gianluca Susta ( 2013 ) , Lucio Romano ( 2013 ) , Gianluca Susta ( 2013–2015 )
|
[
"Mariano Rabino"
] |
[
{
"text": " Civic Choice ( , SC ) was a centrist and liberal political party in Italy founded by Mario Monti . The party was formed in the run-up of the 2013 general election to support the outgoing Prime Minister Monti and continue his political agenda . In the election SC was part of a centrist coalition named With Monti for Italy , along with Union of the Centre of Pier Ferdinando Casini and Future and Freedom of Gianfranco Fini .",
"title": "Civic Choice"
},
{
"text": "In April 2013 SC became part of the grand coalition government led by Enrico Letta of the Democratic Party . In February 2014 after Lettas resignation , Civic Choice supported the cabinet of Matteo Renzi . After that , the party did not support the cabinet of Paolo Gentiloni and , by the end of 2017 , joined forces with Silvio Berlusconis Forza Italia .",
"title": "Civic Choice"
},
{
"text": " Following the 2018 Italian general election , the party was disbanded on 24 July 2019 .",
"title": "Civic Choice"
},
{
"text": " In order to compete in the upcoming general election , on 4 January 2013 technocratic Prime Minister Mario Monti launched SC as an electoral list of the civil society to implement his agenda . It was announced that SC would be part of the With Monti for Italy ( CMI ) coalition , alongside the Union of the Centre ( UdC ) and Future and Freedom ( FLI ) . At its beginnings SC was composed of several groups and individuals , who were represented in the partys lists :",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": "- Toward the Third Republic ( Verso la Terza Repubblica , VTR ) , notably including :",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": " - Future Italy ( Italia Futura , IF ) , led by Luca Cordero di Montezemolo ; - leading figures of Catholic ecclesial movements , such as minister Andrea Riccardi of the Community of SantEgidio and Andrea Olivero of the Christian Associations of Italian Workers ( ACLI ) ; - Union for Trentino ( Unione per il Trentino , UpT ) , led by Lorenzo Dellai ; - Toward North ( Verso Nord ) , led by Alessio Vianello ;",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": "- ministers of Montis technical government , including Riccardi , Renato Balduzzi and Enzo Moavero Milanesi ( a fourth minister , Mario Catania , ran with UdC ; others , like Corrado Passera , chose not to endorse Monti ) ;",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": " - dissidents from The People of Freedom ( PdL ) , including Mario Mauro , Gabriele Albertini and Giuliano Cazzola , plus others retiring from Parliament ( Franco Frattini , Giuseppe Pisanu , etc. ) ; - dissidents from the Democratic Party ( PD ) , including Pietro Ichino , Maria Paola Merloni , Alessandro Maran , Benedetto Adragna , plus others retiring from Parliament ( Lucio DUbaldo , Flavio Pertoldi , etc. ) ; - Italian Union ( Unione Italiana , UI ) , led by Gianfranco Librandi ;",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": "- individuals from other parties , such as Fabio Gava of the Italian Liberal Party ( PLI ) and Emanuela Baio of Alliance for Italy ( ApI ) .",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": " - other minor groups and individuals , notably including Linda Lanzillotta ( a senator elected with ApI ) , Alberto Bombassei ( a former vice president of Confindustria ) , Luigi Marino ( president of Confcooperative ) , Mario Sechi , Ilaria Capua , Valentina Vezzali and Annalisa Minetti . 2013 general election and aftermath .",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": "In the 2013 general election SC obtained 8.3% of the vote , 37 deputies ( in its own lists ) and 15 senators ( within CMI ) . After the election , SC deputies and senators formed joint groups named Civic Choice , including also UdC and FLI MPs , in both houses of Parliament .",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": " In late April the party joined Enrico Lettas grand coalition government , which included three SC leading members : Mario Mauro as minister of Defence , Enzo Moavero Milanesi as minister of European Affairs and Carlo Calenda as deputy minister of Economic Development .",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": "The party began to take shape too : on 13 March Monti , who replaced Andrea Riccardi as provisional president , appointed Andrea Olivero as coordinator ; on ⍌337⍍ Monti was unanimously elected president by the partys assembly ; on ⍌338⍍ the leadership proposed by Monti was approved with only three abstentions . In the event Olivero was confirmed coordinator , Alberto Bombassei was appointed first vice president , and Benedetto Della Vedova , a former member of the Italian Radicals , Forza Italia , the PdL and finally FLI , spokesperson . The rest of the leadership was composed",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": "mainly by former Democrats : Maria Paola Merloni ( vice president ) , Lorenzo Dellai ( party leader in the Chamber of Deputies ) , Gianluca Susta ( party leader in the Senate ) , Andrea Causin ( organizational secretary ) , Pietro Ichino ( platform coordinator ) and Gregorio Gitti ( local structures coordinator ) . No member of Future Italy , a liberal think tank , took a leading role .",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": " Since then , the party was often riven by internal disputes . Monti twice presented ( and later retracted ) his resignation from president . In late July he clashed with the Catholic wing of the party , especially with Olivero , whom he accused of being too close to the UdC ( whose deputies and senators were part of SCs parliamentary groups ) . Also Future Italy , seemed to have little patience with the Catholic wing and even to be willing to distance from the party .",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": "In this phase , an issue which divided SC was the debate on European party affiliation . Some , including the partys Catholics , former members of PdL and Monti himself , favoured joining the European Peoples Party ( EPP ) , while others , notably those close to Future Italy , Benedetto Della Vedova and Linda Lanzillotta , preferred the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe ( ALDE ) Party . It later emerged that Monti had favoured the EPP and had consequently started talks with the EPPs leadership in order to appease the partys Christian democrats led",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": "by Mauro and avoid a split .",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": "On 17 October 2013 Monti resigned as president of SC and was replaced by his deputy Alberto Bombassei as acting president . Monti cited his disagreement with 12 senators ( out of 20 ) , including Mario Mauro , Andrea Olivero , Gabriele Albertini , Pier Ferdinando Casini ( UdC leader ) , Maria Paola Merloni , Luigi Marino and Lucio Romano . Particularly , Monti criticized Mauros line of unconditioned support to the government and of transforming SC in a larger centre-right political party , open to the PdL . One of the 12 senators , Tito Di Maggio",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": ", was even unveiled as PdL–SC–UdC joint candidate for President in Basilicata .",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": "After Montis abrupt departure , spokesperson Benedetto Della Vedova , who represented the liberal wing of the party ( including Pietro Ichino , Gianluca Susta , Linda Lanzillotta , etc. ) , announced that SC would go on as a liberal , peoples , reform and European party and would never form a partnership with the PdL . Lanzillotta remarked that Italy needs a liberal , peoples , deeply reform-minded and Europeanist party and that we did not take votes for giving life to a Catholic party and being part of a centre-right still led by Berlusconi . For his",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": "part , during a TV interview , Monti stated that my and SCs commitment does not end now and that many tell me they did not vote for SC for the specific reason that we were with president Casini ; they might have been right .",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": "On 22 October the executive committee voted in favour of the separation from the UdC . The popular majority of SCs parliamentary group in the Senate responded by dismissing Susta as floor leader , while Olivero stated that the Populars aimed at forming a party modelled on Germanys Christian Democratic Union . On 6 November the SC senatorial group , dominated by Populars , elected L . Romano as new floor leader ; the decision was not endorsed by Bombassei and was opposed by Montiani and liberals , who talked about dismissing Lorenzo Dellai from leader in the Chamber as",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": "retaliation .",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": "On 15 November the Populars walked away from the partys national assembly and left the party altogether . The assembly elected Bombassei president and appointed Stefania Giannini secretary . On 23 November the Populars , led by Mauro , Dellai and Olivero , launched Populars for Italy ( PpI ) . On 10 December the partys break-up was effective in Parliament : 20 deputies ( led by Dellai ) and 12 senators ( led by L . Romano ) launched For Italy ( PI ) groups , while 26 deputies ( led by Andrea Romano ) and 8 senators (",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": "led by Susta ) confirmed their allegiance to SC . All the UdC MPs but one joined PI .",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": "After Matteo Renzis election as secretary of the Democratic Party ( PD ) in December , SC started to approach the centre-left , while ruling out any alliance with the centre-right , once again led by Silvio Berlusconis Forza Italia ( FI ) . SC had long expressed a certain affinity for Renzi , and , in early February 2014 , Stefania Giannini finally declared that she saw its party more as the right-wing of a reformed and reforming left than the left-wing of a right that still has in Berlusconi its standard-bearer .",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": " Subsequently , SC was a keen supporter of the replacement of Enrico Letta with Renzi . On 22 February 2014 the Renzi Cabinet was sworn in with Giannini , a university professor , as minister of Education .",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": "On 4 March it was announced that SC would run in the 2014 European Parliament election within European Choice ( SE ) , an electoral list including , among others , Democratic Centre , Act to Stop the Decline and the Italian Liberal Party . Members of SC topped SEs slates in two of five constituencies . The decision to side with the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe ( ALDE ) Party , cherished by Guy Verhofstadt ( ALDEs candidate for President of the European Commission ) and Romano Prodi , prompted the resignation of Andrea Causin ,",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": "one of SCs few remaining Christian democrats , from organizational secretary .",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": " On 10 April Bombassei resigned as president of the party , citing his disagreement with the partys political re-positionment ( no longer a third-party force , but a close ally of Renzis PD , under Gianninis leadership ) , the change in partys identity and prevailing personal ambitions . On election day SC/SE received just 0.7% of the vote and failed to return any MEPs . Consequently , Giannini resigned from secretary .",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": "In October A . Romano , who had left the position of floor leader in the Chamber some months earlier , left the party in order to join the PD .",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": " Partys congress and diaspora . In November the partys assembly decided that the new leadership , replacing Giannini and Balduzzi , who had been elected to the Supreme Council of Magistrature and had resigned from Parliament , will be selected in a congress to be held in January 2015 .",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": "Two candidates , Irene Tinagli and Enrico Zanetti , announced their bid for secretary , while Pietro Ichino was the front-runner to become the partys president . However , in mid December , Tinagli retired from the race . In January 2015 Benedetto Della Vedova came out against Zanetti on the grounds that SC should continue to exist only through its parliamentary groups , tried to stop the congress ( along with Giannini , Bombassei , Ichino , Tinagli , Carlo Calenda , Linda Lanzillotta and other senior members ) and finally decided to run for secretary ( along with",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": "a third candidate , Luciana Cazzaniga ) . During the congress , postponed two weeks in order not to overlap with the presidential election triggered by President Giorgio Napolitanos resignation , Zanetti was virtually unanimously elected secretary .",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": "However , on 6 February , two days before the congress , eight senior members of the party ( including six former Democrats ) , including its minister ( Giannini ) , its deputy minister ( Calenda ) , two deputies and five senators ( including Giannini ) , had already left the party ; all of them , except Calenda ( who later became minister ) , joined the PD . As a result , the party was deprived of its parliamentary group in the Senate . In fact , of the two remaining senators , Della Vedova left",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": "during the congress , while Monti was no longer active .",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": " In two years , from the 2013 election to February 2015 , SC had lost more than the half of its MPs , mostly to Popular Area and the PD . Zanettis leadership and further splits .",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": "In July 2015 the partys national board elected Salvatore Matarrese president , Angelo DAgostino first vice president and Valentina Vezzali vice president . More important , the assembly decided that the party would change name and symbol by the end of the summer , in the effort of being more competitive in the 2016 municipal elections . The new chosen name , Citizens for Italy , would be used only in local elections , indeed .",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": "In January 2016 , during a cabinets reshuffle , Zanetti was promoted deputy minister of the Economy , while another SC deputy , Antimo Cesaro , was appointed undersecretary at Culture . Despite this , the party , which had virtually disappeared from opinion polls , continued to lose deputies and its group in the Chamber was reduced to 20 individuals by February . In the meantime , Zanetti explained that there were similarities between SC and Denis Verdinis Liberal Popular Alliance ( ALA ) , and , according to Corriere della Sera , the two groups could soon merge",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": ". In the meantime , SC formed a federative pact with the Moderates .",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": "In July , after that the majority of the partys deputies had come in opposition of an alliance with the ALA ( a party basically formed by splinters form Berlusconis FI ) , Zanetti led four deputies out of the parliamentary group . Contextually , Zanetti , who pretended to be still the leader of SC , started to organise a joint group with the ALA and , possibly , Flavio Tosis Act! , and a new liberal party with the contribution of Marcello Pera , a former President of the Senate and former leader of FI in Tuscany .",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": "The partys national board sided with Zanetti in July and the national assembly did the same in October , with 63 votes in favour and 39 against .",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": " This caused the final split of the party and the formation of two different parliamentary groups :",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": "- Civic Choice toward Cizitens for Italy – MAIE ( the official SC group ) , formed by eight deputies of the ALA , five of SC ( Zanetti , DAgostino , Vezzali , Rabino and Giulio Sottanelli , who was elected group leader ) , two of the Associative Movement Italians Abroad ( MAIE ) and one splinter from Act! ; the group was renamed Civic Choice – ALA for the Liberal and Popular Constituent Assembly – MAIE in December 2016 ;",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": " - Civics and Innovators , formed by the rump of the former SC group ( Giovanni Monchiero stayed as group leader ) . Road toward the centre-right . In April 2017 Rabino was elected president of the party .",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": "In September 2017 Zanetti re-positioned SC from the centre-left to the centre-right and , more specifically , in close alliance with Berlusconis FI . The 2017 Sicilian regional election , for which SC announced that its candidates would run within FIs lists , marked the first time that SC officially sided with the centre-right . In November , the partys national board endorsed Zanettis political line and marked SCs official adhesion to the centre-right coalition . The decision was opposed by a vocal minority of the partys membership and three deputies ( Ernesto Auci , DAgostino and Vezzali ) subsequently",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": "left and formed the European Civics .",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": "In December 2017 SC was a founding member of Us with Italy ( NcI ) , a pro-Berlusconi centrist electoral list within the centre-right coalition for the 2018 general election , along with Act! , splinters of Popular Alternative ( AP – two groups , a liberal one led by Enrico Costa and a Christian-democratic one led by Maurizio Lupi ) , Direction Italy ( DI ) , Popular Construction ( CP ) and the Movement for the Autonomies ( MpA ) . NcI was later enlarged to the UdC and Identity and Action ( IdeA ) , with the",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": "goal of reaching 3% , required to win seats from proportional lists under a new electoral law .",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": " In the election NcI obtained 1.3% and SC had no deputies or senators elected . After that , the party was de facto disbanded .",
"title": "Foundation and composition"
},
{
"text": " - President : Andrea Riccardi ( 2013 ) , Mario Monti ( 2013 ) , Alberto Bombassei ( 2013–2014 ) , Renato Balduzzi ( 2014 ) , Salvatore Matarrese ( 2015–2016 ) , Mariano Rabino ( 2017 ) - First Vice President : Andrea Riccardi ( 2013 ) , Alberto Bombassei ( 2013 ) , Renato Balduzzi ( 2013–2014 ) , Angelo DAgostino ( 2015–2017 )",
"title": "Leadership"
},
{
"text": "- Vice President : Carlo Calenda ( 2013 ) , Ilaria Capua ( 2013 ) , Maria Paola Merloni ( 2013 ) , Milena Santerini ( 2013 ) , Luciano Cimmino ( 2013–2015 ) , Ilaria Borletti Buitoni ( 2013–2015 ) , Valentina Vezzali ( 2015–2017 )",
"title": "Leadership"
},
{
"text": " - Coordinator / Secretary : Andrea Olivero ( 2013 ) , Stefania Giannini ( 2013–2014 ) , Enrico Zanetti ( 2015–2017 ) - Executive Secretary : Silvia Colombo ( 2013–2015 ) - Organizational Secretary : Andrea Causin ( 2013–2014 ) , Mariano Rabino ( 2014–2017 ) - Spokesperson : Lelio Alfonso ( 2013–2015 ) , Benedetto Della Vedova ( 2013–2015 ) - Party Leader in the Chamber of Deputies : Lorenzo Dellai ( 2013 ) , Andrea Romano ( 2013–2014 ) , Andrea Mazziotti ( 2014–2015 ) , Giovanni Monchiero ( 2015–2016 ) , Giulio Sottanelli ( 2016–present )",
"title": "Leadership"
},
{
"text": "- Party Leader in the Senate : Mario Mauro ( 2013 ) , Gianluca Susta ( 2013 ) , Lucio Romano ( 2013 ) , Gianluca Susta ( 2013–2015 )",
"title": "Leadership"
}
] |
/wiki/Martin_Reim#P54#0
|
Which team did Martin Reim play for in Sep 1990?
|
Martin Reim Martin Reim ( born 14 May 1971 ) is an Estonian football manager and former professional player . Reim played as a central midfielder for Lõvid , Sport Tallinn , Norma , Flora , KTP and the Estonia national team . He is Estonias most capped player of all time with 157 appearances , and was the most capped European player from August 2007 until December 2009 , when he was surpassed by Latvias Vitālijs Astafjevs . Reim is also the most capped player never to have played in a major tournament . Reim was named Estonian Footballer of the Year in 1995 and won the Estonian Silverball award three times , in 1995 , 1997 , and 1999 . In 2011 , he received the Order of the White Star for his services to Estonia . In 2007 , Reim opened a football academy ( Martin Reimi Jalgpallikool ) . In 2016 , the academy team Viimsi MRJK merged with Esiliiga B club HÜJK Emmaste , and became Viimsi JK . Early life . Reim was born in Tartu and grew up in Tallinn . He graduated from the Tallinn Secondary School No . 49 in 1989 , and from the Tallinn University of Technology in 2000 . Club career . Early career . Reim played for a local club Tallinna Lõvid ( Lions of Tallinn ) , where he was coached by his father Olev Reim and Roman Ubakivi . In 1989 , he joined Soviet Second League club Sport Tallinn . Reim returned to the Estonian league after a season and joined Norma . He was the top goalscorer in the 1990 season with 18 goals . Flora . In 1992 , Reim joined Meistriliiga club Flora , the successor of the Lõvid team . He won seven trophies with the club , including four Meistriliiga titles , in 1993–94 , 1994–95 , 1997–98 and 1998 , two Estonian Cups , in 1994–95 and 1997–98 , and an Estonian Supercup in 1998 . KTP . In June 1999 , Reim joined Veikkausliiga club KTP on loan until the end of the season . The move was made permanent in December 1999 , for a reported fee of 150,000 FIM ( 400,000 EEK ) . Return to Flora . In 2001 , Reim returned to Flora . During his second spell at Flora , he won three consecutive Meistriliiga titles , in 2001 , 2002 and 2003 , another Estonian Cup in 2008 , and three more Estonian Supercups , in 2002 , 2003 and 2004 . On 5 December 2008 , Reim announced his retirement from professional football . He holds the club record for the most appearances in the Meistriliiga , with 385 . International career . Reim made his international debut for Estonia on 3 June 1992 , in a historic 1–1 draw against Slovenia in a friendly at Kadriorg Stadium . The match was Estonias first official match since restoration of independence and Slovenias first match ever . Reim scored his first international goal on 23 May 1994 , in a 1–2 home loss to Wales in a friendly . He won the Estonian Silverball award for the best national team goal of the year three times , in 1995 , 1997 , 1999 . On 2 June 2001 , Reim made his 100th appearance for Estonia in a 2–4 home loss to the Netherlands in a qualification match for the 2002 FIFA World Cup . He ended his international career with a testimonial match on 6 June 2009 , a 3–0 home win over Equatorial Guinea . With 157 appearances and 14 goals scored , he is Estonias most capped player of all time . Managerial career . Flora . On 3 December 2009 , Flora announced that Reim would replace Tarmo Rüütli as the new manager of the club . He led Flora to victory in the 2010 season , ending the reign of Levadia who had won the four previous Meistriliiga titles . Flora successfully defended their title in 2011 season and won the 2010–11 Estonian Cup , defeating Narva Trans 2–0 in the final . On 14 October 2012 , Reim resigned after poor results in the Meistriliiga , with Marko Lelov and Norbert Hurt taking over . Estonia youth teams . In October 2012 , Reim was named as manager of the Estonia under-18 , under-21 and under-23 national sides . He led the under-21 team to win the 2014 Baltic Cup . Estonia . On 14 September 2016 , the Estonian Football Association appointed Reim as manager of the Estonia national team until the end of the qualification tournament for the 2018 FIFA World Cup . On 17 June , he and his coaching staff resigned from Estonia national team , six days after the 0–8 defeat to Germany in the UEFA Euro 2020 qualification . External links . - Martin Reimi Jalgpallikool
|
[
"Norma"
] |
[
{
"text": " Martin Reim ( born 14 May 1971 ) is an Estonian football manager and former professional player . Reim played as a central midfielder for Lõvid , Sport Tallinn , Norma , Flora , KTP and the Estonia national team . He is Estonias most capped player of all time with 157 appearances , and was the most capped European player from August 2007 until December 2009 , when he was surpassed by Latvias Vitālijs Astafjevs . Reim is also the most capped player never to have played in a major tournament .",
"title": "Martin Reim"
},
{
"text": "Reim was named Estonian Footballer of the Year in 1995 and won the Estonian Silverball award three times , in 1995 , 1997 , and 1999 . In 2011 , he received the Order of the White Star for his services to Estonia .",
"title": "Martin Reim"
},
{
"text": " In 2007 , Reim opened a football academy ( Martin Reimi Jalgpallikool ) . In 2016 , the academy team Viimsi MRJK merged with Esiliiga B club HÜJK Emmaste , and became Viimsi JK .",
"title": "Martin Reim"
},
{
"text": " Reim was born in Tartu and grew up in Tallinn . He graduated from the Tallinn Secondary School No . 49 in 1989 , and from the Tallinn University of Technology in 2000 .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " Reim played for a local club Tallinna Lõvid ( Lions of Tallinn ) , where he was coached by his father Olev Reim and Roman Ubakivi . In 1989 , he joined Soviet Second League club Sport Tallinn . Reim returned to the Estonian league after a season and joined Norma . He was the top goalscorer in the 1990 season with 18 goals .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": " In 1992 , Reim joined Meistriliiga club Flora , the successor of the Lõvid team . He won seven trophies with the club , including four Meistriliiga titles , in 1993–94 , 1994–95 , 1997–98 and 1998 , two Estonian Cups , in 1994–95 and 1997–98 , and an Estonian Supercup in 1998 .",
"title": "Flora"
},
{
"text": " In June 1999 , Reim joined Veikkausliiga club KTP on loan until the end of the season . The move was made permanent in December 1999 , for a reported fee of 150,000 FIM ( 400,000 EEK ) .",
"title": "KTP"
},
{
"text": " In 2001 , Reim returned to Flora . During his second spell at Flora , he won three consecutive Meistriliiga titles , in 2001 , 2002 and 2003 , another Estonian Cup in 2008 , and three more Estonian Supercups , in 2002 , 2003 and 2004 . On 5 December 2008 , Reim announced his retirement from professional football . He holds the club record for the most appearances in the Meistriliiga , with 385 .",
"title": "Return to Flora"
},
{
"text": "Reim made his international debut for Estonia on 3 June 1992 , in a historic 1–1 draw against Slovenia in a friendly at Kadriorg Stadium . The match was Estonias first official match since restoration of independence and Slovenias first match ever . Reim scored his first international goal on 23 May 1994 , in a 1–2 home loss to Wales in a friendly . He won the Estonian Silverball award for the best national team goal of the year three times , in 1995 , 1997 , 1999 . On 2 June 2001 , Reim made his 100th appearance",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "for Estonia in a 2–4 home loss to the Netherlands in a qualification match for the 2002 FIFA World Cup . He ended his international career with a testimonial match on 6 June 2009 , a 3–0 home win over Equatorial Guinea . With 157 appearances and 14 goals scored , he is Estonias most capped player of all time .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " On 3 December 2009 , Flora announced that Reim would replace Tarmo Rüütli as the new manager of the club . He led Flora to victory in the 2010 season , ending the reign of Levadia who had won the four previous Meistriliiga titles . Flora successfully defended their title in 2011 season and won the 2010–11 Estonian Cup , defeating Narva Trans 2–0 in the final . On 14 October 2012 , Reim resigned after poor results in the Meistriliiga , with Marko Lelov and Norbert Hurt taking over .",
"title": "Flora"
},
{
"text": " In October 2012 , Reim was named as manager of the Estonia under-18 , under-21 and under-23 national sides . He led the under-21 team to win the 2014 Baltic Cup .",
"title": "Estonia youth teams"
},
{
"text": " On 14 September 2016 , the Estonian Football Association appointed Reim as manager of the Estonia national team until the end of the qualification tournament for the 2018 FIFA World Cup . On 17 June , he and his coaching staff resigned from Estonia national team , six days after the 0–8 defeat to Germany in the UEFA Euro 2020 qualification .",
"title": "Estonia"
},
{
"text": " - Martin Reimi Jalgpallikool",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Martin_Reim#P54#1
|
Which team did Martin Reim play for in Jul 1993?
|
Martin Reim Martin Reim ( born 14 May 1971 ) is an Estonian football manager and former professional player . Reim played as a central midfielder for Lõvid , Sport Tallinn , Norma , Flora , KTP and the Estonia national team . He is Estonias most capped player of all time with 157 appearances , and was the most capped European player from August 2007 until December 2009 , when he was surpassed by Latvias Vitālijs Astafjevs . Reim is also the most capped player never to have played in a major tournament . Reim was named Estonian Footballer of the Year in 1995 and won the Estonian Silverball award three times , in 1995 , 1997 , and 1999 . In 2011 , he received the Order of the White Star for his services to Estonia . In 2007 , Reim opened a football academy ( Martin Reimi Jalgpallikool ) . In 2016 , the academy team Viimsi MRJK merged with Esiliiga B club HÜJK Emmaste , and became Viimsi JK . Early life . Reim was born in Tartu and grew up in Tallinn . He graduated from the Tallinn Secondary School No . 49 in 1989 , and from the Tallinn University of Technology in 2000 . Club career . Early career . Reim played for a local club Tallinna Lõvid ( Lions of Tallinn ) , where he was coached by his father Olev Reim and Roman Ubakivi . In 1989 , he joined Soviet Second League club Sport Tallinn . Reim returned to the Estonian league after a season and joined Norma . He was the top goalscorer in the 1990 season with 18 goals . Flora . In 1992 , Reim joined Meistriliiga club Flora , the successor of the Lõvid team . He won seven trophies with the club , including four Meistriliiga titles , in 1993–94 , 1994–95 , 1997–98 and 1998 , two Estonian Cups , in 1994–95 and 1997–98 , and an Estonian Supercup in 1998 . KTP . In June 1999 , Reim joined Veikkausliiga club KTP on loan until the end of the season . The move was made permanent in December 1999 , for a reported fee of 150,000 FIM ( 400,000 EEK ) . Return to Flora . In 2001 , Reim returned to Flora . During his second spell at Flora , he won three consecutive Meistriliiga titles , in 2001 , 2002 and 2003 , another Estonian Cup in 2008 , and three more Estonian Supercups , in 2002 , 2003 and 2004 . On 5 December 2008 , Reim announced his retirement from professional football . He holds the club record for the most appearances in the Meistriliiga , with 385 . International career . Reim made his international debut for Estonia on 3 June 1992 , in a historic 1–1 draw against Slovenia in a friendly at Kadriorg Stadium . The match was Estonias first official match since restoration of independence and Slovenias first match ever . Reim scored his first international goal on 23 May 1994 , in a 1–2 home loss to Wales in a friendly . He won the Estonian Silverball award for the best national team goal of the year three times , in 1995 , 1997 , 1999 . On 2 June 2001 , Reim made his 100th appearance for Estonia in a 2–4 home loss to the Netherlands in a qualification match for the 2002 FIFA World Cup . He ended his international career with a testimonial match on 6 June 2009 , a 3–0 home win over Equatorial Guinea . With 157 appearances and 14 goals scored , he is Estonias most capped player of all time . Managerial career . Flora . On 3 December 2009 , Flora announced that Reim would replace Tarmo Rüütli as the new manager of the club . He led Flora to victory in the 2010 season , ending the reign of Levadia who had won the four previous Meistriliiga titles . Flora successfully defended their title in 2011 season and won the 2010–11 Estonian Cup , defeating Narva Trans 2–0 in the final . On 14 October 2012 , Reim resigned after poor results in the Meistriliiga , with Marko Lelov and Norbert Hurt taking over . Estonia youth teams . In October 2012 , Reim was named as manager of the Estonia under-18 , under-21 and under-23 national sides . He led the under-21 team to win the 2014 Baltic Cup . Estonia . On 14 September 2016 , the Estonian Football Association appointed Reim as manager of the Estonia national team until the end of the qualification tournament for the 2018 FIFA World Cup . On 17 June , he and his coaching staff resigned from Estonia national team , six days after the 0–8 defeat to Germany in the UEFA Euro 2020 qualification . External links . - Martin Reimi Jalgpallikool
|
[
"Flora"
] |
[
{
"text": " Martin Reim ( born 14 May 1971 ) is an Estonian football manager and former professional player . Reim played as a central midfielder for Lõvid , Sport Tallinn , Norma , Flora , KTP and the Estonia national team . He is Estonias most capped player of all time with 157 appearances , and was the most capped European player from August 2007 until December 2009 , when he was surpassed by Latvias Vitālijs Astafjevs . Reim is also the most capped player never to have played in a major tournament .",
"title": "Martin Reim"
},
{
"text": "Reim was named Estonian Footballer of the Year in 1995 and won the Estonian Silverball award three times , in 1995 , 1997 , and 1999 . In 2011 , he received the Order of the White Star for his services to Estonia .",
"title": "Martin Reim"
},
{
"text": " In 2007 , Reim opened a football academy ( Martin Reimi Jalgpallikool ) . In 2016 , the academy team Viimsi MRJK merged with Esiliiga B club HÜJK Emmaste , and became Viimsi JK .",
"title": "Martin Reim"
},
{
"text": " Reim was born in Tartu and grew up in Tallinn . He graduated from the Tallinn Secondary School No . 49 in 1989 , and from the Tallinn University of Technology in 2000 .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " Reim played for a local club Tallinna Lõvid ( Lions of Tallinn ) , where he was coached by his father Olev Reim and Roman Ubakivi . In 1989 , he joined Soviet Second League club Sport Tallinn . Reim returned to the Estonian league after a season and joined Norma . He was the top goalscorer in the 1990 season with 18 goals .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": " In 1992 , Reim joined Meistriliiga club Flora , the successor of the Lõvid team . He won seven trophies with the club , including four Meistriliiga titles , in 1993–94 , 1994–95 , 1997–98 and 1998 , two Estonian Cups , in 1994–95 and 1997–98 , and an Estonian Supercup in 1998 .",
"title": "Flora"
},
{
"text": " In June 1999 , Reim joined Veikkausliiga club KTP on loan until the end of the season . The move was made permanent in December 1999 , for a reported fee of 150,000 FIM ( 400,000 EEK ) .",
"title": "KTP"
},
{
"text": " In 2001 , Reim returned to Flora . During his second spell at Flora , he won three consecutive Meistriliiga titles , in 2001 , 2002 and 2003 , another Estonian Cup in 2008 , and three more Estonian Supercups , in 2002 , 2003 and 2004 . On 5 December 2008 , Reim announced his retirement from professional football . He holds the club record for the most appearances in the Meistriliiga , with 385 .",
"title": "Return to Flora"
},
{
"text": "Reim made his international debut for Estonia on 3 June 1992 , in a historic 1–1 draw against Slovenia in a friendly at Kadriorg Stadium . The match was Estonias first official match since restoration of independence and Slovenias first match ever . Reim scored his first international goal on 23 May 1994 , in a 1–2 home loss to Wales in a friendly . He won the Estonian Silverball award for the best national team goal of the year three times , in 1995 , 1997 , 1999 . On 2 June 2001 , Reim made his 100th appearance",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "for Estonia in a 2–4 home loss to the Netherlands in a qualification match for the 2002 FIFA World Cup . He ended his international career with a testimonial match on 6 June 2009 , a 3–0 home win over Equatorial Guinea . With 157 appearances and 14 goals scored , he is Estonias most capped player of all time .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " On 3 December 2009 , Flora announced that Reim would replace Tarmo Rüütli as the new manager of the club . He led Flora to victory in the 2010 season , ending the reign of Levadia who had won the four previous Meistriliiga titles . Flora successfully defended their title in 2011 season and won the 2010–11 Estonian Cup , defeating Narva Trans 2–0 in the final . On 14 October 2012 , Reim resigned after poor results in the Meistriliiga , with Marko Lelov and Norbert Hurt taking over .",
"title": "Flora"
},
{
"text": " In October 2012 , Reim was named as manager of the Estonia under-18 , under-21 and under-23 national sides . He led the under-21 team to win the 2014 Baltic Cup .",
"title": "Estonia youth teams"
},
{
"text": " On 14 September 2016 , the Estonian Football Association appointed Reim as manager of the Estonia national team until the end of the qualification tournament for the 2018 FIFA World Cup . On 17 June , he and his coaching staff resigned from Estonia national team , six days after the 0–8 defeat to Germany in the UEFA Euro 2020 qualification .",
"title": "Estonia"
},
{
"text": " - Martin Reimi Jalgpallikool",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Martin_Reim#P54#2
|
Which team did Martin Reim play for in Sep 2000?
|
Martin Reim Martin Reim ( born 14 May 1971 ) is an Estonian football manager and former professional player . Reim played as a central midfielder for Lõvid , Sport Tallinn , Norma , Flora , KTP and the Estonia national team . He is Estonias most capped player of all time with 157 appearances , and was the most capped European player from August 2007 until December 2009 , when he was surpassed by Latvias Vitālijs Astafjevs . Reim is also the most capped player never to have played in a major tournament . Reim was named Estonian Footballer of the Year in 1995 and won the Estonian Silverball award three times , in 1995 , 1997 , and 1999 . In 2011 , he received the Order of the White Star for his services to Estonia . In 2007 , Reim opened a football academy ( Martin Reimi Jalgpallikool ) . In 2016 , the academy team Viimsi MRJK merged with Esiliiga B club HÜJK Emmaste , and became Viimsi JK . Early life . Reim was born in Tartu and grew up in Tallinn . He graduated from the Tallinn Secondary School No . 49 in 1989 , and from the Tallinn University of Technology in 2000 . Club career . Early career . Reim played for a local club Tallinna Lõvid ( Lions of Tallinn ) , where he was coached by his father Olev Reim and Roman Ubakivi . In 1989 , he joined Soviet Second League club Sport Tallinn . Reim returned to the Estonian league after a season and joined Norma . He was the top goalscorer in the 1990 season with 18 goals . Flora . In 1992 , Reim joined Meistriliiga club Flora , the successor of the Lõvid team . He won seven trophies with the club , including four Meistriliiga titles , in 1993–94 , 1994–95 , 1997–98 and 1998 , two Estonian Cups , in 1994–95 and 1997–98 , and an Estonian Supercup in 1998 . KTP . In June 1999 , Reim joined Veikkausliiga club KTP on loan until the end of the season . The move was made permanent in December 1999 , for a reported fee of 150,000 FIM ( 400,000 EEK ) . Return to Flora . In 2001 , Reim returned to Flora . During his second spell at Flora , he won three consecutive Meistriliiga titles , in 2001 , 2002 and 2003 , another Estonian Cup in 2008 , and three more Estonian Supercups , in 2002 , 2003 and 2004 . On 5 December 2008 , Reim announced his retirement from professional football . He holds the club record for the most appearances in the Meistriliiga , with 385 . International career . Reim made his international debut for Estonia on 3 June 1992 , in a historic 1–1 draw against Slovenia in a friendly at Kadriorg Stadium . The match was Estonias first official match since restoration of independence and Slovenias first match ever . Reim scored his first international goal on 23 May 1994 , in a 1–2 home loss to Wales in a friendly . He won the Estonian Silverball award for the best national team goal of the year three times , in 1995 , 1997 , 1999 . On 2 June 2001 , Reim made his 100th appearance for Estonia in a 2–4 home loss to the Netherlands in a qualification match for the 2002 FIFA World Cup . He ended his international career with a testimonial match on 6 June 2009 , a 3–0 home win over Equatorial Guinea . With 157 appearances and 14 goals scored , he is Estonias most capped player of all time . Managerial career . Flora . On 3 December 2009 , Flora announced that Reim would replace Tarmo Rüütli as the new manager of the club . He led Flora to victory in the 2010 season , ending the reign of Levadia who had won the four previous Meistriliiga titles . Flora successfully defended their title in 2011 season and won the 2010–11 Estonian Cup , defeating Narva Trans 2–0 in the final . On 14 October 2012 , Reim resigned after poor results in the Meistriliiga , with Marko Lelov and Norbert Hurt taking over . Estonia youth teams . In October 2012 , Reim was named as manager of the Estonia under-18 , under-21 and under-23 national sides . He led the under-21 team to win the 2014 Baltic Cup . Estonia . On 14 September 2016 , the Estonian Football Association appointed Reim as manager of the Estonia national team until the end of the qualification tournament for the 2018 FIFA World Cup . On 17 June , he and his coaching staff resigned from Estonia national team , six days after the 0–8 defeat to Germany in the UEFA Euro 2020 qualification . External links . - Martin Reimi Jalgpallikool
|
[
"KTP"
] |
[
{
"text": " Martin Reim ( born 14 May 1971 ) is an Estonian football manager and former professional player . Reim played as a central midfielder for Lõvid , Sport Tallinn , Norma , Flora , KTP and the Estonia national team . He is Estonias most capped player of all time with 157 appearances , and was the most capped European player from August 2007 until December 2009 , when he was surpassed by Latvias Vitālijs Astafjevs . Reim is also the most capped player never to have played in a major tournament .",
"title": "Martin Reim"
},
{
"text": "Reim was named Estonian Footballer of the Year in 1995 and won the Estonian Silverball award three times , in 1995 , 1997 , and 1999 . In 2011 , he received the Order of the White Star for his services to Estonia .",
"title": "Martin Reim"
},
{
"text": " In 2007 , Reim opened a football academy ( Martin Reimi Jalgpallikool ) . In 2016 , the academy team Viimsi MRJK merged with Esiliiga B club HÜJK Emmaste , and became Viimsi JK .",
"title": "Martin Reim"
},
{
"text": " Reim was born in Tartu and grew up in Tallinn . He graduated from the Tallinn Secondary School No . 49 in 1989 , and from the Tallinn University of Technology in 2000 .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " Reim played for a local club Tallinna Lõvid ( Lions of Tallinn ) , where he was coached by his father Olev Reim and Roman Ubakivi . In 1989 , he joined Soviet Second League club Sport Tallinn . Reim returned to the Estonian league after a season and joined Norma . He was the top goalscorer in the 1990 season with 18 goals .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": " In 1992 , Reim joined Meistriliiga club Flora , the successor of the Lõvid team . He won seven trophies with the club , including four Meistriliiga titles , in 1993–94 , 1994–95 , 1997–98 and 1998 , two Estonian Cups , in 1994–95 and 1997–98 , and an Estonian Supercup in 1998 .",
"title": "Flora"
},
{
"text": " In June 1999 , Reim joined Veikkausliiga club KTP on loan until the end of the season . The move was made permanent in December 1999 , for a reported fee of 150,000 FIM ( 400,000 EEK ) .",
"title": "KTP"
},
{
"text": " In 2001 , Reim returned to Flora . During his second spell at Flora , he won three consecutive Meistriliiga titles , in 2001 , 2002 and 2003 , another Estonian Cup in 2008 , and three more Estonian Supercups , in 2002 , 2003 and 2004 . On 5 December 2008 , Reim announced his retirement from professional football . He holds the club record for the most appearances in the Meistriliiga , with 385 .",
"title": "Return to Flora"
},
{
"text": "Reim made his international debut for Estonia on 3 June 1992 , in a historic 1–1 draw against Slovenia in a friendly at Kadriorg Stadium . The match was Estonias first official match since restoration of independence and Slovenias first match ever . Reim scored his first international goal on 23 May 1994 , in a 1–2 home loss to Wales in a friendly . He won the Estonian Silverball award for the best national team goal of the year three times , in 1995 , 1997 , 1999 . On 2 June 2001 , Reim made his 100th appearance",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "for Estonia in a 2–4 home loss to the Netherlands in a qualification match for the 2002 FIFA World Cup . He ended his international career with a testimonial match on 6 June 2009 , a 3–0 home win over Equatorial Guinea . With 157 appearances and 14 goals scored , he is Estonias most capped player of all time .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " On 3 December 2009 , Flora announced that Reim would replace Tarmo Rüütli as the new manager of the club . He led Flora to victory in the 2010 season , ending the reign of Levadia who had won the four previous Meistriliiga titles . Flora successfully defended their title in 2011 season and won the 2010–11 Estonian Cup , defeating Narva Trans 2–0 in the final . On 14 October 2012 , Reim resigned after poor results in the Meistriliiga , with Marko Lelov and Norbert Hurt taking over .",
"title": "Flora"
},
{
"text": " In October 2012 , Reim was named as manager of the Estonia under-18 , under-21 and under-23 national sides . He led the under-21 team to win the 2014 Baltic Cup .",
"title": "Estonia youth teams"
},
{
"text": " On 14 September 2016 , the Estonian Football Association appointed Reim as manager of the Estonia national team until the end of the qualification tournament for the 2018 FIFA World Cup . On 17 June , he and his coaching staff resigned from Estonia national team , six days after the 0–8 defeat to Germany in the UEFA Euro 2020 qualification .",
"title": "Estonia"
},
{
"text": " - Martin Reimi Jalgpallikool",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Martin_Reim#P54#3
|
Which team did Martin Reim play for between Mar 2005 and Dec 2006?
|
Martin Reim Martin Reim ( born 14 May 1971 ) is an Estonian football manager and former professional player . Reim played as a central midfielder for Lõvid , Sport Tallinn , Norma , Flora , KTP and the Estonia national team . He is Estonias most capped player of all time with 157 appearances , and was the most capped European player from August 2007 until December 2009 , when he was surpassed by Latvias Vitālijs Astafjevs . Reim is also the most capped player never to have played in a major tournament . Reim was named Estonian Footballer of the Year in 1995 and won the Estonian Silverball award three times , in 1995 , 1997 , and 1999 . In 2011 , he received the Order of the White Star for his services to Estonia . In 2007 , Reim opened a football academy ( Martin Reimi Jalgpallikool ) . In 2016 , the academy team Viimsi MRJK merged with Esiliiga B club HÜJK Emmaste , and became Viimsi JK . Early life . Reim was born in Tartu and grew up in Tallinn . He graduated from the Tallinn Secondary School No . 49 in 1989 , and from the Tallinn University of Technology in 2000 . Club career . Early career . Reim played for a local club Tallinna Lõvid ( Lions of Tallinn ) , where he was coached by his father Olev Reim and Roman Ubakivi . In 1989 , he joined Soviet Second League club Sport Tallinn . Reim returned to the Estonian league after a season and joined Norma . He was the top goalscorer in the 1990 season with 18 goals . Flora . In 1992 , Reim joined Meistriliiga club Flora , the successor of the Lõvid team . He won seven trophies with the club , including four Meistriliiga titles , in 1993–94 , 1994–95 , 1997–98 and 1998 , two Estonian Cups , in 1994–95 and 1997–98 , and an Estonian Supercup in 1998 . KTP . In June 1999 , Reim joined Veikkausliiga club KTP on loan until the end of the season . The move was made permanent in December 1999 , for a reported fee of 150,000 FIM ( 400,000 EEK ) . Return to Flora . In 2001 , Reim returned to Flora . During his second spell at Flora , he won three consecutive Meistriliiga titles , in 2001 , 2002 and 2003 , another Estonian Cup in 2008 , and three more Estonian Supercups , in 2002 , 2003 and 2004 . On 5 December 2008 , Reim announced his retirement from professional football . He holds the club record for the most appearances in the Meistriliiga , with 385 . International career . Reim made his international debut for Estonia on 3 June 1992 , in a historic 1–1 draw against Slovenia in a friendly at Kadriorg Stadium . The match was Estonias first official match since restoration of independence and Slovenias first match ever . Reim scored his first international goal on 23 May 1994 , in a 1–2 home loss to Wales in a friendly . He won the Estonian Silverball award for the best national team goal of the year three times , in 1995 , 1997 , 1999 . On 2 June 2001 , Reim made his 100th appearance for Estonia in a 2–4 home loss to the Netherlands in a qualification match for the 2002 FIFA World Cup . He ended his international career with a testimonial match on 6 June 2009 , a 3–0 home win over Equatorial Guinea . With 157 appearances and 14 goals scored , he is Estonias most capped player of all time . Managerial career . Flora . On 3 December 2009 , Flora announced that Reim would replace Tarmo Rüütli as the new manager of the club . He led Flora to victory in the 2010 season , ending the reign of Levadia who had won the four previous Meistriliiga titles . Flora successfully defended their title in 2011 season and won the 2010–11 Estonian Cup , defeating Narva Trans 2–0 in the final . On 14 October 2012 , Reim resigned after poor results in the Meistriliiga , with Marko Lelov and Norbert Hurt taking over . Estonia youth teams . In October 2012 , Reim was named as manager of the Estonia under-18 , under-21 and under-23 national sides . He led the under-21 team to win the 2014 Baltic Cup . Estonia . On 14 September 2016 , the Estonian Football Association appointed Reim as manager of the Estonia national team until the end of the qualification tournament for the 2018 FIFA World Cup . On 17 June , he and his coaching staff resigned from Estonia national team , six days after the 0–8 defeat to Germany in the UEFA Euro 2020 qualification . External links . - Martin Reimi Jalgpallikool
|
[
"Flora"
] |
[
{
"text": " Martin Reim ( born 14 May 1971 ) is an Estonian football manager and former professional player . Reim played as a central midfielder for Lõvid , Sport Tallinn , Norma , Flora , KTP and the Estonia national team . He is Estonias most capped player of all time with 157 appearances , and was the most capped European player from August 2007 until December 2009 , when he was surpassed by Latvias Vitālijs Astafjevs . Reim is also the most capped player never to have played in a major tournament .",
"title": "Martin Reim"
},
{
"text": "Reim was named Estonian Footballer of the Year in 1995 and won the Estonian Silverball award three times , in 1995 , 1997 , and 1999 . In 2011 , he received the Order of the White Star for his services to Estonia .",
"title": "Martin Reim"
},
{
"text": " In 2007 , Reim opened a football academy ( Martin Reimi Jalgpallikool ) . In 2016 , the academy team Viimsi MRJK merged with Esiliiga B club HÜJK Emmaste , and became Viimsi JK .",
"title": "Martin Reim"
},
{
"text": " Reim was born in Tartu and grew up in Tallinn . He graduated from the Tallinn Secondary School No . 49 in 1989 , and from the Tallinn University of Technology in 2000 .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " Reim played for a local club Tallinna Lõvid ( Lions of Tallinn ) , where he was coached by his father Olev Reim and Roman Ubakivi . In 1989 , he joined Soviet Second League club Sport Tallinn . Reim returned to the Estonian league after a season and joined Norma . He was the top goalscorer in the 1990 season with 18 goals .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": " In 1992 , Reim joined Meistriliiga club Flora , the successor of the Lõvid team . He won seven trophies with the club , including four Meistriliiga titles , in 1993–94 , 1994–95 , 1997–98 and 1998 , two Estonian Cups , in 1994–95 and 1997–98 , and an Estonian Supercup in 1998 .",
"title": "Flora"
},
{
"text": " In June 1999 , Reim joined Veikkausliiga club KTP on loan until the end of the season . The move was made permanent in December 1999 , for a reported fee of 150,000 FIM ( 400,000 EEK ) .",
"title": "KTP"
},
{
"text": " In 2001 , Reim returned to Flora . During his second spell at Flora , he won three consecutive Meistriliiga titles , in 2001 , 2002 and 2003 , another Estonian Cup in 2008 , and three more Estonian Supercups , in 2002 , 2003 and 2004 . On 5 December 2008 , Reim announced his retirement from professional football . He holds the club record for the most appearances in the Meistriliiga , with 385 .",
"title": "Return to Flora"
},
{
"text": "Reim made his international debut for Estonia on 3 June 1992 , in a historic 1–1 draw against Slovenia in a friendly at Kadriorg Stadium . The match was Estonias first official match since restoration of independence and Slovenias first match ever . Reim scored his first international goal on 23 May 1994 , in a 1–2 home loss to Wales in a friendly . He won the Estonian Silverball award for the best national team goal of the year three times , in 1995 , 1997 , 1999 . On 2 June 2001 , Reim made his 100th appearance",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "for Estonia in a 2–4 home loss to the Netherlands in a qualification match for the 2002 FIFA World Cup . He ended his international career with a testimonial match on 6 June 2009 , a 3–0 home win over Equatorial Guinea . With 157 appearances and 14 goals scored , he is Estonias most capped player of all time .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " On 3 December 2009 , Flora announced that Reim would replace Tarmo Rüütli as the new manager of the club . He led Flora to victory in the 2010 season , ending the reign of Levadia who had won the four previous Meistriliiga titles . Flora successfully defended their title in 2011 season and won the 2010–11 Estonian Cup , defeating Narva Trans 2–0 in the final . On 14 October 2012 , Reim resigned after poor results in the Meistriliiga , with Marko Lelov and Norbert Hurt taking over .",
"title": "Flora"
},
{
"text": " In October 2012 , Reim was named as manager of the Estonia under-18 , under-21 and under-23 national sides . He led the under-21 team to win the 2014 Baltic Cup .",
"title": "Estonia youth teams"
},
{
"text": " On 14 September 2016 , the Estonian Football Association appointed Reim as manager of the Estonia national team until the end of the qualification tournament for the 2018 FIFA World Cup . On 17 June , he and his coaching staff resigned from Estonia national team , six days after the 0–8 defeat to Germany in the UEFA Euro 2020 qualification .",
"title": "Estonia"
},
{
"text": " - Martin Reimi Jalgpallikool",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Martin_Reim#P54#4
|
Which team did Martin Reim play for between Apr 2008 and Nov 2008?
|
Martin Reim Martin Reim ( born 14 May 1971 ) is an Estonian football manager and former professional player . Reim played as a central midfielder for Lõvid , Sport Tallinn , Norma , Flora , KTP and the Estonia national team . He is Estonias most capped player of all time with 157 appearances , and was the most capped European player from August 2007 until December 2009 , when he was surpassed by Latvias Vitālijs Astafjevs . Reim is also the most capped player never to have played in a major tournament . Reim was named Estonian Footballer of the Year in 1995 and won the Estonian Silverball award three times , in 1995 , 1997 , and 1999 . In 2011 , he received the Order of the White Star for his services to Estonia . In 2007 , Reim opened a football academy ( Martin Reimi Jalgpallikool ) . In 2016 , the academy team Viimsi MRJK merged with Esiliiga B club HÜJK Emmaste , and became Viimsi JK . Early life . Reim was born in Tartu and grew up in Tallinn . He graduated from the Tallinn Secondary School No . 49 in 1989 , and from the Tallinn University of Technology in 2000 . Club career . Early career . Reim played for a local club Tallinna Lõvid ( Lions of Tallinn ) , where he was coached by his father Olev Reim and Roman Ubakivi . In 1989 , he joined Soviet Second League club Sport Tallinn . Reim returned to the Estonian league after a season and joined Norma . He was the top goalscorer in the 1990 season with 18 goals . Flora . In 1992 , Reim joined Meistriliiga club Flora , the successor of the Lõvid team . He won seven trophies with the club , including four Meistriliiga titles , in 1993–94 , 1994–95 , 1997–98 and 1998 , two Estonian Cups , in 1994–95 and 1997–98 , and an Estonian Supercup in 1998 . KTP . In June 1999 , Reim joined Veikkausliiga club KTP on loan until the end of the season . The move was made permanent in December 1999 , for a reported fee of 150,000 FIM ( 400,000 EEK ) . Return to Flora . In 2001 , Reim returned to Flora . During his second spell at Flora , he won three consecutive Meistriliiga titles , in 2001 , 2002 and 2003 , another Estonian Cup in 2008 , and three more Estonian Supercups , in 2002 , 2003 and 2004 . On 5 December 2008 , Reim announced his retirement from professional football . He holds the club record for the most appearances in the Meistriliiga , with 385 . International career . Reim made his international debut for Estonia on 3 June 1992 , in a historic 1–1 draw against Slovenia in a friendly at Kadriorg Stadium . The match was Estonias first official match since restoration of independence and Slovenias first match ever . Reim scored his first international goal on 23 May 1994 , in a 1–2 home loss to Wales in a friendly . He won the Estonian Silverball award for the best national team goal of the year three times , in 1995 , 1997 , 1999 . On 2 June 2001 , Reim made his 100th appearance for Estonia in a 2–4 home loss to the Netherlands in a qualification match for the 2002 FIFA World Cup . He ended his international career with a testimonial match on 6 June 2009 , a 3–0 home win over Equatorial Guinea . With 157 appearances and 14 goals scored , he is Estonias most capped player of all time . Managerial career . Flora . On 3 December 2009 , Flora announced that Reim would replace Tarmo Rüütli as the new manager of the club . He led Flora to victory in the 2010 season , ending the reign of Levadia who had won the four previous Meistriliiga titles . Flora successfully defended their title in 2011 season and won the 2010–11 Estonian Cup , defeating Narva Trans 2–0 in the final . On 14 October 2012 , Reim resigned after poor results in the Meistriliiga , with Marko Lelov and Norbert Hurt taking over . Estonia youth teams . In October 2012 , Reim was named as manager of the Estonia under-18 , under-21 and under-23 national sides . He led the under-21 team to win the 2014 Baltic Cup . Estonia . On 14 September 2016 , the Estonian Football Association appointed Reim as manager of the Estonia national team until the end of the qualification tournament for the 2018 FIFA World Cup . On 17 June , he and his coaching staff resigned from Estonia national team , six days after the 0–8 defeat to Germany in the UEFA Euro 2020 qualification . External links . - Martin Reimi Jalgpallikool
|
[
""
] |
[
{
"text": " Martin Reim ( born 14 May 1971 ) is an Estonian football manager and former professional player . Reim played as a central midfielder for Lõvid , Sport Tallinn , Norma , Flora , KTP and the Estonia national team . He is Estonias most capped player of all time with 157 appearances , and was the most capped European player from August 2007 until December 2009 , when he was surpassed by Latvias Vitālijs Astafjevs . Reim is also the most capped player never to have played in a major tournament .",
"title": "Martin Reim"
},
{
"text": "Reim was named Estonian Footballer of the Year in 1995 and won the Estonian Silverball award three times , in 1995 , 1997 , and 1999 . In 2011 , he received the Order of the White Star for his services to Estonia .",
"title": "Martin Reim"
},
{
"text": " In 2007 , Reim opened a football academy ( Martin Reimi Jalgpallikool ) . In 2016 , the academy team Viimsi MRJK merged with Esiliiga B club HÜJK Emmaste , and became Viimsi JK .",
"title": "Martin Reim"
},
{
"text": " Reim was born in Tartu and grew up in Tallinn . He graduated from the Tallinn Secondary School No . 49 in 1989 , and from the Tallinn University of Technology in 2000 .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " Reim played for a local club Tallinna Lõvid ( Lions of Tallinn ) , where he was coached by his father Olev Reim and Roman Ubakivi . In 1989 , he joined Soviet Second League club Sport Tallinn . Reim returned to the Estonian league after a season and joined Norma . He was the top goalscorer in the 1990 season with 18 goals .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": " In 1992 , Reim joined Meistriliiga club Flora , the successor of the Lõvid team . He won seven trophies with the club , including four Meistriliiga titles , in 1993–94 , 1994–95 , 1997–98 and 1998 , two Estonian Cups , in 1994–95 and 1997–98 , and an Estonian Supercup in 1998 .",
"title": "Flora"
},
{
"text": " In June 1999 , Reim joined Veikkausliiga club KTP on loan until the end of the season . The move was made permanent in December 1999 , for a reported fee of 150,000 FIM ( 400,000 EEK ) .",
"title": "KTP"
},
{
"text": " In 2001 , Reim returned to Flora . During his second spell at Flora , he won three consecutive Meistriliiga titles , in 2001 , 2002 and 2003 , another Estonian Cup in 2008 , and three more Estonian Supercups , in 2002 , 2003 and 2004 . On 5 December 2008 , Reim announced his retirement from professional football . He holds the club record for the most appearances in the Meistriliiga , with 385 .",
"title": "Return to Flora"
},
{
"text": "Reim made his international debut for Estonia on 3 June 1992 , in a historic 1–1 draw against Slovenia in a friendly at Kadriorg Stadium . The match was Estonias first official match since restoration of independence and Slovenias first match ever . Reim scored his first international goal on 23 May 1994 , in a 1–2 home loss to Wales in a friendly . He won the Estonian Silverball award for the best national team goal of the year three times , in 1995 , 1997 , 1999 . On 2 June 2001 , Reim made his 100th appearance",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "for Estonia in a 2–4 home loss to the Netherlands in a qualification match for the 2002 FIFA World Cup . He ended his international career with a testimonial match on 6 June 2009 , a 3–0 home win over Equatorial Guinea . With 157 appearances and 14 goals scored , he is Estonias most capped player of all time .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " On 3 December 2009 , Flora announced that Reim would replace Tarmo Rüütli as the new manager of the club . He led Flora to victory in the 2010 season , ending the reign of Levadia who had won the four previous Meistriliiga titles . Flora successfully defended their title in 2011 season and won the 2010–11 Estonian Cup , defeating Narva Trans 2–0 in the final . On 14 October 2012 , Reim resigned after poor results in the Meistriliiga , with Marko Lelov and Norbert Hurt taking over .",
"title": "Flora"
},
{
"text": " In October 2012 , Reim was named as manager of the Estonia under-18 , under-21 and under-23 national sides . He led the under-21 team to win the 2014 Baltic Cup .",
"title": "Estonia youth teams"
},
{
"text": " On 14 September 2016 , the Estonian Football Association appointed Reim as manager of the Estonia national team until the end of the qualification tournament for the 2018 FIFA World Cup . On 17 June , he and his coaching staff resigned from Estonia national team , six days after the 0–8 defeat to Germany in the UEFA Euro 2020 qualification .",
"title": "Estonia"
},
{
"text": " - Martin Reimi Jalgpallikool",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Stan_Mortensen#P54#0
|
Which team did the player Stan Mortensen belong to before Apr 1942?
|
Stan Mortensen Stanley Harding Mortensen ( 26 May 1921 – 22 May 1991 ) was an English professional footballer , most famous for his part in the 1953 FA Cup Final ( subsequently known as the Matthews Final ) , in which he became the only player ever to score a hat-trick in a Wembley FA Cup Final . He was also both the first player to score for England in a FIFA World Cup qualifying campaign and the first England player to score in the tournament proper . Wartime career . South Shields-born Mortensen went to war in 1939 as a teenage wireless operator and overcame an injury – sustained when his RAF bomber crashed , leaving him as the only survivor – to be signed by Blackpool in 1941 . While stationed at RAF Lossiemouth in Scotland , he played several unofficial matches for Aberdeen , also turning out as a guest for Arsenal with an impressive scoring record ( 25 goals in 19 appearances ) . During the war , he scored dozens of goals before making a strange piece of history by switching teams to play for Wales when they needed a reserve during a game against England on 25 September 1943 . Wales Ivor Powell was injured and had to leave the field and , as Englands reserve , Mortensen took his place in the Welsh side . Wales lost 8–3 , and Stanley Matthews later wrote of the game : Nobody in the 80,000 crowd had any idea that Mortensen was going to change . When , a quarter of an hour later , the player in the red jersey returned to the field , a cheer went up from the crowd , who — not knowing the seriousness of Powells injury — were under the impression the injured Welsh wing half was returning . Even when Powell went to inside-left , the onlookers did not suspect anything unusual , as team switches are often necessary after a player has been injured . Even some of the England players did not know that Mortensen was playing on the other side , and the football reporters , whose headquarters at Wembley are at the top of the main stand , did not know of the change until after half-time . Post-war career . On 25 May 1947 , Mortensen made his full England debut against Portugal and immediately announced himself on the scene by scoring four goals in a 10–0 win . The next year , Mortensen played all six England internationals and scored seven goals , including a hat-trick against Sweden . He was also a member of the England team that lost 6–3 to Hungary . In a playing career spent mostly with Blackpool , Mortensen scored 197 league goals in 317 games . By the end of his career , he had played twenty-five times for England and scored 23 goals . Between 1945 and 1950 , Mortensen scored in twelve consecutive rounds of the FA Cup , including the Final in 1948 . After nine years with Blackpool , Mortensen went on to play for Hull City , Southport , Bath City and , after coming out of retirement , Lancaster City . Mortensen topped the First Division goalscoring charts in 1950–51 , with 30 goals . His most famous performance occurred two years later in the 1953 FA Cup Final , when he helped Blackpool to a 4–3 win against Bolton Wanderers , after being 3–1 down , by scoring a hat-trick . Mortensens third goal came with just a minute left in the game , and Bill Perrys injury-time goal sealed the victory . After joining Southport , Mortensen announced his retirement from playing on 24 April 1958 , at the age of 37 . I have been having trouble with my knee and have had several injections , he said , after deciding against renewing his contract . Making the decision was not easy . Despite the announcement , he went on to play for two more non-League clubs over four years . Post-retirement . After retiring for good , Mortensen returned to Blackpool as manager between 1967 and 1969 , when he was sacked . He also auctioned his football medals in order to help Blackpool through a tough spell . On 20 October 1983 , at the Blackpool supporters annual general meeting , Mortensen was voted vice-president . On 18 November 1989 , Mortensen led the Blackpool team out onto the Bloomfield Road pitch for their FA Cup first-round tie with Bolton Wanderers . Former Bolton Wanderers forward Nat Lofthouse , who faced Mortensen and Blackpool in the 1953 FA Cup Final , led the visitors out . Twelve days later , on 30 November , a tribute dinner for Mortensen was held at Blackpools Savoy Hotel . Attended by many former Blackpool players , the event was arranged to honour Mortys fifty years of service to both Blackpool Football Club and the town . Death and legacy . Mortensen died four days before his 70th birthday , on 22 May 1991 , the day Blackpool reached Wembley for the first time since 1953 . They had beaten Scunthorpe United 3–2 on aggregate to reach the Fourth Division play-off final . A minutes silence was held before the final against Torquay United . On his death , it was said , Theyll probably call it the Matthews funeral , in reference to Mortensens overshadowing by Stanley Matthews after the 1953 FA Cup Final . His funeral was held at St Johns parish church , Blackpool , and he was cremated at Carleton Crematorium in Carleton , Lancashire . The month of May became associated with much of his life . During May , he was born , signed professionally , made his England debut , won the FA Cup , and died . Mortensen is mentioned with admiration in the song 1966 and All That on the 1986 vinyl EP The Trumpton Riots ( incorporated into the 2003 CD re-release of the 1985 album Back in the DHSS ) by the indie band Half Man Half Biscuit , who call him The Tangerine Wizard and The Jesus Christ of Bloomfield Road . In 2003 , Mortensen was posthumously inducted into the English Football Hall of Fame in recognition of his talent and achievements . On 23 August 2005 , a statue of Mortensen was unveiled by his widow , Jean , and former Blackpool teammate Jimmy Armfield in front of Bloomfield Roads new North Stand , which now bears his name . Of all the honours that Stan won in football , he would think this was top of the league . He was so very proud of playing for Blackpool and loved everything about the town . Nothing was ever too much trouble for him when the club or town came knocking . For him to be remembered in a statue , he would think it was the creme de la creme . A massive thank-you has to go to the generous people of Blackpool , who have dug deep to raise money for this . Stan would have been really proud . Jean Mortensen died in July 2009 at the age of 88 . In the 2005 film The Game of Their Lives he is portrayed by Gavin Rossdale of Bush fame . The BBC notes that some viewers may be amused by the fact that Mortensen – a working class Geordie – [ is ] portrayed [ in the film ] as [ a ] sneering toff , suggesting that the American film stereotyped English players in a wooden and clichéd manner . Blackpool F.C . Hall of Fame . Mortensen was inducted into the Hall of Fame at Bloomfield Road , when it was officially opened by former Blackpool player Jimmy Armfield in April 2006 . Organised by the Blackpool Supporters Association , Blackpool fans around the world voted on their all-time heroes . Five players from each decade are inducted ; Mortensen is in the 1950s . Career statistics . International goals . Stats taken from England national football team results ( 1930–59 ) . Honours . Blackpool - FA Cup : 1953 - FA Cup runner-up : 1948 , 1951 - Lancashire Senior Cup : 1953–54 External links . - Profile at Blackpool F.C.s official website - Playing profile at Soccerbase - Managerial profile at Soccerbase - England profile at the FAs official website - Appearances and goals record for England - Mortensen in the Blackpool Supporters Association Hall of Fame
|
[
"Blackpool"
] |
[
{
"text": " Stanley Harding Mortensen ( 26 May 1921 – 22 May 1991 ) was an English professional footballer , most famous for his part in the 1953 FA Cup Final ( subsequently known as the Matthews Final ) , in which he became the only player ever to score a hat-trick in a Wembley FA Cup Final . He was also both the first player to score for England in a FIFA World Cup qualifying campaign and the first England player to score in the tournament proper .",
"title": "Stan Mortensen"
},
{
"text": " South Shields-born Mortensen went to war in 1939 as a teenage wireless operator and overcame an injury – sustained when his RAF bomber crashed , leaving him as the only survivor – to be signed by Blackpool in 1941 . While stationed at RAF Lossiemouth in Scotland , he played several unofficial matches for Aberdeen , also turning out as a guest for Arsenal with an impressive scoring record ( 25 goals in 19 appearances ) .",
"title": "Wartime career"
},
{
"text": "During the war , he scored dozens of goals before making a strange piece of history by switching teams to play for Wales when they needed a reserve during a game against England on 25 September 1943 . Wales Ivor Powell was injured and had to leave the field and , as Englands reserve , Mortensen took his place in the Welsh side . Wales lost 8–3 , and Stanley Matthews later wrote of the game : Nobody in the 80,000 crowd had any idea that Mortensen was going to change . When , a quarter of an hour later",
"title": "Wartime career"
},
{
"text": ", the player in the red jersey returned to the field , a cheer went up from the crowd , who — not knowing the seriousness of Powells injury — were under the impression the injured Welsh wing half was returning . Even when Powell went to inside-left , the onlookers did not suspect anything unusual , as team switches are often necessary after a player has been injured . Even some of the England players did not know that Mortensen was playing on the other side , and the football reporters , whose headquarters at Wembley are at the",
"title": "Wartime career"
},
{
"text": "top of the main stand , did not know of the change until after half-time .",
"title": "Wartime career"
},
{
"text": " On 25 May 1947 , Mortensen made his full England debut against Portugal and immediately announced himself on the scene by scoring four goals in a 10–0 win . The next year , Mortensen played all six England internationals and scored seven goals , including a hat-trick against Sweden . He was also a member of the England team that lost 6–3 to Hungary .",
"title": "Post-war career"
},
{
"text": "In a playing career spent mostly with Blackpool , Mortensen scored 197 league goals in 317 games . By the end of his career , he had played twenty-five times for England and scored 23 goals .",
"title": "Post-war career"
},
{
"text": " Between 1945 and 1950 , Mortensen scored in twelve consecutive rounds of the FA Cup , including the Final in 1948 . After nine years with Blackpool , Mortensen went on to play for Hull City , Southport , Bath City and , after coming out of retirement , Lancaster City .",
"title": "Post-war career"
},
{
"text": "Mortensen topped the First Division goalscoring charts in 1950–51 , with 30 goals . His most famous performance occurred two years later in the 1953 FA Cup Final , when he helped Blackpool to a 4–3 win against Bolton Wanderers , after being 3–1 down , by scoring a hat-trick . Mortensens third goal came with just a minute left in the game , and Bill Perrys injury-time goal sealed the victory .",
"title": "Post-war career"
},
{
"text": " After joining Southport , Mortensen announced his retirement from playing on 24 April 1958 , at the age of 37 . I have been having trouble with my knee and have had several injections , he said , after deciding against renewing his contract . Making the decision was not easy . Despite the announcement , he went on to play for two more non-League clubs over four years .",
"title": "Post-war career"
},
{
"text": " After retiring for good , Mortensen returned to Blackpool as manager between 1967 and 1969 , when he was sacked . He also auctioned his football medals in order to help Blackpool through a tough spell . On 20 October 1983 , at the Blackpool supporters annual general meeting , Mortensen was voted vice-president .",
"title": "Post-retirement"
},
{
"text": "On 18 November 1989 , Mortensen led the Blackpool team out onto the Bloomfield Road pitch for their FA Cup first-round tie with Bolton Wanderers . Former Bolton Wanderers forward Nat Lofthouse , who faced Mortensen and Blackpool in the 1953 FA Cup Final , led the visitors out .",
"title": "Post-retirement"
},
{
"text": " Twelve days later , on 30 November , a tribute dinner for Mortensen was held at Blackpools Savoy Hotel . Attended by many former Blackpool players , the event was arranged to honour Mortys fifty years of service to both Blackpool Football Club and the town .",
"title": "Post-retirement"
},
{
"text": " Mortensen died four days before his 70th birthday , on 22 May 1991 , the day Blackpool reached Wembley for the first time since 1953 . They had beaten Scunthorpe United 3–2 on aggregate to reach the Fourth Division play-off final . A minutes silence was held before the final against Torquay United .",
"title": "Death and legacy"
},
{
"text": "On his death , it was said , Theyll probably call it the Matthews funeral , in reference to Mortensens overshadowing by Stanley Matthews after the 1953 FA Cup Final . His funeral was held at St Johns parish church , Blackpool , and he was cremated at Carleton Crematorium in Carleton , Lancashire .",
"title": "Death and legacy"
},
{
"text": " The month of May became associated with much of his life . During May , he was born , signed professionally , made his England debut , won the FA Cup , and died . Mortensen is mentioned with admiration in the song 1966 and All That on the 1986 vinyl EP The Trumpton Riots ( incorporated into the 2003 CD re-release of the 1985 album Back in the DHSS ) by the indie band Half Man Half Biscuit , who call him The Tangerine Wizard and The Jesus Christ of Bloomfield Road .",
"title": "Death and legacy"
},
{
"text": "In 2003 , Mortensen was posthumously inducted into the English Football Hall of Fame in recognition of his talent and achievements .",
"title": "Death and legacy"
},
{
"text": "On 23 August 2005 , a statue of Mortensen was unveiled by his widow , Jean , and former Blackpool teammate Jimmy Armfield in front of Bloomfield Roads new North Stand , which now bears his name . Of all the honours that Stan won in football , he would think this was top of the league . He was so very proud of playing for Blackpool and loved everything about the town . Nothing was ever too much trouble for him when the club or town came knocking . For him to be remembered in a statue , he",
"title": "Death and legacy"
},
{
"text": "would think it was the creme de la creme . A massive thank-you has to go to the generous people of Blackpool , who have dug deep to raise money for this . Stan would have been really proud . Jean Mortensen died in July 2009 at the age of 88 .",
"title": "Death and legacy"
},
{
"text": " In the 2005 film The Game of Their Lives he is portrayed by Gavin Rossdale of Bush fame . The BBC notes that some viewers may be amused by the fact that Mortensen – a working class Geordie – [ is ] portrayed [ in the film ] as [ a ] sneering toff , suggesting that the American film stereotyped English players in a wooden and clichéd manner . Blackpool F.C . Hall of Fame .",
"title": "Death and legacy"
},
{
"text": "Mortensen was inducted into the Hall of Fame at Bloomfield Road , when it was officially opened by former Blackpool player Jimmy Armfield in April 2006 . Organised by the Blackpool Supporters Association , Blackpool fans around the world voted on their all-time heroes . Five players from each decade are inducted ; Mortensen is in the 1950s .",
"title": "Death and legacy"
},
{
"text": " - FA Cup : 1953 - FA Cup runner-up : 1948 , 1951 - Lancashire Senior Cup : 1953–54",
"title": "Blackpool"
},
{
"text": " - Profile at Blackpool F.C.s official website - Playing profile at Soccerbase - Managerial profile at Soccerbase - England profile at the FAs official website - Appearances and goals record for England - Mortensen in the Blackpool Supporters Association Hall of Fame",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Stan_Mortensen#P54#1
|
Which team did the player Stan Mortensen belong to between Jan 1955 and Feb 1956?
|
Stan Mortensen Stanley Harding Mortensen ( 26 May 1921 – 22 May 1991 ) was an English professional footballer , most famous for his part in the 1953 FA Cup Final ( subsequently known as the Matthews Final ) , in which he became the only player ever to score a hat-trick in a Wembley FA Cup Final . He was also both the first player to score for England in a FIFA World Cup qualifying campaign and the first England player to score in the tournament proper . Wartime career . South Shields-born Mortensen went to war in 1939 as a teenage wireless operator and overcame an injury – sustained when his RAF bomber crashed , leaving him as the only survivor – to be signed by Blackpool in 1941 . While stationed at RAF Lossiemouth in Scotland , he played several unofficial matches for Aberdeen , also turning out as a guest for Arsenal with an impressive scoring record ( 25 goals in 19 appearances ) . During the war , he scored dozens of goals before making a strange piece of history by switching teams to play for Wales when they needed a reserve during a game against England on 25 September 1943 . Wales Ivor Powell was injured and had to leave the field and , as Englands reserve , Mortensen took his place in the Welsh side . Wales lost 8–3 , and Stanley Matthews later wrote of the game : Nobody in the 80,000 crowd had any idea that Mortensen was going to change . When , a quarter of an hour later , the player in the red jersey returned to the field , a cheer went up from the crowd , who — not knowing the seriousness of Powells injury — were under the impression the injured Welsh wing half was returning . Even when Powell went to inside-left , the onlookers did not suspect anything unusual , as team switches are often necessary after a player has been injured . Even some of the England players did not know that Mortensen was playing on the other side , and the football reporters , whose headquarters at Wembley are at the top of the main stand , did not know of the change until after half-time . Post-war career . On 25 May 1947 , Mortensen made his full England debut against Portugal and immediately announced himself on the scene by scoring four goals in a 10–0 win . The next year , Mortensen played all six England internationals and scored seven goals , including a hat-trick against Sweden . He was also a member of the England team that lost 6–3 to Hungary . In a playing career spent mostly with Blackpool , Mortensen scored 197 league goals in 317 games . By the end of his career , he had played twenty-five times for England and scored 23 goals . Between 1945 and 1950 , Mortensen scored in twelve consecutive rounds of the FA Cup , including the Final in 1948 . After nine years with Blackpool , Mortensen went on to play for Hull City , Southport , Bath City and , after coming out of retirement , Lancaster City . Mortensen topped the First Division goalscoring charts in 1950–51 , with 30 goals . His most famous performance occurred two years later in the 1953 FA Cup Final , when he helped Blackpool to a 4–3 win against Bolton Wanderers , after being 3–1 down , by scoring a hat-trick . Mortensens third goal came with just a minute left in the game , and Bill Perrys injury-time goal sealed the victory . After joining Southport , Mortensen announced his retirement from playing on 24 April 1958 , at the age of 37 . I have been having trouble with my knee and have had several injections , he said , after deciding against renewing his contract . Making the decision was not easy . Despite the announcement , he went on to play for two more non-League clubs over four years . Post-retirement . After retiring for good , Mortensen returned to Blackpool as manager between 1967 and 1969 , when he was sacked . He also auctioned his football medals in order to help Blackpool through a tough spell . On 20 October 1983 , at the Blackpool supporters annual general meeting , Mortensen was voted vice-president . On 18 November 1989 , Mortensen led the Blackpool team out onto the Bloomfield Road pitch for their FA Cup first-round tie with Bolton Wanderers . Former Bolton Wanderers forward Nat Lofthouse , who faced Mortensen and Blackpool in the 1953 FA Cup Final , led the visitors out . Twelve days later , on 30 November , a tribute dinner for Mortensen was held at Blackpools Savoy Hotel . Attended by many former Blackpool players , the event was arranged to honour Mortys fifty years of service to both Blackpool Football Club and the town . Death and legacy . Mortensen died four days before his 70th birthday , on 22 May 1991 , the day Blackpool reached Wembley for the first time since 1953 . They had beaten Scunthorpe United 3–2 on aggregate to reach the Fourth Division play-off final . A minutes silence was held before the final against Torquay United . On his death , it was said , Theyll probably call it the Matthews funeral , in reference to Mortensens overshadowing by Stanley Matthews after the 1953 FA Cup Final . His funeral was held at St Johns parish church , Blackpool , and he was cremated at Carleton Crematorium in Carleton , Lancashire . The month of May became associated with much of his life . During May , he was born , signed professionally , made his England debut , won the FA Cup , and died . Mortensen is mentioned with admiration in the song 1966 and All That on the 1986 vinyl EP The Trumpton Riots ( incorporated into the 2003 CD re-release of the 1985 album Back in the DHSS ) by the indie band Half Man Half Biscuit , who call him The Tangerine Wizard and The Jesus Christ of Bloomfield Road . In 2003 , Mortensen was posthumously inducted into the English Football Hall of Fame in recognition of his talent and achievements . On 23 August 2005 , a statue of Mortensen was unveiled by his widow , Jean , and former Blackpool teammate Jimmy Armfield in front of Bloomfield Roads new North Stand , which now bears his name . Of all the honours that Stan won in football , he would think this was top of the league . He was so very proud of playing for Blackpool and loved everything about the town . Nothing was ever too much trouble for him when the club or town came knocking . For him to be remembered in a statue , he would think it was the creme de la creme . A massive thank-you has to go to the generous people of Blackpool , who have dug deep to raise money for this . Stan would have been really proud . Jean Mortensen died in July 2009 at the age of 88 . In the 2005 film The Game of Their Lives he is portrayed by Gavin Rossdale of Bush fame . The BBC notes that some viewers may be amused by the fact that Mortensen – a working class Geordie – [ is ] portrayed [ in the film ] as [ a ] sneering toff , suggesting that the American film stereotyped English players in a wooden and clichéd manner . Blackpool F.C . Hall of Fame . Mortensen was inducted into the Hall of Fame at Bloomfield Road , when it was officially opened by former Blackpool player Jimmy Armfield in April 2006 . Organised by the Blackpool Supporters Association , Blackpool fans around the world voted on their all-time heroes . Five players from each decade are inducted ; Mortensen is in the 1950s . Career statistics . International goals . Stats taken from England national football team results ( 1930–59 ) . Honours . Blackpool - FA Cup : 1953 - FA Cup runner-up : 1948 , 1951 - Lancashire Senior Cup : 1953–54 External links . - Profile at Blackpool F.C.s official website - Playing profile at Soccerbase - Managerial profile at Soccerbase - England profile at the FAs official website - Appearances and goals record for England - Mortensen in the Blackpool Supporters Association Hall of Fame
|
[
"Hull City"
] |
[
{
"text": " Stanley Harding Mortensen ( 26 May 1921 – 22 May 1991 ) was an English professional footballer , most famous for his part in the 1953 FA Cup Final ( subsequently known as the Matthews Final ) , in which he became the only player ever to score a hat-trick in a Wembley FA Cup Final . He was also both the first player to score for England in a FIFA World Cup qualifying campaign and the first England player to score in the tournament proper .",
"title": "Stan Mortensen"
},
{
"text": " South Shields-born Mortensen went to war in 1939 as a teenage wireless operator and overcame an injury – sustained when his RAF bomber crashed , leaving him as the only survivor – to be signed by Blackpool in 1941 . While stationed at RAF Lossiemouth in Scotland , he played several unofficial matches for Aberdeen , also turning out as a guest for Arsenal with an impressive scoring record ( 25 goals in 19 appearances ) .",
"title": "Wartime career"
},
{
"text": "During the war , he scored dozens of goals before making a strange piece of history by switching teams to play for Wales when they needed a reserve during a game against England on 25 September 1943 . Wales Ivor Powell was injured and had to leave the field and , as Englands reserve , Mortensen took his place in the Welsh side . Wales lost 8–3 , and Stanley Matthews later wrote of the game : Nobody in the 80,000 crowd had any idea that Mortensen was going to change . When , a quarter of an hour later",
"title": "Wartime career"
},
{
"text": ", the player in the red jersey returned to the field , a cheer went up from the crowd , who — not knowing the seriousness of Powells injury — were under the impression the injured Welsh wing half was returning . Even when Powell went to inside-left , the onlookers did not suspect anything unusual , as team switches are often necessary after a player has been injured . Even some of the England players did not know that Mortensen was playing on the other side , and the football reporters , whose headquarters at Wembley are at the",
"title": "Wartime career"
},
{
"text": "top of the main stand , did not know of the change until after half-time .",
"title": "Wartime career"
},
{
"text": " On 25 May 1947 , Mortensen made his full England debut against Portugal and immediately announced himself on the scene by scoring four goals in a 10–0 win . The next year , Mortensen played all six England internationals and scored seven goals , including a hat-trick against Sweden . He was also a member of the England team that lost 6–3 to Hungary .",
"title": "Post-war career"
},
{
"text": "In a playing career spent mostly with Blackpool , Mortensen scored 197 league goals in 317 games . By the end of his career , he had played twenty-five times for England and scored 23 goals .",
"title": "Post-war career"
},
{
"text": " Between 1945 and 1950 , Mortensen scored in twelve consecutive rounds of the FA Cup , including the Final in 1948 . After nine years with Blackpool , Mortensen went on to play for Hull City , Southport , Bath City and , after coming out of retirement , Lancaster City .",
"title": "Post-war career"
},
{
"text": "Mortensen topped the First Division goalscoring charts in 1950–51 , with 30 goals . His most famous performance occurred two years later in the 1953 FA Cup Final , when he helped Blackpool to a 4–3 win against Bolton Wanderers , after being 3–1 down , by scoring a hat-trick . Mortensens third goal came with just a minute left in the game , and Bill Perrys injury-time goal sealed the victory .",
"title": "Post-war career"
},
{
"text": " After joining Southport , Mortensen announced his retirement from playing on 24 April 1958 , at the age of 37 . I have been having trouble with my knee and have had several injections , he said , after deciding against renewing his contract . Making the decision was not easy . Despite the announcement , he went on to play for two more non-League clubs over four years .",
"title": "Post-war career"
},
{
"text": " After retiring for good , Mortensen returned to Blackpool as manager between 1967 and 1969 , when he was sacked . He also auctioned his football medals in order to help Blackpool through a tough spell . On 20 October 1983 , at the Blackpool supporters annual general meeting , Mortensen was voted vice-president .",
"title": "Post-retirement"
},
{
"text": "On 18 November 1989 , Mortensen led the Blackpool team out onto the Bloomfield Road pitch for their FA Cup first-round tie with Bolton Wanderers . Former Bolton Wanderers forward Nat Lofthouse , who faced Mortensen and Blackpool in the 1953 FA Cup Final , led the visitors out .",
"title": "Post-retirement"
},
{
"text": " Twelve days later , on 30 November , a tribute dinner for Mortensen was held at Blackpools Savoy Hotel . Attended by many former Blackpool players , the event was arranged to honour Mortys fifty years of service to both Blackpool Football Club and the town .",
"title": "Post-retirement"
},
{
"text": " Mortensen died four days before his 70th birthday , on 22 May 1991 , the day Blackpool reached Wembley for the first time since 1953 . They had beaten Scunthorpe United 3–2 on aggregate to reach the Fourth Division play-off final . A minutes silence was held before the final against Torquay United .",
"title": "Death and legacy"
},
{
"text": "On his death , it was said , Theyll probably call it the Matthews funeral , in reference to Mortensens overshadowing by Stanley Matthews after the 1953 FA Cup Final . His funeral was held at St Johns parish church , Blackpool , and he was cremated at Carleton Crematorium in Carleton , Lancashire .",
"title": "Death and legacy"
},
{
"text": " The month of May became associated with much of his life . During May , he was born , signed professionally , made his England debut , won the FA Cup , and died . Mortensen is mentioned with admiration in the song 1966 and All That on the 1986 vinyl EP The Trumpton Riots ( incorporated into the 2003 CD re-release of the 1985 album Back in the DHSS ) by the indie band Half Man Half Biscuit , who call him The Tangerine Wizard and The Jesus Christ of Bloomfield Road .",
"title": "Death and legacy"
},
{
"text": "In 2003 , Mortensen was posthumously inducted into the English Football Hall of Fame in recognition of his talent and achievements .",
"title": "Death and legacy"
},
{
"text": "On 23 August 2005 , a statue of Mortensen was unveiled by his widow , Jean , and former Blackpool teammate Jimmy Armfield in front of Bloomfield Roads new North Stand , which now bears his name . Of all the honours that Stan won in football , he would think this was top of the league . He was so very proud of playing for Blackpool and loved everything about the town . Nothing was ever too much trouble for him when the club or town came knocking . For him to be remembered in a statue , he",
"title": "Death and legacy"
},
{
"text": "would think it was the creme de la creme . A massive thank-you has to go to the generous people of Blackpool , who have dug deep to raise money for this . Stan would have been really proud . Jean Mortensen died in July 2009 at the age of 88 .",
"title": "Death and legacy"
},
{
"text": " In the 2005 film The Game of Their Lives he is portrayed by Gavin Rossdale of Bush fame . The BBC notes that some viewers may be amused by the fact that Mortensen – a working class Geordie – [ is ] portrayed [ in the film ] as [ a ] sneering toff , suggesting that the American film stereotyped English players in a wooden and clichéd manner . Blackpool F.C . Hall of Fame .",
"title": "Death and legacy"
},
{
"text": "Mortensen was inducted into the Hall of Fame at Bloomfield Road , when it was officially opened by former Blackpool player Jimmy Armfield in April 2006 . Organised by the Blackpool Supporters Association , Blackpool fans around the world voted on their all-time heroes . Five players from each decade are inducted ; Mortensen is in the 1950s .",
"title": "Death and legacy"
},
{
"text": " - FA Cup : 1953 - FA Cup runner-up : 1948 , 1951 - Lancashire Senior Cup : 1953–54",
"title": "Blackpool"
},
{
"text": " - Profile at Blackpool F.C.s official website - Playing profile at Soccerbase - Managerial profile at Soccerbase - England profile at the FAs official website - Appearances and goals record for England - Mortensen in the Blackpool Supporters Association Hall of Fame",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Stan_Mortensen#P54#2
|
Which team did the player Stan Mortensen belong to in Mar 1957?
|
Stan Mortensen Stanley Harding Mortensen ( 26 May 1921 – 22 May 1991 ) was an English professional footballer , most famous for his part in the 1953 FA Cup Final ( subsequently known as the Matthews Final ) , in which he became the only player ever to score a hat-trick in a Wembley FA Cup Final . He was also both the first player to score for England in a FIFA World Cup qualifying campaign and the first England player to score in the tournament proper . Wartime career . South Shields-born Mortensen went to war in 1939 as a teenage wireless operator and overcame an injury – sustained when his RAF bomber crashed , leaving him as the only survivor – to be signed by Blackpool in 1941 . While stationed at RAF Lossiemouth in Scotland , he played several unofficial matches for Aberdeen , also turning out as a guest for Arsenal with an impressive scoring record ( 25 goals in 19 appearances ) . During the war , he scored dozens of goals before making a strange piece of history by switching teams to play for Wales when they needed a reserve during a game against England on 25 September 1943 . Wales Ivor Powell was injured and had to leave the field and , as Englands reserve , Mortensen took his place in the Welsh side . Wales lost 8–3 , and Stanley Matthews later wrote of the game : Nobody in the 80,000 crowd had any idea that Mortensen was going to change . When , a quarter of an hour later , the player in the red jersey returned to the field , a cheer went up from the crowd , who — not knowing the seriousness of Powells injury — were under the impression the injured Welsh wing half was returning . Even when Powell went to inside-left , the onlookers did not suspect anything unusual , as team switches are often necessary after a player has been injured . Even some of the England players did not know that Mortensen was playing on the other side , and the football reporters , whose headquarters at Wembley are at the top of the main stand , did not know of the change until after half-time . Post-war career . On 25 May 1947 , Mortensen made his full England debut against Portugal and immediately announced himself on the scene by scoring four goals in a 10–0 win . The next year , Mortensen played all six England internationals and scored seven goals , including a hat-trick against Sweden . He was also a member of the England team that lost 6–3 to Hungary . In a playing career spent mostly with Blackpool , Mortensen scored 197 league goals in 317 games . By the end of his career , he had played twenty-five times for England and scored 23 goals . Between 1945 and 1950 , Mortensen scored in twelve consecutive rounds of the FA Cup , including the Final in 1948 . After nine years with Blackpool , Mortensen went on to play for Hull City , Southport , Bath City and , after coming out of retirement , Lancaster City . Mortensen topped the First Division goalscoring charts in 1950–51 , with 30 goals . His most famous performance occurred two years later in the 1953 FA Cup Final , when he helped Blackpool to a 4–3 win against Bolton Wanderers , after being 3–1 down , by scoring a hat-trick . Mortensens third goal came with just a minute left in the game , and Bill Perrys injury-time goal sealed the victory . After joining Southport , Mortensen announced his retirement from playing on 24 April 1958 , at the age of 37 . I have been having trouble with my knee and have had several injections , he said , after deciding against renewing his contract . Making the decision was not easy . Despite the announcement , he went on to play for two more non-League clubs over four years . Post-retirement . After retiring for good , Mortensen returned to Blackpool as manager between 1967 and 1969 , when he was sacked . He also auctioned his football medals in order to help Blackpool through a tough spell . On 20 October 1983 , at the Blackpool supporters annual general meeting , Mortensen was voted vice-president . On 18 November 1989 , Mortensen led the Blackpool team out onto the Bloomfield Road pitch for their FA Cup first-round tie with Bolton Wanderers . Former Bolton Wanderers forward Nat Lofthouse , who faced Mortensen and Blackpool in the 1953 FA Cup Final , led the visitors out . Twelve days later , on 30 November , a tribute dinner for Mortensen was held at Blackpools Savoy Hotel . Attended by many former Blackpool players , the event was arranged to honour Mortys fifty years of service to both Blackpool Football Club and the town . Death and legacy . Mortensen died four days before his 70th birthday , on 22 May 1991 , the day Blackpool reached Wembley for the first time since 1953 . They had beaten Scunthorpe United 3–2 on aggregate to reach the Fourth Division play-off final . A minutes silence was held before the final against Torquay United . On his death , it was said , Theyll probably call it the Matthews funeral , in reference to Mortensens overshadowing by Stanley Matthews after the 1953 FA Cup Final . His funeral was held at St Johns parish church , Blackpool , and he was cremated at Carleton Crematorium in Carleton , Lancashire . The month of May became associated with much of his life . During May , he was born , signed professionally , made his England debut , won the FA Cup , and died . Mortensen is mentioned with admiration in the song 1966 and All That on the 1986 vinyl EP The Trumpton Riots ( incorporated into the 2003 CD re-release of the 1985 album Back in the DHSS ) by the indie band Half Man Half Biscuit , who call him The Tangerine Wizard and The Jesus Christ of Bloomfield Road . In 2003 , Mortensen was posthumously inducted into the English Football Hall of Fame in recognition of his talent and achievements . On 23 August 2005 , a statue of Mortensen was unveiled by his widow , Jean , and former Blackpool teammate Jimmy Armfield in front of Bloomfield Roads new North Stand , which now bears his name . Of all the honours that Stan won in football , he would think this was top of the league . He was so very proud of playing for Blackpool and loved everything about the town . Nothing was ever too much trouble for him when the club or town came knocking . For him to be remembered in a statue , he would think it was the creme de la creme . A massive thank-you has to go to the generous people of Blackpool , who have dug deep to raise money for this . Stan would have been really proud . Jean Mortensen died in July 2009 at the age of 88 . In the 2005 film The Game of Their Lives he is portrayed by Gavin Rossdale of Bush fame . The BBC notes that some viewers may be amused by the fact that Mortensen – a working class Geordie – [ is ] portrayed [ in the film ] as [ a ] sneering toff , suggesting that the American film stereotyped English players in a wooden and clichéd manner . Blackpool F.C . Hall of Fame . Mortensen was inducted into the Hall of Fame at Bloomfield Road , when it was officially opened by former Blackpool player Jimmy Armfield in April 2006 . Organised by the Blackpool Supporters Association , Blackpool fans around the world voted on their all-time heroes . Five players from each decade are inducted ; Mortensen is in the 1950s . Career statistics . International goals . Stats taken from England national football team results ( 1930–59 ) . Honours . Blackpool - FA Cup : 1953 - FA Cup runner-up : 1948 , 1951 - Lancashire Senior Cup : 1953–54 External links . - Profile at Blackpool F.C.s official website - Playing profile at Soccerbase - Managerial profile at Soccerbase - England profile at the FAs official website - Appearances and goals record for England - Mortensen in the Blackpool Supporters Association Hall of Fame
|
[
"Southport"
] |
[
{
"text": " Stanley Harding Mortensen ( 26 May 1921 – 22 May 1991 ) was an English professional footballer , most famous for his part in the 1953 FA Cup Final ( subsequently known as the Matthews Final ) , in which he became the only player ever to score a hat-trick in a Wembley FA Cup Final . He was also both the first player to score for England in a FIFA World Cup qualifying campaign and the first England player to score in the tournament proper .",
"title": "Stan Mortensen"
},
{
"text": " South Shields-born Mortensen went to war in 1939 as a teenage wireless operator and overcame an injury – sustained when his RAF bomber crashed , leaving him as the only survivor – to be signed by Blackpool in 1941 . While stationed at RAF Lossiemouth in Scotland , he played several unofficial matches for Aberdeen , also turning out as a guest for Arsenal with an impressive scoring record ( 25 goals in 19 appearances ) .",
"title": "Wartime career"
},
{
"text": "During the war , he scored dozens of goals before making a strange piece of history by switching teams to play for Wales when they needed a reserve during a game against England on 25 September 1943 . Wales Ivor Powell was injured and had to leave the field and , as Englands reserve , Mortensen took his place in the Welsh side . Wales lost 8–3 , and Stanley Matthews later wrote of the game : Nobody in the 80,000 crowd had any idea that Mortensen was going to change . When , a quarter of an hour later",
"title": "Wartime career"
},
{
"text": ", the player in the red jersey returned to the field , a cheer went up from the crowd , who — not knowing the seriousness of Powells injury — were under the impression the injured Welsh wing half was returning . Even when Powell went to inside-left , the onlookers did not suspect anything unusual , as team switches are often necessary after a player has been injured . Even some of the England players did not know that Mortensen was playing on the other side , and the football reporters , whose headquarters at Wembley are at the",
"title": "Wartime career"
},
{
"text": "top of the main stand , did not know of the change until after half-time .",
"title": "Wartime career"
},
{
"text": " On 25 May 1947 , Mortensen made his full England debut against Portugal and immediately announced himself on the scene by scoring four goals in a 10–0 win . The next year , Mortensen played all six England internationals and scored seven goals , including a hat-trick against Sweden . He was also a member of the England team that lost 6–3 to Hungary .",
"title": "Post-war career"
},
{
"text": "In a playing career spent mostly with Blackpool , Mortensen scored 197 league goals in 317 games . By the end of his career , he had played twenty-five times for England and scored 23 goals .",
"title": "Post-war career"
},
{
"text": " Between 1945 and 1950 , Mortensen scored in twelve consecutive rounds of the FA Cup , including the Final in 1948 . After nine years with Blackpool , Mortensen went on to play for Hull City , Southport , Bath City and , after coming out of retirement , Lancaster City .",
"title": "Post-war career"
},
{
"text": "Mortensen topped the First Division goalscoring charts in 1950–51 , with 30 goals . His most famous performance occurred two years later in the 1953 FA Cup Final , when he helped Blackpool to a 4–3 win against Bolton Wanderers , after being 3–1 down , by scoring a hat-trick . Mortensens third goal came with just a minute left in the game , and Bill Perrys injury-time goal sealed the victory .",
"title": "Post-war career"
},
{
"text": " After joining Southport , Mortensen announced his retirement from playing on 24 April 1958 , at the age of 37 . I have been having trouble with my knee and have had several injections , he said , after deciding against renewing his contract . Making the decision was not easy . Despite the announcement , he went on to play for two more non-League clubs over four years .",
"title": "Post-war career"
},
{
"text": " After retiring for good , Mortensen returned to Blackpool as manager between 1967 and 1969 , when he was sacked . He also auctioned his football medals in order to help Blackpool through a tough spell . On 20 October 1983 , at the Blackpool supporters annual general meeting , Mortensen was voted vice-president .",
"title": "Post-retirement"
},
{
"text": "On 18 November 1989 , Mortensen led the Blackpool team out onto the Bloomfield Road pitch for their FA Cup first-round tie with Bolton Wanderers . Former Bolton Wanderers forward Nat Lofthouse , who faced Mortensen and Blackpool in the 1953 FA Cup Final , led the visitors out .",
"title": "Post-retirement"
},
{
"text": " Twelve days later , on 30 November , a tribute dinner for Mortensen was held at Blackpools Savoy Hotel . Attended by many former Blackpool players , the event was arranged to honour Mortys fifty years of service to both Blackpool Football Club and the town .",
"title": "Post-retirement"
},
{
"text": " Mortensen died four days before his 70th birthday , on 22 May 1991 , the day Blackpool reached Wembley for the first time since 1953 . They had beaten Scunthorpe United 3–2 on aggregate to reach the Fourth Division play-off final . A minutes silence was held before the final against Torquay United .",
"title": "Death and legacy"
},
{
"text": "On his death , it was said , Theyll probably call it the Matthews funeral , in reference to Mortensens overshadowing by Stanley Matthews after the 1953 FA Cup Final . His funeral was held at St Johns parish church , Blackpool , and he was cremated at Carleton Crematorium in Carleton , Lancashire .",
"title": "Death and legacy"
},
{
"text": " The month of May became associated with much of his life . During May , he was born , signed professionally , made his England debut , won the FA Cup , and died . Mortensen is mentioned with admiration in the song 1966 and All That on the 1986 vinyl EP The Trumpton Riots ( incorporated into the 2003 CD re-release of the 1985 album Back in the DHSS ) by the indie band Half Man Half Biscuit , who call him The Tangerine Wizard and The Jesus Christ of Bloomfield Road .",
"title": "Death and legacy"
},
{
"text": "In 2003 , Mortensen was posthumously inducted into the English Football Hall of Fame in recognition of his talent and achievements .",
"title": "Death and legacy"
},
{
"text": "On 23 August 2005 , a statue of Mortensen was unveiled by his widow , Jean , and former Blackpool teammate Jimmy Armfield in front of Bloomfield Roads new North Stand , which now bears his name . Of all the honours that Stan won in football , he would think this was top of the league . He was so very proud of playing for Blackpool and loved everything about the town . Nothing was ever too much trouble for him when the club or town came knocking . For him to be remembered in a statue , he",
"title": "Death and legacy"
},
{
"text": "would think it was the creme de la creme . A massive thank-you has to go to the generous people of Blackpool , who have dug deep to raise money for this . Stan would have been really proud . Jean Mortensen died in July 2009 at the age of 88 .",
"title": "Death and legacy"
},
{
"text": " In the 2005 film The Game of Their Lives he is portrayed by Gavin Rossdale of Bush fame . The BBC notes that some viewers may be amused by the fact that Mortensen – a working class Geordie – [ is ] portrayed [ in the film ] as [ a ] sneering toff , suggesting that the American film stereotyped English players in a wooden and clichéd manner . Blackpool F.C . Hall of Fame .",
"title": "Death and legacy"
},
{
"text": "Mortensen was inducted into the Hall of Fame at Bloomfield Road , when it was officially opened by former Blackpool player Jimmy Armfield in April 2006 . Organised by the Blackpool Supporters Association , Blackpool fans around the world voted on their all-time heroes . Five players from each decade are inducted ; Mortensen is in the 1950s .",
"title": "Death and legacy"
},
{
"text": " - FA Cup : 1953 - FA Cup runner-up : 1948 , 1951 - Lancashire Senior Cup : 1953–54",
"title": "Blackpool"
},
{
"text": " - Profile at Blackpool F.C.s official website - Playing profile at Soccerbase - Managerial profile at Soccerbase - England profile at the FAs official website - Appearances and goals record for England - Mortensen in the Blackpool Supporters Association Hall of Fame",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Stan_Mortensen#P54#3
|
Which team did the player Stan Mortensen belong to in Jul 1958?
|
Stan Mortensen Stanley Harding Mortensen ( 26 May 1921 – 22 May 1991 ) was an English professional footballer , most famous for his part in the 1953 FA Cup Final ( subsequently known as the Matthews Final ) , in which he became the only player ever to score a hat-trick in a Wembley FA Cup Final . He was also both the first player to score for England in a FIFA World Cup qualifying campaign and the first England player to score in the tournament proper . Wartime career . South Shields-born Mortensen went to war in 1939 as a teenage wireless operator and overcame an injury – sustained when his RAF bomber crashed , leaving him as the only survivor – to be signed by Blackpool in 1941 . While stationed at RAF Lossiemouth in Scotland , he played several unofficial matches for Aberdeen , also turning out as a guest for Arsenal with an impressive scoring record ( 25 goals in 19 appearances ) . During the war , he scored dozens of goals before making a strange piece of history by switching teams to play for Wales when they needed a reserve during a game against England on 25 September 1943 . Wales Ivor Powell was injured and had to leave the field and , as Englands reserve , Mortensen took his place in the Welsh side . Wales lost 8–3 , and Stanley Matthews later wrote of the game : Nobody in the 80,000 crowd had any idea that Mortensen was going to change . When , a quarter of an hour later , the player in the red jersey returned to the field , a cheer went up from the crowd , who — not knowing the seriousness of Powells injury — were under the impression the injured Welsh wing half was returning . Even when Powell went to inside-left , the onlookers did not suspect anything unusual , as team switches are often necessary after a player has been injured . Even some of the England players did not know that Mortensen was playing on the other side , and the football reporters , whose headquarters at Wembley are at the top of the main stand , did not know of the change until after half-time . Post-war career . On 25 May 1947 , Mortensen made his full England debut against Portugal and immediately announced himself on the scene by scoring four goals in a 10–0 win . The next year , Mortensen played all six England internationals and scored seven goals , including a hat-trick against Sweden . He was also a member of the England team that lost 6–3 to Hungary . In a playing career spent mostly with Blackpool , Mortensen scored 197 league goals in 317 games . By the end of his career , he had played twenty-five times for England and scored 23 goals . Between 1945 and 1950 , Mortensen scored in twelve consecutive rounds of the FA Cup , including the Final in 1948 . After nine years with Blackpool , Mortensen went on to play for Hull City , Southport , Bath City and , after coming out of retirement , Lancaster City . Mortensen topped the First Division goalscoring charts in 1950–51 , with 30 goals . His most famous performance occurred two years later in the 1953 FA Cup Final , when he helped Blackpool to a 4–3 win against Bolton Wanderers , after being 3–1 down , by scoring a hat-trick . Mortensens third goal came with just a minute left in the game , and Bill Perrys injury-time goal sealed the victory . After joining Southport , Mortensen announced his retirement from playing on 24 April 1958 , at the age of 37 . I have been having trouble with my knee and have had several injections , he said , after deciding against renewing his contract . Making the decision was not easy . Despite the announcement , he went on to play for two more non-League clubs over four years . Post-retirement . After retiring for good , Mortensen returned to Blackpool as manager between 1967 and 1969 , when he was sacked . He also auctioned his football medals in order to help Blackpool through a tough spell . On 20 October 1983 , at the Blackpool supporters annual general meeting , Mortensen was voted vice-president . On 18 November 1989 , Mortensen led the Blackpool team out onto the Bloomfield Road pitch for their FA Cup first-round tie with Bolton Wanderers . Former Bolton Wanderers forward Nat Lofthouse , who faced Mortensen and Blackpool in the 1953 FA Cup Final , led the visitors out . Twelve days later , on 30 November , a tribute dinner for Mortensen was held at Blackpools Savoy Hotel . Attended by many former Blackpool players , the event was arranged to honour Mortys fifty years of service to both Blackpool Football Club and the town . Death and legacy . Mortensen died four days before his 70th birthday , on 22 May 1991 , the day Blackpool reached Wembley for the first time since 1953 . They had beaten Scunthorpe United 3–2 on aggregate to reach the Fourth Division play-off final . A minutes silence was held before the final against Torquay United . On his death , it was said , Theyll probably call it the Matthews funeral , in reference to Mortensens overshadowing by Stanley Matthews after the 1953 FA Cup Final . His funeral was held at St Johns parish church , Blackpool , and he was cremated at Carleton Crematorium in Carleton , Lancashire . The month of May became associated with much of his life . During May , he was born , signed professionally , made his England debut , won the FA Cup , and died . Mortensen is mentioned with admiration in the song 1966 and All That on the 1986 vinyl EP The Trumpton Riots ( incorporated into the 2003 CD re-release of the 1985 album Back in the DHSS ) by the indie band Half Man Half Biscuit , who call him The Tangerine Wizard and The Jesus Christ of Bloomfield Road . In 2003 , Mortensen was posthumously inducted into the English Football Hall of Fame in recognition of his talent and achievements . On 23 August 2005 , a statue of Mortensen was unveiled by his widow , Jean , and former Blackpool teammate Jimmy Armfield in front of Bloomfield Roads new North Stand , which now bears his name . Of all the honours that Stan won in football , he would think this was top of the league . He was so very proud of playing for Blackpool and loved everything about the town . Nothing was ever too much trouble for him when the club or town came knocking . For him to be remembered in a statue , he would think it was the creme de la creme . A massive thank-you has to go to the generous people of Blackpool , who have dug deep to raise money for this . Stan would have been really proud . Jean Mortensen died in July 2009 at the age of 88 . In the 2005 film The Game of Their Lives he is portrayed by Gavin Rossdale of Bush fame . The BBC notes that some viewers may be amused by the fact that Mortensen – a working class Geordie – [ is ] portrayed [ in the film ] as [ a ] sneering toff , suggesting that the American film stereotyped English players in a wooden and clichéd manner . Blackpool F.C . Hall of Fame . Mortensen was inducted into the Hall of Fame at Bloomfield Road , when it was officially opened by former Blackpool player Jimmy Armfield in April 2006 . Organised by the Blackpool Supporters Association , Blackpool fans around the world voted on their all-time heroes . Five players from each decade are inducted ; Mortensen is in the 1950s . Career statistics . International goals . Stats taken from England national football team results ( 1930–59 ) . Honours . Blackpool - FA Cup : 1953 - FA Cup runner-up : 1948 , 1951 - Lancashire Senior Cup : 1953–54 External links . - Profile at Blackpool F.C.s official website - Playing profile at Soccerbase - Managerial profile at Soccerbase - England profile at the FAs official website - Appearances and goals record for England - Mortensen in the Blackpool Supporters Association Hall of Fame
|
[
"Bath City"
] |
[
{
"text": " Stanley Harding Mortensen ( 26 May 1921 – 22 May 1991 ) was an English professional footballer , most famous for his part in the 1953 FA Cup Final ( subsequently known as the Matthews Final ) , in which he became the only player ever to score a hat-trick in a Wembley FA Cup Final . He was also both the first player to score for England in a FIFA World Cup qualifying campaign and the first England player to score in the tournament proper .",
"title": "Stan Mortensen"
},
{
"text": " South Shields-born Mortensen went to war in 1939 as a teenage wireless operator and overcame an injury – sustained when his RAF bomber crashed , leaving him as the only survivor – to be signed by Blackpool in 1941 . While stationed at RAF Lossiemouth in Scotland , he played several unofficial matches for Aberdeen , also turning out as a guest for Arsenal with an impressive scoring record ( 25 goals in 19 appearances ) .",
"title": "Wartime career"
},
{
"text": "During the war , he scored dozens of goals before making a strange piece of history by switching teams to play for Wales when they needed a reserve during a game against England on 25 September 1943 . Wales Ivor Powell was injured and had to leave the field and , as Englands reserve , Mortensen took his place in the Welsh side . Wales lost 8–3 , and Stanley Matthews later wrote of the game : Nobody in the 80,000 crowd had any idea that Mortensen was going to change . When , a quarter of an hour later",
"title": "Wartime career"
},
{
"text": ", the player in the red jersey returned to the field , a cheer went up from the crowd , who — not knowing the seriousness of Powells injury — were under the impression the injured Welsh wing half was returning . Even when Powell went to inside-left , the onlookers did not suspect anything unusual , as team switches are often necessary after a player has been injured . Even some of the England players did not know that Mortensen was playing on the other side , and the football reporters , whose headquarters at Wembley are at the",
"title": "Wartime career"
},
{
"text": "top of the main stand , did not know of the change until after half-time .",
"title": "Wartime career"
},
{
"text": " On 25 May 1947 , Mortensen made his full England debut against Portugal and immediately announced himself on the scene by scoring four goals in a 10–0 win . The next year , Mortensen played all six England internationals and scored seven goals , including a hat-trick against Sweden . He was also a member of the England team that lost 6–3 to Hungary .",
"title": "Post-war career"
},
{
"text": "In a playing career spent mostly with Blackpool , Mortensen scored 197 league goals in 317 games . By the end of his career , he had played twenty-five times for England and scored 23 goals .",
"title": "Post-war career"
},
{
"text": " Between 1945 and 1950 , Mortensen scored in twelve consecutive rounds of the FA Cup , including the Final in 1948 . After nine years with Blackpool , Mortensen went on to play for Hull City , Southport , Bath City and , after coming out of retirement , Lancaster City .",
"title": "Post-war career"
},
{
"text": "Mortensen topped the First Division goalscoring charts in 1950–51 , with 30 goals . His most famous performance occurred two years later in the 1953 FA Cup Final , when he helped Blackpool to a 4–3 win against Bolton Wanderers , after being 3–1 down , by scoring a hat-trick . Mortensens third goal came with just a minute left in the game , and Bill Perrys injury-time goal sealed the victory .",
"title": "Post-war career"
},
{
"text": " After joining Southport , Mortensen announced his retirement from playing on 24 April 1958 , at the age of 37 . I have been having trouble with my knee and have had several injections , he said , after deciding against renewing his contract . Making the decision was not easy . Despite the announcement , he went on to play for two more non-League clubs over four years .",
"title": "Post-war career"
},
{
"text": " After retiring for good , Mortensen returned to Blackpool as manager between 1967 and 1969 , when he was sacked . He also auctioned his football medals in order to help Blackpool through a tough spell . On 20 October 1983 , at the Blackpool supporters annual general meeting , Mortensen was voted vice-president .",
"title": "Post-retirement"
},
{
"text": "On 18 November 1989 , Mortensen led the Blackpool team out onto the Bloomfield Road pitch for their FA Cup first-round tie with Bolton Wanderers . Former Bolton Wanderers forward Nat Lofthouse , who faced Mortensen and Blackpool in the 1953 FA Cup Final , led the visitors out .",
"title": "Post-retirement"
},
{
"text": " Twelve days later , on 30 November , a tribute dinner for Mortensen was held at Blackpools Savoy Hotel . Attended by many former Blackpool players , the event was arranged to honour Mortys fifty years of service to both Blackpool Football Club and the town .",
"title": "Post-retirement"
},
{
"text": " Mortensen died four days before his 70th birthday , on 22 May 1991 , the day Blackpool reached Wembley for the first time since 1953 . They had beaten Scunthorpe United 3–2 on aggregate to reach the Fourth Division play-off final . A minutes silence was held before the final against Torquay United .",
"title": "Death and legacy"
},
{
"text": "On his death , it was said , Theyll probably call it the Matthews funeral , in reference to Mortensens overshadowing by Stanley Matthews after the 1953 FA Cup Final . His funeral was held at St Johns parish church , Blackpool , and he was cremated at Carleton Crematorium in Carleton , Lancashire .",
"title": "Death and legacy"
},
{
"text": " The month of May became associated with much of his life . During May , he was born , signed professionally , made his England debut , won the FA Cup , and died . Mortensen is mentioned with admiration in the song 1966 and All That on the 1986 vinyl EP The Trumpton Riots ( incorporated into the 2003 CD re-release of the 1985 album Back in the DHSS ) by the indie band Half Man Half Biscuit , who call him The Tangerine Wizard and The Jesus Christ of Bloomfield Road .",
"title": "Death and legacy"
},
{
"text": "In 2003 , Mortensen was posthumously inducted into the English Football Hall of Fame in recognition of his talent and achievements .",
"title": "Death and legacy"
},
{
"text": "On 23 August 2005 , a statue of Mortensen was unveiled by his widow , Jean , and former Blackpool teammate Jimmy Armfield in front of Bloomfield Roads new North Stand , which now bears his name . Of all the honours that Stan won in football , he would think this was top of the league . He was so very proud of playing for Blackpool and loved everything about the town . Nothing was ever too much trouble for him when the club or town came knocking . For him to be remembered in a statue , he",
"title": "Death and legacy"
},
{
"text": "would think it was the creme de la creme . A massive thank-you has to go to the generous people of Blackpool , who have dug deep to raise money for this . Stan would have been really proud . Jean Mortensen died in July 2009 at the age of 88 .",
"title": "Death and legacy"
},
{
"text": " In the 2005 film The Game of Their Lives he is portrayed by Gavin Rossdale of Bush fame . The BBC notes that some viewers may be amused by the fact that Mortensen – a working class Geordie – [ is ] portrayed [ in the film ] as [ a ] sneering toff , suggesting that the American film stereotyped English players in a wooden and clichéd manner . Blackpool F.C . Hall of Fame .",
"title": "Death and legacy"
},
{
"text": "Mortensen was inducted into the Hall of Fame at Bloomfield Road , when it was officially opened by former Blackpool player Jimmy Armfield in April 2006 . Organised by the Blackpool Supporters Association , Blackpool fans around the world voted on their all-time heroes . Five players from each decade are inducted ; Mortensen is in the 1950s .",
"title": "Death and legacy"
},
{
"text": " - FA Cup : 1953 - FA Cup runner-up : 1948 , 1951 - Lancashire Senior Cup : 1953–54",
"title": "Blackpool"
},
{
"text": " - Profile at Blackpool F.C.s official website - Playing profile at Soccerbase - Managerial profile at Soccerbase - England profile at the FAs official website - Appearances and goals record for England - Mortensen in the Blackpool Supporters Association Hall of Fame",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Emil_Hallfreðsson#P54#0
|
Emil Hallfreðsson played for which team between Jun 2003 and Jul 2003?
|
Emil Hallfreðsson Emil Hallfreðsson ( born 29 June 1984 ) is an Icelandic footballer who plays as a central midfielder or left winger for Italian club Padova and the Iceland national team . Club career . Early career . Primarily a left-sided midfielder , Emil was brought to Tottenham Hotspur by then Sporting Director Frank Arnesen in December 2004 , having spent his formative years at FH Hafnarfjarðar of the Úrvalsdeild in Iceland . Emil became a regular starter for the Tottenham Hotspur Reserves , and played a key part in the Spurs 2005–06 Premier League Southern Reserve title win . He was then loaned out to Swedish side Malmö FF . He enjoyed some success with Malmö , starting a majority of the games in the 2006 season , with a total of 24 appearances and eight goals . He then returned to England in the fall , after Malmö unsuccessfully tried to convince him to stay . His aim had then been to make the Spurs first team , but in his remaining months at the club he was not selected for a single game . In July 2007 , he was sold to tNorwegian club Lyn , where he was slated to stay until 2010 . His first match for the club was a friendly against Ham-Kam , followed by a 20-minute substitution in a league game away against Sandefjord . His first and only 90-minute appearance was against Bodø/Glimt in the Norwegian Cup , in which he delivered a fine cross to Dylan Macallister for the 1–0 goal and the win . Three days later , the club surprisingly announced that Emil would be leaving for Italy and Reggina . Reggina . Emil played his first Serie A match on 26 August 2007 a 1–1 draw with Atalanta . In his first season , he played a regular role in Regginas team , but in the second season he played less . In April 2009 he did , however , score a spectacular goal against Juventus ; he scored the 2–1 goal for his team but the match ended 2–2 . Barnsley . Having not been selected to play for Reggina first match of the 2009–10 season at Coppa Italia , he completed a one-year loan to Football League Championship side Barnsley on 14 August 2009 . He scored his first goal for Barnsley against Plymouth Argyle on 28 November 2009 . However , the game was later abandoned due to a waterlogged pitch . His first goal did come two weeks later however , in the home game with Newcastle United , slamming home a Daniel Bogdanović cross from 6 yards . Emils goal made it 1–1 in an eventual 2–2 draw . Verona . On 31 August 2010 , Reggina loaned him to Verona . His first season with Verona he was a regular starter and a decisive player in achieving promotion to Serie B . At the end of the season , Emil won the Mastino del Bentegodi award as the teams player of the year . Looking ahead to the upcoming Serie B season , on 22 June 2011 , three days after winning the First Division play-off , Verona outbid Reggina to purchase his contract . Udinese . On 30 January 2016 , Emil joined Udinese , signing a contract until June 2018 . Frosinone . On 31 July 2018 , Emil signed with Serie A side Frosinone . Return to Udinese . On 1 March 2019 , Emil signed for the second time to Udinese after the first half of the season to Frosinone . Padova . On 4 January 2020 , he signed with Serie C club Padova until the end of the 2019–20 season . On 16 September 2020 , he signed a new contract with Padova for the 2020–21 season . International career . He was selected for EURO 2016 . In May 2018 he was named in Iceland’s 23-man squad for the 2018 World Cup in Russia . External links . - Emil Hallfreðssons Official Website - Profile with the KSÍ
|
[
"Tottenham Hotspur"
] |
[
{
"text": " Emil Hallfreðsson ( born 29 June 1984 ) is an Icelandic footballer who plays as a central midfielder or left winger for Italian club Padova and the Iceland national team .",
"title": "Emil Hallfreðsson"
},
{
"text": " Primarily a left-sided midfielder , Emil was brought to Tottenham Hotspur by then Sporting Director Frank Arnesen in December 2004 , having spent his formative years at FH Hafnarfjarðar of the Úrvalsdeild in Iceland .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "Emil became a regular starter for the Tottenham Hotspur Reserves , and played a key part in the Spurs 2005–06 Premier League Southern Reserve title win . He was then loaned out to Swedish side Malmö FF . He enjoyed some success with Malmö , starting a majority of the games in the 2006 season , with a total of 24 appearances and eight goals . He then returned to England in the fall , after Malmö unsuccessfully tried to convince him to stay .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "His aim had then been to make the Spurs first team , but in his remaining months at the club he was not selected for a single game . In July 2007 , he was sold to tNorwegian club Lyn , where he was slated to stay until 2010 . His first match for the club was a friendly against Ham-Kam , followed by a 20-minute substitution in a league game away against Sandefjord . His first and only 90-minute appearance was against Bodø/Glimt in the Norwegian Cup , in which he delivered a fine cross to Dylan Macallister for",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "the 1–0 goal and the win . Three days later , the club surprisingly announced that Emil would be leaving for Italy and Reggina .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": " Emil played his first Serie A match on 26 August 2007 a 1–1 draw with Atalanta . In his first season , he played a regular role in Regginas team , but in the second season he played less . In April 2009 he did , however , score a spectacular goal against Juventus ; he scored the 2–1 goal for his team but the match ended 2–2 .",
"title": "Reggina"
},
{
"text": "Having not been selected to play for Reggina first match of the 2009–10 season at Coppa Italia , he completed a one-year loan to Football League Championship side Barnsley on 14 August 2009 . He scored his first goal for Barnsley against Plymouth Argyle on 28 November 2009 . However , the game was later abandoned due to a waterlogged pitch . His first goal did come two weeks later however , in the home game with Newcastle United , slamming home a Daniel Bogdanović cross from 6 yards . Emils goal made it 1–1 in an eventual 2–2 draw",
"title": "Barnsley"
},
{
"text": ".",
"title": "Barnsley"
},
{
"text": " On 31 August 2010 , Reggina loaned him to Verona . His first season with Verona he was a regular starter and a decisive player in achieving promotion to Serie B . At the end of the season , Emil won the Mastino del Bentegodi award as the teams player of the year . Looking ahead to the upcoming Serie B season , on 22 June 2011 , three days after winning the First Division play-off , Verona outbid Reggina to purchase his contract .",
"title": "Verona"
},
{
"text": " On 30 January 2016 , Emil joined Udinese , signing a contract until June 2018 .",
"title": "Udinese"
},
{
"text": " On 1 March 2019 , Emil signed for the second time to Udinese after the first half of the season to Frosinone .",
"title": "Return to Udinese"
},
{
"text": " On 4 January 2020 , he signed with Serie C club Padova until the end of the 2019–20 season . On 16 September 2020 , he signed a new contract with Padova for the 2020–21 season .",
"title": "Padova"
},
{
"text": " He was selected for EURO 2016 . In May 2018 he was named in Iceland’s 23-man squad for the 2018 World Cup in Russia .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " - Emil Hallfreðssons Official Website - Profile with the KSÍ",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Emil_Hallfreðsson#P54#1
|
Emil Hallfreðsson played for which team in Aug 2006?
|
Emil Hallfreðsson Emil Hallfreðsson ( born 29 June 1984 ) is an Icelandic footballer who plays as a central midfielder or left winger for Italian club Padova and the Iceland national team . Club career . Early career . Primarily a left-sided midfielder , Emil was brought to Tottenham Hotspur by then Sporting Director Frank Arnesen in December 2004 , having spent his formative years at FH Hafnarfjarðar of the Úrvalsdeild in Iceland . Emil became a regular starter for the Tottenham Hotspur Reserves , and played a key part in the Spurs 2005–06 Premier League Southern Reserve title win . He was then loaned out to Swedish side Malmö FF . He enjoyed some success with Malmö , starting a majority of the games in the 2006 season , with a total of 24 appearances and eight goals . He then returned to England in the fall , after Malmö unsuccessfully tried to convince him to stay . His aim had then been to make the Spurs first team , but in his remaining months at the club he was not selected for a single game . In July 2007 , he was sold to tNorwegian club Lyn , where he was slated to stay until 2010 . His first match for the club was a friendly against Ham-Kam , followed by a 20-minute substitution in a league game away against Sandefjord . His first and only 90-minute appearance was against Bodø/Glimt in the Norwegian Cup , in which he delivered a fine cross to Dylan Macallister for the 1–0 goal and the win . Three days later , the club surprisingly announced that Emil would be leaving for Italy and Reggina . Reggina . Emil played his first Serie A match on 26 August 2007 a 1–1 draw with Atalanta . In his first season , he played a regular role in Regginas team , but in the second season he played less . In April 2009 he did , however , score a spectacular goal against Juventus ; he scored the 2–1 goal for his team but the match ended 2–2 . Barnsley . Having not been selected to play for Reggina first match of the 2009–10 season at Coppa Italia , he completed a one-year loan to Football League Championship side Barnsley on 14 August 2009 . He scored his first goal for Barnsley against Plymouth Argyle on 28 November 2009 . However , the game was later abandoned due to a waterlogged pitch . His first goal did come two weeks later however , in the home game with Newcastle United , slamming home a Daniel Bogdanović cross from 6 yards . Emils goal made it 1–1 in an eventual 2–2 draw . Verona . On 31 August 2010 , Reggina loaned him to Verona . His first season with Verona he was a regular starter and a decisive player in achieving promotion to Serie B . At the end of the season , Emil won the Mastino del Bentegodi award as the teams player of the year . Looking ahead to the upcoming Serie B season , on 22 June 2011 , three days after winning the First Division play-off , Verona outbid Reggina to purchase his contract . Udinese . On 30 January 2016 , Emil joined Udinese , signing a contract until June 2018 . Frosinone . On 31 July 2018 , Emil signed with Serie A side Frosinone . Return to Udinese . On 1 March 2019 , Emil signed for the second time to Udinese after the first half of the season to Frosinone . Padova . On 4 January 2020 , he signed with Serie C club Padova until the end of the 2019–20 season . On 16 September 2020 , he signed a new contract with Padova for the 2020–21 season . International career . He was selected for EURO 2016 . In May 2018 he was named in Iceland’s 23-man squad for the 2018 World Cup in Russia . External links . - Emil Hallfreðssons Official Website - Profile with the KSÍ
|
[
"Swedish side Malmö FF"
] |
[
{
"text": " Emil Hallfreðsson ( born 29 June 1984 ) is an Icelandic footballer who plays as a central midfielder or left winger for Italian club Padova and the Iceland national team .",
"title": "Emil Hallfreðsson"
},
{
"text": " Primarily a left-sided midfielder , Emil was brought to Tottenham Hotspur by then Sporting Director Frank Arnesen in December 2004 , having spent his formative years at FH Hafnarfjarðar of the Úrvalsdeild in Iceland .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "Emil became a regular starter for the Tottenham Hotspur Reserves , and played a key part in the Spurs 2005–06 Premier League Southern Reserve title win . He was then loaned out to Swedish side Malmö FF . He enjoyed some success with Malmö , starting a majority of the games in the 2006 season , with a total of 24 appearances and eight goals . He then returned to England in the fall , after Malmö unsuccessfully tried to convince him to stay .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "His aim had then been to make the Spurs first team , but in his remaining months at the club he was not selected for a single game . In July 2007 , he was sold to tNorwegian club Lyn , where he was slated to stay until 2010 . His first match for the club was a friendly against Ham-Kam , followed by a 20-minute substitution in a league game away against Sandefjord . His first and only 90-minute appearance was against Bodø/Glimt in the Norwegian Cup , in which he delivered a fine cross to Dylan Macallister for",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "the 1–0 goal and the win . Three days later , the club surprisingly announced that Emil would be leaving for Italy and Reggina .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": " Emil played his first Serie A match on 26 August 2007 a 1–1 draw with Atalanta . In his first season , he played a regular role in Regginas team , but in the second season he played less . In April 2009 he did , however , score a spectacular goal against Juventus ; he scored the 2–1 goal for his team but the match ended 2–2 .",
"title": "Reggina"
},
{
"text": "Having not been selected to play for Reggina first match of the 2009–10 season at Coppa Italia , he completed a one-year loan to Football League Championship side Barnsley on 14 August 2009 . He scored his first goal for Barnsley against Plymouth Argyle on 28 November 2009 . However , the game was later abandoned due to a waterlogged pitch . His first goal did come two weeks later however , in the home game with Newcastle United , slamming home a Daniel Bogdanović cross from 6 yards . Emils goal made it 1–1 in an eventual 2–2 draw",
"title": "Barnsley"
},
{
"text": ".",
"title": "Barnsley"
},
{
"text": " On 31 August 2010 , Reggina loaned him to Verona . His first season with Verona he was a regular starter and a decisive player in achieving promotion to Serie B . At the end of the season , Emil won the Mastino del Bentegodi award as the teams player of the year . Looking ahead to the upcoming Serie B season , on 22 June 2011 , three days after winning the First Division play-off , Verona outbid Reggina to purchase his contract .",
"title": "Verona"
},
{
"text": " On 30 January 2016 , Emil joined Udinese , signing a contract until June 2018 .",
"title": "Udinese"
},
{
"text": " On 1 March 2019 , Emil signed for the second time to Udinese after the first half of the season to Frosinone .",
"title": "Return to Udinese"
},
{
"text": " On 4 January 2020 , he signed with Serie C club Padova until the end of the 2019–20 season . On 16 September 2020 , he signed a new contract with Padova for the 2020–21 season .",
"title": "Padova"
},
{
"text": " He was selected for EURO 2016 . In May 2018 he was named in Iceland’s 23-man squad for the 2018 World Cup in Russia .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " - Emil Hallfreðssons Official Website - Profile with the KSÍ",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Emil_Hallfreðsson#P54#2
|
Emil Hallfreðsson played for which team in late 2000s?
|
Emil Hallfreðsson Emil Hallfreðsson ( born 29 June 1984 ) is an Icelandic footballer who plays as a central midfielder or left winger for Italian club Padova and the Iceland national team . Club career . Early career . Primarily a left-sided midfielder , Emil was brought to Tottenham Hotspur by then Sporting Director Frank Arnesen in December 2004 , having spent his formative years at FH Hafnarfjarðar of the Úrvalsdeild in Iceland . Emil became a regular starter for the Tottenham Hotspur Reserves , and played a key part in the Spurs 2005–06 Premier League Southern Reserve title win . He was then loaned out to Swedish side Malmö FF . He enjoyed some success with Malmö , starting a majority of the games in the 2006 season , with a total of 24 appearances and eight goals . He then returned to England in the fall , after Malmö unsuccessfully tried to convince him to stay . His aim had then been to make the Spurs first team , but in his remaining months at the club he was not selected for a single game . In July 2007 , he was sold to tNorwegian club Lyn , where he was slated to stay until 2010 . His first match for the club was a friendly against Ham-Kam , followed by a 20-minute substitution in a league game away against Sandefjord . His first and only 90-minute appearance was against Bodø/Glimt in the Norwegian Cup , in which he delivered a fine cross to Dylan Macallister for the 1–0 goal and the win . Three days later , the club surprisingly announced that Emil would be leaving for Italy and Reggina . Reggina . Emil played his first Serie A match on 26 August 2007 a 1–1 draw with Atalanta . In his first season , he played a regular role in Regginas team , but in the second season he played less . In April 2009 he did , however , score a spectacular goal against Juventus ; he scored the 2–1 goal for his team but the match ended 2–2 . Barnsley . Having not been selected to play for Reggina first match of the 2009–10 season at Coppa Italia , he completed a one-year loan to Football League Championship side Barnsley on 14 August 2009 . He scored his first goal for Barnsley against Plymouth Argyle on 28 November 2009 . However , the game was later abandoned due to a waterlogged pitch . His first goal did come two weeks later however , in the home game with Newcastle United , slamming home a Daniel Bogdanović cross from 6 yards . Emils goal made it 1–1 in an eventual 2–2 draw . Verona . On 31 August 2010 , Reggina loaned him to Verona . His first season with Verona he was a regular starter and a decisive player in achieving promotion to Serie B . At the end of the season , Emil won the Mastino del Bentegodi award as the teams player of the year . Looking ahead to the upcoming Serie B season , on 22 June 2011 , three days after winning the First Division play-off , Verona outbid Reggina to purchase his contract . Udinese . On 30 January 2016 , Emil joined Udinese , signing a contract until June 2018 . Frosinone . On 31 July 2018 , Emil signed with Serie A side Frosinone . Return to Udinese . On 1 March 2019 , Emil signed for the second time to Udinese after the first half of the season to Frosinone . Padova . On 4 January 2020 , he signed with Serie C club Padova until the end of the 2019–20 season . On 16 September 2020 , he signed a new contract with Padova for the 2020–21 season . International career . He was selected for EURO 2016 . In May 2018 he was named in Iceland’s 23-man squad for the 2018 World Cup in Russia . External links . - Emil Hallfreðssons Official Website - Profile with the KSÍ
|
[
"tNorwegian club Lyn"
] |
[
{
"text": " Emil Hallfreðsson ( born 29 June 1984 ) is an Icelandic footballer who plays as a central midfielder or left winger for Italian club Padova and the Iceland national team .",
"title": "Emil Hallfreðsson"
},
{
"text": " Primarily a left-sided midfielder , Emil was brought to Tottenham Hotspur by then Sporting Director Frank Arnesen in December 2004 , having spent his formative years at FH Hafnarfjarðar of the Úrvalsdeild in Iceland .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "Emil became a regular starter for the Tottenham Hotspur Reserves , and played a key part in the Spurs 2005–06 Premier League Southern Reserve title win . He was then loaned out to Swedish side Malmö FF . He enjoyed some success with Malmö , starting a majority of the games in the 2006 season , with a total of 24 appearances and eight goals . He then returned to England in the fall , after Malmö unsuccessfully tried to convince him to stay .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "His aim had then been to make the Spurs first team , but in his remaining months at the club he was not selected for a single game . In July 2007 , he was sold to tNorwegian club Lyn , where he was slated to stay until 2010 . His first match for the club was a friendly against Ham-Kam , followed by a 20-minute substitution in a league game away against Sandefjord . His first and only 90-minute appearance was against Bodø/Glimt in the Norwegian Cup , in which he delivered a fine cross to Dylan Macallister for",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "the 1–0 goal and the win . Three days later , the club surprisingly announced that Emil would be leaving for Italy and Reggina .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": " Emil played his first Serie A match on 26 August 2007 a 1–1 draw with Atalanta . In his first season , he played a regular role in Regginas team , but in the second season he played less . In April 2009 he did , however , score a spectacular goal against Juventus ; he scored the 2–1 goal for his team but the match ended 2–2 .",
"title": "Reggina"
},
{
"text": "Having not been selected to play for Reggina first match of the 2009–10 season at Coppa Italia , he completed a one-year loan to Football League Championship side Barnsley on 14 August 2009 . He scored his first goal for Barnsley against Plymouth Argyle on 28 November 2009 . However , the game was later abandoned due to a waterlogged pitch . His first goal did come two weeks later however , in the home game with Newcastle United , slamming home a Daniel Bogdanović cross from 6 yards . Emils goal made it 1–1 in an eventual 2–2 draw",
"title": "Barnsley"
},
{
"text": ".",
"title": "Barnsley"
},
{
"text": " On 31 August 2010 , Reggina loaned him to Verona . His first season with Verona he was a regular starter and a decisive player in achieving promotion to Serie B . At the end of the season , Emil won the Mastino del Bentegodi award as the teams player of the year . Looking ahead to the upcoming Serie B season , on 22 June 2011 , three days after winning the First Division play-off , Verona outbid Reggina to purchase his contract .",
"title": "Verona"
},
{
"text": " On 30 January 2016 , Emil joined Udinese , signing a contract until June 2018 .",
"title": "Udinese"
},
{
"text": " On 1 March 2019 , Emil signed for the second time to Udinese after the first half of the season to Frosinone .",
"title": "Return to Udinese"
},
{
"text": " On 4 January 2020 , he signed with Serie C club Padova until the end of the 2019–20 season . On 16 September 2020 , he signed a new contract with Padova for the 2020–21 season .",
"title": "Padova"
},
{
"text": " He was selected for EURO 2016 . In May 2018 he was named in Iceland’s 23-man squad for the 2018 World Cup in Russia .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " - Emil Hallfreðssons Official Website - Profile with the KSÍ",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Emil_Hallfreðsson#P54#3
|
Emil Hallfreðsson played for which team between Oct 2010 and Nov 2010?
|
Emil Hallfreðsson Emil Hallfreðsson ( born 29 June 1984 ) is an Icelandic footballer who plays as a central midfielder or left winger for Italian club Padova and the Iceland national team . Club career . Early career . Primarily a left-sided midfielder , Emil was brought to Tottenham Hotspur by then Sporting Director Frank Arnesen in December 2004 , having spent his formative years at FH Hafnarfjarðar of the Úrvalsdeild in Iceland . Emil became a regular starter for the Tottenham Hotspur Reserves , and played a key part in the Spurs 2005–06 Premier League Southern Reserve title win . He was then loaned out to Swedish side Malmö FF . He enjoyed some success with Malmö , starting a majority of the games in the 2006 season , with a total of 24 appearances and eight goals . He then returned to England in the fall , after Malmö unsuccessfully tried to convince him to stay . His aim had then been to make the Spurs first team , but in his remaining months at the club he was not selected for a single game . In July 2007 , he was sold to tNorwegian club Lyn , where he was slated to stay until 2010 . His first match for the club was a friendly against Ham-Kam , followed by a 20-minute substitution in a league game away against Sandefjord . His first and only 90-minute appearance was against Bodø/Glimt in the Norwegian Cup , in which he delivered a fine cross to Dylan Macallister for the 1–0 goal and the win . Three days later , the club surprisingly announced that Emil would be leaving for Italy and Reggina . Reggina . Emil played his first Serie A match on 26 August 2007 a 1–1 draw with Atalanta . In his first season , he played a regular role in Regginas team , but in the second season he played less . In April 2009 he did , however , score a spectacular goal against Juventus ; he scored the 2–1 goal for his team but the match ended 2–2 . Barnsley . Having not been selected to play for Reggina first match of the 2009–10 season at Coppa Italia , he completed a one-year loan to Football League Championship side Barnsley on 14 August 2009 . He scored his first goal for Barnsley against Plymouth Argyle on 28 November 2009 . However , the game was later abandoned due to a waterlogged pitch . His first goal did come two weeks later however , in the home game with Newcastle United , slamming home a Daniel Bogdanović cross from 6 yards . Emils goal made it 1–1 in an eventual 2–2 draw . Verona . On 31 August 2010 , Reggina loaned him to Verona . His first season with Verona he was a regular starter and a decisive player in achieving promotion to Serie B . At the end of the season , Emil won the Mastino del Bentegodi award as the teams player of the year . Looking ahead to the upcoming Serie B season , on 22 June 2011 , three days after winning the First Division play-off , Verona outbid Reggina to purchase his contract . Udinese . On 30 January 2016 , Emil joined Udinese , signing a contract until June 2018 . Frosinone . On 31 July 2018 , Emil signed with Serie A side Frosinone . Return to Udinese . On 1 March 2019 , Emil signed for the second time to Udinese after the first half of the season to Frosinone . Padova . On 4 January 2020 , he signed with Serie C club Padova until the end of the 2019–20 season . On 16 September 2020 , he signed a new contract with Padova for the 2020–21 season . International career . He was selected for EURO 2016 . In May 2018 he was named in Iceland’s 23-man squad for the 2018 World Cup in Russia . External links . - Emil Hallfreðssons Official Website - Profile with the KSÍ
|
[
"Verona"
] |
[
{
"text": " Emil Hallfreðsson ( born 29 June 1984 ) is an Icelandic footballer who plays as a central midfielder or left winger for Italian club Padova and the Iceland national team .",
"title": "Emil Hallfreðsson"
},
{
"text": " Primarily a left-sided midfielder , Emil was brought to Tottenham Hotspur by then Sporting Director Frank Arnesen in December 2004 , having spent his formative years at FH Hafnarfjarðar of the Úrvalsdeild in Iceland .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "Emil became a regular starter for the Tottenham Hotspur Reserves , and played a key part in the Spurs 2005–06 Premier League Southern Reserve title win . He was then loaned out to Swedish side Malmö FF . He enjoyed some success with Malmö , starting a majority of the games in the 2006 season , with a total of 24 appearances and eight goals . He then returned to England in the fall , after Malmö unsuccessfully tried to convince him to stay .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "His aim had then been to make the Spurs first team , but in his remaining months at the club he was not selected for a single game . In July 2007 , he was sold to tNorwegian club Lyn , where he was slated to stay until 2010 . His first match for the club was a friendly against Ham-Kam , followed by a 20-minute substitution in a league game away against Sandefjord . His first and only 90-minute appearance was against Bodø/Glimt in the Norwegian Cup , in which he delivered a fine cross to Dylan Macallister for",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "the 1–0 goal and the win . Three days later , the club surprisingly announced that Emil would be leaving for Italy and Reggina .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": " Emil played his first Serie A match on 26 August 2007 a 1–1 draw with Atalanta . In his first season , he played a regular role in Regginas team , but in the second season he played less . In April 2009 he did , however , score a spectacular goal against Juventus ; he scored the 2–1 goal for his team but the match ended 2–2 .",
"title": "Reggina"
},
{
"text": "Having not been selected to play for Reggina first match of the 2009–10 season at Coppa Italia , he completed a one-year loan to Football League Championship side Barnsley on 14 August 2009 . He scored his first goal for Barnsley against Plymouth Argyle on 28 November 2009 . However , the game was later abandoned due to a waterlogged pitch . His first goal did come two weeks later however , in the home game with Newcastle United , slamming home a Daniel Bogdanović cross from 6 yards . Emils goal made it 1–1 in an eventual 2–2 draw",
"title": "Barnsley"
},
{
"text": ".",
"title": "Barnsley"
},
{
"text": " On 31 August 2010 , Reggina loaned him to Verona . His first season with Verona he was a regular starter and a decisive player in achieving promotion to Serie B . At the end of the season , Emil won the Mastino del Bentegodi award as the teams player of the year . Looking ahead to the upcoming Serie B season , on 22 June 2011 , three days after winning the First Division play-off , Verona outbid Reggina to purchase his contract .",
"title": "Verona"
},
{
"text": " On 30 January 2016 , Emil joined Udinese , signing a contract until June 2018 .",
"title": "Udinese"
},
{
"text": " On 1 March 2019 , Emil signed for the second time to Udinese after the first half of the season to Frosinone .",
"title": "Return to Udinese"
},
{
"text": " On 4 January 2020 , he signed with Serie C club Padova until the end of the 2019–20 season . On 16 September 2020 , he signed a new contract with Padova for the 2020–21 season .",
"title": "Padova"
},
{
"text": " He was selected for EURO 2016 . In May 2018 he was named in Iceland’s 23-man squad for the 2018 World Cup in Russia .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " - Emil Hallfreðssons Official Website - Profile with the KSÍ",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Emil_Hallfreðsson#P54#4
|
Emil Hallfreðsson played for which team between Mar 2012 and Sep 2017?
|
Emil Hallfreðsson Emil Hallfreðsson ( born 29 June 1984 ) is an Icelandic footballer who plays as a central midfielder or left winger for Italian club Padova and the Iceland national team . Club career . Early career . Primarily a left-sided midfielder , Emil was brought to Tottenham Hotspur by then Sporting Director Frank Arnesen in December 2004 , having spent his formative years at FH Hafnarfjarðar of the Úrvalsdeild in Iceland . Emil became a regular starter for the Tottenham Hotspur Reserves , and played a key part in the Spurs 2005–06 Premier League Southern Reserve title win . He was then loaned out to Swedish side Malmö FF . He enjoyed some success with Malmö , starting a majority of the games in the 2006 season , with a total of 24 appearances and eight goals . He then returned to England in the fall , after Malmö unsuccessfully tried to convince him to stay . His aim had then been to make the Spurs first team , but in his remaining months at the club he was not selected for a single game . In July 2007 , he was sold to tNorwegian club Lyn , where he was slated to stay until 2010 . His first match for the club was a friendly against Ham-Kam , followed by a 20-minute substitution in a league game away against Sandefjord . His first and only 90-minute appearance was against Bodø/Glimt in the Norwegian Cup , in which he delivered a fine cross to Dylan Macallister for the 1–0 goal and the win . Three days later , the club surprisingly announced that Emil would be leaving for Italy and Reggina . Reggina . Emil played his first Serie A match on 26 August 2007 a 1–1 draw with Atalanta . In his first season , he played a regular role in Regginas team , but in the second season he played less . In April 2009 he did , however , score a spectacular goal against Juventus ; he scored the 2–1 goal for his team but the match ended 2–2 . Barnsley . Having not been selected to play for Reggina first match of the 2009–10 season at Coppa Italia , he completed a one-year loan to Football League Championship side Barnsley on 14 August 2009 . He scored his first goal for Barnsley against Plymouth Argyle on 28 November 2009 . However , the game was later abandoned due to a waterlogged pitch . His first goal did come two weeks later however , in the home game with Newcastle United , slamming home a Daniel Bogdanović cross from 6 yards . Emils goal made it 1–1 in an eventual 2–2 draw . Verona . On 31 August 2010 , Reggina loaned him to Verona . His first season with Verona he was a regular starter and a decisive player in achieving promotion to Serie B . At the end of the season , Emil won the Mastino del Bentegodi award as the teams player of the year . Looking ahead to the upcoming Serie B season , on 22 June 2011 , three days after winning the First Division play-off , Verona outbid Reggina to purchase his contract . Udinese . On 30 January 2016 , Emil joined Udinese , signing a contract until June 2018 . Frosinone . On 31 July 2018 , Emil signed with Serie A side Frosinone . Return to Udinese . On 1 March 2019 , Emil signed for the second time to Udinese after the first half of the season to Frosinone . Padova . On 4 January 2020 , he signed with Serie C club Padova until the end of the 2019–20 season . On 16 September 2020 , he signed a new contract with Padova for the 2020–21 season . International career . He was selected for EURO 2016 . In May 2018 he was named in Iceland’s 23-man squad for the 2018 World Cup in Russia . External links . - Emil Hallfreðssons Official Website - Profile with the KSÍ
|
[
"Udinese"
] |
[
{
"text": " Emil Hallfreðsson ( born 29 June 1984 ) is an Icelandic footballer who plays as a central midfielder or left winger for Italian club Padova and the Iceland national team .",
"title": "Emil Hallfreðsson"
},
{
"text": " Primarily a left-sided midfielder , Emil was brought to Tottenham Hotspur by then Sporting Director Frank Arnesen in December 2004 , having spent his formative years at FH Hafnarfjarðar of the Úrvalsdeild in Iceland .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "Emil became a regular starter for the Tottenham Hotspur Reserves , and played a key part in the Spurs 2005–06 Premier League Southern Reserve title win . He was then loaned out to Swedish side Malmö FF . He enjoyed some success with Malmö , starting a majority of the games in the 2006 season , with a total of 24 appearances and eight goals . He then returned to England in the fall , after Malmö unsuccessfully tried to convince him to stay .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "His aim had then been to make the Spurs first team , but in his remaining months at the club he was not selected for a single game . In July 2007 , he was sold to tNorwegian club Lyn , where he was slated to stay until 2010 . His first match for the club was a friendly against Ham-Kam , followed by a 20-minute substitution in a league game away against Sandefjord . His first and only 90-minute appearance was against Bodø/Glimt in the Norwegian Cup , in which he delivered a fine cross to Dylan Macallister for",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "the 1–0 goal and the win . Three days later , the club surprisingly announced that Emil would be leaving for Italy and Reggina .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": " Emil played his first Serie A match on 26 August 2007 a 1–1 draw with Atalanta . In his first season , he played a regular role in Regginas team , but in the second season he played less . In April 2009 he did , however , score a spectacular goal against Juventus ; he scored the 2–1 goal for his team but the match ended 2–2 .",
"title": "Reggina"
},
{
"text": "Having not been selected to play for Reggina first match of the 2009–10 season at Coppa Italia , he completed a one-year loan to Football League Championship side Barnsley on 14 August 2009 . He scored his first goal for Barnsley against Plymouth Argyle on 28 November 2009 . However , the game was later abandoned due to a waterlogged pitch . His first goal did come two weeks later however , in the home game with Newcastle United , slamming home a Daniel Bogdanović cross from 6 yards . Emils goal made it 1–1 in an eventual 2–2 draw",
"title": "Barnsley"
},
{
"text": ".",
"title": "Barnsley"
},
{
"text": " On 31 August 2010 , Reggina loaned him to Verona . His first season with Verona he was a regular starter and a decisive player in achieving promotion to Serie B . At the end of the season , Emil won the Mastino del Bentegodi award as the teams player of the year . Looking ahead to the upcoming Serie B season , on 22 June 2011 , three days after winning the First Division play-off , Verona outbid Reggina to purchase his contract .",
"title": "Verona"
},
{
"text": " On 30 January 2016 , Emil joined Udinese , signing a contract until June 2018 .",
"title": "Udinese"
},
{
"text": " On 1 March 2019 , Emil signed for the second time to Udinese after the first half of the season to Frosinone .",
"title": "Return to Udinese"
},
{
"text": " On 4 January 2020 , he signed with Serie C club Padova until the end of the 2019–20 season . On 16 September 2020 , he signed a new contract with Padova for the 2020–21 season .",
"title": "Padova"
},
{
"text": " He was selected for EURO 2016 . In May 2018 he was named in Iceland’s 23-man squad for the 2018 World Cup in Russia .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " - Emil Hallfreðssons Official Website - Profile with the KSÍ",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Alfred_Salter#P39#0
|
Alfred Salter took which position in Mar 1923?
|
Alfred Salter Alfred Salter ( 16 June 1873 – 24 August 1945 ) was a British medical practitioner and Labour Party politician . Early life . Salter was born in Greenwich in 1873 , the son of Walter Hookway Salter and Elizabeth Tester . Following education at The John Roan School , Greenwich , he went on to study medicine at Guys Hospital , London . He qualified in 1896 and in the following year was awarded the Golding-Bird gold medal and scholarship in public health , and the Gull research scholarship in pathology . He was made house physician and resident obstetric physician at Guys and was appointed as bacteriologist to the Lister Institute of Preventive Medicine . In 1898 he became a resident at the Methodist Settlement in Bermondsey , an area of south-east London alongside the River Thames , then an area with widespread poverty . The major source of employment in the area during the 20th century until the 1970s was the Port of London . Until the docks were nationalised after World War II , most of the men working in the docks were employed on a contingent daily basis ; the casual nature of this work made it difficult to make a decent living , and Bermondsey was an area of great poverty While at the Settlement , which had been established by Rev . John Scott Lidgett , Salter set up mutual health insurance schemes and adult education classes on health matters . In 1900 he married Ada Brown , who shared his political and social views . In the year of his marriage he established his medical practice in Bermondsey , and the couple worked together in trying to alleviate the effects of poverty in the largely working class area . He chose to offer services free to those who could not pay . This work was to lead the establishment of a pioneering comprehensive health service in the area . ( See the background to the formation of the NHS. ) Politics . Salter decided that by entering politics he could effect changes to the squalid environment in Bermondsey far more quickly and profoundly than he could outside the political arena . He was elected to Bermondsey Borough Council in 1903 , and was also a member of the local board of guardians . In March 1906 he was elected to fill a vacancy on the London County Council , representing the seat of Southwark , Bermondsey as a member of the Progressive Party following the election of the sitting councillor , George Cooper , as the areas Member of Parliament . He was re-elected to the LCC in 1907 . In October 1909 George Cooper MP died . Cooper had been elected as a Liberal Party Member of Parliament ( MP ) , and although Salter had succeeded him on the county council , he had since become aligned with the Independent Labour Party ( ILP ) . On 8 October , Alfred Salter was officially announced as the partys candidate at the by-election . The poll was held on 28 October , and Salter received 1,435 votes , finishing third of the three candidates . Crucially , his intervention probably led to the loss of the seat by the Liberals , with the Conservative candidate John Dumphreys securing a majority of 987 votes . In March 1910 the triennial election of the London County Council was held . Salter was chosen to defend the Bermondsey seat as a Labour candidate against both the Progressives and the Conservative-backed Municipal Reform Party . He was heavily defeated , coming at the bottom of the poll of five candidates . He contested the same seat in 1913 , but was again unsuccessful . All elections were postponed for the duration of the First World War . When a general election was called in December 1918 , the parliamentary constituencies were revised under the Representation of the People Act 1918 . Salter was selected as Labour Party candidate for the new Bermondsey West seat , and was described in the following terms by The Times : Dr Salter , the Labour candidate , is one of the highly educated idealists who are to be found in the ranks of that party . After a brilliant academic career , he decided to devote himself to work among the poor in Bermondsey , and there he has laboured for many years both as a doctor professionally and as a member of local administrative bodies . Personally , nobody has a word to say against him , but his views are of a very extreme kind . His attitude during the war was that of a pacifist , though he would not , it is said , admit the accuracy of this popular term . The new constituency was won by the Liberal candidate Harold Glanville , who had been the sitting MP for Bermondsey . In 1919 municipal elections resumed . In March both Alfred and his wife Ada were Labour Party candidates in the London County Council elections , standing in the neighbouring electoral divisions of Bermondsey West and Rotherhithe . Neither was elected . In November Ada was elected to Bermondsey Borough Council . She held the seat in 1922 , and in the same year was elected as the first female mayor of the borough . Member of Parliament . In the 1922 general election he was again nominated as Labour candidate for Bermondsey West . Salter secured 7,550 votes , a majority of 2,325 . He was helped to victory by there being three opposing candidates , with the Anti-labour vote split between Liberal , National Liberal and Independent Unionist opponents . His wife , as mayor of the borough , was the returning officer who declared him elected . A further general election was held in 1923 , and Salter lost the seat in a straight fight to the Rev . Roderick Kedward , the Liberal candidate , in spite of increasing his vote to 8,298 . Political instability led to another election in October 1924 . Salter was able to overturn the result of the previous year , increasing his vote to 11,578 and unseating Kedward with a majority of 2,902 . He was re-elected in the general elections of 1929 , 1931 , and 1935 , but stood down at the 1945 election , when he was in very poor health , and died soon afterwards , aged 72 . Personal beliefs . According to Fenner Brockway , the anti-war activist , Salter in his youth was known as the Settlement firebrand – militant Republican , militant Socialist , militant Agnostic , militant Teetotaller , militant Pacifist . Alfred Salter was a committed Christian and pacifist , a Quaker from 1900 onwards , and later an active member of the Peace Pledge Union . He was one of the founders of the Socialist Medical Association and a friend of its President Somerville Hastings , with whom he made a trip to the Soviet Union in 1931 . In 1936 he advocated the creation of a new League of Nations to which the possessions of the British Empire should be transferred . Salter believed appeasement could avert war with Germany , stating in November 1938 that the average German will withdraw his backing from Hitler if we show willingness to be just . The failure of appeasement and outbreak of World War II left Salter deeply depressed . Despite his constituency being heavily bombed by the Luftwaffe during the Blitz , he opposed the strategic bombing by the Royal Air Force Bomber Command on moral grounds , one of the few Parliamentarians to do so , along with fellow Labour MP Richard Stokes and Bishop George Bell in the House of Lords , Salter was a strong advocate of Guild Socialism and of associationalism . He was also a strong supporter of the Temperance Movement , i.e . abstaining from alcohol , and caused controversy when he spoke out against widespread drunkenness in the House of Commons . He supported free speech , and resigned from the Bermondsey Borough Labour Party and the local trades council when they organised a counter-demonstration to prevent the British Union of Fascists from holding a march in the borough . ( See the 1936 Battle of Cable Street for context. ) He accused the trades council of being Communist in sympathy and Fascist in methods . Memorials to Alfred and Ada Salter . The Alfred Salter Primary School was opened in 1995 to meet the growing demand for school places in Rotherhithe , due to the redevelopment of the old Surrey Docks . The Ada Salter Garden is in Southwark Park within the Old Surrey Docks area . The Alfred Salter Bridge is a footbridge leading off Watermans Lane , between Stave Hill and Redriff Road , near Greenland Dock as part of the Russia Dock Woodland . The statue of Dr Salter seated on a bench , shown above , was stolen , presumably for the value of its bronze , in November 2011 . The Salter Statues Campaign group raised £60,000 , which Southwark Council matched , to pay for replacement statues , and these were unveiled on 30 November 2014 . A Salter Memorial Lecture is promoted by the Quaker Socialist Society each year as a fringe event at the Britain Yearly Meeting of the Religious Society of Friends ( Quakers ) .
|
[
"Member of Parliament"
] |
[
{
"text": " Alfred Salter ( 16 June 1873 – 24 August 1945 ) was a British medical practitioner and Labour Party politician .",
"title": "Alfred Salter"
},
{
"text": " Salter was born in Greenwich in 1873 , the son of Walter Hookway Salter and Elizabeth Tester . Following education at The John Roan School , Greenwich , he went on to study medicine at Guys Hospital , London . He qualified in 1896 and in the following year was awarded the Golding-Bird gold medal and scholarship in public health , and the Gull research scholarship in pathology . He was made house physician and resident obstetric physician at Guys and was appointed as bacteriologist to the Lister Institute of Preventive Medicine .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "In 1898 he became a resident at the Methodist Settlement in Bermondsey , an area of south-east London alongside the River Thames , then an area with widespread poverty . The major source of employment in the area during the 20th century until the 1970s was the Port of London . Until the docks were nationalised after World War II , most of the men working in the docks were employed on a contingent daily basis ; the casual nature of this work made it difficult to make a decent living , and Bermondsey was an area of great poverty",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "While at the Settlement , which had been established by Rev . John Scott Lidgett , Salter set up mutual health insurance schemes and adult education classes on health matters . In 1900 he married Ada Brown , who shared his political and social views .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " In the year of his marriage he established his medical practice in Bermondsey , and the couple worked together in trying to alleviate the effects of poverty in the largely working class area . He chose to offer services free to those who could not pay . This work was to lead the establishment of a pioneering comprehensive health service in the area . ( See the background to the formation of the NHS. )",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Salter decided that by entering politics he could effect changes to the squalid environment in Bermondsey far more quickly and profoundly than he could outside the political arena . He was elected to Bermondsey Borough Council in 1903 , and was also a member of the local board of guardians . In March 1906 he was elected to fill a vacancy on the London County Council , representing the seat of Southwark , Bermondsey as a member of the Progressive Party following the election of the sitting councillor , George Cooper , as the areas Member of Parliament . He",
"title": "Politics"
},
{
"text": "was re-elected to the LCC in 1907 .",
"title": "Politics"
},
{
"text": "In October 1909 George Cooper MP died . Cooper had been elected as a Liberal Party Member of Parliament ( MP ) , and although Salter had succeeded him on the county council , he had since become aligned with the Independent Labour Party ( ILP ) . On 8 October , Alfred Salter was officially announced as the partys candidate at the by-election . The poll was held on 28 October , and Salter received 1,435 votes , finishing third of the three candidates . Crucially , his intervention probably led to the loss of the seat by the",
"title": "Politics"
},
{
"text": "Liberals , with the Conservative candidate John Dumphreys securing a majority of 987 votes .",
"title": "Politics"
},
{
"text": " In March 1910 the triennial election of the London County Council was held . Salter was chosen to defend the Bermondsey seat as a Labour candidate against both the Progressives and the Conservative-backed Municipal Reform Party . He was heavily defeated , coming at the bottom of the poll of five candidates . He contested the same seat in 1913 , but was again unsuccessful .",
"title": "Politics"
},
{
"text": "All elections were postponed for the duration of the First World War . When a general election was called in December 1918 , the parliamentary constituencies were revised under the Representation of the People Act 1918 . Salter was selected as Labour Party candidate for the new Bermondsey West seat , and was described in the following terms by The Times :",
"title": "Politics"
},
{
"text": "Dr Salter , the Labour candidate , is one of the highly educated idealists who are to be found in the ranks of that party . After a brilliant academic career , he decided to devote himself to work among the poor in Bermondsey , and there he has laboured for many years both as a doctor professionally and as a member of local administrative bodies . Personally , nobody has a word to say against him , but his views are of a very extreme kind . His attitude during the war was that of a pacifist , though",
"title": "Politics"
},
{
"text": "he would not , it is said , admit the accuracy of this popular term .",
"title": "Politics"
},
{
"text": " The new constituency was won by the Liberal candidate Harold Glanville , who had been the sitting MP for Bermondsey . In 1919 municipal elections resumed . In March both Alfred and his wife Ada were Labour Party candidates in the London County Council elections , standing in the neighbouring electoral divisions of Bermondsey West and Rotherhithe . Neither was elected . In November Ada was elected to Bermondsey Borough Council . She held the seat in 1922 , and in the same year was elected as the first female mayor of the borough .",
"title": "Politics"
},
{
"text": "In the 1922 general election he was again nominated as Labour candidate for Bermondsey West . Salter secured 7,550 votes , a majority of 2,325 . He was helped to victory by there being three opposing candidates , with the Anti-labour vote split between Liberal , National Liberal and Independent Unionist opponents . His wife , as mayor of the borough , was the returning officer who declared him elected . A further general election was held in 1923 , and Salter lost the seat in a straight fight to the Rev . Roderick Kedward , the Liberal candidate ,",
"title": "Member of Parliament"
},
{
"text": "in spite of increasing his vote to 8,298 . Political instability led to another election in October 1924 . Salter was able to overturn the result of the previous year , increasing his vote to 11,578 and unseating Kedward with a majority of 2,902 . He was re-elected in the general elections of 1929 , 1931 , and 1935 , but stood down at the 1945 election , when he was in very poor health , and died soon afterwards , aged 72 .",
"title": "Member of Parliament"
},
{
"text": " According to Fenner Brockway , the anti-war activist , Salter in his youth was known as the Settlement firebrand – militant Republican , militant Socialist , militant Agnostic , militant Teetotaller , militant Pacifist .",
"title": "Personal beliefs"
},
{
"text": "Alfred Salter was a committed Christian and pacifist , a Quaker from 1900 onwards , and later an active member of the Peace Pledge Union . He was one of the founders of the Socialist Medical Association and a friend of its President Somerville Hastings , with whom he made a trip to the Soviet Union in 1931 . In 1936 he advocated the creation of a new League of Nations to which the possessions of the British Empire should be transferred . Salter believed",
"title": "Personal beliefs"
},
{
"text": " appeasement could avert war with Germany , stating in November 1938 that the average German will withdraw his backing from Hitler if we show willingness to be just . The failure of appeasement and outbreak of World War II left Salter deeply depressed . Despite his constituency being heavily bombed by the Luftwaffe during the Blitz , he opposed the strategic bombing by the Royal Air Force Bomber Command on moral grounds , one of the few Parliamentarians to do so , along with fellow Labour MP Richard Stokes and Bishop George Bell in the House of Lords ,",
"title": "Personal beliefs"
},
{
"text": "Salter was a strong advocate of Guild Socialism and of associationalism . He was also a strong supporter of the Temperance Movement , i.e . abstaining from alcohol , and caused controversy when he spoke out against widespread drunkenness in the House of Commons . He supported free speech , and resigned from the Bermondsey Borough Labour Party and the local trades council when they organised a counter-demonstration to prevent the British Union of Fascists from holding a march in the borough . ( See the 1936 Battle of Cable Street for context. ) He accused the trades council of",
"title": "Personal beliefs"
},
{
"text": "being Communist in sympathy and Fascist in methods .",
"title": "Personal beliefs"
},
{
"text": " Memorials to Alfred and Ada Salter . The Alfred Salter Primary School was opened in 1995 to meet the growing demand for school places in Rotherhithe , due to the redevelopment of the old Surrey Docks . The Ada Salter Garden is in Southwark Park within the Old Surrey Docks area . The Alfred Salter Bridge is a footbridge leading off Watermans Lane , between Stave Hill and Redriff Road , near Greenland Dock as part of the Russia Dock Woodland .",
"title": "Personal beliefs"
},
{
"text": "The statue of Dr Salter seated on a bench , shown above , was stolen , presumably for the value of its bronze , in November 2011 . The Salter Statues Campaign group raised £60,000 , which Southwark Council matched , to pay for replacement statues , and these were unveiled on 30 November 2014 .",
"title": "Personal beliefs"
},
{
"text": " A Salter Memorial Lecture is promoted by the Quaker Socialist Society each year as a fringe event at the Britain Yearly Meeting of the Religious Society of Friends ( Quakers ) .",
"title": "Personal beliefs"
}
] |
/wiki/Alfred_Salter#P39#1
|
Alfred Salter took which position in Jan 1933?
|
Alfred Salter Alfred Salter ( 16 June 1873 – 24 August 1945 ) was a British medical practitioner and Labour Party politician . Early life . Salter was born in Greenwich in 1873 , the son of Walter Hookway Salter and Elizabeth Tester . Following education at The John Roan School , Greenwich , he went on to study medicine at Guys Hospital , London . He qualified in 1896 and in the following year was awarded the Golding-Bird gold medal and scholarship in public health , and the Gull research scholarship in pathology . He was made house physician and resident obstetric physician at Guys and was appointed as bacteriologist to the Lister Institute of Preventive Medicine . In 1898 he became a resident at the Methodist Settlement in Bermondsey , an area of south-east London alongside the River Thames , then an area with widespread poverty . The major source of employment in the area during the 20th century until the 1970s was the Port of London . Until the docks were nationalised after World War II , most of the men working in the docks were employed on a contingent daily basis ; the casual nature of this work made it difficult to make a decent living , and Bermondsey was an area of great poverty While at the Settlement , which had been established by Rev . John Scott Lidgett , Salter set up mutual health insurance schemes and adult education classes on health matters . In 1900 he married Ada Brown , who shared his political and social views . In the year of his marriage he established his medical practice in Bermondsey , and the couple worked together in trying to alleviate the effects of poverty in the largely working class area . He chose to offer services free to those who could not pay . This work was to lead the establishment of a pioneering comprehensive health service in the area . ( See the background to the formation of the NHS. ) Politics . Salter decided that by entering politics he could effect changes to the squalid environment in Bermondsey far more quickly and profoundly than he could outside the political arena . He was elected to Bermondsey Borough Council in 1903 , and was also a member of the local board of guardians . In March 1906 he was elected to fill a vacancy on the London County Council , representing the seat of Southwark , Bermondsey as a member of the Progressive Party following the election of the sitting councillor , George Cooper , as the areas Member of Parliament . He was re-elected to the LCC in 1907 . In October 1909 George Cooper MP died . Cooper had been elected as a Liberal Party Member of Parliament ( MP ) , and although Salter had succeeded him on the county council , he had since become aligned with the Independent Labour Party ( ILP ) . On 8 October , Alfred Salter was officially announced as the partys candidate at the by-election . The poll was held on 28 October , and Salter received 1,435 votes , finishing third of the three candidates . Crucially , his intervention probably led to the loss of the seat by the Liberals , with the Conservative candidate John Dumphreys securing a majority of 987 votes . In March 1910 the triennial election of the London County Council was held . Salter was chosen to defend the Bermondsey seat as a Labour candidate against both the Progressives and the Conservative-backed Municipal Reform Party . He was heavily defeated , coming at the bottom of the poll of five candidates . He contested the same seat in 1913 , but was again unsuccessful . All elections were postponed for the duration of the First World War . When a general election was called in December 1918 , the parliamentary constituencies were revised under the Representation of the People Act 1918 . Salter was selected as Labour Party candidate for the new Bermondsey West seat , and was described in the following terms by The Times : Dr Salter , the Labour candidate , is one of the highly educated idealists who are to be found in the ranks of that party . After a brilliant academic career , he decided to devote himself to work among the poor in Bermondsey , and there he has laboured for many years both as a doctor professionally and as a member of local administrative bodies . Personally , nobody has a word to say against him , but his views are of a very extreme kind . His attitude during the war was that of a pacifist , though he would not , it is said , admit the accuracy of this popular term . The new constituency was won by the Liberal candidate Harold Glanville , who had been the sitting MP for Bermondsey . In 1919 municipal elections resumed . In March both Alfred and his wife Ada were Labour Party candidates in the London County Council elections , standing in the neighbouring electoral divisions of Bermondsey West and Rotherhithe . Neither was elected . In November Ada was elected to Bermondsey Borough Council . She held the seat in 1922 , and in the same year was elected as the first female mayor of the borough . Member of Parliament . In the 1922 general election he was again nominated as Labour candidate for Bermondsey West . Salter secured 7,550 votes , a majority of 2,325 . He was helped to victory by there being three opposing candidates , with the Anti-labour vote split between Liberal , National Liberal and Independent Unionist opponents . His wife , as mayor of the borough , was the returning officer who declared him elected . A further general election was held in 1923 , and Salter lost the seat in a straight fight to the Rev . Roderick Kedward , the Liberal candidate , in spite of increasing his vote to 8,298 . Political instability led to another election in October 1924 . Salter was able to overturn the result of the previous year , increasing his vote to 11,578 and unseating Kedward with a majority of 2,902 . He was re-elected in the general elections of 1929 , 1931 , and 1935 , but stood down at the 1945 election , when he was in very poor health , and died soon afterwards , aged 72 . Personal beliefs . According to Fenner Brockway , the anti-war activist , Salter in his youth was known as the Settlement firebrand – militant Republican , militant Socialist , militant Agnostic , militant Teetotaller , militant Pacifist . Alfred Salter was a committed Christian and pacifist , a Quaker from 1900 onwards , and later an active member of the Peace Pledge Union . He was one of the founders of the Socialist Medical Association and a friend of its President Somerville Hastings , with whom he made a trip to the Soviet Union in 1931 . In 1936 he advocated the creation of a new League of Nations to which the possessions of the British Empire should be transferred . Salter believed appeasement could avert war with Germany , stating in November 1938 that the average German will withdraw his backing from Hitler if we show willingness to be just . The failure of appeasement and outbreak of World War II left Salter deeply depressed . Despite his constituency being heavily bombed by the Luftwaffe during the Blitz , he opposed the strategic bombing by the Royal Air Force Bomber Command on moral grounds , one of the few Parliamentarians to do so , along with fellow Labour MP Richard Stokes and Bishop George Bell in the House of Lords , Salter was a strong advocate of Guild Socialism and of associationalism . He was also a strong supporter of the Temperance Movement , i.e . abstaining from alcohol , and caused controversy when he spoke out against widespread drunkenness in the House of Commons . He supported free speech , and resigned from the Bermondsey Borough Labour Party and the local trades council when they organised a counter-demonstration to prevent the British Union of Fascists from holding a march in the borough . ( See the 1936 Battle of Cable Street for context. ) He accused the trades council of being Communist in sympathy and Fascist in methods . Memorials to Alfred and Ada Salter . The Alfred Salter Primary School was opened in 1995 to meet the growing demand for school places in Rotherhithe , due to the redevelopment of the old Surrey Docks . The Ada Salter Garden is in Southwark Park within the Old Surrey Docks area . The Alfred Salter Bridge is a footbridge leading off Watermans Lane , between Stave Hill and Redriff Road , near Greenland Dock as part of the Russia Dock Woodland . The statue of Dr Salter seated on a bench , shown above , was stolen , presumably for the value of its bronze , in November 2011 . The Salter Statues Campaign group raised £60,000 , which Southwark Council matched , to pay for replacement statues , and these were unveiled on 30 November 2014 . A Salter Memorial Lecture is promoted by the Quaker Socialist Society each year as a fringe event at the Britain Yearly Meeting of the Religious Society of Friends ( Quakers ) .
|
[
"Member of Parliament"
] |
[
{
"text": " Alfred Salter ( 16 June 1873 – 24 August 1945 ) was a British medical practitioner and Labour Party politician .",
"title": "Alfred Salter"
},
{
"text": " Salter was born in Greenwich in 1873 , the son of Walter Hookway Salter and Elizabeth Tester . Following education at The John Roan School , Greenwich , he went on to study medicine at Guys Hospital , London . He qualified in 1896 and in the following year was awarded the Golding-Bird gold medal and scholarship in public health , and the Gull research scholarship in pathology . He was made house physician and resident obstetric physician at Guys and was appointed as bacteriologist to the Lister Institute of Preventive Medicine .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "In 1898 he became a resident at the Methodist Settlement in Bermondsey , an area of south-east London alongside the River Thames , then an area with widespread poverty . The major source of employment in the area during the 20th century until the 1970s was the Port of London . Until the docks were nationalised after World War II , most of the men working in the docks were employed on a contingent daily basis ; the casual nature of this work made it difficult to make a decent living , and Bermondsey was an area of great poverty",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "While at the Settlement , which had been established by Rev . John Scott Lidgett , Salter set up mutual health insurance schemes and adult education classes on health matters . In 1900 he married Ada Brown , who shared his political and social views .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " In the year of his marriage he established his medical practice in Bermondsey , and the couple worked together in trying to alleviate the effects of poverty in the largely working class area . He chose to offer services free to those who could not pay . This work was to lead the establishment of a pioneering comprehensive health service in the area . ( See the background to the formation of the NHS. )",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Salter decided that by entering politics he could effect changes to the squalid environment in Bermondsey far more quickly and profoundly than he could outside the political arena . He was elected to Bermondsey Borough Council in 1903 , and was also a member of the local board of guardians . In March 1906 he was elected to fill a vacancy on the London County Council , representing the seat of Southwark , Bermondsey as a member of the Progressive Party following the election of the sitting councillor , George Cooper , as the areas Member of Parliament . He",
"title": "Politics"
},
{
"text": "was re-elected to the LCC in 1907 .",
"title": "Politics"
},
{
"text": "In October 1909 George Cooper MP died . Cooper had been elected as a Liberal Party Member of Parliament ( MP ) , and although Salter had succeeded him on the county council , he had since become aligned with the Independent Labour Party ( ILP ) . On 8 October , Alfred Salter was officially announced as the partys candidate at the by-election . The poll was held on 28 October , and Salter received 1,435 votes , finishing third of the three candidates . Crucially , his intervention probably led to the loss of the seat by the",
"title": "Politics"
},
{
"text": "Liberals , with the Conservative candidate John Dumphreys securing a majority of 987 votes .",
"title": "Politics"
},
{
"text": " In March 1910 the triennial election of the London County Council was held . Salter was chosen to defend the Bermondsey seat as a Labour candidate against both the Progressives and the Conservative-backed Municipal Reform Party . He was heavily defeated , coming at the bottom of the poll of five candidates . He contested the same seat in 1913 , but was again unsuccessful .",
"title": "Politics"
},
{
"text": "All elections were postponed for the duration of the First World War . When a general election was called in December 1918 , the parliamentary constituencies were revised under the Representation of the People Act 1918 . Salter was selected as Labour Party candidate for the new Bermondsey West seat , and was described in the following terms by The Times :",
"title": "Politics"
},
{
"text": "Dr Salter , the Labour candidate , is one of the highly educated idealists who are to be found in the ranks of that party . After a brilliant academic career , he decided to devote himself to work among the poor in Bermondsey , and there he has laboured for many years both as a doctor professionally and as a member of local administrative bodies . Personally , nobody has a word to say against him , but his views are of a very extreme kind . His attitude during the war was that of a pacifist , though",
"title": "Politics"
},
{
"text": "he would not , it is said , admit the accuracy of this popular term .",
"title": "Politics"
},
{
"text": " The new constituency was won by the Liberal candidate Harold Glanville , who had been the sitting MP for Bermondsey . In 1919 municipal elections resumed . In March both Alfred and his wife Ada were Labour Party candidates in the London County Council elections , standing in the neighbouring electoral divisions of Bermondsey West and Rotherhithe . Neither was elected . In November Ada was elected to Bermondsey Borough Council . She held the seat in 1922 , and in the same year was elected as the first female mayor of the borough .",
"title": "Politics"
},
{
"text": "In the 1922 general election he was again nominated as Labour candidate for Bermondsey West . Salter secured 7,550 votes , a majority of 2,325 . He was helped to victory by there being three opposing candidates , with the Anti-labour vote split between Liberal , National Liberal and Independent Unionist opponents . His wife , as mayor of the borough , was the returning officer who declared him elected . A further general election was held in 1923 , and Salter lost the seat in a straight fight to the Rev . Roderick Kedward , the Liberal candidate ,",
"title": "Member of Parliament"
},
{
"text": "in spite of increasing his vote to 8,298 . Political instability led to another election in October 1924 . Salter was able to overturn the result of the previous year , increasing his vote to 11,578 and unseating Kedward with a majority of 2,902 . He was re-elected in the general elections of 1929 , 1931 , and 1935 , but stood down at the 1945 election , when he was in very poor health , and died soon afterwards , aged 72 .",
"title": "Member of Parliament"
},
{
"text": " According to Fenner Brockway , the anti-war activist , Salter in his youth was known as the Settlement firebrand – militant Republican , militant Socialist , militant Agnostic , militant Teetotaller , militant Pacifist .",
"title": "Personal beliefs"
},
{
"text": "Alfred Salter was a committed Christian and pacifist , a Quaker from 1900 onwards , and later an active member of the Peace Pledge Union . He was one of the founders of the Socialist Medical Association and a friend of its President Somerville Hastings , with whom he made a trip to the Soviet Union in 1931 . In 1936 he advocated the creation of a new League of Nations to which the possessions of the British Empire should be transferred . Salter believed",
"title": "Personal beliefs"
},
{
"text": " appeasement could avert war with Germany , stating in November 1938 that the average German will withdraw his backing from Hitler if we show willingness to be just . The failure of appeasement and outbreak of World War II left Salter deeply depressed . Despite his constituency being heavily bombed by the Luftwaffe during the Blitz , he opposed the strategic bombing by the Royal Air Force Bomber Command on moral grounds , one of the few Parliamentarians to do so , along with fellow Labour MP Richard Stokes and Bishop George Bell in the House of Lords ,",
"title": "Personal beliefs"
},
{
"text": "Salter was a strong advocate of Guild Socialism and of associationalism . He was also a strong supporter of the Temperance Movement , i.e . abstaining from alcohol , and caused controversy when he spoke out against widespread drunkenness in the House of Commons . He supported free speech , and resigned from the Bermondsey Borough Labour Party and the local trades council when they organised a counter-demonstration to prevent the British Union of Fascists from holding a march in the borough . ( See the 1936 Battle of Cable Street for context. ) He accused the trades council of",
"title": "Personal beliefs"
},
{
"text": "being Communist in sympathy and Fascist in methods .",
"title": "Personal beliefs"
},
{
"text": " Memorials to Alfred and Ada Salter . The Alfred Salter Primary School was opened in 1995 to meet the growing demand for school places in Rotherhithe , due to the redevelopment of the old Surrey Docks . The Ada Salter Garden is in Southwark Park within the Old Surrey Docks area . The Alfred Salter Bridge is a footbridge leading off Watermans Lane , between Stave Hill and Redriff Road , near Greenland Dock as part of the Russia Dock Woodland .",
"title": "Personal beliefs"
},
{
"text": "The statue of Dr Salter seated on a bench , shown above , was stolen , presumably for the value of its bronze , in November 2011 . The Salter Statues Campaign group raised £60,000 , which Southwark Council matched , to pay for replacement statues , and these were unveiled on 30 November 2014 .",
"title": "Personal beliefs"
},
{
"text": " A Salter Memorial Lecture is promoted by the Quaker Socialist Society each year as a fringe event at the Britain Yearly Meeting of the Religious Society of Friends ( Quakers ) .",
"title": "Personal beliefs"
}
] |
/wiki/Alfred_Salter#P39#2
|
Alfred Salter took which position in Feb 1936?
|
Alfred Salter Alfred Salter ( 16 June 1873 – 24 August 1945 ) was a British medical practitioner and Labour Party politician . Early life . Salter was born in Greenwich in 1873 , the son of Walter Hookway Salter and Elizabeth Tester . Following education at The John Roan School , Greenwich , he went on to study medicine at Guys Hospital , London . He qualified in 1896 and in the following year was awarded the Golding-Bird gold medal and scholarship in public health , and the Gull research scholarship in pathology . He was made house physician and resident obstetric physician at Guys and was appointed as bacteriologist to the Lister Institute of Preventive Medicine . In 1898 he became a resident at the Methodist Settlement in Bermondsey , an area of south-east London alongside the River Thames , then an area with widespread poverty . The major source of employment in the area during the 20th century until the 1970s was the Port of London . Until the docks were nationalised after World War II , most of the men working in the docks were employed on a contingent daily basis ; the casual nature of this work made it difficult to make a decent living , and Bermondsey was an area of great poverty While at the Settlement , which had been established by Rev . John Scott Lidgett , Salter set up mutual health insurance schemes and adult education classes on health matters . In 1900 he married Ada Brown , who shared his political and social views . In the year of his marriage he established his medical practice in Bermondsey , and the couple worked together in trying to alleviate the effects of poverty in the largely working class area . He chose to offer services free to those who could not pay . This work was to lead the establishment of a pioneering comprehensive health service in the area . ( See the background to the formation of the NHS. ) Politics . Salter decided that by entering politics he could effect changes to the squalid environment in Bermondsey far more quickly and profoundly than he could outside the political arena . He was elected to Bermondsey Borough Council in 1903 , and was also a member of the local board of guardians . In March 1906 he was elected to fill a vacancy on the London County Council , representing the seat of Southwark , Bermondsey as a member of the Progressive Party following the election of the sitting councillor , George Cooper , as the areas Member of Parliament . He was re-elected to the LCC in 1907 . In October 1909 George Cooper MP died . Cooper had been elected as a Liberal Party Member of Parliament ( MP ) , and although Salter had succeeded him on the county council , he had since become aligned with the Independent Labour Party ( ILP ) . On 8 October , Alfred Salter was officially announced as the partys candidate at the by-election . The poll was held on 28 October , and Salter received 1,435 votes , finishing third of the three candidates . Crucially , his intervention probably led to the loss of the seat by the Liberals , with the Conservative candidate John Dumphreys securing a majority of 987 votes . In March 1910 the triennial election of the London County Council was held . Salter was chosen to defend the Bermondsey seat as a Labour candidate against both the Progressives and the Conservative-backed Municipal Reform Party . He was heavily defeated , coming at the bottom of the poll of five candidates . He contested the same seat in 1913 , but was again unsuccessful . All elections were postponed for the duration of the First World War . When a general election was called in December 1918 , the parliamentary constituencies were revised under the Representation of the People Act 1918 . Salter was selected as Labour Party candidate for the new Bermondsey West seat , and was described in the following terms by The Times : Dr Salter , the Labour candidate , is one of the highly educated idealists who are to be found in the ranks of that party . After a brilliant academic career , he decided to devote himself to work among the poor in Bermondsey , and there he has laboured for many years both as a doctor professionally and as a member of local administrative bodies . Personally , nobody has a word to say against him , but his views are of a very extreme kind . His attitude during the war was that of a pacifist , though he would not , it is said , admit the accuracy of this popular term . The new constituency was won by the Liberal candidate Harold Glanville , who had been the sitting MP for Bermondsey . In 1919 municipal elections resumed . In March both Alfred and his wife Ada were Labour Party candidates in the London County Council elections , standing in the neighbouring electoral divisions of Bermondsey West and Rotherhithe . Neither was elected . In November Ada was elected to Bermondsey Borough Council . She held the seat in 1922 , and in the same year was elected as the first female mayor of the borough . Member of Parliament . In the 1922 general election he was again nominated as Labour candidate for Bermondsey West . Salter secured 7,550 votes , a majority of 2,325 . He was helped to victory by there being three opposing candidates , with the Anti-labour vote split between Liberal , National Liberal and Independent Unionist opponents . His wife , as mayor of the borough , was the returning officer who declared him elected . A further general election was held in 1923 , and Salter lost the seat in a straight fight to the Rev . Roderick Kedward , the Liberal candidate , in spite of increasing his vote to 8,298 . Political instability led to another election in October 1924 . Salter was able to overturn the result of the previous year , increasing his vote to 11,578 and unseating Kedward with a majority of 2,902 . He was re-elected in the general elections of 1929 , 1931 , and 1935 , but stood down at the 1945 election , when he was in very poor health , and died soon afterwards , aged 72 . Personal beliefs . According to Fenner Brockway , the anti-war activist , Salter in his youth was known as the Settlement firebrand – militant Republican , militant Socialist , militant Agnostic , militant Teetotaller , militant Pacifist . Alfred Salter was a committed Christian and pacifist , a Quaker from 1900 onwards , and later an active member of the Peace Pledge Union . He was one of the founders of the Socialist Medical Association and a friend of its President Somerville Hastings , with whom he made a trip to the Soviet Union in 1931 . In 1936 he advocated the creation of a new League of Nations to which the possessions of the British Empire should be transferred . Salter believed appeasement could avert war with Germany , stating in November 1938 that the average German will withdraw his backing from Hitler if we show willingness to be just . The failure of appeasement and outbreak of World War II left Salter deeply depressed . Despite his constituency being heavily bombed by the Luftwaffe during the Blitz , he opposed the strategic bombing by the Royal Air Force Bomber Command on moral grounds , one of the few Parliamentarians to do so , along with fellow Labour MP Richard Stokes and Bishop George Bell in the House of Lords , Salter was a strong advocate of Guild Socialism and of associationalism . He was also a strong supporter of the Temperance Movement , i.e . abstaining from alcohol , and caused controversy when he spoke out against widespread drunkenness in the House of Commons . He supported free speech , and resigned from the Bermondsey Borough Labour Party and the local trades council when they organised a counter-demonstration to prevent the British Union of Fascists from holding a march in the borough . ( See the 1936 Battle of Cable Street for context. ) He accused the trades council of being Communist in sympathy and Fascist in methods . Memorials to Alfred and Ada Salter . The Alfred Salter Primary School was opened in 1995 to meet the growing demand for school places in Rotherhithe , due to the redevelopment of the old Surrey Docks . The Ada Salter Garden is in Southwark Park within the Old Surrey Docks area . The Alfred Salter Bridge is a footbridge leading off Watermans Lane , between Stave Hill and Redriff Road , near Greenland Dock as part of the Russia Dock Woodland . The statue of Dr Salter seated on a bench , shown above , was stolen , presumably for the value of its bronze , in November 2011 . The Salter Statues Campaign group raised £60,000 , which Southwark Council matched , to pay for replacement statues , and these were unveiled on 30 November 2014 . A Salter Memorial Lecture is promoted by the Quaker Socialist Society each year as a fringe event at the Britain Yearly Meeting of the Religious Society of Friends ( Quakers ) .
|
[
"Member of Parliament"
] |
[
{
"text": " Alfred Salter ( 16 June 1873 – 24 August 1945 ) was a British medical practitioner and Labour Party politician .",
"title": "Alfred Salter"
},
{
"text": " Salter was born in Greenwich in 1873 , the son of Walter Hookway Salter and Elizabeth Tester . Following education at The John Roan School , Greenwich , he went on to study medicine at Guys Hospital , London . He qualified in 1896 and in the following year was awarded the Golding-Bird gold medal and scholarship in public health , and the Gull research scholarship in pathology . He was made house physician and resident obstetric physician at Guys and was appointed as bacteriologist to the Lister Institute of Preventive Medicine .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "In 1898 he became a resident at the Methodist Settlement in Bermondsey , an area of south-east London alongside the River Thames , then an area with widespread poverty . The major source of employment in the area during the 20th century until the 1970s was the Port of London . Until the docks were nationalised after World War II , most of the men working in the docks were employed on a contingent daily basis ; the casual nature of this work made it difficult to make a decent living , and Bermondsey was an area of great poverty",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "While at the Settlement , which had been established by Rev . John Scott Lidgett , Salter set up mutual health insurance schemes and adult education classes on health matters . In 1900 he married Ada Brown , who shared his political and social views .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " In the year of his marriage he established his medical practice in Bermondsey , and the couple worked together in trying to alleviate the effects of poverty in the largely working class area . He chose to offer services free to those who could not pay . This work was to lead the establishment of a pioneering comprehensive health service in the area . ( See the background to the formation of the NHS. )",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Salter decided that by entering politics he could effect changes to the squalid environment in Bermondsey far more quickly and profoundly than he could outside the political arena . He was elected to Bermondsey Borough Council in 1903 , and was also a member of the local board of guardians . In March 1906 he was elected to fill a vacancy on the London County Council , representing the seat of Southwark , Bermondsey as a member of the Progressive Party following the election of the sitting councillor , George Cooper , as the areas Member of Parliament . He",
"title": "Politics"
},
{
"text": "was re-elected to the LCC in 1907 .",
"title": "Politics"
},
{
"text": "In October 1909 George Cooper MP died . Cooper had been elected as a Liberal Party Member of Parliament ( MP ) , and although Salter had succeeded him on the county council , he had since become aligned with the Independent Labour Party ( ILP ) . On 8 October , Alfred Salter was officially announced as the partys candidate at the by-election . The poll was held on 28 October , and Salter received 1,435 votes , finishing third of the three candidates . Crucially , his intervention probably led to the loss of the seat by the",
"title": "Politics"
},
{
"text": "Liberals , with the Conservative candidate John Dumphreys securing a majority of 987 votes .",
"title": "Politics"
},
{
"text": " In March 1910 the triennial election of the London County Council was held . Salter was chosen to defend the Bermondsey seat as a Labour candidate against both the Progressives and the Conservative-backed Municipal Reform Party . He was heavily defeated , coming at the bottom of the poll of five candidates . He contested the same seat in 1913 , but was again unsuccessful .",
"title": "Politics"
},
{
"text": "All elections were postponed for the duration of the First World War . When a general election was called in December 1918 , the parliamentary constituencies were revised under the Representation of the People Act 1918 . Salter was selected as Labour Party candidate for the new Bermondsey West seat , and was described in the following terms by The Times :",
"title": "Politics"
},
{
"text": "Dr Salter , the Labour candidate , is one of the highly educated idealists who are to be found in the ranks of that party . After a brilliant academic career , he decided to devote himself to work among the poor in Bermondsey , and there he has laboured for many years both as a doctor professionally and as a member of local administrative bodies . Personally , nobody has a word to say against him , but his views are of a very extreme kind . His attitude during the war was that of a pacifist , though",
"title": "Politics"
},
{
"text": "he would not , it is said , admit the accuracy of this popular term .",
"title": "Politics"
},
{
"text": " The new constituency was won by the Liberal candidate Harold Glanville , who had been the sitting MP for Bermondsey . In 1919 municipal elections resumed . In March both Alfred and his wife Ada were Labour Party candidates in the London County Council elections , standing in the neighbouring electoral divisions of Bermondsey West and Rotherhithe . Neither was elected . In November Ada was elected to Bermondsey Borough Council . She held the seat in 1922 , and in the same year was elected as the first female mayor of the borough .",
"title": "Politics"
},
{
"text": "In the 1922 general election he was again nominated as Labour candidate for Bermondsey West . Salter secured 7,550 votes , a majority of 2,325 . He was helped to victory by there being three opposing candidates , with the Anti-labour vote split between Liberal , National Liberal and Independent Unionist opponents . His wife , as mayor of the borough , was the returning officer who declared him elected . A further general election was held in 1923 , and Salter lost the seat in a straight fight to the Rev . Roderick Kedward , the Liberal candidate ,",
"title": "Member of Parliament"
},
{
"text": "in spite of increasing his vote to 8,298 . Political instability led to another election in October 1924 . Salter was able to overturn the result of the previous year , increasing his vote to 11,578 and unseating Kedward with a majority of 2,902 . He was re-elected in the general elections of 1929 , 1931 , and 1935 , but stood down at the 1945 election , when he was in very poor health , and died soon afterwards , aged 72 .",
"title": "Member of Parliament"
},
{
"text": " According to Fenner Brockway , the anti-war activist , Salter in his youth was known as the Settlement firebrand – militant Republican , militant Socialist , militant Agnostic , militant Teetotaller , militant Pacifist .",
"title": "Personal beliefs"
},
{
"text": "Alfred Salter was a committed Christian and pacifist , a Quaker from 1900 onwards , and later an active member of the Peace Pledge Union . He was one of the founders of the Socialist Medical Association and a friend of its President Somerville Hastings , with whom he made a trip to the Soviet Union in 1931 . In 1936 he advocated the creation of a new League of Nations to which the possessions of the British Empire should be transferred . Salter believed",
"title": "Personal beliefs"
},
{
"text": " appeasement could avert war with Germany , stating in November 1938 that the average German will withdraw his backing from Hitler if we show willingness to be just . The failure of appeasement and outbreak of World War II left Salter deeply depressed . Despite his constituency being heavily bombed by the Luftwaffe during the Blitz , he opposed the strategic bombing by the Royal Air Force Bomber Command on moral grounds , one of the few Parliamentarians to do so , along with fellow Labour MP Richard Stokes and Bishop George Bell in the House of Lords ,",
"title": "Personal beliefs"
},
{
"text": "Salter was a strong advocate of Guild Socialism and of associationalism . He was also a strong supporter of the Temperance Movement , i.e . abstaining from alcohol , and caused controversy when he spoke out against widespread drunkenness in the House of Commons . He supported free speech , and resigned from the Bermondsey Borough Labour Party and the local trades council when they organised a counter-demonstration to prevent the British Union of Fascists from holding a march in the borough . ( See the 1936 Battle of Cable Street for context. ) He accused the trades council of",
"title": "Personal beliefs"
},
{
"text": "being Communist in sympathy and Fascist in methods .",
"title": "Personal beliefs"
},
{
"text": " Memorials to Alfred and Ada Salter . The Alfred Salter Primary School was opened in 1995 to meet the growing demand for school places in Rotherhithe , due to the redevelopment of the old Surrey Docks . The Ada Salter Garden is in Southwark Park within the Old Surrey Docks area . The Alfred Salter Bridge is a footbridge leading off Watermans Lane , between Stave Hill and Redriff Road , near Greenland Dock as part of the Russia Dock Woodland .",
"title": "Personal beliefs"
},
{
"text": "The statue of Dr Salter seated on a bench , shown above , was stolen , presumably for the value of its bronze , in November 2011 . The Salter Statues Campaign group raised £60,000 , which Southwark Council matched , to pay for replacement statues , and these were unveiled on 30 November 2014 .",
"title": "Personal beliefs"
},
{
"text": " A Salter Memorial Lecture is promoted by the Quaker Socialist Society each year as a fringe event at the Britain Yearly Meeting of the Religious Society of Friends ( Quakers ) .",
"title": "Personal beliefs"
}
] |
/wiki/Lewis_Cass#P39#0
|
Which position did Lewis Cass hold before Dec 1806?
|
Lewis Cass Lewis Cass ( October 9 , 1782June 17 , 1866 ) was an American military officer , politician , and statesman . He represented Michigan in the United States Senate and served in the Cabinets of two U.S . Presidents , Andrew Jackson and James Buchanan . He was also the 1848 Democratic presidential nominee and a leading spokesman for the Doctrine of Popular Sovereignty , which held that the people in each territory should decide whether to permit slavery . Born in Exeter , New Hampshire , he attended Phillips Exeter Academy before establishing a legal practice in Zanesville , Ohio . After serving in the Ohio House of Representatives , he was appointed as a U.S . Marshal . Cass also joined the Freemasons and would eventually co-found the Grand Lodge of Michigan . He fought at the Battle of the Thames in the War of 1812 and was appointed to govern Michigan Territory in 1813 . He negotiated treaties with Native Americans to open land for American settlement and led a survey expedition into the northwest part of the territory . Cass resigned as governor in 1831 to accept appointment as Secretary of War under Andrew Jackson . As Secretary of War , he helped implement Jacksons policy of Indian removal . After serving as ambassador to France from 1836 to 1842 , he unsuccessfully sought the presidential nomination at the 1844 Democratic National Convention ; a deadlock between supporters of Cass and former President Martin Van Buren ended with the nomination of James K . Polk . In 1845 , the Michigan Legislature elected Cass to the Senate , where he served until 1848 . Casss nomination at the 1848 Democratic National Convention precipitated a split in the party , as Casss advocacy for popular sovereignty alienated the anti-slavery wing of the party . Van Buren led the Free Soil Partys presidential ticket and appealed to many anti-slavery Democrats , possibly contributing to the victory of Whig nominee Zachary Taylor . Cass returned to the Senate in 1849 and continued to serve until 1857 when he accepted appointment as the Secretary of State . He unsuccessfully sought to buy land from Mexico and sympathized with American filibusters in Latin America . Cass resigned from the Cabinet in December 1860 in protest of Buchanans handling of the threatened secession of several Southern states . Since his death in 1866 , he has been commemorated in various ways , including with a statue in the National Statuary Hall . Early life . Cass was born on October 9 , 1782 , in Exeter , New Hampshire , just after the end of the American Revolution . His parents were Molly ( née Gilman ) Cass and Major Jonathan Cass , a Revolutionary War veteran who fought under General George Washington at Bunker Hill . Cass attended the private Phillips Exeter Academy . In 1800 , the family moved to Marietta , Ohio , part of a wave of westward migration after the end of the war and defeat of Native Americans in the Northwest Indian War . Cass studied law with Return J . Meigs Jr. , was admitted to the bar , and began a practice in Zanesville . Career . In 1806 , Cass was elected to the Ohio House of Representatives . The following year , President Thomas Jefferson appointed Cass as the U.S . Marshal for Ohio . He joined the Freemasons , an increasingly popular fraternal organization in that period , being initiated as an Entered Apprentice in what was later American Union Lodge No.1 at Marietta on December 5 , 1803 . He achieved his Fellow Craft degree on April 2 , 1804 , and his Master Mason degree on May 7 , 1804 . On June 24 , 1805 , he was admitted as Charter member of the Lodge of Amity 105 ( later No.5 ) , Zanesville . He served as the first Worshipful Master of the Lodge of Amity in 1806 . Cass was one of the founders of the Grand Lodge of Ohio , representing the Lodge of Amity at the first meeting on January 4 , 1808 . He was elected Deputy Grand Master on January 5 , 1809 , and Grand Master on January 3 , 1810 , January 8 , 1811 , and January 8 , 1812 . War of 1812 . When the War of 1812 began against the United Kingdom , Cass took command of the 3rd Ohio Volunteer Regiment . He became colonel of the 27th United States Infantry Regiment on February 20 , 1813 . Soon after , he was promoted to brigadier general in the Regular Army on March 12 , 1813 . Cass took part in the Battle of the Thames , a defeat of British and Native Indian forces . Cass resigned from the Army on May 1 , 1814 . Territorial Governor of Michigan . As a reward for his military service , Cass was appointed Governor of the Michigan Territory by President James Madison on October 29 , 1813 , serving until 1831 . As he was frequently traveling on business , several territorial secretaries often acted as governor in his place . During this period , he helped negotiate and implement treaties with Native American tribes in Michigan , by which they ceded substantial amounts of land . Some were given small reservations in the territory . In 1817 , Cass was one of the two commissioners ( along with Duncan McArthur ) , who negotiated the Treaty of Fort Meigs , which was signed on September 29 with several Native American tribes of the region , under which they ceded large amounts of territory to the United States . This helped open up areas of Michigan to settlement by Euro-Americans . That same year , Cass was named to serve as Secretary of War under President James Monroe , but he declined the appointment . In 1820 , Cass led an expedition to the northwestern part of Michigan Territory , in the Great Lakes region in todays northern Minnesota . Its purpose was to map the region and locate the source of the Mississippi River . The headwater of the great river was then unknown , resulting in an undefined border between the United States and British North America , which had been linked to the river . The Cass expedition erroneously identified what became known as Cass Lake as the Mississippis source . It was not until 1832 that Henry Rowe Schoolcraft , the Cass expeditions geologist , identified nearby Lake Itasca as the headwater of the Mississippi . Secretary of War . On August 1 , 1831 , Cass resigned as governor of the Michigan Territory to take the post of Secretary of War under President Andrew Jackson , a position he would hold until 1836 . Cass was a central figure in implementing the Indian removal policy of the Jackson administration ; Congress had passed the Indian Removal Act in 1830 . While it was directed chiefly against the Southeastern tribes , especially the Five Civilized Tribes , it also affected tribes in Ohio , Illinois , and other areas east of the Mississippi River . Most were forced to Indian Territory in present-day Kansas and Oklahoma , but a number of bands negotiated being allowed to remain in Michigan . U.S . Minister to France . At the end of his term , President Jackson appointed Cass to succeed Edward Livingston as the U.S . Minister to France on October 4 , 1836 . He presented his credentials on December 1 , 1836 , and served until he left his post on November 12 , 1842 , when he was succeeded by William R . King , who later became the 13th Vice President of the United States under President Franklin Pierce . Presidential ambitions and U.S . Senate . In the 1844 Democratic convention Cass stood as a candidate for the presidential nomination , losing on the 9th ballot to dark horse candidate James K . Polk . Cass was elected by the state legislature to represent Michigan in the United States Senate , serving in 1845-48 . He served as chairman of the Committee on Military Affairs in the 30th Congress . In 1848 , he resigned from the Senate to run for president in the 1848 election . William Orlando Butler was selected as his running mate . Cass was a leading supporter of the doctrine of popular sovereignty , which held that the American citizens who lived in a territory should decide whether to permit slavery there . His nomination caused a split in the Democratic Party , leading many antislavery Northern Democrats to join the Free Soil Party , which nominated former President Martin Van Buren . After losing the election to Zachary Taylor , Cass was returned by the state legislature to the Senate , serving from 1849 to 57 . He was the first non-incumbent Democratic presidential candidate to lose an election and the first Democrat who was unsuccessful in his bid to succeed another Democrat as President . Apart from James Buchanans election to succeed Franklin Pierce in 1856 , subsequent Democrats who attempted election to succeed another Democrat as President all failed in their bid to do so . Cass made another bid for president in 1852 but neither he nor rival Democratic contenders Buchanan and Stephen Douglas secured a majority of delegates votes at the Democratic Convention in Baltimore , and the party went with Franklin Pierce instead . U.S . Secretary of State . On March 6 , 1857 , President James Buchanan appointed Cass to serve as Secretary of State as a consolation prize for his previous presidential runs . Although retaining incumbent Secretary of State William L . Marcy was considered the best option by many , Buchanan made it clear that he did not want to keep anyone from the Pierce Administration . Moreover , Marcy had opposed his earlier presidential bids , and was in poor health in any event , ultimately dying in July 1857 . Cass , aged 75 , was seen by most as too old for such a demanding position and was thought to be likely be little more than a figurehead . Buchanan , weighing many of the other options for Secretary of State , considered that Cass was the best choice to avoid political infighting and sectional tensions . Buchanan , who did not particularly like Cass , nonetheless wrote a flattering letter offering him the post of Secretary of State , commenting that he was remarkably active and energetic for his advanced age . Cass , who was retiring from the Senate , but not eager to leave Washington and return home to Michigan , immediately accepted . Aware of his age and physical limitations , Cass agreed to delegate most of his powers as Secretary of State to an Assistant Secretary of State or the president himself . He also promised to refrain from making anti-British remarks in public ( having served in the War of 1812 , Cass had a low opinion of London ) . Most assumed Cass was a temporary Secretary of State until a younger , more fit man could be found , however , he ultimately served for all but the final four months of Buchanans administration . As expected , the aged Cass largely delegated major decision-making to subordinates , but eagerly signed his name on papers and dispatches penned by them . While sympathetic to American filibusters in Central America , he was instrumental in having Commodore Hiram Paulding removed from command for his landing of Marines in Nicaragua and compelling the extradition of William Walker to the United States . Cass attempted to buy more land from Mexico , but faced opposition from both Mexico and congressional leaders . He also negotiated a final settlement to the Clayton–Bulwer Treaty , limiting U.S . and British control of Latin American countries . The chiefs of Raiatea and Tahaa in the South Pacific , refusing to accept the rule of King Tamatoa V , unsuccessfully petitioned the United States to accept the islands under a protectorate in June 1858 . Cass resigned on December 14 , 1860 , because of what he considered Buchanans failure to protect federal interests in the South and failure to mobilize the federal military , actions that might have averted the threatened secession of Southern states . Personal life . On May 26 , 1806 , Cass married Elizabeth Spencer ( 1786–1853 ) , the daughter of Dr . Joseph Spencer Jr . and Deborah ( née Seldon ) Spencer . Her paternal grandfather was Joseph Spencer , a Continental Congressman who was a major general in the Continental Army . Lewis and Elizabeth were the parents of seven children , five of whom lived past infancy : - Isabella Cass ( 1805–1879 ) , who married Theodorus Marinus Roest van Limburg , a Dutch journalist , diplomat , and politician . - Elizabeth Selden Cass ( 1812–1832 ) - Lewis Cass , Jr . ( 1814–1878 ) , who served as an army officer and as U.S . Chargé dAffaires and Minister to the Papal States . - Mary Sophia Cass ( 1812–1882 ) , who married Army officer Augustus Canfield , an officer of the Corps of Topographical Engineers . - Matilda Frances Cass ( 1818–1898 ) , who married Henry Ledyard , the mayor of Detroit . - Ellen Cass ( 1821–1824 ) , who died young . - Spencer Cass ( 1828-1828 ) , who died in infancy . Cass died on June 17 , 1866 , in Detroit , Michigan . He is buried in Elmwood Cemetery in Detroit , Michigan . Descendants . Through his daughter Matilda , he was the grandfather of Elizabeth Cass Ledyard ( wife of Francis Wayland Goddard ) ; Henry Brockholst Ledyard Jr . ( who was president of the Michigan Central Railroad ) ; Susan Livingston Ledyard ( wife of Hamilton Bullock Tompkins ) ; Lewis Cass Ledyard ( a prominent lawyer with Carter Ledyard & Milburn who was the personal counsel of J . Pierpont Morgan ) ; and Matilda Spancer Ledyard . Casss great-great grandson , Republican Thomas Cass Ballenger , represented North Carolinas 10th Congressional District from 1986 to 2005 . Commemoration . - A statue of Cass is one of the two that were submitted by Michigan to the National Statuary Hall collection in the U.S . Capitol in Washington , D.C . It stands in the National Statuary Hall room . ( The other statue is of President Gerald Ford , the only U.S . president to come from Michigan. ) - The Liberty ship - He is the eponym of the village of Casstown , Ohio , the community of Cassville , West Virginia , Cassopolis , Michigan , and Cass County , Michigan , as well as Cass City , Michigan , and the Cass River that runs around the surrounding area . - Cass Avenue in Detroit . Cass Avenue in Mt . Clemens . - The Lewis Cass Legacy Society , which supports The Michigan Masonic Charitable Foundation , was named for his support of Michigan Freemasonry . - Bartow County , Georgia was originally named Cass County after Lewis Cass , but was changed in 1861 after Francis Bartow died as a Confederate war hero and due to Casss alleged opposition to slavery , even though he was an advocate of states rights via the doctrine of popular sovereignty . Cassville , Georgia is an unincorporated community in the same county , was originally the county seat before the name was changed from Cass County . The seat was moved to Cartersville , Georgia after General Sherman destroyed Cassville in his Atlanta Campaign of 1864 . - Cass Technical High School in Detroit , Cass High School in Bartow County , Georgia , Lewis Cass High School in Walton , Indiana , and Lewis Cass Elementary in Livonia , Michigan were named in honor of Lewis Cass . - Cass Street in Milwaukee , WI was named in honor of Lewis Cass . - The Lewis Cass Building , a principal state office building in the Lansing , Michigan capitol government complex . It was renamed on June 30 , 2020 to the Elliott-Larsen Building . - Lewis Cass is the namesake of counties in the following states : Indiana , Iowa , Minnesota , Missouri , Nebraska , Illinois , Michigan , and Texas . However , Cass County , North Dakota , was named for his nephew . - Lewis Cass is the namesake of Cass Street in Green Bay , Wisconsin . Other honors and memberships . - Elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society in 1820 . - Elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 1826 .
|
[
"Ohio House of Representatives"
] |
[
{
"text": " Lewis Cass ( October 9 , 1782June 17 , 1866 ) was an American military officer , politician , and statesman . He represented Michigan in the United States Senate and served in the Cabinets of two U.S . Presidents , Andrew Jackson and James Buchanan . He was also the 1848 Democratic presidential nominee and a leading spokesman for the Doctrine of Popular Sovereignty , which held that the people in each territory should decide whether to permit slavery .",
"title": "Lewis Cass"
},
{
"text": "Born in Exeter , New Hampshire , he attended Phillips Exeter Academy before establishing a legal practice in Zanesville , Ohio . After serving in the Ohio House of Representatives , he was appointed as a U.S . Marshal . Cass also joined the Freemasons and would eventually co-found the Grand Lodge of Michigan . He fought at the Battle of the Thames in the War of 1812 and was appointed to govern Michigan Territory in 1813 . He negotiated treaties with Native Americans to open land for American settlement and led a survey expedition into the northwest part of",
"title": "Lewis Cass"
},
{
"text": "the territory .",
"title": "Lewis Cass"
},
{
"text": "Cass resigned as governor in 1831 to accept appointment as Secretary of War under Andrew Jackson . As Secretary of War , he helped implement Jacksons policy of Indian removal . After serving as ambassador to France from 1836 to 1842 , he unsuccessfully sought the presidential nomination at the 1844 Democratic National Convention ; a deadlock between supporters of Cass and former President Martin Van Buren ended with the nomination of James K . Polk . In 1845 , the Michigan Legislature elected Cass to the Senate , where he served until 1848 . Casss nomination at the 1848",
"title": "Lewis Cass"
},
{
"text": "Democratic National Convention precipitated a split in the party , as Casss advocacy for popular sovereignty alienated the anti-slavery wing of the party . Van Buren led the Free Soil Partys presidential ticket and appealed to many anti-slavery Democrats , possibly contributing to the victory of Whig nominee Zachary Taylor .",
"title": "Lewis Cass"
},
{
"text": " Cass returned to the Senate in 1849 and continued to serve until 1857 when he accepted appointment as the Secretary of State . He unsuccessfully sought to buy land from Mexico and sympathized with American filibusters in Latin America . Cass resigned from the Cabinet in December 1860 in protest of Buchanans handling of the threatened secession of several Southern states . Since his death in 1866 , he has been commemorated in various ways , including with a statue in the National Statuary Hall .",
"title": "Lewis Cass"
},
{
"text": " Cass was born on October 9 , 1782 , in Exeter , New Hampshire , just after the end of the American Revolution . His parents were Molly ( née Gilman ) Cass and Major Jonathan Cass , a Revolutionary War veteran who fought under General George Washington at Bunker Hill .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Cass attended the private Phillips Exeter Academy . In 1800 , the family moved to Marietta , Ohio , part of a wave of westward migration after the end of the war and defeat of Native Americans in the Northwest Indian War . Cass studied law with Return J . Meigs Jr. , was admitted to the bar , and began a practice in Zanesville .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " In 1806 , Cass was elected to the Ohio House of Representatives . The following year , President Thomas Jefferson appointed Cass as the U.S . Marshal for Ohio .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "He joined the Freemasons , an increasingly popular fraternal organization in that period , being initiated as an Entered Apprentice in what was later American Union Lodge No.1 at Marietta on December 5 , 1803 . He achieved his Fellow Craft degree on April 2 , 1804 , and his Master Mason degree on May 7 , 1804 . On June 24 , 1805 , he was admitted as Charter member of the Lodge of Amity 105 ( later No.5 ) , Zanesville . He served as the first Worshipful Master of the Lodge of Amity in 1806 . Cass",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "was one of the founders of the Grand Lodge of Ohio , representing the Lodge of Amity at the first meeting on January 4 , 1808 . He was elected Deputy Grand Master on January 5 , 1809 , and Grand Master on January 3 , 1810 , January 8 , 1811 , and January 8 , 1812 .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " When the War of 1812 began against the United Kingdom , Cass took command of the 3rd Ohio Volunteer Regiment . He became colonel of the 27th United States Infantry Regiment on February 20 , 1813 . Soon after , he was promoted to brigadier general in the Regular Army on March 12 , 1813 . Cass took part in the Battle of the Thames , a defeat of British and Native Indian forces . Cass resigned from the Army on May 1 , 1814 . Territorial Governor of Michigan .",
"title": "War of 1812"
},
{
"text": "As a reward for his military service , Cass was appointed Governor of the Michigan Territory by President James Madison on October 29 , 1813 , serving until 1831 . As he was frequently traveling on business , several territorial secretaries often acted as governor in his place . During this period , he helped negotiate and implement treaties with Native American tribes in Michigan , by which they ceded substantial amounts of land . Some were given small reservations in the territory .",
"title": "War of 1812"
},
{
"text": " In 1817 , Cass was one of the two commissioners ( along with Duncan McArthur ) , who negotiated the Treaty of Fort Meigs , which was signed on September 29 with several Native American tribes of the region , under which they ceded large amounts of territory to the United States . This helped open up areas of Michigan to settlement by Euro-Americans . That same year , Cass was named to serve as Secretary of War under President James Monroe , but he declined the appointment .",
"title": "War of 1812"
},
{
"text": "In 1820 , Cass led an expedition to the northwestern part of Michigan Territory , in the Great Lakes region in todays northern Minnesota . Its purpose was to map the region and locate the source of the Mississippi River . The headwater of the great river was then unknown , resulting in an undefined border between the United States and British North America , which had been linked to the river . The Cass expedition erroneously identified what became known as Cass Lake as the Mississippis source . It was not until 1832 that Henry Rowe Schoolcraft , the",
"title": "War of 1812"
},
{
"text": "Cass expeditions geologist , identified nearby Lake Itasca as the headwater of the Mississippi .",
"title": "War of 1812"
},
{
"text": "On August 1 , 1831 , Cass resigned as governor of the Michigan Territory to take the post of Secretary of War under President Andrew Jackson , a position he would hold until 1836 . Cass was a central figure in implementing the Indian removal policy of the Jackson administration ; Congress had passed the Indian Removal Act in 1830 . While it was directed chiefly against the Southeastern tribes , especially the Five Civilized Tribes , it also affected tribes in Ohio , Illinois , and other areas east of the Mississippi River . Most were forced to Indian",
"title": "Secretary of War"
},
{
"text": "Territory in present-day Kansas and Oklahoma , but a number of bands negotiated being allowed to remain in Michigan .",
"title": "Secretary of War"
},
{
"text": " U.S . Minister to France . At the end of his term , President Jackson appointed Cass to succeed Edward Livingston as the U.S . Minister to France on October 4 , 1836 . He presented his credentials on December 1 , 1836 , and served until he left his post on November 12 , 1842 , when he was succeeded by William R . King , who later became the 13th Vice President of the United States under President Franklin Pierce . Presidential ambitions and U.S . Senate .",
"title": "Secretary of War"
},
{
"text": "In the 1844 Democratic convention Cass stood as a candidate for the presidential nomination , losing on the 9th ballot to dark horse candidate James K . Polk .",
"title": "Secretary of War"
},
{
"text": " Cass was elected by the state legislature to represent Michigan in the United States Senate , serving in 1845-48 . He served as chairman of the Committee on Military Affairs in the 30th Congress .",
"title": "Secretary of War"
},
{
"text": "In 1848 , he resigned from the Senate to run for president in the 1848 election . William Orlando Butler was selected as his running mate . Cass was a leading supporter of the doctrine of popular sovereignty , which held that the American citizens who lived in a territory should decide whether to permit slavery there . His nomination caused a split in the Democratic Party , leading many antislavery Northern Democrats to join the Free Soil Party , which nominated former President Martin Van Buren .",
"title": "Secretary of War"
},
{
"text": " After losing the election to Zachary Taylor , Cass was returned by the state legislature to the Senate , serving from 1849 to 57 . He was the first non-incumbent Democratic presidential candidate to lose an election and the first Democrat who was unsuccessful in his bid to succeed another Democrat as President . Apart from James Buchanans election to succeed Franklin Pierce in 1856 , subsequent Democrats who attempted election to succeed another Democrat as President all failed in their bid to do so .",
"title": "Secretary of War"
},
{
"text": "Cass made another bid for president in 1852 but neither he nor rival Democratic contenders Buchanan and Stephen Douglas secured a majority of delegates votes at the Democratic Convention in Baltimore , and the party went with Franklin Pierce instead .",
"title": "Secretary of War"
},
{
"text": "On March 6 , 1857 , President James Buchanan appointed Cass to serve as Secretary of State as a consolation prize for his previous presidential runs . Although retaining incumbent Secretary of State William L . Marcy was considered the best option by many , Buchanan made it clear that he did not want to keep anyone from the Pierce Administration . Moreover , Marcy had opposed his earlier presidential bids , and was in poor health in any event , ultimately dying in July 1857 . Cass , aged 75 , was seen by most as too old for",
"title": "Secretary of War"
},
{
"text": "such a demanding position and was thought to be likely be little more than a figurehead . Buchanan , weighing many of the other options for Secretary of State , considered that Cass was the best choice to avoid political infighting and sectional tensions . Buchanan , who did not particularly like Cass , nonetheless wrote a flattering letter offering him the post of Secretary of State , commenting that he was remarkably active and energetic for his advanced age . Cass , who was retiring from the Senate , but not eager to leave Washington and return home to",
"title": "Secretary of War"
},
{
"text": "Michigan , immediately accepted .",
"title": "Secretary of War"
},
{
"text": "Aware of his age and physical limitations , Cass agreed to delegate most of his powers as Secretary of State to an Assistant Secretary of State or the president himself . He also promised to refrain from making anti-British remarks in public ( having served in the War of 1812 , Cass had a low opinion of London ) . Most assumed Cass was a temporary Secretary of State until a younger , more fit man could be found , however , he ultimately served for all but the final four months of Buchanans administration . As expected , the",
"title": "Secretary of War"
},
{
"text": "aged Cass largely delegated major decision-making to subordinates , but eagerly signed his name on papers and dispatches penned by them .",
"title": "Secretary of War"
},
{
"text": "While sympathetic to American filibusters in Central America , he was instrumental in having Commodore Hiram Paulding removed from command for his landing of Marines in Nicaragua and compelling the extradition of William Walker to the United States . Cass attempted to buy more land from Mexico , but faced opposition from both Mexico and congressional leaders . He also negotiated a final settlement to the Clayton–Bulwer Treaty , limiting U.S . and British control of Latin American countries . The chiefs of Raiatea and Tahaa in the South Pacific , refusing to accept the rule of King Tamatoa V",
"title": "Secretary of War"
},
{
"text": ", unsuccessfully petitioned the United States to accept the islands under a protectorate in June 1858 .",
"title": "Secretary of War"
},
{
"text": " Cass resigned on December 14 , 1860 , because of what he considered Buchanans failure to protect federal interests in the South and failure to mobilize the federal military , actions that might have averted the threatened secession of Southern states .",
"title": "Secretary of War"
},
{
"text": " On May 26 , 1806 , Cass married Elizabeth Spencer ( 1786–1853 ) , the daughter of Dr . Joseph Spencer Jr . and Deborah ( née Seldon ) Spencer . Her paternal grandfather was Joseph Spencer , a Continental Congressman who was a major general in the Continental Army . Lewis and Elizabeth were the parents of seven children , five of whom lived past infancy : - Isabella Cass ( 1805–1879 ) , who married Theodorus Marinus Roest van Limburg , a Dutch journalist , diplomat , and politician . - Elizabeth Selden Cass ( 1812–1832 )",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "- Lewis Cass , Jr . ( 1814–1878 ) , who served as an army officer and as U.S . Chargé dAffaires and Minister to the Papal States .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " - Mary Sophia Cass ( 1812–1882 ) , who married Army officer Augustus Canfield , an officer of the Corps of Topographical Engineers . - Matilda Frances Cass ( 1818–1898 ) , who married Henry Ledyard , the mayor of Detroit . - Ellen Cass ( 1821–1824 ) , who died young . - Spencer Cass ( 1828-1828 ) , who died in infancy . Cass died on June 17 , 1866 , in Detroit , Michigan . He is buried in Elmwood Cemetery in Detroit , Michigan .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " Through his daughter Matilda , he was the grandfather of Elizabeth Cass Ledyard ( wife of Francis Wayland Goddard ) ; Henry Brockholst Ledyard Jr . ( who was president of the Michigan Central Railroad ) ; Susan Livingston Ledyard ( wife of Hamilton Bullock Tompkins ) ; Lewis Cass Ledyard ( a prominent lawyer with Carter Ledyard & Milburn who was the personal counsel of J . Pierpont Morgan ) ; and Matilda Spancer Ledyard . Casss great-great grandson , Republican Thomas Cass Ballenger , represented North Carolinas 10th Congressional District from 1986 to 2005 .",
"title": "Descendants"
},
{
"text": " - A statue of Cass is one of the two that were submitted by Michigan to the National Statuary Hall collection in the U.S . Capitol in Washington , D.C . It stands in the National Statuary Hall room . ( The other statue is of President Gerald Ford , the only U.S . president to come from Michigan. ) - The Liberty ship",
"title": "Commemoration"
},
{
"text": "- He is the eponym of the village of Casstown , Ohio , the community of Cassville , West Virginia , Cassopolis , Michigan , and Cass County , Michigan , as well as Cass City , Michigan , and the Cass River that runs around the surrounding area .",
"title": "Commemoration"
},
{
"text": " - Cass Avenue in Detroit . Cass Avenue in Mt . Clemens . - The Lewis Cass Legacy Society , which supports The Michigan Masonic Charitable Foundation , was named for his support of Michigan Freemasonry .",
"title": "Commemoration"
},
{
"text": "- Bartow County , Georgia was originally named Cass County after Lewis Cass , but was changed in 1861 after Francis Bartow died as a Confederate war hero and due to Casss alleged opposition to slavery , even though he was an advocate of states rights via the doctrine of popular sovereignty . Cassville , Georgia is an unincorporated community in the same county , was originally the county seat before the name was changed from Cass County . The seat was moved to Cartersville , Georgia after General Sherman destroyed Cassville in his Atlanta Campaign of 1864 .",
"title": "Commemoration"
},
{
"text": " - Cass Technical High School in Detroit , Cass High School in Bartow County , Georgia , Lewis Cass High School in Walton , Indiana , and Lewis Cass Elementary in Livonia , Michigan were named in honor of Lewis Cass . - Cass Street in Milwaukee , WI was named in honor of Lewis Cass . - The Lewis Cass Building , a principal state office building in the Lansing , Michigan capitol government complex . It was renamed on June 30 , 2020 to the Elliott-Larsen Building .",
"title": "Commemoration"
},
{
"text": "- Lewis Cass is the namesake of counties in the following states : Indiana , Iowa , Minnesota , Missouri , Nebraska , Illinois , Michigan , and Texas . However , Cass County , North Dakota , was named for his nephew .",
"title": "Commemoration"
},
{
"text": " - Lewis Cass is the namesake of Cass Street in Green Bay , Wisconsin . Other honors and memberships . - Elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society in 1820 . - Elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 1826 .",
"title": "Commemoration"
}
] |
/wiki/Lewis_Cass#P39#1
|
Which position did Lewis Cass hold in Aug 1826?
|
Lewis Cass Lewis Cass ( October 9 , 1782June 17 , 1866 ) was an American military officer , politician , and statesman . He represented Michigan in the United States Senate and served in the Cabinets of two U.S . Presidents , Andrew Jackson and James Buchanan . He was also the 1848 Democratic presidential nominee and a leading spokesman for the Doctrine of Popular Sovereignty , which held that the people in each territory should decide whether to permit slavery . Born in Exeter , New Hampshire , he attended Phillips Exeter Academy before establishing a legal practice in Zanesville , Ohio . After serving in the Ohio House of Representatives , he was appointed as a U.S . Marshal . Cass also joined the Freemasons and would eventually co-found the Grand Lodge of Michigan . He fought at the Battle of the Thames in the War of 1812 and was appointed to govern Michigan Territory in 1813 . He negotiated treaties with Native Americans to open land for American settlement and led a survey expedition into the northwest part of the territory . Cass resigned as governor in 1831 to accept appointment as Secretary of War under Andrew Jackson . As Secretary of War , he helped implement Jacksons policy of Indian removal . After serving as ambassador to France from 1836 to 1842 , he unsuccessfully sought the presidential nomination at the 1844 Democratic National Convention ; a deadlock between supporters of Cass and former President Martin Van Buren ended with the nomination of James K . Polk . In 1845 , the Michigan Legislature elected Cass to the Senate , where he served until 1848 . Casss nomination at the 1848 Democratic National Convention precipitated a split in the party , as Casss advocacy for popular sovereignty alienated the anti-slavery wing of the party . Van Buren led the Free Soil Partys presidential ticket and appealed to many anti-slavery Democrats , possibly contributing to the victory of Whig nominee Zachary Taylor . Cass returned to the Senate in 1849 and continued to serve until 1857 when he accepted appointment as the Secretary of State . He unsuccessfully sought to buy land from Mexico and sympathized with American filibusters in Latin America . Cass resigned from the Cabinet in December 1860 in protest of Buchanans handling of the threatened secession of several Southern states . Since his death in 1866 , he has been commemorated in various ways , including with a statue in the National Statuary Hall . Early life . Cass was born on October 9 , 1782 , in Exeter , New Hampshire , just after the end of the American Revolution . His parents were Molly ( née Gilman ) Cass and Major Jonathan Cass , a Revolutionary War veteran who fought under General George Washington at Bunker Hill . Cass attended the private Phillips Exeter Academy . In 1800 , the family moved to Marietta , Ohio , part of a wave of westward migration after the end of the war and defeat of Native Americans in the Northwest Indian War . Cass studied law with Return J . Meigs Jr. , was admitted to the bar , and began a practice in Zanesville . Career . In 1806 , Cass was elected to the Ohio House of Representatives . The following year , President Thomas Jefferson appointed Cass as the U.S . Marshal for Ohio . He joined the Freemasons , an increasingly popular fraternal organization in that period , being initiated as an Entered Apprentice in what was later American Union Lodge No.1 at Marietta on December 5 , 1803 . He achieved his Fellow Craft degree on April 2 , 1804 , and his Master Mason degree on May 7 , 1804 . On June 24 , 1805 , he was admitted as Charter member of the Lodge of Amity 105 ( later No.5 ) , Zanesville . He served as the first Worshipful Master of the Lodge of Amity in 1806 . Cass was one of the founders of the Grand Lodge of Ohio , representing the Lodge of Amity at the first meeting on January 4 , 1808 . He was elected Deputy Grand Master on January 5 , 1809 , and Grand Master on January 3 , 1810 , January 8 , 1811 , and January 8 , 1812 . War of 1812 . When the War of 1812 began against the United Kingdom , Cass took command of the 3rd Ohio Volunteer Regiment . He became colonel of the 27th United States Infantry Regiment on February 20 , 1813 . Soon after , he was promoted to brigadier general in the Regular Army on March 12 , 1813 . Cass took part in the Battle of the Thames , a defeat of British and Native Indian forces . Cass resigned from the Army on May 1 , 1814 . Territorial Governor of Michigan . As a reward for his military service , Cass was appointed Governor of the Michigan Territory by President James Madison on October 29 , 1813 , serving until 1831 . As he was frequently traveling on business , several territorial secretaries often acted as governor in his place . During this period , he helped negotiate and implement treaties with Native American tribes in Michigan , by which they ceded substantial amounts of land . Some were given small reservations in the territory . In 1817 , Cass was one of the two commissioners ( along with Duncan McArthur ) , who negotiated the Treaty of Fort Meigs , which was signed on September 29 with several Native American tribes of the region , under which they ceded large amounts of territory to the United States . This helped open up areas of Michigan to settlement by Euro-Americans . That same year , Cass was named to serve as Secretary of War under President James Monroe , but he declined the appointment . In 1820 , Cass led an expedition to the northwestern part of Michigan Territory , in the Great Lakes region in todays northern Minnesota . Its purpose was to map the region and locate the source of the Mississippi River . The headwater of the great river was then unknown , resulting in an undefined border between the United States and British North America , which had been linked to the river . The Cass expedition erroneously identified what became known as Cass Lake as the Mississippis source . It was not until 1832 that Henry Rowe Schoolcraft , the Cass expeditions geologist , identified nearby Lake Itasca as the headwater of the Mississippi . Secretary of War . On August 1 , 1831 , Cass resigned as governor of the Michigan Territory to take the post of Secretary of War under President Andrew Jackson , a position he would hold until 1836 . Cass was a central figure in implementing the Indian removal policy of the Jackson administration ; Congress had passed the Indian Removal Act in 1830 . While it was directed chiefly against the Southeastern tribes , especially the Five Civilized Tribes , it also affected tribes in Ohio , Illinois , and other areas east of the Mississippi River . Most were forced to Indian Territory in present-day Kansas and Oklahoma , but a number of bands negotiated being allowed to remain in Michigan . U.S . Minister to France . At the end of his term , President Jackson appointed Cass to succeed Edward Livingston as the U.S . Minister to France on October 4 , 1836 . He presented his credentials on December 1 , 1836 , and served until he left his post on November 12 , 1842 , when he was succeeded by William R . King , who later became the 13th Vice President of the United States under President Franklin Pierce . Presidential ambitions and U.S . Senate . In the 1844 Democratic convention Cass stood as a candidate for the presidential nomination , losing on the 9th ballot to dark horse candidate James K . Polk . Cass was elected by the state legislature to represent Michigan in the United States Senate , serving in 1845-48 . He served as chairman of the Committee on Military Affairs in the 30th Congress . In 1848 , he resigned from the Senate to run for president in the 1848 election . William Orlando Butler was selected as his running mate . Cass was a leading supporter of the doctrine of popular sovereignty , which held that the American citizens who lived in a territory should decide whether to permit slavery there . His nomination caused a split in the Democratic Party , leading many antislavery Northern Democrats to join the Free Soil Party , which nominated former President Martin Van Buren . After losing the election to Zachary Taylor , Cass was returned by the state legislature to the Senate , serving from 1849 to 57 . He was the first non-incumbent Democratic presidential candidate to lose an election and the first Democrat who was unsuccessful in his bid to succeed another Democrat as President . Apart from James Buchanans election to succeed Franklin Pierce in 1856 , subsequent Democrats who attempted election to succeed another Democrat as President all failed in their bid to do so . Cass made another bid for president in 1852 but neither he nor rival Democratic contenders Buchanan and Stephen Douglas secured a majority of delegates votes at the Democratic Convention in Baltimore , and the party went with Franklin Pierce instead . U.S . Secretary of State . On March 6 , 1857 , President James Buchanan appointed Cass to serve as Secretary of State as a consolation prize for his previous presidential runs . Although retaining incumbent Secretary of State William L . Marcy was considered the best option by many , Buchanan made it clear that he did not want to keep anyone from the Pierce Administration . Moreover , Marcy had opposed his earlier presidential bids , and was in poor health in any event , ultimately dying in July 1857 . Cass , aged 75 , was seen by most as too old for such a demanding position and was thought to be likely be little more than a figurehead . Buchanan , weighing many of the other options for Secretary of State , considered that Cass was the best choice to avoid political infighting and sectional tensions . Buchanan , who did not particularly like Cass , nonetheless wrote a flattering letter offering him the post of Secretary of State , commenting that he was remarkably active and energetic for his advanced age . Cass , who was retiring from the Senate , but not eager to leave Washington and return home to Michigan , immediately accepted . Aware of his age and physical limitations , Cass agreed to delegate most of his powers as Secretary of State to an Assistant Secretary of State or the president himself . He also promised to refrain from making anti-British remarks in public ( having served in the War of 1812 , Cass had a low opinion of London ) . Most assumed Cass was a temporary Secretary of State until a younger , more fit man could be found , however , he ultimately served for all but the final four months of Buchanans administration . As expected , the aged Cass largely delegated major decision-making to subordinates , but eagerly signed his name on papers and dispatches penned by them . While sympathetic to American filibusters in Central America , he was instrumental in having Commodore Hiram Paulding removed from command for his landing of Marines in Nicaragua and compelling the extradition of William Walker to the United States . Cass attempted to buy more land from Mexico , but faced opposition from both Mexico and congressional leaders . He also negotiated a final settlement to the Clayton–Bulwer Treaty , limiting U.S . and British control of Latin American countries . The chiefs of Raiatea and Tahaa in the South Pacific , refusing to accept the rule of King Tamatoa V , unsuccessfully petitioned the United States to accept the islands under a protectorate in June 1858 . Cass resigned on December 14 , 1860 , because of what he considered Buchanans failure to protect federal interests in the South and failure to mobilize the federal military , actions that might have averted the threatened secession of Southern states . Personal life . On May 26 , 1806 , Cass married Elizabeth Spencer ( 1786–1853 ) , the daughter of Dr . Joseph Spencer Jr . and Deborah ( née Seldon ) Spencer . Her paternal grandfather was Joseph Spencer , a Continental Congressman who was a major general in the Continental Army . Lewis and Elizabeth were the parents of seven children , five of whom lived past infancy : - Isabella Cass ( 1805–1879 ) , who married Theodorus Marinus Roest van Limburg , a Dutch journalist , diplomat , and politician . - Elizabeth Selden Cass ( 1812–1832 ) - Lewis Cass , Jr . ( 1814–1878 ) , who served as an army officer and as U.S . Chargé dAffaires and Minister to the Papal States . - Mary Sophia Cass ( 1812–1882 ) , who married Army officer Augustus Canfield , an officer of the Corps of Topographical Engineers . - Matilda Frances Cass ( 1818–1898 ) , who married Henry Ledyard , the mayor of Detroit . - Ellen Cass ( 1821–1824 ) , who died young . - Spencer Cass ( 1828-1828 ) , who died in infancy . Cass died on June 17 , 1866 , in Detroit , Michigan . He is buried in Elmwood Cemetery in Detroit , Michigan . Descendants . Through his daughter Matilda , he was the grandfather of Elizabeth Cass Ledyard ( wife of Francis Wayland Goddard ) ; Henry Brockholst Ledyard Jr . ( who was president of the Michigan Central Railroad ) ; Susan Livingston Ledyard ( wife of Hamilton Bullock Tompkins ) ; Lewis Cass Ledyard ( a prominent lawyer with Carter Ledyard & Milburn who was the personal counsel of J . Pierpont Morgan ) ; and Matilda Spancer Ledyard . Casss great-great grandson , Republican Thomas Cass Ballenger , represented North Carolinas 10th Congressional District from 1986 to 2005 . Commemoration . - A statue of Cass is one of the two that were submitted by Michigan to the National Statuary Hall collection in the U.S . Capitol in Washington , D.C . It stands in the National Statuary Hall room . ( The other statue is of President Gerald Ford , the only U.S . president to come from Michigan. ) - The Liberty ship - He is the eponym of the village of Casstown , Ohio , the community of Cassville , West Virginia , Cassopolis , Michigan , and Cass County , Michigan , as well as Cass City , Michigan , and the Cass River that runs around the surrounding area . - Cass Avenue in Detroit . Cass Avenue in Mt . Clemens . - The Lewis Cass Legacy Society , which supports The Michigan Masonic Charitable Foundation , was named for his support of Michigan Freemasonry . - Bartow County , Georgia was originally named Cass County after Lewis Cass , but was changed in 1861 after Francis Bartow died as a Confederate war hero and due to Casss alleged opposition to slavery , even though he was an advocate of states rights via the doctrine of popular sovereignty . Cassville , Georgia is an unincorporated community in the same county , was originally the county seat before the name was changed from Cass County . The seat was moved to Cartersville , Georgia after General Sherman destroyed Cassville in his Atlanta Campaign of 1864 . - Cass Technical High School in Detroit , Cass High School in Bartow County , Georgia , Lewis Cass High School in Walton , Indiana , and Lewis Cass Elementary in Livonia , Michigan were named in honor of Lewis Cass . - Cass Street in Milwaukee , WI was named in honor of Lewis Cass . - The Lewis Cass Building , a principal state office building in the Lansing , Michigan capitol government complex . It was renamed on June 30 , 2020 to the Elliott-Larsen Building . - Lewis Cass is the namesake of counties in the following states : Indiana , Iowa , Minnesota , Missouri , Nebraska , Illinois , Michigan , and Texas . However , Cass County , North Dakota , was named for his nephew . - Lewis Cass is the namesake of Cass Street in Green Bay , Wisconsin . Other honors and memberships . - Elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society in 1820 . - Elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 1826 .
|
[
"Governor of the Michigan Territory"
] |
[
{
"text": " Lewis Cass ( October 9 , 1782June 17 , 1866 ) was an American military officer , politician , and statesman . He represented Michigan in the United States Senate and served in the Cabinets of two U.S . Presidents , Andrew Jackson and James Buchanan . He was also the 1848 Democratic presidential nominee and a leading spokesman for the Doctrine of Popular Sovereignty , which held that the people in each territory should decide whether to permit slavery .",
"title": "Lewis Cass"
},
{
"text": "Born in Exeter , New Hampshire , he attended Phillips Exeter Academy before establishing a legal practice in Zanesville , Ohio . After serving in the Ohio House of Representatives , he was appointed as a U.S . Marshal . Cass also joined the Freemasons and would eventually co-found the Grand Lodge of Michigan . He fought at the Battle of the Thames in the War of 1812 and was appointed to govern Michigan Territory in 1813 . He negotiated treaties with Native Americans to open land for American settlement and led a survey expedition into the northwest part of",
"title": "Lewis Cass"
},
{
"text": "the territory .",
"title": "Lewis Cass"
},
{
"text": "Cass resigned as governor in 1831 to accept appointment as Secretary of War under Andrew Jackson . As Secretary of War , he helped implement Jacksons policy of Indian removal . After serving as ambassador to France from 1836 to 1842 , he unsuccessfully sought the presidential nomination at the 1844 Democratic National Convention ; a deadlock between supporters of Cass and former President Martin Van Buren ended with the nomination of James K . Polk . In 1845 , the Michigan Legislature elected Cass to the Senate , where he served until 1848 . Casss nomination at the 1848",
"title": "Lewis Cass"
},
{
"text": "Democratic National Convention precipitated a split in the party , as Casss advocacy for popular sovereignty alienated the anti-slavery wing of the party . Van Buren led the Free Soil Partys presidential ticket and appealed to many anti-slavery Democrats , possibly contributing to the victory of Whig nominee Zachary Taylor .",
"title": "Lewis Cass"
},
{
"text": " Cass returned to the Senate in 1849 and continued to serve until 1857 when he accepted appointment as the Secretary of State . He unsuccessfully sought to buy land from Mexico and sympathized with American filibusters in Latin America . Cass resigned from the Cabinet in December 1860 in protest of Buchanans handling of the threatened secession of several Southern states . Since his death in 1866 , he has been commemorated in various ways , including with a statue in the National Statuary Hall .",
"title": "Lewis Cass"
},
{
"text": " Cass was born on October 9 , 1782 , in Exeter , New Hampshire , just after the end of the American Revolution . His parents were Molly ( née Gilman ) Cass and Major Jonathan Cass , a Revolutionary War veteran who fought under General George Washington at Bunker Hill .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Cass attended the private Phillips Exeter Academy . In 1800 , the family moved to Marietta , Ohio , part of a wave of westward migration after the end of the war and defeat of Native Americans in the Northwest Indian War . Cass studied law with Return J . Meigs Jr. , was admitted to the bar , and began a practice in Zanesville .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " In 1806 , Cass was elected to the Ohio House of Representatives . The following year , President Thomas Jefferson appointed Cass as the U.S . Marshal for Ohio .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "He joined the Freemasons , an increasingly popular fraternal organization in that period , being initiated as an Entered Apprentice in what was later American Union Lodge No.1 at Marietta on December 5 , 1803 . He achieved his Fellow Craft degree on April 2 , 1804 , and his Master Mason degree on May 7 , 1804 . On June 24 , 1805 , he was admitted as Charter member of the Lodge of Amity 105 ( later No.5 ) , Zanesville . He served as the first Worshipful Master of the Lodge of Amity in 1806 . Cass",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "was one of the founders of the Grand Lodge of Ohio , representing the Lodge of Amity at the first meeting on January 4 , 1808 . He was elected Deputy Grand Master on January 5 , 1809 , and Grand Master on January 3 , 1810 , January 8 , 1811 , and January 8 , 1812 .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " When the War of 1812 began against the United Kingdom , Cass took command of the 3rd Ohio Volunteer Regiment . He became colonel of the 27th United States Infantry Regiment on February 20 , 1813 . Soon after , he was promoted to brigadier general in the Regular Army on March 12 , 1813 . Cass took part in the Battle of the Thames , a defeat of British and Native Indian forces . Cass resigned from the Army on May 1 , 1814 . Territorial Governor of Michigan .",
"title": "War of 1812"
},
{
"text": "As a reward for his military service , Cass was appointed Governor of the Michigan Territory by President James Madison on October 29 , 1813 , serving until 1831 . As he was frequently traveling on business , several territorial secretaries often acted as governor in his place . During this period , he helped negotiate and implement treaties with Native American tribes in Michigan , by which they ceded substantial amounts of land . Some were given small reservations in the territory .",
"title": "War of 1812"
},
{
"text": " In 1817 , Cass was one of the two commissioners ( along with Duncan McArthur ) , who negotiated the Treaty of Fort Meigs , which was signed on September 29 with several Native American tribes of the region , under which they ceded large amounts of territory to the United States . This helped open up areas of Michigan to settlement by Euro-Americans . That same year , Cass was named to serve as Secretary of War under President James Monroe , but he declined the appointment .",
"title": "War of 1812"
},
{
"text": "In 1820 , Cass led an expedition to the northwestern part of Michigan Territory , in the Great Lakes region in todays northern Minnesota . Its purpose was to map the region and locate the source of the Mississippi River . The headwater of the great river was then unknown , resulting in an undefined border between the United States and British North America , which had been linked to the river . The Cass expedition erroneously identified what became known as Cass Lake as the Mississippis source . It was not until 1832 that Henry Rowe Schoolcraft , the",
"title": "War of 1812"
},
{
"text": "Cass expeditions geologist , identified nearby Lake Itasca as the headwater of the Mississippi .",
"title": "War of 1812"
},
{
"text": "On August 1 , 1831 , Cass resigned as governor of the Michigan Territory to take the post of Secretary of War under President Andrew Jackson , a position he would hold until 1836 . Cass was a central figure in implementing the Indian removal policy of the Jackson administration ; Congress had passed the Indian Removal Act in 1830 . While it was directed chiefly against the Southeastern tribes , especially the Five Civilized Tribes , it also affected tribes in Ohio , Illinois , and other areas east of the Mississippi River . Most were forced to Indian",
"title": "Secretary of War"
},
{
"text": "Territory in present-day Kansas and Oklahoma , but a number of bands negotiated being allowed to remain in Michigan .",
"title": "Secretary of War"
},
{
"text": " U.S . Minister to France . At the end of his term , President Jackson appointed Cass to succeed Edward Livingston as the U.S . Minister to France on October 4 , 1836 . He presented his credentials on December 1 , 1836 , and served until he left his post on November 12 , 1842 , when he was succeeded by William R . King , who later became the 13th Vice President of the United States under President Franklin Pierce . Presidential ambitions and U.S . Senate .",
"title": "Secretary of War"
},
{
"text": "In the 1844 Democratic convention Cass stood as a candidate for the presidential nomination , losing on the 9th ballot to dark horse candidate James K . Polk .",
"title": "Secretary of War"
},
{
"text": " Cass was elected by the state legislature to represent Michigan in the United States Senate , serving in 1845-48 . He served as chairman of the Committee on Military Affairs in the 30th Congress .",
"title": "Secretary of War"
},
{
"text": "In 1848 , he resigned from the Senate to run for president in the 1848 election . William Orlando Butler was selected as his running mate . Cass was a leading supporter of the doctrine of popular sovereignty , which held that the American citizens who lived in a territory should decide whether to permit slavery there . His nomination caused a split in the Democratic Party , leading many antislavery Northern Democrats to join the Free Soil Party , which nominated former President Martin Van Buren .",
"title": "Secretary of War"
},
{
"text": " After losing the election to Zachary Taylor , Cass was returned by the state legislature to the Senate , serving from 1849 to 57 . He was the first non-incumbent Democratic presidential candidate to lose an election and the first Democrat who was unsuccessful in his bid to succeed another Democrat as President . Apart from James Buchanans election to succeed Franklin Pierce in 1856 , subsequent Democrats who attempted election to succeed another Democrat as President all failed in their bid to do so .",
"title": "Secretary of War"
},
{
"text": "Cass made another bid for president in 1852 but neither he nor rival Democratic contenders Buchanan and Stephen Douglas secured a majority of delegates votes at the Democratic Convention in Baltimore , and the party went with Franklin Pierce instead .",
"title": "Secretary of War"
},
{
"text": "On March 6 , 1857 , President James Buchanan appointed Cass to serve as Secretary of State as a consolation prize for his previous presidential runs . Although retaining incumbent Secretary of State William L . Marcy was considered the best option by many , Buchanan made it clear that he did not want to keep anyone from the Pierce Administration . Moreover , Marcy had opposed his earlier presidential bids , and was in poor health in any event , ultimately dying in July 1857 . Cass , aged 75 , was seen by most as too old for",
"title": "Secretary of War"
},
{
"text": "such a demanding position and was thought to be likely be little more than a figurehead . Buchanan , weighing many of the other options for Secretary of State , considered that Cass was the best choice to avoid political infighting and sectional tensions . Buchanan , who did not particularly like Cass , nonetheless wrote a flattering letter offering him the post of Secretary of State , commenting that he was remarkably active and energetic for his advanced age . Cass , who was retiring from the Senate , but not eager to leave Washington and return home to",
"title": "Secretary of War"
},
{
"text": "Michigan , immediately accepted .",
"title": "Secretary of War"
},
{
"text": "Aware of his age and physical limitations , Cass agreed to delegate most of his powers as Secretary of State to an Assistant Secretary of State or the president himself . He also promised to refrain from making anti-British remarks in public ( having served in the War of 1812 , Cass had a low opinion of London ) . Most assumed Cass was a temporary Secretary of State until a younger , more fit man could be found , however , he ultimately served for all but the final four months of Buchanans administration . As expected , the",
"title": "Secretary of War"
},
{
"text": "aged Cass largely delegated major decision-making to subordinates , but eagerly signed his name on papers and dispatches penned by them .",
"title": "Secretary of War"
},
{
"text": "While sympathetic to American filibusters in Central America , he was instrumental in having Commodore Hiram Paulding removed from command for his landing of Marines in Nicaragua and compelling the extradition of William Walker to the United States . Cass attempted to buy more land from Mexico , but faced opposition from both Mexico and congressional leaders . He also negotiated a final settlement to the Clayton–Bulwer Treaty , limiting U.S . and British control of Latin American countries . The chiefs of Raiatea and Tahaa in the South Pacific , refusing to accept the rule of King Tamatoa V",
"title": "Secretary of War"
},
{
"text": ", unsuccessfully petitioned the United States to accept the islands under a protectorate in June 1858 .",
"title": "Secretary of War"
},
{
"text": " Cass resigned on December 14 , 1860 , because of what he considered Buchanans failure to protect federal interests in the South and failure to mobilize the federal military , actions that might have averted the threatened secession of Southern states .",
"title": "Secretary of War"
},
{
"text": " On May 26 , 1806 , Cass married Elizabeth Spencer ( 1786–1853 ) , the daughter of Dr . Joseph Spencer Jr . and Deborah ( née Seldon ) Spencer . Her paternal grandfather was Joseph Spencer , a Continental Congressman who was a major general in the Continental Army . Lewis and Elizabeth were the parents of seven children , five of whom lived past infancy : - Isabella Cass ( 1805–1879 ) , who married Theodorus Marinus Roest van Limburg , a Dutch journalist , diplomat , and politician . - Elizabeth Selden Cass ( 1812–1832 )",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "- Lewis Cass , Jr . ( 1814–1878 ) , who served as an army officer and as U.S . Chargé dAffaires and Minister to the Papal States .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " - Mary Sophia Cass ( 1812–1882 ) , who married Army officer Augustus Canfield , an officer of the Corps of Topographical Engineers . - Matilda Frances Cass ( 1818–1898 ) , who married Henry Ledyard , the mayor of Detroit . - Ellen Cass ( 1821–1824 ) , who died young . - Spencer Cass ( 1828-1828 ) , who died in infancy . Cass died on June 17 , 1866 , in Detroit , Michigan . He is buried in Elmwood Cemetery in Detroit , Michigan .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " Through his daughter Matilda , he was the grandfather of Elizabeth Cass Ledyard ( wife of Francis Wayland Goddard ) ; Henry Brockholst Ledyard Jr . ( who was president of the Michigan Central Railroad ) ; Susan Livingston Ledyard ( wife of Hamilton Bullock Tompkins ) ; Lewis Cass Ledyard ( a prominent lawyer with Carter Ledyard & Milburn who was the personal counsel of J . Pierpont Morgan ) ; and Matilda Spancer Ledyard . Casss great-great grandson , Republican Thomas Cass Ballenger , represented North Carolinas 10th Congressional District from 1986 to 2005 .",
"title": "Descendants"
},
{
"text": " - A statue of Cass is one of the two that were submitted by Michigan to the National Statuary Hall collection in the U.S . Capitol in Washington , D.C . It stands in the National Statuary Hall room . ( The other statue is of President Gerald Ford , the only U.S . president to come from Michigan. ) - The Liberty ship",
"title": "Commemoration"
},
{
"text": "- He is the eponym of the village of Casstown , Ohio , the community of Cassville , West Virginia , Cassopolis , Michigan , and Cass County , Michigan , as well as Cass City , Michigan , and the Cass River that runs around the surrounding area .",
"title": "Commemoration"
},
{
"text": " - Cass Avenue in Detroit . Cass Avenue in Mt . Clemens . - The Lewis Cass Legacy Society , which supports The Michigan Masonic Charitable Foundation , was named for his support of Michigan Freemasonry .",
"title": "Commemoration"
},
{
"text": "- Bartow County , Georgia was originally named Cass County after Lewis Cass , but was changed in 1861 after Francis Bartow died as a Confederate war hero and due to Casss alleged opposition to slavery , even though he was an advocate of states rights via the doctrine of popular sovereignty . Cassville , Georgia is an unincorporated community in the same county , was originally the county seat before the name was changed from Cass County . The seat was moved to Cartersville , Georgia after General Sherman destroyed Cassville in his Atlanta Campaign of 1864 .",
"title": "Commemoration"
},
{
"text": " - Cass Technical High School in Detroit , Cass High School in Bartow County , Georgia , Lewis Cass High School in Walton , Indiana , and Lewis Cass Elementary in Livonia , Michigan were named in honor of Lewis Cass . - Cass Street in Milwaukee , WI was named in honor of Lewis Cass . - The Lewis Cass Building , a principal state office building in the Lansing , Michigan capitol government complex . It was renamed on June 30 , 2020 to the Elliott-Larsen Building .",
"title": "Commemoration"
},
{
"text": "- Lewis Cass is the namesake of counties in the following states : Indiana , Iowa , Minnesota , Missouri , Nebraska , Illinois , Michigan , and Texas . However , Cass County , North Dakota , was named for his nephew .",
"title": "Commemoration"
},
{
"text": " - Lewis Cass is the namesake of Cass Street in Green Bay , Wisconsin . Other honors and memberships . - Elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society in 1820 . - Elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 1826 .",
"title": "Commemoration"
}
] |
/wiki/Lewis_Cass#P39#2
|
Which position did Lewis Cass hold between Sep 1835 and Jan 1836?
|
Lewis Cass Lewis Cass ( October 9 , 1782June 17 , 1866 ) was an American military officer , politician , and statesman . He represented Michigan in the United States Senate and served in the Cabinets of two U.S . Presidents , Andrew Jackson and James Buchanan . He was also the 1848 Democratic presidential nominee and a leading spokesman for the Doctrine of Popular Sovereignty , which held that the people in each territory should decide whether to permit slavery . Born in Exeter , New Hampshire , he attended Phillips Exeter Academy before establishing a legal practice in Zanesville , Ohio . After serving in the Ohio House of Representatives , he was appointed as a U.S . Marshal . Cass also joined the Freemasons and would eventually co-found the Grand Lodge of Michigan . He fought at the Battle of the Thames in the War of 1812 and was appointed to govern Michigan Territory in 1813 . He negotiated treaties with Native Americans to open land for American settlement and led a survey expedition into the northwest part of the territory . Cass resigned as governor in 1831 to accept appointment as Secretary of War under Andrew Jackson . As Secretary of War , he helped implement Jacksons policy of Indian removal . After serving as ambassador to France from 1836 to 1842 , he unsuccessfully sought the presidential nomination at the 1844 Democratic National Convention ; a deadlock between supporters of Cass and former President Martin Van Buren ended with the nomination of James K . Polk . In 1845 , the Michigan Legislature elected Cass to the Senate , where he served until 1848 . Casss nomination at the 1848 Democratic National Convention precipitated a split in the party , as Casss advocacy for popular sovereignty alienated the anti-slavery wing of the party . Van Buren led the Free Soil Partys presidential ticket and appealed to many anti-slavery Democrats , possibly contributing to the victory of Whig nominee Zachary Taylor . Cass returned to the Senate in 1849 and continued to serve until 1857 when he accepted appointment as the Secretary of State . He unsuccessfully sought to buy land from Mexico and sympathized with American filibusters in Latin America . Cass resigned from the Cabinet in December 1860 in protest of Buchanans handling of the threatened secession of several Southern states . Since his death in 1866 , he has been commemorated in various ways , including with a statue in the National Statuary Hall . Early life . Cass was born on October 9 , 1782 , in Exeter , New Hampshire , just after the end of the American Revolution . His parents were Molly ( née Gilman ) Cass and Major Jonathan Cass , a Revolutionary War veteran who fought under General George Washington at Bunker Hill . Cass attended the private Phillips Exeter Academy . In 1800 , the family moved to Marietta , Ohio , part of a wave of westward migration after the end of the war and defeat of Native Americans in the Northwest Indian War . Cass studied law with Return J . Meigs Jr. , was admitted to the bar , and began a practice in Zanesville . Career . In 1806 , Cass was elected to the Ohio House of Representatives . The following year , President Thomas Jefferson appointed Cass as the U.S . Marshal for Ohio . He joined the Freemasons , an increasingly popular fraternal organization in that period , being initiated as an Entered Apprentice in what was later American Union Lodge No.1 at Marietta on December 5 , 1803 . He achieved his Fellow Craft degree on April 2 , 1804 , and his Master Mason degree on May 7 , 1804 . On June 24 , 1805 , he was admitted as Charter member of the Lodge of Amity 105 ( later No.5 ) , Zanesville . He served as the first Worshipful Master of the Lodge of Amity in 1806 . Cass was one of the founders of the Grand Lodge of Ohio , representing the Lodge of Amity at the first meeting on January 4 , 1808 . He was elected Deputy Grand Master on January 5 , 1809 , and Grand Master on January 3 , 1810 , January 8 , 1811 , and January 8 , 1812 . War of 1812 . When the War of 1812 began against the United Kingdom , Cass took command of the 3rd Ohio Volunteer Regiment . He became colonel of the 27th United States Infantry Regiment on February 20 , 1813 . Soon after , he was promoted to brigadier general in the Regular Army on March 12 , 1813 . Cass took part in the Battle of the Thames , a defeat of British and Native Indian forces . Cass resigned from the Army on May 1 , 1814 . Territorial Governor of Michigan . As a reward for his military service , Cass was appointed Governor of the Michigan Territory by President James Madison on October 29 , 1813 , serving until 1831 . As he was frequently traveling on business , several territorial secretaries often acted as governor in his place . During this period , he helped negotiate and implement treaties with Native American tribes in Michigan , by which they ceded substantial amounts of land . Some were given small reservations in the territory . In 1817 , Cass was one of the two commissioners ( along with Duncan McArthur ) , who negotiated the Treaty of Fort Meigs , which was signed on September 29 with several Native American tribes of the region , under which they ceded large amounts of territory to the United States . This helped open up areas of Michigan to settlement by Euro-Americans . That same year , Cass was named to serve as Secretary of War under President James Monroe , but he declined the appointment . In 1820 , Cass led an expedition to the northwestern part of Michigan Territory , in the Great Lakes region in todays northern Minnesota . Its purpose was to map the region and locate the source of the Mississippi River . The headwater of the great river was then unknown , resulting in an undefined border between the United States and British North America , which had been linked to the river . The Cass expedition erroneously identified what became known as Cass Lake as the Mississippis source . It was not until 1832 that Henry Rowe Schoolcraft , the Cass expeditions geologist , identified nearby Lake Itasca as the headwater of the Mississippi . Secretary of War . On August 1 , 1831 , Cass resigned as governor of the Michigan Territory to take the post of Secretary of War under President Andrew Jackson , a position he would hold until 1836 . Cass was a central figure in implementing the Indian removal policy of the Jackson administration ; Congress had passed the Indian Removal Act in 1830 . While it was directed chiefly against the Southeastern tribes , especially the Five Civilized Tribes , it also affected tribes in Ohio , Illinois , and other areas east of the Mississippi River . Most were forced to Indian Territory in present-day Kansas and Oklahoma , but a number of bands negotiated being allowed to remain in Michigan . U.S . Minister to France . At the end of his term , President Jackson appointed Cass to succeed Edward Livingston as the U.S . Minister to France on October 4 , 1836 . He presented his credentials on December 1 , 1836 , and served until he left his post on November 12 , 1842 , when he was succeeded by William R . King , who later became the 13th Vice President of the United States under President Franklin Pierce . Presidential ambitions and U.S . Senate . In the 1844 Democratic convention Cass stood as a candidate for the presidential nomination , losing on the 9th ballot to dark horse candidate James K . Polk . Cass was elected by the state legislature to represent Michigan in the United States Senate , serving in 1845-48 . He served as chairman of the Committee on Military Affairs in the 30th Congress . In 1848 , he resigned from the Senate to run for president in the 1848 election . William Orlando Butler was selected as his running mate . Cass was a leading supporter of the doctrine of popular sovereignty , which held that the American citizens who lived in a territory should decide whether to permit slavery there . His nomination caused a split in the Democratic Party , leading many antislavery Northern Democrats to join the Free Soil Party , which nominated former President Martin Van Buren . After losing the election to Zachary Taylor , Cass was returned by the state legislature to the Senate , serving from 1849 to 57 . He was the first non-incumbent Democratic presidential candidate to lose an election and the first Democrat who was unsuccessful in his bid to succeed another Democrat as President . Apart from James Buchanans election to succeed Franklin Pierce in 1856 , subsequent Democrats who attempted election to succeed another Democrat as President all failed in their bid to do so . Cass made another bid for president in 1852 but neither he nor rival Democratic contenders Buchanan and Stephen Douglas secured a majority of delegates votes at the Democratic Convention in Baltimore , and the party went with Franklin Pierce instead . U.S . Secretary of State . On March 6 , 1857 , President James Buchanan appointed Cass to serve as Secretary of State as a consolation prize for his previous presidential runs . Although retaining incumbent Secretary of State William L . Marcy was considered the best option by many , Buchanan made it clear that he did not want to keep anyone from the Pierce Administration . Moreover , Marcy had opposed his earlier presidential bids , and was in poor health in any event , ultimately dying in July 1857 . Cass , aged 75 , was seen by most as too old for such a demanding position and was thought to be likely be little more than a figurehead . Buchanan , weighing many of the other options for Secretary of State , considered that Cass was the best choice to avoid political infighting and sectional tensions . Buchanan , who did not particularly like Cass , nonetheless wrote a flattering letter offering him the post of Secretary of State , commenting that he was remarkably active and energetic for his advanced age . Cass , who was retiring from the Senate , but not eager to leave Washington and return home to Michigan , immediately accepted . Aware of his age and physical limitations , Cass agreed to delegate most of his powers as Secretary of State to an Assistant Secretary of State or the president himself . He also promised to refrain from making anti-British remarks in public ( having served in the War of 1812 , Cass had a low opinion of London ) . Most assumed Cass was a temporary Secretary of State until a younger , more fit man could be found , however , he ultimately served for all but the final four months of Buchanans administration . As expected , the aged Cass largely delegated major decision-making to subordinates , but eagerly signed his name on papers and dispatches penned by them . While sympathetic to American filibusters in Central America , he was instrumental in having Commodore Hiram Paulding removed from command for his landing of Marines in Nicaragua and compelling the extradition of William Walker to the United States . Cass attempted to buy more land from Mexico , but faced opposition from both Mexico and congressional leaders . He also negotiated a final settlement to the Clayton–Bulwer Treaty , limiting U.S . and British control of Latin American countries . The chiefs of Raiatea and Tahaa in the South Pacific , refusing to accept the rule of King Tamatoa V , unsuccessfully petitioned the United States to accept the islands under a protectorate in June 1858 . Cass resigned on December 14 , 1860 , because of what he considered Buchanans failure to protect federal interests in the South and failure to mobilize the federal military , actions that might have averted the threatened secession of Southern states . Personal life . On May 26 , 1806 , Cass married Elizabeth Spencer ( 1786–1853 ) , the daughter of Dr . Joseph Spencer Jr . and Deborah ( née Seldon ) Spencer . Her paternal grandfather was Joseph Spencer , a Continental Congressman who was a major general in the Continental Army . Lewis and Elizabeth were the parents of seven children , five of whom lived past infancy : - Isabella Cass ( 1805–1879 ) , who married Theodorus Marinus Roest van Limburg , a Dutch journalist , diplomat , and politician . - Elizabeth Selden Cass ( 1812–1832 ) - Lewis Cass , Jr . ( 1814–1878 ) , who served as an army officer and as U.S . Chargé dAffaires and Minister to the Papal States . - Mary Sophia Cass ( 1812–1882 ) , who married Army officer Augustus Canfield , an officer of the Corps of Topographical Engineers . - Matilda Frances Cass ( 1818–1898 ) , who married Henry Ledyard , the mayor of Detroit . - Ellen Cass ( 1821–1824 ) , who died young . - Spencer Cass ( 1828-1828 ) , who died in infancy . Cass died on June 17 , 1866 , in Detroit , Michigan . He is buried in Elmwood Cemetery in Detroit , Michigan . Descendants . Through his daughter Matilda , he was the grandfather of Elizabeth Cass Ledyard ( wife of Francis Wayland Goddard ) ; Henry Brockholst Ledyard Jr . ( who was president of the Michigan Central Railroad ) ; Susan Livingston Ledyard ( wife of Hamilton Bullock Tompkins ) ; Lewis Cass Ledyard ( a prominent lawyer with Carter Ledyard & Milburn who was the personal counsel of J . Pierpont Morgan ) ; and Matilda Spancer Ledyard . Casss great-great grandson , Republican Thomas Cass Ballenger , represented North Carolinas 10th Congressional District from 1986 to 2005 . Commemoration . - A statue of Cass is one of the two that were submitted by Michigan to the National Statuary Hall collection in the U.S . Capitol in Washington , D.C . It stands in the National Statuary Hall room . ( The other statue is of President Gerald Ford , the only U.S . president to come from Michigan. ) - The Liberty ship - He is the eponym of the village of Casstown , Ohio , the community of Cassville , West Virginia , Cassopolis , Michigan , and Cass County , Michigan , as well as Cass City , Michigan , and the Cass River that runs around the surrounding area . - Cass Avenue in Detroit . Cass Avenue in Mt . Clemens . - The Lewis Cass Legacy Society , which supports The Michigan Masonic Charitable Foundation , was named for his support of Michigan Freemasonry . - Bartow County , Georgia was originally named Cass County after Lewis Cass , but was changed in 1861 after Francis Bartow died as a Confederate war hero and due to Casss alleged opposition to slavery , even though he was an advocate of states rights via the doctrine of popular sovereignty . Cassville , Georgia is an unincorporated community in the same county , was originally the county seat before the name was changed from Cass County . The seat was moved to Cartersville , Georgia after General Sherman destroyed Cassville in his Atlanta Campaign of 1864 . - Cass Technical High School in Detroit , Cass High School in Bartow County , Georgia , Lewis Cass High School in Walton , Indiana , and Lewis Cass Elementary in Livonia , Michigan were named in honor of Lewis Cass . - Cass Street in Milwaukee , WI was named in honor of Lewis Cass . - The Lewis Cass Building , a principal state office building in the Lansing , Michigan capitol government complex . It was renamed on June 30 , 2020 to the Elliott-Larsen Building . - Lewis Cass is the namesake of counties in the following states : Indiana , Iowa , Minnesota , Missouri , Nebraska , Illinois , Michigan , and Texas . However , Cass County , North Dakota , was named for his nephew . - Lewis Cass is the namesake of Cass Street in Green Bay , Wisconsin . Other honors and memberships . - Elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society in 1820 . - Elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 1826 .
|
[
"Secretary of War"
] |
[
{
"text": " Lewis Cass ( October 9 , 1782June 17 , 1866 ) was an American military officer , politician , and statesman . He represented Michigan in the United States Senate and served in the Cabinets of two U.S . Presidents , Andrew Jackson and James Buchanan . He was also the 1848 Democratic presidential nominee and a leading spokesman for the Doctrine of Popular Sovereignty , which held that the people in each territory should decide whether to permit slavery .",
"title": "Lewis Cass"
},
{
"text": "Born in Exeter , New Hampshire , he attended Phillips Exeter Academy before establishing a legal practice in Zanesville , Ohio . After serving in the Ohio House of Representatives , he was appointed as a U.S . Marshal . Cass also joined the Freemasons and would eventually co-found the Grand Lodge of Michigan . He fought at the Battle of the Thames in the War of 1812 and was appointed to govern Michigan Territory in 1813 . He negotiated treaties with Native Americans to open land for American settlement and led a survey expedition into the northwest part of",
"title": "Lewis Cass"
},
{
"text": "the territory .",
"title": "Lewis Cass"
},
{
"text": "Cass resigned as governor in 1831 to accept appointment as Secretary of War under Andrew Jackson . As Secretary of War , he helped implement Jacksons policy of Indian removal . After serving as ambassador to France from 1836 to 1842 , he unsuccessfully sought the presidential nomination at the 1844 Democratic National Convention ; a deadlock between supporters of Cass and former President Martin Van Buren ended with the nomination of James K . Polk . In 1845 , the Michigan Legislature elected Cass to the Senate , where he served until 1848 . Casss nomination at the 1848",
"title": "Lewis Cass"
},
{
"text": "Democratic National Convention precipitated a split in the party , as Casss advocacy for popular sovereignty alienated the anti-slavery wing of the party . Van Buren led the Free Soil Partys presidential ticket and appealed to many anti-slavery Democrats , possibly contributing to the victory of Whig nominee Zachary Taylor .",
"title": "Lewis Cass"
},
{
"text": " Cass returned to the Senate in 1849 and continued to serve until 1857 when he accepted appointment as the Secretary of State . He unsuccessfully sought to buy land from Mexico and sympathized with American filibusters in Latin America . Cass resigned from the Cabinet in December 1860 in protest of Buchanans handling of the threatened secession of several Southern states . Since his death in 1866 , he has been commemorated in various ways , including with a statue in the National Statuary Hall .",
"title": "Lewis Cass"
},
{
"text": " Cass was born on October 9 , 1782 , in Exeter , New Hampshire , just after the end of the American Revolution . His parents were Molly ( née Gilman ) Cass and Major Jonathan Cass , a Revolutionary War veteran who fought under General George Washington at Bunker Hill .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Cass attended the private Phillips Exeter Academy . In 1800 , the family moved to Marietta , Ohio , part of a wave of westward migration after the end of the war and defeat of Native Americans in the Northwest Indian War . Cass studied law with Return J . Meigs Jr. , was admitted to the bar , and began a practice in Zanesville .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " In 1806 , Cass was elected to the Ohio House of Representatives . The following year , President Thomas Jefferson appointed Cass as the U.S . Marshal for Ohio .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "He joined the Freemasons , an increasingly popular fraternal organization in that period , being initiated as an Entered Apprentice in what was later American Union Lodge No.1 at Marietta on December 5 , 1803 . He achieved his Fellow Craft degree on April 2 , 1804 , and his Master Mason degree on May 7 , 1804 . On June 24 , 1805 , he was admitted as Charter member of the Lodge of Amity 105 ( later No.5 ) , Zanesville . He served as the first Worshipful Master of the Lodge of Amity in 1806 . Cass",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "was one of the founders of the Grand Lodge of Ohio , representing the Lodge of Amity at the first meeting on January 4 , 1808 . He was elected Deputy Grand Master on January 5 , 1809 , and Grand Master on January 3 , 1810 , January 8 , 1811 , and January 8 , 1812 .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " When the War of 1812 began against the United Kingdom , Cass took command of the 3rd Ohio Volunteer Regiment . He became colonel of the 27th United States Infantry Regiment on February 20 , 1813 . Soon after , he was promoted to brigadier general in the Regular Army on March 12 , 1813 . Cass took part in the Battle of the Thames , a defeat of British and Native Indian forces . Cass resigned from the Army on May 1 , 1814 . Territorial Governor of Michigan .",
"title": "War of 1812"
},
{
"text": "As a reward for his military service , Cass was appointed Governor of the Michigan Territory by President James Madison on October 29 , 1813 , serving until 1831 . As he was frequently traveling on business , several territorial secretaries often acted as governor in his place . During this period , he helped negotiate and implement treaties with Native American tribes in Michigan , by which they ceded substantial amounts of land . Some were given small reservations in the territory .",
"title": "War of 1812"
},
{
"text": " In 1817 , Cass was one of the two commissioners ( along with Duncan McArthur ) , who negotiated the Treaty of Fort Meigs , which was signed on September 29 with several Native American tribes of the region , under which they ceded large amounts of territory to the United States . This helped open up areas of Michigan to settlement by Euro-Americans . That same year , Cass was named to serve as Secretary of War under President James Monroe , but he declined the appointment .",
"title": "War of 1812"
},
{
"text": "In 1820 , Cass led an expedition to the northwestern part of Michigan Territory , in the Great Lakes region in todays northern Minnesota . Its purpose was to map the region and locate the source of the Mississippi River . The headwater of the great river was then unknown , resulting in an undefined border between the United States and British North America , which had been linked to the river . The Cass expedition erroneously identified what became known as Cass Lake as the Mississippis source . It was not until 1832 that Henry Rowe Schoolcraft , the",
"title": "War of 1812"
},
{
"text": "Cass expeditions geologist , identified nearby Lake Itasca as the headwater of the Mississippi .",
"title": "War of 1812"
},
{
"text": "On August 1 , 1831 , Cass resigned as governor of the Michigan Territory to take the post of Secretary of War under President Andrew Jackson , a position he would hold until 1836 . Cass was a central figure in implementing the Indian removal policy of the Jackson administration ; Congress had passed the Indian Removal Act in 1830 . While it was directed chiefly against the Southeastern tribes , especially the Five Civilized Tribes , it also affected tribes in Ohio , Illinois , and other areas east of the Mississippi River . Most were forced to Indian",
"title": "Secretary of War"
},
{
"text": "Territory in present-day Kansas and Oklahoma , but a number of bands negotiated being allowed to remain in Michigan .",
"title": "Secretary of War"
},
{
"text": " U.S . Minister to France . At the end of his term , President Jackson appointed Cass to succeed Edward Livingston as the U.S . Minister to France on October 4 , 1836 . He presented his credentials on December 1 , 1836 , and served until he left his post on November 12 , 1842 , when he was succeeded by William R . King , who later became the 13th Vice President of the United States under President Franklin Pierce . Presidential ambitions and U.S . Senate .",
"title": "Secretary of War"
},
{
"text": "In the 1844 Democratic convention Cass stood as a candidate for the presidential nomination , losing on the 9th ballot to dark horse candidate James K . Polk .",
"title": "Secretary of War"
},
{
"text": " Cass was elected by the state legislature to represent Michigan in the United States Senate , serving in 1845-48 . He served as chairman of the Committee on Military Affairs in the 30th Congress .",
"title": "Secretary of War"
},
{
"text": "In 1848 , he resigned from the Senate to run for president in the 1848 election . William Orlando Butler was selected as his running mate . Cass was a leading supporter of the doctrine of popular sovereignty , which held that the American citizens who lived in a territory should decide whether to permit slavery there . His nomination caused a split in the Democratic Party , leading many antislavery Northern Democrats to join the Free Soil Party , which nominated former President Martin Van Buren .",
"title": "Secretary of War"
},
{
"text": " After losing the election to Zachary Taylor , Cass was returned by the state legislature to the Senate , serving from 1849 to 57 . He was the first non-incumbent Democratic presidential candidate to lose an election and the first Democrat who was unsuccessful in his bid to succeed another Democrat as President . Apart from James Buchanans election to succeed Franklin Pierce in 1856 , subsequent Democrats who attempted election to succeed another Democrat as President all failed in their bid to do so .",
"title": "Secretary of War"
},
{
"text": "Cass made another bid for president in 1852 but neither he nor rival Democratic contenders Buchanan and Stephen Douglas secured a majority of delegates votes at the Democratic Convention in Baltimore , and the party went with Franklin Pierce instead .",
"title": "Secretary of War"
},
{
"text": "On March 6 , 1857 , President James Buchanan appointed Cass to serve as Secretary of State as a consolation prize for his previous presidential runs . Although retaining incumbent Secretary of State William L . Marcy was considered the best option by many , Buchanan made it clear that he did not want to keep anyone from the Pierce Administration . Moreover , Marcy had opposed his earlier presidential bids , and was in poor health in any event , ultimately dying in July 1857 . Cass , aged 75 , was seen by most as too old for",
"title": "Secretary of War"
},
{
"text": "such a demanding position and was thought to be likely be little more than a figurehead . Buchanan , weighing many of the other options for Secretary of State , considered that Cass was the best choice to avoid political infighting and sectional tensions . Buchanan , who did not particularly like Cass , nonetheless wrote a flattering letter offering him the post of Secretary of State , commenting that he was remarkably active and energetic for his advanced age . Cass , who was retiring from the Senate , but not eager to leave Washington and return home to",
"title": "Secretary of War"
},
{
"text": "Michigan , immediately accepted .",
"title": "Secretary of War"
},
{
"text": "Aware of his age and physical limitations , Cass agreed to delegate most of his powers as Secretary of State to an Assistant Secretary of State or the president himself . He also promised to refrain from making anti-British remarks in public ( having served in the War of 1812 , Cass had a low opinion of London ) . Most assumed Cass was a temporary Secretary of State until a younger , more fit man could be found , however , he ultimately served for all but the final four months of Buchanans administration . As expected , the",
"title": "Secretary of War"
},
{
"text": "aged Cass largely delegated major decision-making to subordinates , but eagerly signed his name on papers and dispatches penned by them .",
"title": "Secretary of War"
},
{
"text": "While sympathetic to American filibusters in Central America , he was instrumental in having Commodore Hiram Paulding removed from command for his landing of Marines in Nicaragua and compelling the extradition of William Walker to the United States . Cass attempted to buy more land from Mexico , but faced opposition from both Mexico and congressional leaders . He also negotiated a final settlement to the Clayton–Bulwer Treaty , limiting U.S . and British control of Latin American countries . The chiefs of Raiatea and Tahaa in the South Pacific , refusing to accept the rule of King Tamatoa V",
"title": "Secretary of War"
},
{
"text": ", unsuccessfully petitioned the United States to accept the islands under a protectorate in June 1858 .",
"title": "Secretary of War"
},
{
"text": " Cass resigned on December 14 , 1860 , because of what he considered Buchanans failure to protect federal interests in the South and failure to mobilize the federal military , actions that might have averted the threatened secession of Southern states .",
"title": "Secretary of War"
},
{
"text": " On May 26 , 1806 , Cass married Elizabeth Spencer ( 1786–1853 ) , the daughter of Dr . Joseph Spencer Jr . and Deborah ( née Seldon ) Spencer . Her paternal grandfather was Joseph Spencer , a Continental Congressman who was a major general in the Continental Army . Lewis and Elizabeth were the parents of seven children , five of whom lived past infancy : - Isabella Cass ( 1805–1879 ) , who married Theodorus Marinus Roest van Limburg , a Dutch journalist , diplomat , and politician . - Elizabeth Selden Cass ( 1812–1832 )",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "- Lewis Cass , Jr . ( 1814–1878 ) , who served as an army officer and as U.S . Chargé dAffaires and Minister to the Papal States .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " - Mary Sophia Cass ( 1812–1882 ) , who married Army officer Augustus Canfield , an officer of the Corps of Topographical Engineers . - Matilda Frances Cass ( 1818–1898 ) , who married Henry Ledyard , the mayor of Detroit . - Ellen Cass ( 1821–1824 ) , who died young . - Spencer Cass ( 1828-1828 ) , who died in infancy . Cass died on June 17 , 1866 , in Detroit , Michigan . He is buried in Elmwood Cemetery in Detroit , Michigan .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " Through his daughter Matilda , he was the grandfather of Elizabeth Cass Ledyard ( wife of Francis Wayland Goddard ) ; Henry Brockholst Ledyard Jr . ( who was president of the Michigan Central Railroad ) ; Susan Livingston Ledyard ( wife of Hamilton Bullock Tompkins ) ; Lewis Cass Ledyard ( a prominent lawyer with Carter Ledyard & Milburn who was the personal counsel of J . Pierpont Morgan ) ; and Matilda Spancer Ledyard . Casss great-great grandson , Republican Thomas Cass Ballenger , represented North Carolinas 10th Congressional District from 1986 to 2005 .",
"title": "Descendants"
},
{
"text": " - A statue of Cass is one of the two that were submitted by Michigan to the National Statuary Hall collection in the U.S . Capitol in Washington , D.C . It stands in the National Statuary Hall room . ( The other statue is of President Gerald Ford , the only U.S . president to come from Michigan. ) - The Liberty ship",
"title": "Commemoration"
},
{
"text": "- He is the eponym of the village of Casstown , Ohio , the community of Cassville , West Virginia , Cassopolis , Michigan , and Cass County , Michigan , as well as Cass City , Michigan , and the Cass River that runs around the surrounding area .",
"title": "Commemoration"
},
{
"text": " - Cass Avenue in Detroit . Cass Avenue in Mt . Clemens . - The Lewis Cass Legacy Society , which supports The Michigan Masonic Charitable Foundation , was named for his support of Michigan Freemasonry .",
"title": "Commemoration"
},
{
"text": "- Bartow County , Georgia was originally named Cass County after Lewis Cass , but was changed in 1861 after Francis Bartow died as a Confederate war hero and due to Casss alleged opposition to slavery , even though he was an advocate of states rights via the doctrine of popular sovereignty . Cassville , Georgia is an unincorporated community in the same county , was originally the county seat before the name was changed from Cass County . The seat was moved to Cartersville , Georgia after General Sherman destroyed Cassville in his Atlanta Campaign of 1864 .",
"title": "Commemoration"
},
{
"text": " - Cass Technical High School in Detroit , Cass High School in Bartow County , Georgia , Lewis Cass High School in Walton , Indiana , and Lewis Cass Elementary in Livonia , Michigan were named in honor of Lewis Cass . - Cass Street in Milwaukee , WI was named in honor of Lewis Cass . - The Lewis Cass Building , a principal state office building in the Lansing , Michigan capitol government complex . It was renamed on June 30 , 2020 to the Elliott-Larsen Building .",
"title": "Commemoration"
},
{
"text": "- Lewis Cass is the namesake of counties in the following states : Indiana , Iowa , Minnesota , Missouri , Nebraska , Illinois , Michigan , and Texas . However , Cass County , North Dakota , was named for his nephew .",
"title": "Commemoration"
},
{
"text": " - Lewis Cass is the namesake of Cass Street in Green Bay , Wisconsin . Other honors and memberships . - Elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society in 1820 . - Elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 1826 .",
"title": "Commemoration"
}
] |
/wiki/Lewis_Cass#P39#3
|
Which position did Lewis Cass hold in Feb 1837?
|
Lewis Cass Lewis Cass ( October 9 , 1782June 17 , 1866 ) was an American military officer , politician , and statesman . He represented Michigan in the United States Senate and served in the Cabinets of two U.S . Presidents , Andrew Jackson and James Buchanan . He was also the 1848 Democratic presidential nominee and a leading spokesman for the Doctrine of Popular Sovereignty , which held that the people in each territory should decide whether to permit slavery . Born in Exeter , New Hampshire , he attended Phillips Exeter Academy before establishing a legal practice in Zanesville , Ohio . After serving in the Ohio House of Representatives , he was appointed as a U.S . Marshal . Cass also joined the Freemasons and would eventually co-found the Grand Lodge of Michigan . He fought at the Battle of the Thames in the War of 1812 and was appointed to govern Michigan Territory in 1813 . He negotiated treaties with Native Americans to open land for American settlement and led a survey expedition into the northwest part of the territory . Cass resigned as governor in 1831 to accept appointment as Secretary of War under Andrew Jackson . As Secretary of War , he helped implement Jacksons policy of Indian removal . After serving as ambassador to France from 1836 to 1842 , he unsuccessfully sought the presidential nomination at the 1844 Democratic National Convention ; a deadlock between supporters of Cass and former President Martin Van Buren ended with the nomination of James K . Polk . In 1845 , the Michigan Legislature elected Cass to the Senate , where he served until 1848 . Casss nomination at the 1848 Democratic National Convention precipitated a split in the party , as Casss advocacy for popular sovereignty alienated the anti-slavery wing of the party . Van Buren led the Free Soil Partys presidential ticket and appealed to many anti-slavery Democrats , possibly contributing to the victory of Whig nominee Zachary Taylor . Cass returned to the Senate in 1849 and continued to serve until 1857 when he accepted appointment as the Secretary of State . He unsuccessfully sought to buy land from Mexico and sympathized with American filibusters in Latin America . Cass resigned from the Cabinet in December 1860 in protest of Buchanans handling of the threatened secession of several Southern states . Since his death in 1866 , he has been commemorated in various ways , including with a statue in the National Statuary Hall . Early life . Cass was born on October 9 , 1782 , in Exeter , New Hampshire , just after the end of the American Revolution . His parents were Molly ( née Gilman ) Cass and Major Jonathan Cass , a Revolutionary War veteran who fought under General George Washington at Bunker Hill . Cass attended the private Phillips Exeter Academy . In 1800 , the family moved to Marietta , Ohio , part of a wave of westward migration after the end of the war and defeat of Native Americans in the Northwest Indian War . Cass studied law with Return J . Meigs Jr. , was admitted to the bar , and began a practice in Zanesville . Career . In 1806 , Cass was elected to the Ohio House of Representatives . The following year , President Thomas Jefferson appointed Cass as the U.S . Marshal for Ohio . He joined the Freemasons , an increasingly popular fraternal organization in that period , being initiated as an Entered Apprentice in what was later American Union Lodge No.1 at Marietta on December 5 , 1803 . He achieved his Fellow Craft degree on April 2 , 1804 , and his Master Mason degree on May 7 , 1804 . On June 24 , 1805 , he was admitted as Charter member of the Lodge of Amity 105 ( later No.5 ) , Zanesville . He served as the first Worshipful Master of the Lodge of Amity in 1806 . Cass was one of the founders of the Grand Lodge of Ohio , representing the Lodge of Amity at the first meeting on January 4 , 1808 . He was elected Deputy Grand Master on January 5 , 1809 , and Grand Master on January 3 , 1810 , January 8 , 1811 , and January 8 , 1812 . War of 1812 . When the War of 1812 began against the United Kingdom , Cass took command of the 3rd Ohio Volunteer Regiment . He became colonel of the 27th United States Infantry Regiment on February 20 , 1813 . Soon after , he was promoted to brigadier general in the Regular Army on March 12 , 1813 . Cass took part in the Battle of the Thames , a defeat of British and Native Indian forces . Cass resigned from the Army on May 1 , 1814 . Territorial Governor of Michigan . As a reward for his military service , Cass was appointed Governor of the Michigan Territory by President James Madison on October 29 , 1813 , serving until 1831 . As he was frequently traveling on business , several territorial secretaries often acted as governor in his place . During this period , he helped negotiate and implement treaties with Native American tribes in Michigan , by which they ceded substantial amounts of land . Some were given small reservations in the territory . In 1817 , Cass was one of the two commissioners ( along with Duncan McArthur ) , who negotiated the Treaty of Fort Meigs , which was signed on September 29 with several Native American tribes of the region , under which they ceded large amounts of territory to the United States . This helped open up areas of Michigan to settlement by Euro-Americans . That same year , Cass was named to serve as Secretary of War under President James Monroe , but he declined the appointment . In 1820 , Cass led an expedition to the northwestern part of Michigan Territory , in the Great Lakes region in todays northern Minnesota . Its purpose was to map the region and locate the source of the Mississippi River . The headwater of the great river was then unknown , resulting in an undefined border between the United States and British North America , which had been linked to the river . The Cass expedition erroneously identified what became known as Cass Lake as the Mississippis source . It was not until 1832 that Henry Rowe Schoolcraft , the Cass expeditions geologist , identified nearby Lake Itasca as the headwater of the Mississippi . Secretary of War . On August 1 , 1831 , Cass resigned as governor of the Michigan Territory to take the post of Secretary of War under President Andrew Jackson , a position he would hold until 1836 . Cass was a central figure in implementing the Indian removal policy of the Jackson administration ; Congress had passed the Indian Removal Act in 1830 . While it was directed chiefly against the Southeastern tribes , especially the Five Civilized Tribes , it also affected tribes in Ohio , Illinois , and other areas east of the Mississippi River . Most were forced to Indian Territory in present-day Kansas and Oklahoma , but a number of bands negotiated being allowed to remain in Michigan . U.S . Minister to France . At the end of his term , President Jackson appointed Cass to succeed Edward Livingston as the U.S . Minister to France on October 4 , 1836 . He presented his credentials on December 1 , 1836 , and served until he left his post on November 12 , 1842 , when he was succeeded by William R . King , who later became the 13th Vice President of the United States under President Franklin Pierce . Presidential ambitions and U.S . Senate . In the 1844 Democratic convention Cass stood as a candidate for the presidential nomination , losing on the 9th ballot to dark horse candidate James K . Polk . Cass was elected by the state legislature to represent Michigan in the United States Senate , serving in 1845-48 . He served as chairman of the Committee on Military Affairs in the 30th Congress . In 1848 , he resigned from the Senate to run for president in the 1848 election . William Orlando Butler was selected as his running mate . Cass was a leading supporter of the doctrine of popular sovereignty , which held that the American citizens who lived in a territory should decide whether to permit slavery there . His nomination caused a split in the Democratic Party , leading many antislavery Northern Democrats to join the Free Soil Party , which nominated former President Martin Van Buren . After losing the election to Zachary Taylor , Cass was returned by the state legislature to the Senate , serving from 1849 to 57 . He was the first non-incumbent Democratic presidential candidate to lose an election and the first Democrat who was unsuccessful in his bid to succeed another Democrat as President . Apart from James Buchanans election to succeed Franklin Pierce in 1856 , subsequent Democrats who attempted election to succeed another Democrat as President all failed in their bid to do so . Cass made another bid for president in 1852 but neither he nor rival Democratic contenders Buchanan and Stephen Douglas secured a majority of delegates votes at the Democratic Convention in Baltimore , and the party went with Franklin Pierce instead . U.S . Secretary of State . On March 6 , 1857 , President James Buchanan appointed Cass to serve as Secretary of State as a consolation prize for his previous presidential runs . Although retaining incumbent Secretary of State William L . Marcy was considered the best option by many , Buchanan made it clear that he did not want to keep anyone from the Pierce Administration . Moreover , Marcy had opposed his earlier presidential bids , and was in poor health in any event , ultimately dying in July 1857 . Cass , aged 75 , was seen by most as too old for such a demanding position and was thought to be likely be little more than a figurehead . Buchanan , weighing many of the other options for Secretary of State , considered that Cass was the best choice to avoid political infighting and sectional tensions . Buchanan , who did not particularly like Cass , nonetheless wrote a flattering letter offering him the post of Secretary of State , commenting that he was remarkably active and energetic for his advanced age . Cass , who was retiring from the Senate , but not eager to leave Washington and return home to Michigan , immediately accepted . Aware of his age and physical limitations , Cass agreed to delegate most of his powers as Secretary of State to an Assistant Secretary of State or the president himself . He also promised to refrain from making anti-British remarks in public ( having served in the War of 1812 , Cass had a low opinion of London ) . Most assumed Cass was a temporary Secretary of State until a younger , more fit man could be found , however , he ultimately served for all but the final four months of Buchanans administration . As expected , the aged Cass largely delegated major decision-making to subordinates , but eagerly signed his name on papers and dispatches penned by them . While sympathetic to American filibusters in Central America , he was instrumental in having Commodore Hiram Paulding removed from command for his landing of Marines in Nicaragua and compelling the extradition of William Walker to the United States . Cass attempted to buy more land from Mexico , but faced opposition from both Mexico and congressional leaders . He also negotiated a final settlement to the Clayton–Bulwer Treaty , limiting U.S . and British control of Latin American countries . The chiefs of Raiatea and Tahaa in the South Pacific , refusing to accept the rule of King Tamatoa V , unsuccessfully petitioned the United States to accept the islands under a protectorate in June 1858 . Cass resigned on December 14 , 1860 , because of what he considered Buchanans failure to protect federal interests in the South and failure to mobilize the federal military , actions that might have averted the threatened secession of Southern states . Personal life . On May 26 , 1806 , Cass married Elizabeth Spencer ( 1786–1853 ) , the daughter of Dr . Joseph Spencer Jr . and Deborah ( née Seldon ) Spencer . Her paternal grandfather was Joseph Spencer , a Continental Congressman who was a major general in the Continental Army . Lewis and Elizabeth were the parents of seven children , five of whom lived past infancy : - Isabella Cass ( 1805–1879 ) , who married Theodorus Marinus Roest van Limburg , a Dutch journalist , diplomat , and politician . - Elizabeth Selden Cass ( 1812–1832 ) - Lewis Cass , Jr . ( 1814–1878 ) , who served as an army officer and as U.S . Chargé dAffaires and Minister to the Papal States . - Mary Sophia Cass ( 1812–1882 ) , who married Army officer Augustus Canfield , an officer of the Corps of Topographical Engineers . - Matilda Frances Cass ( 1818–1898 ) , who married Henry Ledyard , the mayor of Detroit . - Ellen Cass ( 1821–1824 ) , who died young . - Spencer Cass ( 1828-1828 ) , who died in infancy . Cass died on June 17 , 1866 , in Detroit , Michigan . He is buried in Elmwood Cemetery in Detroit , Michigan . Descendants . Through his daughter Matilda , he was the grandfather of Elizabeth Cass Ledyard ( wife of Francis Wayland Goddard ) ; Henry Brockholst Ledyard Jr . ( who was president of the Michigan Central Railroad ) ; Susan Livingston Ledyard ( wife of Hamilton Bullock Tompkins ) ; Lewis Cass Ledyard ( a prominent lawyer with Carter Ledyard & Milburn who was the personal counsel of J . Pierpont Morgan ) ; and Matilda Spancer Ledyard . Casss great-great grandson , Republican Thomas Cass Ballenger , represented North Carolinas 10th Congressional District from 1986 to 2005 . Commemoration . - A statue of Cass is one of the two that were submitted by Michigan to the National Statuary Hall collection in the U.S . Capitol in Washington , D.C . It stands in the National Statuary Hall room . ( The other statue is of President Gerald Ford , the only U.S . president to come from Michigan. ) - The Liberty ship - He is the eponym of the village of Casstown , Ohio , the community of Cassville , West Virginia , Cassopolis , Michigan , and Cass County , Michigan , as well as Cass City , Michigan , and the Cass River that runs around the surrounding area . - Cass Avenue in Detroit . Cass Avenue in Mt . Clemens . - The Lewis Cass Legacy Society , which supports The Michigan Masonic Charitable Foundation , was named for his support of Michigan Freemasonry . - Bartow County , Georgia was originally named Cass County after Lewis Cass , but was changed in 1861 after Francis Bartow died as a Confederate war hero and due to Casss alleged opposition to slavery , even though he was an advocate of states rights via the doctrine of popular sovereignty . Cassville , Georgia is an unincorporated community in the same county , was originally the county seat before the name was changed from Cass County . The seat was moved to Cartersville , Georgia after General Sherman destroyed Cassville in his Atlanta Campaign of 1864 . - Cass Technical High School in Detroit , Cass High School in Bartow County , Georgia , Lewis Cass High School in Walton , Indiana , and Lewis Cass Elementary in Livonia , Michigan were named in honor of Lewis Cass . - Cass Street in Milwaukee , WI was named in honor of Lewis Cass . - The Lewis Cass Building , a principal state office building in the Lansing , Michigan capitol government complex . It was renamed on June 30 , 2020 to the Elliott-Larsen Building . - Lewis Cass is the namesake of counties in the following states : Indiana , Iowa , Minnesota , Missouri , Nebraska , Illinois , Michigan , and Texas . However , Cass County , North Dakota , was named for his nephew . - Lewis Cass is the namesake of Cass Street in Green Bay , Wisconsin . Other honors and memberships . - Elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society in 1820 . - Elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 1826 .
|
[
"ambassador to France"
] |
[
{
"text": " Lewis Cass ( October 9 , 1782June 17 , 1866 ) was an American military officer , politician , and statesman . He represented Michigan in the United States Senate and served in the Cabinets of two U.S . Presidents , Andrew Jackson and James Buchanan . He was also the 1848 Democratic presidential nominee and a leading spokesman for the Doctrine of Popular Sovereignty , which held that the people in each territory should decide whether to permit slavery .",
"title": "Lewis Cass"
},
{
"text": "Born in Exeter , New Hampshire , he attended Phillips Exeter Academy before establishing a legal practice in Zanesville , Ohio . After serving in the Ohio House of Representatives , he was appointed as a U.S . Marshal . Cass also joined the Freemasons and would eventually co-found the Grand Lodge of Michigan . He fought at the Battle of the Thames in the War of 1812 and was appointed to govern Michigan Territory in 1813 . He negotiated treaties with Native Americans to open land for American settlement and led a survey expedition into the northwest part of",
"title": "Lewis Cass"
},
{
"text": "the territory .",
"title": "Lewis Cass"
},
{
"text": "Cass resigned as governor in 1831 to accept appointment as Secretary of War under Andrew Jackson . As Secretary of War , he helped implement Jacksons policy of Indian removal . After serving as ambassador to France from 1836 to 1842 , he unsuccessfully sought the presidential nomination at the 1844 Democratic National Convention ; a deadlock between supporters of Cass and former President Martin Van Buren ended with the nomination of James K . Polk . In 1845 , the Michigan Legislature elected Cass to the Senate , where he served until 1848 . Casss nomination at the 1848",
"title": "Lewis Cass"
},
{
"text": "Democratic National Convention precipitated a split in the party , as Casss advocacy for popular sovereignty alienated the anti-slavery wing of the party . Van Buren led the Free Soil Partys presidential ticket and appealed to many anti-slavery Democrats , possibly contributing to the victory of Whig nominee Zachary Taylor .",
"title": "Lewis Cass"
},
{
"text": " Cass returned to the Senate in 1849 and continued to serve until 1857 when he accepted appointment as the Secretary of State . He unsuccessfully sought to buy land from Mexico and sympathized with American filibusters in Latin America . Cass resigned from the Cabinet in December 1860 in protest of Buchanans handling of the threatened secession of several Southern states . Since his death in 1866 , he has been commemorated in various ways , including with a statue in the National Statuary Hall .",
"title": "Lewis Cass"
},
{
"text": " Cass was born on October 9 , 1782 , in Exeter , New Hampshire , just after the end of the American Revolution . His parents were Molly ( née Gilman ) Cass and Major Jonathan Cass , a Revolutionary War veteran who fought under General George Washington at Bunker Hill .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Cass attended the private Phillips Exeter Academy . In 1800 , the family moved to Marietta , Ohio , part of a wave of westward migration after the end of the war and defeat of Native Americans in the Northwest Indian War . Cass studied law with Return J . Meigs Jr. , was admitted to the bar , and began a practice in Zanesville .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " In 1806 , Cass was elected to the Ohio House of Representatives . The following year , President Thomas Jefferson appointed Cass as the U.S . Marshal for Ohio .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "He joined the Freemasons , an increasingly popular fraternal organization in that period , being initiated as an Entered Apprentice in what was later American Union Lodge No.1 at Marietta on December 5 , 1803 . He achieved his Fellow Craft degree on April 2 , 1804 , and his Master Mason degree on May 7 , 1804 . On June 24 , 1805 , he was admitted as Charter member of the Lodge of Amity 105 ( later No.5 ) , Zanesville . He served as the first Worshipful Master of the Lodge of Amity in 1806 . Cass",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "was one of the founders of the Grand Lodge of Ohio , representing the Lodge of Amity at the first meeting on January 4 , 1808 . He was elected Deputy Grand Master on January 5 , 1809 , and Grand Master on January 3 , 1810 , January 8 , 1811 , and January 8 , 1812 .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " When the War of 1812 began against the United Kingdom , Cass took command of the 3rd Ohio Volunteer Regiment . He became colonel of the 27th United States Infantry Regiment on February 20 , 1813 . Soon after , he was promoted to brigadier general in the Regular Army on March 12 , 1813 . Cass took part in the Battle of the Thames , a defeat of British and Native Indian forces . Cass resigned from the Army on May 1 , 1814 . Territorial Governor of Michigan .",
"title": "War of 1812"
},
{
"text": "As a reward for his military service , Cass was appointed Governor of the Michigan Territory by President James Madison on October 29 , 1813 , serving until 1831 . As he was frequently traveling on business , several territorial secretaries often acted as governor in his place . During this period , he helped negotiate and implement treaties with Native American tribes in Michigan , by which they ceded substantial amounts of land . Some were given small reservations in the territory .",
"title": "War of 1812"
},
{
"text": " In 1817 , Cass was one of the two commissioners ( along with Duncan McArthur ) , who negotiated the Treaty of Fort Meigs , which was signed on September 29 with several Native American tribes of the region , under which they ceded large amounts of territory to the United States . This helped open up areas of Michigan to settlement by Euro-Americans . That same year , Cass was named to serve as Secretary of War under President James Monroe , but he declined the appointment .",
"title": "War of 1812"
},
{
"text": "In 1820 , Cass led an expedition to the northwestern part of Michigan Territory , in the Great Lakes region in todays northern Minnesota . Its purpose was to map the region and locate the source of the Mississippi River . The headwater of the great river was then unknown , resulting in an undefined border between the United States and British North America , which had been linked to the river . The Cass expedition erroneously identified what became known as Cass Lake as the Mississippis source . It was not until 1832 that Henry Rowe Schoolcraft , the",
"title": "War of 1812"
},
{
"text": "Cass expeditions geologist , identified nearby Lake Itasca as the headwater of the Mississippi .",
"title": "War of 1812"
},
{
"text": "On August 1 , 1831 , Cass resigned as governor of the Michigan Territory to take the post of Secretary of War under President Andrew Jackson , a position he would hold until 1836 . Cass was a central figure in implementing the Indian removal policy of the Jackson administration ; Congress had passed the Indian Removal Act in 1830 . While it was directed chiefly against the Southeastern tribes , especially the Five Civilized Tribes , it also affected tribes in Ohio , Illinois , and other areas east of the Mississippi River . Most were forced to Indian",
"title": "Secretary of War"
},
{
"text": "Territory in present-day Kansas and Oklahoma , but a number of bands negotiated being allowed to remain in Michigan .",
"title": "Secretary of War"
},
{
"text": " U.S . Minister to France . At the end of his term , President Jackson appointed Cass to succeed Edward Livingston as the U.S . Minister to France on October 4 , 1836 . He presented his credentials on December 1 , 1836 , and served until he left his post on November 12 , 1842 , when he was succeeded by William R . King , who later became the 13th Vice President of the United States under President Franklin Pierce . Presidential ambitions and U.S . Senate .",
"title": "Secretary of War"
},
{
"text": "In the 1844 Democratic convention Cass stood as a candidate for the presidential nomination , losing on the 9th ballot to dark horse candidate James K . Polk .",
"title": "Secretary of War"
},
{
"text": " Cass was elected by the state legislature to represent Michigan in the United States Senate , serving in 1845-48 . He served as chairman of the Committee on Military Affairs in the 30th Congress .",
"title": "Secretary of War"
},
{
"text": "In 1848 , he resigned from the Senate to run for president in the 1848 election . William Orlando Butler was selected as his running mate . Cass was a leading supporter of the doctrine of popular sovereignty , which held that the American citizens who lived in a territory should decide whether to permit slavery there . His nomination caused a split in the Democratic Party , leading many antislavery Northern Democrats to join the Free Soil Party , which nominated former President Martin Van Buren .",
"title": "Secretary of War"
},
{
"text": " After losing the election to Zachary Taylor , Cass was returned by the state legislature to the Senate , serving from 1849 to 57 . He was the first non-incumbent Democratic presidential candidate to lose an election and the first Democrat who was unsuccessful in his bid to succeed another Democrat as President . Apart from James Buchanans election to succeed Franklin Pierce in 1856 , subsequent Democrats who attempted election to succeed another Democrat as President all failed in their bid to do so .",
"title": "Secretary of War"
},
{
"text": "Cass made another bid for president in 1852 but neither he nor rival Democratic contenders Buchanan and Stephen Douglas secured a majority of delegates votes at the Democratic Convention in Baltimore , and the party went with Franklin Pierce instead .",
"title": "Secretary of War"
},
{
"text": "On March 6 , 1857 , President James Buchanan appointed Cass to serve as Secretary of State as a consolation prize for his previous presidential runs . Although retaining incumbent Secretary of State William L . Marcy was considered the best option by many , Buchanan made it clear that he did not want to keep anyone from the Pierce Administration . Moreover , Marcy had opposed his earlier presidential bids , and was in poor health in any event , ultimately dying in July 1857 . Cass , aged 75 , was seen by most as too old for",
"title": "Secretary of War"
},
{
"text": "such a demanding position and was thought to be likely be little more than a figurehead . Buchanan , weighing many of the other options for Secretary of State , considered that Cass was the best choice to avoid political infighting and sectional tensions . Buchanan , who did not particularly like Cass , nonetheless wrote a flattering letter offering him the post of Secretary of State , commenting that he was remarkably active and energetic for his advanced age . Cass , who was retiring from the Senate , but not eager to leave Washington and return home to",
"title": "Secretary of War"
},
{
"text": "Michigan , immediately accepted .",
"title": "Secretary of War"
},
{
"text": "Aware of his age and physical limitations , Cass agreed to delegate most of his powers as Secretary of State to an Assistant Secretary of State or the president himself . He also promised to refrain from making anti-British remarks in public ( having served in the War of 1812 , Cass had a low opinion of London ) . Most assumed Cass was a temporary Secretary of State until a younger , more fit man could be found , however , he ultimately served for all but the final four months of Buchanans administration . As expected , the",
"title": "Secretary of War"
},
{
"text": "aged Cass largely delegated major decision-making to subordinates , but eagerly signed his name on papers and dispatches penned by them .",
"title": "Secretary of War"
},
{
"text": "While sympathetic to American filibusters in Central America , he was instrumental in having Commodore Hiram Paulding removed from command for his landing of Marines in Nicaragua and compelling the extradition of William Walker to the United States . Cass attempted to buy more land from Mexico , but faced opposition from both Mexico and congressional leaders . He also negotiated a final settlement to the Clayton–Bulwer Treaty , limiting U.S . and British control of Latin American countries . The chiefs of Raiatea and Tahaa in the South Pacific , refusing to accept the rule of King Tamatoa V",
"title": "Secretary of War"
},
{
"text": ", unsuccessfully petitioned the United States to accept the islands under a protectorate in June 1858 .",
"title": "Secretary of War"
},
{
"text": " Cass resigned on December 14 , 1860 , because of what he considered Buchanans failure to protect federal interests in the South and failure to mobilize the federal military , actions that might have averted the threatened secession of Southern states .",
"title": "Secretary of War"
},
{
"text": " On May 26 , 1806 , Cass married Elizabeth Spencer ( 1786–1853 ) , the daughter of Dr . Joseph Spencer Jr . and Deborah ( née Seldon ) Spencer . Her paternal grandfather was Joseph Spencer , a Continental Congressman who was a major general in the Continental Army . Lewis and Elizabeth were the parents of seven children , five of whom lived past infancy : - Isabella Cass ( 1805–1879 ) , who married Theodorus Marinus Roest van Limburg , a Dutch journalist , diplomat , and politician . - Elizabeth Selden Cass ( 1812–1832 )",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "- Lewis Cass , Jr . ( 1814–1878 ) , who served as an army officer and as U.S . Chargé dAffaires and Minister to the Papal States .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " - Mary Sophia Cass ( 1812–1882 ) , who married Army officer Augustus Canfield , an officer of the Corps of Topographical Engineers . - Matilda Frances Cass ( 1818–1898 ) , who married Henry Ledyard , the mayor of Detroit . - Ellen Cass ( 1821–1824 ) , who died young . - Spencer Cass ( 1828-1828 ) , who died in infancy . Cass died on June 17 , 1866 , in Detroit , Michigan . He is buried in Elmwood Cemetery in Detroit , Michigan .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " Through his daughter Matilda , he was the grandfather of Elizabeth Cass Ledyard ( wife of Francis Wayland Goddard ) ; Henry Brockholst Ledyard Jr . ( who was president of the Michigan Central Railroad ) ; Susan Livingston Ledyard ( wife of Hamilton Bullock Tompkins ) ; Lewis Cass Ledyard ( a prominent lawyer with Carter Ledyard & Milburn who was the personal counsel of J . Pierpont Morgan ) ; and Matilda Spancer Ledyard . Casss great-great grandson , Republican Thomas Cass Ballenger , represented North Carolinas 10th Congressional District from 1986 to 2005 .",
"title": "Descendants"
},
{
"text": " - A statue of Cass is one of the two that were submitted by Michigan to the National Statuary Hall collection in the U.S . Capitol in Washington , D.C . It stands in the National Statuary Hall room . ( The other statue is of President Gerald Ford , the only U.S . president to come from Michigan. ) - The Liberty ship",
"title": "Commemoration"
},
{
"text": "- He is the eponym of the village of Casstown , Ohio , the community of Cassville , West Virginia , Cassopolis , Michigan , and Cass County , Michigan , as well as Cass City , Michigan , and the Cass River that runs around the surrounding area .",
"title": "Commemoration"
},
{
"text": " - Cass Avenue in Detroit . Cass Avenue in Mt . Clemens . - The Lewis Cass Legacy Society , which supports The Michigan Masonic Charitable Foundation , was named for his support of Michigan Freemasonry .",
"title": "Commemoration"
},
{
"text": "- Bartow County , Georgia was originally named Cass County after Lewis Cass , but was changed in 1861 after Francis Bartow died as a Confederate war hero and due to Casss alleged opposition to slavery , even though he was an advocate of states rights via the doctrine of popular sovereignty . Cassville , Georgia is an unincorporated community in the same county , was originally the county seat before the name was changed from Cass County . The seat was moved to Cartersville , Georgia after General Sherman destroyed Cassville in his Atlanta Campaign of 1864 .",
"title": "Commemoration"
},
{
"text": " - Cass Technical High School in Detroit , Cass High School in Bartow County , Georgia , Lewis Cass High School in Walton , Indiana , and Lewis Cass Elementary in Livonia , Michigan were named in honor of Lewis Cass . - Cass Street in Milwaukee , WI was named in honor of Lewis Cass . - The Lewis Cass Building , a principal state office building in the Lansing , Michigan capitol government complex . It was renamed on June 30 , 2020 to the Elliott-Larsen Building .",
"title": "Commemoration"
},
{
"text": "- Lewis Cass is the namesake of counties in the following states : Indiana , Iowa , Minnesota , Missouri , Nebraska , Illinois , Michigan , and Texas . However , Cass County , North Dakota , was named for his nephew .",
"title": "Commemoration"
},
{
"text": " - Lewis Cass is the namesake of Cass Street in Green Bay , Wisconsin . Other honors and memberships . - Elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society in 1820 . - Elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 1826 .",
"title": "Commemoration"
}
] |
/wiki/Lewis_Cass#P39#4
|
Which position did Lewis Cass hold between Oct 1850 and Nov 1853?
|
Lewis Cass Lewis Cass ( October 9 , 1782June 17 , 1866 ) was an American military officer , politician , and statesman . He represented Michigan in the United States Senate and served in the Cabinets of two U.S . Presidents , Andrew Jackson and James Buchanan . He was also the 1848 Democratic presidential nominee and a leading spokesman for the Doctrine of Popular Sovereignty , which held that the people in each territory should decide whether to permit slavery . Born in Exeter , New Hampshire , he attended Phillips Exeter Academy before establishing a legal practice in Zanesville , Ohio . After serving in the Ohio House of Representatives , he was appointed as a U.S . Marshal . Cass also joined the Freemasons and would eventually co-found the Grand Lodge of Michigan . He fought at the Battle of the Thames in the War of 1812 and was appointed to govern Michigan Territory in 1813 . He negotiated treaties with Native Americans to open land for American settlement and led a survey expedition into the northwest part of the territory . Cass resigned as governor in 1831 to accept appointment as Secretary of War under Andrew Jackson . As Secretary of War , he helped implement Jacksons policy of Indian removal . After serving as ambassador to France from 1836 to 1842 , he unsuccessfully sought the presidential nomination at the 1844 Democratic National Convention ; a deadlock between supporters of Cass and former President Martin Van Buren ended with the nomination of James K . Polk . In 1845 , the Michigan Legislature elected Cass to the Senate , where he served until 1848 . Casss nomination at the 1848 Democratic National Convention precipitated a split in the party , as Casss advocacy for popular sovereignty alienated the anti-slavery wing of the party . Van Buren led the Free Soil Partys presidential ticket and appealed to many anti-slavery Democrats , possibly contributing to the victory of Whig nominee Zachary Taylor . Cass returned to the Senate in 1849 and continued to serve until 1857 when he accepted appointment as the Secretary of State . He unsuccessfully sought to buy land from Mexico and sympathized with American filibusters in Latin America . Cass resigned from the Cabinet in December 1860 in protest of Buchanans handling of the threatened secession of several Southern states . Since his death in 1866 , he has been commemorated in various ways , including with a statue in the National Statuary Hall . Early life . Cass was born on October 9 , 1782 , in Exeter , New Hampshire , just after the end of the American Revolution . His parents were Molly ( née Gilman ) Cass and Major Jonathan Cass , a Revolutionary War veteran who fought under General George Washington at Bunker Hill . Cass attended the private Phillips Exeter Academy . In 1800 , the family moved to Marietta , Ohio , part of a wave of westward migration after the end of the war and defeat of Native Americans in the Northwest Indian War . Cass studied law with Return J . Meigs Jr. , was admitted to the bar , and began a practice in Zanesville . Career . In 1806 , Cass was elected to the Ohio House of Representatives . The following year , President Thomas Jefferson appointed Cass as the U.S . Marshal for Ohio . He joined the Freemasons , an increasingly popular fraternal organization in that period , being initiated as an Entered Apprentice in what was later American Union Lodge No.1 at Marietta on December 5 , 1803 . He achieved his Fellow Craft degree on April 2 , 1804 , and his Master Mason degree on May 7 , 1804 . On June 24 , 1805 , he was admitted as Charter member of the Lodge of Amity 105 ( later No.5 ) , Zanesville . He served as the first Worshipful Master of the Lodge of Amity in 1806 . Cass was one of the founders of the Grand Lodge of Ohio , representing the Lodge of Amity at the first meeting on January 4 , 1808 . He was elected Deputy Grand Master on January 5 , 1809 , and Grand Master on January 3 , 1810 , January 8 , 1811 , and January 8 , 1812 . War of 1812 . When the War of 1812 began against the United Kingdom , Cass took command of the 3rd Ohio Volunteer Regiment . He became colonel of the 27th United States Infantry Regiment on February 20 , 1813 . Soon after , he was promoted to brigadier general in the Regular Army on March 12 , 1813 . Cass took part in the Battle of the Thames , a defeat of British and Native Indian forces . Cass resigned from the Army on May 1 , 1814 . Territorial Governor of Michigan . As a reward for his military service , Cass was appointed Governor of the Michigan Territory by President James Madison on October 29 , 1813 , serving until 1831 . As he was frequently traveling on business , several territorial secretaries often acted as governor in his place . During this period , he helped negotiate and implement treaties with Native American tribes in Michigan , by which they ceded substantial amounts of land . Some were given small reservations in the territory . In 1817 , Cass was one of the two commissioners ( along with Duncan McArthur ) , who negotiated the Treaty of Fort Meigs , which was signed on September 29 with several Native American tribes of the region , under which they ceded large amounts of territory to the United States . This helped open up areas of Michigan to settlement by Euro-Americans . That same year , Cass was named to serve as Secretary of War under President James Monroe , but he declined the appointment . In 1820 , Cass led an expedition to the northwestern part of Michigan Territory , in the Great Lakes region in todays northern Minnesota . Its purpose was to map the region and locate the source of the Mississippi River . The headwater of the great river was then unknown , resulting in an undefined border between the United States and British North America , which had been linked to the river . The Cass expedition erroneously identified what became known as Cass Lake as the Mississippis source . It was not until 1832 that Henry Rowe Schoolcraft , the Cass expeditions geologist , identified nearby Lake Itasca as the headwater of the Mississippi . Secretary of War . On August 1 , 1831 , Cass resigned as governor of the Michigan Territory to take the post of Secretary of War under President Andrew Jackson , a position he would hold until 1836 . Cass was a central figure in implementing the Indian removal policy of the Jackson administration ; Congress had passed the Indian Removal Act in 1830 . While it was directed chiefly against the Southeastern tribes , especially the Five Civilized Tribes , it also affected tribes in Ohio , Illinois , and other areas east of the Mississippi River . Most were forced to Indian Territory in present-day Kansas and Oklahoma , but a number of bands negotiated being allowed to remain in Michigan . U.S . Minister to France . At the end of his term , President Jackson appointed Cass to succeed Edward Livingston as the U.S . Minister to France on October 4 , 1836 . He presented his credentials on December 1 , 1836 , and served until he left his post on November 12 , 1842 , when he was succeeded by William R . King , who later became the 13th Vice President of the United States under President Franklin Pierce . Presidential ambitions and U.S . Senate . In the 1844 Democratic convention Cass stood as a candidate for the presidential nomination , losing on the 9th ballot to dark horse candidate James K . Polk . Cass was elected by the state legislature to represent Michigan in the United States Senate , serving in 1845-48 . He served as chairman of the Committee on Military Affairs in the 30th Congress . In 1848 , he resigned from the Senate to run for president in the 1848 election . William Orlando Butler was selected as his running mate . Cass was a leading supporter of the doctrine of popular sovereignty , which held that the American citizens who lived in a territory should decide whether to permit slavery there . His nomination caused a split in the Democratic Party , leading many antislavery Northern Democrats to join the Free Soil Party , which nominated former President Martin Van Buren . After losing the election to Zachary Taylor , Cass was returned by the state legislature to the Senate , serving from 1849 to 57 . He was the first non-incumbent Democratic presidential candidate to lose an election and the first Democrat who was unsuccessful in his bid to succeed another Democrat as President . Apart from James Buchanans election to succeed Franklin Pierce in 1856 , subsequent Democrats who attempted election to succeed another Democrat as President all failed in their bid to do so . Cass made another bid for president in 1852 but neither he nor rival Democratic contenders Buchanan and Stephen Douglas secured a majority of delegates votes at the Democratic Convention in Baltimore , and the party went with Franklin Pierce instead . U.S . Secretary of State . On March 6 , 1857 , President James Buchanan appointed Cass to serve as Secretary of State as a consolation prize for his previous presidential runs . Although retaining incumbent Secretary of State William L . Marcy was considered the best option by many , Buchanan made it clear that he did not want to keep anyone from the Pierce Administration . Moreover , Marcy had opposed his earlier presidential bids , and was in poor health in any event , ultimately dying in July 1857 . Cass , aged 75 , was seen by most as too old for such a demanding position and was thought to be likely be little more than a figurehead . Buchanan , weighing many of the other options for Secretary of State , considered that Cass was the best choice to avoid political infighting and sectional tensions . Buchanan , who did not particularly like Cass , nonetheless wrote a flattering letter offering him the post of Secretary of State , commenting that he was remarkably active and energetic for his advanced age . Cass , who was retiring from the Senate , but not eager to leave Washington and return home to Michigan , immediately accepted . Aware of his age and physical limitations , Cass agreed to delegate most of his powers as Secretary of State to an Assistant Secretary of State or the president himself . He also promised to refrain from making anti-British remarks in public ( having served in the War of 1812 , Cass had a low opinion of London ) . Most assumed Cass was a temporary Secretary of State until a younger , more fit man could be found , however , he ultimately served for all but the final four months of Buchanans administration . As expected , the aged Cass largely delegated major decision-making to subordinates , but eagerly signed his name on papers and dispatches penned by them . While sympathetic to American filibusters in Central America , he was instrumental in having Commodore Hiram Paulding removed from command for his landing of Marines in Nicaragua and compelling the extradition of William Walker to the United States . Cass attempted to buy more land from Mexico , but faced opposition from both Mexico and congressional leaders . He also negotiated a final settlement to the Clayton–Bulwer Treaty , limiting U.S . and British control of Latin American countries . The chiefs of Raiatea and Tahaa in the South Pacific , refusing to accept the rule of King Tamatoa V , unsuccessfully petitioned the United States to accept the islands under a protectorate in June 1858 . Cass resigned on December 14 , 1860 , because of what he considered Buchanans failure to protect federal interests in the South and failure to mobilize the federal military , actions that might have averted the threatened secession of Southern states . Personal life . On May 26 , 1806 , Cass married Elizabeth Spencer ( 1786–1853 ) , the daughter of Dr . Joseph Spencer Jr . and Deborah ( née Seldon ) Spencer . Her paternal grandfather was Joseph Spencer , a Continental Congressman who was a major general in the Continental Army . Lewis and Elizabeth were the parents of seven children , five of whom lived past infancy : - Isabella Cass ( 1805–1879 ) , who married Theodorus Marinus Roest van Limburg , a Dutch journalist , diplomat , and politician . - Elizabeth Selden Cass ( 1812–1832 ) - Lewis Cass , Jr . ( 1814–1878 ) , who served as an army officer and as U.S . Chargé dAffaires and Minister to the Papal States . - Mary Sophia Cass ( 1812–1882 ) , who married Army officer Augustus Canfield , an officer of the Corps of Topographical Engineers . - Matilda Frances Cass ( 1818–1898 ) , who married Henry Ledyard , the mayor of Detroit . - Ellen Cass ( 1821–1824 ) , who died young . - Spencer Cass ( 1828-1828 ) , who died in infancy . Cass died on June 17 , 1866 , in Detroit , Michigan . He is buried in Elmwood Cemetery in Detroit , Michigan . Descendants . Through his daughter Matilda , he was the grandfather of Elizabeth Cass Ledyard ( wife of Francis Wayland Goddard ) ; Henry Brockholst Ledyard Jr . ( who was president of the Michigan Central Railroad ) ; Susan Livingston Ledyard ( wife of Hamilton Bullock Tompkins ) ; Lewis Cass Ledyard ( a prominent lawyer with Carter Ledyard & Milburn who was the personal counsel of J . Pierpont Morgan ) ; and Matilda Spancer Ledyard . Casss great-great grandson , Republican Thomas Cass Ballenger , represented North Carolinas 10th Congressional District from 1986 to 2005 . Commemoration . - A statue of Cass is one of the two that were submitted by Michigan to the National Statuary Hall collection in the U.S . Capitol in Washington , D.C . It stands in the National Statuary Hall room . ( The other statue is of President Gerald Ford , the only U.S . president to come from Michigan. ) - The Liberty ship - He is the eponym of the village of Casstown , Ohio , the community of Cassville , West Virginia , Cassopolis , Michigan , and Cass County , Michigan , as well as Cass City , Michigan , and the Cass River that runs around the surrounding area . - Cass Avenue in Detroit . Cass Avenue in Mt . Clemens . - The Lewis Cass Legacy Society , which supports The Michigan Masonic Charitable Foundation , was named for his support of Michigan Freemasonry . - Bartow County , Georgia was originally named Cass County after Lewis Cass , but was changed in 1861 after Francis Bartow died as a Confederate war hero and due to Casss alleged opposition to slavery , even though he was an advocate of states rights via the doctrine of popular sovereignty . Cassville , Georgia is an unincorporated community in the same county , was originally the county seat before the name was changed from Cass County . The seat was moved to Cartersville , Georgia after General Sherman destroyed Cassville in his Atlanta Campaign of 1864 . - Cass Technical High School in Detroit , Cass High School in Bartow County , Georgia , Lewis Cass High School in Walton , Indiana , and Lewis Cass Elementary in Livonia , Michigan were named in honor of Lewis Cass . - Cass Street in Milwaukee , WI was named in honor of Lewis Cass . - The Lewis Cass Building , a principal state office building in the Lansing , Michigan capitol government complex . It was renamed on June 30 , 2020 to the Elliott-Larsen Building . - Lewis Cass is the namesake of counties in the following states : Indiana , Iowa , Minnesota , Missouri , Nebraska , Illinois , Michigan , and Texas . However , Cass County , North Dakota , was named for his nephew . - Lewis Cass is the namesake of Cass Street in Green Bay , Wisconsin . Other honors and memberships . - Elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society in 1820 . - Elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 1826 .
|
[
"state legislature to the Senate"
] |
[
{
"text": " Lewis Cass ( October 9 , 1782June 17 , 1866 ) was an American military officer , politician , and statesman . He represented Michigan in the United States Senate and served in the Cabinets of two U.S . Presidents , Andrew Jackson and James Buchanan . He was also the 1848 Democratic presidential nominee and a leading spokesman for the Doctrine of Popular Sovereignty , which held that the people in each territory should decide whether to permit slavery .",
"title": "Lewis Cass"
},
{
"text": "Born in Exeter , New Hampshire , he attended Phillips Exeter Academy before establishing a legal practice in Zanesville , Ohio . After serving in the Ohio House of Representatives , he was appointed as a U.S . Marshal . Cass also joined the Freemasons and would eventually co-found the Grand Lodge of Michigan . He fought at the Battle of the Thames in the War of 1812 and was appointed to govern Michigan Territory in 1813 . He negotiated treaties with Native Americans to open land for American settlement and led a survey expedition into the northwest part of",
"title": "Lewis Cass"
},
{
"text": "the territory .",
"title": "Lewis Cass"
},
{
"text": "Cass resigned as governor in 1831 to accept appointment as Secretary of War under Andrew Jackson . As Secretary of War , he helped implement Jacksons policy of Indian removal . After serving as ambassador to France from 1836 to 1842 , he unsuccessfully sought the presidential nomination at the 1844 Democratic National Convention ; a deadlock between supporters of Cass and former President Martin Van Buren ended with the nomination of James K . Polk . In 1845 , the Michigan Legislature elected Cass to the Senate , where he served until 1848 . Casss nomination at the 1848",
"title": "Lewis Cass"
},
{
"text": "Democratic National Convention precipitated a split in the party , as Casss advocacy for popular sovereignty alienated the anti-slavery wing of the party . Van Buren led the Free Soil Partys presidential ticket and appealed to many anti-slavery Democrats , possibly contributing to the victory of Whig nominee Zachary Taylor .",
"title": "Lewis Cass"
},
{
"text": " Cass returned to the Senate in 1849 and continued to serve until 1857 when he accepted appointment as the Secretary of State . He unsuccessfully sought to buy land from Mexico and sympathized with American filibusters in Latin America . Cass resigned from the Cabinet in December 1860 in protest of Buchanans handling of the threatened secession of several Southern states . Since his death in 1866 , he has been commemorated in various ways , including with a statue in the National Statuary Hall .",
"title": "Lewis Cass"
},
{
"text": " Cass was born on October 9 , 1782 , in Exeter , New Hampshire , just after the end of the American Revolution . His parents were Molly ( née Gilman ) Cass and Major Jonathan Cass , a Revolutionary War veteran who fought under General George Washington at Bunker Hill .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Cass attended the private Phillips Exeter Academy . In 1800 , the family moved to Marietta , Ohio , part of a wave of westward migration after the end of the war and defeat of Native Americans in the Northwest Indian War . Cass studied law with Return J . Meigs Jr. , was admitted to the bar , and began a practice in Zanesville .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " In 1806 , Cass was elected to the Ohio House of Representatives . The following year , President Thomas Jefferson appointed Cass as the U.S . Marshal for Ohio .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "He joined the Freemasons , an increasingly popular fraternal organization in that period , being initiated as an Entered Apprentice in what was later American Union Lodge No.1 at Marietta on December 5 , 1803 . He achieved his Fellow Craft degree on April 2 , 1804 , and his Master Mason degree on May 7 , 1804 . On June 24 , 1805 , he was admitted as Charter member of the Lodge of Amity 105 ( later No.5 ) , Zanesville . He served as the first Worshipful Master of the Lodge of Amity in 1806 . Cass",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "was one of the founders of the Grand Lodge of Ohio , representing the Lodge of Amity at the first meeting on January 4 , 1808 . He was elected Deputy Grand Master on January 5 , 1809 , and Grand Master on January 3 , 1810 , January 8 , 1811 , and January 8 , 1812 .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " When the War of 1812 began against the United Kingdom , Cass took command of the 3rd Ohio Volunteer Regiment . He became colonel of the 27th United States Infantry Regiment on February 20 , 1813 . Soon after , he was promoted to brigadier general in the Regular Army on March 12 , 1813 . Cass took part in the Battle of the Thames , a defeat of British and Native Indian forces . Cass resigned from the Army on May 1 , 1814 . Territorial Governor of Michigan .",
"title": "War of 1812"
},
{
"text": "As a reward for his military service , Cass was appointed Governor of the Michigan Territory by President James Madison on October 29 , 1813 , serving until 1831 . As he was frequently traveling on business , several territorial secretaries often acted as governor in his place . During this period , he helped negotiate and implement treaties with Native American tribes in Michigan , by which they ceded substantial amounts of land . Some were given small reservations in the territory .",
"title": "War of 1812"
},
{
"text": " In 1817 , Cass was one of the two commissioners ( along with Duncan McArthur ) , who negotiated the Treaty of Fort Meigs , which was signed on September 29 with several Native American tribes of the region , under which they ceded large amounts of territory to the United States . This helped open up areas of Michigan to settlement by Euro-Americans . That same year , Cass was named to serve as Secretary of War under President James Monroe , but he declined the appointment .",
"title": "War of 1812"
},
{
"text": "In 1820 , Cass led an expedition to the northwestern part of Michigan Territory , in the Great Lakes region in todays northern Minnesota . Its purpose was to map the region and locate the source of the Mississippi River . The headwater of the great river was then unknown , resulting in an undefined border between the United States and British North America , which had been linked to the river . The Cass expedition erroneously identified what became known as Cass Lake as the Mississippis source . It was not until 1832 that Henry Rowe Schoolcraft , the",
"title": "War of 1812"
},
{
"text": "Cass expeditions geologist , identified nearby Lake Itasca as the headwater of the Mississippi .",
"title": "War of 1812"
},
{
"text": "On August 1 , 1831 , Cass resigned as governor of the Michigan Territory to take the post of Secretary of War under President Andrew Jackson , a position he would hold until 1836 . Cass was a central figure in implementing the Indian removal policy of the Jackson administration ; Congress had passed the Indian Removal Act in 1830 . While it was directed chiefly against the Southeastern tribes , especially the Five Civilized Tribes , it also affected tribes in Ohio , Illinois , and other areas east of the Mississippi River . Most were forced to Indian",
"title": "Secretary of War"
},
{
"text": "Territory in present-day Kansas and Oklahoma , but a number of bands negotiated being allowed to remain in Michigan .",
"title": "Secretary of War"
},
{
"text": " U.S . Minister to France . At the end of his term , President Jackson appointed Cass to succeed Edward Livingston as the U.S . Minister to France on October 4 , 1836 . He presented his credentials on December 1 , 1836 , and served until he left his post on November 12 , 1842 , when he was succeeded by William R . King , who later became the 13th Vice President of the United States under President Franklin Pierce . Presidential ambitions and U.S . Senate .",
"title": "Secretary of War"
},
{
"text": "In the 1844 Democratic convention Cass stood as a candidate for the presidential nomination , losing on the 9th ballot to dark horse candidate James K . Polk .",
"title": "Secretary of War"
},
{
"text": " Cass was elected by the state legislature to represent Michigan in the United States Senate , serving in 1845-48 . He served as chairman of the Committee on Military Affairs in the 30th Congress .",
"title": "Secretary of War"
},
{
"text": "In 1848 , he resigned from the Senate to run for president in the 1848 election . William Orlando Butler was selected as his running mate . Cass was a leading supporter of the doctrine of popular sovereignty , which held that the American citizens who lived in a territory should decide whether to permit slavery there . His nomination caused a split in the Democratic Party , leading many antislavery Northern Democrats to join the Free Soil Party , which nominated former President Martin Van Buren .",
"title": "Secretary of War"
},
{
"text": " After losing the election to Zachary Taylor , Cass was returned by the state legislature to the Senate , serving from 1849 to 57 . He was the first non-incumbent Democratic presidential candidate to lose an election and the first Democrat who was unsuccessful in his bid to succeed another Democrat as President . Apart from James Buchanans election to succeed Franklin Pierce in 1856 , subsequent Democrats who attempted election to succeed another Democrat as President all failed in their bid to do so .",
"title": "Secretary of War"
},
{
"text": "Cass made another bid for president in 1852 but neither he nor rival Democratic contenders Buchanan and Stephen Douglas secured a majority of delegates votes at the Democratic Convention in Baltimore , and the party went with Franklin Pierce instead .",
"title": "Secretary of War"
},
{
"text": "On March 6 , 1857 , President James Buchanan appointed Cass to serve as Secretary of State as a consolation prize for his previous presidential runs . Although retaining incumbent Secretary of State William L . Marcy was considered the best option by many , Buchanan made it clear that he did not want to keep anyone from the Pierce Administration . Moreover , Marcy had opposed his earlier presidential bids , and was in poor health in any event , ultimately dying in July 1857 . Cass , aged 75 , was seen by most as too old for",
"title": "Secretary of War"
},
{
"text": "such a demanding position and was thought to be likely be little more than a figurehead . Buchanan , weighing many of the other options for Secretary of State , considered that Cass was the best choice to avoid political infighting and sectional tensions . Buchanan , who did not particularly like Cass , nonetheless wrote a flattering letter offering him the post of Secretary of State , commenting that he was remarkably active and energetic for his advanced age . Cass , who was retiring from the Senate , but not eager to leave Washington and return home to",
"title": "Secretary of War"
},
{
"text": "Michigan , immediately accepted .",
"title": "Secretary of War"
},
{
"text": "Aware of his age and physical limitations , Cass agreed to delegate most of his powers as Secretary of State to an Assistant Secretary of State or the president himself . He also promised to refrain from making anti-British remarks in public ( having served in the War of 1812 , Cass had a low opinion of London ) . Most assumed Cass was a temporary Secretary of State until a younger , more fit man could be found , however , he ultimately served for all but the final four months of Buchanans administration . As expected , the",
"title": "Secretary of War"
},
{
"text": "aged Cass largely delegated major decision-making to subordinates , but eagerly signed his name on papers and dispatches penned by them .",
"title": "Secretary of War"
},
{
"text": "While sympathetic to American filibusters in Central America , he was instrumental in having Commodore Hiram Paulding removed from command for his landing of Marines in Nicaragua and compelling the extradition of William Walker to the United States . Cass attempted to buy more land from Mexico , but faced opposition from both Mexico and congressional leaders . He also negotiated a final settlement to the Clayton–Bulwer Treaty , limiting U.S . and British control of Latin American countries . The chiefs of Raiatea and Tahaa in the South Pacific , refusing to accept the rule of King Tamatoa V",
"title": "Secretary of War"
},
{
"text": ", unsuccessfully petitioned the United States to accept the islands under a protectorate in June 1858 .",
"title": "Secretary of War"
},
{
"text": " Cass resigned on December 14 , 1860 , because of what he considered Buchanans failure to protect federal interests in the South and failure to mobilize the federal military , actions that might have averted the threatened secession of Southern states .",
"title": "Secretary of War"
},
{
"text": " On May 26 , 1806 , Cass married Elizabeth Spencer ( 1786–1853 ) , the daughter of Dr . Joseph Spencer Jr . and Deborah ( née Seldon ) Spencer . Her paternal grandfather was Joseph Spencer , a Continental Congressman who was a major general in the Continental Army . Lewis and Elizabeth were the parents of seven children , five of whom lived past infancy : - Isabella Cass ( 1805–1879 ) , who married Theodorus Marinus Roest van Limburg , a Dutch journalist , diplomat , and politician . - Elizabeth Selden Cass ( 1812–1832 )",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "- Lewis Cass , Jr . ( 1814–1878 ) , who served as an army officer and as U.S . Chargé dAffaires and Minister to the Papal States .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " - Mary Sophia Cass ( 1812–1882 ) , who married Army officer Augustus Canfield , an officer of the Corps of Topographical Engineers . - Matilda Frances Cass ( 1818–1898 ) , who married Henry Ledyard , the mayor of Detroit . - Ellen Cass ( 1821–1824 ) , who died young . - Spencer Cass ( 1828-1828 ) , who died in infancy . Cass died on June 17 , 1866 , in Detroit , Michigan . He is buried in Elmwood Cemetery in Detroit , Michigan .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " Through his daughter Matilda , he was the grandfather of Elizabeth Cass Ledyard ( wife of Francis Wayland Goddard ) ; Henry Brockholst Ledyard Jr . ( who was president of the Michigan Central Railroad ) ; Susan Livingston Ledyard ( wife of Hamilton Bullock Tompkins ) ; Lewis Cass Ledyard ( a prominent lawyer with Carter Ledyard & Milburn who was the personal counsel of J . Pierpont Morgan ) ; and Matilda Spancer Ledyard . Casss great-great grandson , Republican Thomas Cass Ballenger , represented North Carolinas 10th Congressional District from 1986 to 2005 .",
"title": "Descendants"
},
{
"text": " - A statue of Cass is one of the two that were submitted by Michigan to the National Statuary Hall collection in the U.S . Capitol in Washington , D.C . It stands in the National Statuary Hall room . ( The other statue is of President Gerald Ford , the only U.S . president to come from Michigan. ) - The Liberty ship",
"title": "Commemoration"
},
{
"text": "- He is the eponym of the village of Casstown , Ohio , the community of Cassville , West Virginia , Cassopolis , Michigan , and Cass County , Michigan , as well as Cass City , Michigan , and the Cass River that runs around the surrounding area .",
"title": "Commemoration"
},
{
"text": " - Cass Avenue in Detroit . Cass Avenue in Mt . Clemens . - The Lewis Cass Legacy Society , which supports The Michigan Masonic Charitable Foundation , was named for his support of Michigan Freemasonry .",
"title": "Commemoration"
},
{
"text": "- Bartow County , Georgia was originally named Cass County after Lewis Cass , but was changed in 1861 after Francis Bartow died as a Confederate war hero and due to Casss alleged opposition to slavery , even though he was an advocate of states rights via the doctrine of popular sovereignty . Cassville , Georgia is an unincorporated community in the same county , was originally the county seat before the name was changed from Cass County . The seat was moved to Cartersville , Georgia after General Sherman destroyed Cassville in his Atlanta Campaign of 1864 .",
"title": "Commemoration"
},
{
"text": " - Cass Technical High School in Detroit , Cass High School in Bartow County , Georgia , Lewis Cass High School in Walton , Indiana , and Lewis Cass Elementary in Livonia , Michigan were named in honor of Lewis Cass . - Cass Street in Milwaukee , WI was named in honor of Lewis Cass . - The Lewis Cass Building , a principal state office building in the Lansing , Michigan capitol government complex . It was renamed on June 30 , 2020 to the Elliott-Larsen Building .",
"title": "Commemoration"
},
{
"text": "- Lewis Cass is the namesake of counties in the following states : Indiana , Iowa , Minnesota , Missouri , Nebraska , Illinois , Michigan , and Texas . However , Cass County , North Dakota , was named for his nephew .",
"title": "Commemoration"
},
{
"text": " - Lewis Cass is the namesake of Cass Street in Green Bay , Wisconsin . Other honors and memberships . - Elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society in 1820 . - Elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 1826 .",
"title": "Commemoration"
}
] |
/wiki/Lewis_Cass#P39#5
|
Which position did Lewis Cass hold in Dec 1854?
|
Lewis Cass Lewis Cass ( October 9 , 1782June 17 , 1866 ) was an American military officer , politician , and statesman . He represented Michigan in the United States Senate and served in the Cabinets of two U.S . Presidents , Andrew Jackson and James Buchanan . He was also the 1848 Democratic presidential nominee and a leading spokesman for the Doctrine of Popular Sovereignty , which held that the people in each territory should decide whether to permit slavery . Born in Exeter , New Hampshire , he attended Phillips Exeter Academy before establishing a legal practice in Zanesville , Ohio . After serving in the Ohio House of Representatives , he was appointed as a U.S . Marshal . Cass also joined the Freemasons and would eventually co-found the Grand Lodge of Michigan . He fought at the Battle of the Thames in the War of 1812 and was appointed to govern Michigan Territory in 1813 . He negotiated treaties with Native Americans to open land for American settlement and led a survey expedition into the northwest part of the territory . Cass resigned as governor in 1831 to accept appointment as Secretary of War under Andrew Jackson . As Secretary of War , he helped implement Jacksons policy of Indian removal . After serving as ambassador to France from 1836 to 1842 , he unsuccessfully sought the presidential nomination at the 1844 Democratic National Convention ; a deadlock between supporters of Cass and former President Martin Van Buren ended with the nomination of James K . Polk . In 1845 , the Michigan Legislature elected Cass to the Senate , where he served until 1848 . Casss nomination at the 1848 Democratic National Convention precipitated a split in the party , as Casss advocacy for popular sovereignty alienated the anti-slavery wing of the party . Van Buren led the Free Soil Partys presidential ticket and appealed to many anti-slavery Democrats , possibly contributing to the victory of Whig nominee Zachary Taylor . Cass returned to the Senate in 1849 and continued to serve until 1857 when he accepted appointment as the Secretary of State . He unsuccessfully sought to buy land from Mexico and sympathized with American filibusters in Latin America . Cass resigned from the Cabinet in December 1860 in protest of Buchanans handling of the threatened secession of several Southern states . Since his death in 1866 , he has been commemorated in various ways , including with a statue in the National Statuary Hall . Early life . Cass was born on October 9 , 1782 , in Exeter , New Hampshire , just after the end of the American Revolution . His parents were Molly ( née Gilman ) Cass and Major Jonathan Cass , a Revolutionary War veteran who fought under General George Washington at Bunker Hill . Cass attended the private Phillips Exeter Academy . In 1800 , the family moved to Marietta , Ohio , part of a wave of westward migration after the end of the war and defeat of Native Americans in the Northwest Indian War . Cass studied law with Return J . Meigs Jr. , was admitted to the bar , and began a practice in Zanesville . Career . In 1806 , Cass was elected to the Ohio House of Representatives . The following year , President Thomas Jefferson appointed Cass as the U.S . Marshal for Ohio . He joined the Freemasons , an increasingly popular fraternal organization in that period , being initiated as an Entered Apprentice in what was later American Union Lodge No.1 at Marietta on December 5 , 1803 . He achieved his Fellow Craft degree on April 2 , 1804 , and his Master Mason degree on May 7 , 1804 . On June 24 , 1805 , he was admitted as Charter member of the Lodge of Amity 105 ( later No.5 ) , Zanesville . He served as the first Worshipful Master of the Lodge of Amity in 1806 . Cass was one of the founders of the Grand Lodge of Ohio , representing the Lodge of Amity at the first meeting on January 4 , 1808 . He was elected Deputy Grand Master on January 5 , 1809 , and Grand Master on January 3 , 1810 , January 8 , 1811 , and January 8 , 1812 . War of 1812 . When the War of 1812 began against the United Kingdom , Cass took command of the 3rd Ohio Volunteer Regiment . He became colonel of the 27th United States Infantry Regiment on February 20 , 1813 . Soon after , he was promoted to brigadier general in the Regular Army on March 12 , 1813 . Cass took part in the Battle of the Thames , a defeat of British and Native Indian forces . Cass resigned from the Army on May 1 , 1814 . Territorial Governor of Michigan . As a reward for his military service , Cass was appointed Governor of the Michigan Territory by President James Madison on October 29 , 1813 , serving until 1831 . As he was frequently traveling on business , several territorial secretaries often acted as governor in his place . During this period , he helped negotiate and implement treaties with Native American tribes in Michigan , by which they ceded substantial amounts of land . Some were given small reservations in the territory . In 1817 , Cass was one of the two commissioners ( along with Duncan McArthur ) , who negotiated the Treaty of Fort Meigs , which was signed on September 29 with several Native American tribes of the region , under which they ceded large amounts of territory to the United States . This helped open up areas of Michigan to settlement by Euro-Americans . That same year , Cass was named to serve as Secretary of War under President James Monroe , but he declined the appointment . In 1820 , Cass led an expedition to the northwestern part of Michigan Territory , in the Great Lakes region in todays northern Minnesota . Its purpose was to map the region and locate the source of the Mississippi River . The headwater of the great river was then unknown , resulting in an undefined border between the United States and British North America , which had been linked to the river . The Cass expedition erroneously identified what became known as Cass Lake as the Mississippis source . It was not until 1832 that Henry Rowe Schoolcraft , the Cass expeditions geologist , identified nearby Lake Itasca as the headwater of the Mississippi . Secretary of War . On August 1 , 1831 , Cass resigned as governor of the Michigan Territory to take the post of Secretary of War under President Andrew Jackson , a position he would hold until 1836 . Cass was a central figure in implementing the Indian removal policy of the Jackson administration ; Congress had passed the Indian Removal Act in 1830 . While it was directed chiefly against the Southeastern tribes , especially the Five Civilized Tribes , it also affected tribes in Ohio , Illinois , and other areas east of the Mississippi River . Most were forced to Indian Territory in present-day Kansas and Oklahoma , but a number of bands negotiated being allowed to remain in Michigan . U.S . Minister to France . At the end of his term , President Jackson appointed Cass to succeed Edward Livingston as the U.S . Minister to France on October 4 , 1836 . He presented his credentials on December 1 , 1836 , and served until he left his post on November 12 , 1842 , when he was succeeded by William R . King , who later became the 13th Vice President of the United States under President Franklin Pierce . Presidential ambitions and U.S . Senate . In the 1844 Democratic convention Cass stood as a candidate for the presidential nomination , losing on the 9th ballot to dark horse candidate James K . Polk . Cass was elected by the state legislature to represent Michigan in the United States Senate , serving in 1845-48 . He served as chairman of the Committee on Military Affairs in the 30th Congress . In 1848 , he resigned from the Senate to run for president in the 1848 election . William Orlando Butler was selected as his running mate . Cass was a leading supporter of the doctrine of popular sovereignty , which held that the American citizens who lived in a territory should decide whether to permit slavery there . His nomination caused a split in the Democratic Party , leading many antislavery Northern Democrats to join the Free Soil Party , which nominated former President Martin Van Buren . After losing the election to Zachary Taylor , Cass was returned by the state legislature to the Senate , serving from 1849 to 57 . He was the first non-incumbent Democratic presidential candidate to lose an election and the first Democrat who was unsuccessful in his bid to succeed another Democrat as President . Apart from James Buchanans election to succeed Franklin Pierce in 1856 , subsequent Democrats who attempted election to succeed another Democrat as President all failed in their bid to do so . Cass made another bid for president in 1852 but neither he nor rival Democratic contenders Buchanan and Stephen Douglas secured a majority of delegates votes at the Democratic Convention in Baltimore , and the party went with Franklin Pierce instead . U.S . Secretary of State . On March 6 , 1857 , President James Buchanan appointed Cass to serve as Secretary of State as a consolation prize for his previous presidential runs . Although retaining incumbent Secretary of State William L . Marcy was considered the best option by many , Buchanan made it clear that he did not want to keep anyone from the Pierce Administration . Moreover , Marcy had opposed his earlier presidential bids , and was in poor health in any event , ultimately dying in July 1857 . Cass , aged 75 , was seen by most as too old for such a demanding position and was thought to be likely be little more than a figurehead . Buchanan , weighing many of the other options for Secretary of State , considered that Cass was the best choice to avoid political infighting and sectional tensions . Buchanan , who did not particularly like Cass , nonetheless wrote a flattering letter offering him the post of Secretary of State , commenting that he was remarkably active and energetic for his advanced age . Cass , who was retiring from the Senate , but not eager to leave Washington and return home to Michigan , immediately accepted . Aware of his age and physical limitations , Cass agreed to delegate most of his powers as Secretary of State to an Assistant Secretary of State or the president himself . He also promised to refrain from making anti-British remarks in public ( having served in the War of 1812 , Cass had a low opinion of London ) . Most assumed Cass was a temporary Secretary of State until a younger , more fit man could be found , however , he ultimately served for all but the final four months of Buchanans administration . As expected , the aged Cass largely delegated major decision-making to subordinates , but eagerly signed his name on papers and dispatches penned by them . While sympathetic to American filibusters in Central America , he was instrumental in having Commodore Hiram Paulding removed from command for his landing of Marines in Nicaragua and compelling the extradition of William Walker to the United States . Cass attempted to buy more land from Mexico , but faced opposition from both Mexico and congressional leaders . He also negotiated a final settlement to the Clayton–Bulwer Treaty , limiting U.S . and British control of Latin American countries . The chiefs of Raiatea and Tahaa in the South Pacific , refusing to accept the rule of King Tamatoa V , unsuccessfully petitioned the United States to accept the islands under a protectorate in June 1858 . Cass resigned on December 14 , 1860 , because of what he considered Buchanans failure to protect federal interests in the South and failure to mobilize the federal military , actions that might have averted the threatened secession of Southern states . Personal life . On May 26 , 1806 , Cass married Elizabeth Spencer ( 1786–1853 ) , the daughter of Dr . Joseph Spencer Jr . and Deborah ( née Seldon ) Spencer . Her paternal grandfather was Joseph Spencer , a Continental Congressman who was a major general in the Continental Army . Lewis and Elizabeth were the parents of seven children , five of whom lived past infancy : - Isabella Cass ( 1805–1879 ) , who married Theodorus Marinus Roest van Limburg , a Dutch journalist , diplomat , and politician . - Elizabeth Selden Cass ( 1812–1832 ) - Lewis Cass , Jr . ( 1814–1878 ) , who served as an army officer and as U.S . Chargé dAffaires and Minister to the Papal States . - Mary Sophia Cass ( 1812–1882 ) , who married Army officer Augustus Canfield , an officer of the Corps of Topographical Engineers . - Matilda Frances Cass ( 1818–1898 ) , who married Henry Ledyard , the mayor of Detroit . - Ellen Cass ( 1821–1824 ) , who died young . - Spencer Cass ( 1828-1828 ) , who died in infancy . Cass died on June 17 , 1866 , in Detroit , Michigan . He is buried in Elmwood Cemetery in Detroit , Michigan . Descendants . Through his daughter Matilda , he was the grandfather of Elizabeth Cass Ledyard ( wife of Francis Wayland Goddard ) ; Henry Brockholst Ledyard Jr . ( who was president of the Michigan Central Railroad ) ; Susan Livingston Ledyard ( wife of Hamilton Bullock Tompkins ) ; Lewis Cass Ledyard ( a prominent lawyer with Carter Ledyard & Milburn who was the personal counsel of J . Pierpont Morgan ) ; and Matilda Spancer Ledyard . Casss great-great grandson , Republican Thomas Cass Ballenger , represented North Carolinas 10th Congressional District from 1986 to 2005 . Commemoration . - A statue of Cass is one of the two that were submitted by Michigan to the National Statuary Hall collection in the U.S . Capitol in Washington , D.C . It stands in the National Statuary Hall room . ( The other statue is of President Gerald Ford , the only U.S . president to come from Michigan. ) - The Liberty ship - He is the eponym of the village of Casstown , Ohio , the community of Cassville , West Virginia , Cassopolis , Michigan , and Cass County , Michigan , as well as Cass City , Michigan , and the Cass River that runs around the surrounding area . - Cass Avenue in Detroit . Cass Avenue in Mt . Clemens . - The Lewis Cass Legacy Society , which supports The Michigan Masonic Charitable Foundation , was named for his support of Michigan Freemasonry . - Bartow County , Georgia was originally named Cass County after Lewis Cass , but was changed in 1861 after Francis Bartow died as a Confederate war hero and due to Casss alleged opposition to slavery , even though he was an advocate of states rights via the doctrine of popular sovereignty . Cassville , Georgia is an unincorporated community in the same county , was originally the county seat before the name was changed from Cass County . The seat was moved to Cartersville , Georgia after General Sherman destroyed Cassville in his Atlanta Campaign of 1864 . - Cass Technical High School in Detroit , Cass High School in Bartow County , Georgia , Lewis Cass High School in Walton , Indiana , and Lewis Cass Elementary in Livonia , Michigan were named in honor of Lewis Cass . - Cass Street in Milwaukee , WI was named in honor of Lewis Cass . - The Lewis Cass Building , a principal state office building in the Lansing , Michigan capitol government complex . It was renamed on June 30 , 2020 to the Elliott-Larsen Building . - Lewis Cass is the namesake of counties in the following states : Indiana , Iowa , Minnesota , Missouri , Nebraska , Illinois , Michigan , and Texas . However , Cass County , North Dakota , was named for his nephew . - Lewis Cass is the namesake of Cass Street in Green Bay , Wisconsin . Other honors and memberships . - Elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society in 1820 . - Elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 1826 .
|
[
""
] |
[
{
"text": " Lewis Cass ( October 9 , 1782June 17 , 1866 ) was an American military officer , politician , and statesman . He represented Michigan in the United States Senate and served in the Cabinets of two U.S . Presidents , Andrew Jackson and James Buchanan . He was also the 1848 Democratic presidential nominee and a leading spokesman for the Doctrine of Popular Sovereignty , which held that the people in each territory should decide whether to permit slavery .",
"title": "Lewis Cass"
},
{
"text": "Born in Exeter , New Hampshire , he attended Phillips Exeter Academy before establishing a legal practice in Zanesville , Ohio . After serving in the Ohio House of Representatives , he was appointed as a U.S . Marshal . Cass also joined the Freemasons and would eventually co-found the Grand Lodge of Michigan . He fought at the Battle of the Thames in the War of 1812 and was appointed to govern Michigan Territory in 1813 . He negotiated treaties with Native Americans to open land for American settlement and led a survey expedition into the northwest part of",
"title": "Lewis Cass"
},
{
"text": "the territory .",
"title": "Lewis Cass"
},
{
"text": "Cass resigned as governor in 1831 to accept appointment as Secretary of War under Andrew Jackson . As Secretary of War , he helped implement Jacksons policy of Indian removal . After serving as ambassador to France from 1836 to 1842 , he unsuccessfully sought the presidential nomination at the 1844 Democratic National Convention ; a deadlock between supporters of Cass and former President Martin Van Buren ended with the nomination of James K . Polk . In 1845 , the Michigan Legislature elected Cass to the Senate , where he served until 1848 . Casss nomination at the 1848",
"title": "Lewis Cass"
},
{
"text": "Democratic National Convention precipitated a split in the party , as Casss advocacy for popular sovereignty alienated the anti-slavery wing of the party . Van Buren led the Free Soil Partys presidential ticket and appealed to many anti-slavery Democrats , possibly contributing to the victory of Whig nominee Zachary Taylor .",
"title": "Lewis Cass"
},
{
"text": " Cass returned to the Senate in 1849 and continued to serve until 1857 when he accepted appointment as the Secretary of State . He unsuccessfully sought to buy land from Mexico and sympathized with American filibusters in Latin America . Cass resigned from the Cabinet in December 1860 in protest of Buchanans handling of the threatened secession of several Southern states . Since his death in 1866 , he has been commemorated in various ways , including with a statue in the National Statuary Hall .",
"title": "Lewis Cass"
},
{
"text": " Cass was born on October 9 , 1782 , in Exeter , New Hampshire , just after the end of the American Revolution . His parents were Molly ( née Gilman ) Cass and Major Jonathan Cass , a Revolutionary War veteran who fought under General George Washington at Bunker Hill .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Cass attended the private Phillips Exeter Academy . In 1800 , the family moved to Marietta , Ohio , part of a wave of westward migration after the end of the war and defeat of Native Americans in the Northwest Indian War . Cass studied law with Return J . Meigs Jr. , was admitted to the bar , and began a practice in Zanesville .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " In 1806 , Cass was elected to the Ohio House of Representatives . The following year , President Thomas Jefferson appointed Cass as the U.S . Marshal for Ohio .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "He joined the Freemasons , an increasingly popular fraternal organization in that period , being initiated as an Entered Apprentice in what was later American Union Lodge No.1 at Marietta on December 5 , 1803 . He achieved his Fellow Craft degree on April 2 , 1804 , and his Master Mason degree on May 7 , 1804 . On June 24 , 1805 , he was admitted as Charter member of the Lodge of Amity 105 ( later No.5 ) , Zanesville . He served as the first Worshipful Master of the Lodge of Amity in 1806 . Cass",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "was one of the founders of the Grand Lodge of Ohio , representing the Lodge of Amity at the first meeting on January 4 , 1808 . He was elected Deputy Grand Master on January 5 , 1809 , and Grand Master on January 3 , 1810 , January 8 , 1811 , and January 8 , 1812 .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " When the War of 1812 began against the United Kingdom , Cass took command of the 3rd Ohio Volunteer Regiment . He became colonel of the 27th United States Infantry Regiment on February 20 , 1813 . Soon after , he was promoted to brigadier general in the Regular Army on March 12 , 1813 . Cass took part in the Battle of the Thames , a defeat of British and Native Indian forces . Cass resigned from the Army on May 1 , 1814 . Territorial Governor of Michigan .",
"title": "War of 1812"
},
{
"text": "As a reward for his military service , Cass was appointed Governor of the Michigan Territory by President James Madison on October 29 , 1813 , serving until 1831 . As he was frequently traveling on business , several territorial secretaries often acted as governor in his place . During this period , he helped negotiate and implement treaties with Native American tribes in Michigan , by which they ceded substantial amounts of land . Some were given small reservations in the territory .",
"title": "War of 1812"
},
{
"text": " In 1817 , Cass was one of the two commissioners ( along with Duncan McArthur ) , who negotiated the Treaty of Fort Meigs , which was signed on September 29 with several Native American tribes of the region , under which they ceded large amounts of territory to the United States . This helped open up areas of Michigan to settlement by Euro-Americans . That same year , Cass was named to serve as Secretary of War under President James Monroe , but he declined the appointment .",
"title": "War of 1812"
},
{
"text": "In 1820 , Cass led an expedition to the northwestern part of Michigan Territory , in the Great Lakes region in todays northern Minnesota . Its purpose was to map the region and locate the source of the Mississippi River . The headwater of the great river was then unknown , resulting in an undefined border between the United States and British North America , which had been linked to the river . The Cass expedition erroneously identified what became known as Cass Lake as the Mississippis source . It was not until 1832 that Henry Rowe Schoolcraft , the",
"title": "War of 1812"
},
{
"text": "Cass expeditions geologist , identified nearby Lake Itasca as the headwater of the Mississippi .",
"title": "War of 1812"
},
{
"text": "On August 1 , 1831 , Cass resigned as governor of the Michigan Territory to take the post of Secretary of War under President Andrew Jackson , a position he would hold until 1836 . Cass was a central figure in implementing the Indian removal policy of the Jackson administration ; Congress had passed the Indian Removal Act in 1830 . While it was directed chiefly against the Southeastern tribes , especially the Five Civilized Tribes , it also affected tribes in Ohio , Illinois , and other areas east of the Mississippi River . Most were forced to Indian",
"title": "Secretary of War"
},
{
"text": "Territory in present-day Kansas and Oklahoma , but a number of bands negotiated being allowed to remain in Michigan .",
"title": "Secretary of War"
},
{
"text": " U.S . Minister to France . At the end of his term , President Jackson appointed Cass to succeed Edward Livingston as the U.S . Minister to France on October 4 , 1836 . He presented his credentials on December 1 , 1836 , and served until he left his post on November 12 , 1842 , when he was succeeded by William R . King , who later became the 13th Vice President of the United States under President Franklin Pierce . Presidential ambitions and U.S . Senate .",
"title": "Secretary of War"
},
{
"text": "In the 1844 Democratic convention Cass stood as a candidate for the presidential nomination , losing on the 9th ballot to dark horse candidate James K . Polk .",
"title": "Secretary of War"
},
{
"text": " Cass was elected by the state legislature to represent Michigan in the United States Senate , serving in 1845-48 . He served as chairman of the Committee on Military Affairs in the 30th Congress .",
"title": "Secretary of War"
},
{
"text": "In 1848 , he resigned from the Senate to run for president in the 1848 election . William Orlando Butler was selected as his running mate . Cass was a leading supporter of the doctrine of popular sovereignty , which held that the American citizens who lived in a territory should decide whether to permit slavery there . His nomination caused a split in the Democratic Party , leading many antislavery Northern Democrats to join the Free Soil Party , which nominated former President Martin Van Buren .",
"title": "Secretary of War"
},
{
"text": " After losing the election to Zachary Taylor , Cass was returned by the state legislature to the Senate , serving from 1849 to 57 . He was the first non-incumbent Democratic presidential candidate to lose an election and the first Democrat who was unsuccessful in his bid to succeed another Democrat as President . Apart from James Buchanans election to succeed Franklin Pierce in 1856 , subsequent Democrats who attempted election to succeed another Democrat as President all failed in their bid to do so .",
"title": "Secretary of War"
},
{
"text": "Cass made another bid for president in 1852 but neither he nor rival Democratic contenders Buchanan and Stephen Douglas secured a majority of delegates votes at the Democratic Convention in Baltimore , and the party went with Franklin Pierce instead .",
"title": "Secretary of War"
},
{
"text": "On March 6 , 1857 , President James Buchanan appointed Cass to serve as Secretary of State as a consolation prize for his previous presidential runs . Although retaining incumbent Secretary of State William L . Marcy was considered the best option by many , Buchanan made it clear that he did not want to keep anyone from the Pierce Administration . Moreover , Marcy had opposed his earlier presidential bids , and was in poor health in any event , ultimately dying in July 1857 . Cass , aged 75 , was seen by most as too old for",
"title": "Secretary of War"
},
{
"text": "such a demanding position and was thought to be likely be little more than a figurehead . Buchanan , weighing many of the other options for Secretary of State , considered that Cass was the best choice to avoid political infighting and sectional tensions . Buchanan , who did not particularly like Cass , nonetheless wrote a flattering letter offering him the post of Secretary of State , commenting that he was remarkably active and energetic for his advanced age . Cass , who was retiring from the Senate , but not eager to leave Washington and return home to",
"title": "Secretary of War"
},
{
"text": "Michigan , immediately accepted .",
"title": "Secretary of War"
},
{
"text": "Aware of his age and physical limitations , Cass agreed to delegate most of his powers as Secretary of State to an Assistant Secretary of State or the president himself . He also promised to refrain from making anti-British remarks in public ( having served in the War of 1812 , Cass had a low opinion of London ) . Most assumed Cass was a temporary Secretary of State until a younger , more fit man could be found , however , he ultimately served for all but the final four months of Buchanans administration . As expected , the",
"title": "Secretary of War"
},
{
"text": "aged Cass largely delegated major decision-making to subordinates , but eagerly signed his name on papers and dispatches penned by them .",
"title": "Secretary of War"
},
{
"text": "While sympathetic to American filibusters in Central America , he was instrumental in having Commodore Hiram Paulding removed from command for his landing of Marines in Nicaragua and compelling the extradition of William Walker to the United States . Cass attempted to buy more land from Mexico , but faced opposition from both Mexico and congressional leaders . He also negotiated a final settlement to the Clayton–Bulwer Treaty , limiting U.S . and British control of Latin American countries . The chiefs of Raiatea and Tahaa in the South Pacific , refusing to accept the rule of King Tamatoa V",
"title": "Secretary of War"
},
{
"text": ", unsuccessfully petitioned the United States to accept the islands under a protectorate in June 1858 .",
"title": "Secretary of War"
},
{
"text": " Cass resigned on December 14 , 1860 , because of what he considered Buchanans failure to protect federal interests in the South and failure to mobilize the federal military , actions that might have averted the threatened secession of Southern states .",
"title": "Secretary of War"
},
{
"text": " On May 26 , 1806 , Cass married Elizabeth Spencer ( 1786–1853 ) , the daughter of Dr . Joseph Spencer Jr . and Deborah ( née Seldon ) Spencer . Her paternal grandfather was Joseph Spencer , a Continental Congressman who was a major general in the Continental Army . Lewis and Elizabeth were the parents of seven children , five of whom lived past infancy : - Isabella Cass ( 1805–1879 ) , who married Theodorus Marinus Roest van Limburg , a Dutch journalist , diplomat , and politician . - Elizabeth Selden Cass ( 1812–1832 )",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "- Lewis Cass , Jr . ( 1814–1878 ) , who served as an army officer and as U.S . Chargé dAffaires and Minister to the Papal States .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " - Mary Sophia Cass ( 1812–1882 ) , who married Army officer Augustus Canfield , an officer of the Corps of Topographical Engineers . - Matilda Frances Cass ( 1818–1898 ) , who married Henry Ledyard , the mayor of Detroit . - Ellen Cass ( 1821–1824 ) , who died young . - Spencer Cass ( 1828-1828 ) , who died in infancy . Cass died on June 17 , 1866 , in Detroit , Michigan . He is buried in Elmwood Cemetery in Detroit , Michigan .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " Through his daughter Matilda , he was the grandfather of Elizabeth Cass Ledyard ( wife of Francis Wayland Goddard ) ; Henry Brockholst Ledyard Jr . ( who was president of the Michigan Central Railroad ) ; Susan Livingston Ledyard ( wife of Hamilton Bullock Tompkins ) ; Lewis Cass Ledyard ( a prominent lawyer with Carter Ledyard & Milburn who was the personal counsel of J . Pierpont Morgan ) ; and Matilda Spancer Ledyard . Casss great-great grandson , Republican Thomas Cass Ballenger , represented North Carolinas 10th Congressional District from 1986 to 2005 .",
"title": "Descendants"
},
{
"text": " - A statue of Cass is one of the two that were submitted by Michigan to the National Statuary Hall collection in the U.S . Capitol in Washington , D.C . It stands in the National Statuary Hall room . ( The other statue is of President Gerald Ford , the only U.S . president to come from Michigan. ) - The Liberty ship",
"title": "Commemoration"
},
{
"text": "- He is the eponym of the village of Casstown , Ohio , the community of Cassville , West Virginia , Cassopolis , Michigan , and Cass County , Michigan , as well as Cass City , Michigan , and the Cass River that runs around the surrounding area .",
"title": "Commemoration"
},
{
"text": " - Cass Avenue in Detroit . Cass Avenue in Mt . Clemens . - The Lewis Cass Legacy Society , which supports The Michigan Masonic Charitable Foundation , was named for his support of Michigan Freemasonry .",
"title": "Commemoration"
},
{
"text": "- Bartow County , Georgia was originally named Cass County after Lewis Cass , but was changed in 1861 after Francis Bartow died as a Confederate war hero and due to Casss alleged opposition to slavery , even though he was an advocate of states rights via the doctrine of popular sovereignty . Cassville , Georgia is an unincorporated community in the same county , was originally the county seat before the name was changed from Cass County . The seat was moved to Cartersville , Georgia after General Sherman destroyed Cassville in his Atlanta Campaign of 1864 .",
"title": "Commemoration"
},
{
"text": " - Cass Technical High School in Detroit , Cass High School in Bartow County , Georgia , Lewis Cass High School in Walton , Indiana , and Lewis Cass Elementary in Livonia , Michigan were named in honor of Lewis Cass . - Cass Street in Milwaukee , WI was named in honor of Lewis Cass . - The Lewis Cass Building , a principal state office building in the Lansing , Michigan capitol government complex . It was renamed on June 30 , 2020 to the Elliott-Larsen Building .",
"title": "Commemoration"
},
{
"text": "- Lewis Cass is the namesake of counties in the following states : Indiana , Iowa , Minnesota , Missouri , Nebraska , Illinois , Michigan , and Texas . However , Cass County , North Dakota , was named for his nephew .",
"title": "Commemoration"
},
{
"text": " - Lewis Cass is the namesake of Cass Street in Green Bay , Wisconsin . Other honors and memberships . - Elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society in 1820 . - Elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 1826 .",
"title": "Commemoration"
}
] |
/wiki/Lewis_Cass#P39#6
|
Which position did Lewis Cass hold in Oct 1859?
|
Lewis Cass Lewis Cass ( October 9 , 1782June 17 , 1866 ) was an American military officer , politician , and statesman . He represented Michigan in the United States Senate and served in the Cabinets of two U.S . Presidents , Andrew Jackson and James Buchanan . He was also the 1848 Democratic presidential nominee and a leading spokesman for the Doctrine of Popular Sovereignty , which held that the people in each territory should decide whether to permit slavery . Born in Exeter , New Hampshire , he attended Phillips Exeter Academy before establishing a legal practice in Zanesville , Ohio . After serving in the Ohio House of Representatives , he was appointed as a U.S . Marshal . Cass also joined the Freemasons and would eventually co-found the Grand Lodge of Michigan . He fought at the Battle of the Thames in the War of 1812 and was appointed to govern Michigan Territory in 1813 . He negotiated treaties with Native Americans to open land for American settlement and led a survey expedition into the northwest part of the territory . Cass resigned as governor in 1831 to accept appointment as Secretary of War under Andrew Jackson . As Secretary of War , he helped implement Jacksons policy of Indian removal . After serving as ambassador to France from 1836 to 1842 , he unsuccessfully sought the presidential nomination at the 1844 Democratic National Convention ; a deadlock between supporters of Cass and former President Martin Van Buren ended with the nomination of James K . Polk . In 1845 , the Michigan Legislature elected Cass to the Senate , where he served until 1848 . Casss nomination at the 1848 Democratic National Convention precipitated a split in the party , as Casss advocacy for popular sovereignty alienated the anti-slavery wing of the party . Van Buren led the Free Soil Partys presidential ticket and appealed to many anti-slavery Democrats , possibly contributing to the victory of Whig nominee Zachary Taylor . Cass returned to the Senate in 1849 and continued to serve until 1857 when he accepted appointment as the Secretary of State . He unsuccessfully sought to buy land from Mexico and sympathized with American filibusters in Latin America . Cass resigned from the Cabinet in December 1860 in protest of Buchanans handling of the threatened secession of several Southern states . Since his death in 1866 , he has been commemorated in various ways , including with a statue in the National Statuary Hall . Early life . Cass was born on October 9 , 1782 , in Exeter , New Hampshire , just after the end of the American Revolution . His parents were Molly ( née Gilman ) Cass and Major Jonathan Cass , a Revolutionary War veteran who fought under General George Washington at Bunker Hill . Cass attended the private Phillips Exeter Academy . In 1800 , the family moved to Marietta , Ohio , part of a wave of westward migration after the end of the war and defeat of Native Americans in the Northwest Indian War . Cass studied law with Return J . Meigs Jr. , was admitted to the bar , and began a practice in Zanesville . Career . In 1806 , Cass was elected to the Ohio House of Representatives . The following year , President Thomas Jefferson appointed Cass as the U.S . Marshal for Ohio . He joined the Freemasons , an increasingly popular fraternal organization in that period , being initiated as an Entered Apprentice in what was later American Union Lodge No.1 at Marietta on December 5 , 1803 . He achieved his Fellow Craft degree on April 2 , 1804 , and his Master Mason degree on May 7 , 1804 . On June 24 , 1805 , he was admitted as Charter member of the Lodge of Amity 105 ( later No.5 ) , Zanesville . He served as the first Worshipful Master of the Lodge of Amity in 1806 . Cass was one of the founders of the Grand Lodge of Ohio , representing the Lodge of Amity at the first meeting on January 4 , 1808 . He was elected Deputy Grand Master on January 5 , 1809 , and Grand Master on January 3 , 1810 , January 8 , 1811 , and January 8 , 1812 . War of 1812 . When the War of 1812 began against the United Kingdom , Cass took command of the 3rd Ohio Volunteer Regiment . He became colonel of the 27th United States Infantry Regiment on February 20 , 1813 . Soon after , he was promoted to brigadier general in the Regular Army on March 12 , 1813 . Cass took part in the Battle of the Thames , a defeat of British and Native Indian forces . Cass resigned from the Army on May 1 , 1814 . Territorial Governor of Michigan . As a reward for his military service , Cass was appointed Governor of the Michigan Territory by President James Madison on October 29 , 1813 , serving until 1831 . As he was frequently traveling on business , several territorial secretaries often acted as governor in his place . During this period , he helped negotiate and implement treaties with Native American tribes in Michigan , by which they ceded substantial amounts of land . Some were given small reservations in the territory . In 1817 , Cass was one of the two commissioners ( along with Duncan McArthur ) , who negotiated the Treaty of Fort Meigs , which was signed on September 29 with several Native American tribes of the region , under which they ceded large amounts of territory to the United States . This helped open up areas of Michigan to settlement by Euro-Americans . That same year , Cass was named to serve as Secretary of War under President James Monroe , but he declined the appointment . In 1820 , Cass led an expedition to the northwestern part of Michigan Territory , in the Great Lakes region in todays northern Minnesota . Its purpose was to map the region and locate the source of the Mississippi River . The headwater of the great river was then unknown , resulting in an undefined border between the United States and British North America , which had been linked to the river . The Cass expedition erroneously identified what became known as Cass Lake as the Mississippis source . It was not until 1832 that Henry Rowe Schoolcraft , the Cass expeditions geologist , identified nearby Lake Itasca as the headwater of the Mississippi . Secretary of War . On August 1 , 1831 , Cass resigned as governor of the Michigan Territory to take the post of Secretary of War under President Andrew Jackson , a position he would hold until 1836 . Cass was a central figure in implementing the Indian removal policy of the Jackson administration ; Congress had passed the Indian Removal Act in 1830 . While it was directed chiefly against the Southeastern tribes , especially the Five Civilized Tribes , it also affected tribes in Ohio , Illinois , and other areas east of the Mississippi River . Most were forced to Indian Territory in present-day Kansas and Oklahoma , but a number of bands negotiated being allowed to remain in Michigan . U.S . Minister to France . At the end of his term , President Jackson appointed Cass to succeed Edward Livingston as the U.S . Minister to France on October 4 , 1836 . He presented his credentials on December 1 , 1836 , and served until he left his post on November 12 , 1842 , when he was succeeded by William R . King , who later became the 13th Vice President of the United States under President Franklin Pierce . Presidential ambitions and U.S . Senate . In the 1844 Democratic convention Cass stood as a candidate for the presidential nomination , losing on the 9th ballot to dark horse candidate James K . Polk . Cass was elected by the state legislature to represent Michigan in the United States Senate , serving in 1845-48 . He served as chairman of the Committee on Military Affairs in the 30th Congress . In 1848 , he resigned from the Senate to run for president in the 1848 election . William Orlando Butler was selected as his running mate . Cass was a leading supporter of the doctrine of popular sovereignty , which held that the American citizens who lived in a territory should decide whether to permit slavery there . His nomination caused a split in the Democratic Party , leading many antislavery Northern Democrats to join the Free Soil Party , which nominated former President Martin Van Buren . After losing the election to Zachary Taylor , Cass was returned by the state legislature to the Senate , serving from 1849 to 57 . He was the first non-incumbent Democratic presidential candidate to lose an election and the first Democrat who was unsuccessful in his bid to succeed another Democrat as President . Apart from James Buchanans election to succeed Franklin Pierce in 1856 , subsequent Democrats who attempted election to succeed another Democrat as President all failed in their bid to do so . Cass made another bid for president in 1852 but neither he nor rival Democratic contenders Buchanan and Stephen Douglas secured a majority of delegates votes at the Democratic Convention in Baltimore , and the party went with Franklin Pierce instead . U.S . Secretary of State . On March 6 , 1857 , President James Buchanan appointed Cass to serve as Secretary of State as a consolation prize for his previous presidential runs . Although retaining incumbent Secretary of State William L . Marcy was considered the best option by many , Buchanan made it clear that he did not want to keep anyone from the Pierce Administration . Moreover , Marcy had opposed his earlier presidential bids , and was in poor health in any event , ultimately dying in July 1857 . Cass , aged 75 , was seen by most as too old for such a demanding position and was thought to be likely be little more than a figurehead . Buchanan , weighing many of the other options for Secretary of State , considered that Cass was the best choice to avoid political infighting and sectional tensions . Buchanan , who did not particularly like Cass , nonetheless wrote a flattering letter offering him the post of Secretary of State , commenting that he was remarkably active and energetic for his advanced age . Cass , who was retiring from the Senate , but not eager to leave Washington and return home to Michigan , immediately accepted . Aware of his age and physical limitations , Cass agreed to delegate most of his powers as Secretary of State to an Assistant Secretary of State or the president himself . He also promised to refrain from making anti-British remarks in public ( having served in the War of 1812 , Cass had a low opinion of London ) . Most assumed Cass was a temporary Secretary of State until a younger , more fit man could be found , however , he ultimately served for all but the final four months of Buchanans administration . As expected , the aged Cass largely delegated major decision-making to subordinates , but eagerly signed his name on papers and dispatches penned by them . While sympathetic to American filibusters in Central America , he was instrumental in having Commodore Hiram Paulding removed from command for his landing of Marines in Nicaragua and compelling the extradition of William Walker to the United States . Cass attempted to buy more land from Mexico , but faced opposition from both Mexico and congressional leaders . He also negotiated a final settlement to the Clayton–Bulwer Treaty , limiting U.S . and British control of Latin American countries . The chiefs of Raiatea and Tahaa in the South Pacific , refusing to accept the rule of King Tamatoa V , unsuccessfully petitioned the United States to accept the islands under a protectorate in June 1858 . Cass resigned on December 14 , 1860 , because of what he considered Buchanans failure to protect federal interests in the South and failure to mobilize the federal military , actions that might have averted the threatened secession of Southern states . Personal life . On May 26 , 1806 , Cass married Elizabeth Spencer ( 1786–1853 ) , the daughter of Dr . Joseph Spencer Jr . and Deborah ( née Seldon ) Spencer . Her paternal grandfather was Joseph Spencer , a Continental Congressman who was a major general in the Continental Army . Lewis and Elizabeth were the parents of seven children , five of whom lived past infancy : - Isabella Cass ( 1805–1879 ) , who married Theodorus Marinus Roest van Limburg , a Dutch journalist , diplomat , and politician . - Elizabeth Selden Cass ( 1812–1832 ) - Lewis Cass , Jr . ( 1814–1878 ) , who served as an army officer and as U.S . Chargé dAffaires and Minister to the Papal States . - Mary Sophia Cass ( 1812–1882 ) , who married Army officer Augustus Canfield , an officer of the Corps of Topographical Engineers . - Matilda Frances Cass ( 1818–1898 ) , who married Henry Ledyard , the mayor of Detroit . - Ellen Cass ( 1821–1824 ) , who died young . - Spencer Cass ( 1828-1828 ) , who died in infancy . Cass died on June 17 , 1866 , in Detroit , Michigan . He is buried in Elmwood Cemetery in Detroit , Michigan . Descendants . Through his daughter Matilda , he was the grandfather of Elizabeth Cass Ledyard ( wife of Francis Wayland Goddard ) ; Henry Brockholst Ledyard Jr . ( who was president of the Michigan Central Railroad ) ; Susan Livingston Ledyard ( wife of Hamilton Bullock Tompkins ) ; Lewis Cass Ledyard ( a prominent lawyer with Carter Ledyard & Milburn who was the personal counsel of J . Pierpont Morgan ) ; and Matilda Spancer Ledyard . Casss great-great grandson , Republican Thomas Cass Ballenger , represented North Carolinas 10th Congressional District from 1986 to 2005 . Commemoration . - A statue of Cass is one of the two that were submitted by Michigan to the National Statuary Hall collection in the U.S . Capitol in Washington , D.C . It stands in the National Statuary Hall room . ( The other statue is of President Gerald Ford , the only U.S . president to come from Michigan. ) - The Liberty ship - He is the eponym of the village of Casstown , Ohio , the community of Cassville , West Virginia , Cassopolis , Michigan , and Cass County , Michigan , as well as Cass City , Michigan , and the Cass River that runs around the surrounding area . - Cass Avenue in Detroit . Cass Avenue in Mt . Clemens . - The Lewis Cass Legacy Society , which supports The Michigan Masonic Charitable Foundation , was named for his support of Michigan Freemasonry . - Bartow County , Georgia was originally named Cass County after Lewis Cass , but was changed in 1861 after Francis Bartow died as a Confederate war hero and due to Casss alleged opposition to slavery , even though he was an advocate of states rights via the doctrine of popular sovereignty . Cassville , Georgia is an unincorporated community in the same county , was originally the county seat before the name was changed from Cass County . The seat was moved to Cartersville , Georgia after General Sherman destroyed Cassville in his Atlanta Campaign of 1864 . - Cass Technical High School in Detroit , Cass High School in Bartow County , Georgia , Lewis Cass High School in Walton , Indiana , and Lewis Cass Elementary in Livonia , Michigan were named in honor of Lewis Cass . - Cass Street in Milwaukee , WI was named in honor of Lewis Cass . - The Lewis Cass Building , a principal state office building in the Lansing , Michigan capitol government complex . It was renamed on June 30 , 2020 to the Elliott-Larsen Building . - Lewis Cass is the namesake of counties in the following states : Indiana , Iowa , Minnesota , Missouri , Nebraska , Illinois , Michigan , and Texas . However , Cass County , North Dakota , was named for his nephew . - Lewis Cass is the namesake of Cass Street in Green Bay , Wisconsin . Other honors and memberships . - Elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society in 1820 . - Elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 1826 .
|
[
"Secretary of State"
] |
[
{
"text": " Lewis Cass ( October 9 , 1782June 17 , 1866 ) was an American military officer , politician , and statesman . He represented Michigan in the United States Senate and served in the Cabinets of two U.S . Presidents , Andrew Jackson and James Buchanan . He was also the 1848 Democratic presidential nominee and a leading spokesman for the Doctrine of Popular Sovereignty , which held that the people in each territory should decide whether to permit slavery .",
"title": "Lewis Cass"
},
{
"text": "Born in Exeter , New Hampshire , he attended Phillips Exeter Academy before establishing a legal practice in Zanesville , Ohio . After serving in the Ohio House of Representatives , he was appointed as a U.S . Marshal . Cass also joined the Freemasons and would eventually co-found the Grand Lodge of Michigan . He fought at the Battle of the Thames in the War of 1812 and was appointed to govern Michigan Territory in 1813 . He negotiated treaties with Native Americans to open land for American settlement and led a survey expedition into the northwest part of",
"title": "Lewis Cass"
},
{
"text": "the territory .",
"title": "Lewis Cass"
},
{
"text": "Cass resigned as governor in 1831 to accept appointment as Secretary of War under Andrew Jackson . As Secretary of War , he helped implement Jacksons policy of Indian removal . After serving as ambassador to France from 1836 to 1842 , he unsuccessfully sought the presidential nomination at the 1844 Democratic National Convention ; a deadlock between supporters of Cass and former President Martin Van Buren ended with the nomination of James K . Polk . In 1845 , the Michigan Legislature elected Cass to the Senate , where he served until 1848 . Casss nomination at the 1848",
"title": "Lewis Cass"
},
{
"text": "Democratic National Convention precipitated a split in the party , as Casss advocacy for popular sovereignty alienated the anti-slavery wing of the party . Van Buren led the Free Soil Partys presidential ticket and appealed to many anti-slavery Democrats , possibly contributing to the victory of Whig nominee Zachary Taylor .",
"title": "Lewis Cass"
},
{
"text": " Cass returned to the Senate in 1849 and continued to serve until 1857 when he accepted appointment as the Secretary of State . He unsuccessfully sought to buy land from Mexico and sympathized with American filibusters in Latin America . Cass resigned from the Cabinet in December 1860 in protest of Buchanans handling of the threatened secession of several Southern states . Since his death in 1866 , he has been commemorated in various ways , including with a statue in the National Statuary Hall .",
"title": "Lewis Cass"
},
{
"text": " Cass was born on October 9 , 1782 , in Exeter , New Hampshire , just after the end of the American Revolution . His parents were Molly ( née Gilman ) Cass and Major Jonathan Cass , a Revolutionary War veteran who fought under General George Washington at Bunker Hill .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Cass attended the private Phillips Exeter Academy . In 1800 , the family moved to Marietta , Ohio , part of a wave of westward migration after the end of the war and defeat of Native Americans in the Northwest Indian War . Cass studied law with Return J . Meigs Jr. , was admitted to the bar , and began a practice in Zanesville .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " In 1806 , Cass was elected to the Ohio House of Representatives . The following year , President Thomas Jefferson appointed Cass as the U.S . Marshal for Ohio .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "He joined the Freemasons , an increasingly popular fraternal organization in that period , being initiated as an Entered Apprentice in what was later American Union Lodge No.1 at Marietta on December 5 , 1803 . He achieved his Fellow Craft degree on April 2 , 1804 , and his Master Mason degree on May 7 , 1804 . On June 24 , 1805 , he was admitted as Charter member of the Lodge of Amity 105 ( later No.5 ) , Zanesville . He served as the first Worshipful Master of the Lodge of Amity in 1806 . Cass",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "was one of the founders of the Grand Lodge of Ohio , representing the Lodge of Amity at the first meeting on January 4 , 1808 . He was elected Deputy Grand Master on January 5 , 1809 , and Grand Master on January 3 , 1810 , January 8 , 1811 , and January 8 , 1812 .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " When the War of 1812 began against the United Kingdom , Cass took command of the 3rd Ohio Volunteer Regiment . He became colonel of the 27th United States Infantry Regiment on February 20 , 1813 . Soon after , he was promoted to brigadier general in the Regular Army on March 12 , 1813 . Cass took part in the Battle of the Thames , a defeat of British and Native Indian forces . Cass resigned from the Army on May 1 , 1814 . Territorial Governor of Michigan .",
"title": "War of 1812"
},
{
"text": "As a reward for his military service , Cass was appointed Governor of the Michigan Territory by President James Madison on October 29 , 1813 , serving until 1831 . As he was frequently traveling on business , several territorial secretaries often acted as governor in his place . During this period , he helped negotiate and implement treaties with Native American tribes in Michigan , by which they ceded substantial amounts of land . Some were given small reservations in the territory .",
"title": "War of 1812"
},
{
"text": " In 1817 , Cass was one of the two commissioners ( along with Duncan McArthur ) , who negotiated the Treaty of Fort Meigs , which was signed on September 29 with several Native American tribes of the region , under which they ceded large amounts of territory to the United States . This helped open up areas of Michigan to settlement by Euro-Americans . That same year , Cass was named to serve as Secretary of War under President James Monroe , but he declined the appointment .",
"title": "War of 1812"
},
{
"text": "In 1820 , Cass led an expedition to the northwestern part of Michigan Territory , in the Great Lakes region in todays northern Minnesota . Its purpose was to map the region and locate the source of the Mississippi River . The headwater of the great river was then unknown , resulting in an undefined border between the United States and British North America , which had been linked to the river . The Cass expedition erroneously identified what became known as Cass Lake as the Mississippis source . It was not until 1832 that Henry Rowe Schoolcraft , the",
"title": "War of 1812"
},
{
"text": "Cass expeditions geologist , identified nearby Lake Itasca as the headwater of the Mississippi .",
"title": "War of 1812"
},
{
"text": "On August 1 , 1831 , Cass resigned as governor of the Michigan Territory to take the post of Secretary of War under President Andrew Jackson , a position he would hold until 1836 . Cass was a central figure in implementing the Indian removal policy of the Jackson administration ; Congress had passed the Indian Removal Act in 1830 . While it was directed chiefly against the Southeastern tribes , especially the Five Civilized Tribes , it also affected tribes in Ohio , Illinois , and other areas east of the Mississippi River . Most were forced to Indian",
"title": "Secretary of War"
},
{
"text": "Territory in present-day Kansas and Oklahoma , but a number of bands negotiated being allowed to remain in Michigan .",
"title": "Secretary of War"
},
{
"text": " U.S . Minister to France . At the end of his term , President Jackson appointed Cass to succeed Edward Livingston as the U.S . Minister to France on October 4 , 1836 . He presented his credentials on December 1 , 1836 , and served until he left his post on November 12 , 1842 , when he was succeeded by William R . King , who later became the 13th Vice President of the United States under President Franklin Pierce . Presidential ambitions and U.S . Senate .",
"title": "Secretary of War"
},
{
"text": "In the 1844 Democratic convention Cass stood as a candidate for the presidential nomination , losing on the 9th ballot to dark horse candidate James K . Polk .",
"title": "Secretary of War"
},
{
"text": " Cass was elected by the state legislature to represent Michigan in the United States Senate , serving in 1845-48 . He served as chairman of the Committee on Military Affairs in the 30th Congress .",
"title": "Secretary of War"
},
{
"text": "In 1848 , he resigned from the Senate to run for president in the 1848 election . William Orlando Butler was selected as his running mate . Cass was a leading supporter of the doctrine of popular sovereignty , which held that the American citizens who lived in a territory should decide whether to permit slavery there . His nomination caused a split in the Democratic Party , leading many antislavery Northern Democrats to join the Free Soil Party , which nominated former President Martin Van Buren .",
"title": "Secretary of War"
},
{
"text": " After losing the election to Zachary Taylor , Cass was returned by the state legislature to the Senate , serving from 1849 to 57 . He was the first non-incumbent Democratic presidential candidate to lose an election and the first Democrat who was unsuccessful in his bid to succeed another Democrat as President . Apart from James Buchanans election to succeed Franklin Pierce in 1856 , subsequent Democrats who attempted election to succeed another Democrat as President all failed in their bid to do so .",
"title": "Secretary of War"
},
{
"text": "Cass made another bid for president in 1852 but neither he nor rival Democratic contenders Buchanan and Stephen Douglas secured a majority of delegates votes at the Democratic Convention in Baltimore , and the party went with Franklin Pierce instead .",
"title": "Secretary of War"
},
{
"text": "On March 6 , 1857 , President James Buchanan appointed Cass to serve as Secretary of State as a consolation prize for his previous presidential runs . Although retaining incumbent Secretary of State William L . Marcy was considered the best option by many , Buchanan made it clear that he did not want to keep anyone from the Pierce Administration . Moreover , Marcy had opposed his earlier presidential bids , and was in poor health in any event , ultimately dying in July 1857 . Cass , aged 75 , was seen by most as too old for",
"title": "Secretary of War"
},
{
"text": "such a demanding position and was thought to be likely be little more than a figurehead . Buchanan , weighing many of the other options for Secretary of State , considered that Cass was the best choice to avoid political infighting and sectional tensions . Buchanan , who did not particularly like Cass , nonetheless wrote a flattering letter offering him the post of Secretary of State , commenting that he was remarkably active and energetic for his advanced age . Cass , who was retiring from the Senate , but not eager to leave Washington and return home to",
"title": "Secretary of War"
},
{
"text": "Michigan , immediately accepted .",
"title": "Secretary of War"
},
{
"text": "Aware of his age and physical limitations , Cass agreed to delegate most of his powers as Secretary of State to an Assistant Secretary of State or the president himself . He also promised to refrain from making anti-British remarks in public ( having served in the War of 1812 , Cass had a low opinion of London ) . Most assumed Cass was a temporary Secretary of State until a younger , more fit man could be found , however , he ultimately served for all but the final four months of Buchanans administration . As expected , the",
"title": "Secretary of War"
},
{
"text": "aged Cass largely delegated major decision-making to subordinates , but eagerly signed his name on papers and dispatches penned by them .",
"title": "Secretary of War"
},
{
"text": "While sympathetic to American filibusters in Central America , he was instrumental in having Commodore Hiram Paulding removed from command for his landing of Marines in Nicaragua and compelling the extradition of William Walker to the United States . Cass attempted to buy more land from Mexico , but faced opposition from both Mexico and congressional leaders . He also negotiated a final settlement to the Clayton–Bulwer Treaty , limiting U.S . and British control of Latin American countries . The chiefs of Raiatea and Tahaa in the South Pacific , refusing to accept the rule of King Tamatoa V",
"title": "Secretary of War"
},
{
"text": ", unsuccessfully petitioned the United States to accept the islands under a protectorate in June 1858 .",
"title": "Secretary of War"
},
{
"text": " Cass resigned on December 14 , 1860 , because of what he considered Buchanans failure to protect federal interests in the South and failure to mobilize the federal military , actions that might have averted the threatened secession of Southern states .",
"title": "Secretary of War"
},
{
"text": " On May 26 , 1806 , Cass married Elizabeth Spencer ( 1786–1853 ) , the daughter of Dr . Joseph Spencer Jr . and Deborah ( née Seldon ) Spencer . Her paternal grandfather was Joseph Spencer , a Continental Congressman who was a major general in the Continental Army . Lewis and Elizabeth were the parents of seven children , five of whom lived past infancy : - Isabella Cass ( 1805–1879 ) , who married Theodorus Marinus Roest van Limburg , a Dutch journalist , diplomat , and politician . - Elizabeth Selden Cass ( 1812–1832 )",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "- Lewis Cass , Jr . ( 1814–1878 ) , who served as an army officer and as U.S . Chargé dAffaires and Minister to the Papal States .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " - Mary Sophia Cass ( 1812–1882 ) , who married Army officer Augustus Canfield , an officer of the Corps of Topographical Engineers . - Matilda Frances Cass ( 1818–1898 ) , who married Henry Ledyard , the mayor of Detroit . - Ellen Cass ( 1821–1824 ) , who died young . - Spencer Cass ( 1828-1828 ) , who died in infancy . Cass died on June 17 , 1866 , in Detroit , Michigan . He is buried in Elmwood Cemetery in Detroit , Michigan .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " Through his daughter Matilda , he was the grandfather of Elizabeth Cass Ledyard ( wife of Francis Wayland Goddard ) ; Henry Brockholst Ledyard Jr . ( who was president of the Michigan Central Railroad ) ; Susan Livingston Ledyard ( wife of Hamilton Bullock Tompkins ) ; Lewis Cass Ledyard ( a prominent lawyer with Carter Ledyard & Milburn who was the personal counsel of J . Pierpont Morgan ) ; and Matilda Spancer Ledyard . Casss great-great grandson , Republican Thomas Cass Ballenger , represented North Carolinas 10th Congressional District from 1986 to 2005 .",
"title": "Descendants"
},
{
"text": " - A statue of Cass is one of the two that were submitted by Michigan to the National Statuary Hall collection in the U.S . Capitol in Washington , D.C . It stands in the National Statuary Hall room . ( The other statue is of President Gerald Ford , the only U.S . president to come from Michigan. ) - The Liberty ship",
"title": "Commemoration"
},
{
"text": "- He is the eponym of the village of Casstown , Ohio , the community of Cassville , West Virginia , Cassopolis , Michigan , and Cass County , Michigan , as well as Cass City , Michigan , and the Cass River that runs around the surrounding area .",
"title": "Commemoration"
},
{
"text": " - Cass Avenue in Detroit . Cass Avenue in Mt . Clemens . - The Lewis Cass Legacy Society , which supports The Michigan Masonic Charitable Foundation , was named for his support of Michigan Freemasonry .",
"title": "Commemoration"
},
{
"text": "- Bartow County , Georgia was originally named Cass County after Lewis Cass , but was changed in 1861 after Francis Bartow died as a Confederate war hero and due to Casss alleged opposition to slavery , even though he was an advocate of states rights via the doctrine of popular sovereignty . Cassville , Georgia is an unincorporated community in the same county , was originally the county seat before the name was changed from Cass County . The seat was moved to Cartersville , Georgia after General Sherman destroyed Cassville in his Atlanta Campaign of 1864 .",
"title": "Commemoration"
},
{
"text": " - Cass Technical High School in Detroit , Cass High School in Bartow County , Georgia , Lewis Cass High School in Walton , Indiana , and Lewis Cass Elementary in Livonia , Michigan were named in honor of Lewis Cass . - Cass Street in Milwaukee , WI was named in honor of Lewis Cass . - The Lewis Cass Building , a principal state office building in the Lansing , Michigan capitol government complex . It was renamed on June 30 , 2020 to the Elliott-Larsen Building .",
"title": "Commemoration"
},
{
"text": "- Lewis Cass is the namesake of counties in the following states : Indiana , Iowa , Minnesota , Missouri , Nebraska , Illinois , Michigan , and Texas . However , Cass County , North Dakota , was named for his nephew .",
"title": "Commemoration"
},
{
"text": " - Lewis Cass is the namesake of Cass Street in Green Bay , Wisconsin . Other honors and memberships . - Elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society in 1820 . - Elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 1826 .",
"title": "Commemoration"
}
] |
/wiki/Virgil_Goode#P69#0
|
Virgil Goode went to which school between Aug 1964 and Sep 1964?
|
Virgil Goode Virgil Hamlin Goode Jr . ( born October 17 , 1946 ) is an American politician who served as a member of the United States House of Representatives from 5th congressional district of Virginia between 1997 and 2009 . He was initially a Democrat , but became an independent in 2000 and switched to the Republican Party in 2002 . He was narrowly defeated in 2008 by Democrat Tom Perriello . In 2012 , he was the presidential nominee of the Constitution Party , receiving 122,388 votes or 0.09% of the total . Early life and education . Goode was born in Richmond , Virginia , the son of Alice Clara ( née Besecker ) and Virgil Hamlin Goode Sr . However , he has spent most of his life in Rocky Mount , south of Roanoke . His father served in the Virginia House of Delegates from 1940 to 1948 and as commonwealths attorney of Franklin County from 1948 to 1972 ; between them , father and son represented Franklin County at either the local , state or federal level with only one years interruption from 1940 to 2009 . Goode graduated with a B.A . from the University of Richmond ( Phi Beta Kappa ) and with a J.D . from the University of Virginia School of Law . He also is a member of Lambda Chi Alpha fraternity and served in the Army National Guard from 1969 to 1975 . Virginia Senate . Goode grew up as a Democrat . He entered politics soon after graduating from law school . At the age of 27 , he won a special election to the state Senate from a Southside district as an independent after the death of the multi-term Democratic incumbent , William F . Stone . One of Goodes major campaign focuses was advocacy for the Equal Rights Amendment . Soon after being elected , he joined the Democrats . Goode was very conservative even by Virginia Democratic standards of the time . As such , he wore his party ties very loosely . He supported the tobacco industry , worrying that his elderly mother would be denied the one last pleasure of smoking a cigarette on her hospital deathbed . Goode ardently defended gun rights while also enthusiastically supporting L . Douglas Wilder , who later became the first elected black governor of Virginia . At the Democratic Partys state political convention in 1985 , Goode nominated Wilder for lieutenant governor . However , while governor , Wilder cracked down on gun sales in the state . After the 1995 elections resulted in a 20–20 split between Democrats and Republicans in the State Senate , Goode seriously considered voting with the Republicans on organizing the chamber . Had he done so , the State Senate would have been under Republican control for the first time since Reconstruction ( Republicans ultimately won control outright in 1999 ) . Goodes actions at the time forced his party to share power with Republican lawmakers in the state legislature , which further upset the Democratic Party . U.S . Senate elections . 1982 . Independent incumbent U.S . Senator Harry Flood Byrd Jr . decided to retire . Goode ran for the seat , but lost the nomination , getting just 8% of the vote . Lieutenant Governor Richard Joseph Davis won the convention with 64% of the vote . Davis lost the general election by a two-point margin . 1994 . He decided to run for the U.S . Senate again in 1994 , to challenge incumbent Democratic U.S . Senator Chuck Robb in the Democratic primary . He angered much of the leadership of the Virginia Democratic Party during his second run . On June 14 , Robb defeated Goode 58%–34% . U.S . House of Representatives . Elections . - 1996 When incumbent Democratic U.S . Congressman Lewis Payne decided to retire in 1996 , Goode won the Democratic nomination to succeed him . His state senate district was virtually co-extensive with the southern portion of the congressional district . He defeated Republican nominee George Landrith , an attorney , 61%–36% . - 1998 Goode won re-election to a second term unopposed . - 2000 Prior to the election , Goode switched from a Democrat to an independent . He portrayed himself as a congressman who was as independent as the people he serves . He won re-election to a third term with 67% of the vote . - 2002 For the 2001 congressional redistricting , Goode allied with Republican Bob Goodlatte and Democrat Rick Boucher to ensure that none of them would be put in the same district . Goodes home in Franklin County is only about south of Goodlattes home in Roanoke , the heart of the . The counties to the west of Franklin County were in Bouchers , which had to expand due to lack of population growth . Having become a Republican in August 2002 , Goode won the Republican nomination and won re-election to a fourth term with 63% of the vote . He was the first Republican to represent this district since 1889 . - 2004 He won re-election to a fifth term with 64% of the vote , defeating Vietnam War veteran and businessman Al Weed . - 2006 He won re-election to a sixth term with 59% of the vote against Weed again . - 2008 In 2008 Goode lost his seat , being defeated by Democrat Tom Perriello by 727 votes ( 0.24% of over 316,000 votes cast ) . While Goode won 13 of the districts 20 counties and independent cities , the race was decided in the districts more urbanized areas . Goode won only one independent city in the district , Bedford , but by only 16 votes . Ultimately , Goode could not overcome a combined 19,000-vote deficit in the Charlottesville area ( Charlottesville and surrounding Albemarle County ) , where Perriello is from . Goode mostly held his own in the districts strongly conservative southwestern portion , parts of which he had represented for 35 years at the state and federal level . - 2010 Goode had filed paperwork with the Federal Election Committee to allow him to raise money for a possible rematch in the 2010 elections , due to receiving unsolicited campaign contributions , though he said he had not decided whether or not he would run in 2010 . However , Goode announced in late July 2009 that he would not seek the Republican nomination for the seat in 2010 . Nonetheless , many expected this race to be heavily targeted by the Republican Party in 2010 ; it was won by Republican Robert Hurt that year . Tenure . During his first two terms , he compiled one of the most conservative records of any Democrat in the Congress . Like many Southern Democrats , Goode strongly opposed abortion and gun control and vigorously supported the tobacco industry . His contrarian streak resulted in him being isolated within the Democratic caucus , which later led to him switching parties . Goode came under considerable fire shortly after being unopposed for a second term in 1998 , when he voted for three of the four articles of impeachment against Bill Clinton . In January 2000 , he declared himself an independent and began caucusing with the Republicans , who gave him a seat on the Appropriations Committee . Republicans had been lobbying him to switch parties since 1998 . Reflecting on Goodes record at the time , David Brown , the mayor of Charlottesville and a former chairman of the citys Democratic Party said It was obvious he didnt really fit in the Democratic Party anymore . He officially joined the GOP in August 2002 . Goodes primary policy initiatives were opposition to amnesty for undocumented immigrants , veterans healthcare , and the enactment in 2004 of a $9.6 billion buyout for tobacco farmers . Goode has sponsored legislation to permit deployment of the U.S . Armed Forces to the U.S.-Mexico border . He voted in 2002 to authorize the Iraq War and in support of an $87 billion Iraq War supplemental spending bill . Goode is an advocate of a federal prohibition of online poker . In 2006 , he cosponsored H.R . 4777 , the Internet Gambling Prohibition Act . Goode voted in 2007 against a resolution opposing the increase in troop numbers in Iraq , saying that he didnt want to aid and assist the Islamic jihadists who want the green flag of the crescent and star to wave over the Capitol of the United States and over the White House of this country and that radical Muslims wanted to control the world and put In Muhammad We Trust on American currency . - Liberty caucus Goode served on the Liberty Caucus ( sometimes called the Liberty Committee ) , a group of libertarian-leaning congressional representatives . Other members at that time included Ron Paul of Texas , Jimmy Duncan of Tennessee , Walter B . Jones of North Carolina , Roscoe Bartlett of Maryland , Scott Garrett of New Jersey , Zach Wamp of Tennessee , and Jeff Flake of Arizona . In the 2008 Republican primary elections for President , the Federal Election Commission reported that Goode donated $500 to Republican candidate Ron Paul . - MZM In 2005 , Goode faced questions when a major corporate campaign donor , defense contractor MZM , Inc. , was implicated in a bribery scandal that resulted in the criminal conviction and resignation of California congressman Randy Duke Cunningham . Although Goode insisted that his relations with MZM were motivated solely by his interest in bringing high-paying skilled jobs to his district , in December of that year he donated the $88,000 received in MZM contributions to regional charities . On July 21 , 2006 Richard Berglund , a former supervisor of the Martinsville , Virginia office of MZM Inc. , pleaded guilty to making illegal donations to Goodes campaign . Court papers indicated that Berglund and MZM owner Mitchell Wade ( who previously pleaded guilty ) engaged in a scheme to reimburse MZM employees for campaign donations . There was no allegation of wrongdoing on the part of Goodes campaign . - 2006 Quran controversy In 2006 , Minnesotas 5th congressional district elected Keith Ellison as the first Muslim to serve in the U.S . House of Representatives . Some criticized Ellisons intended use of the Quran once owned by Thomas Jefferson at a private swearing-in ceremony ; among them , Goode was vocal in his opposition to Ellisons plan . One of Goodes constituents posted a letter online from the congressman regarding Ellison . The letter reads in part : When I raise my hand to take the oath on Swearing In Day , I will have the Bible in my other hand . I do not subscribe to using the Koran in any way . The Muslim Representative from Minnesota was elected by the voters of that district and if American citizens dont wake up and adopt the Virgil Goode position on immigration there will likely be many more Muslims elected to office and demanding the use of the Koran . Ellison criticized Goode for this letter , stating that he is not an immigrant and that Goode does not understand Islam . Ellison also offered to meet with Goode to discuss the matter . On his first day in office , Ellison sought out Goode and initiated a cordial exchange on the House floor . In interviews around that time , Goode stated that he was in favor of decreasing legal immigration to the United States and that he wanted to do away with Diversity Immigrant Visas . Goode argued that such visas would allow people not from European countries or from some terrorist states to enter America . Goode also repeated his views on a January 1 , 2007 post to the USA Today blog . - Hummer accusation At the 2008 Independence Day parade in Scottsville , Virginia , independent supporters of Goode drove a Hummer H3 decorated with signs promoting Goode and Robert B . Bell . With gas prices at $4 a gallon , a supporter of Goodes opponent , Tom Perriello , put video of the parade on YouTube , accusing Goode of being out of touch with ordinary citizens grappling with the high cost of fuel . Goode never rode in the Hummer , and is not known to have had anything to do with it , but he was widely portrayed as having both owned and operated the vehicle . He was lampooned on The Daily Show for the story . - North Theatre controversy The United States Department of Housing and Urban Development grant that Goode assisted in bringing to the North Theatre project was received by the North Theatre organization in 2005 . The Danville Register & Bee reported that Duncan and Goodes wife Lucy were both on the founding board of the North Theatre . Virgil Goode checked with the House ethics committee , before Duncan or his wife Lucy went onto the North Theatre board . In the light of the controversy , Lucy Goode stepped down from the board . In 2003 , Duncan told the Register & Bee he didnt see any conflict with the earmarked dollars . I dont even know how a question of a conflict even arises , he said . - Sabato earmark controversy In June 2009 , it was revealed that political scientist Larry Sabato , of the Center for Politics , had been the recipient of over $7 million in earmark money from Goode , whom Sabato predicted would win re-election in 2008 , despite declining poll numbers ; Goode ultimately lost the race by a small margin . Some observers have suggested that Sabato should have revealed his financial connection to Goode or recused himself from making predictions about the race . Committee assignments . - House Appropriations Committee 2012 presidential campaign . In November 2010 , Goode joined the executive committee of the Constitution Party , having previously been a member of the partys larger national committee . He told the Roanoke Times in June 2011 that he would consider [ running for the partys presidential nomination ] as the year progresses . Goode filed with the Federal Election Commission ( FEC ) as a presidential candidate on February 10 . Goode was selected as the partys 2012 presidential nominee on April 21 , 2012 , at the 2012 Constitution Party National Convention in Nashville , Tennessee . On October 23 , 2012 , Virgil Goode , along with Gary Johnson , Jill Stein , and Rocky Anderson participated in a debate moderated by Larry King . Goode lost in a poll conducted after the debate to decide who would face off in a runoff debate . Electoral history . <nowiki>*</nowiki>Write-in and minor candidate notes : In 1996 , write-ins received 104 votes . In 2000 , Joseph S . Spence received 3,936 votes ( 2% ) and write-ins received 70 votes . In 2006 , write-ins received 99 votes .
|
[
""
] |
[
{
"text": " Virgil Hamlin Goode Jr . ( born October 17 , 1946 ) is an American politician who served as a member of the United States House of Representatives from 5th congressional district of Virginia between 1997 and 2009 . He was initially a Democrat , but became an independent in 2000 and switched to the Republican Party in 2002 . He was narrowly defeated in 2008 by Democrat Tom Perriello . In 2012 , he was the presidential nominee of the Constitution Party , receiving 122,388 votes or 0.09% of the total . Early life and education .",
"title": "Virgil Goode"
},
{
"text": "Goode was born in Richmond , Virginia , the son of Alice Clara ( née Besecker ) and Virgil Hamlin Goode Sr . However , he has spent most of his life in Rocky Mount , south of Roanoke .",
"title": "Virgil Goode"
},
{
"text": "His father served in the Virginia House of Delegates from 1940 to 1948 and as commonwealths attorney of Franklin County from 1948 to 1972 ; between them , father and son represented Franklin County at either the local , state or federal level with only one years interruption from 1940 to 2009 . Goode graduated with a B.A . from the University of Richmond ( Phi Beta Kappa ) and with a J.D . from the University of Virginia School of Law . He also is a member of Lambda Chi Alpha fraternity and served in the Army National Guard",
"title": "Virgil Goode"
},
{
"text": "from 1969 to 1975 .",
"title": "Virgil Goode"
},
{
"text": " Goode grew up as a Democrat . He entered politics soon after graduating from law school . At the age of 27 , he won a special election to the state Senate from a Southside district as an independent after the death of the multi-term Democratic incumbent , William F . Stone . One of Goodes major campaign focuses was advocacy for the Equal Rights Amendment . Soon after being elected , he joined the Democrats .",
"title": "Virginia Senate"
},
{
"text": "Goode was very conservative even by Virginia Democratic standards of the time . As such , he wore his party ties very loosely . He supported the tobacco industry , worrying that his elderly mother would be denied the one last pleasure of smoking a cigarette on her hospital deathbed . Goode ardently defended gun rights while also enthusiastically supporting L . Douglas Wilder , who later became the first elected black governor of Virginia . At the Democratic Partys state political convention in 1985 , Goode nominated Wilder for lieutenant governor . However , while governor , Wilder cracked",
"title": "Virginia Senate"
},
{
"text": "down on gun sales in the state .",
"title": "Virginia Senate"
},
{
"text": " After the 1995 elections resulted in a 20–20 split between Democrats and Republicans in the State Senate , Goode seriously considered voting with the Republicans on organizing the chamber . Had he done so , the State Senate would have been under Republican control for the first time since Reconstruction ( Republicans ultimately won control outright in 1999 ) . Goodes actions at the time forced his party to share power with Republican lawmakers in the state legislature , which further upset the Democratic Party . U.S . Senate elections . 1982 .",
"title": "Virginia Senate"
},
{
"text": "Independent incumbent U.S . Senator Harry Flood Byrd Jr . decided to retire . Goode ran for the seat , but lost the nomination , getting just 8% of the vote . Lieutenant Governor Richard Joseph Davis won the convention with 64% of the vote . Davis lost the general election by a two-point margin .",
"title": "Virginia Senate"
},
{
"text": " 1994 . He decided to run for the U.S . Senate again in 1994 , to challenge incumbent Democratic U.S . Senator Chuck Robb in the Democratic primary . He angered much of the leadership of the Virginia Democratic Party during his second run . On June 14 , Robb defeated Goode 58%–34% . U.S . House of Representatives .",
"title": "Virginia Senate"
},
{
"text": " - 1996 When incumbent Democratic U.S . Congressman Lewis Payne decided to retire in 1996 , Goode won the Democratic nomination to succeed him . His state senate district was virtually co-extensive with the southern portion of the congressional district . He defeated Republican nominee George Landrith , an attorney , 61%–36% . - 1998 Goode won re-election to a second term unopposed . - 2000",
"title": "Elections"
},
{
"text": "Prior to the election , Goode switched from a Democrat to an independent . He portrayed himself as a congressman who was as independent as the people he serves . He won re-election to a third term with 67% of the vote .",
"title": "Elections"
},
{
"text": " - 2002 For the 2001 congressional redistricting , Goode allied with Republican Bob Goodlatte and Democrat Rick Boucher to ensure that none of them would be put in the same district . Goodes home in Franklin County is only about south of Goodlattes home in Roanoke , the heart of the . The counties to the west of Franklin County were in Bouchers , which had to expand due to lack of population growth .",
"title": "Elections"
},
{
"text": "Having become a Republican in August 2002 , Goode won the Republican nomination and won re-election to a fourth term with 63% of the vote . He was the first Republican to represent this district since 1889 .",
"title": "Elections"
},
{
"text": " - 2004 He won re-election to a fifth term with 64% of the vote , defeating Vietnam War veteran and businessman Al Weed . - 2006 He won re-election to a sixth term with 59% of the vote against Weed again . - 2008",
"title": "Elections"
},
{
"text": "In 2008 Goode lost his seat , being defeated by Democrat Tom Perriello by 727 votes ( 0.24% of over 316,000 votes cast ) . While Goode won 13 of the districts 20 counties and independent cities , the race was decided in the districts more urbanized areas . Goode won only one independent city in the district , Bedford , but by only 16 votes . Ultimately , Goode could not overcome a combined 19,000-vote deficit in the Charlottesville area ( Charlottesville and surrounding Albemarle County ) , where Perriello is from . Goode mostly held his own in",
"title": "Elections"
},
{
"text": "the districts strongly conservative southwestern portion , parts of which he had represented for 35 years at the state and federal level .",
"title": "Elections"
},
{
"text": " - 2010 Goode had filed paperwork with the Federal Election Committee to allow him to raise money for a possible rematch in the 2010 elections , due to receiving unsolicited campaign contributions , though he said he had not decided whether or not he would run in 2010 . However , Goode announced in late July 2009 that he would not seek the Republican nomination for the seat in 2010 . Nonetheless , many expected this race to be heavily targeted by the Republican Party in 2010 ; it was won by Republican Robert Hurt that year .",
"title": "Elections"
},
{
"text": " During his first two terms , he compiled one of the most conservative records of any Democrat in the Congress . Like many Southern Democrats , Goode strongly opposed abortion and gun control and vigorously supported the tobacco industry . His contrarian streak resulted in him being isolated within the Democratic caucus , which later led to him switching parties .",
"title": "Tenure"
},
{
"text": "Goode came under considerable fire shortly after being unopposed for a second term in 1998 , when he voted for three of the four articles of impeachment against Bill Clinton . In January 2000 , he declared himself an independent and began caucusing with the Republicans , who gave him a seat on the Appropriations Committee . Republicans had been lobbying him to switch parties since 1998 . Reflecting on Goodes record at the time , David Brown , the mayor of Charlottesville and a former chairman of the citys Democratic Party said It was obvious he didnt really fit",
"title": "Tenure"
},
{
"text": "in the Democratic Party anymore . He officially joined the GOP in August 2002 .",
"title": "Tenure"
},
{
"text": " Goodes primary policy initiatives were opposition to amnesty for undocumented immigrants , veterans healthcare , and the enactment in 2004 of a $9.6 billion buyout for tobacco farmers . Goode has sponsored legislation to permit deployment of the U.S . Armed Forces to the U.S.-Mexico border . He voted in 2002 to authorize the Iraq War and in support of an $87 billion Iraq War supplemental spending bill . Goode is an advocate of a federal prohibition of online poker . In 2006 , he cosponsored H.R . 4777 , the Internet Gambling Prohibition Act .",
"title": "Tenure"
},
{
"text": "Goode voted in 2007 against a resolution opposing the increase in troop numbers in Iraq , saying that he didnt want to aid and assist the Islamic jihadists who want the green flag of the crescent and star to wave over the Capitol of the United States and over the White House of this country and that radical Muslims wanted to control the world and put In Muhammad We Trust on American currency .",
"title": "Tenure"
},
{
"text": " - Liberty caucus Goode served on the Liberty Caucus ( sometimes called the Liberty Committee ) , a group of libertarian-leaning congressional representatives . Other members at that time included Ron Paul of Texas , Jimmy Duncan of Tennessee , Walter B . Jones of North Carolina , Roscoe Bartlett of Maryland , Scott Garrett of New Jersey , Zach Wamp of Tennessee , and Jeff Flake of Arizona . In the 2008 Republican primary elections for President , the Federal Election Commission reported that Goode donated $500 to Republican candidate Ron Paul . - MZM",
"title": "Tenure"
},
{
"text": "In 2005 , Goode faced questions when a major corporate campaign donor , defense contractor MZM , Inc. , was implicated in a bribery scandal that resulted in the criminal conviction and resignation of California congressman Randy Duke Cunningham . Although Goode insisted that his relations with MZM were motivated solely by his interest in bringing high-paying skilled jobs to his district , in December of that year he donated the $88,000 received in MZM contributions to regional charities .",
"title": "Tenure"
},
{
"text": " On July 21 , 2006 Richard Berglund , a former supervisor of the Martinsville , Virginia office of MZM Inc. , pleaded guilty to making illegal donations to Goodes campaign . Court papers indicated that Berglund and MZM owner Mitchell Wade ( who previously pleaded guilty ) engaged in a scheme to reimburse MZM employees for campaign donations . There was no allegation of wrongdoing on the part of Goodes campaign . - 2006 Quran controversy",
"title": "Tenure"
},
{
"text": "In 2006 , Minnesotas 5th congressional district elected Keith Ellison as the first Muslim to serve in the U.S . House of Representatives . Some criticized Ellisons intended use of the Quran once owned by Thomas Jefferson at a private swearing-in ceremony ; among them , Goode was vocal in his opposition to Ellisons plan . One of Goodes constituents posted a letter online from the congressman regarding Ellison . The letter reads in part :",
"title": "Tenure"
},
{
"text": " When I raise my hand to take the oath on Swearing In Day , I will have the Bible in my other hand . I do not subscribe to using the Koran in any way . The Muslim Representative from Minnesota was elected by the voters of that district and if American citizens dont wake up and adopt the Virgil Goode position on immigration there will likely be many more Muslims elected to office and demanding the use of the Koran .",
"title": "Tenure"
},
{
"text": "Ellison criticized Goode for this letter , stating that he is not an immigrant and that Goode does not understand Islam . Ellison also offered to meet with Goode to discuss the matter . On his first day in office , Ellison sought out Goode and initiated a cordial exchange on the House floor .",
"title": "Tenure"
},
{
"text": " In interviews around that time , Goode stated that he was in favor of decreasing legal immigration to the United States and that he wanted to do away with Diversity Immigrant Visas . Goode argued that such visas would allow people not from European countries or from some terrorist states to enter America . Goode also repeated his views on a January 1 , 2007 post to the USA Today blog . - Hummer accusation",
"title": "Tenure"
},
{
"text": "At the 2008 Independence Day parade in Scottsville , Virginia , independent supporters of Goode drove a Hummer H3 decorated with signs promoting Goode and Robert B . Bell . With gas prices at $4 a gallon , a supporter of Goodes opponent , Tom Perriello , put video of the parade on YouTube , accusing Goode of being out of touch with ordinary citizens grappling with the high cost of fuel .",
"title": "Tenure"
},
{
"text": " Goode never rode in the Hummer , and is not known to have had anything to do with it , but he was widely portrayed as having both owned and operated the vehicle . He was lampooned on The Daily Show for the story . - North Theatre controversy The United States Department of Housing and Urban Development grant that Goode assisted in bringing to the North Theatre project was received by the North Theatre organization in 2005 .",
"title": "Tenure"
},
{
"text": "The Danville Register & Bee reported that Duncan and Goodes wife Lucy were both on the founding board of the North Theatre . Virgil Goode checked with the House ethics committee , before Duncan or his wife Lucy went onto the North Theatre board . In the light of the controversy , Lucy Goode stepped down from the board .",
"title": "Tenure"
},
{
"text": " In 2003 , Duncan told the Register & Bee he didnt see any conflict with the earmarked dollars . I dont even know how a question of a conflict even arises , he said . - Sabato earmark controversy",
"title": "Tenure"
},
{
"text": "In June 2009 , it was revealed that political scientist Larry Sabato , of the Center for Politics , had been the recipient of over $7 million in earmark money from Goode , whom Sabato predicted would win re-election in 2008 , despite declining poll numbers ; Goode ultimately lost the race by a small margin . Some observers have suggested that Sabato should have revealed his financial connection to Goode or recused himself from making predictions about the race .",
"title": "Tenure"
},
{
"text": " - House Appropriations Committee 2012 presidential campaign . In November 2010 , Goode joined the executive committee of the Constitution Party , having previously been a member of the partys larger national committee . He told the Roanoke Times in June 2011 that he would consider [ running for the partys presidential nomination ] as the year progresses . Goode filed with the Federal Election Commission ( FEC ) as a presidential candidate on February 10 .",
"title": "Committee assignments"
},
{
"text": "Goode was selected as the partys 2012 presidential nominee on April 21 , 2012 , at the 2012 Constitution Party National Convention in Nashville , Tennessee .",
"title": "Committee assignments"
},
{
"text": " On October 23 , 2012 , Virgil Goode , along with Gary Johnson , Jill Stein , and Rocky Anderson participated in a debate moderated by Larry King . Goode lost in a poll conducted after the debate to decide who would face off in a runoff debate .",
"title": "Committee assignments"
},
{
"text": " <nowiki>*</nowiki>Write-in and minor candidate notes : In 1996 , write-ins received 104 votes . In 2000 , Joseph S . Spence received 3,936 votes ( 2% ) and write-ins received 70 votes . In 2006 , write-ins received 99 votes .",
"title": "Electoral history"
}
] |
/wiki/Virgil_Goode#P69#1
|
Virgil Goode went to which school after Feb 1970?
|
Virgil Goode Virgil Hamlin Goode Jr . ( born October 17 , 1946 ) is an American politician who served as a member of the United States House of Representatives from 5th congressional district of Virginia between 1997 and 2009 . He was initially a Democrat , but became an independent in 2000 and switched to the Republican Party in 2002 . He was narrowly defeated in 2008 by Democrat Tom Perriello . In 2012 , he was the presidential nominee of the Constitution Party , receiving 122,388 votes or 0.09% of the total . Early life and education . Goode was born in Richmond , Virginia , the son of Alice Clara ( née Besecker ) and Virgil Hamlin Goode Sr . However , he has spent most of his life in Rocky Mount , south of Roanoke . His father served in the Virginia House of Delegates from 1940 to 1948 and as commonwealths attorney of Franklin County from 1948 to 1972 ; between them , father and son represented Franklin County at either the local , state or federal level with only one years interruption from 1940 to 2009 . Goode graduated with a B.A . from the University of Richmond ( Phi Beta Kappa ) and with a J.D . from the University of Virginia School of Law . He also is a member of Lambda Chi Alpha fraternity and served in the Army National Guard from 1969 to 1975 . Virginia Senate . Goode grew up as a Democrat . He entered politics soon after graduating from law school . At the age of 27 , he won a special election to the state Senate from a Southside district as an independent after the death of the multi-term Democratic incumbent , William F . Stone . One of Goodes major campaign focuses was advocacy for the Equal Rights Amendment . Soon after being elected , he joined the Democrats . Goode was very conservative even by Virginia Democratic standards of the time . As such , he wore his party ties very loosely . He supported the tobacco industry , worrying that his elderly mother would be denied the one last pleasure of smoking a cigarette on her hospital deathbed . Goode ardently defended gun rights while also enthusiastically supporting L . Douglas Wilder , who later became the first elected black governor of Virginia . At the Democratic Partys state political convention in 1985 , Goode nominated Wilder for lieutenant governor . However , while governor , Wilder cracked down on gun sales in the state . After the 1995 elections resulted in a 20–20 split between Democrats and Republicans in the State Senate , Goode seriously considered voting with the Republicans on organizing the chamber . Had he done so , the State Senate would have been under Republican control for the first time since Reconstruction ( Republicans ultimately won control outright in 1999 ) . Goodes actions at the time forced his party to share power with Republican lawmakers in the state legislature , which further upset the Democratic Party . U.S . Senate elections . 1982 . Independent incumbent U.S . Senator Harry Flood Byrd Jr . decided to retire . Goode ran for the seat , but lost the nomination , getting just 8% of the vote . Lieutenant Governor Richard Joseph Davis won the convention with 64% of the vote . Davis lost the general election by a two-point margin . 1994 . He decided to run for the U.S . Senate again in 1994 , to challenge incumbent Democratic U.S . Senator Chuck Robb in the Democratic primary . He angered much of the leadership of the Virginia Democratic Party during his second run . On June 14 , Robb defeated Goode 58%–34% . U.S . House of Representatives . Elections . - 1996 When incumbent Democratic U.S . Congressman Lewis Payne decided to retire in 1996 , Goode won the Democratic nomination to succeed him . His state senate district was virtually co-extensive with the southern portion of the congressional district . He defeated Republican nominee George Landrith , an attorney , 61%–36% . - 1998 Goode won re-election to a second term unopposed . - 2000 Prior to the election , Goode switched from a Democrat to an independent . He portrayed himself as a congressman who was as independent as the people he serves . He won re-election to a third term with 67% of the vote . - 2002 For the 2001 congressional redistricting , Goode allied with Republican Bob Goodlatte and Democrat Rick Boucher to ensure that none of them would be put in the same district . Goodes home in Franklin County is only about south of Goodlattes home in Roanoke , the heart of the . The counties to the west of Franklin County were in Bouchers , which had to expand due to lack of population growth . Having become a Republican in August 2002 , Goode won the Republican nomination and won re-election to a fourth term with 63% of the vote . He was the first Republican to represent this district since 1889 . - 2004 He won re-election to a fifth term with 64% of the vote , defeating Vietnam War veteran and businessman Al Weed . - 2006 He won re-election to a sixth term with 59% of the vote against Weed again . - 2008 In 2008 Goode lost his seat , being defeated by Democrat Tom Perriello by 727 votes ( 0.24% of over 316,000 votes cast ) . While Goode won 13 of the districts 20 counties and independent cities , the race was decided in the districts more urbanized areas . Goode won only one independent city in the district , Bedford , but by only 16 votes . Ultimately , Goode could not overcome a combined 19,000-vote deficit in the Charlottesville area ( Charlottesville and surrounding Albemarle County ) , where Perriello is from . Goode mostly held his own in the districts strongly conservative southwestern portion , parts of which he had represented for 35 years at the state and federal level . - 2010 Goode had filed paperwork with the Federal Election Committee to allow him to raise money for a possible rematch in the 2010 elections , due to receiving unsolicited campaign contributions , though he said he had not decided whether or not he would run in 2010 . However , Goode announced in late July 2009 that he would not seek the Republican nomination for the seat in 2010 . Nonetheless , many expected this race to be heavily targeted by the Republican Party in 2010 ; it was won by Republican Robert Hurt that year . Tenure . During his first two terms , he compiled one of the most conservative records of any Democrat in the Congress . Like many Southern Democrats , Goode strongly opposed abortion and gun control and vigorously supported the tobacco industry . His contrarian streak resulted in him being isolated within the Democratic caucus , which later led to him switching parties . Goode came under considerable fire shortly after being unopposed for a second term in 1998 , when he voted for three of the four articles of impeachment against Bill Clinton . In January 2000 , he declared himself an independent and began caucusing with the Republicans , who gave him a seat on the Appropriations Committee . Republicans had been lobbying him to switch parties since 1998 . Reflecting on Goodes record at the time , David Brown , the mayor of Charlottesville and a former chairman of the citys Democratic Party said It was obvious he didnt really fit in the Democratic Party anymore . He officially joined the GOP in August 2002 . Goodes primary policy initiatives were opposition to amnesty for undocumented immigrants , veterans healthcare , and the enactment in 2004 of a $9.6 billion buyout for tobacco farmers . Goode has sponsored legislation to permit deployment of the U.S . Armed Forces to the U.S.-Mexico border . He voted in 2002 to authorize the Iraq War and in support of an $87 billion Iraq War supplemental spending bill . Goode is an advocate of a federal prohibition of online poker . In 2006 , he cosponsored H.R . 4777 , the Internet Gambling Prohibition Act . Goode voted in 2007 against a resolution opposing the increase in troop numbers in Iraq , saying that he didnt want to aid and assist the Islamic jihadists who want the green flag of the crescent and star to wave over the Capitol of the United States and over the White House of this country and that radical Muslims wanted to control the world and put In Muhammad We Trust on American currency . - Liberty caucus Goode served on the Liberty Caucus ( sometimes called the Liberty Committee ) , a group of libertarian-leaning congressional representatives . Other members at that time included Ron Paul of Texas , Jimmy Duncan of Tennessee , Walter B . Jones of North Carolina , Roscoe Bartlett of Maryland , Scott Garrett of New Jersey , Zach Wamp of Tennessee , and Jeff Flake of Arizona . In the 2008 Republican primary elections for President , the Federal Election Commission reported that Goode donated $500 to Republican candidate Ron Paul . - MZM In 2005 , Goode faced questions when a major corporate campaign donor , defense contractor MZM , Inc. , was implicated in a bribery scandal that resulted in the criminal conviction and resignation of California congressman Randy Duke Cunningham . Although Goode insisted that his relations with MZM were motivated solely by his interest in bringing high-paying skilled jobs to his district , in December of that year he donated the $88,000 received in MZM contributions to regional charities . On July 21 , 2006 Richard Berglund , a former supervisor of the Martinsville , Virginia office of MZM Inc. , pleaded guilty to making illegal donations to Goodes campaign . Court papers indicated that Berglund and MZM owner Mitchell Wade ( who previously pleaded guilty ) engaged in a scheme to reimburse MZM employees for campaign donations . There was no allegation of wrongdoing on the part of Goodes campaign . - 2006 Quran controversy In 2006 , Minnesotas 5th congressional district elected Keith Ellison as the first Muslim to serve in the U.S . House of Representatives . Some criticized Ellisons intended use of the Quran once owned by Thomas Jefferson at a private swearing-in ceremony ; among them , Goode was vocal in his opposition to Ellisons plan . One of Goodes constituents posted a letter online from the congressman regarding Ellison . The letter reads in part : When I raise my hand to take the oath on Swearing In Day , I will have the Bible in my other hand . I do not subscribe to using the Koran in any way . The Muslim Representative from Minnesota was elected by the voters of that district and if American citizens dont wake up and adopt the Virgil Goode position on immigration there will likely be many more Muslims elected to office and demanding the use of the Koran . Ellison criticized Goode for this letter , stating that he is not an immigrant and that Goode does not understand Islam . Ellison also offered to meet with Goode to discuss the matter . On his first day in office , Ellison sought out Goode and initiated a cordial exchange on the House floor . In interviews around that time , Goode stated that he was in favor of decreasing legal immigration to the United States and that he wanted to do away with Diversity Immigrant Visas . Goode argued that such visas would allow people not from European countries or from some terrorist states to enter America . Goode also repeated his views on a January 1 , 2007 post to the USA Today blog . - Hummer accusation At the 2008 Independence Day parade in Scottsville , Virginia , independent supporters of Goode drove a Hummer H3 decorated with signs promoting Goode and Robert B . Bell . With gas prices at $4 a gallon , a supporter of Goodes opponent , Tom Perriello , put video of the parade on YouTube , accusing Goode of being out of touch with ordinary citizens grappling with the high cost of fuel . Goode never rode in the Hummer , and is not known to have had anything to do with it , but he was widely portrayed as having both owned and operated the vehicle . He was lampooned on The Daily Show for the story . - North Theatre controversy The United States Department of Housing and Urban Development grant that Goode assisted in bringing to the North Theatre project was received by the North Theatre organization in 2005 . The Danville Register & Bee reported that Duncan and Goodes wife Lucy were both on the founding board of the North Theatre . Virgil Goode checked with the House ethics committee , before Duncan or his wife Lucy went onto the North Theatre board . In the light of the controversy , Lucy Goode stepped down from the board . In 2003 , Duncan told the Register & Bee he didnt see any conflict with the earmarked dollars . I dont even know how a question of a conflict even arises , he said . - Sabato earmark controversy In June 2009 , it was revealed that political scientist Larry Sabato , of the Center for Politics , had been the recipient of over $7 million in earmark money from Goode , whom Sabato predicted would win re-election in 2008 , despite declining poll numbers ; Goode ultimately lost the race by a small margin . Some observers have suggested that Sabato should have revealed his financial connection to Goode or recused himself from making predictions about the race . Committee assignments . - House Appropriations Committee 2012 presidential campaign . In November 2010 , Goode joined the executive committee of the Constitution Party , having previously been a member of the partys larger national committee . He told the Roanoke Times in June 2011 that he would consider [ running for the partys presidential nomination ] as the year progresses . Goode filed with the Federal Election Commission ( FEC ) as a presidential candidate on February 10 . Goode was selected as the partys 2012 presidential nominee on April 21 , 2012 , at the 2012 Constitution Party National Convention in Nashville , Tennessee . On October 23 , 2012 , Virgil Goode , along with Gary Johnson , Jill Stein , and Rocky Anderson participated in a debate moderated by Larry King . Goode lost in a poll conducted after the debate to decide who would face off in a runoff debate . Electoral history . <nowiki>*</nowiki>Write-in and minor candidate notes : In 1996 , write-ins received 104 votes . In 2000 , Joseph S . Spence received 3,936 votes ( 2% ) and write-ins received 70 votes . In 2006 , write-ins received 99 votes .
|
[
""
] |
[
{
"text": " Virgil Hamlin Goode Jr . ( born October 17 , 1946 ) is an American politician who served as a member of the United States House of Representatives from 5th congressional district of Virginia between 1997 and 2009 . He was initially a Democrat , but became an independent in 2000 and switched to the Republican Party in 2002 . He was narrowly defeated in 2008 by Democrat Tom Perriello . In 2012 , he was the presidential nominee of the Constitution Party , receiving 122,388 votes or 0.09% of the total . Early life and education .",
"title": "Virgil Goode"
},
{
"text": "Goode was born in Richmond , Virginia , the son of Alice Clara ( née Besecker ) and Virgil Hamlin Goode Sr . However , he has spent most of his life in Rocky Mount , south of Roanoke .",
"title": "Virgil Goode"
},
{
"text": "His father served in the Virginia House of Delegates from 1940 to 1948 and as commonwealths attorney of Franklin County from 1948 to 1972 ; between them , father and son represented Franklin County at either the local , state or federal level with only one years interruption from 1940 to 2009 . Goode graduated with a B.A . from the University of Richmond ( Phi Beta Kappa ) and with a J.D . from the University of Virginia School of Law . He also is a member of Lambda Chi Alpha fraternity and served in the Army National Guard",
"title": "Virgil Goode"
},
{
"text": "from 1969 to 1975 .",
"title": "Virgil Goode"
},
{
"text": " Goode grew up as a Democrat . He entered politics soon after graduating from law school . At the age of 27 , he won a special election to the state Senate from a Southside district as an independent after the death of the multi-term Democratic incumbent , William F . Stone . One of Goodes major campaign focuses was advocacy for the Equal Rights Amendment . Soon after being elected , he joined the Democrats .",
"title": "Virginia Senate"
},
{
"text": "Goode was very conservative even by Virginia Democratic standards of the time . As such , he wore his party ties very loosely . He supported the tobacco industry , worrying that his elderly mother would be denied the one last pleasure of smoking a cigarette on her hospital deathbed . Goode ardently defended gun rights while also enthusiastically supporting L . Douglas Wilder , who later became the first elected black governor of Virginia . At the Democratic Partys state political convention in 1985 , Goode nominated Wilder for lieutenant governor . However , while governor , Wilder cracked",
"title": "Virginia Senate"
},
{
"text": "down on gun sales in the state .",
"title": "Virginia Senate"
},
{
"text": " After the 1995 elections resulted in a 20–20 split between Democrats and Republicans in the State Senate , Goode seriously considered voting with the Republicans on organizing the chamber . Had he done so , the State Senate would have been under Republican control for the first time since Reconstruction ( Republicans ultimately won control outright in 1999 ) . Goodes actions at the time forced his party to share power with Republican lawmakers in the state legislature , which further upset the Democratic Party . U.S . Senate elections . 1982 .",
"title": "Virginia Senate"
},
{
"text": "Independent incumbent U.S . Senator Harry Flood Byrd Jr . decided to retire . Goode ran for the seat , but lost the nomination , getting just 8% of the vote . Lieutenant Governor Richard Joseph Davis won the convention with 64% of the vote . Davis lost the general election by a two-point margin .",
"title": "Virginia Senate"
},
{
"text": " 1994 . He decided to run for the U.S . Senate again in 1994 , to challenge incumbent Democratic U.S . Senator Chuck Robb in the Democratic primary . He angered much of the leadership of the Virginia Democratic Party during his second run . On June 14 , Robb defeated Goode 58%–34% . U.S . House of Representatives .",
"title": "Virginia Senate"
},
{
"text": " - 1996 When incumbent Democratic U.S . Congressman Lewis Payne decided to retire in 1996 , Goode won the Democratic nomination to succeed him . His state senate district was virtually co-extensive with the southern portion of the congressional district . He defeated Republican nominee George Landrith , an attorney , 61%–36% . - 1998 Goode won re-election to a second term unopposed . - 2000",
"title": "Elections"
},
{
"text": "Prior to the election , Goode switched from a Democrat to an independent . He portrayed himself as a congressman who was as independent as the people he serves . He won re-election to a third term with 67% of the vote .",
"title": "Elections"
},
{
"text": " - 2002 For the 2001 congressional redistricting , Goode allied with Republican Bob Goodlatte and Democrat Rick Boucher to ensure that none of them would be put in the same district . Goodes home in Franklin County is only about south of Goodlattes home in Roanoke , the heart of the . The counties to the west of Franklin County were in Bouchers , which had to expand due to lack of population growth .",
"title": "Elections"
},
{
"text": "Having become a Republican in August 2002 , Goode won the Republican nomination and won re-election to a fourth term with 63% of the vote . He was the first Republican to represent this district since 1889 .",
"title": "Elections"
},
{
"text": " - 2004 He won re-election to a fifth term with 64% of the vote , defeating Vietnam War veteran and businessman Al Weed . - 2006 He won re-election to a sixth term with 59% of the vote against Weed again . - 2008",
"title": "Elections"
},
{
"text": "In 2008 Goode lost his seat , being defeated by Democrat Tom Perriello by 727 votes ( 0.24% of over 316,000 votes cast ) . While Goode won 13 of the districts 20 counties and independent cities , the race was decided in the districts more urbanized areas . Goode won only one independent city in the district , Bedford , but by only 16 votes . Ultimately , Goode could not overcome a combined 19,000-vote deficit in the Charlottesville area ( Charlottesville and surrounding Albemarle County ) , where Perriello is from . Goode mostly held his own in",
"title": "Elections"
},
{
"text": "the districts strongly conservative southwestern portion , parts of which he had represented for 35 years at the state and federal level .",
"title": "Elections"
},
{
"text": " - 2010 Goode had filed paperwork with the Federal Election Committee to allow him to raise money for a possible rematch in the 2010 elections , due to receiving unsolicited campaign contributions , though he said he had not decided whether or not he would run in 2010 . However , Goode announced in late July 2009 that he would not seek the Republican nomination for the seat in 2010 . Nonetheless , many expected this race to be heavily targeted by the Republican Party in 2010 ; it was won by Republican Robert Hurt that year .",
"title": "Elections"
},
{
"text": " During his first two terms , he compiled one of the most conservative records of any Democrat in the Congress . Like many Southern Democrats , Goode strongly opposed abortion and gun control and vigorously supported the tobacco industry . His contrarian streak resulted in him being isolated within the Democratic caucus , which later led to him switching parties .",
"title": "Tenure"
},
{
"text": "Goode came under considerable fire shortly after being unopposed for a second term in 1998 , when he voted for three of the four articles of impeachment against Bill Clinton . In January 2000 , he declared himself an independent and began caucusing with the Republicans , who gave him a seat on the Appropriations Committee . Republicans had been lobbying him to switch parties since 1998 . Reflecting on Goodes record at the time , David Brown , the mayor of Charlottesville and a former chairman of the citys Democratic Party said It was obvious he didnt really fit",
"title": "Tenure"
},
{
"text": "in the Democratic Party anymore . He officially joined the GOP in August 2002 .",
"title": "Tenure"
},
{
"text": " Goodes primary policy initiatives were opposition to amnesty for undocumented immigrants , veterans healthcare , and the enactment in 2004 of a $9.6 billion buyout for tobacco farmers . Goode has sponsored legislation to permit deployment of the U.S . Armed Forces to the U.S.-Mexico border . He voted in 2002 to authorize the Iraq War and in support of an $87 billion Iraq War supplemental spending bill . Goode is an advocate of a federal prohibition of online poker . In 2006 , he cosponsored H.R . 4777 , the Internet Gambling Prohibition Act .",
"title": "Tenure"
},
{
"text": "Goode voted in 2007 against a resolution opposing the increase in troop numbers in Iraq , saying that he didnt want to aid and assist the Islamic jihadists who want the green flag of the crescent and star to wave over the Capitol of the United States and over the White House of this country and that radical Muslims wanted to control the world and put In Muhammad We Trust on American currency .",
"title": "Tenure"
},
{
"text": " - Liberty caucus Goode served on the Liberty Caucus ( sometimes called the Liberty Committee ) , a group of libertarian-leaning congressional representatives . Other members at that time included Ron Paul of Texas , Jimmy Duncan of Tennessee , Walter B . Jones of North Carolina , Roscoe Bartlett of Maryland , Scott Garrett of New Jersey , Zach Wamp of Tennessee , and Jeff Flake of Arizona . In the 2008 Republican primary elections for President , the Federal Election Commission reported that Goode donated $500 to Republican candidate Ron Paul . - MZM",
"title": "Tenure"
},
{
"text": "In 2005 , Goode faced questions when a major corporate campaign donor , defense contractor MZM , Inc. , was implicated in a bribery scandal that resulted in the criminal conviction and resignation of California congressman Randy Duke Cunningham . Although Goode insisted that his relations with MZM were motivated solely by his interest in bringing high-paying skilled jobs to his district , in December of that year he donated the $88,000 received in MZM contributions to regional charities .",
"title": "Tenure"
},
{
"text": " On July 21 , 2006 Richard Berglund , a former supervisor of the Martinsville , Virginia office of MZM Inc. , pleaded guilty to making illegal donations to Goodes campaign . Court papers indicated that Berglund and MZM owner Mitchell Wade ( who previously pleaded guilty ) engaged in a scheme to reimburse MZM employees for campaign donations . There was no allegation of wrongdoing on the part of Goodes campaign . - 2006 Quran controversy",
"title": "Tenure"
},
{
"text": "In 2006 , Minnesotas 5th congressional district elected Keith Ellison as the first Muslim to serve in the U.S . House of Representatives . Some criticized Ellisons intended use of the Quran once owned by Thomas Jefferson at a private swearing-in ceremony ; among them , Goode was vocal in his opposition to Ellisons plan . One of Goodes constituents posted a letter online from the congressman regarding Ellison . The letter reads in part :",
"title": "Tenure"
},
{
"text": " When I raise my hand to take the oath on Swearing In Day , I will have the Bible in my other hand . I do not subscribe to using the Koran in any way . The Muslim Representative from Minnesota was elected by the voters of that district and if American citizens dont wake up and adopt the Virgil Goode position on immigration there will likely be many more Muslims elected to office and demanding the use of the Koran .",
"title": "Tenure"
},
{
"text": "Ellison criticized Goode for this letter , stating that he is not an immigrant and that Goode does not understand Islam . Ellison also offered to meet with Goode to discuss the matter . On his first day in office , Ellison sought out Goode and initiated a cordial exchange on the House floor .",
"title": "Tenure"
},
{
"text": " In interviews around that time , Goode stated that he was in favor of decreasing legal immigration to the United States and that he wanted to do away with Diversity Immigrant Visas . Goode argued that such visas would allow people not from European countries or from some terrorist states to enter America . Goode also repeated his views on a January 1 , 2007 post to the USA Today blog . - Hummer accusation",
"title": "Tenure"
},
{
"text": "At the 2008 Independence Day parade in Scottsville , Virginia , independent supporters of Goode drove a Hummer H3 decorated with signs promoting Goode and Robert B . Bell . With gas prices at $4 a gallon , a supporter of Goodes opponent , Tom Perriello , put video of the parade on YouTube , accusing Goode of being out of touch with ordinary citizens grappling with the high cost of fuel .",
"title": "Tenure"
},
{
"text": " Goode never rode in the Hummer , and is not known to have had anything to do with it , but he was widely portrayed as having both owned and operated the vehicle . He was lampooned on The Daily Show for the story . - North Theatre controversy The United States Department of Housing and Urban Development grant that Goode assisted in bringing to the North Theatre project was received by the North Theatre organization in 2005 .",
"title": "Tenure"
},
{
"text": "The Danville Register & Bee reported that Duncan and Goodes wife Lucy were both on the founding board of the North Theatre . Virgil Goode checked with the House ethics committee , before Duncan or his wife Lucy went onto the North Theatre board . In the light of the controversy , Lucy Goode stepped down from the board .",
"title": "Tenure"
},
{
"text": " In 2003 , Duncan told the Register & Bee he didnt see any conflict with the earmarked dollars . I dont even know how a question of a conflict even arises , he said . - Sabato earmark controversy",
"title": "Tenure"
},
{
"text": "In June 2009 , it was revealed that political scientist Larry Sabato , of the Center for Politics , had been the recipient of over $7 million in earmark money from Goode , whom Sabato predicted would win re-election in 2008 , despite declining poll numbers ; Goode ultimately lost the race by a small margin . Some observers have suggested that Sabato should have revealed his financial connection to Goode or recused himself from making predictions about the race .",
"title": "Tenure"
},
{
"text": " - House Appropriations Committee 2012 presidential campaign . In November 2010 , Goode joined the executive committee of the Constitution Party , having previously been a member of the partys larger national committee . He told the Roanoke Times in June 2011 that he would consider [ running for the partys presidential nomination ] as the year progresses . Goode filed with the Federal Election Commission ( FEC ) as a presidential candidate on February 10 .",
"title": "Committee assignments"
},
{
"text": "Goode was selected as the partys 2012 presidential nominee on April 21 , 2012 , at the 2012 Constitution Party National Convention in Nashville , Tennessee .",
"title": "Committee assignments"
},
{
"text": " On October 23 , 2012 , Virgil Goode , along with Gary Johnson , Jill Stein , and Rocky Anderson participated in a debate moderated by Larry King . Goode lost in a poll conducted after the debate to decide who would face off in a runoff debate .",
"title": "Committee assignments"
},
{
"text": " <nowiki>*</nowiki>Write-in and minor candidate notes : In 1996 , write-ins received 104 votes . In 2000 , Joseph S . Spence received 3,936 votes ( 2% ) and write-ins received 70 votes . In 2006 , write-ins received 99 votes .",
"title": "Electoral history"
}
] |
/wiki/Virgil_Goode#P69#2
|
Virgil Goode went to which school between Jan 1978 and Nov 1979?
|
Virgil Goode Virgil Hamlin Goode Jr . ( born October 17 , 1946 ) is an American politician who served as a member of the United States House of Representatives from 5th congressional district of Virginia between 1997 and 2009 . He was initially a Democrat , but became an independent in 2000 and switched to the Republican Party in 2002 . He was narrowly defeated in 2008 by Democrat Tom Perriello . In 2012 , he was the presidential nominee of the Constitution Party , receiving 122,388 votes or 0.09% of the total . Early life and education . Goode was born in Richmond , Virginia , the son of Alice Clara ( née Besecker ) and Virgil Hamlin Goode Sr . However , he has spent most of his life in Rocky Mount , south of Roanoke . His father served in the Virginia House of Delegates from 1940 to 1948 and as commonwealths attorney of Franklin County from 1948 to 1972 ; between them , father and son represented Franklin County at either the local , state or federal level with only one years interruption from 1940 to 2009 . Goode graduated with a B.A . from the University of Richmond ( Phi Beta Kappa ) and with a J.D . from the University of Virginia School of Law . He also is a member of Lambda Chi Alpha fraternity and served in the Army National Guard from 1969 to 1975 . Virginia Senate . Goode grew up as a Democrat . He entered politics soon after graduating from law school . At the age of 27 , he won a special election to the state Senate from a Southside district as an independent after the death of the multi-term Democratic incumbent , William F . Stone . One of Goodes major campaign focuses was advocacy for the Equal Rights Amendment . Soon after being elected , he joined the Democrats . Goode was very conservative even by Virginia Democratic standards of the time . As such , he wore his party ties very loosely . He supported the tobacco industry , worrying that his elderly mother would be denied the one last pleasure of smoking a cigarette on her hospital deathbed . Goode ardently defended gun rights while also enthusiastically supporting L . Douglas Wilder , who later became the first elected black governor of Virginia . At the Democratic Partys state political convention in 1985 , Goode nominated Wilder for lieutenant governor . However , while governor , Wilder cracked down on gun sales in the state . After the 1995 elections resulted in a 20–20 split between Democrats and Republicans in the State Senate , Goode seriously considered voting with the Republicans on organizing the chamber . Had he done so , the State Senate would have been under Republican control for the first time since Reconstruction ( Republicans ultimately won control outright in 1999 ) . Goodes actions at the time forced his party to share power with Republican lawmakers in the state legislature , which further upset the Democratic Party . U.S . Senate elections . 1982 . Independent incumbent U.S . Senator Harry Flood Byrd Jr . decided to retire . Goode ran for the seat , but lost the nomination , getting just 8% of the vote . Lieutenant Governor Richard Joseph Davis won the convention with 64% of the vote . Davis lost the general election by a two-point margin . 1994 . He decided to run for the U.S . Senate again in 1994 , to challenge incumbent Democratic U.S . Senator Chuck Robb in the Democratic primary . He angered much of the leadership of the Virginia Democratic Party during his second run . On June 14 , Robb defeated Goode 58%–34% . U.S . House of Representatives . Elections . - 1996 When incumbent Democratic U.S . Congressman Lewis Payne decided to retire in 1996 , Goode won the Democratic nomination to succeed him . His state senate district was virtually co-extensive with the southern portion of the congressional district . He defeated Republican nominee George Landrith , an attorney , 61%–36% . - 1998 Goode won re-election to a second term unopposed . - 2000 Prior to the election , Goode switched from a Democrat to an independent . He portrayed himself as a congressman who was as independent as the people he serves . He won re-election to a third term with 67% of the vote . - 2002 For the 2001 congressional redistricting , Goode allied with Republican Bob Goodlatte and Democrat Rick Boucher to ensure that none of them would be put in the same district . Goodes home in Franklin County is only about south of Goodlattes home in Roanoke , the heart of the . The counties to the west of Franklin County were in Bouchers , which had to expand due to lack of population growth . Having become a Republican in August 2002 , Goode won the Republican nomination and won re-election to a fourth term with 63% of the vote . He was the first Republican to represent this district since 1889 . - 2004 He won re-election to a fifth term with 64% of the vote , defeating Vietnam War veteran and businessman Al Weed . - 2006 He won re-election to a sixth term with 59% of the vote against Weed again . - 2008 In 2008 Goode lost his seat , being defeated by Democrat Tom Perriello by 727 votes ( 0.24% of over 316,000 votes cast ) . While Goode won 13 of the districts 20 counties and independent cities , the race was decided in the districts more urbanized areas . Goode won only one independent city in the district , Bedford , but by only 16 votes . Ultimately , Goode could not overcome a combined 19,000-vote deficit in the Charlottesville area ( Charlottesville and surrounding Albemarle County ) , where Perriello is from . Goode mostly held his own in the districts strongly conservative southwestern portion , parts of which he had represented for 35 years at the state and federal level . - 2010 Goode had filed paperwork with the Federal Election Committee to allow him to raise money for a possible rematch in the 2010 elections , due to receiving unsolicited campaign contributions , though he said he had not decided whether or not he would run in 2010 . However , Goode announced in late July 2009 that he would not seek the Republican nomination for the seat in 2010 . Nonetheless , many expected this race to be heavily targeted by the Republican Party in 2010 ; it was won by Republican Robert Hurt that year . Tenure . During his first two terms , he compiled one of the most conservative records of any Democrat in the Congress . Like many Southern Democrats , Goode strongly opposed abortion and gun control and vigorously supported the tobacco industry . His contrarian streak resulted in him being isolated within the Democratic caucus , which later led to him switching parties . Goode came under considerable fire shortly after being unopposed for a second term in 1998 , when he voted for three of the four articles of impeachment against Bill Clinton . In January 2000 , he declared himself an independent and began caucusing with the Republicans , who gave him a seat on the Appropriations Committee . Republicans had been lobbying him to switch parties since 1998 . Reflecting on Goodes record at the time , David Brown , the mayor of Charlottesville and a former chairman of the citys Democratic Party said It was obvious he didnt really fit in the Democratic Party anymore . He officially joined the GOP in August 2002 . Goodes primary policy initiatives were opposition to amnesty for undocumented immigrants , veterans healthcare , and the enactment in 2004 of a $9.6 billion buyout for tobacco farmers . Goode has sponsored legislation to permit deployment of the U.S . Armed Forces to the U.S.-Mexico border . He voted in 2002 to authorize the Iraq War and in support of an $87 billion Iraq War supplemental spending bill . Goode is an advocate of a federal prohibition of online poker . In 2006 , he cosponsored H.R . 4777 , the Internet Gambling Prohibition Act . Goode voted in 2007 against a resolution opposing the increase in troop numbers in Iraq , saying that he didnt want to aid and assist the Islamic jihadists who want the green flag of the crescent and star to wave over the Capitol of the United States and over the White House of this country and that radical Muslims wanted to control the world and put In Muhammad We Trust on American currency . - Liberty caucus Goode served on the Liberty Caucus ( sometimes called the Liberty Committee ) , a group of libertarian-leaning congressional representatives . Other members at that time included Ron Paul of Texas , Jimmy Duncan of Tennessee , Walter B . Jones of North Carolina , Roscoe Bartlett of Maryland , Scott Garrett of New Jersey , Zach Wamp of Tennessee , and Jeff Flake of Arizona . In the 2008 Republican primary elections for President , the Federal Election Commission reported that Goode donated $500 to Republican candidate Ron Paul . - MZM In 2005 , Goode faced questions when a major corporate campaign donor , defense contractor MZM , Inc. , was implicated in a bribery scandal that resulted in the criminal conviction and resignation of California congressman Randy Duke Cunningham . Although Goode insisted that his relations with MZM were motivated solely by his interest in bringing high-paying skilled jobs to his district , in December of that year he donated the $88,000 received in MZM contributions to regional charities . On July 21 , 2006 Richard Berglund , a former supervisor of the Martinsville , Virginia office of MZM Inc. , pleaded guilty to making illegal donations to Goodes campaign . Court papers indicated that Berglund and MZM owner Mitchell Wade ( who previously pleaded guilty ) engaged in a scheme to reimburse MZM employees for campaign donations . There was no allegation of wrongdoing on the part of Goodes campaign . - 2006 Quran controversy In 2006 , Minnesotas 5th congressional district elected Keith Ellison as the first Muslim to serve in the U.S . House of Representatives . Some criticized Ellisons intended use of the Quran once owned by Thomas Jefferson at a private swearing-in ceremony ; among them , Goode was vocal in his opposition to Ellisons plan . One of Goodes constituents posted a letter online from the congressman regarding Ellison . The letter reads in part : When I raise my hand to take the oath on Swearing In Day , I will have the Bible in my other hand . I do not subscribe to using the Koran in any way . The Muslim Representative from Minnesota was elected by the voters of that district and if American citizens dont wake up and adopt the Virgil Goode position on immigration there will likely be many more Muslims elected to office and demanding the use of the Koran . Ellison criticized Goode for this letter , stating that he is not an immigrant and that Goode does not understand Islam . Ellison also offered to meet with Goode to discuss the matter . On his first day in office , Ellison sought out Goode and initiated a cordial exchange on the House floor . In interviews around that time , Goode stated that he was in favor of decreasing legal immigration to the United States and that he wanted to do away with Diversity Immigrant Visas . Goode argued that such visas would allow people not from European countries or from some terrorist states to enter America . Goode also repeated his views on a January 1 , 2007 post to the USA Today blog . - Hummer accusation At the 2008 Independence Day parade in Scottsville , Virginia , independent supporters of Goode drove a Hummer H3 decorated with signs promoting Goode and Robert B . Bell . With gas prices at $4 a gallon , a supporter of Goodes opponent , Tom Perriello , put video of the parade on YouTube , accusing Goode of being out of touch with ordinary citizens grappling with the high cost of fuel . Goode never rode in the Hummer , and is not known to have had anything to do with it , but he was widely portrayed as having both owned and operated the vehicle . He was lampooned on The Daily Show for the story . - North Theatre controversy The United States Department of Housing and Urban Development grant that Goode assisted in bringing to the North Theatre project was received by the North Theatre organization in 2005 . The Danville Register & Bee reported that Duncan and Goodes wife Lucy were both on the founding board of the North Theatre . Virgil Goode checked with the House ethics committee , before Duncan or his wife Lucy went onto the North Theatre board . In the light of the controversy , Lucy Goode stepped down from the board . In 2003 , Duncan told the Register & Bee he didnt see any conflict with the earmarked dollars . I dont even know how a question of a conflict even arises , he said . - Sabato earmark controversy In June 2009 , it was revealed that political scientist Larry Sabato , of the Center for Politics , had been the recipient of over $7 million in earmark money from Goode , whom Sabato predicted would win re-election in 2008 , despite declining poll numbers ; Goode ultimately lost the race by a small margin . Some observers have suggested that Sabato should have revealed his financial connection to Goode or recused himself from making predictions about the race . Committee assignments . - House Appropriations Committee 2012 presidential campaign . In November 2010 , Goode joined the executive committee of the Constitution Party , having previously been a member of the partys larger national committee . He told the Roanoke Times in June 2011 that he would consider [ running for the partys presidential nomination ] as the year progresses . Goode filed with the Federal Election Commission ( FEC ) as a presidential candidate on February 10 . Goode was selected as the partys 2012 presidential nominee on April 21 , 2012 , at the 2012 Constitution Party National Convention in Nashville , Tennessee . On October 23 , 2012 , Virgil Goode , along with Gary Johnson , Jill Stein , and Rocky Anderson participated in a debate moderated by Larry King . Goode lost in a poll conducted after the debate to decide who would face off in a runoff debate . Electoral history . <nowiki>*</nowiki>Write-in and minor candidate notes : In 1996 , write-ins received 104 votes . In 2000 , Joseph S . Spence received 3,936 votes ( 2% ) and write-ins received 70 votes . In 2006 , write-ins received 99 votes .
|
[
""
] |
[
{
"text": " Virgil Hamlin Goode Jr . ( born October 17 , 1946 ) is an American politician who served as a member of the United States House of Representatives from 5th congressional district of Virginia between 1997 and 2009 . He was initially a Democrat , but became an independent in 2000 and switched to the Republican Party in 2002 . He was narrowly defeated in 2008 by Democrat Tom Perriello . In 2012 , he was the presidential nominee of the Constitution Party , receiving 122,388 votes or 0.09% of the total . Early life and education .",
"title": "Virgil Goode"
},
{
"text": "Goode was born in Richmond , Virginia , the son of Alice Clara ( née Besecker ) and Virgil Hamlin Goode Sr . However , he has spent most of his life in Rocky Mount , south of Roanoke .",
"title": "Virgil Goode"
},
{
"text": "His father served in the Virginia House of Delegates from 1940 to 1948 and as commonwealths attorney of Franklin County from 1948 to 1972 ; between them , father and son represented Franklin County at either the local , state or federal level with only one years interruption from 1940 to 2009 . Goode graduated with a B.A . from the University of Richmond ( Phi Beta Kappa ) and with a J.D . from the University of Virginia School of Law . He also is a member of Lambda Chi Alpha fraternity and served in the Army National Guard",
"title": "Virgil Goode"
},
{
"text": "from 1969 to 1975 .",
"title": "Virgil Goode"
},
{
"text": " Goode grew up as a Democrat . He entered politics soon after graduating from law school . At the age of 27 , he won a special election to the state Senate from a Southside district as an independent after the death of the multi-term Democratic incumbent , William F . Stone . One of Goodes major campaign focuses was advocacy for the Equal Rights Amendment . Soon after being elected , he joined the Democrats .",
"title": "Virginia Senate"
},
{
"text": "Goode was very conservative even by Virginia Democratic standards of the time . As such , he wore his party ties very loosely . He supported the tobacco industry , worrying that his elderly mother would be denied the one last pleasure of smoking a cigarette on her hospital deathbed . Goode ardently defended gun rights while also enthusiastically supporting L . Douglas Wilder , who later became the first elected black governor of Virginia . At the Democratic Partys state political convention in 1985 , Goode nominated Wilder for lieutenant governor . However , while governor , Wilder cracked",
"title": "Virginia Senate"
},
{
"text": "down on gun sales in the state .",
"title": "Virginia Senate"
},
{
"text": " After the 1995 elections resulted in a 20–20 split between Democrats and Republicans in the State Senate , Goode seriously considered voting with the Republicans on organizing the chamber . Had he done so , the State Senate would have been under Republican control for the first time since Reconstruction ( Republicans ultimately won control outright in 1999 ) . Goodes actions at the time forced his party to share power with Republican lawmakers in the state legislature , which further upset the Democratic Party . U.S . Senate elections . 1982 .",
"title": "Virginia Senate"
},
{
"text": "Independent incumbent U.S . Senator Harry Flood Byrd Jr . decided to retire . Goode ran for the seat , but lost the nomination , getting just 8% of the vote . Lieutenant Governor Richard Joseph Davis won the convention with 64% of the vote . Davis lost the general election by a two-point margin .",
"title": "Virginia Senate"
},
{
"text": " 1994 . He decided to run for the U.S . Senate again in 1994 , to challenge incumbent Democratic U.S . Senator Chuck Robb in the Democratic primary . He angered much of the leadership of the Virginia Democratic Party during his second run . On June 14 , Robb defeated Goode 58%–34% . U.S . House of Representatives .",
"title": "Virginia Senate"
},
{
"text": " - 1996 When incumbent Democratic U.S . Congressman Lewis Payne decided to retire in 1996 , Goode won the Democratic nomination to succeed him . His state senate district was virtually co-extensive with the southern portion of the congressional district . He defeated Republican nominee George Landrith , an attorney , 61%–36% . - 1998 Goode won re-election to a second term unopposed . - 2000",
"title": "Elections"
},
{
"text": "Prior to the election , Goode switched from a Democrat to an independent . He portrayed himself as a congressman who was as independent as the people he serves . He won re-election to a third term with 67% of the vote .",
"title": "Elections"
},
{
"text": " - 2002 For the 2001 congressional redistricting , Goode allied with Republican Bob Goodlatte and Democrat Rick Boucher to ensure that none of them would be put in the same district . Goodes home in Franklin County is only about south of Goodlattes home in Roanoke , the heart of the . The counties to the west of Franklin County were in Bouchers , which had to expand due to lack of population growth .",
"title": "Elections"
},
{
"text": "Having become a Republican in August 2002 , Goode won the Republican nomination and won re-election to a fourth term with 63% of the vote . He was the first Republican to represent this district since 1889 .",
"title": "Elections"
},
{
"text": " - 2004 He won re-election to a fifth term with 64% of the vote , defeating Vietnam War veteran and businessman Al Weed . - 2006 He won re-election to a sixth term with 59% of the vote against Weed again . - 2008",
"title": "Elections"
},
{
"text": "In 2008 Goode lost his seat , being defeated by Democrat Tom Perriello by 727 votes ( 0.24% of over 316,000 votes cast ) . While Goode won 13 of the districts 20 counties and independent cities , the race was decided in the districts more urbanized areas . Goode won only one independent city in the district , Bedford , but by only 16 votes . Ultimately , Goode could not overcome a combined 19,000-vote deficit in the Charlottesville area ( Charlottesville and surrounding Albemarle County ) , where Perriello is from . Goode mostly held his own in",
"title": "Elections"
},
{
"text": "the districts strongly conservative southwestern portion , parts of which he had represented for 35 years at the state and federal level .",
"title": "Elections"
},
{
"text": " - 2010 Goode had filed paperwork with the Federal Election Committee to allow him to raise money for a possible rematch in the 2010 elections , due to receiving unsolicited campaign contributions , though he said he had not decided whether or not he would run in 2010 . However , Goode announced in late July 2009 that he would not seek the Republican nomination for the seat in 2010 . Nonetheless , many expected this race to be heavily targeted by the Republican Party in 2010 ; it was won by Republican Robert Hurt that year .",
"title": "Elections"
},
{
"text": " During his first two terms , he compiled one of the most conservative records of any Democrat in the Congress . Like many Southern Democrats , Goode strongly opposed abortion and gun control and vigorously supported the tobacco industry . His contrarian streak resulted in him being isolated within the Democratic caucus , which later led to him switching parties .",
"title": "Tenure"
},
{
"text": "Goode came under considerable fire shortly after being unopposed for a second term in 1998 , when he voted for three of the four articles of impeachment against Bill Clinton . In January 2000 , he declared himself an independent and began caucusing with the Republicans , who gave him a seat on the Appropriations Committee . Republicans had been lobbying him to switch parties since 1998 . Reflecting on Goodes record at the time , David Brown , the mayor of Charlottesville and a former chairman of the citys Democratic Party said It was obvious he didnt really fit",
"title": "Tenure"
},
{
"text": "in the Democratic Party anymore . He officially joined the GOP in August 2002 .",
"title": "Tenure"
},
{
"text": " Goodes primary policy initiatives were opposition to amnesty for undocumented immigrants , veterans healthcare , and the enactment in 2004 of a $9.6 billion buyout for tobacco farmers . Goode has sponsored legislation to permit deployment of the U.S . Armed Forces to the U.S.-Mexico border . He voted in 2002 to authorize the Iraq War and in support of an $87 billion Iraq War supplemental spending bill . Goode is an advocate of a federal prohibition of online poker . In 2006 , he cosponsored H.R . 4777 , the Internet Gambling Prohibition Act .",
"title": "Tenure"
},
{
"text": "Goode voted in 2007 against a resolution opposing the increase in troop numbers in Iraq , saying that he didnt want to aid and assist the Islamic jihadists who want the green flag of the crescent and star to wave over the Capitol of the United States and over the White House of this country and that radical Muslims wanted to control the world and put In Muhammad We Trust on American currency .",
"title": "Tenure"
},
{
"text": " - Liberty caucus Goode served on the Liberty Caucus ( sometimes called the Liberty Committee ) , a group of libertarian-leaning congressional representatives . Other members at that time included Ron Paul of Texas , Jimmy Duncan of Tennessee , Walter B . Jones of North Carolina , Roscoe Bartlett of Maryland , Scott Garrett of New Jersey , Zach Wamp of Tennessee , and Jeff Flake of Arizona . In the 2008 Republican primary elections for President , the Federal Election Commission reported that Goode donated $500 to Republican candidate Ron Paul . - MZM",
"title": "Tenure"
},
{
"text": "In 2005 , Goode faced questions when a major corporate campaign donor , defense contractor MZM , Inc. , was implicated in a bribery scandal that resulted in the criminal conviction and resignation of California congressman Randy Duke Cunningham . Although Goode insisted that his relations with MZM were motivated solely by his interest in bringing high-paying skilled jobs to his district , in December of that year he donated the $88,000 received in MZM contributions to regional charities .",
"title": "Tenure"
},
{
"text": " On July 21 , 2006 Richard Berglund , a former supervisor of the Martinsville , Virginia office of MZM Inc. , pleaded guilty to making illegal donations to Goodes campaign . Court papers indicated that Berglund and MZM owner Mitchell Wade ( who previously pleaded guilty ) engaged in a scheme to reimburse MZM employees for campaign donations . There was no allegation of wrongdoing on the part of Goodes campaign . - 2006 Quran controversy",
"title": "Tenure"
},
{
"text": "In 2006 , Minnesotas 5th congressional district elected Keith Ellison as the first Muslim to serve in the U.S . House of Representatives . Some criticized Ellisons intended use of the Quran once owned by Thomas Jefferson at a private swearing-in ceremony ; among them , Goode was vocal in his opposition to Ellisons plan . One of Goodes constituents posted a letter online from the congressman regarding Ellison . The letter reads in part :",
"title": "Tenure"
},
{
"text": " When I raise my hand to take the oath on Swearing In Day , I will have the Bible in my other hand . I do not subscribe to using the Koran in any way . The Muslim Representative from Minnesota was elected by the voters of that district and if American citizens dont wake up and adopt the Virgil Goode position on immigration there will likely be many more Muslims elected to office and demanding the use of the Koran .",
"title": "Tenure"
},
{
"text": "Ellison criticized Goode for this letter , stating that he is not an immigrant and that Goode does not understand Islam . Ellison also offered to meet with Goode to discuss the matter . On his first day in office , Ellison sought out Goode and initiated a cordial exchange on the House floor .",
"title": "Tenure"
},
{
"text": " In interviews around that time , Goode stated that he was in favor of decreasing legal immigration to the United States and that he wanted to do away with Diversity Immigrant Visas . Goode argued that such visas would allow people not from European countries or from some terrorist states to enter America . Goode also repeated his views on a January 1 , 2007 post to the USA Today blog . - Hummer accusation",
"title": "Tenure"
},
{
"text": "At the 2008 Independence Day parade in Scottsville , Virginia , independent supporters of Goode drove a Hummer H3 decorated with signs promoting Goode and Robert B . Bell . With gas prices at $4 a gallon , a supporter of Goodes opponent , Tom Perriello , put video of the parade on YouTube , accusing Goode of being out of touch with ordinary citizens grappling with the high cost of fuel .",
"title": "Tenure"
},
{
"text": " Goode never rode in the Hummer , and is not known to have had anything to do with it , but he was widely portrayed as having both owned and operated the vehicle . He was lampooned on The Daily Show for the story . - North Theatre controversy The United States Department of Housing and Urban Development grant that Goode assisted in bringing to the North Theatre project was received by the North Theatre organization in 2005 .",
"title": "Tenure"
},
{
"text": "The Danville Register & Bee reported that Duncan and Goodes wife Lucy were both on the founding board of the North Theatre . Virgil Goode checked with the House ethics committee , before Duncan or his wife Lucy went onto the North Theatre board . In the light of the controversy , Lucy Goode stepped down from the board .",
"title": "Tenure"
},
{
"text": " In 2003 , Duncan told the Register & Bee he didnt see any conflict with the earmarked dollars . I dont even know how a question of a conflict even arises , he said . - Sabato earmark controversy",
"title": "Tenure"
},
{
"text": "In June 2009 , it was revealed that political scientist Larry Sabato , of the Center for Politics , had been the recipient of over $7 million in earmark money from Goode , whom Sabato predicted would win re-election in 2008 , despite declining poll numbers ; Goode ultimately lost the race by a small margin . Some observers have suggested that Sabato should have revealed his financial connection to Goode or recused himself from making predictions about the race .",
"title": "Tenure"
},
{
"text": " - House Appropriations Committee 2012 presidential campaign . In November 2010 , Goode joined the executive committee of the Constitution Party , having previously been a member of the partys larger national committee . He told the Roanoke Times in June 2011 that he would consider [ running for the partys presidential nomination ] as the year progresses . Goode filed with the Federal Election Commission ( FEC ) as a presidential candidate on February 10 .",
"title": "Committee assignments"
},
{
"text": "Goode was selected as the partys 2012 presidential nominee on April 21 , 2012 , at the 2012 Constitution Party National Convention in Nashville , Tennessee .",
"title": "Committee assignments"
},
{
"text": " On October 23 , 2012 , Virgil Goode , along with Gary Johnson , Jill Stein , and Rocky Anderson participated in a debate moderated by Larry King . Goode lost in a poll conducted after the debate to decide who would face off in a runoff debate .",
"title": "Committee assignments"
},
{
"text": " <nowiki>*</nowiki>Write-in and minor candidate notes : In 1996 , write-ins received 104 votes . In 2000 , Joseph S . Spence received 3,936 votes ( 2% ) and write-ins received 70 votes . In 2006 , write-ins received 99 votes .",
"title": "Electoral history"
}
] |
/wiki/Siegen#P17#0
|
Which country did Siegen belong to in Aug 1327?
|
Siegen Siegen ( ) is a city in Germany , in the south Westphalian part of North Rhine-Westphalia . It is located in the district of Siegen-Wittgenstein in the Arnsberg region . The university town ( nearly 20,000 students in the 2018–2019 winter semester ) is the district seat , and is ranked as a higher centre in the South Westphalian urban agglomeration . In 1975 , municipal reforms and amalgamations lifted Siegens population above the 100,000 mark . Geography . Location . The city of Siegen lies in the basin of the upper reaches of the river Sieg . From there , lateral valleys branch off in many directions . The heights of the surrounding mountains , wherever they are not actually settled , are covered in coppice . To the north lies the Sauerland , to the northwest the Rothaargebirge and to the southwest the Westerwald . The nearest cities to Siegen , taking into account average travelling distances , are Hagen to the north , Frankfurt am Main to the southeast , Koblenz to the southwest and Cologne to the west . As the crow flies the distances to these places are , however , ( Hagen ) , ( Frankfurt ) , ( Koblenz ) and ( Cologne ) . The city lies on the German-Dutch holiday road called the Orange Route , joining towns , cities and regions associated with the House of Orange . City area . The citys total land area is roughly . Its greatest east-west span is about , and its greatest north-south span is about . City limits are long . Siegen lies at a median elevation of above sea level . The citys greatest elevation is the peak of the Pfannenberg at above sea level at southern city limits . Siegens lowest point is above sea level at Niederschelden at southwestern city limits , which there also forms the state boundary with Rhineland-Palatinate . Roughly 60% of the citys land is wooded , making Siegen one of Germanys greenest cities . The city area is divided into six zones , called Bezirke in German and comparable to boroughs in some cities , which themselves are further divided into various communities ( Ortsteile and Stadtteile ) . Each borough has a borough board consisting of 15 voting and 15 non-voting members who are appointed by city council with regard to each partys share of the vote in the municipal elections in the borough in question . The borough boards decide on matters particular to their respective boroughs . These matters are laid down in Siegens city charter . Administrative division . Siegens six boroughs and communities belonging to each boroughs are : - District I ( Geisweid ) : Birlenbach , Meiswinkel , Langenholdinghausen , Geisweid , Dillnhütten , Sohlbach , Buchen , Niedersetzen , Obersetzen - District II ( Weidenau ) : - District III ( Ost ) : Kaan-Marienborn , parts of Alt-Siegen ( Giersberg ) , Bürbach , Volnsberg , Breitenbach , Feuersbach - District IV ( Mitte ) : Alt-Siegen ( parts not belonging to borough III or V ) - District V ( West ) : Seelbach , Trupbach and parts of Alt-Siegen ( Wellersberg , Fischbacherberg , Achenbach , Rothenberg ) - District VI ( Süd ) : Oberschelden , Gosenbach , Niederschelden , Eiserfeld , Eisern Along with the boroughs and communities into which the city is divided , as mandated by law , there are also further subdivisions within the communities , each with its own name , but none with distinctly clear borders . They are called Quartiere , which can be rendered as quarters or neighbourhoods . Examples of these include the Unterstadt , the Oberstadt , Hammerhütte , Lindenberg , Charlottental , Haardter Berg ( with the university ) and the Alte Dreisbach . Some neighbourhoods even straddle community boundaries , like Sieghütte , parts of which can be found in both Siegen-Mitte and Weidenau . Moreover , some neighbourhoods even overlap each other . Unlike the boroughs ( Bezirke ) or communities ( Ortsteile and Stadtteile ) , the Quartiere have no statistical or administrative importance . They do , however , serve some function as to their inhabitants identity , but more practically than that , they are also useful for finding ones way with a city map and using in bus route names and on public notices and traffic signs . Many of the Hüttentalstraße city Autobahns exits are also named after the Quartiere that they serve . The communities of Weidenau , Geisweid , Birlenbach , Langenholdinghausen , Buchen , Sohlbach , Dillnhütten , Niedersetzen , Obersetzen and Meiswinkel formed from 1 July 1966 to 31 December 1974 the town of Hüttental . The communities of Eiserfeld , Eisern , Gosenbach , Niederschelden and Oberschelden formed the town of Eiserfeld between those same two dates . Neighbouring communities . The city of Siegen borders in the north on the town of Kreuztal and the community of Wenden , in the east on the town of Netphen , in the southeast on the community of Wilnsdorf , in the south on the community of Neunkirchen , in the west on the community of Mudersbach ( Altenkirchen in Rhineland-Palatinate ) and in the northwest on the town of Freudenberg . History . <section /> The name Siegen comes from the possibly Celtic river name Sieg . It is , however , unclear whether there is any relation between this name and the Celtic-Germanic Sicambri ( Ger . Sugambrer ) people , who in pre-Christian times lived in parts of North Rhine-Westphalia . The first documentary mention of the place called Sigena dates from 1079 . The citys history is markedly shaped by mining , which locally began as far back as La Tène times . Bearing witness to this longtime industry are the many mines that can be found within city limits . In 1224 , Siegen is mentioned as a newly built town whose ownership was shared by the Count of Nassau , Heinrich the Rich , and Engelbert II of Berg , Archbishop of Cologne after the latter transferred one half of the ownership to the former . Moreover , there is proof that the Oberes Schloss ( upper stately home ) was already standing at this time . On 19 October 1303 , the town was granted Soester Stadtrecht , or Soest town rights . The town remained under the two overlords joint ownership until 1 February 1381 , only then passing fully into Nassau hands . In the 16th century , the town of Siegen bore a formidable defensive look . It was surrounded by mighty walls with 16 towers and three town gates , and was home to a great castle . The town was stricken several times by townwide fires . Documents record such fires in 1592 , and from 10 to 20 April 1695 . In 1536 , Heinrich the Rich built a paedagogium in the buildings that had once housed a Franciscan Monastery . It later grew into todays Gymnasium at Siegens Löhrtor ( gate ) . Johann VII of Nassau-Siegen ( Johann the Intermediary ) built the Unteres Schloss ( lower stately home ) on the site of an old Franciscan Monastery . In 1616 , Johann VII founded a knightly war school in the still standing old armoury on Burgstraße , expressly to produce an officer corps for Calvinism . His son Johann VIII ( The Younger ) returned in 1612 to the Roman Catholic Church , and wanted to use force to make the townsfolk also convert back to Roman Catholicism . In 1632 , Nassau-Siegen was conquered by the Swedes , after which his half-brother John Maurice of Nassau-Siegen , the Dutch commander in Brazil , re-introduced Protestantism . John VIII died in 1638 and was succeeded by his only son Johan Frans Desideratus , who had to cede part of Nassau-Siegen ( north of the Sieg river ) to the Protestant branch of the family . John Maurices leadership served in 1650–1651 to bring about a split in the Siegerland along denominational lines . Under Wilhelm Hyacinth of Nassau-Siegen , violence broke out between the two denominational groups . When on 29 March 1707 townsman Friedrich Flender was killed , Wilhelm Hyacinth was himself unseated and furthermore driven out of the town . Wilhelm Hyacinth was the last in the line of Nassau-Siegens Catholic rulers , dying in 1743 . Already in 1734 , though , the Reformed line had died out , too , with Friedrich Wilhelms death , leading Charles VI , Holy Roman Emperor to transfer power in the territory to the Prince of Orange and the Prince of Nassau-Diez . Under their leadership , mining , the main source of wealth , blossomed , along with agriculture and silviculture . When Prince William of Orange refused to join the Confederation of the Rhine , founded by Napoleon , he found himself unseated by the French leader and the Siegerland passed to the Grand Duchy of Berg . After Napoleons downfall in 1813 , however , William I regained his former German inheritances , but in 1815 he ceded them to the Kingdom of Prussia for the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg . Siegen was assigned to the Siegen district , first in the Koblenz region , and as of 1817 in the Arnsberg region within the Prussian Province of Westphalia . Under Prussian rule , Siegen developed into the South Westphalian centre that it is today . On 1 March 1923 , Siegen was set apart from the district bearing its name , and became a district-free town , while still keeping its function as seat of the district of which it was no longer part , and which was itself merged with Wittgenstein district under district reform in 1975 . Siegen also lost its district-free status at this time , becoming part of the new Siegen-Wittgenstein district , the name that the district has borne since 1984 . During World War II , Siegen was repeatedly bombed by the Allies owing to a crucial railroad that crossed through the town . On 1 April 1945 , the US 8th Infantry Division began the Allied ground assault against Siegen and the dominating military-significant high ground north of the river . The battle against determined German forces at Siegen continued through 2 April 1945 , until organized resistance was finally overwhelmed by the division on 3 April 1945.<section /> Religion . The town of Siegen belonged in the beginning to the Archbishopric of Mainz , or more precisely to its deaconry of Arfeld . There was a White Nun convent in town that folded in the 15th century . Furthermore , there was a Franciscan Monastery that was dissolved in 1533 after the Nassau overlords had introduced the Reformation in 1530 . After that , the town was first Lutheran , but in 1550 , the Principality of Nassau converted to the Reformed Church . Subsequently , Siegen was a predominantly Protestant town , but not so strongly that the Counterreformation could not gain ground in 1623 , with one fifth of the townsfolk and those living in the surrounding area becoming Catholic once again . As of 1626 , there was once more a monastery in town , this time a Jesuit one . After passing to Prussia in 1815 , the union between Lutheran and Reformed churches was introduced in Siegen , as it was throughout Prussia , but the towns parishes kept their Reformed emphasis . As part of the Westphalian Provincial Church ( now the Church of Westphalia ) , Siegen became the seat of a Superintendency . A similar entity still exists in Siegen , known as the Kirchenkreis , or church district , to which all the citys parishes nowadays belong , unless they are Free Church parishes . This church district encompasses the whole of South Westphalia all the way to Olpe . The towns Catholics , even after the Reformation , still belonged to the Archbishopric of Mainz . With the restructuring of the Catholic Church early in the 19th century , Siegen was assigned to the Archbishopric of Paderborn and became the seat of a district synod , today a deaconry , to which all the districts Catholic parishes belong . Paderborn was raised to Archbishopric in 1929 . Besides the Roman Catholic Church , Siegen also has a Greek Orthodox parish and a Romanian Orthodox parish . Moreover , there are various free churches established in Siegen , among them several Evangelical Free Church parishes ( Baptists ) , an Evangelical-Methodist Church , an Independent Evangelical-Lutheran Church ( SELK ) , a Seventh-day Adventist parish , several Free Evangelical parishes ( FeG ) , the Achenbach Christian Community , the Christian Assembly , Calvary Chapel and the Siegen-Meiswinkel Mission Community . Further religious communities in Siegen are The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints , the New Apostolic Church , the Jehovahs Witnesses , an Original Christianity community and Baháʼí . Moreover , owing to a great number of Turkish and Arab migrants in Siegen , the Muslim community is also very much in evidence there and there are several mosques in Siegen run by Turkish , Arab and Albanian communities . There are said to be more than 15,000 Muslims out of Siegens total population . Municipal reform . The following communities and rural areas have been amalgamated with Siegen : - 1902 and 1912 : parts of Buschgotthardtshütten - 1934 : parts of Achenbach - 1937 : parts of Achenbach and Buschgotthardtshütten - 1966 : Trupbach , Seelbach , Breitenbach , Bürbach , Kaan-Marienborn and Volnsberg - 1969 : Feuersbach - 1974 : towns of Hüttental and Eiserfeld Population development . In 1897 , Siegen had 20,000 inhabitants . By 1939 , this figure had doubled to 40,000 . In the World War II , the town lost roughly 30% of its inhabitants ( 12,000 ) . The population had fallen to 28,000 by 1945 and only in 1952 did it once again reach prewar levels . On 1 January 1975 , Siegens population surpassed 100,000 through the amalgamation of Hüttental ( 38,867 inhabitants in 1974 ) and Eiserfeld ( 22,354 inhabitants in 1974 ) , making it a city . With 117,224 inhabitants it also at the same time reached its all-time highest population . At the end of June 2005 , according to the North Rhine-Westphalia State Office for Data Processing and Statistics ( Landesamt für Datenverarbeitung und Statistik Nordrhein-Westfalen ) , 105,328 people made Siegen their main abode . Since 1975 , the population has fallen by roughly 10% ( 12,000 ) . The following chart shows population figures for Siegens municipal area , however big it was at each given time . Up to 1833 , most figures are estimates , and thereafter census figures ( ¹ ) or official estimates by the statistical office of the time or the town/city administration itself . The given figures indicate from 1843 the population present in the town ( Ortsanwesende Bevölkerung ) , from 1925 the dwelling population ( Wohnbevölkerung ) , and since 1987 the Population in the place of main residence ( Bevölkerung am Ort der Hauptwohnung ) . Before 1843 , population figures come from irregular surveying procedures . ¹ Census figure Politics . City council . The city councils 62 seats are apportioned thus , in accordance with municipal elections held on 26 September 2004 : None of the parties represented on city council holds a majority , and no coalition has been struck . However , the CDU and the FDP have a fixed , contractual coöperation agreement and at least have at their disposal a joint majority voice on some committees . In the council chamber , on the other hand , their 30 seats are not an absolute majority and they do not always prevail . Mayors . At the citys helm since the 13th century , there have been several mayors of whom evidence survives . In 1304 and 1305 , a council ( consules ) was mentioned for the first time . As early as 1224 , however , documents mention Burgmänner ( Castle Men ) as well as three Bürgermeister ( Mayors ) who were changed yearly . As of 1500 , only two mayors were chosen every year . In the 18th century , the guilds were achieving ever greater influence in the town . Thereafter the ruling or office-holding old shoemaking master represented the common townsfolk on the council . The mediaeval town charter was kept right up until 1809 , and parts of it even held until 1815 , but that year there was a self-endorsing council with 12 members , over which presided the mayor . As of 1824 , the suburbs got their own chief administrator who was subordinate to the mayor of Siegen . In 1836 , the Prussian municipal system was introduced . After the town was separated from Siegen district in 1923 , the mayor was given the title Oberbürgermeister ( roughly equivalent to Lord Mayor ) . The mayor who came to office in 1919 kept his position right through the time of the Third Reich , whereas some mayors in other German and Austrian towns , whose political views were at odds with the Nazis , were removed forcibly . After the Second World War , the military government of the British Zone of Occupation installed a new mayor , and in 1946 it introduced a new town charter based on a British model , leading to a Council of the town elected by the people , whose members were called Stadtverordnete ( town councillors ) . In the beginning , the council chose one from its midst as the mayor as the towns head and representative , which was an honorary function . Furthermore , as of 1946 , the council also began choosing a full-time Oberstadtdirektor , or Higher Town Director , to lead the towns administration . After Siegen was reunited with the district of the same name in 1975 , these two officials bore the titles Bürgermeister and Stadtdirektor respectively . In 1999 , this two-headed arrangement was forsaken in favour of a single city leader , with the title Bürgermeister , who serves as chairman or chairwoman of city council , leader of city administration and city representative . He or she is directly elected nowadays . Mayors ( Bürgermeister and Oberbürgermeister ) since 1919 - 1919–1945 : Alfred Fißmer , Oberbürgermeister - 1945 : Fritz Fries , Oberbürgermeister - 1945–1946 : Otto Schwarz , Oberbürgermeister - 1946–1948 : Ernst Weißelberg , Oberbürgermeister - 1948–1956 : Ernst Bach , Oberbürgermeister - 1956–1961 : Erich Pachnicke , Oberbürgermeister - 1961–1966 : Karl Eckmann , Oberbürgermeister - 1966–1975 : Karl Althaus , Oberbürgermeister - 1975–1979 : Friedemann Keßler , Bürgermeister - 1979–1990 : Hans Reinhardt , Bürgermeister - 1990–1994 : Hilde Fiedler , Bürgermeisterin - 1994–1999 : Karl Wilhelm Kirchhöfer , Bürgermeister - 1999–2007 : Ulf Stötzel ( CDU ) , Bürgermeister - 2007–today : Steffen Mues ( CDU ) , Bürgermeister Stadtdirektoren and Oberstadtdirektoren 1946–1999 - 1946–1954 : Max Baumann , Oberstadtdirektor - 1954–1975 : Kurt Seibt , Oberstadtdirektor - 1975–1985 : Hans Mohn , Stadtdirektor - 1985–1989 : Volker Oerter , Stadtdirektor - 1989–1995 : Otto-Werner Rappold , Stadtdirektor ( left office early with effect on 2 December 1995 by his own wish ) - 1995–1999 : Ulrich Mock , Stadtdirektor ( at first as Dr . Rappolds General Agent until 31 January 1997 , then appointed fulltime Stadtdirektor ) Coat of arms . Siegens civic coat of arms might be described thus : Argent a town wall embattled gules with an open gateway argent , therein in an inescutcheon azure a lion rampant Or armed and langued gules , issuant from the wall a bishop in robe and mitre azure ( trimmed in argent ) holding in his hand dexter a crozier argent with crook Or sinister , in his hand sinister , upraised , an open book argent with pages edged gules . The bishop in the citys arms is the Bishop of Cologne . The wall symbolizes the city itself , and the inescutcheon in the gateway shows the Lion of Nassau in blue and gold ( or yellow ) , which are Nassaus colours . The arms are based on the oldest known town seal , from 1248 . The inescutcheon once also had gold billets ( upright rectangles ) around the lion , but these do not appear in what became the towns ( and later citys ) coat of arms in 1875 . Sights . Although the town was about 80% destroyed in the World War II , Siegen has kept a number of buildings worth seeing , such as the two stately homes , the Oberes Schloss and the Unteres Schloss . Oberes Schloss . The castle on the Siegberg was first mentioned in a document in 1259 and was the family seat of the House of Nassau . Since 1905 , the Siegerland Museum has been here . Alongside regional exhibits – among them an artificial demonstration mine – are many paintings . The centrepiece of this collection is made up of works by the man who is arguably the best known native , Peter Paul Rubens . There is also quite a comprehensive collection of portraits of members of the Houses of Nassau and Orange . The top floor is devoted to 19th-century home décor . A kitchen from the Siegerland , a bedroom and many pieces of furniture from the Biedermeier era give one an impression of life in the region in bygone days . Unteres Schloss . Late in the 17th century , the Lower Stately Home came into being in its current form , somewhat like an open rectangle . The Evangelical line of the House of Nassau-Siegen resided here . Also belonging to the Schloss is the Dicker Turm , or Fat Tower with a carillon . In 1959 , the then town of Siegen built a memorial for victims of war and tyranny . Inside the Schloss is also found the crypt of the Evangelical branch of the Nassau princely house . Today , the Schloss serves as a state authority building in which the North Rhine-Westphalia Building and Property Establishment , the State Environment Office , the Office for Occupational Health and Safety and the Attendorn Correctional Facility ( Siegen Branch Facility ) are all housed . By the citys plans , a university is supposed to move into the Unteres Schloss within the next few years , but at this time , the plan is failing to find any financial backing . Churches . Two churches in downtown Siegen are to be brought to the visitors attention : The Martinikirche dating from the 11th century and the Nikolaikirche at the marketplace with its unusual eight-sided shape and its golden Krönchen ( coronet ) – the citys landmark – on the church tower , which is a prominent feature of Siegens skyline ( Siegen is sometimes called Krönchenstadt for this unusual feature ) . Another church is the Marienkirche , built by the Jesuits between 1702 and 1729 . Also worth seeing are Siegens Old Town and several museums in the city core . Gasometer . In the southwest of the city core , at the foot of the Ziegenberg , is a spherical gas holder , or gasometer , which is protected by law as a monument . It is one of the oldest spherical gas holders still preserved . Another peculiarity is its riveted casing . Only three other such gas holders are known to exist worldwide ( all in Germany , in Schwerte , Offenburg and Bielefeld ) . The holder had to be moved a few metres owing to construction on the municipal Autobahn , the Hüttentalstraße , and in the residential area of Ziegenberg , and it now forms the symbolic sun as part of a scale model of the planets above the gas holder . Cemeteries . Within Siegens city limits are 36 municipally run cemeteries . Ten of them are already closed and are available for burials only because of existing laws . The cemeteries have a total area of 730 000 m² with roughly 65,000 graves . Characteristic of regional cemeteries are hillside graves and a green , parklike layout that even affords wildlife a chance at reoccupying the land . Cemeteries within city limits are : - Lindenbergfriedhof - Hermelsbacher Friedhof - Stockfriedhof - Geisweider Friedhof - Haardter Friedhof - Gilbergfriedhof - Friedhof Kaan-Marienborn - Neuer Friedhof Niederschelden Culture . Theatre . In the Apollo-Theater ( a downtown former 1930s cinema that underwent remodelling and opened in mid-2007 ) , Siegen has one of the current decades most important newly built theatres . A controlling interest in this venture is held by TheaterSiegen intendant Magnus Reitschuster . Since 1992 , the media and cultural house Lÿz has been a venue for cabaret , music and theatre in Siegen . On the two stages , roughly 150 events appear every season . Bigger events take place at the Bühne der Stadt ( Citys Stage , with about 820 seats ) , the Siegerlandhalle ( 1 800 m² , 2,300 seats ) or the Bismarckhalle . As well , there are regular open-air concerts and productions in the inner yard at Unteres Schloss . Orchestras and choirs . - Philharmonie Südwestfalen - Evangelische Kantorei Siegen - Bach-Chor Siegen - Sängerkreis Siegerland Museums . The main centre of art in Siegen are the Museum for Contemporary Art and the Haus Seel – city gallery . The Siegerland Museum is dedicated to regional history . The Oranienstraße House , built at 1900 in the Italian country house style , is attached to the Siegerland Museum since 1993 as an exhibit forum . There is a varied program of temporary exhibitions of all kinds , from archaeological excavations to contemporary avant-garde art . Poet and author readings are also part of the program , such as classic concerts . In Geisweid is found the Beatles Home Museum , run by Harold Krämer . According to the 2000 Guinness Book of Records , the 27 m² museum is the smallest public museum in the world devoted to the four Liverpudlian musicians . The collection holds more than 17,000 recordings , souvenirs , film posters , and autographs and other memorabilia . Regular events . - Early in the year : SILA ( Siegerlandausstellung – Siegerland Exhibition ) , even-numbered years only - March to November , first Saturday in each month : Flea market in Siegen-Geisweid ( since 1970 ) , no new goods - June to August : Mittwochs in different bands every Wednesday in Siegen-Weidenau - June : Johannimarkt , a fair held for some 400 years - June/July : Siegener Sommerfestival , plays , cabaret , theatre , music and cinema since about 1990 . ( In 2006 , instead of the traditional summer festival , a World Cup festival was held ) - July : Stadtfest ( City Festival ) , even-numbered years only - July : Rubensfest , odd-numbered years only - August : Siegen Open-Air Cinema - August : Christopher Street Day ( CSD ) , since 2000 - August : Siegtal-Pur All streets only opened for bikes ( the HTS ( local Motorway ) too ) - Summer : Street Festival at the Corn Market - October : 2nd Sunday : Bürgerfest Geisweid - November : Geisweider Adventsmarkt , since about 1985 - December : Christmas market , since about 1980 Dialect . The city and its surrounding region speak in addition to standard German also have a characteristic local dialect : Siegerländisch . Tales and legends . The Dilldappe is an old mythical creature from the Siegerland . It lives mainly in the Siegerland Hauberg ( coöperatively managed woodlots ) . Early in the 1980s , the writer and cartoonist Matthias Kringe first published a calendar about the creature , written in the local dialect of German . The Rubens Prize of the City of Siegen . The Rubens Prize of the City of Siegen , founded in 1955 , is awarded every five years to a painter or graphic artist whose lifes work has been groundbreaking on the European stage . The title recalls the painter-diplomat Peter Paul Rubens , who expressed in his lifes work the thought of European unity , long before it could become a political reality . Peter Paul Rubens – who was born in Siegen , grew up in Cologne and Antwerp , trained in art in Italy , was esteemed in France and acted as a diplomat in Spain and England – as the main master of European Baroque painting set those artistic and European standards to which the awarding of the prize has been bound since 1957–1958 . Past prizewinners : - Hans Hartung ( 1957/1958 ) - Giorgio Morandi ( 1962 ) - Francis Bacon ( 1967 ) - Antoni Tàpies ( 1972 ) - Fritz Winter ( 1977 ) - Emil Schumacher ( 1982 ) - Cy Twombly ( 1987 ) - Rupprecht Geiger ( 1992 ) - Lucian Freud ( 1997 ) - Maria Lassnig ( 2002 ) - Sigmar Polke ( 2007 ) - Bridget Riley ( 2012 ) - Niele Toroni ( 2017 ) Sport . The city sport league includes 160 sport clubs in which roughly 37,000 members are active . National importance was achieved in 2005 by the Sportfreunde Siegen mens football team at Leimbachstadion when they rose from the Regionalliga Süd up to the 2nd Bundesliga , although the next year they dropped back down again . As six-time German Champions , the TSV Siegen womens football team was very successful in the 1990s . Transport . Air transport . In the south of the district in the community of Burbach lies the Siegerland Airport through which Siegen is connected to many other airports in Germany . Bicycle transport . The city of Siegen lies on European long-distance path E1 running from the middle of Sweden to Umbria in Italy . There is , however , no organized cycling trail network in Siegen . Riding in bus lanes is sporadically allowed . Bicycle transport is generally poorly developed in Siegen . Owing to dual carriageways within the city and nearby , as well as transport planning that rather favours cars , bicycle transport has been somewhat thwarted . Together with the partly hilly topography , there is therefore little in the way of bicycle transport in Siegen . Rail transport . Siegen station lies at the junction of the following railway lines : - The two-track electrified Ruhr–Sieg line ( Ruhr-Sieg-Strecke ) is used for regional services , usually hourly , of the Ruhr-Sieg-Express ( RE 16 ) and the Ruhr-Sieg-Bahn ( RB 91 ) . - The Rothaar Railway ( Rothaarbahn ) is served , usually hourly by Rothaar-Bahn ( RB 93 ) services , connecting in Erndtebrück to Obere Lahntal-Bahn ( RB 94/RMV Line 43 ) services , usually two-hourly , on the Upper Lahn Valley Railway ( Obere Lahntal-Bahn ) . - The two-track electrified Dill Railway ( Dill-Strecke ) is served , usually two-hourly , by the Rhein-Sieg-Express ( RE 9 ) and the Main-Sieg-Express ( RE 99 ) and hourly by the Sieg-Dill-Bahn ( RB 95 ) ( only to and from Dillenburg ) . - The mostly two-track electrified Sieg line ( Siegstrecke ) is served , usually hourly , by the Rhein-Sieg-Express ( RE 9 ) and Sieg-Dill-Bahn ( RB 95 ) services ( only to and from Au ) . Bus transport . On 18 March 1895 , the Netphener Omnibusgesellschaft opened the worlds first busline using a petrol-powered omnibus , running a service from its base in Netphen to Siegen and Deuz . Today , local road transport offers many regional , express and local buses , along with a night bus service connecting Siegen with its outlying communities and neighbouring towns . They are run by the South Westphalia Transport Services ( Verkehrsbetriebe Westfalen-Süd ; VWS ) whose headquarters are in Siegen . For the whole of local public transport , the tariff of the South Westphalia Transport Community ( Verkehrsgemeinschaft Westfalen-Süd ; VGWS ) applies , regardless of the North Rhine-Westphalia tariff . Roads . With regard to long-distance roads , the city of Siegen is connected to Autobahnen A 45 ( Dortmund – Aschaffenburg ) and A 4 ( Cologne – Olpe ) , and to Federal Highways ( Bundesstraßen ) 54 , 54n , 62 and 62n . Siegen is home to the tallest bridge of the A 45 and one of the highest in Germany , the Siegtalbrücke . Built from 1964 to 1969 , it is approximately 96 m high and 1 050 m long . The shape that the city takes has much to do with the Hüttentalstraße ( HTS ) ( Federal Highways 54n and 62n ) which serves as a municipal Autobahn – much of it elevated – that runs through the city area . The A 4 between Wenden and Kreuztal has been newly built . In the heights over Kreuztals outlying community of Krombach , it now joins with the HTS . On this 12-kilometre stretch of highway are eight valley bridges as well as ten under- and overpasses . This new part was opened on 1 December 2007 . Economy . Siegen is South Westphalias service and administrative centre . Much of its industry is based on metalworking . Pedestrian precincts in Bahnhofsstraße ( Railway Station Street ) and Kölner Tor ( Cologne Gate ) , both downtown , have made shopping in Siegen very convenient , as have the shopping centres City-Galerie ( opened in 1998 ) and Sieg Carré ( opened in 2006 , both downtown ) and Siegerlandzentrum ( Siegen-Weidenau ) , and the Marburger Straße shopping street ( downtown ) . In 2005 , an IKEA store and a Peek & Cloppenburg location opened . Public institutions . Siegen is home to the Siegen-Wittgenstein district administration and location of a Chamber of Industry and Trade ( Industrie- und Handelskammer , or IHK , one of 81 such regional institutions in Germany ) for the districts of Siegen-Wittgenstein and Olpe . Home to the Siegen State Court , a local court and a labour court , the city is also an important court centre . Media . In Siegen , the Westdeutscher Rundfunk ( WDR ) maintains a studio where regional radio and television news for South Westphalia is produced . The daily broadcast goes out in the South Westphalia regional window following the programme Aktuelle Stunde ( a newsmagazine show ) on WDRs third channel . Moreover , WDR also runs a transmission facility for VHF radio and television ( once also medium wave ) at the Giersberg . Daily newspapers in Siegen include not only the Siegener Zeitung but also local editions of the Westfälische Rundschau and the Westfalenpost . All three appear in the morning , although the first was until 2000 an afternoon paper . Furthermore , at the Obergraben is found the regional , Radio-NRW-connected Radio Siegens studio building . Education . In the early decades of the 17th century , the Herborn Academy temporarily relocated to Siegen , in the buildings of the Unteres Schloss , which came to an end when the Plague broke out . Siegens oldest school is the Gymnasium am Löhrtor , a grammar school . Other Schools : Grammar schools . - Gymnasium am Löhrtor ( GAL ) - Fürst-Johann-Moritz-Gymnasium ( FJM ) - Peter-Paul-Rubens-Gymnasium , formerly known as Ganztagsgymnasium am Rosterberg - Evangelisches Gymnasium ( EV ) - Gymnasium auf der Morgenröthe ( GAM ) Primary schools . - Albert Schweitzer Schule - Birlenbacher Schule - Burgschule - Diesterwegschule - Dreisbachschule - Eiserner Schule - Fischbacherbergschule - Friedrich Flender Schule - Geisweider Schule - Giersbergschule - Glückaufschule - Gosenbacher Schule - Grundschule Eiserfeld - Grundschule Kaan-Marienborn - Hammerhütter Schule - Hüttentalschule - Jung Stilling Schule - Lindenbergschule - Nordschule - Obenstruthschule - Sonnenhangschule - Spandauer Schule Higher education . Siegen is headquarters of the University of Siegen , founded on 1 August 1972 as the Gesamthochschule Siegen . As well , the Fachhochschule für Oekonomie & Management has a study centre , which is shared with the Academy of Administration and Economics . Siegen also has various general-education and professional schools , and the Siegerlandkolleg . Twin towns – sister cities . Siegen is twinned with : - Spandau ( Berlin ) , Germany ( 1952 ) - Katwijk , Netherlands ( 1963 , formerly Rijnsburg ) - Leeds , England , United Kingdom ( 1966 , formerly Morley ) - Ypres , Belgium ( 1967 ) - Zakopane , Poland ( 1989 ) - Plauen , Germany ( 1990 ) Notable people . - Henry III of Nassau-Breda ( 1483–1538 ) , Count of Nassau and Lord of Breda - Tilemann Stella ( 1525–1589 ) , Renaissance scholar and librarian , mathematician , geometerer , cartographer and astronomer - Peter Paul Rubens ( 1577–1640 ) , Baroque painter - Johann Heinrich Bisterfeld ( 1605–1655 ) , philosopher , polyhistor - Georg Wilhelm de Gennin ( 1676–1750 ) , Russian military officer and engineer ; baptized here - Franz Hunolt ( 1691–1746 ) , Jesuit , theologian - Adolph Diesterweg ( 1790–1866 ) , pedagogue and mastermind of reform education - Heinrich Kreutz ( 1854–1907 ) , astronomer and publisher - Charles H . Daub ( 1855–1917 ) , member of the Wisconsin State Assembly - Fritz Busch ( 1890–1951 ) , conductor - Adolf Busch ( 1891–1952 ) , German-Swiss violinist and conductor - Walter Kraemer ( 1892–1941 ) , politician ( KPD ) and resistance fighter against Nazism - Paul Giesler ( 1895–1945 ) , Nazi functionary , Premier of Bavaria - Heinrich Gontermann ( 1896–1917 ) , fighter ace - Friedrich Middelhauve ( 1896–1966 ) , publisher and politician ( FDP ) - Hermann Giesler ( 1898–1987 ) , architect - Ernst Achenbach ( 1909–1991 ) , politician ( FDP ) - Herbert Schäfer ( 1927–1991 ) , football player and coach - Walter Schneider ( 1927–2010 ) , motorcycle racing driver - Bernd Becher ( 1931–2007 ) , conceptual artist and photographer - Heinfried Birlenbach ( 1940–2020 ) , shot putter - Joachim Frank ( born 1940 ) , German-American biophysicist and a Nobel laureate - Rolf Stommelen ( 1943–1983 ) , Formula One racer - Josef Clemens ( born 1947 ) , bishop - Klaus Scheer ( born 1950 ) , football player and coach - Christoph Bode ( born 1952 ) , literary scholar - Reinhard Goebel ( born 1952 ) , conductor and violinist - Annegret Kober ( born 1957 ) , swimmer - Bernward Koch ( born 1957 ) , musician - Burkhard Jung ( born 1958 ) , Lord Mayor of Leipzig - Dieter Falk ( born 1959 ) , music producer , keyboardist and composer - Peter Autschbach ( born 1961 ) , guitarist - Frank Heinrich ( born 1964 ) , theologian and politician ( MdB ) - Navid Kermani ( born 1967 ) , orientalist and Islamic studies scholar - Petra Lobinger ( born 1967 ) , athlete - Peter Stein ( born 1968 ) , politician ( CDU ) - Monika Meyer ( born 1972 ) , footballer - Sabrina Mockenhaupt ( born 1980 ) , long distance runner - August Wittgenstein ( born 1981 ) , prince and actor - Florian Kringe ( born 1982 ) , footballer - Moritz Volz ( born 1983 ) , footballer - Christian Nüchtern ( born 1992 ) , ice dancer Honorary citizens . Siegen has conferred honorary citizenship upon the following persons : - 1887 : Heinrich von Achenbach , High President of the Province of Brandenburg - 1891 : Otto von Bismarck , Reich chancellor - 1933 : Adolf Hitler , Reich chancellor* - 1933 : Paul von Hindenburg , General Field Marshal and Reich President For all those listed up to here , honorary citizenship , according to Enactment no . 21 to the amended German Municipal System of 1 April 1946 , has been forfeited . *According to the city council of Siegen Adolf Hitlers honorary citizenship was lapsed by British military law . Caused by political discussion the city council denied Hitlers honorary citizenship posthumously on 29 August 2007 . - 1953 : Alfred Fißmer , retired Oberbürgermeister Honorary citizens of the former town of Hüttental : - Josef Höfer , Prelate - Karl Barich , chairman of the board of Stahlwerke Südwestfalen ( South Westphalia Steelworks ) Further reading . - Heinrich Silbergleit : Preußens Städte : Denkschrift zum 100jährigen Jubiläum der Städteordnung vom 19 . November 1808 . Heymann , Berlin 1908 - Heinrich von Achenbach : Die Haubergs-Genossenschaften des Siegerlandes . After the Bonn printing in 1863 newly published by the ( then ) Town of Siegen , Forschungsstelle Siegerland , Siegen 1963 - Heinrich von Achenbach : Geschichte der Stadt Siegen . Erg . Nachdr . der Ausg . Vorländer , Siegen 1894 . Verlag Die Wielandschmiede , Kreuztal 1983 - Heinrich von Achenbach : Aus des Siegerlandes Vergangenheit . 2 . erg . Nachdr . der Ausg . Siegen 1898 . Verlag Die Wielandschmiede , Kreuztal 1982 - Erich Keyser ( publisher ) : Westfälisches Städtebuch . In : Deutsches Städtebuch . Band III 2 . Teilband . Kohlhammer Verlag , Stuttgart 1954 - Walther Hubatsch ( publisher ) : Westfalen . In : Grundriss zur deutschen Verwaltungsgeschichte 1815–1945 . Band 8 Reihe A : Preußen . Marburg an der Lahn 1980 , External links . - Official website - Historical and contemporary information about Siegen and Siegerland
|
[
"Nassau-Siegen"
] |
[
{
"text": " Siegen ( ) is a city in Germany , in the south Westphalian part of North Rhine-Westphalia . It is located in the district of Siegen-Wittgenstein in the Arnsberg region . The university town ( nearly 20,000 students in the 2018–2019 winter semester ) is the district seat , and is ranked as a higher centre in the South Westphalian urban agglomeration . In 1975 , municipal reforms and amalgamations lifted Siegens population above the 100,000 mark .",
"title": "Siegen"
},
{
"text": " The city of Siegen lies in the basin of the upper reaches of the river Sieg . From there , lateral valleys branch off in many directions . The heights of the surrounding mountains , wherever they are not actually settled , are covered in coppice . To the north lies the Sauerland , to the northwest the Rothaargebirge and to the southwest the Westerwald .",
"title": "Location"
},
{
"text": "The nearest cities to Siegen , taking into account average travelling distances , are Hagen to the north , Frankfurt am Main to the southeast , Koblenz to the southwest and Cologne to the west .",
"title": "Location"
},
{
"text": " As the crow flies the distances to these places are , however , ( Hagen ) , ( Frankfurt ) , ( Koblenz ) and ( Cologne ) . The city lies on the German-Dutch holiday road called the Orange Route , joining towns , cities and regions associated with the House of Orange .",
"title": "Location"
},
{
"text": " The citys total land area is roughly . Its greatest east-west span is about , and its greatest north-south span is about . City limits are long . Siegen lies at a median elevation of above sea level . The citys greatest elevation is the peak of the Pfannenberg at above sea level at southern city limits . Siegens lowest point is above sea level at Niederschelden at southwestern city limits , which there also forms the state boundary with Rhineland-Palatinate . Roughly 60% of the citys land is wooded , making Siegen one of Germanys greenest cities .",
"title": "City area"
},
{
"text": "The city area is divided into six zones , called Bezirke in German and comparable to boroughs in some cities , which themselves are further divided into various communities ( Ortsteile and Stadtteile ) . Each borough has a borough board consisting of 15 voting and 15 non-voting members who are appointed by city council with regard to each partys share of the vote in the municipal elections in the borough in question . The borough boards decide on matters particular to their respective boroughs . These matters are laid down in Siegens city charter .",
"title": "City area"
},
{
"text": " Siegens six boroughs and communities belonging to each boroughs are : - District I ( Geisweid ) : Birlenbach , Meiswinkel , Langenholdinghausen , Geisweid , Dillnhütten , Sohlbach , Buchen , Niedersetzen , Obersetzen - District II ( Weidenau ) : - District III ( Ost ) : Kaan-Marienborn , parts of Alt-Siegen ( Giersberg ) , Bürbach , Volnsberg , Breitenbach , Feuersbach - District IV ( Mitte ) : Alt-Siegen ( parts not belonging to borough III or V )",
"title": "Administrative division"
},
{
"text": "- District V ( West ) : Seelbach , Trupbach and parts of Alt-Siegen ( Wellersberg , Fischbacherberg , Achenbach , Rothenberg )",
"title": "Administrative division"
},
{
"text": " - District VI ( Süd ) : Oberschelden , Gosenbach , Niederschelden , Eiserfeld , Eisern",
"title": "Administrative division"
},
{
"text": "Along with the boroughs and communities into which the city is divided , as mandated by law , there are also further subdivisions within the communities , each with its own name , but none with distinctly clear borders . They are called Quartiere , which can be rendered as quarters or neighbourhoods . Examples of these include the Unterstadt , the Oberstadt , Hammerhütte , Lindenberg , Charlottental , Haardter Berg ( with the university ) and the Alte Dreisbach . Some neighbourhoods even straddle community boundaries , like Sieghütte , parts of which can be found in both",
"title": "Administrative division"
},
{
"text": "Siegen-Mitte and Weidenau . Moreover , some neighbourhoods even overlap each other . Unlike the boroughs ( Bezirke ) or communities ( Ortsteile and Stadtteile ) , the Quartiere have no statistical or administrative importance . They do , however , serve some function as to their inhabitants identity , but more practically than that , they are also useful for finding ones way with a city map and using in bus route names and on public notices and traffic signs . Many of the Hüttentalstraße city Autobahns exits are also named after the Quartiere that they serve .",
"title": "Administrative division"
},
{
"text": " The communities of Weidenau , Geisweid , Birlenbach , Langenholdinghausen , Buchen , Sohlbach , Dillnhütten , Niedersetzen , Obersetzen and Meiswinkel formed from 1 July 1966 to 31 December 1974 the town of Hüttental . The communities of Eiserfeld , Eisern , Gosenbach , Niederschelden and Oberschelden formed the town of Eiserfeld between those same two dates .",
"title": "Administrative division"
},
{
"text": " The city of Siegen borders in the north on the town of Kreuztal and the community of Wenden , in the east on the town of Netphen , in the southeast on the community of Wilnsdorf , in the south on the community of Neunkirchen , in the west on the community of Mudersbach ( Altenkirchen in Rhineland-Palatinate ) and in the northwest on the town of Freudenberg .",
"title": "Neighbouring communities"
},
{
"text": "The name Siegen comes from the possibly Celtic river name Sieg . It is , however , unclear whether there is any relation between this name and the Celtic-Germanic Sicambri ( Ger . Sugambrer ) people , who in pre-Christian times lived in parts of North Rhine-Westphalia . The first documentary mention of the place called Sigena dates from 1079 . The citys history is markedly shaped by mining , which locally began as far back as La Tène times . Bearing witness to this longtime industry are the many mines that can be found within city limits .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "In 1224 , Siegen is mentioned as a newly built town whose ownership was shared by the Count of Nassau , Heinrich the Rich , and Engelbert II of Berg , Archbishop of Cologne after the latter transferred one half of the ownership to the former . Moreover , there is proof that the Oberes Schloss ( upper stately home ) was already standing at this time . On 19 October 1303 , the town was granted Soester Stadtrecht , or Soest town rights . The town remained under the two overlords joint ownership until 1 February 1381 , only",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "then passing fully into Nassau hands .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " In the 16th century , the town of Siegen bore a formidable defensive look . It was surrounded by mighty walls with 16 towers and three town gates , and was home to a great castle . The town was stricken several times by townwide fires . Documents record such fires in 1592 , and from 10 to 20 April 1695 .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "In 1536 , Heinrich the Rich built a paedagogium in the buildings that had once housed a Franciscan Monastery . It later grew into todays Gymnasium at Siegens Löhrtor ( gate ) . Johann VII of Nassau-Siegen ( Johann the Intermediary ) built the Unteres Schloss ( lower stately home ) on the site of an old Franciscan Monastery . In 1616 , Johann VII founded a knightly war school in the still standing old armoury on Burgstraße , expressly to produce an officer corps for Calvinism .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " His son Johann VIII ( The Younger ) returned in 1612 to the Roman Catholic Church , and wanted to use force to make the townsfolk also convert back to Roman Catholicism . In 1632 , Nassau-Siegen was conquered by the Swedes , after which his half-brother John Maurice of Nassau-Siegen , the Dutch commander in Brazil , re-introduced Protestantism . John VIII died in 1638 and was succeeded by his only son Johan Frans Desideratus , who had to cede part of Nassau-Siegen ( north of the Sieg river ) to the Protestant branch of the family .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "John Maurices leadership served in 1650–1651 to bring about a split in the Siegerland along denominational lines . Under Wilhelm Hyacinth of Nassau-Siegen , violence broke out between the two denominational groups . When on 29 March 1707 townsman Friedrich Flender was killed , Wilhelm Hyacinth was himself unseated and furthermore driven out of the town . Wilhelm Hyacinth was the last in the line of Nassau-Siegens Catholic rulers , dying in 1743 . Already in 1734 , though , the Reformed line had died out , too , with Friedrich Wilhelms death , leading Charles VI , Holy Roman",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Emperor to transfer power in the territory to the Prince of Orange and the Prince of Nassau-Diez . Under their leadership , mining , the main source of wealth , blossomed , along with agriculture and silviculture . When Prince William of Orange refused to join the Confederation of the Rhine , founded by Napoleon , he found himself unseated by the French leader and the Siegerland passed to the Grand Duchy of Berg . After Napoleons downfall in 1813 , however , William I regained his former German inheritances , but in 1815 he ceded them to the Kingdom",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "of Prussia for the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg . Siegen was assigned to the Siegen district , first in the Koblenz region , and as of 1817 in the Arnsberg region within the Prussian Province of Westphalia .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " Under Prussian rule , Siegen developed into the South Westphalian centre that it is today . On 1 March 1923 , Siegen was set apart from the district bearing its name , and became a district-free town , while still keeping its function as seat of the district of which it was no longer part , and which was itself merged with Wittgenstein district under district reform in 1975 . Siegen also lost its district-free status at this time , becoming part of the new Siegen-Wittgenstein district , the name that the district has borne since 1984 .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "During World War II , Siegen was repeatedly bombed by the Allies owing to a crucial railroad that crossed through the town . On 1 April 1945 , the US 8th Infantry Division began the Allied ground assault against Siegen and the dominating military-significant high ground north of the river . The battle against determined German forces at Siegen continued through 2 April 1945 , until organized resistance was finally overwhelmed by the division on 3 April 1945.<section />",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "The town of Siegen belonged in the beginning to the Archbishopric of Mainz , or more precisely to its deaconry of Arfeld . There was a White Nun convent in town that folded in the 15th century . Furthermore , there was a Franciscan Monastery that was dissolved in 1533 after the Nassau overlords had introduced the Reformation in 1530 . After that , the town was first Lutheran , but in 1550 , the Principality of Nassau converted to the Reformed Church . Subsequently , Siegen was a predominantly Protestant town , but not so strongly that the Counterreformation",
"title": "Religion"
},
{
"text": "could not gain ground in 1623 , with one fifth of the townsfolk and those living in the surrounding area becoming Catholic once again . As of 1626 , there was once more a monastery in town , this time a Jesuit one . After passing to Prussia in 1815 , the union between Lutheran and Reformed churches was introduced in Siegen , as it was throughout Prussia , but the towns parishes kept their Reformed emphasis . As part of the Westphalian Provincial Church ( now the Church of Westphalia ) , Siegen became the seat of a Superintendency",
"title": "Religion"
},
{
"text": ". A similar entity still exists in Siegen , known as the Kirchenkreis , or church district , to which all the citys parishes nowadays belong , unless they are Free Church parishes . This church district encompasses the whole of South Westphalia all the way to Olpe .",
"title": "Religion"
},
{
"text": " The towns Catholics , even after the Reformation , still belonged to the Archbishopric of Mainz . With the restructuring of the Catholic Church early in the 19th century , Siegen was assigned to the Archbishopric of Paderborn and became the seat of a district synod , today a deaconry , to which all the districts Catholic parishes belong . Paderborn was raised to Archbishopric in 1929 . Besides the Roman Catholic Church , Siegen also has a Greek Orthodox parish and a Romanian Orthodox parish .",
"title": "Religion"
},
{
"text": "Moreover , there are various free churches established in Siegen , among them several Evangelical Free Church parishes ( Baptists ) , an Evangelical-Methodist Church , an Independent Evangelical-Lutheran Church ( SELK ) , a Seventh-day Adventist parish , several Free Evangelical parishes ( FeG ) , the Achenbach Christian Community , the Christian Assembly , Calvary Chapel and the Siegen-Meiswinkel Mission Community .",
"title": "Religion"
},
{
"text": " Further religious communities in Siegen are The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints , the New Apostolic Church , the Jehovahs Witnesses , an Original Christianity community and Baháʼí . Moreover , owing to a great number of Turkish and Arab migrants in Siegen , the Muslim community is also very much in evidence there and there are several mosques in Siegen run by Turkish , Arab and Albanian communities . There are said to be more than 15,000 Muslims out of Siegens total population .",
"title": "Religion"
},
{
"text": " The following communities and rural areas have been amalgamated with Siegen : - 1902 and 1912 : parts of Buschgotthardtshütten - 1934 : parts of Achenbach - 1937 : parts of Achenbach and Buschgotthardtshütten - 1966 : Trupbach , Seelbach , Breitenbach , Bürbach , Kaan-Marienborn and Volnsberg - 1969 : Feuersbach - 1974 : towns of Hüttental and Eiserfeld",
"title": "Municipal reform"
},
{
"text": " In 1897 , Siegen had 20,000 inhabitants . By 1939 , this figure had doubled to 40,000 . In the World War II , the town lost roughly 30% of its inhabitants ( 12,000 ) . The population had fallen to 28,000 by 1945 and only in 1952 did it once again reach prewar levels .",
"title": "Population development"
},
{
"text": "On 1 January 1975 , Siegens population surpassed 100,000 through the amalgamation of Hüttental ( 38,867 inhabitants in 1974 ) and Eiserfeld ( 22,354 inhabitants in 1974 ) , making it a city . With 117,224 inhabitants it also at the same time reached its all-time highest population . At the end of June 2005 , according to the North Rhine-Westphalia State Office for Data Processing and Statistics ( Landesamt für Datenverarbeitung und Statistik Nordrhein-Westfalen ) , 105,328 people made Siegen their main abode . Since 1975 , the population has fallen by roughly 10% ( 12,000 ) .",
"title": "Population development"
},
{
"text": "The following chart shows population figures for Siegens municipal area , however big it was at each given time . Up to 1833 , most figures are estimates , and thereafter census figures ( ¹ ) or official estimates by the statistical office of the time or the town/city administration itself . The given figures indicate from 1843 the population present in the town ( Ortsanwesende Bevölkerung ) , from 1925 the dwelling population ( Wohnbevölkerung ) , and since 1987 the Population in the place of main residence ( Bevölkerung am Ort der Hauptwohnung ) . Before 1843 ,",
"title": "Population development"
},
{
"text": "population figures come from irregular surveying procedures .",
"title": "Population development"
},
{
"text": " The city councils 62 seats are apportioned thus , in accordance with municipal elections held on 26 September 2004 : None of the parties represented on city council holds a majority , and no coalition has been struck . However , the CDU and the FDP have a fixed , contractual coöperation agreement and at least have at their disposal a joint majority voice on some committees . In the council chamber , on the other hand , their 30 seats are not an absolute majority and they do not always prevail .",
"title": "City council"
},
{
"text": "At the citys helm since the 13th century , there have been several mayors of whom evidence survives . In 1304 and 1305 , a council ( consules ) was mentioned for the first time . As early as 1224 , however , documents mention Burgmänner ( Castle Men ) as well as three Bürgermeister ( Mayors ) who were changed yearly . As of 1500 , only two mayors were chosen every year . In the 18th century , the guilds were achieving ever greater influence in the town . Thereafter the ruling or office-holding old shoemaking master represented",
"title": "Mayors"
},
{
"text": "the common townsfolk on the council . The mediaeval town charter was kept right up until 1809 , and parts of it even held until 1815 , but that year there was a self-endorsing council with 12 members , over which presided the mayor . As of 1824 , the suburbs got their own chief administrator who was subordinate to the mayor of Siegen . In 1836 , the Prussian municipal system was introduced . After the town was separated from Siegen district in 1923 , the mayor was given the title Oberbürgermeister ( roughly equivalent to Lord Mayor )",
"title": "Mayors"
},
{
"text": ". The mayor who came to office in 1919 kept his position right through the time of the Third Reich , whereas some mayors in other German and Austrian towns , whose political views were at odds with the Nazis , were removed forcibly .",
"title": "Mayors"
},
{
"text": "After the Second World War , the military government of the British Zone of Occupation installed a new mayor , and in 1946 it introduced a new town charter based on a British model , leading to a Council of the town elected by the people , whose members were called Stadtverordnete ( town councillors ) . In the beginning , the council chose one from its midst as the mayor as the towns head and representative , which was an honorary function . Furthermore , as of 1946 , the council also began choosing a full-time Oberstadtdirektor , or",
"title": "Mayors"
},
{
"text": "Higher Town Director , to lead the towns administration .",
"title": "Mayors"
},
{
"text": " After Siegen was reunited with the district of the same name in 1975 , these two officials bore the titles Bürgermeister and Stadtdirektor respectively . In 1999 , this two-headed arrangement was forsaken in favour of a single city leader , with the title Bürgermeister , who serves as chairman or chairwoman of city council , leader of city administration and city representative . He or she is directly elected nowadays . Mayors ( Bürgermeister and Oberbürgermeister ) since 1919 - 1919–1945 : Alfred Fißmer , Oberbürgermeister - 1945 : Fritz Fries , Oberbürgermeister",
"title": "Mayors"
},
{
"text": "- 1945–1946 : Otto Schwarz , Oberbürgermeister",
"title": "Mayors"
},
{
"text": " - 1946–1948 : Ernst Weißelberg , Oberbürgermeister - 1948–1956 : Ernst Bach , Oberbürgermeister - 1956–1961 : Erich Pachnicke , Oberbürgermeister - 1961–1966 : Karl Eckmann , Oberbürgermeister - 1966–1975 : Karl Althaus , Oberbürgermeister - 1975–1979 : Friedemann Keßler , Bürgermeister - 1979–1990 : Hans Reinhardt , Bürgermeister - 1990–1994 : Hilde Fiedler , Bürgermeisterin - 1994–1999 : Karl Wilhelm Kirchhöfer , Bürgermeister - 1999–2007 : Ulf Stötzel ( CDU ) , Bürgermeister - 2007–today : Steffen Mues ( CDU ) , Bürgermeister",
"title": "Mayors"
},
{
"text": " - 1946–1954 : Max Baumann , Oberstadtdirektor - 1954–1975 : Kurt Seibt , Oberstadtdirektor - 1975–1985 : Hans Mohn , Stadtdirektor - 1985–1989 : Volker Oerter , Stadtdirektor - 1989–1995 : Otto-Werner Rappold , Stadtdirektor ( left office early with effect on 2 December 1995 by his own wish ) - 1995–1999 : Ulrich Mock , Stadtdirektor ( at first as Dr . Rappolds General Agent until 31 January 1997 , then appointed fulltime Stadtdirektor )",
"title": "Stadtdirektoren and Oberstadtdirektoren 1946–1999"
},
{
"text": " Siegens civic coat of arms might be described thus : Argent a town wall embattled gules with an open gateway argent , therein in an inescutcheon azure a lion rampant Or armed and langued gules , issuant from the wall a bishop in robe and mitre azure ( trimmed in argent ) holding in his hand dexter a crozier argent with crook Or sinister , in his hand sinister , upraised , an open book argent with pages edged gules .",
"title": "Coat of arms"
},
{
"text": "The bishop in the citys arms is the Bishop of Cologne . The wall symbolizes the city itself , and the inescutcheon in the gateway shows the Lion of Nassau in blue and gold ( or yellow ) , which are Nassaus colours . The arms are based on the oldest known town seal , from 1248 . The inescutcheon once also had gold billets ( upright rectangles ) around the lion , but these do not appear in what became the towns ( and later citys ) coat of arms in 1875 .",
"title": "Coat of arms"
},
{
"text": " Although the town was about 80% destroyed in the World War II , Siegen has kept a number of buildings worth seeing , such as the two stately homes , the Oberes Schloss and the Unteres Schloss .",
"title": "Sights"
},
{
"text": "The castle on the Siegberg was first mentioned in a document in 1259 and was the family seat of the House of Nassau . Since 1905 , the Siegerland Museum has been here . Alongside regional exhibits – among them an artificial demonstration mine – are many paintings . The centrepiece of this collection is made up of works by the man who is arguably the best known native , Peter Paul Rubens . There is also quite a comprehensive collection of portraits of members of the Houses of Nassau and Orange . The top floor is devoted to 19th-century",
"title": "Oberes Schloss"
},
{
"text": "home décor . A kitchen from the Siegerland , a bedroom and many pieces of furniture from the Biedermeier era give one an impression of life in the region in bygone days .",
"title": "Oberes Schloss"
},
{
"text": " Late in the 17th century , the Lower Stately Home came into being in its current form , somewhat like an open rectangle . The Evangelical line of the House of Nassau-Siegen resided here . Also belonging to the Schloss is the Dicker Turm , or Fat Tower with a carillon . In 1959 , the then town of Siegen built a memorial for victims of war and tyranny . Inside the Schloss is also found the crypt of the Evangelical branch of the Nassau princely house .",
"title": "Unteres Schloss"
},
{
"text": "Today , the Schloss serves as a state authority building in which the North Rhine-Westphalia Building and Property Establishment , the State Environment Office , the Office for Occupational Health and Safety and the Attendorn Correctional Facility ( Siegen Branch Facility ) are all housed . By the citys plans , a university is supposed to move into the Unteres Schloss within the next few years , but at this time , the plan is failing to find any financial backing .",
"title": "Unteres Schloss"
},
{
"text": " Two churches in downtown Siegen are to be brought to the visitors attention : The Martinikirche dating from the 11th century and the Nikolaikirche at the marketplace with its unusual eight-sided shape and its golden Krönchen ( coronet ) – the citys landmark – on the church tower , which is a prominent feature of Siegens skyline ( Siegen is sometimes called Krönchenstadt for this unusual feature ) . Another church is the Marienkirche , built by the Jesuits between 1702 and 1729 . Also worth seeing are Siegens Old Town and several museums in the city core .",
"title": "Churches"
},
{
"text": "In the southwest of the city core , at the foot of the Ziegenberg , is a spherical gas holder , or gasometer , which is protected by law as a monument . It is one of the oldest spherical gas holders still preserved . Another peculiarity is its riveted casing . Only three other such gas holders are known to exist worldwide ( all in Germany , in Schwerte , Offenburg and Bielefeld ) . The holder had to be moved a few metres owing to construction on the municipal Autobahn , the Hüttentalstraße , and in the residential",
"title": "Gasometer"
},
{
"text": "area of Ziegenberg , and it now forms the symbolic sun as part of a scale model of the planets above the gas holder .",
"title": "Gasometer"
},
{
"text": " Within Siegens city limits are 36 municipally run cemeteries . Ten of them are already closed and are available for burials only because of existing laws . The cemeteries have a total area of 730 000 m² with roughly 65,000 graves . Characteristic of regional cemeteries are hillside graves and a green , parklike layout that even affords wildlife a chance at reoccupying the land . Cemeteries within city limits are : - Lindenbergfriedhof - Hermelsbacher Friedhof - Stockfriedhof - Geisweider Friedhof - Haardter Friedhof - Gilbergfriedhof - Friedhof Kaan-Marienborn - Neuer Friedhof Niederschelden",
"title": "Cemeteries"
},
{
"text": " In the Apollo-Theater ( a downtown former 1930s cinema that underwent remodelling and opened in mid-2007 ) , Siegen has one of the current decades most important newly built theatres . A controlling interest in this venture is held by TheaterSiegen intendant Magnus Reitschuster . Since 1992 , the media and cultural house Lÿz has been a venue for cabaret , music and theatre in Siegen . On the two stages , roughly 150 events appear every season .",
"title": "Theatre"
},
{
"text": "Bigger events take place at the Bühne der Stadt ( Citys Stage , with about 820 seats ) , the Siegerlandhalle ( 1 800 m² , 2,300 seats ) or the Bismarckhalle . As well , there are regular open-air concerts and productions in the inner yard at Unteres Schloss .",
"title": "Theatre"
},
{
"text": " The main centre of art in Siegen are the Museum for Contemporary Art and the Haus Seel – city gallery . The Siegerland Museum is dedicated to regional history . The Oranienstraße House , built at 1900 in the Italian country house style , is attached to the Siegerland Museum since 1993 as an exhibit forum . There is a varied program of temporary exhibitions of all kinds , from archaeological excavations to contemporary avant-garde art . Poet and author readings are also part of the program , such as classic concerts .",
"title": "Museums"
},
{
"text": "In Geisweid is found the Beatles Home Museum , run by Harold Krämer . According to the 2000 Guinness Book of Records , the 27 m² museum is the smallest public museum in the world devoted to the four Liverpudlian musicians . The collection holds more than 17,000 recordings , souvenirs , film posters , and autographs and other memorabilia .",
"title": "Museums"
},
{
"text": " - Early in the year : SILA ( Siegerlandausstellung – Siegerland Exhibition ) , even-numbered years only - March to November , first Saturday in each month : Flea market in Siegen-Geisweid ( since 1970 ) , no new goods - June to August : Mittwochs in different bands every Wednesday in Siegen-Weidenau - June : Johannimarkt , a fair held for some 400 years",
"title": "Regular events"
},
{
"text": "- June/July : Siegener Sommerfestival , plays , cabaret , theatre , music and cinema since about 1990 . ( In 2006 , instead of the traditional summer festival , a World Cup festival was held )",
"title": "Regular events"
},
{
"text": " - July : Stadtfest ( City Festival ) , even-numbered years only - July : Rubensfest , odd-numbered years only - August : Siegen Open-Air Cinema - August : Christopher Street Day ( CSD ) , since 2000 - August : Siegtal-Pur All streets only opened for bikes ( the HTS ( local Motorway ) too ) - Summer : Street Festival at the Corn Market - October : 2nd Sunday : Bürgerfest Geisweid - November : Geisweider Adventsmarkt , since about 1985 - December : Christmas market , since about 1980",
"title": "Regular events"
},
{
"text": " The city and its surrounding region speak in addition to standard German also have a characteristic local dialect : Siegerländisch .",
"title": "Dialect"
},
{
"text": " The Dilldappe is an old mythical creature from the Siegerland . It lives mainly in the Siegerland Hauberg ( coöperatively managed woodlots ) . Early in the 1980s , the writer and cartoonist Matthias Kringe first published a calendar about the creature , written in the local dialect of German . The Rubens Prize of the City of Siegen .",
"title": "Tales and legends"
},
{
"text": "The Rubens Prize of the City of Siegen , founded in 1955 , is awarded every five years to a painter or graphic artist whose lifes work has been groundbreaking on the European stage . The title recalls the painter-diplomat Peter Paul Rubens , who expressed in his lifes work the thought of European unity , long before it could become a political reality . Peter Paul Rubens – who was born in Siegen , grew up in Cologne and Antwerp , trained in art in Italy , was esteemed in France and acted as a diplomat in Spain and",
"title": "Tales and legends"
},
{
"text": "England – as the main master of European Baroque painting set those artistic and European standards to which the awarding of the prize has been bound since 1957–1958 .",
"title": "Tales and legends"
},
{
"text": " - Hans Hartung ( 1957/1958 ) - Giorgio Morandi ( 1962 ) - Francis Bacon ( 1967 ) - Antoni Tàpies ( 1972 ) - Fritz Winter ( 1977 ) - Emil Schumacher ( 1982 ) - Cy Twombly ( 1987 ) - Rupprecht Geiger ( 1992 ) - Lucian Freud ( 1997 ) - Maria Lassnig ( 2002 ) - Sigmar Polke ( 2007 ) - Bridget Riley ( 2012 ) - Niele Toroni ( 2017 )",
"title": "Past prizewinners :"
},
{
"text": " The city sport league includes 160 sport clubs in which roughly 37,000 members are active . National importance was achieved in 2005 by the Sportfreunde Siegen mens football team at Leimbachstadion when they rose from the Regionalliga Süd up to the 2nd Bundesliga , although the next year they dropped back down again . As six-time German Champions , the TSV Siegen womens football team was very successful in the 1990s .",
"title": "Sport"
},
{
"text": " In the south of the district in the community of Burbach lies the Siegerland Airport through which Siegen is connected to many other airports in Germany .",
"title": "Air transport"
},
{
"text": " The city of Siegen lies on European long-distance path E1 running from the middle of Sweden to Umbria in Italy . There is , however , no organized cycling trail network in Siegen . Riding in bus lanes is sporadically allowed . Bicycle transport is generally poorly developed in Siegen . Owing to dual carriageways within the city and nearby , as well as transport planning that rather favours cars , bicycle transport has been somewhat thwarted . Together with the partly hilly topography , there is therefore little in the way of bicycle transport in Siegen .",
"title": "Bicycle transport"
},
{
"text": " Siegen station lies at the junction of the following railway lines : - The two-track electrified Ruhr–Sieg line ( Ruhr-Sieg-Strecke ) is used for regional services , usually hourly , of the Ruhr-Sieg-Express ( RE 16 ) and the Ruhr-Sieg-Bahn ( RB 91 ) . - The Rothaar Railway ( Rothaarbahn ) is served , usually hourly by Rothaar-Bahn ( RB 93 ) services , connecting in Erndtebrück to Obere Lahntal-Bahn ( RB 94/RMV Line 43 ) services , usually two-hourly , on the Upper Lahn Valley Railway ( Obere Lahntal-Bahn ) .",
"title": "Rail transport"
},
{
"text": "- The two-track electrified Dill Railway ( Dill-Strecke ) is served , usually two-hourly , by the Rhein-Sieg-Express ( RE 9 ) and the Main-Sieg-Express ( RE 99 ) and hourly by the Sieg-Dill-Bahn ( RB 95 ) ( only to and from Dillenburg ) .",
"title": "Rail transport"
},
{
"text": " - The mostly two-track electrified Sieg line ( Siegstrecke ) is served , usually hourly , by the Rhein-Sieg-Express ( RE 9 ) and Sieg-Dill-Bahn ( RB 95 ) services ( only to and from Au ) .",
"title": "Rail transport"
},
{
"text": " On 18 March 1895 , the Netphener Omnibusgesellschaft opened the worlds first busline using a petrol-powered omnibus , running a service from its base in Netphen to Siegen and Deuz . Today , local road transport offers many regional , express and local buses , along with a night bus service connecting Siegen with its outlying communities and neighbouring towns . They are run by the South Westphalia Transport Services ( Verkehrsbetriebe Westfalen-Süd ; VWS ) whose headquarters are in Siegen .",
"title": "Bus transport"
},
{
"text": "For the whole of local public transport , the tariff of the South Westphalia Transport Community ( Verkehrsgemeinschaft Westfalen-Süd ; VGWS ) applies , regardless of the North Rhine-Westphalia tariff .",
"title": "Bus transport"
},
{
"text": " With regard to long-distance roads , the city of Siegen is connected to Autobahnen A 45 ( Dortmund – Aschaffenburg ) and A 4 ( Cologne – Olpe ) , and to Federal Highways ( Bundesstraßen ) 54 , 54n , 62 and 62n . Siegen is home to the tallest bridge of the A 45 and one of the highest in Germany , the Siegtalbrücke . Built from 1964 to 1969 , it is approximately 96 m high and 1 050 m long .",
"title": "Roads"
},
{
"text": "The shape that the city takes has much to do with the Hüttentalstraße ( HTS ) ( Federal Highways 54n and 62n ) which serves as a municipal Autobahn – much of it elevated – that runs through the city area .",
"title": "Roads"
},
{
"text": " The A 4 between Wenden and Kreuztal has been newly built . In the heights over Kreuztals outlying community of Krombach , it now joins with the HTS . On this 12-kilometre stretch of highway are eight valley bridges as well as ten under- and overpasses . This new part was opened on 1 December 2007 .",
"title": "Roads"
},
{
"text": " Siegen is South Westphalias service and administrative centre . Much of its industry is based on metalworking . Pedestrian precincts in Bahnhofsstraße ( Railway Station Street ) and Kölner Tor ( Cologne Gate ) , both downtown , have made shopping in Siegen very convenient , as have the shopping centres City-Galerie ( opened in 1998 ) and Sieg Carré ( opened in 2006 , both downtown ) and Siegerlandzentrum ( Siegen-Weidenau ) , and the Marburger Straße shopping street ( downtown ) . In 2005 , an IKEA store and a Peek & Cloppenburg location opened .",
"title": "Economy"
},
{
"text": " Siegen is home to the Siegen-Wittgenstein district administration and location of a Chamber of Industry and Trade ( Industrie- und Handelskammer , or IHK , one of 81 such regional institutions in Germany ) for the districts of Siegen-Wittgenstein and Olpe . Home to the Siegen State Court , a local court and a labour court , the city is also an important court centre .",
"title": "Public institutions"
},
{
"text": " In Siegen , the Westdeutscher Rundfunk ( WDR ) maintains a studio where regional radio and television news for South Westphalia is produced . The daily broadcast goes out in the South Westphalia regional window following the programme Aktuelle Stunde ( a newsmagazine show ) on WDRs third channel . Moreover , WDR also runs a transmission facility for VHF radio and television ( once also medium wave ) at the Giersberg .",
"title": "Media"
},
{
"text": "Daily newspapers in Siegen include not only the Siegener Zeitung but also local editions of the Westfälische Rundschau and the Westfalenpost . All three appear in the morning , although the first was until 2000 an afternoon paper . Furthermore , at the Obergraben is found the regional , Radio-NRW-connected Radio Siegens studio building .",
"title": "Media"
},
{
"text": " In the early decades of the 17th century , the Herborn Academy temporarily relocated to Siegen , in the buildings of the Unteres Schloss , which came to an end when the Plague broke out . Siegens oldest school is the Gymnasium am Löhrtor , a grammar school .",
"title": "Education"
},
{
"text": " - Gymnasium am Löhrtor ( GAL ) - Fürst-Johann-Moritz-Gymnasium ( FJM ) - Peter-Paul-Rubens-Gymnasium , formerly known as Ganztagsgymnasium am Rosterberg - Evangelisches Gymnasium ( EV ) - Gymnasium auf der Morgenröthe ( GAM )",
"title": "Grammar schools"
},
{
"text": " - Albert Schweitzer Schule - Birlenbacher Schule - Burgschule - Diesterwegschule - Dreisbachschule - Eiserner Schule - Fischbacherbergschule - Friedrich Flender Schule - Geisweider Schule - Giersbergschule - Glückaufschule - Gosenbacher Schule - Grundschule Eiserfeld - Grundschule Kaan-Marienborn - Hammerhütter Schule - Hüttentalschule - Jung Stilling Schule - Lindenbergschule - Nordschule - Obenstruthschule - Sonnenhangschule - Spandauer Schule",
"title": "Primary schools"
},
{
"text": " Siegen is headquarters of the University of Siegen , founded on 1 August 1972 as the Gesamthochschule Siegen . As well , the Fachhochschule für Oekonomie & Management has a study centre , which is shared with the Academy of Administration and Economics . Siegen also has various general-education and professional schools , and the Siegerlandkolleg . Twin towns – sister cities . Siegen is twinned with : - Spandau ( Berlin ) , Germany ( 1952 ) - Katwijk , Netherlands ( 1963 , formerly Rijnsburg )",
"title": "Higher education"
},
{
"text": "- Leeds , England , United Kingdom ( 1966 , formerly Morley )",
"title": "Higher education"
},
{
"text": " - Ypres , Belgium ( 1967 ) - Zakopane , Poland ( 1989 ) - Plauen , Germany ( 1990 )",
"title": "Higher education"
},
{
"text": " - Henry III of Nassau-Breda ( 1483–1538 ) , Count of Nassau and Lord of Breda - Tilemann Stella ( 1525–1589 ) , Renaissance scholar and librarian , mathematician , geometerer , cartographer and astronomer - Peter Paul Rubens ( 1577–1640 ) , Baroque painter - Johann Heinrich Bisterfeld ( 1605–1655 ) , philosopher , polyhistor - Georg Wilhelm de Gennin ( 1676–1750 ) , Russian military officer and engineer ; baptized here - Franz Hunolt ( 1691–1746 ) , Jesuit , theologian - Adolph Diesterweg ( 1790–1866 ) , pedagogue and mastermind of reform education",
"title": "Notable people"
},
{
"text": "- Heinrich Kreutz ( 1854–1907 ) , astronomer and publisher",
"title": "Notable people"
},
{
"text": " - Charles H . Daub ( 1855–1917 ) , member of the Wisconsin State Assembly - Fritz Busch ( 1890–1951 ) , conductor - Adolf Busch ( 1891–1952 ) , German-Swiss violinist and conductor - Walter Kraemer ( 1892–1941 ) , politician ( KPD ) and resistance fighter against Nazism - Paul Giesler ( 1895–1945 ) , Nazi functionary , Premier of Bavaria - Heinrich Gontermann ( 1896–1917 ) , fighter ace - Friedrich Middelhauve ( 1896–1966 ) , publisher and politician ( FDP ) - Hermann Giesler ( 1898–1987 ) , architect",
"title": "Notable people"
},
{
"text": "- Ernst Achenbach ( 1909–1991 ) , politician ( FDP )",
"title": "Notable people"
},
{
"text": " - Herbert Schäfer ( 1927–1991 ) , football player and coach - Walter Schneider ( 1927–2010 ) , motorcycle racing driver - Bernd Becher ( 1931–2007 ) , conceptual artist and photographer - Heinfried Birlenbach ( 1940–2020 ) , shot putter - Joachim Frank ( born 1940 ) , German-American biophysicist and a Nobel laureate - Rolf Stommelen ( 1943–1983 ) , Formula One racer - Josef Clemens ( born 1947 ) , bishop - Klaus Scheer ( born 1950 ) , football player and coach - Christoph Bode ( born 1952 ) , literary scholar",
"title": "Notable people"
},
{
"text": "- Reinhard Goebel ( born 1952 ) , conductor and violinist",
"title": "Notable people"
},
{
"text": " - Annegret Kober ( born 1957 ) , swimmer - Bernward Koch ( born 1957 ) , musician - Burkhard Jung ( born 1958 ) , Lord Mayor of Leipzig - Dieter Falk ( born 1959 ) , music producer , keyboardist and composer - Peter Autschbach ( born 1961 ) , guitarist - Frank Heinrich ( born 1964 ) , theologian and politician ( MdB ) - Navid Kermani ( born 1967 ) , orientalist and Islamic studies scholar - Petra Lobinger ( born 1967 ) , athlete",
"title": "Notable people"
},
{
"text": "- Peter Stein ( born 1968 ) , politician ( CDU )",
"title": "Notable people"
},
{
"text": " - Monika Meyer ( born 1972 ) , footballer - Sabrina Mockenhaupt ( born 1980 ) , long distance runner - August Wittgenstein ( born 1981 ) , prince and actor - Florian Kringe ( born 1982 ) , footballer - Moritz Volz ( born 1983 ) , footballer - Christian Nüchtern ( born 1992 ) , ice dancer",
"title": "Notable people"
},
{
"text": " Siegen has conferred honorary citizenship upon the following persons : - 1887 : Heinrich von Achenbach , High President of the Province of Brandenburg - 1891 : Otto von Bismarck , Reich chancellor - 1933 : Adolf Hitler , Reich chancellor* - 1933 : Paul von Hindenburg , General Field Marshal and Reich President",
"title": "Honorary citizens"
},
{
"text": "For all those listed up to here , honorary citizenship , according to Enactment no . 21 to the amended German Municipal System of 1 April 1946 , has been forfeited . *According to the city council of Siegen Adolf Hitlers honorary citizenship was lapsed by British military law . Caused by political discussion the city council denied Hitlers honorary citizenship posthumously on 29 August 2007 .",
"title": "Honorary citizens"
}
] |
/wiki/Siegen#P17#1
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Which country did Siegen belong to in early 1600s?
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Siegen Siegen ( ) is a city in Germany , in the south Westphalian part of North Rhine-Westphalia . It is located in the district of Siegen-Wittgenstein in the Arnsberg region . The university town ( nearly 20,000 students in the 2018–2019 winter semester ) is the district seat , and is ranked as a higher centre in the South Westphalian urban agglomeration . In 1975 , municipal reforms and amalgamations lifted Siegens population above the 100,000 mark . Geography . Location . The city of Siegen lies in the basin of the upper reaches of the river Sieg . From there , lateral valleys branch off in many directions . The heights of the surrounding mountains , wherever they are not actually settled , are covered in coppice . To the north lies the Sauerland , to the northwest the Rothaargebirge and to the southwest the Westerwald . The nearest cities to Siegen , taking into account average travelling distances , are Hagen to the north , Frankfurt am Main to the southeast , Koblenz to the southwest and Cologne to the west . As the crow flies the distances to these places are , however , ( Hagen ) , ( Frankfurt ) , ( Koblenz ) and ( Cologne ) . The city lies on the German-Dutch holiday road called the Orange Route , joining towns , cities and regions associated with the House of Orange . City area . The citys total land area is roughly . Its greatest east-west span is about , and its greatest north-south span is about . City limits are long . Siegen lies at a median elevation of above sea level . The citys greatest elevation is the peak of the Pfannenberg at above sea level at southern city limits . Siegens lowest point is above sea level at Niederschelden at southwestern city limits , which there also forms the state boundary with Rhineland-Palatinate . Roughly 60% of the citys land is wooded , making Siegen one of Germanys greenest cities . The city area is divided into six zones , called Bezirke in German and comparable to boroughs in some cities , which themselves are further divided into various communities ( Ortsteile and Stadtteile ) . Each borough has a borough board consisting of 15 voting and 15 non-voting members who are appointed by city council with regard to each partys share of the vote in the municipal elections in the borough in question . The borough boards decide on matters particular to their respective boroughs . These matters are laid down in Siegens city charter . Administrative division . Siegens six boroughs and communities belonging to each boroughs are : - District I ( Geisweid ) : Birlenbach , Meiswinkel , Langenholdinghausen , Geisweid , Dillnhütten , Sohlbach , Buchen , Niedersetzen , Obersetzen - District II ( Weidenau ) : - District III ( Ost ) : Kaan-Marienborn , parts of Alt-Siegen ( Giersberg ) , Bürbach , Volnsberg , Breitenbach , Feuersbach - District IV ( Mitte ) : Alt-Siegen ( parts not belonging to borough III or V ) - District V ( West ) : Seelbach , Trupbach and parts of Alt-Siegen ( Wellersberg , Fischbacherberg , Achenbach , Rothenberg ) - District VI ( Süd ) : Oberschelden , Gosenbach , Niederschelden , Eiserfeld , Eisern Along with the boroughs and communities into which the city is divided , as mandated by law , there are also further subdivisions within the communities , each with its own name , but none with distinctly clear borders . They are called Quartiere , which can be rendered as quarters or neighbourhoods . Examples of these include the Unterstadt , the Oberstadt , Hammerhütte , Lindenberg , Charlottental , Haardter Berg ( with the university ) and the Alte Dreisbach . Some neighbourhoods even straddle community boundaries , like Sieghütte , parts of which can be found in both Siegen-Mitte and Weidenau . Moreover , some neighbourhoods even overlap each other . Unlike the boroughs ( Bezirke ) or communities ( Ortsteile and Stadtteile ) , the Quartiere have no statistical or administrative importance . They do , however , serve some function as to their inhabitants identity , but more practically than that , they are also useful for finding ones way with a city map and using in bus route names and on public notices and traffic signs . Many of the Hüttentalstraße city Autobahns exits are also named after the Quartiere that they serve . The communities of Weidenau , Geisweid , Birlenbach , Langenholdinghausen , Buchen , Sohlbach , Dillnhütten , Niedersetzen , Obersetzen and Meiswinkel formed from 1 July 1966 to 31 December 1974 the town of Hüttental . The communities of Eiserfeld , Eisern , Gosenbach , Niederschelden and Oberschelden formed the town of Eiserfeld between those same two dates . Neighbouring communities . The city of Siegen borders in the north on the town of Kreuztal and the community of Wenden , in the east on the town of Netphen , in the southeast on the community of Wilnsdorf , in the south on the community of Neunkirchen , in the west on the community of Mudersbach ( Altenkirchen in Rhineland-Palatinate ) and in the northwest on the town of Freudenberg . History . <section /> The name Siegen comes from the possibly Celtic river name Sieg . It is , however , unclear whether there is any relation between this name and the Celtic-Germanic Sicambri ( Ger . Sugambrer ) people , who in pre-Christian times lived in parts of North Rhine-Westphalia . The first documentary mention of the place called Sigena dates from 1079 . The citys history is markedly shaped by mining , which locally began as far back as La Tène times . Bearing witness to this longtime industry are the many mines that can be found within city limits . In 1224 , Siegen is mentioned as a newly built town whose ownership was shared by the Count of Nassau , Heinrich the Rich , and Engelbert II of Berg , Archbishop of Cologne after the latter transferred one half of the ownership to the former . Moreover , there is proof that the Oberes Schloss ( upper stately home ) was already standing at this time . On 19 October 1303 , the town was granted Soester Stadtrecht , or Soest town rights . The town remained under the two overlords joint ownership until 1 February 1381 , only then passing fully into Nassau hands . In the 16th century , the town of Siegen bore a formidable defensive look . It was surrounded by mighty walls with 16 towers and three town gates , and was home to a great castle . The town was stricken several times by townwide fires . Documents record such fires in 1592 , and from 10 to 20 April 1695 . In 1536 , Heinrich the Rich built a paedagogium in the buildings that had once housed a Franciscan Monastery . It later grew into todays Gymnasium at Siegens Löhrtor ( gate ) . Johann VII of Nassau-Siegen ( Johann the Intermediary ) built the Unteres Schloss ( lower stately home ) on the site of an old Franciscan Monastery . In 1616 , Johann VII founded a knightly war school in the still standing old armoury on Burgstraße , expressly to produce an officer corps for Calvinism . His son Johann VIII ( The Younger ) returned in 1612 to the Roman Catholic Church , and wanted to use force to make the townsfolk also convert back to Roman Catholicism . In 1632 , Nassau-Siegen was conquered by the Swedes , after which his half-brother John Maurice of Nassau-Siegen , the Dutch commander in Brazil , re-introduced Protestantism . John VIII died in 1638 and was succeeded by his only son Johan Frans Desideratus , who had to cede part of Nassau-Siegen ( north of the Sieg river ) to the Protestant branch of the family . John Maurices leadership served in 1650–1651 to bring about a split in the Siegerland along denominational lines . Under Wilhelm Hyacinth of Nassau-Siegen , violence broke out between the two denominational groups . When on 29 March 1707 townsman Friedrich Flender was killed , Wilhelm Hyacinth was himself unseated and furthermore driven out of the town . Wilhelm Hyacinth was the last in the line of Nassau-Siegens Catholic rulers , dying in 1743 . Already in 1734 , though , the Reformed line had died out , too , with Friedrich Wilhelms death , leading Charles VI , Holy Roman Emperor to transfer power in the territory to the Prince of Orange and the Prince of Nassau-Diez . Under their leadership , mining , the main source of wealth , blossomed , along with agriculture and silviculture . When Prince William of Orange refused to join the Confederation of the Rhine , founded by Napoleon , he found himself unseated by the French leader and the Siegerland passed to the Grand Duchy of Berg . After Napoleons downfall in 1813 , however , William I regained his former German inheritances , but in 1815 he ceded them to the Kingdom of Prussia for the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg . Siegen was assigned to the Siegen district , first in the Koblenz region , and as of 1817 in the Arnsberg region within the Prussian Province of Westphalia . Under Prussian rule , Siegen developed into the South Westphalian centre that it is today . On 1 March 1923 , Siegen was set apart from the district bearing its name , and became a district-free town , while still keeping its function as seat of the district of which it was no longer part , and which was itself merged with Wittgenstein district under district reform in 1975 . Siegen also lost its district-free status at this time , becoming part of the new Siegen-Wittgenstein district , the name that the district has borne since 1984 . During World War II , Siegen was repeatedly bombed by the Allies owing to a crucial railroad that crossed through the town . On 1 April 1945 , the US 8th Infantry Division began the Allied ground assault against Siegen and the dominating military-significant high ground north of the river . The battle against determined German forces at Siegen continued through 2 April 1945 , until organized resistance was finally overwhelmed by the division on 3 April 1945.<section /> Religion . The town of Siegen belonged in the beginning to the Archbishopric of Mainz , or more precisely to its deaconry of Arfeld . There was a White Nun convent in town that folded in the 15th century . Furthermore , there was a Franciscan Monastery that was dissolved in 1533 after the Nassau overlords had introduced the Reformation in 1530 . After that , the town was first Lutheran , but in 1550 , the Principality of Nassau converted to the Reformed Church . Subsequently , Siegen was a predominantly Protestant town , but not so strongly that the Counterreformation could not gain ground in 1623 , with one fifth of the townsfolk and those living in the surrounding area becoming Catholic once again . As of 1626 , there was once more a monastery in town , this time a Jesuit one . After passing to Prussia in 1815 , the union between Lutheran and Reformed churches was introduced in Siegen , as it was throughout Prussia , but the towns parishes kept their Reformed emphasis . As part of the Westphalian Provincial Church ( now the Church of Westphalia ) , Siegen became the seat of a Superintendency . A similar entity still exists in Siegen , known as the Kirchenkreis , or church district , to which all the citys parishes nowadays belong , unless they are Free Church parishes . This church district encompasses the whole of South Westphalia all the way to Olpe . The towns Catholics , even after the Reformation , still belonged to the Archbishopric of Mainz . With the restructuring of the Catholic Church early in the 19th century , Siegen was assigned to the Archbishopric of Paderborn and became the seat of a district synod , today a deaconry , to which all the districts Catholic parishes belong . Paderborn was raised to Archbishopric in 1929 . Besides the Roman Catholic Church , Siegen also has a Greek Orthodox parish and a Romanian Orthodox parish . Moreover , there are various free churches established in Siegen , among them several Evangelical Free Church parishes ( Baptists ) , an Evangelical-Methodist Church , an Independent Evangelical-Lutheran Church ( SELK ) , a Seventh-day Adventist parish , several Free Evangelical parishes ( FeG ) , the Achenbach Christian Community , the Christian Assembly , Calvary Chapel and the Siegen-Meiswinkel Mission Community . Further religious communities in Siegen are The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints , the New Apostolic Church , the Jehovahs Witnesses , an Original Christianity community and Baháʼí . Moreover , owing to a great number of Turkish and Arab migrants in Siegen , the Muslim community is also very much in evidence there and there are several mosques in Siegen run by Turkish , Arab and Albanian communities . There are said to be more than 15,000 Muslims out of Siegens total population . Municipal reform . The following communities and rural areas have been amalgamated with Siegen : - 1902 and 1912 : parts of Buschgotthardtshütten - 1934 : parts of Achenbach - 1937 : parts of Achenbach and Buschgotthardtshütten - 1966 : Trupbach , Seelbach , Breitenbach , Bürbach , Kaan-Marienborn and Volnsberg - 1969 : Feuersbach - 1974 : towns of Hüttental and Eiserfeld Population development . In 1897 , Siegen had 20,000 inhabitants . By 1939 , this figure had doubled to 40,000 . In the World War II , the town lost roughly 30% of its inhabitants ( 12,000 ) . The population had fallen to 28,000 by 1945 and only in 1952 did it once again reach prewar levels . On 1 January 1975 , Siegens population surpassed 100,000 through the amalgamation of Hüttental ( 38,867 inhabitants in 1974 ) and Eiserfeld ( 22,354 inhabitants in 1974 ) , making it a city . With 117,224 inhabitants it also at the same time reached its all-time highest population . At the end of June 2005 , according to the North Rhine-Westphalia State Office for Data Processing and Statistics ( Landesamt für Datenverarbeitung und Statistik Nordrhein-Westfalen ) , 105,328 people made Siegen their main abode . Since 1975 , the population has fallen by roughly 10% ( 12,000 ) . The following chart shows population figures for Siegens municipal area , however big it was at each given time . Up to 1833 , most figures are estimates , and thereafter census figures ( ¹ ) or official estimates by the statistical office of the time or the town/city administration itself . The given figures indicate from 1843 the population present in the town ( Ortsanwesende Bevölkerung ) , from 1925 the dwelling population ( Wohnbevölkerung ) , and since 1987 the Population in the place of main residence ( Bevölkerung am Ort der Hauptwohnung ) . Before 1843 , population figures come from irregular surveying procedures . ¹ Census figure Politics . City council . The city councils 62 seats are apportioned thus , in accordance with municipal elections held on 26 September 2004 : None of the parties represented on city council holds a majority , and no coalition has been struck . However , the CDU and the FDP have a fixed , contractual coöperation agreement and at least have at their disposal a joint majority voice on some committees . In the council chamber , on the other hand , their 30 seats are not an absolute majority and they do not always prevail . Mayors . At the citys helm since the 13th century , there have been several mayors of whom evidence survives . In 1304 and 1305 , a council ( consules ) was mentioned for the first time . As early as 1224 , however , documents mention Burgmänner ( Castle Men ) as well as three Bürgermeister ( Mayors ) who were changed yearly . As of 1500 , only two mayors were chosen every year . In the 18th century , the guilds were achieving ever greater influence in the town . Thereafter the ruling or office-holding old shoemaking master represented the common townsfolk on the council . The mediaeval town charter was kept right up until 1809 , and parts of it even held until 1815 , but that year there was a self-endorsing council with 12 members , over which presided the mayor . As of 1824 , the suburbs got their own chief administrator who was subordinate to the mayor of Siegen . In 1836 , the Prussian municipal system was introduced . After the town was separated from Siegen district in 1923 , the mayor was given the title Oberbürgermeister ( roughly equivalent to Lord Mayor ) . The mayor who came to office in 1919 kept his position right through the time of the Third Reich , whereas some mayors in other German and Austrian towns , whose political views were at odds with the Nazis , were removed forcibly . After the Second World War , the military government of the British Zone of Occupation installed a new mayor , and in 1946 it introduced a new town charter based on a British model , leading to a Council of the town elected by the people , whose members were called Stadtverordnete ( town councillors ) . In the beginning , the council chose one from its midst as the mayor as the towns head and representative , which was an honorary function . Furthermore , as of 1946 , the council also began choosing a full-time Oberstadtdirektor , or Higher Town Director , to lead the towns administration . After Siegen was reunited with the district of the same name in 1975 , these two officials bore the titles Bürgermeister and Stadtdirektor respectively . In 1999 , this two-headed arrangement was forsaken in favour of a single city leader , with the title Bürgermeister , who serves as chairman or chairwoman of city council , leader of city administration and city representative . He or she is directly elected nowadays . Mayors ( Bürgermeister and Oberbürgermeister ) since 1919 - 1919–1945 : Alfred Fißmer , Oberbürgermeister - 1945 : Fritz Fries , Oberbürgermeister - 1945–1946 : Otto Schwarz , Oberbürgermeister - 1946–1948 : Ernst Weißelberg , Oberbürgermeister - 1948–1956 : Ernst Bach , Oberbürgermeister - 1956–1961 : Erich Pachnicke , Oberbürgermeister - 1961–1966 : Karl Eckmann , Oberbürgermeister - 1966–1975 : Karl Althaus , Oberbürgermeister - 1975–1979 : Friedemann Keßler , Bürgermeister - 1979–1990 : Hans Reinhardt , Bürgermeister - 1990–1994 : Hilde Fiedler , Bürgermeisterin - 1994–1999 : Karl Wilhelm Kirchhöfer , Bürgermeister - 1999–2007 : Ulf Stötzel ( CDU ) , Bürgermeister - 2007–today : Steffen Mues ( CDU ) , Bürgermeister Stadtdirektoren and Oberstadtdirektoren 1946–1999 - 1946–1954 : Max Baumann , Oberstadtdirektor - 1954–1975 : Kurt Seibt , Oberstadtdirektor - 1975–1985 : Hans Mohn , Stadtdirektor - 1985–1989 : Volker Oerter , Stadtdirektor - 1989–1995 : Otto-Werner Rappold , Stadtdirektor ( left office early with effect on 2 December 1995 by his own wish ) - 1995–1999 : Ulrich Mock , Stadtdirektor ( at first as Dr . Rappolds General Agent until 31 January 1997 , then appointed fulltime Stadtdirektor ) Coat of arms . Siegens civic coat of arms might be described thus : Argent a town wall embattled gules with an open gateway argent , therein in an inescutcheon azure a lion rampant Or armed and langued gules , issuant from the wall a bishop in robe and mitre azure ( trimmed in argent ) holding in his hand dexter a crozier argent with crook Or sinister , in his hand sinister , upraised , an open book argent with pages edged gules . The bishop in the citys arms is the Bishop of Cologne . The wall symbolizes the city itself , and the inescutcheon in the gateway shows the Lion of Nassau in blue and gold ( or yellow ) , which are Nassaus colours . The arms are based on the oldest known town seal , from 1248 . The inescutcheon once also had gold billets ( upright rectangles ) around the lion , but these do not appear in what became the towns ( and later citys ) coat of arms in 1875 . Sights . Although the town was about 80% destroyed in the World War II , Siegen has kept a number of buildings worth seeing , such as the two stately homes , the Oberes Schloss and the Unteres Schloss . Oberes Schloss . The castle on the Siegberg was first mentioned in a document in 1259 and was the family seat of the House of Nassau . Since 1905 , the Siegerland Museum has been here . Alongside regional exhibits – among them an artificial demonstration mine – are many paintings . The centrepiece of this collection is made up of works by the man who is arguably the best known native , Peter Paul Rubens . There is also quite a comprehensive collection of portraits of members of the Houses of Nassau and Orange . The top floor is devoted to 19th-century home décor . A kitchen from the Siegerland , a bedroom and many pieces of furniture from the Biedermeier era give one an impression of life in the region in bygone days . Unteres Schloss . Late in the 17th century , the Lower Stately Home came into being in its current form , somewhat like an open rectangle . The Evangelical line of the House of Nassau-Siegen resided here . Also belonging to the Schloss is the Dicker Turm , or Fat Tower with a carillon . In 1959 , the then town of Siegen built a memorial for victims of war and tyranny . Inside the Schloss is also found the crypt of the Evangelical branch of the Nassau princely house . Today , the Schloss serves as a state authority building in which the North Rhine-Westphalia Building and Property Establishment , the State Environment Office , the Office for Occupational Health and Safety and the Attendorn Correctional Facility ( Siegen Branch Facility ) are all housed . By the citys plans , a university is supposed to move into the Unteres Schloss within the next few years , but at this time , the plan is failing to find any financial backing . Churches . Two churches in downtown Siegen are to be brought to the visitors attention : The Martinikirche dating from the 11th century and the Nikolaikirche at the marketplace with its unusual eight-sided shape and its golden Krönchen ( coronet ) – the citys landmark – on the church tower , which is a prominent feature of Siegens skyline ( Siegen is sometimes called Krönchenstadt for this unusual feature ) . Another church is the Marienkirche , built by the Jesuits between 1702 and 1729 . Also worth seeing are Siegens Old Town and several museums in the city core . Gasometer . In the southwest of the city core , at the foot of the Ziegenberg , is a spherical gas holder , or gasometer , which is protected by law as a monument . It is one of the oldest spherical gas holders still preserved . Another peculiarity is its riveted casing . Only three other such gas holders are known to exist worldwide ( all in Germany , in Schwerte , Offenburg and Bielefeld ) . The holder had to be moved a few metres owing to construction on the municipal Autobahn , the Hüttentalstraße , and in the residential area of Ziegenberg , and it now forms the symbolic sun as part of a scale model of the planets above the gas holder . Cemeteries . Within Siegens city limits are 36 municipally run cemeteries . Ten of them are already closed and are available for burials only because of existing laws . The cemeteries have a total area of 730 000 m² with roughly 65,000 graves . Characteristic of regional cemeteries are hillside graves and a green , parklike layout that even affords wildlife a chance at reoccupying the land . Cemeteries within city limits are : - Lindenbergfriedhof - Hermelsbacher Friedhof - Stockfriedhof - Geisweider Friedhof - Haardter Friedhof - Gilbergfriedhof - Friedhof Kaan-Marienborn - Neuer Friedhof Niederschelden Culture . Theatre . In the Apollo-Theater ( a downtown former 1930s cinema that underwent remodelling and opened in mid-2007 ) , Siegen has one of the current decades most important newly built theatres . A controlling interest in this venture is held by TheaterSiegen intendant Magnus Reitschuster . Since 1992 , the media and cultural house Lÿz has been a venue for cabaret , music and theatre in Siegen . On the two stages , roughly 150 events appear every season . Bigger events take place at the Bühne der Stadt ( Citys Stage , with about 820 seats ) , the Siegerlandhalle ( 1 800 m² , 2,300 seats ) or the Bismarckhalle . As well , there are regular open-air concerts and productions in the inner yard at Unteres Schloss . Orchestras and choirs . - Philharmonie Südwestfalen - Evangelische Kantorei Siegen - Bach-Chor Siegen - Sängerkreis Siegerland Museums . The main centre of art in Siegen are the Museum for Contemporary Art and the Haus Seel – city gallery . The Siegerland Museum is dedicated to regional history . The Oranienstraße House , built at 1900 in the Italian country house style , is attached to the Siegerland Museum since 1993 as an exhibit forum . There is a varied program of temporary exhibitions of all kinds , from archaeological excavations to contemporary avant-garde art . Poet and author readings are also part of the program , such as classic concerts . In Geisweid is found the Beatles Home Museum , run by Harold Krämer . According to the 2000 Guinness Book of Records , the 27 m² museum is the smallest public museum in the world devoted to the four Liverpudlian musicians . The collection holds more than 17,000 recordings , souvenirs , film posters , and autographs and other memorabilia . Regular events . - Early in the year : SILA ( Siegerlandausstellung – Siegerland Exhibition ) , even-numbered years only - March to November , first Saturday in each month : Flea market in Siegen-Geisweid ( since 1970 ) , no new goods - June to August : Mittwochs in different bands every Wednesday in Siegen-Weidenau - June : Johannimarkt , a fair held for some 400 years - June/July : Siegener Sommerfestival , plays , cabaret , theatre , music and cinema since about 1990 . ( In 2006 , instead of the traditional summer festival , a World Cup festival was held ) - July : Stadtfest ( City Festival ) , even-numbered years only - July : Rubensfest , odd-numbered years only - August : Siegen Open-Air Cinema - August : Christopher Street Day ( CSD ) , since 2000 - August : Siegtal-Pur All streets only opened for bikes ( the HTS ( local Motorway ) too ) - Summer : Street Festival at the Corn Market - October : 2nd Sunday : Bürgerfest Geisweid - November : Geisweider Adventsmarkt , since about 1985 - December : Christmas market , since about 1980 Dialect . The city and its surrounding region speak in addition to standard German also have a characteristic local dialect : Siegerländisch . Tales and legends . The Dilldappe is an old mythical creature from the Siegerland . It lives mainly in the Siegerland Hauberg ( coöperatively managed woodlots ) . Early in the 1980s , the writer and cartoonist Matthias Kringe first published a calendar about the creature , written in the local dialect of German . The Rubens Prize of the City of Siegen . The Rubens Prize of the City of Siegen , founded in 1955 , is awarded every five years to a painter or graphic artist whose lifes work has been groundbreaking on the European stage . The title recalls the painter-diplomat Peter Paul Rubens , who expressed in his lifes work the thought of European unity , long before it could become a political reality . Peter Paul Rubens – who was born in Siegen , grew up in Cologne and Antwerp , trained in art in Italy , was esteemed in France and acted as a diplomat in Spain and England – as the main master of European Baroque painting set those artistic and European standards to which the awarding of the prize has been bound since 1957–1958 . Past prizewinners : - Hans Hartung ( 1957/1958 ) - Giorgio Morandi ( 1962 ) - Francis Bacon ( 1967 ) - Antoni Tàpies ( 1972 ) - Fritz Winter ( 1977 ) - Emil Schumacher ( 1982 ) - Cy Twombly ( 1987 ) - Rupprecht Geiger ( 1992 ) - Lucian Freud ( 1997 ) - Maria Lassnig ( 2002 ) - Sigmar Polke ( 2007 ) - Bridget Riley ( 2012 ) - Niele Toroni ( 2017 ) Sport . The city sport league includes 160 sport clubs in which roughly 37,000 members are active . National importance was achieved in 2005 by the Sportfreunde Siegen mens football team at Leimbachstadion when they rose from the Regionalliga Süd up to the 2nd Bundesliga , although the next year they dropped back down again . As six-time German Champions , the TSV Siegen womens football team was very successful in the 1990s . Transport . Air transport . In the south of the district in the community of Burbach lies the Siegerland Airport through which Siegen is connected to many other airports in Germany . Bicycle transport . The city of Siegen lies on European long-distance path E1 running from the middle of Sweden to Umbria in Italy . There is , however , no organized cycling trail network in Siegen . Riding in bus lanes is sporadically allowed . Bicycle transport is generally poorly developed in Siegen . Owing to dual carriageways within the city and nearby , as well as transport planning that rather favours cars , bicycle transport has been somewhat thwarted . Together with the partly hilly topography , there is therefore little in the way of bicycle transport in Siegen . Rail transport . Siegen station lies at the junction of the following railway lines : - The two-track electrified Ruhr–Sieg line ( Ruhr-Sieg-Strecke ) is used for regional services , usually hourly , of the Ruhr-Sieg-Express ( RE 16 ) and the Ruhr-Sieg-Bahn ( RB 91 ) . - The Rothaar Railway ( Rothaarbahn ) is served , usually hourly by Rothaar-Bahn ( RB 93 ) services , connecting in Erndtebrück to Obere Lahntal-Bahn ( RB 94/RMV Line 43 ) services , usually two-hourly , on the Upper Lahn Valley Railway ( Obere Lahntal-Bahn ) . - The two-track electrified Dill Railway ( Dill-Strecke ) is served , usually two-hourly , by the Rhein-Sieg-Express ( RE 9 ) and the Main-Sieg-Express ( RE 99 ) and hourly by the Sieg-Dill-Bahn ( RB 95 ) ( only to and from Dillenburg ) . - The mostly two-track electrified Sieg line ( Siegstrecke ) is served , usually hourly , by the Rhein-Sieg-Express ( RE 9 ) and Sieg-Dill-Bahn ( RB 95 ) services ( only to and from Au ) . Bus transport . On 18 March 1895 , the Netphener Omnibusgesellschaft opened the worlds first busline using a petrol-powered omnibus , running a service from its base in Netphen to Siegen and Deuz . Today , local road transport offers many regional , express and local buses , along with a night bus service connecting Siegen with its outlying communities and neighbouring towns . They are run by the South Westphalia Transport Services ( Verkehrsbetriebe Westfalen-Süd ; VWS ) whose headquarters are in Siegen . For the whole of local public transport , the tariff of the South Westphalia Transport Community ( Verkehrsgemeinschaft Westfalen-Süd ; VGWS ) applies , regardless of the North Rhine-Westphalia tariff . Roads . With regard to long-distance roads , the city of Siegen is connected to Autobahnen A 45 ( Dortmund – Aschaffenburg ) and A 4 ( Cologne – Olpe ) , and to Federal Highways ( Bundesstraßen ) 54 , 54n , 62 and 62n . Siegen is home to the tallest bridge of the A 45 and one of the highest in Germany , the Siegtalbrücke . Built from 1964 to 1969 , it is approximately 96 m high and 1 050 m long . The shape that the city takes has much to do with the Hüttentalstraße ( HTS ) ( Federal Highways 54n and 62n ) which serves as a municipal Autobahn – much of it elevated – that runs through the city area . The A 4 between Wenden and Kreuztal has been newly built . In the heights over Kreuztals outlying community of Krombach , it now joins with the HTS . On this 12-kilometre stretch of highway are eight valley bridges as well as ten under- and overpasses . This new part was opened on 1 December 2007 . Economy . Siegen is South Westphalias service and administrative centre . Much of its industry is based on metalworking . Pedestrian precincts in Bahnhofsstraße ( Railway Station Street ) and Kölner Tor ( Cologne Gate ) , both downtown , have made shopping in Siegen very convenient , as have the shopping centres City-Galerie ( opened in 1998 ) and Sieg Carré ( opened in 2006 , both downtown ) and Siegerlandzentrum ( Siegen-Weidenau ) , and the Marburger Straße shopping street ( downtown ) . In 2005 , an IKEA store and a Peek & Cloppenburg location opened . Public institutions . Siegen is home to the Siegen-Wittgenstein district administration and location of a Chamber of Industry and Trade ( Industrie- und Handelskammer , or IHK , one of 81 such regional institutions in Germany ) for the districts of Siegen-Wittgenstein and Olpe . Home to the Siegen State Court , a local court and a labour court , the city is also an important court centre . Media . In Siegen , the Westdeutscher Rundfunk ( WDR ) maintains a studio where regional radio and television news for South Westphalia is produced . The daily broadcast goes out in the South Westphalia regional window following the programme Aktuelle Stunde ( a newsmagazine show ) on WDRs third channel . Moreover , WDR also runs a transmission facility for VHF radio and television ( once also medium wave ) at the Giersberg . Daily newspapers in Siegen include not only the Siegener Zeitung but also local editions of the Westfälische Rundschau and the Westfalenpost . All three appear in the morning , although the first was until 2000 an afternoon paper . Furthermore , at the Obergraben is found the regional , Radio-NRW-connected Radio Siegens studio building . Education . In the early decades of the 17th century , the Herborn Academy temporarily relocated to Siegen , in the buildings of the Unteres Schloss , which came to an end when the Plague broke out . Siegens oldest school is the Gymnasium am Löhrtor , a grammar school . Other Schools : Grammar schools . - Gymnasium am Löhrtor ( GAL ) - Fürst-Johann-Moritz-Gymnasium ( FJM ) - Peter-Paul-Rubens-Gymnasium , formerly known as Ganztagsgymnasium am Rosterberg - Evangelisches Gymnasium ( EV ) - Gymnasium auf der Morgenröthe ( GAM ) Primary schools . - Albert Schweitzer Schule - Birlenbacher Schule - Burgschule - Diesterwegschule - Dreisbachschule - Eiserner Schule - Fischbacherbergschule - Friedrich Flender Schule - Geisweider Schule - Giersbergschule - Glückaufschule - Gosenbacher Schule - Grundschule Eiserfeld - Grundschule Kaan-Marienborn - Hammerhütter Schule - Hüttentalschule - Jung Stilling Schule - Lindenbergschule - Nordschule - Obenstruthschule - Sonnenhangschule - Spandauer Schule Higher education . Siegen is headquarters of the University of Siegen , founded on 1 August 1972 as the Gesamthochschule Siegen . As well , the Fachhochschule für Oekonomie & Management has a study centre , which is shared with the Academy of Administration and Economics . Siegen also has various general-education and professional schools , and the Siegerlandkolleg . Twin towns – sister cities . Siegen is twinned with : - Spandau ( Berlin ) , Germany ( 1952 ) - Katwijk , Netherlands ( 1963 , formerly Rijnsburg ) - Leeds , England , United Kingdom ( 1966 , formerly Morley ) - Ypres , Belgium ( 1967 ) - Zakopane , Poland ( 1989 ) - Plauen , Germany ( 1990 ) Notable people . - Henry III of Nassau-Breda ( 1483–1538 ) , Count of Nassau and Lord of Breda - Tilemann Stella ( 1525–1589 ) , Renaissance scholar and librarian , mathematician , geometerer , cartographer and astronomer - Peter Paul Rubens ( 1577–1640 ) , Baroque painter - Johann Heinrich Bisterfeld ( 1605–1655 ) , philosopher , polyhistor - Georg Wilhelm de Gennin ( 1676–1750 ) , Russian military officer and engineer ; baptized here - Franz Hunolt ( 1691–1746 ) , Jesuit , theologian - Adolph Diesterweg ( 1790–1866 ) , pedagogue and mastermind of reform education - Heinrich Kreutz ( 1854–1907 ) , astronomer and publisher - Charles H . Daub ( 1855–1917 ) , member of the Wisconsin State Assembly - Fritz Busch ( 1890–1951 ) , conductor - Adolf Busch ( 1891–1952 ) , German-Swiss violinist and conductor - Walter Kraemer ( 1892–1941 ) , politician ( KPD ) and resistance fighter against Nazism - Paul Giesler ( 1895–1945 ) , Nazi functionary , Premier of Bavaria - Heinrich Gontermann ( 1896–1917 ) , fighter ace - Friedrich Middelhauve ( 1896–1966 ) , publisher and politician ( FDP ) - Hermann Giesler ( 1898–1987 ) , architect - Ernst Achenbach ( 1909–1991 ) , politician ( FDP ) - Herbert Schäfer ( 1927–1991 ) , football player and coach - Walter Schneider ( 1927–2010 ) , motorcycle racing driver - Bernd Becher ( 1931–2007 ) , conceptual artist and photographer - Heinfried Birlenbach ( 1940–2020 ) , shot putter - Joachim Frank ( born 1940 ) , German-American biophysicist and a Nobel laureate - Rolf Stommelen ( 1943–1983 ) , Formula One racer - Josef Clemens ( born 1947 ) , bishop - Klaus Scheer ( born 1950 ) , football player and coach - Christoph Bode ( born 1952 ) , literary scholar - Reinhard Goebel ( born 1952 ) , conductor and violinist - Annegret Kober ( born 1957 ) , swimmer - Bernward Koch ( born 1957 ) , musician - Burkhard Jung ( born 1958 ) , Lord Mayor of Leipzig - Dieter Falk ( born 1959 ) , music producer , keyboardist and composer - Peter Autschbach ( born 1961 ) , guitarist - Frank Heinrich ( born 1964 ) , theologian and politician ( MdB ) - Navid Kermani ( born 1967 ) , orientalist and Islamic studies scholar - Petra Lobinger ( born 1967 ) , athlete - Peter Stein ( born 1968 ) , politician ( CDU ) - Monika Meyer ( born 1972 ) , footballer - Sabrina Mockenhaupt ( born 1980 ) , long distance runner - August Wittgenstein ( born 1981 ) , prince and actor - Florian Kringe ( born 1982 ) , footballer - Moritz Volz ( born 1983 ) , footballer - Christian Nüchtern ( born 1992 ) , ice dancer Honorary citizens . Siegen has conferred honorary citizenship upon the following persons : - 1887 : Heinrich von Achenbach , High President of the Province of Brandenburg - 1891 : Otto von Bismarck , Reich chancellor - 1933 : Adolf Hitler , Reich chancellor* - 1933 : Paul von Hindenburg , General Field Marshal and Reich President For all those listed up to here , honorary citizenship , according to Enactment no . 21 to the amended German Municipal System of 1 April 1946 , has been forfeited . *According to the city council of Siegen Adolf Hitlers honorary citizenship was lapsed by British military law . Caused by political discussion the city council denied Hitlers honorary citizenship posthumously on 29 August 2007 . - 1953 : Alfred Fißmer , retired Oberbürgermeister Honorary citizens of the former town of Hüttental : - Josef Höfer , Prelate - Karl Barich , chairman of the board of Stahlwerke Südwestfalen ( South Westphalia Steelworks ) Further reading . - Heinrich Silbergleit : Preußens Städte : Denkschrift zum 100jährigen Jubiläum der Städteordnung vom 19 . November 1808 . Heymann , Berlin 1908 - Heinrich von Achenbach : Die Haubergs-Genossenschaften des Siegerlandes . After the Bonn printing in 1863 newly published by the ( then ) Town of Siegen , Forschungsstelle Siegerland , Siegen 1963 - Heinrich von Achenbach : Geschichte der Stadt Siegen . Erg . Nachdr . der Ausg . Vorländer , Siegen 1894 . Verlag Die Wielandschmiede , Kreuztal 1983 - Heinrich von Achenbach : Aus des Siegerlandes Vergangenheit . 2 . erg . Nachdr . der Ausg . Siegen 1898 . Verlag Die Wielandschmiede , Kreuztal 1982 - Erich Keyser ( publisher ) : Westfälisches Städtebuch . In : Deutsches Städtebuch . Band III 2 . Teilband . Kohlhammer Verlag , Stuttgart 1954 - Walther Hubatsch ( publisher ) : Westfalen . In : Grundriss zur deutschen Verwaltungsgeschichte 1815–1945 . Band 8 Reihe A : Preußen . Marburg an der Lahn 1980 , External links . - Official website - Historical and contemporary information about Siegen and Siegerland
|
[
"Count of Nassau"
] |
[
{
"text": " Siegen ( ) is a city in Germany , in the south Westphalian part of North Rhine-Westphalia . It is located in the district of Siegen-Wittgenstein in the Arnsberg region . The university town ( nearly 20,000 students in the 2018–2019 winter semester ) is the district seat , and is ranked as a higher centre in the South Westphalian urban agglomeration . In 1975 , municipal reforms and amalgamations lifted Siegens population above the 100,000 mark .",
"title": "Siegen"
},
{
"text": " The city of Siegen lies in the basin of the upper reaches of the river Sieg . From there , lateral valleys branch off in many directions . The heights of the surrounding mountains , wherever they are not actually settled , are covered in coppice . To the north lies the Sauerland , to the northwest the Rothaargebirge and to the southwest the Westerwald .",
"title": "Location"
},
{
"text": "The nearest cities to Siegen , taking into account average travelling distances , are Hagen to the north , Frankfurt am Main to the southeast , Koblenz to the southwest and Cologne to the west .",
"title": "Location"
},
{
"text": " As the crow flies the distances to these places are , however , ( Hagen ) , ( Frankfurt ) , ( Koblenz ) and ( Cologne ) . The city lies on the German-Dutch holiday road called the Orange Route , joining towns , cities and regions associated with the House of Orange .",
"title": "Location"
},
{
"text": " The citys total land area is roughly . Its greatest east-west span is about , and its greatest north-south span is about . City limits are long . Siegen lies at a median elevation of above sea level . The citys greatest elevation is the peak of the Pfannenberg at above sea level at southern city limits . Siegens lowest point is above sea level at Niederschelden at southwestern city limits , which there also forms the state boundary with Rhineland-Palatinate . Roughly 60% of the citys land is wooded , making Siegen one of Germanys greenest cities .",
"title": "City area"
},
{
"text": "The city area is divided into six zones , called Bezirke in German and comparable to boroughs in some cities , which themselves are further divided into various communities ( Ortsteile and Stadtteile ) . Each borough has a borough board consisting of 15 voting and 15 non-voting members who are appointed by city council with regard to each partys share of the vote in the municipal elections in the borough in question . The borough boards decide on matters particular to their respective boroughs . These matters are laid down in Siegens city charter .",
"title": "City area"
},
{
"text": " Siegens six boroughs and communities belonging to each boroughs are : - District I ( Geisweid ) : Birlenbach , Meiswinkel , Langenholdinghausen , Geisweid , Dillnhütten , Sohlbach , Buchen , Niedersetzen , Obersetzen - District II ( Weidenau ) : - District III ( Ost ) : Kaan-Marienborn , parts of Alt-Siegen ( Giersberg ) , Bürbach , Volnsberg , Breitenbach , Feuersbach - District IV ( Mitte ) : Alt-Siegen ( parts not belonging to borough III or V )",
"title": "Administrative division"
},
{
"text": "- District V ( West ) : Seelbach , Trupbach and parts of Alt-Siegen ( Wellersberg , Fischbacherberg , Achenbach , Rothenberg )",
"title": "Administrative division"
},
{
"text": " - District VI ( Süd ) : Oberschelden , Gosenbach , Niederschelden , Eiserfeld , Eisern",
"title": "Administrative division"
},
{
"text": "Along with the boroughs and communities into which the city is divided , as mandated by law , there are also further subdivisions within the communities , each with its own name , but none with distinctly clear borders . They are called Quartiere , which can be rendered as quarters or neighbourhoods . Examples of these include the Unterstadt , the Oberstadt , Hammerhütte , Lindenberg , Charlottental , Haardter Berg ( with the university ) and the Alte Dreisbach . Some neighbourhoods even straddle community boundaries , like Sieghütte , parts of which can be found in both",
"title": "Administrative division"
},
{
"text": "Siegen-Mitte and Weidenau . Moreover , some neighbourhoods even overlap each other . Unlike the boroughs ( Bezirke ) or communities ( Ortsteile and Stadtteile ) , the Quartiere have no statistical or administrative importance . They do , however , serve some function as to their inhabitants identity , but more practically than that , they are also useful for finding ones way with a city map and using in bus route names and on public notices and traffic signs . Many of the Hüttentalstraße city Autobahns exits are also named after the Quartiere that they serve .",
"title": "Administrative division"
},
{
"text": " The communities of Weidenau , Geisweid , Birlenbach , Langenholdinghausen , Buchen , Sohlbach , Dillnhütten , Niedersetzen , Obersetzen and Meiswinkel formed from 1 July 1966 to 31 December 1974 the town of Hüttental . The communities of Eiserfeld , Eisern , Gosenbach , Niederschelden and Oberschelden formed the town of Eiserfeld between those same two dates .",
"title": "Administrative division"
},
{
"text": " The city of Siegen borders in the north on the town of Kreuztal and the community of Wenden , in the east on the town of Netphen , in the southeast on the community of Wilnsdorf , in the south on the community of Neunkirchen , in the west on the community of Mudersbach ( Altenkirchen in Rhineland-Palatinate ) and in the northwest on the town of Freudenberg .",
"title": "Neighbouring communities"
},
{
"text": "The name Siegen comes from the possibly Celtic river name Sieg . It is , however , unclear whether there is any relation between this name and the Celtic-Germanic Sicambri ( Ger . Sugambrer ) people , who in pre-Christian times lived in parts of North Rhine-Westphalia . The first documentary mention of the place called Sigena dates from 1079 . The citys history is markedly shaped by mining , which locally began as far back as La Tène times . Bearing witness to this longtime industry are the many mines that can be found within city limits .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "In 1224 , Siegen is mentioned as a newly built town whose ownership was shared by the Count of Nassau , Heinrich the Rich , and Engelbert II of Berg , Archbishop of Cologne after the latter transferred one half of the ownership to the former . Moreover , there is proof that the Oberes Schloss ( upper stately home ) was already standing at this time . On 19 October 1303 , the town was granted Soester Stadtrecht , or Soest town rights . The town remained under the two overlords joint ownership until 1 February 1381 , only",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "then passing fully into Nassau hands .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " In the 16th century , the town of Siegen bore a formidable defensive look . It was surrounded by mighty walls with 16 towers and three town gates , and was home to a great castle . The town was stricken several times by townwide fires . Documents record such fires in 1592 , and from 10 to 20 April 1695 .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "In 1536 , Heinrich the Rich built a paedagogium in the buildings that had once housed a Franciscan Monastery . It later grew into todays Gymnasium at Siegens Löhrtor ( gate ) . Johann VII of Nassau-Siegen ( Johann the Intermediary ) built the Unteres Schloss ( lower stately home ) on the site of an old Franciscan Monastery . In 1616 , Johann VII founded a knightly war school in the still standing old armoury on Burgstraße , expressly to produce an officer corps for Calvinism .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " His son Johann VIII ( The Younger ) returned in 1612 to the Roman Catholic Church , and wanted to use force to make the townsfolk also convert back to Roman Catholicism . In 1632 , Nassau-Siegen was conquered by the Swedes , after which his half-brother John Maurice of Nassau-Siegen , the Dutch commander in Brazil , re-introduced Protestantism . John VIII died in 1638 and was succeeded by his only son Johan Frans Desideratus , who had to cede part of Nassau-Siegen ( north of the Sieg river ) to the Protestant branch of the family .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "John Maurices leadership served in 1650–1651 to bring about a split in the Siegerland along denominational lines . Under Wilhelm Hyacinth of Nassau-Siegen , violence broke out between the two denominational groups . When on 29 March 1707 townsman Friedrich Flender was killed , Wilhelm Hyacinth was himself unseated and furthermore driven out of the town . Wilhelm Hyacinth was the last in the line of Nassau-Siegens Catholic rulers , dying in 1743 . Already in 1734 , though , the Reformed line had died out , too , with Friedrich Wilhelms death , leading Charles VI , Holy Roman",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Emperor to transfer power in the territory to the Prince of Orange and the Prince of Nassau-Diez . Under their leadership , mining , the main source of wealth , blossomed , along with agriculture and silviculture . When Prince William of Orange refused to join the Confederation of the Rhine , founded by Napoleon , he found himself unseated by the French leader and the Siegerland passed to the Grand Duchy of Berg . After Napoleons downfall in 1813 , however , William I regained his former German inheritances , but in 1815 he ceded them to the Kingdom",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "of Prussia for the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg . Siegen was assigned to the Siegen district , first in the Koblenz region , and as of 1817 in the Arnsberg region within the Prussian Province of Westphalia .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " Under Prussian rule , Siegen developed into the South Westphalian centre that it is today . On 1 March 1923 , Siegen was set apart from the district bearing its name , and became a district-free town , while still keeping its function as seat of the district of which it was no longer part , and which was itself merged with Wittgenstein district under district reform in 1975 . Siegen also lost its district-free status at this time , becoming part of the new Siegen-Wittgenstein district , the name that the district has borne since 1984 .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "During World War II , Siegen was repeatedly bombed by the Allies owing to a crucial railroad that crossed through the town . On 1 April 1945 , the US 8th Infantry Division began the Allied ground assault against Siegen and the dominating military-significant high ground north of the river . The battle against determined German forces at Siegen continued through 2 April 1945 , until organized resistance was finally overwhelmed by the division on 3 April 1945.<section />",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "The town of Siegen belonged in the beginning to the Archbishopric of Mainz , or more precisely to its deaconry of Arfeld . There was a White Nun convent in town that folded in the 15th century . Furthermore , there was a Franciscan Monastery that was dissolved in 1533 after the Nassau overlords had introduced the Reformation in 1530 . After that , the town was first Lutheran , but in 1550 , the Principality of Nassau converted to the Reformed Church . Subsequently , Siegen was a predominantly Protestant town , but not so strongly that the Counterreformation",
"title": "Religion"
},
{
"text": "could not gain ground in 1623 , with one fifth of the townsfolk and those living in the surrounding area becoming Catholic once again . As of 1626 , there was once more a monastery in town , this time a Jesuit one . After passing to Prussia in 1815 , the union between Lutheran and Reformed churches was introduced in Siegen , as it was throughout Prussia , but the towns parishes kept their Reformed emphasis . As part of the Westphalian Provincial Church ( now the Church of Westphalia ) , Siegen became the seat of a Superintendency",
"title": "Religion"
},
{
"text": ". A similar entity still exists in Siegen , known as the Kirchenkreis , or church district , to which all the citys parishes nowadays belong , unless they are Free Church parishes . This church district encompasses the whole of South Westphalia all the way to Olpe .",
"title": "Religion"
},
{
"text": " The towns Catholics , even after the Reformation , still belonged to the Archbishopric of Mainz . With the restructuring of the Catholic Church early in the 19th century , Siegen was assigned to the Archbishopric of Paderborn and became the seat of a district synod , today a deaconry , to which all the districts Catholic parishes belong . Paderborn was raised to Archbishopric in 1929 . Besides the Roman Catholic Church , Siegen also has a Greek Orthodox parish and a Romanian Orthodox parish .",
"title": "Religion"
},
{
"text": "Moreover , there are various free churches established in Siegen , among them several Evangelical Free Church parishes ( Baptists ) , an Evangelical-Methodist Church , an Independent Evangelical-Lutheran Church ( SELK ) , a Seventh-day Adventist parish , several Free Evangelical parishes ( FeG ) , the Achenbach Christian Community , the Christian Assembly , Calvary Chapel and the Siegen-Meiswinkel Mission Community .",
"title": "Religion"
},
{
"text": " Further religious communities in Siegen are The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints , the New Apostolic Church , the Jehovahs Witnesses , an Original Christianity community and Baháʼí . Moreover , owing to a great number of Turkish and Arab migrants in Siegen , the Muslim community is also very much in evidence there and there are several mosques in Siegen run by Turkish , Arab and Albanian communities . There are said to be more than 15,000 Muslims out of Siegens total population .",
"title": "Religion"
},
{
"text": " The following communities and rural areas have been amalgamated with Siegen : - 1902 and 1912 : parts of Buschgotthardtshütten - 1934 : parts of Achenbach - 1937 : parts of Achenbach and Buschgotthardtshütten - 1966 : Trupbach , Seelbach , Breitenbach , Bürbach , Kaan-Marienborn and Volnsberg - 1969 : Feuersbach - 1974 : towns of Hüttental and Eiserfeld",
"title": "Municipal reform"
},
{
"text": " In 1897 , Siegen had 20,000 inhabitants . By 1939 , this figure had doubled to 40,000 . In the World War II , the town lost roughly 30% of its inhabitants ( 12,000 ) . The population had fallen to 28,000 by 1945 and only in 1952 did it once again reach prewar levels .",
"title": "Population development"
},
{
"text": "On 1 January 1975 , Siegens population surpassed 100,000 through the amalgamation of Hüttental ( 38,867 inhabitants in 1974 ) and Eiserfeld ( 22,354 inhabitants in 1974 ) , making it a city . With 117,224 inhabitants it also at the same time reached its all-time highest population . At the end of June 2005 , according to the North Rhine-Westphalia State Office for Data Processing and Statistics ( Landesamt für Datenverarbeitung und Statistik Nordrhein-Westfalen ) , 105,328 people made Siegen their main abode . Since 1975 , the population has fallen by roughly 10% ( 12,000 ) .",
"title": "Population development"
},
{
"text": "The following chart shows population figures for Siegens municipal area , however big it was at each given time . Up to 1833 , most figures are estimates , and thereafter census figures ( ¹ ) or official estimates by the statistical office of the time or the town/city administration itself . The given figures indicate from 1843 the population present in the town ( Ortsanwesende Bevölkerung ) , from 1925 the dwelling population ( Wohnbevölkerung ) , and since 1987 the Population in the place of main residence ( Bevölkerung am Ort der Hauptwohnung ) . Before 1843 ,",
"title": "Population development"
},
{
"text": "population figures come from irregular surveying procedures .",
"title": "Population development"
},
{
"text": " The city councils 62 seats are apportioned thus , in accordance with municipal elections held on 26 September 2004 : None of the parties represented on city council holds a majority , and no coalition has been struck . However , the CDU and the FDP have a fixed , contractual coöperation agreement and at least have at their disposal a joint majority voice on some committees . In the council chamber , on the other hand , their 30 seats are not an absolute majority and they do not always prevail .",
"title": "City council"
},
{
"text": "At the citys helm since the 13th century , there have been several mayors of whom evidence survives . In 1304 and 1305 , a council ( consules ) was mentioned for the first time . As early as 1224 , however , documents mention Burgmänner ( Castle Men ) as well as three Bürgermeister ( Mayors ) who were changed yearly . As of 1500 , only two mayors were chosen every year . In the 18th century , the guilds were achieving ever greater influence in the town . Thereafter the ruling or office-holding old shoemaking master represented",
"title": "Mayors"
},
{
"text": "the common townsfolk on the council . The mediaeval town charter was kept right up until 1809 , and parts of it even held until 1815 , but that year there was a self-endorsing council with 12 members , over which presided the mayor . As of 1824 , the suburbs got their own chief administrator who was subordinate to the mayor of Siegen . In 1836 , the Prussian municipal system was introduced . After the town was separated from Siegen district in 1923 , the mayor was given the title Oberbürgermeister ( roughly equivalent to Lord Mayor )",
"title": "Mayors"
},
{
"text": ". The mayor who came to office in 1919 kept his position right through the time of the Third Reich , whereas some mayors in other German and Austrian towns , whose political views were at odds with the Nazis , were removed forcibly .",
"title": "Mayors"
},
{
"text": "After the Second World War , the military government of the British Zone of Occupation installed a new mayor , and in 1946 it introduced a new town charter based on a British model , leading to a Council of the town elected by the people , whose members were called Stadtverordnete ( town councillors ) . In the beginning , the council chose one from its midst as the mayor as the towns head and representative , which was an honorary function . Furthermore , as of 1946 , the council also began choosing a full-time Oberstadtdirektor , or",
"title": "Mayors"
},
{
"text": "Higher Town Director , to lead the towns administration .",
"title": "Mayors"
},
{
"text": " After Siegen was reunited with the district of the same name in 1975 , these two officials bore the titles Bürgermeister and Stadtdirektor respectively . In 1999 , this two-headed arrangement was forsaken in favour of a single city leader , with the title Bürgermeister , who serves as chairman or chairwoman of city council , leader of city administration and city representative . He or she is directly elected nowadays . Mayors ( Bürgermeister and Oberbürgermeister ) since 1919 - 1919–1945 : Alfred Fißmer , Oberbürgermeister - 1945 : Fritz Fries , Oberbürgermeister",
"title": "Mayors"
},
{
"text": "- 1945–1946 : Otto Schwarz , Oberbürgermeister",
"title": "Mayors"
},
{
"text": " - 1946–1948 : Ernst Weißelberg , Oberbürgermeister - 1948–1956 : Ernst Bach , Oberbürgermeister - 1956–1961 : Erich Pachnicke , Oberbürgermeister - 1961–1966 : Karl Eckmann , Oberbürgermeister - 1966–1975 : Karl Althaus , Oberbürgermeister - 1975–1979 : Friedemann Keßler , Bürgermeister - 1979–1990 : Hans Reinhardt , Bürgermeister - 1990–1994 : Hilde Fiedler , Bürgermeisterin - 1994–1999 : Karl Wilhelm Kirchhöfer , Bürgermeister - 1999–2007 : Ulf Stötzel ( CDU ) , Bürgermeister - 2007–today : Steffen Mues ( CDU ) , Bürgermeister",
"title": "Mayors"
},
{
"text": " - 1946–1954 : Max Baumann , Oberstadtdirektor - 1954–1975 : Kurt Seibt , Oberstadtdirektor - 1975–1985 : Hans Mohn , Stadtdirektor - 1985–1989 : Volker Oerter , Stadtdirektor - 1989–1995 : Otto-Werner Rappold , Stadtdirektor ( left office early with effect on 2 December 1995 by his own wish ) - 1995–1999 : Ulrich Mock , Stadtdirektor ( at first as Dr . Rappolds General Agent until 31 January 1997 , then appointed fulltime Stadtdirektor )",
"title": "Stadtdirektoren and Oberstadtdirektoren 1946–1999"
},
{
"text": " Siegens civic coat of arms might be described thus : Argent a town wall embattled gules with an open gateway argent , therein in an inescutcheon azure a lion rampant Or armed and langued gules , issuant from the wall a bishop in robe and mitre azure ( trimmed in argent ) holding in his hand dexter a crozier argent with crook Or sinister , in his hand sinister , upraised , an open book argent with pages edged gules .",
"title": "Coat of arms"
},
{
"text": "The bishop in the citys arms is the Bishop of Cologne . The wall symbolizes the city itself , and the inescutcheon in the gateway shows the Lion of Nassau in blue and gold ( or yellow ) , which are Nassaus colours . The arms are based on the oldest known town seal , from 1248 . The inescutcheon once also had gold billets ( upright rectangles ) around the lion , but these do not appear in what became the towns ( and later citys ) coat of arms in 1875 .",
"title": "Coat of arms"
},
{
"text": " Although the town was about 80% destroyed in the World War II , Siegen has kept a number of buildings worth seeing , such as the two stately homes , the Oberes Schloss and the Unteres Schloss .",
"title": "Sights"
},
{
"text": "The castle on the Siegberg was first mentioned in a document in 1259 and was the family seat of the House of Nassau . Since 1905 , the Siegerland Museum has been here . Alongside regional exhibits – among them an artificial demonstration mine – are many paintings . The centrepiece of this collection is made up of works by the man who is arguably the best known native , Peter Paul Rubens . There is also quite a comprehensive collection of portraits of members of the Houses of Nassau and Orange . The top floor is devoted to 19th-century",
"title": "Oberes Schloss"
},
{
"text": "home décor . A kitchen from the Siegerland , a bedroom and many pieces of furniture from the Biedermeier era give one an impression of life in the region in bygone days .",
"title": "Oberes Schloss"
},
{
"text": " Late in the 17th century , the Lower Stately Home came into being in its current form , somewhat like an open rectangle . The Evangelical line of the House of Nassau-Siegen resided here . Also belonging to the Schloss is the Dicker Turm , or Fat Tower with a carillon . In 1959 , the then town of Siegen built a memorial for victims of war and tyranny . Inside the Schloss is also found the crypt of the Evangelical branch of the Nassau princely house .",
"title": "Unteres Schloss"
},
{
"text": "Today , the Schloss serves as a state authority building in which the North Rhine-Westphalia Building and Property Establishment , the State Environment Office , the Office for Occupational Health and Safety and the Attendorn Correctional Facility ( Siegen Branch Facility ) are all housed . By the citys plans , a university is supposed to move into the Unteres Schloss within the next few years , but at this time , the plan is failing to find any financial backing .",
"title": "Unteres Schloss"
},
{
"text": " Two churches in downtown Siegen are to be brought to the visitors attention : The Martinikirche dating from the 11th century and the Nikolaikirche at the marketplace with its unusual eight-sided shape and its golden Krönchen ( coronet ) – the citys landmark – on the church tower , which is a prominent feature of Siegens skyline ( Siegen is sometimes called Krönchenstadt for this unusual feature ) . Another church is the Marienkirche , built by the Jesuits between 1702 and 1729 . Also worth seeing are Siegens Old Town and several museums in the city core .",
"title": "Churches"
},
{
"text": "In the southwest of the city core , at the foot of the Ziegenberg , is a spherical gas holder , or gasometer , which is protected by law as a monument . It is one of the oldest spherical gas holders still preserved . Another peculiarity is its riveted casing . Only three other such gas holders are known to exist worldwide ( all in Germany , in Schwerte , Offenburg and Bielefeld ) . The holder had to be moved a few metres owing to construction on the municipal Autobahn , the Hüttentalstraße , and in the residential",
"title": "Gasometer"
},
{
"text": "area of Ziegenberg , and it now forms the symbolic sun as part of a scale model of the planets above the gas holder .",
"title": "Gasometer"
},
{
"text": " Within Siegens city limits are 36 municipally run cemeteries . Ten of them are already closed and are available for burials only because of existing laws . The cemeteries have a total area of 730 000 m² with roughly 65,000 graves . Characteristic of regional cemeteries are hillside graves and a green , parklike layout that even affords wildlife a chance at reoccupying the land . Cemeteries within city limits are : - Lindenbergfriedhof - Hermelsbacher Friedhof - Stockfriedhof - Geisweider Friedhof - Haardter Friedhof - Gilbergfriedhof - Friedhof Kaan-Marienborn - Neuer Friedhof Niederschelden",
"title": "Cemeteries"
},
{
"text": " In the Apollo-Theater ( a downtown former 1930s cinema that underwent remodelling and opened in mid-2007 ) , Siegen has one of the current decades most important newly built theatres . A controlling interest in this venture is held by TheaterSiegen intendant Magnus Reitschuster . Since 1992 , the media and cultural house Lÿz has been a venue for cabaret , music and theatre in Siegen . On the two stages , roughly 150 events appear every season .",
"title": "Theatre"
},
{
"text": "Bigger events take place at the Bühne der Stadt ( Citys Stage , with about 820 seats ) , the Siegerlandhalle ( 1 800 m² , 2,300 seats ) or the Bismarckhalle . As well , there are regular open-air concerts and productions in the inner yard at Unteres Schloss .",
"title": "Theatre"
},
{
"text": " The main centre of art in Siegen are the Museum for Contemporary Art and the Haus Seel – city gallery . The Siegerland Museum is dedicated to regional history . The Oranienstraße House , built at 1900 in the Italian country house style , is attached to the Siegerland Museum since 1993 as an exhibit forum . There is a varied program of temporary exhibitions of all kinds , from archaeological excavations to contemporary avant-garde art . Poet and author readings are also part of the program , such as classic concerts .",
"title": "Museums"
},
{
"text": "In Geisweid is found the Beatles Home Museum , run by Harold Krämer . According to the 2000 Guinness Book of Records , the 27 m² museum is the smallest public museum in the world devoted to the four Liverpudlian musicians . The collection holds more than 17,000 recordings , souvenirs , film posters , and autographs and other memorabilia .",
"title": "Museums"
},
{
"text": " - Early in the year : SILA ( Siegerlandausstellung – Siegerland Exhibition ) , even-numbered years only - March to November , first Saturday in each month : Flea market in Siegen-Geisweid ( since 1970 ) , no new goods - June to August : Mittwochs in different bands every Wednesday in Siegen-Weidenau - June : Johannimarkt , a fair held for some 400 years",
"title": "Regular events"
},
{
"text": "- June/July : Siegener Sommerfestival , plays , cabaret , theatre , music and cinema since about 1990 . ( In 2006 , instead of the traditional summer festival , a World Cup festival was held )",
"title": "Regular events"
},
{
"text": " - July : Stadtfest ( City Festival ) , even-numbered years only - July : Rubensfest , odd-numbered years only - August : Siegen Open-Air Cinema - August : Christopher Street Day ( CSD ) , since 2000 - August : Siegtal-Pur All streets only opened for bikes ( the HTS ( local Motorway ) too ) - Summer : Street Festival at the Corn Market - October : 2nd Sunday : Bürgerfest Geisweid - November : Geisweider Adventsmarkt , since about 1985 - December : Christmas market , since about 1980",
"title": "Regular events"
},
{
"text": " The city and its surrounding region speak in addition to standard German also have a characteristic local dialect : Siegerländisch .",
"title": "Dialect"
},
{
"text": " The Dilldappe is an old mythical creature from the Siegerland . It lives mainly in the Siegerland Hauberg ( coöperatively managed woodlots ) . Early in the 1980s , the writer and cartoonist Matthias Kringe first published a calendar about the creature , written in the local dialect of German . The Rubens Prize of the City of Siegen .",
"title": "Tales and legends"
},
{
"text": "The Rubens Prize of the City of Siegen , founded in 1955 , is awarded every five years to a painter or graphic artist whose lifes work has been groundbreaking on the European stage . The title recalls the painter-diplomat Peter Paul Rubens , who expressed in his lifes work the thought of European unity , long before it could become a political reality . Peter Paul Rubens – who was born in Siegen , grew up in Cologne and Antwerp , trained in art in Italy , was esteemed in France and acted as a diplomat in Spain and",
"title": "Tales and legends"
},
{
"text": "England – as the main master of European Baroque painting set those artistic and European standards to which the awarding of the prize has been bound since 1957–1958 .",
"title": "Tales and legends"
},
{
"text": " - Hans Hartung ( 1957/1958 ) - Giorgio Morandi ( 1962 ) - Francis Bacon ( 1967 ) - Antoni Tàpies ( 1972 ) - Fritz Winter ( 1977 ) - Emil Schumacher ( 1982 ) - Cy Twombly ( 1987 ) - Rupprecht Geiger ( 1992 ) - Lucian Freud ( 1997 ) - Maria Lassnig ( 2002 ) - Sigmar Polke ( 2007 ) - Bridget Riley ( 2012 ) - Niele Toroni ( 2017 )",
"title": "Past prizewinners :"
},
{
"text": " The city sport league includes 160 sport clubs in which roughly 37,000 members are active . National importance was achieved in 2005 by the Sportfreunde Siegen mens football team at Leimbachstadion when they rose from the Regionalliga Süd up to the 2nd Bundesliga , although the next year they dropped back down again . As six-time German Champions , the TSV Siegen womens football team was very successful in the 1990s .",
"title": "Sport"
},
{
"text": " In the south of the district in the community of Burbach lies the Siegerland Airport through which Siegen is connected to many other airports in Germany .",
"title": "Air transport"
},
{
"text": " The city of Siegen lies on European long-distance path E1 running from the middle of Sweden to Umbria in Italy . There is , however , no organized cycling trail network in Siegen . Riding in bus lanes is sporadically allowed . Bicycle transport is generally poorly developed in Siegen . Owing to dual carriageways within the city and nearby , as well as transport planning that rather favours cars , bicycle transport has been somewhat thwarted . Together with the partly hilly topography , there is therefore little in the way of bicycle transport in Siegen .",
"title": "Bicycle transport"
},
{
"text": " Siegen station lies at the junction of the following railway lines : - The two-track electrified Ruhr–Sieg line ( Ruhr-Sieg-Strecke ) is used for regional services , usually hourly , of the Ruhr-Sieg-Express ( RE 16 ) and the Ruhr-Sieg-Bahn ( RB 91 ) . - The Rothaar Railway ( Rothaarbahn ) is served , usually hourly by Rothaar-Bahn ( RB 93 ) services , connecting in Erndtebrück to Obere Lahntal-Bahn ( RB 94/RMV Line 43 ) services , usually two-hourly , on the Upper Lahn Valley Railway ( Obere Lahntal-Bahn ) .",
"title": "Rail transport"
},
{
"text": "- The two-track electrified Dill Railway ( Dill-Strecke ) is served , usually two-hourly , by the Rhein-Sieg-Express ( RE 9 ) and the Main-Sieg-Express ( RE 99 ) and hourly by the Sieg-Dill-Bahn ( RB 95 ) ( only to and from Dillenburg ) .",
"title": "Rail transport"
},
{
"text": " - The mostly two-track electrified Sieg line ( Siegstrecke ) is served , usually hourly , by the Rhein-Sieg-Express ( RE 9 ) and Sieg-Dill-Bahn ( RB 95 ) services ( only to and from Au ) .",
"title": "Rail transport"
},
{
"text": " On 18 March 1895 , the Netphener Omnibusgesellschaft opened the worlds first busline using a petrol-powered omnibus , running a service from its base in Netphen to Siegen and Deuz . Today , local road transport offers many regional , express and local buses , along with a night bus service connecting Siegen with its outlying communities and neighbouring towns . They are run by the South Westphalia Transport Services ( Verkehrsbetriebe Westfalen-Süd ; VWS ) whose headquarters are in Siegen .",
"title": "Bus transport"
},
{
"text": "For the whole of local public transport , the tariff of the South Westphalia Transport Community ( Verkehrsgemeinschaft Westfalen-Süd ; VGWS ) applies , regardless of the North Rhine-Westphalia tariff .",
"title": "Bus transport"
},
{
"text": " With regard to long-distance roads , the city of Siegen is connected to Autobahnen A 45 ( Dortmund – Aschaffenburg ) and A 4 ( Cologne – Olpe ) , and to Federal Highways ( Bundesstraßen ) 54 , 54n , 62 and 62n . Siegen is home to the tallest bridge of the A 45 and one of the highest in Germany , the Siegtalbrücke . Built from 1964 to 1969 , it is approximately 96 m high and 1 050 m long .",
"title": "Roads"
},
{
"text": "The shape that the city takes has much to do with the Hüttentalstraße ( HTS ) ( Federal Highways 54n and 62n ) which serves as a municipal Autobahn – much of it elevated – that runs through the city area .",
"title": "Roads"
},
{
"text": " The A 4 between Wenden and Kreuztal has been newly built . In the heights over Kreuztals outlying community of Krombach , it now joins with the HTS . On this 12-kilometre stretch of highway are eight valley bridges as well as ten under- and overpasses . This new part was opened on 1 December 2007 .",
"title": "Roads"
},
{
"text": " Siegen is South Westphalias service and administrative centre . Much of its industry is based on metalworking . Pedestrian precincts in Bahnhofsstraße ( Railway Station Street ) and Kölner Tor ( Cologne Gate ) , both downtown , have made shopping in Siegen very convenient , as have the shopping centres City-Galerie ( opened in 1998 ) and Sieg Carré ( opened in 2006 , both downtown ) and Siegerlandzentrum ( Siegen-Weidenau ) , and the Marburger Straße shopping street ( downtown ) . In 2005 , an IKEA store and a Peek & Cloppenburg location opened .",
"title": "Economy"
},
{
"text": " Siegen is home to the Siegen-Wittgenstein district administration and location of a Chamber of Industry and Trade ( Industrie- und Handelskammer , or IHK , one of 81 such regional institutions in Germany ) for the districts of Siegen-Wittgenstein and Olpe . Home to the Siegen State Court , a local court and a labour court , the city is also an important court centre .",
"title": "Public institutions"
},
{
"text": " In Siegen , the Westdeutscher Rundfunk ( WDR ) maintains a studio where regional radio and television news for South Westphalia is produced . The daily broadcast goes out in the South Westphalia regional window following the programme Aktuelle Stunde ( a newsmagazine show ) on WDRs third channel . Moreover , WDR also runs a transmission facility for VHF radio and television ( once also medium wave ) at the Giersberg .",
"title": "Media"
},
{
"text": "Daily newspapers in Siegen include not only the Siegener Zeitung but also local editions of the Westfälische Rundschau and the Westfalenpost . All three appear in the morning , although the first was until 2000 an afternoon paper . Furthermore , at the Obergraben is found the regional , Radio-NRW-connected Radio Siegens studio building .",
"title": "Media"
},
{
"text": " In the early decades of the 17th century , the Herborn Academy temporarily relocated to Siegen , in the buildings of the Unteres Schloss , which came to an end when the Plague broke out . Siegens oldest school is the Gymnasium am Löhrtor , a grammar school .",
"title": "Education"
},
{
"text": " - Gymnasium am Löhrtor ( GAL ) - Fürst-Johann-Moritz-Gymnasium ( FJM ) - Peter-Paul-Rubens-Gymnasium , formerly known as Ganztagsgymnasium am Rosterberg - Evangelisches Gymnasium ( EV ) - Gymnasium auf der Morgenröthe ( GAM )",
"title": "Grammar schools"
},
{
"text": " - Albert Schweitzer Schule - Birlenbacher Schule - Burgschule - Diesterwegschule - Dreisbachschule - Eiserner Schule - Fischbacherbergschule - Friedrich Flender Schule - Geisweider Schule - Giersbergschule - Glückaufschule - Gosenbacher Schule - Grundschule Eiserfeld - Grundschule Kaan-Marienborn - Hammerhütter Schule - Hüttentalschule - Jung Stilling Schule - Lindenbergschule - Nordschule - Obenstruthschule - Sonnenhangschule - Spandauer Schule",
"title": "Primary schools"
},
{
"text": " Siegen is headquarters of the University of Siegen , founded on 1 August 1972 as the Gesamthochschule Siegen . As well , the Fachhochschule für Oekonomie & Management has a study centre , which is shared with the Academy of Administration and Economics . Siegen also has various general-education and professional schools , and the Siegerlandkolleg . Twin towns – sister cities . Siegen is twinned with : - Spandau ( Berlin ) , Germany ( 1952 ) - Katwijk , Netherlands ( 1963 , formerly Rijnsburg )",
"title": "Higher education"
},
{
"text": "- Leeds , England , United Kingdom ( 1966 , formerly Morley )",
"title": "Higher education"
},
{
"text": " - Ypres , Belgium ( 1967 ) - Zakopane , Poland ( 1989 ) - Plauen , Germany ( 1990 )",
"title": "Higher education"
},
{
"text": " - Henry III of Nassau-Breda ( 1483–1538 ) , Count of Nassau and Lord of Breda - Tilemann Stella ( 1525–1589 ) , Renaissance scholar and librarian , mathematician , geometerer , cartographer and astronomer - Peter Paul Rubens ( 1577–1640 ) , Baroque painter - Johann Heinrich Bisterfeld ( 1605–1655 ) , philosopher , polyhistor - Georg Wilhelm de Gennin ( 1676–1750 ) , Russian military officer and engineer ; baptized here - Franz Hunolt ( 1691–1746 ) , Jesuit , theologian - Adolph Diesterweg ( 1790–1866 ) , pedagogue and mastermind of reform education",
"title": "Notable people"
},
{
"text": "- Heinrich Kreutz ( 1854–1907 ) , astronomer and publisher",
"title": "Notable people"
},
{
"text": " - Charles H . Daub ( 1855–1917 ) , member of the Wisconsin State Assembly - Fritz Busch ( 1890–1951 ) , conductor - Adolf Busch ( 1891–1952 ) , German-Swiss violinist and conductor - Walter Kraemer ( 1892–1941 ) , politician ( KPD ) and resistance fighter against Nazism - Paul Giesler ( 1895–1945 ) , Nazi functionary , Premier of Bavaria - Heinrich Gontermann ( 1896–1917 ) , fighter ace - Friedrich Middelhauve ( 1896–1966 ) , publisher and politician ( FDP ) - Hermann Giesler ( 1898–1987 ) , architect",
"title": "Notable people"
},
{
"text": "- Ernst Achenbach ( 1909–1991 ) , politician ( FDP )",
"title": "Notable people"
},
{
"text": " - Herbert Schäfer ( 1927–1991 ) , football player and coach - Walter Schneider ( 1927–2010 ) , motorcycle racing driver - Bernd Becher ( 1931–2007 ) , conceptual artist and photographer - Heinfried Birlenbach ( 1940–2020 ) , shot putter - Joachim Frank ( born 1940 ) , German-American biophysicist and a Nobel laureate - Rolf Stommelen ( 1943–1983 ) , Formula One racer - Josef Clemens ( born 1947 ) , bishop - Klaus Scheer ( born 1950 ) , football player and coach - Christoph Bode ( born 1952 ) , literary scholar",
"title": "Notable people"
},
{
"text": "- Reinhard Goebel ( born 1952 ) , conductor and violinist",
"title": "Notable people"
},
{
"text": " - Annegret Kober ( born 1957 ) , swimmer - Bernward Koch ( born 1957 ) , musician - Burkhard Jung ( born 1958 ) , Lord Mayor of Leipzig - Dieter Falk ( born 1959 ) , music producer , keyboardist and composer - Peter Autschbach ( born 1961 ) , guitarist - Frank Heinrich ( born 1964 ) , theologian and politician ( MdB ) - Navid Kermani ( born 1967 ) , orientalist and Islamic studies scholar - Petra Lobinger ( born 1967 ) , athlete",
"title": "Notable people"
},
{
"text": "- Peter Stein ( born 1968 ) , politician ( CDU )",
"title": "Notable people"
},
{
"text": " - Monika Meyer ( born 1972 ) , footballer - Sabrina Mockenhaupt ( born 1980 ) , long distance runner - August Wittgenstein ( born 1981 ) , prince and actor - Florian Kringe ( born 1982 ) , footballer - Moritz Volz ( born 1983 ) , footballer - Christian Nüchtern ( born 1992 ) , ice dancer",
"title": "Notable people"
},
{
"text": " Siegen has conferred honorary citizenship upon the following persons : - 1887 : Heinrich von Achenbach , High President of the Province of Brandenburg - 1891 : Otto von Bismarck , Reich chancellor - 1933 : Adolf Hitler , Reich chancellor* - 1933 : Paul von Hindenburg , General Field Marshal and Reich President",
"title": "Honorary citizens"
},
{
"text": "For all those listed up to here , honorary citizenship , according to Enactment no . 21 to the amended German Municipal System of 1 April 1946 , has been forfeited . *According to the city council of Siegen Adolf Hitlers honorary citizenship was lapsed by British military law . Caused by political discussion the city council denied Hitlers honorary citizenship posthumously on 29 August 2007 .",
"title": "Honorary citizens"
}
] |
/wiki/Siegen#P17#2
|
Which country did Siegen belong to between Nov 1641 and Dec 1688?
|
Siegen Siegen ( ) is a city in Germany , in the south Westphalian part of North Rhine-Westphalia . It is located in the district of Siegen-Wittgenstein in the Arnsberg region . The university town ( nearly 20,000 students in the 2018–2019 winter semester ) is the district seat , and is ranked as a higher centre in the South Westphalian urban agglomeration . In 1975 , municipal reforms and amalgamations lifted Siegens population above the 100,000 mark . Geography . Location . The city of Siegen lies in the basin of the upper reaches of the river Sieg . From there , lateral valleys branch off in many directions . The heights of the surrounding mountains , wherever they are not actually settled , are covered in coppice . To the north lies the Sauerland , to the northwest the Rothaargebirge and to the southwest the Westerwald . The nearest cities to Siegen , taking into account average travelling distances , are Hagen to the north , Frankfurt am Main to the southeast , Koblenz to the southwest and Cologne to the west . As the crow flies the distances to these places are , however , ( Hagen ) , ( Frankfurt ) , ( Koblenz ) and ( Cologne ) . The city lies on the German-Dutch holiday road called the Orange Route , joining towns , cities and regions associated with the House of Orange . City area . The citys total land area is roughly . Its greatest east-west span is about , and its greatest north-south span is about . City limits are long . Siegen lies at a median elevation of above sea level . The citys greatest elevation is the peak of the Pfannenberg at above sea level at southern city limits . Siegens lowest point is above sea level at Niederschelden at southwestern city limits , which there also forms the state boundary with Rhineland-Palatinate . Roughly 60% of the citys land is wooded , making Siegen one of Germanys greenest cities . The city area is divided into six zones , called Bezirke in German and comparable to boroughs in some cities , which themselves are further divided into various communities ( Ortsteile and Stadtteile ) . Each borough has a borough board consisting of 15 voting and 15 non-voting members who are appointed by city council with regard to each partys share of the vote in the municipal elections in the borough in question . The borough boards decide on matters particular to their respective boroughs . These matters are laid down in Siegens city charter . Administrative division . Siegens six boroughs and communities belonging to each boroughs are : - District I ( Geisweid ) : Birlenbach , Meiswinkel , Langenholdinghausen , Geisweid , Dillnhütten , Sohlbach , Buchen , Niedersetzen , Obersetzen - District II ( Weidenau ) : - District III ( Ost ) : Kaan-Marienborn , parts of Alt-Siegen ( Giersberg ) , Bürbach , Volnsberg , Breitenbach , Feuersbach - District IV ( Mitte ) : Alt-Siegen ( parts not belonging to borough III or V ) - District V ( West ) : Seelbach , Trupbach and parts of Alt-Siegen ( Wellersberg , Fischbacherberg , Achenbach , Rothenberg ) - District VI ( Süd ) : Oberschelden , Gosenbach , Niederschelden , Eiserfeld , Eisern Along with the boroughs and communities into which the city is divided , as mandated by law , there are also further subdivisions within the communities , each with its own name , but none with distinctly clear borders . They are called Quartiere , which can be rendered as quarters or neighbourhoods . Examples of these include the Unterstadt , the Oberstadt , Hammerhütte , Lindenberg , Charlottental , Haardter Berg ( with the university ) and the Alte Dreisbach . Some neighbourhoods even straddle community boundaries , like Sieghütte , parts of which can be found in both Siegen-Mitte and Weidenau . Moreover , some neighbourhoods even overlap each other . Unlike the boroughs ( Bezirke ) or communities ( Ortsteile and Stadtteile ) , the Quartiere have no statistical or administrative importance . They do , however , serve some function as to their inhabitants identity , but more practically than that , they are also useful for finding ones way with a city map and using in bus route names and on public notices and traffic signs . Many of the Hüttentalstraße city Autobahns exits are also named after the Quartiere that they serve . The communities of Weidenau , Geisweid , Birlenbach , Langenholdinghausen , Buchen , Sohlbach , Dillnhütten , Niedersetzen , Obersetzen and Meiswinkel formed from 1 July 1966 to 31 December 1974 the town of Hüttental . The communities of Eiserfeld , Eisern , Gosenbach , Niederschelden and Oberschelden formed the town of Eiserfeld between those same two dates . Neighbouring communities . The city of Siegen borders in the north on the town of Kreuztal and the community of Wenden , in the east on the town of Netphen , in the southeast on the community of Wilnsdorf , in the south on the community of Neunkirchen , in the west on the community of Mudersbach ( Altenkirchen in Rhineland-Palatinate ) and in the northwest on the town of Freudenberg . History . <section /> The name Siegen comes from the possibly Celtic river name Sieg . It is , however , unclear whether there is any relation between this name and the Celtic-Germanic Sicambri ( Ger . Sugambrer ) people , who in pre-Christian times lived in parts of North Rhine-Westphalia . The first documentary mention of the place called Sigena dates from 1079 . The citys history is markedly shaped by mining , which locally began as far back as La Tène times . Bearing witness to this longtime industry are the many mines that can be found within city limits . In 1224 , Siegen is mentioned as a newly built town whose ownership was shared by the Count of Nassau , Heinrich the Rich , and Engelbert II of Berg , Archbishop of Cologne after the latter transferred one half of the ownership to the former . Moreover , there is proof that the Oberes Schloss ( upper stately home ) was already standing at this time . On 19 October 1303 , the town was granted Soester Stadtrecht , or Soest town rights . The town remained under the two overlords joint ownership until 1 February 1381 , only then passing fully into Nassau hands . In the 16th century , the town of Siegen bore a formidable defensive look . It was surrounded by mighty walls with 16 towers and three town gates , and was home to a great castle . The town was stricken several times by townwide fires . Documents record such fires in 1592 , and from 10 to 20 April 1695 . In 1536 , Heinrich the Rich built a paedagogium in the buildings that had once housed a Franciscan Monastery . It later grew into todays Gymnasium at Siegens Löhrtor ( gate ) . Johann VII of Nassau-Siegen ( Johann the Intermediary ) built the Unteres Schloss ( lower stately home ) on the site of an old Franciscan Monastery . In 1616 , Johann VII founded a knightly war school in the still standing old armoury on Burgstraße , expressly to produce an officer corps for Calvinism . His son Johann VIII ( The Younger ) returned in 1612 to the Roman Catholic Church , and wanted to use force to make the townsfolk also convert back to Roman Catholicism . In 1632 , Nassau-Siegen was conquered by the Swedes , after which his half-brother John Maurice of Nassau-Siegen , the Dutch commander in Brazil , re-introduced Protestantism . John VIII died in 1638 and was succeeded by his only son Johan Frans Desideratus , who had to cede part of Nassau-Siegen ( north of the Sieg river ) to the Protestant branch of the family . John Maurices leadership served in 1650–1651 to bring about a split in the Siegerland along denominational lines . Under Wilhelm Hyacinth of Nassau-Siegen , violence broke out between the two denominational groups . When on 29 March 1707 townsman Friedrich Flender was killed , Wilhelm Hyacinth was himself unseated and furthermore driven out of the town . Wilhelm Hyacinth was the last in the line of Nassau-Siegens Catholic rulers , dying in 1743 . Already in 1734 , though , the Reformed line had died out , too , with Friedrich Wilhelms death , leading Charles VI , Holy Roman Emperor to transfer power in the territory to the Prince of Orange and the Prince of Nassau-Diez . Under their leadership , mining , the main source of wealth , blossomed , along with agriculture and silviculture . When Prince William of Orange refused to join the Confederation of the Rhine , founded by Napoleon , he found himself unseated by the French leader and the Siegerland passed to the Grand Duchy of Berg . After Napoleons downfall in 1813 , however , William I regained his former German inheritances , but in 1815 he ceded them to the Kingdom of Prussia for the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg . Siegen was assigned to the Siegen district , first in the Koblenz region , and as of 1817 in the Arnsberg region within the Prussian Province of Westphalia . Under Prussian rule , Siegen developed into the South Westphalian centre that it is today . On 1 March 1923 , Siegen was set apart from the district bearing its name , and became a district-free town , while still keeping its function as seat of the district of which it was no longer part , and which was itself merged with Wittgenstein district under district reform in 1975 . Siegen also lost its district-free status at this time , becoming part of the new Siegen-Wittgenstein district , the name that the district has borne since 1984 . During World War II , Siegen was repeatedly bombed by the Allies owing to a crucial railroad that crossed through the town . On 1 April 1945 , the US 8th Infantry Division began the Allied ground assault against Siegen and the dominating military-significant high ground north of the river . The battle against determined German forces at Siegen continued through 2 April 1945 , until organized resistance was finally overwhelmed by the division on 3 April 1945.<section /> Religion . The town of Siegen belonged in the beginning to the Archbishopric of Mainz , or more precisely to its deaconry of Arfeld . There was a White Nun convent in town that folded in the 15th century . Furthermore , there was a Franciscan Monastery that was dissolved in 1533 after the Nassau overlords had introduced the Reformation in 1530 . After that , the town was first Lutheran , but in 1550 , the Principality of Nassau converted to the Reformed Church . Subsequently , Siegen was a predominantly Protestant town , but not so strongly that the Counterreformation could not gain ground in 1623 , with one fifth of the townsfolk and those living in the surrounding area becoming Catholic once again . As of 1626 , there was once more a monastery in town , this time a Jesuit one . After passing to Prussia in 1815 , the union between Lutheran and Reformed churches was introduced in Siegen , as it was throughout Prussia , but the towns parishes kept their Reformed emphasis . As part of the Westphalian Provincial Church ( now the Church of Westphalia ) , Siegen became the seat of a Superintendency . A similar entity still exists in Siegen , known as the Kirchenkreis , or church district , to which all the citys parishes nowadays belong , unless they are Free Church parishes . This church district encompasses the whole of South Westphalia all the way to Olpe . The towns Catholics , even after the Reformation , still belonged to the Archbishopric of Mainz . With the restructuring of the Catholic Church early in the 19th century , Siegen was assigned to the Archbishopric of Paderborn and became the seat of a district synod , today a deaconry , to which all the districts Catholic parishes belong . Paderborn was raised to Archbishopric in 1929 . Besides the Roman Catholic Church , Siegen also has a Greek Orthodox parish and a Romanian Orthodox parish . Moreover , there are various free churches established in Siegen , among them several Evangelical Free Church parishes ( Baptists ) , an Evangelical-Methodist Church , an Independent Evangelical-Lutheran Church ( SELK ) , a Seventh-day Adventist parish , several Free Evangelical parishes ( FeG ) , the Achenbach Christian Community , the Christian Assembly , Calvary Chapel and the Siegen-Meiswinkel Mission Community . Further religious communities in Siegen are The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints , the New Apostolic Church , the Jehovahs Witnesses , an Original Christianity community and Baháʼí . Moreover , owing to a great number of Turkish and Arab migrants in Siegen , the Muslim community is also very much in evidence there and there are several mosques in Siegen run by Turkish , Arab and Albanian communities . There are said to be more than 15,000 Muslims out of Siegens total population . Municipal reform . The following communities and rural areas have been amalgamated with Siegen : - 1902 and 1912 : parts of Buschgotthardtshütten - 1934 : parts of Achenbach - 1937 : parts of Achenbach and Buschgotthardtshütten - 1966 : Trupbach , Seelbach , Breitenbach , Bürbach , Kaan-Marienborn and Volnsberg - 1969 : Feuersbach - 1974 : towns of Hüttental and Eiserfeld Population development . In 1897 , Siegen had 20,000 inhabitants . By 1939 , this figure had doubled to 40,000 . In the World War II , the town lost roughly 30% of its inhabitants ( 12,000 ) . The population had fallen to 28,000 by 1945 and only in 1952 did it once again reach prewar levels . On 1 January 1975 , Siegens population surpassed 100,000 through the amalgamation of Hüttental ( 38,867 inhabitants in 1974 ) and Eiserfeld ( 22,354 inhabitants in 1974 ) , making it a city . With 117,224 inhabitants it also at the same time reached its all-time highest population . At the end of June 2005 , according to the North Rhine-Westphalia State Office for Data Processing and Statistics ( Landesamt für Datenverarbeitung und Statistik Nordrhein-Westfalen ) , 105,328 people made Siegen their main abode . Since 1975 , the population has fallen by roughly 10% ( 12,000 ) . The following chart shows population figures for Siegens municipal area , however big it was at each given time . Up to 1833 , most figures are estimates , and thereafter census figures ( ¹ ) or official estimates by the statistical office of the time or the town/city administration itself . The given figures indicate from 1843 the population present in the town ( Ortsanwesende Bevölkerung ) , from 1925 the dwelling population ( Wohnbevölkerung ) , and since 1987 the Population in the place of main residence ( Bevölkerung am Ort der Hauptwohnung ) . Before 1843 , population figures come from irregular surveying procedures . ¹ Census figure Politics . City council . The city councils 62 seats are apportioned thus , in accordance with municipal elections held on 26 September 2004 : None of the parties represented on city council holds a majority , and no coalition has been struck . However , the CDU and the FDP have a fixed , contractual coöperation agreement and at least have at their disposal a joint majority voice on some committees . In the council chamber , on the other hand , their 30 seats are not an absolute majority and they do not always prevail . Mayors . At the citys helm since the 13th century , there have been several mayors of whom evidence survives . In 1304 and 1305 , a council ( consules ) was mentioned for the first time . As early as 1224 , however , documents mention Burgmänner ( Castle Men ) as well as three Bürgermeister ( Mayors ) who were changed yearly . As of 1500 , only two mayors were chosen every year . In the 18th century , the guilds were achieving ever greater influence in the town . Thereafter the ruling or office-holding old shoemaking master represented the common townsfolk on the council . The mediaeval town charter was kept right up until 1809 , and parts of it even held until 1815 , but that year there was a self-endorsing council with 12 members , over which presided the mayor . As of 1824 , the suburbs got their own chief administrator who was subordinate to the mayor of Siegen . In 1836 , the Prussian municipal system was introduced . After the town was separated from Siegen district in 1923 , the mayor was given the title Oberbürgermeister ( roughly equivalent to Lord Mayor ) . The mayor who came to office in 1919 kept his position right through the time of the Third Reich , whereas some mayors in other German and Austrian towns , whose political views were at odds with the Nazis , were removed forcibly . After the Second World War , the military government of the British Zone of Occupation installed a new mayor , and in 1946 it introduced a new town charter based on a British model , leading to a Council of the town elected by the people , whose members were called Stadtverordnete ( town councillors ) . In the beginning , the council chose one from its midst as the mayor as the towns head and representative , which was an honorary function . Furthermore , as of 1946 , the council also began choosing a full-time Oberstadtdirektor , or Higher Town Director , to lead the towns administration . After Siegen was reunited with the district of the same name in 1975 , these two officials bore the titles Bürgermeister and Stadtdirektor respectively . In 1999 , this two-headed arrangement was forsaken in favour of a single city leader , with the title Bürgermeister , who serves as chairman or chairwoman of city council , leader of city administration and city representative . He or she is directly elected nowadays . Mayors ( Bürgermeister and Oberbürgermeister ) since 1919 - 1919–1945 : Alfred Fißmer , Oberbürgermeister - 1945 : Fritz Fries , Oberbürgermeister - 1945–1946 : Otto Schwarz , Oberbürgermeister - 1946–1948 : Ernst Weißelberg , Oberbürgermeister - 1948–1956 : Ernst Bach , Oberbürgermeister - 1956–1961 : Erich Pachnicke , Oberbürgermeister - 1961–1966 : Karl Eckmann , Oberbürgermeister - 1966–1975 : Karl Althaus , Oberbürgermeister - 1975–1979 : Friedemann Keßler , Bürgermeister - 1979–1990 : Hans Reinhardt , Bürgermeister - 1990–1994 : Hilde Fiedler , Bürgermeisterin - 1994–1999 : Karl Wilhelm Kirchhöfer , Bürgermeister - 1999–2007 : Ulf Stötzel ( CDU ) , Bürgermeister - 2007–today : Steffen Mues ( CDU ) , Bürgermeister Stadtdirektoren and Oberstadtdirektoren 1946–1999 - 1946–1954 : Max Baumann , Oberstadtdirektor - 1954–1975 : Kurt Seibt , Oberstadtdirektor - 1975–1985 : Hans Mohn , Stadtdirektor - 1985–1989 : Volker Oerter , Stadtdirektor - 1989–1995 : Otto-Werner Rappold , Stadtdirektor ( left office early with effect on 2 December 1995 by his own wish ) - 1995–1999 : Ulrich Mock , Stadtdirektor ( at first as Dr . Rappolds General Agent until 31 January 1997 , then appointed fulltime Stadtdirektor ) Coat of arms . Siegens civic coat of arms might be described thus : Argent a town wall embattled gules with an open gateway argent , therein in an inescutcheon azure a lion rampant Or armed and langued gules , issuant from the wall a bishop in robe and mitre azure ( trimmed in argent ) holding in his hand dexter a crozier argent with crook Or sinister , in his hand sinister , upraised , an open book argent with pages edged gules . The bishop in the citys arms is the Bishop of Cologne . The wall symbolizes the city itself , and the inescutcheon in the gateway shows the Lion of Nassau in blue and gold ( or yellow ) , which are Nassaus colours . The arms are based on the oldest known town seal , from 1248 . The inescutcheon once also had gold billets ( upright rectangles ) around the lion , but these do not appear in what became the towns ( and later citys ) coat of arms in 1875 . Sights . Although the town was about 80% destroyed in the World War II , Siegen has kept a number of buildings worth seeing , such as the two stately homes , the Oberes Schloss and the Unteres Schloss . Oberes Schloss . The castle on the Siegberg was first mentioned in a document in 1259 and was the family seat of the House of Nassau . Since 1905 , the Siegerland Museum has been here . Alongside regional exhibits – among them an artificial demonstration mine – are many paintings . The centrepiece of this collection is made up of works by the man who is arguably the best known native , Peter Paul Rubens . There is also quite a comprehensive collection of portraits of members of the Houses of Nassau and Orange . The top floor is devoted to 19th-century home décor . A kitchen from the Siegerland , a bedroom and many pieces of furniture from the Biedermeier era give one an impression of life in the region in bygone days . Unteres Schloss . Late in the 17th century , the Lower Stately Home came into being in its current form , somewhat like an open rectangle . The Evangelical line of the House of Nassau-Siegen resided here . Also belonging to the Schloss is the Dicker Turm , or Fat Tower with a carillon . In 1959 , the then town of Siegen built a memorial for victims of war and tyranny . Inside the Schloss is also found the crypt of the Evangelical branch of the Nassau princely house . Today , the Schloss serves as a state authority building in which the North Rhine-Westphalia Building and Property Establishment , the State Environment Office , the Office for Occupational Health and Safety and the Attendorn Correctional Facility ( Siegen Branch Facility ) are all housed . By the citys plans , a university is supposed to move into the Unteres Schloss within the next few years , but at this time , the plan is failing to find any financial backing . Churches . Two churches in downtown Siegen are to be brought to the visitors attention : The Martinikirche dating from the 11th century and the Nikolaikirche at the marketplace with its unusual eight-sided shape and its golden Krönchen ( coronet ) – the citys landmark – on the church tower , which is a prominent feature of Siegens skyline ( Siegen is sometimes called Krönchenstadt for this unusual feature ) . Another church is the Marienkirche , built by the Jesuits between 1702 and 1729 . Also worth seeing are Siegens Old Town and several museums in the city core . Gasometer . In the southwest of the city core , at the foot of the Ziegenberg , is a spherical gas holder , or gasometer , which is protected by law as a monument . It is one of the oldest spherical gas holders still preserved . Another peculiarity is its riveted casing . Only three other such gas holders are known to exist worldwide ( all in Germany , in Schwerte , Offenburg and Bielefeld ) . The holder had to be moved a few metres owing to construction on the municipal Autobahn , the Hüttentalstraße , and in the residential area of Ziegenberg , and it now forms the symbolic sun as part of a scale model of the planets above the gas holder . Cemeteries . Within Siegens city limits are 36 municipally run cemeteries . Ten of them are already closed and are available for burials only because of existing laws . The cemeteries have a total area of 730 000 m² with roughly 65,000 graves . Characteristic of regional cemeteries are hillside graves and a green , parklike layout that even affords wildlife a chance at reoccupying the land . Cemeteries within city limits are : - Lindenbergfriedhof - Hermelsbacher Friedhof - Stockfriedhof - Geisweider Friedhof - Haardter Friedhof - Gilbergfriedhof - Friedhof Kaan-Marienborn - Neuer Friedhof Niederschelden Culture . Theatre . In the Apollo-Theater ( a downtown former 1930s cinema that underwent remodelling and opened in mid-2007 ) , Siegen has one of the current decades most important newly built theatres . A controlling interest in this venture is held by TheaterSiegen intendant Magnus Reitschuster . Since 1992 , the media and cultural house Lÿz has been a venue for cabaret , music and theatre in Siegen . On the two stages , roughly 150 events appear every season . Bigger events take place at the Bühne der Stadt ( Citys Stage , with about 820 seats ) , the Siegerlandhalle ( 1 800 m² , 2,300 seats ) or the Bismarckhalle . As well , there are regular open-air concerts and productions in the inner yard at Unteres Schloss . Orchestras and choirs . - Philharmonie Südwestfalen - Evangelische Kantorei Siegen - Bach-Chor Siegen - Sängerkreis Siegerland Museums . The main centre of art in Siegen are the Museum for Contemporary Art and the Haus Seel – city gallery . The Siegerland Museum is dedicated to regional history . The Oranienstraße House , built at 1900 in the Italian country house style , is attached to the Siegerland Museum since 1993 as an exhibit forum . There is a varied program of temporary exhibitions of all kinds , from archaeological excavations to contemporary avant-garde art . Poet and author readings are also part of the program , such as classic concerts . In Geisweid is found the Beatles Home Museum , run by Harold Krämer . According to the 2000 Guinness Book of Records , the 27 m² museum is the smallest public museum in the world devoted to the four Liverpudlian musicians . The collection holds more than 17,000 recordings , souvenirs , film posters , and autographs and other memorabilia . Regular events . - Early in the year : SILA ( Siegerlandausstellung – Siegerland Exhibition ) , even-numbered years only - March to November , first Saturday in each month : Flea market in Siegen-Geisweid ( since 1970 ) , no new goods - June to August : Mittwochs in different bands every Wednesday in Siegen-Weidenau - June : Johannimarkt , a fair held for some 400 years - June/July : Siegener Sommerfestival , plays , cabaret , theatre , music and cinema since about 1990 . ( In 2006 , instead of the traditional summer festival , a World Cup festival was held ) - July : Stadtfest ( City Festival ) , even-numbered years only - July : Rubensfest , odd-numbered years only - August : Siegen Open-Air Cinema - August : Christopher Street Day ( CSD ) , since 2000 - August : Siegtal-Pur All streets only opened for bikes ( the HTS ( local Motorway ) too ) - Summer : Street Festival at the Corn Market - October : 2nd Sunday : Bürgerfest Geisweid - November : Geisweider Adventsmarkt , since about 1985 - December : Christmas market , since about 1980 Dialect . The city and its surrounding region speak in addition to standard German also have a characteristic local dialect : Siegerländisch . Tales and legends . The Dilldappe is an old mythical creature from the Siegerland . It lives mainly in the Siegerland Hauberg ( coöperatively managed woodlots ) . Early in the 1980s , the writer and cartoonist Matthias Kringe first published a calendar about the creature , written in the local dialect of German . The Rubens Prize of the City of Siegen . The Rubens Prize of the City of Siegen , founded in 1955 , is awarded every five years to a painter or graphic artist whose lifes work has been groundbreaking on the European stage . The title recalls the painter-diplomat Peter Paul Rubens , who expressed in his lifes work the thought of European unity , long before it could become a political reality . Peter Paul Rubens – who was born in Siegen , grew up in Cologne and Antwerp , trained in art in Italy , was esteemed in France and acted as a diplomat in Spain and England – as the main master of European Baroque painting set those artistic and European standards to which the awarding of the prize has been bound since 1957–1958 . Past prizewinners : - Hans Hartung ( 1957/1958 ) - Giorgio Morandi ( 1962 ) - Francis Bacon ( 1967 ) - Antoni Tàpies ( 1972 ) - Fritz Winter ( 1977 ) - Emil Schumacher ( 1982 ) - Cy Twombly ( 1987 ) - Rupprecht Geiger ( 1992 ) - Lucian Freud ( 1997 ) - Maria Lassnig ( 2002 ) - Sigmar Polke ( 2007 ) - Bridget Riley ( 2012 ) - Niele Toroni ( 2017 ) Sport . The city sport league includes 160 sport clubs in which roughly 37,000 members are active . National importance was achieved in 2005 by the Sportfreunde Siegen mens football team at Leimbachstadion when they rose from the Regionalliga Süd up to the 2nd Bundesliga , although the next year they dropped back down again . As six-time German Champions , the TSV Siegen womens football team was very successful in the 1990s . Transport . Air transport . In the south of the district in the community of Burbach lies the Siegerland Airport through which Siegen is connected to many other airports in Germany . Bicycle transport . The city of Siegen lies on European long-distance path E1 running from the middle of Sweden to Umbria in Italy . There is , however , no organized cycling trail network in Siegen . Riding in bus lanes is sporadically allowed . Bicycle transport is generally poorly developed in Siegen . Owing to dual carriageways within the city and nearby , as well as transport planning that rather favours cars , bicycle transport has been somewhat thwarted . Together with the partly hilly topography , there is therefore little in the way of bicycle transport in Siegen . Rail transport . Siegen station lies at the junction of the following railway lines : - The two-track electrified Ruhr–Sieg line ( Ruhr-Sieg-Strecke ) is used for regional services , usually hourly , of the Ruhr-Sieg-Express ( RE 16 ) and the Ruhr-Sieg-Bahn ( RB 91 ) . - The Rothaar Railway ( Rothaarbahn ) is served , usually hourly by Rothaar-Bahn ( RB 93 ) services , connecting in Erndtebrück to Obere Lahntal-Bahn ( RB 94/RMV Line 43 ) services , usually two-hourly , on the Upper Lahn Valley Railway ( Obere Lahntal-Bahn ) . - The two-track electrified Dill Railway ( Dill-Strecke ) is served , usually two-hourly , by the Rhein-Sieg-Express ( RE 9 ) and the Main-Sieg-Express ( RE 99 ) and hourly by the Sieg-Dill-Bahn ( RB 95 ) ( only to and from Dillenburg ) . - The mostly two-track electrified Sieg line ( Siegstrecke ) is served , usually hourly , by the Rhein-Sieg-Express ( RE 9 ) and Sieg-Dill-Bahn ( RB 95 ) services ( only to and from Au ) . Bus transport . On 18 March 1895 , the Netphener Omnibusgesellschaft opened the worlds first busline using a petrol-powered omnibus , running a service from its base in Netphen to Siegen and Deuz . Today , local road transport offers many regional , express and local buses , along with a night bus service connecting Siegen with its outlying communities and neighbouring towns . They are run by the South Westphalia Transport Services ( Verkehrsbetriebe Westfalen-Süd ; VWS ) whose headquarters are in Siegen . For the whole of local public transport , the tariff of the South Westphalia Transport Community ( Verkehrsgemeinschaft Westfalen-Süd ; VGWS ) applies , regardless of the North Rhine-Westphalia tariff . Roads . With regard to long-distance roads , the city of Siegen is connected to Autobahnen A 45 ( Dortmund – Aschaffenburg ) and A 4 ( Cologne – Olpe ) , and to Federal Highways ( Bundesstraßen ) 54 , 54n , 62 and 62n . Siegen is home to the tallest bridge of the A 45 and one of the highest in Germany , the Siegtalbrücke . Built from 1964 to 1969 , it is approximately 96 m high and 1 050 m long . The shape that the city takes has much to do with the Hüttentalstraße ( HTS ) ( Federal Highways 54n and 62n ) which serves as a municipal Autobahn – much of it elevated – that runs through the city area . The A 4 between Wenden and Kreuztal has been newly built . In the heights over Kreuztals outlying community of Krombach , it now joins with the HTS . On this 12-kilometre stretch of highway are eight valley bridges as well as ten under- and overpasses . This new part was opened on 1 December 2007 . Economy . Siegen is South Westphalias service and administrative centre . Much of its industry is based on metalworking . Pedestrian precincts in Bahnhofsstraße ( Railway Station Street ) and Kölner Tor ( Cologne Gate ) , both downtown , have made shopping in Siegen very convenient , as have the shopping centres City-Galerie ( opened in 1998 ) and Sieg Carré ( opened in 2006 , both downtown ) and Siegerlandzentrum ( Siegen-Weidenau ) , and the Marburger Straße shopping street ( downtown ) . In 2005 , an IKEA store and a Peek & Cloppenburg location opened . Public institutions . Siegen is home to the Siegen-Wittgenstein district administration and location of a Chamber of Industry and Trade ( Industrie- und Handelskammer , or IHK , one of 81 such regional institutions in Germany ) for the districts of Siegen-Wittgenstein and Olpe . Home to the Siegen State Court , a local court and a labour court , the city is also an important court centre . Media . In Siegen , the Westdeutscher Rundfunk ( WDR ) maintains a studio where regional radio and television news for South Westphalia is produced . The daily broadcast goes out in the South Westphalia regional window following the programme Aktuelle Stunde ( a newsmagazine show ) on WDRs third channel . Moreover , WDR also runs a transmission facility for VHF radio and television ( once also medium wave ) at the Giersberg . Daily newspapers in Siegen include not only the Siegener Zeitung but also local editions of the Westfälische Rundschau and the Westfalenpost . All three appear in the morning , although the first was until 2000 an afternoon paper . Furthermore , at the Obergraben is found the regional , Radio-NRW-connected Radio Siegens studio building . Education . In the early decades of the 17th century , the Herborn Academy temporarily relocated to Siegen , in the buildings of the Unteres Schloss , which came to an end when the Plague broke out . Siegens oldest school is the Gymnasium am Löhrtor , a grammar school . Other Schools : Grammar schools . - Gymnasium am Löhrtor ( GAL ) - Fürst-Johann-Moritz-Gymnasium ( FJM ) - Peter-Paul-Rubens-Gymnasium , formerly known as Ganztagsgymnasium am Rosterberg - Evangelisches Gymnasium ( EV ) - Gymnasium auf der Morgenröthe ( GAM ) Primary schools . - Albert Schweitzer Schule - Birlenbacher Schule - Burgschule - Diesterwegschule - Dreisbachschule - Eiserner Schule - Fischbacherbergschule - Friedrich Flender Schule - Geisweider Schule - Giersbergschule - Glückaufschule - Gosenbacher Schule - Grundschule Eiserfeld - Grundschule Kaan-Marienborn - Hammerhütter Schule - Hüttentalschule - Jung Stilling Schule - Lindenbergschule - Nordschule - Obenstruthschule - Sonnenhangschule - Spandauer Schule Higher education . Siegen is headquarters of the University of Siegen , founded on 1 August 1972 as the Gesamthochschule Siegen . As well , the Fachhochschule für Oekonomie & Management has a study centre , which is shared with the Academy of Administration and Economics . Siegen also has various general-education and professional schools , and the Siegerlandkolleg . Twin towns – sister cities . Siegen is twinned with : - Spandau ( Berlin ) , Germany ( 1952 ) - Katwijk , Netherlands ( 1963 , formerly Rijnsburg ) - Leeds , England , United Kingdom ( 1966 , formerly Morley ) - Ypres , Belgium ( 1967 ) - Zakopane , Poland ( 1989 ) - Plauen , Germany ( 1990 ) Notable people . - Henry III of Nassau-Breda ( 1483–1538 ) , Count of Nassau and Lord of Breda - Tilemann Stella ( 1525–1589 ) , Renaissance scholar and librarian , mathematician , geometerer , cartographer and astronomer - Peter Paul Rubens ( 1577–1640 ) , Baroque painter - Johann Heinrich Bisterfeld ( 1605–1655 ) , philosopher , polyhistor - Georg Wilhelm de Gennin ( 1676–1750 ) , Russian military officer and engineer ; baptized here - Franz Hunolt ( 1691–1746 ) , Jesuit , theologian - Adolph Diesterweg ( 1790–1866 ) , pedagogue and mastermind of reform education - Heinrich Kreutz ( 1854–1907 ) , astronomer and publisher - Charles H . Daub ( 1855–1917 ) , member of the Wisconsin State Assembly - Fritz Busch ( 1890–1951 ) , conductor - Adolf Busch ( 1891–1952 ) , German-Swiss violinist and conductor - Walter Kraemer ( 1892–1941 ) , politician ( KPD ) and resistance fighter against Nazism - Paul Giesler ( 1895–1945 ) , Nazi functionary , Premier of Bavaria - Heinrich Gontermann ( 1896–1917 ) , fighter ace - Friedrich Middelhauve ( 1896–1966 ) , publisher and politician ( FDP ) - Hermann Giesler ( 1898–1987 ) , architect - Ernst Achenbach ( 1909–1991 ) , politician ( FDP ) - Herbert Schäfer ( 1927–1991 ) , football player and coach - Walter Schneider ( 1927–2010 ) , motorcycle racing driver - Bernd Becher ( 1931–2007 ) , conceptual artist and photographer - Heinfried Birlenbach ( 1940–2020 ) , shot putter - Joachim Frank ( born 1940 ) , German-American biophysicist and a Nobel laureate - Rolf Stommelen ( 1943–1983 ) , Formula One racer - Josef Clemens ( born 1947 ) , bishop - Klaus Scheer ( born 1950 ) , football player and coach - Christoph Bode ( born 1952 ) , literary scholar - Reinhard Goebel ( born 1952 ) , conductor and violinist - Annegret Kober ( born 1957 ) , swimmer - Bernward Koch ( born 1957 ) , musician - Burkhard Jung ( born 1958 ) , Lord Mayor of Leipzig - Dieter Falk ( born 1959 ) , music producer , keyboardist and composer - Peter Autschbach ( born 1961 ) , guitarist - Frank Heinrich ( born 1964 ) , theologian and politician ( MdB ) - Navid Kermani ( born 1967 ) , orientalist and Islamic studies scholar - Petra Lobinger ( born 1967 ) , athlete - Peter Stein ( born 1968 ) , politician ( CDU ) - Monika Meyer ( born 1972 ) , footballer - Sabrina Mockenhaupt ( born 1980 ) , long distance runner - August Wittgenstein ( born 1981 ) , prince and actor - Florian Kringe ( born 1982 ) , footballer - Moritz Volz ( born 1983 ) , footballer - Christian Nüchtern ( born 1992 ) , ice dancer Honorary citizens . Siegen has conferred honorary citizenship upon the following persons : - 1887 : Heinrich von Achenbach , High President of the Province of Brandenburg - 1891 : Otto von Bismarck , Reich chancellor - 1933 : Adolf Hitler , Reich chancellor* - 1933 : Paul von Hindenburg , General Field Marshal and Reich President For all those listed up to here , honorary citizenship , according to Enactment no . 21 to the amended German Municipal System of 1 April 1946 , has been forfeited . *According to the city council of Siegen Adolf Hitlers honorary citizenship was lapsed by British military law . Caused by political discussion the city council denied Hitlers honorary citizenship posthumously on 29 August 2007 . - 1953 : Alfred Fißmer , retired Oberbürgermeister Honorary citizens of the former town of Hüttental : - Josef Höfer , Prelate - Karl Barich , chairman of the board of Stahlwerke Südwestfalen ( South Westphalia Steelworks ) Further reading . - Heinrich Silbergleit : Preußens Städte : Denkschrift zum 100jährigen Jubiläum der Städteordnung vom 19 . November 1808 . Heymann , Berlin 1908 - Heinrich von Achenbach : Die Haubergs-Genossenschaften des Siegerlandes . After the Bonn printing in 1863 newly published by the ( then ) Town of Siegen , Forschungsstelle Siegerland , Siegen 1963 - Heinrich von Achenbach : Geschichte der Stadt Siegen . Erg . Nachdr . der Ausg . Vorländer , Siegen 1894 . Verlag Die Wielandschmiede , Kreuztal 1983 - Heinrich von Achenbach : Aus des Siegerlandes Vergangenheit . 2 . erg . Nachdr . der Ausg . Siegen 1898 . Verlag Die Wielandschmiede , Kreuztal 1982 - Erich Keyser ( publisher ) : Westfälisches Städtebuch . In : Deutsches Städtebuch . Band III 2 . Teilband . Kohlhammer Verlag , Stuttgart 1954 - Walther Hubatsch ( publisher ) : Westfalen . In : Grundriss zur deutschen Verwaltungsgeschichte 1815–1945 . Band 8 Reihe A : Preußen . Marburg an der Lahn 1980 , External links . - Official website - Historical and contemporary information about Siegen and Siegerland
|
[
"Nassau-Siegen"
] |
[
{
"text": " Siegen ( ) is a city in Germany , in the south Westphalian part of North Rhine-Westphalia . It is located in the district of Siegen-Wittgenstein in the Arnsberg region . The university town ( nearly 20,000 students in the 2018–2019 winter semester ) is the district seat , and is ranked as a higher centre in the South Westphalian urban agglomeration . In 1975 , municipal reforms and amalgamations lifted Siegens population above the 100,000 mark .",
"title": "Siegen"
},
{
"text": " The city of Siegen lies in the basin of the upper reaches of the river Sieg . From there , lateral valleys branch off in many directions . The heights of the surrounding mountains , wherever they are not actually settled , are covered in coppice . To the north lies the Sauerland , to the northwest the Rothaargebirge and to the southwest the Westerwald .",
"title": "Location"
},
{
"text": "The nearest cities to Siegen , taking into account average travelling distances , are Hagen to the north , Frankfurt am Main to the southeast , Koblenz to the southwest and Cologne to the west .",
"title": "Location"
},
{
"text": " As the crow flies the distances to these places are , however , ( Hagen ) , ( Frankfurt ) , ( Koblenz ) and ( Cologne ) . The city lies on the German-Dutch holiday road called the Orange Route , joining towns , cities and regions associated with the House of Orange .",
"title": "Location"
},
{
"text": " The citys total land area is roughly . Its greatest east-west span is about , and its greatest north-south span is about . City limits are long . Siegen lies at a median elevation of above sea level . The citys greatest elevation is the peak of the Pfannenberg at above sea level at southern city limits . Siegens lowest point is above sea level at Niederschelden at southwestern city limits , which there also forms the state boundary with Rhineland-Palatinate . Roughly 60% of the citys land is wooded , making Siegen one of Germanys greenest cities .",
"title": "City area"
},
{
"text": "The city area is divided into six zones , called Bezirke in German and comparable to boroughs in some cities , which themselves are further divided into various communities ( Ortsteile and Stadtteile ) . Each borough has a borough board consisting of 15 voting and 15 non-voting members who are appointed by city council with regard to each partys share of the vote in the municipal elections in the borough in question . The borough boards decide on matters particular to their respective boroughs . These matters are laid down in Siegens city charter .",
"title": "City area"
},
{
"text": " Siegens six boroughs and communities belonging to each boroughs are : - District I ( Geisweid ) : Birlenbach , Meiswinkel , Langenholdinghausen , Geisweid , Dillnhütten , Sohlbach , Buchen , Niedersetzen , Obersetzen - District II ( Weidenau ) : - District III ( Ost ) : Kaan-Marienborn , parts of Alt-Siegen ( Giersberg ) , Bürbach , Volnsberg , Breitenbach , Feuersbach - District IV ( Mitte ) : Alt-Siegen ( parts not belonging to borough III or V )",
"title": "Administrative division"
},
{
"text": "- District V ( West ) : Seelbach , Trupbach and parts of Alt-Siegen ( Wellersberg , Fischbacherberg , Achenbach , Rothenberg )",
"title": "Administrative division"
},
{
"text": " - District VI ( Süd ) : Oberschelden , Gosenbach , Niederschelden , Eiserfeld , Eisern",
"title": "Administrative division"
},
{
"text": "Along with the boroughs and communities into which the city is divided , as mandated by law , there are also further subdivisions within the communities , each with its own name , but none with distinctly clear borders . They are called Quartiere , which can be rendered as quarters or neighbourhoods . Examples of these include the Unterstadt , the Oberstadt , Hammerhütte , Lindenberg , Charlottental , Haardter Berg ( with the university ) and the Alte Dreisbach . Some neighbourhoods even straddle community boundaries , like Sieghütte , parts of which can be found in both",
"title": "Administrative division"
},
{
"text": "Siegen-Mitte and Weidenau . Moreover , some neighbourhoods even overlap each other . Unlike the boroughs ( Bezirke ) or communities ( Ortsteile and Stadtteile ) , the Quartiere have no statistical or administrative importance . They do , however , serve some function as to their inhabitants identity , but more practically than that , they are also useful for finding ones way with a city map and using in bus route names and on public notices and traffic signs . Many of the Hüttentalstraße city Autobahns exits are also named after the Quartiere that they serve .",
"title": "Administrative division"
},
{
"text": " The communities of Weidenau , Geisweid , Birlenbach , Langenholdinghausen , Buchen , Sohlbach , Dillnhütten , Niedersetzen , Obersetzen and Meiswinkel formed from 1 July 1966 to 31 December 1974 the town of Hüttental . The communities of Eiserfeld , Eisern , Gosenbach , Niederschelden and Oberschelden formed the town of Eiserfeld between those same two dates .",
"title": "Administrative division"
},
{
"text": " The city of Siegen borders in the north on the town of Kreuztal and the community of Wenden , in the east on the town of Netphen , in the southeast on the community of Wilnsdorf , in the south on the community of Neunkirchen , in the west on the community of Mudersbach ( Altenkirchen in Rhineland-Palatinate ) and in the northwest on the town of Freudenberg .",
"title": "Neighbouring communities"
},
{
"text": "The name Siegen comes from the possibly Celtic river name Sieg . It is , however , unclear whether there is any relation between this name and the Celtic-Germanic Sicambri ( Ger . Sugambrer ) people , who in pre-Christian times lived in parts of North Rhine-Westphalia . The first documentary mention of the place called Sigena dates from 1079 . The citys history is markedly shaped by mining , which locally began as far back as La Tène times . Bearing witness to this longtime industry are the many mines that can be found within city limits .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "In 1224 , Siegen is mentioned as a newly built town whose ownership was shared by the Count of Nassau , Heinrich the Rich , and Engelbert II of Berg , Archbishop of Cologne after the latter transferred one half of the ownership to the former . Moreover , there is proof that the Oberes Schloss ( upper stately home ) was already standing at this time . On 19 October 1303 , the town was granted Soester Stadtrecht , or Soest town rights . The town remained under the two overlords joint ownership until 1 February 1381 , only",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "then passing fully into Nassau hands .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " In the 16th century , the town of Siegen bore a formidable defensive look . It was surrounded by mighty walls with 16 towers and three town gates , and was home to a great castle . The town was stricken several times by townwide fires . Documents record such fires in 1592 , and from 10 to 20 April 1695 .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "In 1536 , Heinrich the Rich built a paedagogium in the buildings that had once housed a Franciscan Monastery . It later grew into todays Gymnasium at Siegens Löhrtor ( gate ) . Johann VII of Nassau-Siegen ( Johann the Intermediary ) built the Unteres Schloss ( lower stately home ) on the site of an old Franciscan Monastery . In 1616 , Johann VII founded a knightly war school in the still standing old armoury on Burgstraße , expressly to produce an officer corps for Calvinism .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " His son Johann VIII ( The Younger ) returned in 1612 to the Roman Catholic Church , and wanted to use force to make the townsfolk also convert back to Roman Catholicism . In 1632 , Nassau-Siegen was conquered by the Swedes , after which his half-brother John Maurice of Nassau-Siegen , the Dutch commander in Brazil , re-introduced Protestantism . John VIII died in 1638 and was succeeded by his only son Johan Frans Desideratus , who had to cede part of Nassau-Siegen ( north of the Sieg river ) to the Protestant branch of the family .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "John Maurices leadership served in 1650–1651 to bring about a split in the Siegerland along denominational lines . Under Wilhelm Hyacinth of Nassau-Siegen , violence broke out between the two denominational groups . When on 29 March 1707 townsman Friedrich Flender was killed , Wilhelm Hyacinth was himself unseated and furthermore driven out of the town . Wilhelm Hyacinth was the last in the line of Nassau-Siegens Catholic rulers , dying in 1743 . Already in 1734 , though , the Reformed line had died out , too , with Friedrich Wilhelms death , leading Charles VI , Holy Roman",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Emperor to transfer power in the territory to the Prince of Orange and the Prince of Nassau-Diez . Under their leadership , mining , the main source of wealth , blossomed , along with agriculture and silviculture . When Prince William of Orange refused to join the Confederation of the Rhine , founded by Napoleon , he found himself unseated by the French leader and the Siegerland passed to the Grand Duchy of Berg . After Napoleons downfall in 1813 , however , William I regained his former German inheritances , but in 1815 he ceded them to the Kingdom",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "of Prussia for the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg . Siegen was assigned to the Siegen district , first in the Koblenz region , and as of 1817 in the Arnsberg region within the Prussian Province of Westphalia .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " Under Prussian rule , Siegen developed into the South Westphalian centre that it is today . On 1 March 1923 , Siegen was set apart from the district bearing its name , and became a district-free town , while still keeping its function as seat of the district of which it was no longer part , and which was itself merged with Wittgenstein district under district reform in 1975 . Siegen also lost its district-free status at this time , becoming part of the new Siegen-Wittgenstein district , the name that the district has borne since 1984 .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "During World War II , Siegen was repeatedly bombed by the Allies owing to a crucial railroad that crossed through the town . On 1 April 1945 , the US 8th Infantry Division began the Allied ground assault against Siegen and the dominating military-significant high ground north of the river . The battle against determined German forces at Siegen continued through 2 April 1945 , until organized resistance was finally overwhelmed by the division on 3 April 1945.<section />",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "The town of Siegen belonged in the beginning to the Archbishopric of Mainz , or more precisely to its deaconry of Arfeld . There was a White Nun convent in town that folded in the 15th century . Furthermore , there was a Franciscan Monastery that was dissolved in 1533 after the Nassau overlords had introduced the Reformation in 1530 . After that , the town was first Lutheran , but in 1550 , the Principality of Nassau converted to the Reformed Church . Subsequently , Siegen was a predominantly Protestant town , but not so strongly that the Counterreformation",
"title": "Religion"
},
{
"text": "could not gain ground in 1623 , with one fifth of the townsfolk and those living in the surrounding area becoming Catholic once again . As of 1626 , there was once more a monastery in town , this time a Jesuit one . After passing to Prussia in 1815 , the union between Lutheran and Reformed churches was introduced in Siegen , as it was throughout Prussia , but the towns parishes kept their Reformed emphasis . As part of the Westphalian Provincial Church ( now the Church of Westphalia ) , Siegen became the seat of a Superintendency",
"title": "Religion"
},
{
"text": ". A similar entity still exists in Siegen , known as the Kirchenkreis , or church district , to which all the citys parishes nowadays belong , unless they are Free Church parishes . This church district encompasses the whole of South Westphalia all the way to Olpe .",
"title": "Religion"
},
{
"text": " The towns Catholics , even after the Reformation , still belonged to the Archbishopric of Mainz . With the restructuring of the Catholic Church early in the 19th century , Siegen was assigned to the Archbishopric of Paderborn and became the seat of a district synod , today a deaconry , to which all the districts Catholic parishes belong . Paderborn was raised to Archbishopric in 1929 . Besides the Roman Catholic Church , Siegen also has a Greek Orthodox parish and a Romanian Orthodox parish .",
"title": "Religion"
},
{
"text": "Moreover , there are various free churches established in Siegen , among them several Evangelical Free Church parishes ( Baptists ) , an Evangelical-Methodist Church , an Independent Evangelical-Lutheran Church ( SELK ) , a Seventh-day Adventist parish , several Free Evangelical parishes ( FeG ) , the Achenbach Christian Community , the Christian Assembly , Calvary Chapel and the Siegen-Meiswinkel Mission Community .",
"title": "Religion"
},
{
"text": " Further religious communities in Siegen are The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints , the New Apostolic Church , the Jehovahs Witnesses , an Original Christianity community and Baháʼí . Moreover , owing to a great number of Turkish and Arab migrants in Siegen , the Muslim community is also very much in evidence there and there are several mosques in Siegen run by Turkish , Arab and Albanian communities . There are said to be more than 15,000 Muslims out of Siegens total population .",
"title": "Religion"
},
{
"text": " The following communities and rural areas have been amalgamated with Siegen : - 1902 and 1912 : parts of Buschgotthardtshütten - 1934 : parts of Achenbach - 1937 : parts of Achenbach and Buschgotthardtshütten - 1966 : Trupbach , Seelbach , Breitenbach , Bürbach , Kaan-Marienborn and Volnsberg - 1969 : Feuersbach - 1974 : towns of Hüttental and Eiserfeld",
"title": "Municipal reform"
},
{
"text": " In 1897 , Siegen had 20,000 inhabitants . By 1939 , this figure had doubled to 40,000 . In the World War II , the town lost roughly 30% of its inhabitants ( 12,000 ) . The population had fallen to 28,000 by 1945 and only in 1952 did it once again reach prewar levels .",
"title": "Population development"
},
{
"text": "On 1 January 1975 , Siegens population surpassed 100,000 through the amalgamation of Hüttental ( 38,867 inhabitants in 1974 ) and Eiserfeld ( 22,354 inhabitants in 1974 ) , making it a city . With 117,224 inhabitants it also at the same time reached its all-time highest population . At the end of June 2005 , according to the North Rhine-Westphalia State Office for Data Processing and Statistics ( Landesamt für Datenverarbeitung und Statistik Nordrhein-Westfalen ) , 105,328 people made Siegen their main abode . Since 1975 , the population has fallen by roughly 10% ( 12,000 ) .",
"title": "Population development"
},
{
"text": "The following chart shows population figures for Siegens municipal area , however big it was at each given time . Up to 1833 , most figures are estimates , and thereafter census figures ( ¹ ) or official estimates by the statistical office of the time or the town/city administration itself . The given figures indicate from 1843 the population present in the town ( Ortsanwesende Bevölkerung ) , from 1925 the dwelling population ( Wohnbevölkerung ) , and since 1987 the Population in the place of main residence ( Bevölkerung am Ort der Hauptwohnung ) . Before 1843 ,",
"title": "Population development"
},
{
"text": "population figures come from irregular surveying procedures .",
"title": "Population development"
},
{
"text": " The city councils 62 seats are apportioned thus , in accordance with municipal elections held on 26 September 2004 : None of the parties represented on city council holds a majority , and no coalition has been struck . However , the CDU and the FDP have a fixed , contractual coöperation agreement and at least have at their disposal a joint majority voice on some committees . In the council chamber , on the other hand , their 30 seats are not an absolute majority and they do not always prevail .",
"title": "City council"
},
{
"text": "At the citys helm since the 13th century , there have been several mayors of whom evidence survives . In 1304 and 1305 , a council ( consules ) was mentioned for the first time . As early as 1224 , however , documents mention Burgmänner ( Castle Men ) as well as three Bürgermeister ( Mayors ) who were changed yearly . As of 1500 , only two mayors were chosen every year . In the 18th century , the guilds were achieving ever greater influence in the town . Thereafter the ruling or office-holding old shoemaking master represented",
"title": "Mayors"
},
{
"text": "the common townsfolk on the council . The mediaeval town charter was kept right up until 1809 , and parts of it even held until 1815 , but that year there was a self-endorsing council with 12 members , over which presided the mayor . As of 1824 , the suburbs got their own chief administrator who was subordinate to the mayor of Siegen . In 1836 , the Prussian municipal system was introduced . After the town was separated from Siegen district in 1923 , the mayor was given the title Oberbürgermeister ( roughly equivalent to Lord Mayor )",
"title": "Mayors"
},
{
"text": ". The mayor who came to office in 1919 kept his position right through the time of the Third Reich , whereas some mayors in other German and Austrian towns , whose political views were at odds with the Nazis , were removed forcibly .",
"title": "Mayors"
},
{
"text": "After the Second World War , the military government of the British Zone of Occupation installed a new mayor , and in 1946 it introduced a new town charter based on a British model , leading to a Council of the town elected by the people , whose members were called Stadtverordnete ( town councillors ) . In the beginning , the council chose one from its midst as the mayor as the towns head and representative , which was an honorary function . Furthermore , as of 1946 , the council also began choosing a full-time Oberstadtdirektor , or",
"title": "Mayors"
},
{
"text": "Higher Town Director , to lead the towns administration .",
"title": "Mayors"
},
{
"text": " After Siegen was reunited with the district of the same name in 1975 , these two officials bore the titles Bürgermeister and Stadtdirektor respectively . In 1999 , this two-headed arrangement was forsaken in favour of a single city leader , with the title Bürgermeister , who serves as chairman or chairwoman of city council , leader of city administration and city representative . He or she is directly elected nowadays . Mayors ( Bürgermeister and Oberbürgermeister ) since 1919 - 1919–1945 : Alfred Fißmer , Oberbürgermeister - 1945 : Fritz Fries , Oberbürgermeister",
"title": "Mayors"
},
{
"text": "- 1945–1946 : Otto Schwarz , Oberbürgermeister",
"title": "Mayors"
},
{
"text": " - 1946–1948 : Ernst Weißelberg , Oberbürgermeister - 1948–1956 : Ernst Bach , Oberbürgermeister - 1956–1961 : Erich Pachnicke , Oberbürgermeister - 1961–1966 : Karl Eckmann , Oberbürgermeister - 1966–1975 : Karl Althaus , Oberbürgermeister - 1975–1979 : Friedemann Keßler , Bürgermeister - 1979–1990 : Hans Reinhardt , Bürgermeister - 1990–1994 : Hilde Fiedler , Bürgermeisterin - 1994–1999 : Karl Wilhelm Kirchhöfer , Bürgermeister - 1999–2007 : Ulf Stötzel ( CDU ) , Bürgermeister - 2007–today : Steffen Mues ( CDU ) , Bürgermeister",
"title": "Mayors"
},
{
"text": " - 1946–1954 : Max Baumann , Oberstadtdirektor - 1954–1975 : Kurt Seibt , Oberstadtdirektor - 1975–1985 : Hans Mohn , Stadtdirektor - 1985–1989 : Volker Oerter , Stadtdirektor - 1989–1995 : Otto-Werner Rappold , Stadtdirektor ( left office early with effect on 2 December 1995 by his own wish ) - 1995–1999 : Ulrich Mock , Stadtdirektor ( at first as Dr . Rappolds General Agent until 31 January 1997 , then appointed fulltime Stadtdirektor )",
"title": "Stadtdirektoren and Oberstadtdirektoren 1946–1999"
},
{
"text": " Siegens civic coat of arms might be described thus : Argent a town wall embattled gules with an open gateway argent , therein in an inescutcheon azure a lion rampant Or armed and langued gules , issuant from the wall a bishop in robe and mitre azure ( trimmed in argent ) holding in his hand dexter a crozier argent with crook Or sinister , in his hand sinister , upraised , an open book argent with pages edged gules .",
"title": "Coat of arms"
},
{
"text": "The bishop in the citys arms is the Bishop of Cologne . The wall symbolizes the city itself , and the inescutcheon in the gateway shows the Lion of Nassau in blue and gold ( or yellow ) , which are Nassaus colours . The arms are based on the oldest known town seal , from 1248 . The inescutcheon once also had gold billets ( upright rectangles ) around the lion , but these do not appear in what became the towns ( and later citys ) coat of arms in 1875 .",
"title": "Coat of arms"
},
{
"text": " Although the town was about 80% destroyed in the World War II , Siegen has kept a number of buildings worth seeing , such as the two stately homes , the Oberes Schloss and the Unteres Schloss .",
"title": "Sights"
},
{
"text": "The castle on the Siegberg was first mentioned in a document in 1259 and was the family seat of the House of Nassau . Since 1905 , the Siegerland Museum has been here . Alongside regional exhibits – among them an artificial demonstration mine – are many paintings . The centrepiece of this collection is made up of works by the man who is arguably the best known native , Peter Paul Rubens . There is also quite a comprehensive collection of portraits of members of the Houses of Nassau and Orange . The top floor is devoted to 19th-century",
"title": "Oberes Schloss"
},
{
"text": "home décor . A kitchen from the Siegerland , a bedroom and many pieces of furniture from the Biedermeier era give one an impression of life in the region in bygone days .",
"title": "Oberes Schloss"
},
{
"text": " Late in the 17th century , the Lower Stately Home came into being in its current form , somewhat like an open rectangle . The Evangelical line of the House of Nassau-Siegen resided here . Also belonging to the Schloss is the Dicker Turm , or Fat Tower with a carillon . In 1959 , the then town of Siegen built a memorial for victims of war and tyranny . Inside the Schloss is also found the crypt of the Evangelical branch of the Nassau princely house .",
"title": "Unteres Schloss"
},
{
"text": "Today , the Schloss serves as a state authority building in which the North Rhine-Westphalia Building and Property Establishment , the State Environment Office , the Office for Occupational Health and Safety and the Attendorn Correctional Facility ( Siegen Branch Facility ) are all housed . By the citys plans , a university is supposed to move into the Unteres Schloss within the next few years , but at this time , the plan is failing to find any financial backing .",
"title": "Unteres Schloss"
},
{
"text": " Two churches in downtown Siegen are to be brought to the visitors attention : The Martinikirche dating from the 11th century and the Nikolaikirche at the marketplace with its unusual eight-sided shape and its golden Krönchen ( coronet ) – the citys landmark – on the church tower , which is a prominent feature of Siegens skyline ( Siegen is sometimes called Krönchenstadt for this unusual feature ) . Another church is the Marienkirche , built by the Jesuits between 1702 and 1729 . Also worth seeing are Siegens Old Town and several museums in the city core .",
"title": "Churches"
},
{
"text": "In the southwest of the city core , at the foot of the Ziegenberg , is a spherical gas holder , or gasometer , which is protected by law as a monument . It is one of the oldest spherical gas holders still preserved . Another peculiarity is its riveted casing . Only three other such gas holders are known to exist worldwide ( all in Germany , in Schwerte , Offenburg and Bielefeld ) . The holder had to be moved a few metres owing to construction on the municipal Autobahn , the Hüttentalstraße , and in the residential",
"title": "Gasometer"
},
{
"text": "area of Ziegenberg , and it now forms the symbolic sun as part of a scale model of the planets above the gas holder .",
"title": "Gasometer"
},
{
"text": " Within Siegens city limits are 36 municipally run cemeteries . Ten of them are already closed and are available for burials only because of existing laws . The cemeteries have a total area of 730 000 m² with roughly 65,000 graves . Characteristic of regional cemeteries are hillside graves and a green , parklike layout that even affords wildlife a chance at reoccupying the land . Cemeteries within city limits are : - Lindenbergfriedhof - Hermelsbacher Friedhof - Stockfriedhof - Geisweider Friedhof - Haardter Friedhof - Gilbergfriedhof - Friedhof Kaan-Marienborn - Neuer Friedhof Niederschelden",
"title": "Cemeteries"
},
{
"text": " In the Apollo-Theater ( a downtown former 1930s cinema that underwent remodelling and opened in mid-2007 ) , Siegen has one of the current decades most important newly built theatres . A controlling interest in this venture is held by TheaterSiegen intendant Magnus Reitschuster . Since 1992 , the media and cultural house Lÿz has been a venue for cabaret , music and theatre in Siegen . On the two stages , roughly 150 events appear every season .",
"title": "Theatre"
},
{
"text": "Bigger events take place at the Bühne der Stadt ( Citys Stage , with about 820 seats ) , the Siegerlandhalle ( 1 800 m² , 2,300 seats ) or the Bismarckhalle . As well , there are regular open-air concerts and productions in the inner yard at Unteres Schloss .",
"title": "Theatre"
},
{
"text": " The main centre of art in Siegen are the Museum for Contemporary Art and the Haus Seel – city gallery . The Siegerland Museum is dedicated to regional history . The Oranienstraße House , built at 1900 in the Italian country house style , is attached to the Siegerland Museum since 1993 as an exhibit forum . There is a varied program of temporary exhibitions of all kinds , from archaeological excavations to contemporary avant-garde art . Poet and author readings are also part of the program , such as classic concerts .",
"title": "Museums"
},
{
"text": "In Geisweid is found the Beatles Home Museum , run by Harold Krämer . According to the 2000 Guinness Book of Records , the 27 m² museum is the smallest public museum in the world devoted to the four Liverpudlian musicians . The collection holds more than 17,000 recordings , souvenirs , film posters , and autographs and other memorabilia .",
"title": "Museums"
},
{
"text": " - Early in the year : SILA ( Siegerlandausstellung – Siegerland Exhibition ) , even-numbered years only - March to November , first Saturday in each month : Flea market in Siegen-Geisweid ( since 1970 ) , no new goods - June to August : Mittwochs in different bands every Wednesday in Siegen-Weidenau - June : Johannimarkt , a fair held for some 400 years",
"title": "Regular events"
},
{
"text": "- June/July : Siegener Sommerfestival , plays , cabaret , theatre , music and cinema since about 1990 . ( In 2006 , instead of the traditional summer festival , a World Cup festival was held )",
"title": "Regular events"
},
{
"text": " - July : Stadtfest ( City Festival ) , even-numbered years only - July : Rubensfest , odd-numbered years only - August : Siegen Open-Air Cinema - August : Christopher Street Day ( CSD ) , since 2000 - August : Siegtal-Pur All streets only opened for bikes ( the HTS ( local Motorway ) too ) - Summer : Street Festival at the Corn Market - October : 2nd Sunday : Bürgerfest Geisweid - November : Geisweider Adventsmarkt , since about 1985 - December : Christmas market , since about 1980",
"title": "Regular events"
},
{
"text": " The city and its surrounding region speak in addition to standard German also have a characteristic local dialect : Siegerländisch .",
"title": "Dialect"
},
{
"text": " The Dilldappe is an old mythical creature from the Siegerland . It lives mainly in the Siegerland Hauberg ( coöperatively managed woodlots ) . Early in the 1980s , the writer and cartoonist Matthias Kringe first published a calendar about the creature , written in the local dialect of German . The Rubens Prize of the City of Siegen .",
"title": "Tales and legends"
},
{
"text": "The Rubens Prize of the City of Siegen , founded in 1955 , is awarded every five years to a painter or graphic artist whose lifes work has been groundbreaking on the European stage . The title recalls the painter-diplomat Peter Paul Rubens , who expressed in his lifes work the thought of European unity , long before it could become a political reality . Peter Paul Rubens – who was born in Siegen , grew up in Cologne and Antwerp , trained in art in Italy , was esteemed in France and acted as a diplomat in Spain and",
"title": "Tales and legends"
},
{
"text": "England – as the main master of European Baroque painting set those artistic and European standards to which the awarding of the prize has been bound since 1957–1958 .",
"title": "Tales and legends"
},
{
"text": " - Hans Hartung ( 1957/1958 ) - Giorgio Morandi ( 1962 ) - Francis Bacon ( 1967 ) - Antoni Tàpies ( 1972 ) - Fritz Winter ( 1977 ) - Emil Schumacher ( 1982 ) - Cy Twombly ( 1987 ) - Rupprecht Geiger ( 1992 ) - Lucian Freud ( 1997 ) - Maria Lassnig ( 2002 ) - Sigmar Polke ( 2007 ) - Bridget Riley ( 2012 ) - Niele Toroni ( 2017 )",
"title": "Past prizewinners :"
},
{
"text": " The city sport league includes 160 sport clubs in which roughly 37,000 members are active . National importance was achieved in 2005 by the Sportfreunde Siegen mens football team at Leimbachstadion when they rose from the Regionalliga Süd up to the 2nd Bundesliga , although the next year they dropped back down again . As six-time German Champions , the TSV Siegen womens football team was very successful in the 1990s .",
"title": "Sport"
},
{
"text": " In the south of the district in the community of Burbach lies the Siegerland Airport through which Siegen is connected to many other airports in Germany .",
"title": "Air transport"
},
{
"text": " The city of Siegen lies on European long-distance path E1 running from the middle of Sweden to Umbria in Italy . There is , however , no organized cycling trail network in Siegen . Riding in bus lanes is sporadically allowed . Bicycle transport is generally poorly developed in Siegen . Owing to dual carriageways within the city and nearby , as well as transport planning that rather favours cars , bicycle transport has been somewhat thwarted . Together with the partly hilly topography , there is therefore little in the way of bicycle transport in Siegen .",
"title": "Bicycle transport"
},
{
"text": " Siegen station lies at the junction of the following railway lines : - The two-track electrified Ruhr–Sieg line ( Ruhr-Sieg-Strecke ) is used for regional services , usually hourly , of the Ruhr-Sieg-Express ( RE 16 ) and the Ruhr-Sieg-Bahn ( RB 91 ) . - The Rothaar Railway ( Rothaarbahn ) is served , usually hourly by Rothaar-Bahn ( RB 93 ) services , connecting in Erndtebrück to Obere Lahntal-Bahn ( RB 94/RMV Line 43 ) services , usually two-hourly , on the Upper Lahn Valley Railway ( Obere Lahntal-Bahn ) .",
"title": "Rail transport"
},
{
"text": "- The two-track electrified Dill Railway ( Dill-Strecke ) is served , usually two-hourly , by the Rhein-Sieg-Express ( RE 9 ) and the Main-Sieg-Express ( RE 99 ) and hourly by the Sieg-Dill-Bahn ( RB 95 ) ( only to and from Dillenburg ) .",
"title": "Rail transport"
},
{
"text": " - The mostly two-track electrified Sieg line ( Siegstrecke ) is served , usually hourly , by the Rhein-Sieg-Express ( RE 9 ) and Sieg-Dill-Bahn ( RB 95 ) services ( only to and from Au ) .",
"title": "Rail transport"
},
{
"text": " On 18 March 1895 , the Netphener Omnibusgesellschaft opened the worlds first busline using a petrol-powered omnibus , running a service from its base in Netphen to Siegen and Deuz . Today , local road transport offers many regional , express and local buses , along with a night bus service connecting Siegen with its outlying communities and neighbouring towns . They are run by the South Westphalia Transport Services ( Verkehrsbetriebe Westfalen-Süd ; VWS ) whose headquarters are in Siegen .",
"title": "Bus transport"
},
{
"text": "For the whole of local public transport , the tariff of the South Westphalia Transport Community ( Verkehrsgemeinschaft Westfalen-Süd ; VGWS ) applies , regardless of the North Rhine-Westphalia tariff .",
"title": "Bus transport"
},
{
"text": " With regard to long-distance roads , the city of Siegen is connected to Autobahnen A 45 ( Dortmund – Aschaffenburg ) and A 4 ( Cologne – Olpe ) , and to Federal Highways ( Bundesstraßen ) 54 , 54n , 62 and 62n . Siegen is home to the tallest bridge of the A 45 and one of the highest in Germany , the Siegtalbrücke . Built from 1964 to 1969 , it is approximately 96 m high and 1 050 m long .",
"title": "Roads"
},
{
"text": "The shape that the city takes has much to do with the Hüttentalstraße ( HTS ) ( Federal Highways 54n and 62n ) which serves as a municipal Autobahn – much of it elevated – that runs through the city area .",
"title": "Roads"
},
{
"text": " The A 4 between Wenden and Kreuztal has been newly built . In the heights over Kreuztals outlying community of Krombach , it now joins with the HTS . On this 12-kilometre stretch of highway are eight valley bridges as well as ten under- and overpasses . This new part was opened on 1 December 2007 .",
"title": "Roads"
},
{
"text": " Siegen is South Westphalias service and administrative centre . Much of its industry is based on metalworking . Pedestrian precincts in Bahnhofsstraße ( Railway Station Street ) and Kölner Tor ( Cologne Gate ) , both downtown , have made shopping in Siegen very convenient , as have the shopping centres City-Galerie ( opened in 1998 ) and Sieg Carré ( opened in 2006 , both downtown ) and Siegerlandzentrum ( Siegen-Weidenau ) , and the Marburger Straße shopping street ( downtown ) . In 2005 , an IKEA store and a Peek & Cloppenburg location opened .",
"title": "Economy"
},
{
"text": " Siegen is home to the Siegen-Wittgenstein district administration and location of a Chamber of Industry and Trade ( Industrie- und Handelskammer , or IHK , one of 81 such regional institutions in Germany ) for the districts of Siegen-Wittgenstein and Olpe . Home to the Siegen State Court , a local court and a labour court , the city is also an important court centre .",
"title": "Public institutions"
},
{
"text": " In Siegen , the Westdeutscher Rundfunk ( WDR ) maintains a studio where regional radio and television news for South Westphalia is produced . The daily broadcast goes out in the South Westphalia regional window following the programme Aktuelle Stunde ( a newsmagazine show ) on WDRs third channel . Moreover , WDR also runs a transmission facility for VHF radio and television ( once also medium wave ) at the Giersberg .",
"title": "Media"
},
{
"text": "Daily newspapers in Siegen include not only the Siegener Zeitung but also local editions of the Westfälische Rundschau and the Westfalenpost . All three appear in the morning , although the first was until 2000 an afternoon paper . Furthermore , at the Obergraben is found the regional , Radio-NRW-connected Radio Siegens studio building .",
"title": "Media"
},
{
"text": " In the early decades of the 17th century , the Herborn Academy temporarily relocated to Siegen , in the buildings of the Unteres Schloss , which came to an end when the Plague broke out . Siegens oldest school is the Gymnasium am Löhrtor , a grammar school .",
"title": "Education"
},
{
"text": " - Gymnasium am Löhrtor ( GAL ) - Fürst-Johann-Moritz-Gymnasium ( FJM ) - Peter-Paul-Rubens-Gymnasium , formerly known as Ganztagsgymnasium am Rosterberg - Evangelisches Gymnasium ( EV ) - Gymnasium auf der Morgenröthe ( GAM )",
"title": "Grammar schools"
},
{
"text": " - Albert Schweitzer Schule - Birlenbacher Schule - Burgschule - Diesterwegschule - Dreisbachschule - Eiserner Schule - Fischbacherbergschule - Friedrich Flender Schule - Geisweider Schule - Giersbergschule - Glückaufschule - Gosenbacher Schule - Grundschule Eiserfeld - Grundschule Kaan-Marienborn - Hammerhütter Schule - Hüttentalschule - Jung Stilling Schule - Lindenbergschule - Nordschule - Obenstruthschule - Sonnenhangschule - Spandauer Schule",
"title": "Primary schools"
},
{
"text": " Siegen is headquarters of the University of Siegen , founded on 1 August 1972 as the Gesamthochschule Siegen . As well , the Fachhochschule für Oekonomie & Management has a study centre , which is shared with the Academy of Administration and Economics . Siegen also has various general-education and professional schools , and the Siegerlandkolleg . Twin towns – sister cities . Siegen is twinned with : - Spandau ( Berlin ) , Germany ( 1952 ) - Katwijk , Netherlands ( 1963 , formerly Rijnsburg )",
"title": "Higher education"
},
{
"text": "- Leeds , England , United Kingdom ( 1966 , formerly Morley )",
"title": "Higher education"
},
{
"text": " - Ypres , Belgium ( 1967 ) - Zakopane , Poland ( 1989 ) - Plauen , Germany ( 1990 )",
"title": "Higher education"
},
{
"text": " - Henry III of Nassau-Breda ( 1483–1538 ) , Count of Nassau and Lord of Breda - Tilemann Stella ( 1525–1589 ) , Renaissance scholar and librarian , mathematician , geometerer , cartographer and astronomer - Peter Paul Rubens ( 1577–1640 ) , Baroque painter - Johann Heinrich Bisterfeld ( 1605–1655 ) , philosopher , polyhistor - Georg Wilhelm de Gennin ( 1676–1750 ) , Russian military officer and engineer ; baptized here - Franz Hunolt ( 1691–1746 ) , Jesuit , theologian - Adolph Diesterweg ( 1790–1866 ) , pedagogue and mastermind of reform education",
"title": "Notable people"
},
{
"text": "- Heinrich Kreutz ( 1854–1907 ) , astronomer and publisher",
"title": "Notable people"
},
{
"text": " - Charles H . Daub ( 1855–1917 ) , member of the Wisconsin State Assembly - Fritz Busch ( 1890–1951 ) , conductor - Adolf Busch ( 1891–1952 ) , German-Swiss violinist and conductor - Walter Kraemer ( 1892–1941 ) , politician ( KPD ) and resistance fighter against Nazism - Paul Giesler ( 1895–1945 ) , Nazi functionary , Premier of Bavaria - Heinrich Gontermann ( 1896–1917 ) , fighter ace - Friedrich Middelhauve ( 1896–1966 ) , publisher and politician ( FDP ) - Hermann Giesler ( 1898–1987 ) , architect",
"title": "Notable people"
},
{
"text": "- Ernst Achenbach ( 1909–1991 ) , politician ( FDP )",
"title": "Notable people"
},
{
"text": " - Herbert Schäfer ( 1927–1991 ) , football player and coach - Walter Schneider ( 1927–2010 ) , motorcycle racing driver - Bernd Becher ( 1931–2007 ) , conceptual artist and photographer - Heinfried Birlenbach ( 1940–2020 ) , shot putter - Joachim Frank ( born 1940 ) , German-American biophysicist and a Nobel laureate - Rolf Stommelen ( 1943–1983 ) , Formula One racer - Josef Clemens ( born 1947 ) , bishop - Klaus Scheer ( born 1950 ) , football player and coach - Christoph Bode ( born 1952 ) , literary scholar",
"title": "Notable people"
},
{
"text": "- Reinhard Goebel ( born 1952 ) , conductor and violinist",
"title": "Notable people"
},
{
"text": " - Annegret Kober ( born 1957 ) , swimmer - Bernward Koch ( born 1957 ) , musician - Burkhard Jung ( born 1958 ) , Lord Mayor of Leipzig - Dieter Falk ( born 1959 ) , music producer , keyboardist and composer - Peter Autschbach ( born 1961 ) , guitarist - Frank Heinrich ( born 1964 ) , theologian and politician ( MdB ) - Navid Kermani ( born 1967 ) , orientalist and Islamic studies scholar - Petra Lobinger ( born 1967 ) , athlete",
"title": "Notable people"
},
{
"text": "- Peter Stein ( born 1968 ) , politician ( CDU )",
"title": "Notable people"
},
{
"text": " - Monika Meyer ( born 1972 ) , footballer - Sabrina Mockenhaupt ( born 1980 ) , long distance runner - August Wittgenstein ( born 1981 ) , prince and actor - Florian Kringe ( born 1982 ) , footballer - Moritz Volz ( born 1983 ) , footballer - Christian Nüchtern ( born 1992 ) , ice dancer",
"title": "Notable people"
},
{
"text": " Siegen has conferred honorary citizenship upon the following persons : - 1887 : Heinrich von Achenbach , High President of the Province of Brandenburg - 1891 : Otto von Bismarck , Reich chancellor - 1933 : Adolf Hitler , Reich chancellor* - 1933 : Paul von Hindenburg , General Field Marshal and Reich President",
"title": "Honorary citizens"
},
{
"text": "For all those listed up to here , honorary citizenship , according to Enactment no . 21 to the amended German Municipal System of 1 April 1946 , has been forfeited . *According to the city council of Siegen Adolf Hitlers honorary citizenship was lapsed by British military law . Caused by political discussion the city council denied Hitlers honorary citizenship posthumously on 29 August 2007 .",
"title": "Honorary citizens"
}
] |
/wiki/Siegen#P17#3
|
Which country did Siegen belong to between Aug 1754 and Dec 1778?
|
Siegen Siegen ( ) is a city in Germany , in the south Westphalian part of North Rhine-Westphalia . It is located in the district of Siegen-Wittgenstein in the Arnsberg region . The university town ( nearly 20,000 students in the 2018–2019 winter semester ) is the district seat , and is ranked as a higher centre in the South Westphalian urban agglomeration . In 1975 , municipal reforms and amalgamations lifted Siegens population above the 100,000 mark . Geography . Location . The city of Siegen lies in the basin of the upper reaches of the river Sieg . From there , lateral valleys branch off in many directions . The heights of the surrounding mountains , wherever they are not actually settled , are covered in coppice . To the north lies the Sauerland , to the northwest the Rothaargebirge and to the southwest the Westerwald . The nearest cities to Siegen , taking into account average travelling distances , are Hagen to the north , Frankfurt am Main to the southeast , Koblenz to the southwest and Cologne to the west . As the crow flies the distances to these places are , however , ( Hagen ) , ( Frankfurt ) , ( Koblenz ) and ( Cologne ) . The city lies on the German-Dutch holiday road called the Orange Route , joining towns , cities and regions associated with the House of Orange . City area . The citys total land area is roughly . Its greatest east-west span is about , and its greatest north-south span is about . City limits are long . Siegen lies at a median elevation of above sea level . The citys greatest elevation is the peak of the Pfannenberg at above sea level at southern city limits . Siegens lowest point is above sea level at Niederschelden at southwestern city limits , which there also forms the state boundary with Rhineland-Palatinate . Roughly 60% of the citys land is wooded , making Siegen one of Germanys greenest cities . The city area is divided into six zones , called Bezirke in German and comparable to boroughs in some cities , which themselves are further divided into various communities ( Ortsteile and Stadtteile ) . Each borough has a borough board consisting of 15 voting and 15 non-voting members who are appointed by city council with regard to each partys share of the vote in the municipal elections in the borough in question . The borough boards decide on matters particular to their respective boroughs . These matters are laid down in Siegens city charter . Administrative division . Siegens six boroughs and communities belonging to each boroughs are : - District I ( Geisweid ) : Birlenbach , Meiswinkel , Langenholdinghausen , Geisweid , Dillnhütten , Sohlbach , Buchen , Niedersetzen , Obersetzen - District II ( Weidenau ) : - District III ( Ost ) : Kaan-Marienborn , parts of Alt-Siegen ( Giersberg ) , Bürbach , Volnsberg , Breitenbach , Feuersbach - District IV ( Mitte ) : Alt-Siegen ( parts not belonging to borough III or V ) - District V ( West ) : Seelbach , Trupbach and parts of Alt-Siegen ( Wellersberg , Fischbacherberg , Achenbach , Rothenberg ) - District VI ( Süd ) : Oberschelden , Gosenbach , Niederschelden , Eiserfeld , Eisern Along with the boroughs and communities into which the city is divided , as mandated by law , there are also further subdivisions within the communities , each with its own name , but none with distinctly clear borders . They are called Quartiere , which can be rendered as quarters or neighbourhoods . Examples of these include the Unterstadt , the Oberstadt , Hammerhütte , Lindenberg , Charlottental , Haardter Berg ( with the university ) and the Alte Dreisbach . Some neighbourhoods even straddle community boundaries , like Sieghütte , parts of which can be found in both Siegen-Mitte and Weidenau . Moreover , some neighbourhoods even overlap each other . Unlike the boroughs ( Bezirke ) or communities ( Ortsteile and Stadtteile ) , the Quartiere have no statistical or administrative importance . They do , however , serve some function as to their inhabitants identity , but more practically than that , they are also useful for finding ones way with a city map and using in bus route names and on public notices and traffic signs . Many of the Hüttentalstraße city Autobahns exits are also named after the Quartiere that they serve . The communities of Weidenau , Geisweid , Birlenbach , Langenholdinghausen , Buchen , Sohlbach , Dillnhütten , Niedersetzen , Obersetzen and Meiswinkel formed from 1 July 1966 to 31 December 1974 the town of Hüttental . The communities of Eiserfeld , Eisern , Gosenbach , Niederschelden and Oberschelden formed the town of Eiserfeld between those same two dates . Neighbouring communities . The city of Siegen borders in the north on the town of Kreuztal and the community of Wenden , in the east on the town of Netphen , in the southeast on the community of Wilnsdorf , in the south on the community of Neunkirchen , in the west on the community of Mudersbach ( Altenkirchen in Rhineland-Palatinate ) and in the northwest on the town of Freudenberg . History . <section /> The name Siegen comes from the possibly Celtic river name Sieg . It is , however , unclear whether there is any relation between this name and the Celtic-Germanic Sicambri ( Ger . Sugambrer ) people , who in pre-Christian times lived in parts of North Rhine-Westphalia . The first documentary mention of the place called Sigena dates from 1079 . The citys history is markedly shaped by mining , which locally began as far back as La Tène times . Bearing witness to this longtime industry are the many mines that can be found within city limits . In 1224 , Siegen is mentioned as a newly built town whose ownership was shared by the Count of Nassau , Heinrich the Rich , and Engelbert II of Berg , Archbishop of Cologne after the latter transferred one half of the ownership to the former . Moreover , there is proof that the Oberes Schloss ( upper stately home ) was already standing at this time . On 19 October 1303 , the town was granted Soester Stadtrecht , or Soest town rights . The town remained under the two overlords joint ownership until 1 February 1381 , only then passing fully into Nassau hands . In the 16th century , the town of Siegen bore a formidable defensive look . It was surrounded by mighty walls with 16 towers and three town gates , and was home to a great castle . The town was stricken several times by townwide fires . Documents record such fires in 1592 , and from 10 to 20 April 1695 . In 1536 , Heinrich the Rich built a paedagogium in the buildings that had once housed a Franciscan Monastery . It later grew into todays Gymnasium at Siegens Löhrtor ( gate ) . Johann VII of Nassau-Siegen ( Johann the Intermediary ) built the Unteres Schloss ( lower stately home ) on the site of an old Franciscan Monastery . In 1616 , Johann VII founded a knightly war school in the still standing old armoury on Burgstraße , expressly to produce an officer corps for Calvinism . His son Johann VIII ( The Younger ) returned in 1612 to the Roman Catholic Church , and wanted to use force to make the townsfolk also convert back to Roman Catholicism . In 1632 , Nassau-Siegen was conquered by the Swedes , after which his half-brother John Maurice of Nassau-Siegen , the Dutch commander in Brazil , re-introduced Protestantism . John VIII died in 1638 and was succeeded by his only son Johan Frans Desideratus , who had to cede part of Nassau-Siegen ( north of the Sieg river ) to the Protestant branch of the family . John Maurices leadership served in 1650–1651 to bring about a split in the Siegerland along denominational lines . Under Wilhelm Hyacinth of Nassau-Siegen , violence broke out between the two denominational groups . When on 29 March 1707 townsman Friedrich Flender was killed , Wilhelm Hyacinth was himself unseated and furthermore driven out of the town . Wilhelm Hyacinth was the last in the line of Nassau-Siegens Catholic rulers , dying in 1743 . Already in 1734 , though , the Reformed line had died out , too , with Friedrich Wilhelms death , leading Charles VI , Holy Roman Emperor to transfer power in the territory to the Prince of Orange and the Prince of Nassau-Diez . Under their leadership , mining , the main source of wealth , blossomed , along with agriculture and silviculture . When Prince William of Orange refused to join the Confederation of the Rhine , founded by Napoleon , he found himself unseated by the French leader and the Siegerland passed to the Grand Duchy of Berg . After Napoleons downfall in 1813 , however , William I regained his former German inheritances , but in 1815 he ceded them to the Kingdom of Prussia for the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg . Siegen was assigned to the Siegen district , first in the Koblenz region , and as of 1817 in the Arnsberg region within the Prussian Province of Westphalia . Under Prussian rule , Siegen developed into the South Westphalian centre that it is today . On 1 March 1923 , Siegen was set apart from the district bearing its name , and became a district-free town , while still keeping its function as seat of the district of which it was no longer part , and which was itself merged with Wittgenstein district under district reform in 1975 . Siegen also lost its district-free status at this time , becoming part of the new Siegen-Wittgenstein district , the name that the district has borne since 1984 . During World War II , Siegen was repeatedly bombed by the Allies owing to a crucial railroad that crossed through the town . On 1 April 1945 , the US 8th Infantry Division began the Allied ground assault against Siegen and the dominating military-significant high ground north of the river . The battle against determined German forces at Siegen continued through 2 April 1945 , until organized resistance was finally overwhelmed by the division on 3 April 1945.<section /> Religion . The town of Siegen belonged in the beginning to the Archbishopric of Mainz , or more precisely to its deaconry of Arfeld . There was a White Nun convent in town that folded in the 15th century . Furthermore , there was a Franciscan Monastery that was dissolved in 1533 after the Nassau overlords had introduced the Reformation in 1530 . After that , the town was first Lutheran , but in 1550 , the Principality of Nassau converted to the Reformed Church . Subsequently , Siegen was a predominantly Protestant town , but not so strongly that the Counterreformation could not gain ground in 1623 , with one fifth of the townsfolk and those living in the surrounding area becoming Catholic once again . As of 1626 , there was once more a monastery in town , this time a Jesuit one . After passing to Prussia in 1815 , the union between Lutheran and Reformed churches was introduced in Siegen , as it was throughout Prussia , but the towns parishes kept their Reformed emphasis . As part of the Westphalian Provincial Church ( now the Church of Westphalia ) , Siegen became the seat of a Superintendency . A similar entity still exists in Siegen , known as the Kirchenkreis , or church district , to which all the citys parishes nowadays belong , unless they are Free Church parishes . This church district encompasses the whole of South Westphalia all the way to Olpe . The towns Catholics , even after the Reformation , still belonged to the Archbishopric of Mainz . With the restructuring of the Catholic Church early in the 19th century , Siegen was assigned to the Archbishopric of Paderborn and became the seat of a district synod , today a deaconry , to which all the districts Catholic parishes belong . Paderborn was raised to Archbishopric in 1929 . Besides the Roman Catholic Church , Siegen also has a Greek Orthodox parish and a Romanian Orthodox parish . Moreover , there are various free churches established in Siegen , among them several Evangelical Free Church parishes ( Baptists ) , an Evangelical-Methodist Church , an Independent Evangelical-Lutheran Church ( SELK ) , a Seventh-day Adventist parish , several Free Evangelical parishes ( FeG ) , the Achenbach Christian Community , the Christian Assembly , Calvary Chapel and the Siegen-Meiswinkel Mission Community . Further religious communities in Siegen are The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints , the New Apostolic Church , the Jehovahs Witnesses , an Original Christianity community and Baháʼí . Moreover , owing to a great number of Turkish and Arab migrants in Siegen , the Muslim community is also very much in evidence there and there are several mosques in Siegen run by Turkish , Arab and Albanian communities . There are said to be more than 15,000 Muslims out of Siegens total population . Municipal reform . The following communities and rural areas have been amalgamated with Siegen : - 1902 and 1912 : parts of Buschgotthardtshütten - 1934 : parts of Achenbach - 1937 : parts of Achenbach and Buschgotthardtshütten - 1966 : Trupbach , Seelbach , Breitenbach , Bürbach , Kaan-Marienborn and Volnsberg - 1969 : Feuersbach - 1974 : towns of Hüttental and Eiserfeld Population development . In 1897 , Siegen had 20,000 inhabitants . By 1939 , this figure had doubled to 40,000 . In the World War II , the town lost roughly 30% of its inhabitants ( 12,000 ) . The population had fallen to 28,000 by 1945 and only in 1952 did it once again reach prewar levels . On 1 January 1975 , Siegens population surpassed 100,000 through the amalgamation of Hüttental ( 38,867 inhabitants in 1974 ) and Eiserfeld ( 22,354 inhabitants in 1974 ) , making it a city . With 117,224 inhabitants it also at the same time reached its all-time highest population . At the end of June 2005 , according to the North Rhine-Westphalia State Office for Data Processing and Statistics ( Landesamt für Datenverarbeitung und Statistik Nordrhein-Westfalen ) , 105,328 people made Siegen their main abode . Since 1975 , the population has fallen by roughly 10% ( 12,000 ) . The following chart shows population figures for Siegens municipal area , however big it was at each given time . Up to 1833 , most figures are estimates , and thereafter census figures ( ¹ ) or official estimates by the statistical office of the time or the town/city administration itself . The given figures indicate from 1843 the population present in the town ( Ortsanwesende Bevölkerung ) , from 1925 the dwelling population ( Wohnbevölkerung ) , and since 1987 the Population in the place of main residence ( Bevölkerung am Ort der Hauptwohnung ) . Before 1843 , population figures come from irregular surveying procedures . ¹ Census figure Politics . City council . The city councils 62 seats are apportioned thus , in accordance with municipal elections held on 26 September 2004 : None of the parties represented on city council holds a majority , and no coalition has been struck . However , the CDU and the FDP have a fixed , contractual coöperation agreement and at least have at their disposal a joint majority voice on some committees . In the council chamber , on the other hand , their 30 seats are not an absolute majority and they do not always prevail . Mayors . At the citys helm since the 13th century , there have been several mayors of whom evidence survives . In 1304 and 1305 , a council ( consules ) was mentioned for the first time . As early as 1224 , however , documents mention Burgmänner ( Castle Men ) as well as three Bürgermeister ( Mayors ) who were changed yearly . As of 1500 , only two mayors were chosen every year . In the 18th century , the guilds were achieving ever greater influence in the town . Thereafter the ruling or office-holding old shoemaking master represented the common townsfolk on the council . The mediaeval town charter was kept right up until 1809 , and parts of it even held until 1815 , but that year there was a self-endorsing council with 12 members , over which presided the mayor . As of 1824 , the suburbs got their own chief administrator who was subordinate to the mayor of Siegen . In 1836 , the Prussian municipal system was introduced . After the town was separated from Siegen district in 1923 , the mayor was given the title Oberbürgermeister ( roughly equivalent to Lord Mayor ) . The mayor who came to office in 1919 kept his position right through the time of the Third Reich , whereas some mayors in other German and Austrian towns , whose political views were at odds with the Nazis , were removed forcibly . After the Second World War , the military government of the British Zone of Occupation installed a new mayor , and in 1946 it introduced a new town charter based on a British model , leading to a Council of the town elected by the people , whose members were called Stadtverordnete ( town councillors ) . In the beginning , the council chose one from its midst as the mayor as the towns head and representative , which was an honorary function . Furthermore , as of 1946 , the council also began choosing a full-time Oberstadtdirektor , or Higher Town Director , to lead the towns administration . After Siegen was reunited with the district of the same name in 1975 , these two officials bore the titles Bürgermeister and Stadtdirektor respectively . In 1999 , this two-headed arrangement was forsaken in favour of a single city leader , with the title Bürgermeister , who serves as chairman or chairwoman of city council , leader of city administration and city representative . He or she is directly elected nowadays . Mayors ( Bürgermeister and Oberbürgermeister ) since 1919 - 1919–1945 : Alfred Fißmer , Oberbürgermeister - 1945 : Fritz Fries , Oberbürgermeister - 1945–1946 : Otto Schwarz , Oberbürgermeister - 1946–1948 : Ernst Weißelberg , Oberbürgermeister - 1948–1956 : Ernst Bach , Oberbürgermeister - 1956–1961 : Erich Pachnicke , Oberbürgermeister - 1961–1966 : Karl Eckmann , Oberbürgermeister - 1966–1975 : Karl Althaus , Oberbürgermeister - 1975–1979 : Friedemann Keßler , Bürgermeister - 1979–1990 : Hans Reinhardt , Bürgermeister - 1990–1994 : Hilde Fiedler , Bürgermeisterin - 1994–1999 : Karl Wilhelm Kirchhöfer , Bürgermeister - 1999–2007 : Ulf Stötzel ( CDU ) , Bürgermeister - 2007–today : Steffen Mues ( CDU ) , Bürgermeister Stadtdirektoren and Oberstadtdirektoren 1946–1999 - 1946–1954 : Max Baumann , Oberstadtdirektor - 1954–1975 : Kurt Seibt , Oberstadtdirektor - 1975–1985 : Hans Mohn , Stadtdirektor - 1985–1989 : Volker Oerter , Stadtdirektor - 1989–1995 : Otto-Werner Rappold , Stadtdirektor ( left office early with effect on 2 December 1995 by his own wish ) - 1995–1999 : Ulrich Mock , Stadtdirektor ( at first as Dr . Rappolds General Agent until 31 January 1997 , then appointed fulltime Stadtdirektor ) Coat of arms . Siegens civic coat of arms might be described thus : Argent a town wall embattled gules with an open gateway argent , therein in an inescutcheon azure a lion rampant Or armed and langued gules , issuant from the wall a bishop in robe and mitre azure ( trimmed in argent ) holding in his hand dexter a crozier argent with crook Or sinister , in his hand sinister , upraised , an open book argent with pages edged gules . The bishop in the citys arms is the Bishop of Cologne . The wall symbolizes the city itself , and the inescutcheon in the gateway shows the Lion of Nassau in blue and gold ( or yellow ) , which are Nassaus colours . The arms are based on the oldest known town seal , from 1248 . The inescutcheon once also had gold billets ( upright rectangles ) around the lion , but these do not appear in what became the towns ( and later citys ) coat of arms in 1875 . Sights . Although the town was about 80% destroyed in the World War II , Siegen has kept a number of buildings worth seeing , such as the two stately homes , the Oberes Schloss and the Unteres Schloss . Oberes Schloss . The castle on the Siegberg was first mentioned in a document in 1259 and was the family seat of the House of Nassau . Since 1905 , the Siegerland Museum has been here . Alongside regional exhibits – among them an artificial demonstration mine – are many paintings . The centrepiece of this collection is made up of works by the man who is arguably the best known native , Peter Paul Rubens . There is also quite a comprehensive collection of portraits of members of the Houses of Nassau and Orange . The top floor is devoted to 19th-century home décor . A kitchen from the Siegerland , a bedroom and many pieces of furniture from the Biedermeier era give one an impression of life in the region in bygone days . Unteres Schloss . Late in the 17th century , the Lower Stately Home came into being in its current form , somewhat like an open rectangle . The Evangelical line of the House of Nassau-Siegen resided here . Also belonging to the Schloss is the Dicker Turm , or Fat Tower with a carillon . In 1959 , the then town of Siegen built a memorial for victims of war and tyranny . Inside the Schloss is also found the crypt of the Evangelical branch of the Nassau princely house . Today , the Schloss serves as a state authority building in which the North Rhine-Westphalia Building and Property Establishment , the State Environment Office , the Office for Occupational Health and Safety and the Attendorn Correctional Facility ( Siegen Branch Facility ) are all housed . By the citys plans , a university is supposed to move into the Unteres Schloss within the next few years , but at this time , the plan is failing to find any financial backing . Churches . Two churches in downtown Siegen are to be brought to the visitors attention : The Martinikirche dating from the 11th century and the Nikolaikirche at the marketplace with its unusual eight-sided shape and its golden Krönchen ( coronet ) – the citys landmark – on the church tower , which is a prominent feature of Siegens skyline ( Siegen is sometimes called Krönchenstadt for this unusual feature ) . Another church is the Marienkirche , built by the Jesuits between 1702 and 1729 . Also worth seeing are Siegens Old Town and several museums in the city core . Gasometer . In the southwest of the city core , at the foot of the Ziegenberg , is a spherical gas holder , or gasometer , which is protected by law as a monument . It is one of the oldest spherical gas holders still preserved . Another peculiarity is its riveted casing . Only three other such gas holders are known to exist worldwide ( all in Germany , in Schwerte , Offenburg and Bielefeld ) . The holder had to be moved a few metres owing to construction on the municipal Autobahn , the Hüttentalstraße , and in the residential area of Ziegenberg , and it now forms the symbolic sun as part of a scale model of the planets above the gas holder . Cemeteries . Within Siegens city limits are 36 municipally run cemeteries . Ten of them are already closed and are available for burials only because of existing laws . The cemeteries have a total area of 730 000 m² with roughly 65,000 graves . Characteristic of regional cemeteries are hillside graves and a green , parklike layout that even affords wildlife a chance at reoccupying the land . Cemeteries within city limits are : - Lindenbergfriedhof - Hermelsbacher Friedhof - Stockfriedhof - Geisweider Friedhof - Haardter Friedhof - Gilbergfriedhof - Friedhof Kaan-Marienborn - Neuer Friedhof Niederschelden Culture . Theatre . In the Apollo-Theater ( a downtown former 1930s cinema that underwent remodelling and opened in mid-2007 ) , Siegen has one of the current decades most important newly built theatres . A controlling interest in this venture is held by TheaterSiegen intendant Magnus Reitschuster . Since 1992 , the media and cultural house Lÿz has been a venue for cabaret , music and theatre in Siegen . On the two stages , roughly 150 events appear every season . Bigger events take place at the Bühne der Stadt ( Citys Stage , with about 820 seats ) , the Siegerlandhalle ( 1 800 m² , 2,300 seats ) or the Bismarckhalle . As well , there are regular open-air concerts and productions in the inner yard at Unteres Schloss . Orchestras and choirs . - Philharmonie Südwestfalen - Evangelische Kantorei Siegen - Bach-Chor Siegen - Sängerkreis Siegerland Museums . The main centre of art in Siegen are the Museum for Contemporary Art and the Haus Seel – city gallery . The Siegerland Museum is dedicated to regional history . The Oranienstraße House , built at 1900 in the Italian country house style , is attached to the Siegerland Museum since 1993 as an exhibit forum . There is a varied program of temporary exhibitions of all kinds , from archaeological excavations to contemporary avant-garde art . Poet and author readings are also part of the program , such as classic concerts . In Geisweid is found the Beatles Home Museum , run by Harold Krämer . According to the 2000 Guinness Book of Records , the 27 m² museum is the smallest public museum in the world devoted to the four Liverpudlian musicians . The collection holds more than 17,000 recordings , souvenirs , film posters , and autographs and other memorabilia . Regular events . - Early in the year : SILA ( Siegerlandausstellung – Siegerland Exhibition ) , even-numbered years only - March to November , first Saturday in each month : Flea market in Siegen-Geisweid ( since 1970 ) , no new goods - June to August : Mittwochs in different bands every Wednesday in Siegen-Weidenau - June : Johannimarkt , a fair held for some 400 years - June/July : Siegener Sommerfestival , plays , cabaret , theatre , music and cinema since about 1990 . ( In 2006 , instead of the traditional summer festival , a World Cup festival was held ) - July : Stadtfest ( City Festival ) , even-numbered years only - July : Rubensfest , odd-numbered years only - August : Siegen Open-Air Cinema - August : Christopher Street Day ( CSD ) , since 2000 - August : Siegtal-Pur All streets only opened for bikes ( the HTS ( local Motorway ) too ) - Summer : Street Festival at the Corn Market - October : 2nd Sunday : Bürgerfest Geisweid - November : Geisweider Adventsmarkt , since about 1985 - December : Christmas market , since about 1980 Dialect . The city and its surrounding region speak in addition to standard German also have a characteristic local dialect : Siegerländisch . Tales and legends . The Dilldappe is an old mythical creature from the Siegerland . It lives mainly in the Siegerland Hauberg ( coöperatively managed woodlots ) . Early in the 1980s , the writer and cartoonist Matthias Kringe first published a calendar about the creature , written in the local dialect of German . The Rubens Prize of the City of Siegen . The Rubens Prize of the City of Siegen , founded in 1955 , is awarded every five years to a painter or graphic artist whose lifes work has been groundbreaking on the European stage . The title recalls the painter-diplomat Peter Paul Rubens , who expressed in his lifes work the thought of European unity , long before it could become a political reality . Peter Paul Rubens – who was born in Siegen , grew up in Cologne and Antwerp , trained in art in Italy , was esteemed in France and acted as a diplomat in Spain and England – as the main master of European Baroque painting set those artistic and European standards to which the awarding of the prize has been bound since 1957–1958 . Past prizewinners : - Hans Hartung ( 1957/1958 ) - Giorgio Morandi ( 1962 ) - Francis Bacon ( 1967 ) - Antoni Tàpies ( 1972 ) - Fritz Winter ( 1977 ) - Emil Schumacher ( 1982 ) - Cy Twombly ( 1987 ) - Rupprecht Geiger ( 1992 ) - Lucian Freud ( 1997 ) - Maria Lassnig ( 2002 ) - Sigmar Polke ( 2007 ) - Bridget Riley ( 2012 ) - Niele Toroni ( 2017 ) Sport . The city sport league includes 160 sport clubs in which roughly 37,000 members are active . National importance was achieved in 2005 by the Sportfreunde Siegen mens football team at Leimbachstadion when they rose from the Regionalliga Süd up to the 2nd Bundesliga , although the next year they dropped back down again . As six-time German Champions , the TSV Siegen womens football team was very successful in the 1990s . Transport . Air transport . In the south of the district in the community of Burbach lies the Siegerland Airport through which Siegen is connected to many other airports in Germany . Bicycle transport . The city of Siegen lies on European long-distance path E1 running from the middle of Sweden to Umbria in Italy . There is , however , no organized cycling trail network in Siegen . Riding in bus lanes is sporadically allowed . Bicycle transport is generally poorly developed in Siegen . Owing to dual carriageways within the city and nearby , as well as transport planning that rather favours cars , bicycle transport has been somewhat thwarted . Together with the partly hilly topography , there is therefore little in the way of bicycle transport in Siegen . Rail transport . Siegen station lies at the junction of the following railway lines : - The two-track electrified Ruhr–Sieg line ( Ruhr-Sieg-Strecke ) is used for regional services , usually hourly , of the Ruhr-Sieg-Express ( RE 16 ) and the Ruhr-Sieg-Bahn ( RB 91 ) . - The Rothaar Railway ( Rothaarbahn ) is served , usually hourly by Rothaar-Bahn ( RB 93 ) services , connecting in Erndtebrück to Obere Lahntal-Bahn ( RB 94/RMV Line 43 ) services , usually two-hourly , on the Upper Lahn Valley Railway ( Obere Lahntal-Bahn ) . - The two-track electrified Dill Railway ( Dill-Strecke ) is served , usually two-hourly , by the Rhein-Sieg-Express ( RE 9 ) and the Main-Sieg-Express ( RE 99 ) and hourly by the Sieg-Dill-Bahn ( RB 95 ) ( only to and from Dillenburg ) . - The mostly two-track electrified Sieg line ( Siegstrecke ) is served , usually hourly , by the Rhein-Sieg-Express ( RE 9 ) and Sieg-Dill-Bahn ( RB 95 ) services ( only to and from Au ) . Bus transport . On 18 March 1895 , the Netphener Omnibusgesellschaft opened the worlds first busline using a petrol-powered omnibus , running a service from its base in Netphen to Siegen and Deuz . Today , local road transport offers many regional , express and local buses , along with a night bus service connecting Siegen with its outlying communities and neighbouring towns . They are run by the South Westphalia Transport Services ( Verkehrsbetriebe Westfalen-Süd ; VWS ) whose headquarters are in Siegen . For the whole of local public transport , the tariff of the South Westphalia Transport Community ( Verkehrsgemeinschaft Westfalen-Süd ; VGWS ) applies , regardless of the North Rhine-Westphalia tariff . Roads . With regard to long-distance roads , the city of Siegen is connected to Autobahnen A 45 ( Dortmund – Aschaffenburg ) and A 4 ( Cologne – Olpe ) , and to Federal Highways ( Bundesstraßen ) 54 , 54n , 62 and 62n . Siegen is home to the tallest bridge of the A 45 and one of the highest in Germany , the Siegtalbrücke . Built from 1964 to 1969 , it is approximately 96 m high and 1 050 m long . The shape that the city takes has much to do with the Hüttentalstraße ( HTS ) ( Federal Highways 54n and 62n ) which serves as a municipal Autobahn – much of it elevated – that runs through the city area . The A 4 between Wenden and Kreuztal has been newly built . In the heights over Kreuztals outlying community of Krombach , it now joins with the HTS . On this 12-kilometre stretch of highway are eight valley bridges as well as ten under- and overpasses . This new part was opened on 1 December 2007 . Economy . Siegen is South Westphalias service and administrative centre . Much of its industry is based on metalworking . Pedestrian precincts in Bahnhofsstraße ( Railway Station Street ) and Kölner Tor ( Cologne Gate ) , both downtown , have made shopping in Siegen very convenient , as have the shopping centres City-Galerie ( opened in 1998 ) and Sieg Carré ( opened in 2006 , both downtown ) and Siegerlandzentrum ( Siegen-Weidenau ) , and the Marburger Straße shopping street ( downtown ) . In 2005 , an IKEA store and a Peek & Cloppenburg location opened . Public institutions . Siegen is home to the Siegen-Wittgenstein district administration and location of a Chamber of Industry and Trade ( Industrie- und Handelskammer , or IHK , one of 81 such regional institutions in Germany ) for the districts of Siegen-Wittgenstein and Olpe . Home to the Siegen State Court , a local court and a labour court , the city is also an important court centre . Media . In Siegen , the Westdeutscher Rundfunk ( WDR ) maintains a studio where regional radio and television news for South Westphalia is produced . The daily broadcast goes out in the South Westphalia regional window following the programme Aktuelle Stunde ( a newsmagazine show ) on WDRs third channel . Moreover , WDR also runs a transmission facility for VHF radio and television ( once also medium wave ) at the Giersberg . Daily newspapers in Siegen include not only the Siegener Zeitung but also local editions of the Westfälische Rundschau and the Westfalenpost . All three appear in the morning , although the first was until 2000 an afternoon paper . Furthermore , at the Obergraben is found the regional , Radio-NRW-connected Radio Siegens studio building . Education . In the early decades of the 17th century , the Herborn Academy temporarily relocated to Siegen , in the buildings of the Unteres Schloss , which came to an end when the Plague broke out . Siegens oldest school is the Gymnasium am Löhrtor , a grammar school . Other Schools : Grammar schools . - Gymnasium am Löhrtor ( GAL ) - Fürst-Johann-Moritz-Gymnasium ( FJM ) - Peter-Paul-Rubens-Gymnasium , formerly known as Ganztagsgymnasium am Rosterberg - Evangelisches Gymnasium ( EV ) - Gymnasium auf der Morgenröthe ( GAM ) Primary schools . - Albert Schweitzer Schule - Birlenbacher Schule - Burgschule - Diesterwegschule - Dreisbachschule - Eiserner Schule - Fischbacherbergschule - Friedrich Flender Schule - Geisweider Schule - Giersbergschule - Glückaufschule - Gosenbacher Schule - Grundschule Eiserfeld - Grundschule Kaan-Marienborn - Hammerhütter Schule - Hüttentalschule - Jung Stilling Schule - Lindenbergschule - Nordschule - Obenstruthschule - Sonnenhangschule - Spandauer Schule Higher education . Siegen is headquarters of the University of Siegen , founded on 1 August 1972 as the Gesamthochschule Siegen . As well , the Fachhochschule für Oekonomie & Management has a study centre , which is shared with the Academy of Administration and Economics . Siegen also has various general-education and professional schools , and the Siegerlandkolleg . Twin towns – sister cities . Siegen is twinned with : - Spandau ( Berlin ) , Germany ( 1952 ) - Katwijk , Netherlands ( 1963 , formerly Rijnsburg ) - Leeds , England , United Kingdom ( 1966 , formerly Morley ) - Ypres , Belgium ( 1967 ) - Zakopane , Poland ( 1989 ) - Plauen , Germany ( 1990 ) Notable people . - Henry III of Nassau-Breda ( 1483–1538 ) , Count of Nassau and Lord of Breda - Tilemann Stella ( 1525–1589 ) , Renaissance scholar and librarian , mathematician , geometerer , cartographer and astronomer - Peter Paul Rubens ( 1577–1640 ) , Baroque painter - Johann Heinrich Bisterfeld ( 1605–1655 ) , philosopher , polyhistor - Georg Wilhelm de Gennin ( 1676–1750 ) , Russian military officer and engineer ; baptized here - Franz Hunolt ( 1691–1746 ) , Jesuit , theologian - Adolph Diesterweg ( 1790–1866 ) , pedagogue and mastermind of reform education - Heinrich Kreutz ( 1854–1907 ) , astronomer and publisher - Charles H . Daub ( 1855–1917 ) , member of the Wisconsin State Assembly - Fritz Busch ( 1890–1951 ) , conductor - Adolf Busch ( 1891–1952 ) , German-Swiss violinist and conductor - Walter Kraemer ( 1892–1941 ) , politician ( KPD ) and resistance fighter against Nazism - Paul Giesler ( 1895–1945 ) , Nazi functionary , Premier of Bavaria - Heinrich Gontermann ( 1896–1917 ) , fighter ace - Friedrich Middelhauve ( 1896–1966 ) , publisher and politician ( FDP ) - Hermann Giesler ( 1898–1987 ) , architect - Ernst Achenbach ( 1909–1991 ) , politician ( FDP ) - Herbert Schäfer ( 1927–1991 ) , football player and coach - Walter Schneider ( 1927–2010 ) , motorcycle racing driver - Bernd Becher ( 1931–2007 ) , conceptual artist and photographer - Heinfried Birlenbach ( 1940–2020 ) , shot putter - Joachim Frank ( born 1940 ) , German-American biophysicist and a Nobel laureate - Rolf Stommelen ( 1943–1983 ) , Formula One racer - Josef Clemens ( born 1947 ) , bishop - Klaus Scheer ( born 1950 ) , football player and coach - Christoph Bode ( born 1952 ) , literary scholar - Reinhard Goebel ( born 1952 ) , conductor and violinist - Annegret Kober ( born 1957 ) , swimmer - Bernward Koch ( born 1957 ) , musician - Burkhard Jung ( born 1958 ) , Lord Mayor of Leipzig - Dieter Falk ( born 1959 ) , music producer , keyboardist and composer - Peter Autschbach ( born 1961 ) , guitarist - Frank Heinrich ( born 1964 ) , theologian and politician ( MdB ) - Navid Kermani ( born 1967 ) , orientalist and Islamic studies scholar - Petra Lobinger ( born 1967 ) , athlete - Peter Stein ( born 1968 ) , politician ( CDU ) - Monika Meyer ( born 1972 ) , footballer - Sabrina Mockenhaupt ( born 1980 ) , long distance runner - August Wittgenstein ( born 1981 ) , prince and actor - Florian Kringe ( born 1982 ) , footballer - Moritz Volz ( born 1983 ) , footballer - Christian Nüchtern ( born 1992 ) , ice dancer Honorary citizens . Siegen has conferred honorary citizenship upon the following persons : - 1887 : Heinrich von Achenbach , High President of the Province of Brandenburg - 1891 : Otto von Bismarck , Reich chancellor - 1933 : Adolf Hitler , Reich chancellor* - 1933 : Paul von Hindenburg , General Field Marshal and Reich President For all those listed up to here , honorary citizenship , according to Enactment no . 21 to the amended German Municipal System of 1 April 1946 , has been forfeited . *According to the city council of Siegen Adolf Hitlers honorary citizenship was lapsed by British military law . Caused by political discussion the city council denied Hitlers honorary citizenship posthumously on 29 August 2007 . - 1953 : Alfred Fißmer , retired Oberbürgermeister Honorary citizens of the former town of Hüttental : - Josef Höfer , Prelate - Karl Barich , chairman of the board of Stahlwerke Südwestfalen ( South Westphalia Steelworks ) Further reading . - Heinrich Silbergleit : Preußens Städte : Denkschrift zum 100jährigen Jubiläum der Städteordnung vom 19 . November 1808 . Heymann , Berlin 1908 - Heinrich von Achenbach : Die Haubergs-Genossenschaften des Siegerlandes . After the Bonn printing in 1863 newly published by the ( then ) Town of Siegen , Forschungsstelle Siegerland , Siegen 1963 - Heinrich von Achenbach : Geschichte der Stadt Siegen . Erg . Nachdr . der Ausg . Vorländer , Siegen 1894 . Verlag Die Wielandschmiede , Kreuztal 1983 - Heinrich von Achenbach : Aus des Siegerlandes Vergangenheit . 2 . erg . Nachdr . der Ausg . Siegen 1898 . Verlag Die Wielandschmiede , Kreuztal 1982 - Erich Keyser ( publisher ) : Westfälisches Städtebuch . In : Deutsches Städtebuch . Band III 2 . Teilband . Kohlhammer Verlag , Stuttgart 1954 - Walther Hubatsch ( publisher ) : Westfalen . In : Grundriss zur deutschen Verwaltungsgeschichte 1815–1945 . Band 8 Reihe A : Preußen . Marburg an der Lahn 1980 , External links . - Official website - Historical and contemporary information about Siegen and Siegerland
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{
"text": " Siegen ( ) is a city in Germany , in the south Westphalian part of North Rhine-Westphalia . It is located in the district of Siegen-Wittgenstein in the Arnsberg region . The university town ( nearly 20,000 students in the 2018–2019 winter semester ) is the district seat , and is ranked as a higher centre in the South Westphalian urban agglomeration . In 1975 , municipal reforms and amalgamations lifted Siegens population above the 100,000 mark .",
"title": "Siegen"
},
{
"text": " The city of Siegen lies in the basin of the upper reaches of the river Sieg . From there , lateral valleys branch off in many directions . The heights of the surrounding mountains , wherever they are not actually settled , are covered in coppice . To the north lies the Sauerland , to the northwest the Rothaargebirge and to the southwest the Westerwald .",
"title": "Location"
},
{
"text": "The nearest cities to Siegen , taking into account average travelling distances , are Hagen to the north , Frankfurt am Main to the southeast , Koblenz to the southwest and Cologne to the west .",
"title": "Location"
},
{
"text": " As the crow flies the distances to these places are , however , ( Hagen ) , ( Frankfurt ) , ( Koblenz ) and ( Cologne ) . The city lies on the German-Dutch holiday road called the Orange Route , joining towns , cities and regions associated with the House of Orange .",
"title": "Location"
},
{
"text": " The citys total land area is roughly . Its greatest east-west span is about , and its greatest north-south span is about . City limits are long . Siegen lies at a median elevation of above sea level . The citys greatest elevation is the peak of the Pfannenberg at above sea level at southern city limits . Siegens lowest point is above sea level at Niederschelden at southwestern city limits , which there also forms the state boundary with Rhineland-Palatinate . Roughly 60% of the citys land is wooded , making Siegen one of Germanys greenest cities .",
"title": "City area"
},
{
"text": "The city area is divided into six zones , called Bezirke in German and comparable to boroughs in some cities , which themselves are further divided into various communities ( Ortsteile and Stadtteile ) . Each borough has a borough board consisting of 15 voting and 15 non-voting members who are appointed by city council with regard to each partys share of the vote in the municipal elections in the borough in question . The borough boards decide on matters particular to their respective boroughs . These matters are laid down in Siegens city charter .",
"title": "City area"
},
{
"text": " Siegens six boroughs and communities belonging to each boroughs are : - District I ( Geisweid ) : Birlenbach , Meiswinkel , Langenholdinghausen , Geisweid , Dillnhütten , Sohlbach , Buchen , Niedersetzen , Obersetzen - District II ( Weidenau ) : - District III ( Ost ) : Kaan-Marienborn , parts of Alt-Siegen ( Giersberg ) , Bürbach , Volnsberg , Breitenbach , Feuersbach - District IV ( Mitte ) : Alt-Siegen ( parts not belonging to borough III or V )",
"title": "Administrative division"
},
{
"text": "- District V ( West ) : Seelbach , Trupbach and parts of Alt-Siegen ( Wellersberg , Fischbacherberg , Achenbach , Rothenberg )",
"title": "Administrative division"
},
{
"text": " - District VI ( Süd ) : Oberschelden , Gosenbach , Niederschelden , Eiserfeld , Eisern",
"title": "Administrative division"
},
{
"text": "Along with the boroughs and communities into which the city is divided , as mandated by law , there are also further subdivisions within the communities , each with its own name , but none with distinctly clear borders . They are called Quartiere , which can be rendered as quarters or neighbourhoods . Examples of these include the Unterstadt , the Oberstadt , Hammerhütte , Lindenberg , Charlottental , Haardter Berg ( with the university ) and the Alte Dreisbach . Some neighbourhoods even straddle community boundaries , like Sieghütte , parts of which can be found in both",
"title": "Administrative division"
},
{
"text": "Siegen-Mitte and Weidenau . Moreover , some neighbourhoods even overlap each other . Unlike the boroughs ( Bezirke ) or communities ( Ortsteile and Stadtteile ) , the Quartiere have no statistical or administrative importance . They do , however , serve some function as to their inhabitants identity , but more practically than that , they are also useful for finding ones way with a city map and using in bus route names and on public notices and traffic signs . Many of the Hüttentalstraße city Autobahns exits are also named after the Quartiere that they serve .",
"title": "Administrative division"
},
{
"text": " The communities of Weidenau , Geisweid , Birlenbach , Langenholdinghausen , Buchen , Sohlbach , Dillnhütten , Niedersetzen , Obersetzen and Meiswinkel formed from 1 July 1966 to 31 December 1974 the town of Hüttental . The communities of Eiserfeld , Eisern , Gosenbach , Niederschelden and Oberschelden formed the town of Eiserfeld between those same two dates .",
"title": "Administrative division"
},
{
"text": " The city of Siegen borders in the north on the town of Kreuztal and the community of Wenden , in the east on the town of Netphen , in the southeast on the community of Wilnsdorf , in the south on the community of Neunkirchen , in the west on the community of Mudersbach ( Altenkirchen in Rhineland-Palatinate ) and in the northwest on the town of Freudenberg .",
"title": "Neighbouring communities"
},
{
"text": "The name Siegen comes from the possibly Celtic river name Sieg . It is , however , unclear whether there is any relation between this name and the Celtic-Germanic Sicambri ( Ger . Sugambrer ) people , who in pre-Christian times lived in parts of North Rhine-Westphalia . The first documentary mention of the place called Sigena dates from 1079 . The citys history is markedly shaped by mining , which locally began as far back as La Tène times . Bearing witness to this longtime industry are the many mines that can be found within city limits .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "In 1224 , Siegen is mentioned as a newly built town whose ownership was shared by the Count of Nassau , Heinrich the Rich , and Engelbert II of Berg , Archbishop of Cologne after the latter transferred one half of the ownership to the former . Moreover , there is proof that the Oberes Schloss ( upper stately home ) was already standing at this time . On 19 October 1303 , the town was granted Soester Stadtrecht , or Soest town rights . The town remained under the two overlords joint ownership until 1 February 1381 , only",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "then passing fully into Nassau hands .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " In the 16th century , the town of Siegen bore a formidable defensive look . It was surrounded by mighty walls with 16 towers and three town gates , and was home to a great castle . The town was stricken several times by townwide fires . Documents record such fires in 1592 , and from 10 to 20 April 1695 .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "In 1536 , Heinrich the Rich built a paedagogium in the buildings that had once housed a Franciscan Monastery . It later grew into todays Gymnasium at Siegens Löhrtor ( gate ) . Johann VII of Nassau-Siegen ( Johann the Intermediary ) built the Unteres Schloss ( lower stately home ) on the site of an old Franciscan Monastery . In 1616 , Johann VII founded a knightly war school in the still standing old armoury on Burgstraße , expressly to produce an officer corps for Calvinism .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " His son Johann VIII ( The Younger ) returned in 1612 to the Roman Catholic Church , and wanted to use force to make the townsfolk also convert back to Roman Catholicism . In 1632 , Nassau-Siegen was conquered by the Swedes , after which his half-brother John Maurice of Nassau-Siegen , the Dutch commander in Brazil , re-introduced Protestantism . John VIII died in 1638 and was succeeded by his only son Johan Frans Desideratus , who had to cede part of Nassau-Siegen ( north of the Sieg river ) to the Protestant branch of the family .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "John Maurices leadership served in 1650–1651 to bring about a split in the Siegerland along denominational lines . Under Wilhelm Hyacinth of Nassau-Siegen , violence broke out between the two denominational groups . When on 29 March 1707 townsman Friedrich Flender was killed , Wilhelm Hyacinth was himself unseated and furthermore driven out of the town . Wilhelm Hyacinth was the last in the line of Nassau-Siegens Catholic rulers , dying in 1743 . Already in 1734 , though , the Reformed line had died out , too , with Friedrich Wilhelms death , leading Charles VI , Holy Roman",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Emperor to transfer power in the territory to the Prince of Orange and the Prince of Nassau-Diez . Under their leadership , mining , the main source of wealth , blossomed , along with agriculture and silviculture . When Prince William of Orange refused to join the Confederation of the Rhine , founded by Napoleon , he found himself unseated by the French leader and the Siegerland passed to the Grand Duchy of Berg . After Napoleons downfall in 1813 , however , William I regained his former German inheritances , but in 1815 he ceded them to the Kingdom",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "of Prussia for the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg . Siegen was assigned to the Siegen district , first in the Koblenz region , and as of 1817 in the Arnsberg region within the Prussian Province of Westphalia .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " Under Prussian rule , Siegen developed into the South Westphalian centre that it is today . On 1 March 1923 , Siegen was set apart from the district bearing its name , and became a district-free town , while still keeping its function as seat of the district of which it was no longer part , and which was itself merged with Wittgenstein district under district reform in 1975 . Siegen also lost its district-free status at this time , becoming part of the new Siegen-Wittgenstein district , the name that the district has borne since 1984 .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "During World War II , Siegen was repeatedly bombed by the Allies owing to a crucial railroad that crossed through the town . On 1 April 1945 , the US 8th Infantry Division began the Allied ground assault against Siegen and the dominating military-significant high ground north of the river . The battle against determined German forces at Siegen continued through 2 April 1945 , until organized resistance was finally overwhelmed by the division on 3 April 1945.<section />",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "The town of Siegen belonged in the beginning to the Archbishopric of Mainz , or more precisely to its deaconry of Arfeld . There was a White Nun convent in town that folded in the 15th century . Furthermore , there was a Franciscan Monastery that was dissolved in 1533 after the Nassau overlords had introduced the Reformation in 1530 . After that , the town was first Lutheran , but in 1550 , the Principality of Nassau converted to the Reformed Church . Subsequently , Siegen was a predominantly Protestant town , but not so strongly that the Counterreformation",
"title": "Religion"
},
{
"text": "could not gain ground in 1623 , with one fifth of the townsfolk and those living in the surrounding area becoming Catholic once again . As of 1626 , there was once more a monastery in town , this time a Jesuit one . After passing to Prussia in 1815 , the union between Lutheran and Reformed churches was introduced in Siegen , as it was throughout Prussia , but the towns parishes kept their Reformed emphasis . As part of the Westphalian Provincial Church ( now the Church of Westphalia ) , Siegen became the seat of a Superintendency",
"title": "Religion"
},
{
"text": ". A similar entity still exists in Siegen , known as the Kirchenkreis , or church district , to which all the citys parishes nowadays belong , unless they are Free Church parishes . This church district encompasses the whole of South Westphalia all the way to Olpe .",
"title": "Religion"
},
{
"text": " The towns Catholics , even after the Reformation , still belonged to the Archbishopric of Mainz . With the restructuring of the Catholic Church early in the 19th century , Siegen was assigned to the Archbishopric of Paderborn and became the seat of a district synod , today a deaconry , to which all the districts Catholic parishes belong . Paderborn was raised to Archbishopric in 1929 . Besides the Roman Catholic Church , Siegen also has a Greek Orthodox parish and a Romanian Orthodox parish .",
"title": "Religion"
},
{
"text": "Moreover , there are various free churches established in Siegen , among them several Evangelical Free Church parishes ( Baptists ) , an Evangelical-Methodist Church , an Independent Evangelical-Lutheran Church ( SELK ) , a Seventh-day Adventist parish , several Free Evangelical parishes ( FeG ) , the Achenbach Christian Community , the Christian Assembly , Calvary Chapel and the Siegen-Meiswinkel Mission Community .",
"title": "Religion"
},
{
"text": " Further religious communities in Siegen are The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints , the New Apostolic Church , the Jehovahs Witnesses , an Original Christianity community and Baháʼí . Moreover , owing to a great number of Turkish and Arab migrants in Siegen , the Muslim community is also very much in evidence there and there are several mosques in Siegen run by Turkish , Arab and Albanian communities . There are said to be more than 15,000 Muslims out of Siegens total population .",
"title": "Religion"
},
{
"text": " The following communities and rural areas have been amalgamated with Siegen : - 1902 and 1912 : parts of Buschgotthardtshütten - 1934 : parts of Achenbach - 1937 : parts of Achenbach and Buschgotthardtshütten - 1966 : Trupbach , Seelbach , Breitenbach , Bürbach , Kaan-Marienborn and Volnsberg - 1969 : Feuersbach - 1974 : towns of Hüttental and Eiserfeld",
"title": "Municipal reform"
},
{
"text": " In 1897 , Siegen had 20,000 inhabitants . By 1939 , this figure had doubled to 40,000 . In the World War II , the town lost roughly 30% of its inhabitants ( 12,000 ) . The population had fallen to 28,000 by 1945 and only in 1952 did it once again reach prewar levels .",
"title": "Population development"
},
{
"text": "On 1 January 1975 , Siegens population surpassed 100,000 through the amalgamation of Hüttental ( 38,867 inhabitants in 1974 ) and Eiserfeld ( 22,354 inhabitants in 1974 ) , making it a city . With 117,224 inhabitants it also at the same time reached its all-time highest population . At the end of June 2005 , according to the North Rhine-Westphalia State Office for Data Processing and Statistics ( Landesamt für Datenverarbeitung und Statistik Nordrhein-Westfalen ) , 105,328 people made Siegen their main abode . Since 1975 , the population has fallen by roughly 10% ( 12,000 ) .",
"title": "Population development"
},
{
"text": "The following chart shows population figures for Siegens municipal area , however big it was at each given time . Up to 1833 , most figures are estimates , and thereafter census figures ( ¹ ) or official estimates by the statistical office of the time or the town/city administration itself . The given figures indicate from 1843 the population present in the town ( Ortsanwesende Bevölkerung ) , from 1925 the dwelling population ( Wohnbevölkerung ) , and since 1987 the Population in the place of main residence ( Bevölkerung am Ort der Hauptwohnung ) . Before 1843 ,",
"title": "Population development"
},
{
"text": "population figures come from irregular surveying procedures .",
"title": "Population development"
},
{
"text": " The city councils 62 seats are apportioned thus , in accordance with municipal elections held on 26 September 2004 : None of the parties represented on city council holds a majority , and no coalition has been struck . However , the CDU and the FDP have a fixed , contractual coöperation agreement and at least have at their disposal a joint majority voice on some committees . In the council chamber , on the other hand , their 30 seats are not an absolute majority and they do not always prevail .",
"title": "City council"
},
{
"text": "At the citys helm since the 13th century , there have been several mayors of whom evidence survives . In 1304 and 1305 , a council ( consules ) was mentioned for the first time . As early as 1224 , however , documents mention Burgmänner ( Castle Men ) as well as three Bürgermeister ( Mayors ) who were changed yearly . As of 1500 , only two mayors were chosen every year . In the 18th century , the guilds were achieving ever greater influence in the town . Thereafter the ruling or office-holding old shoemaking master represented",
"title": "Mayors"
},
{
"text": "the common townsfolk on the council . The mediaeval town charter was kept right up until 1809 , and parts of it even held until 1815 , but that year there was a self-endorsing council with 12 members , over which presided the mayor . As of 1824 , the suburbs got their own chief administrator who was subordinate to the mayor of Siegen . In 1836 , the Prussian municipal system was introduced . After the town was separated from Siegen district in 1923 , the mayor was given the title Oberbürgermeister ( roughly equivalent to Lord Mayor )",
"title": "Mayors"
},
{
"text": ". The mayor who came to office in 1919 kept his position right through the time of the Third Reich , whereas some mayors in other German and Austrian towns , whose political views were at odds with the Nazis , were removed forcibly .",
"title": "Mayors"
},
{
"text": "After the Second World War , the military government of the British Zone of Occupation installed a new mayor , and in 1946 it introduced a new town charter based on a British model , leading to a Council of the town elected by the people , whose members were called Stadtverordnete ( town councillors ) . In the beginning , the council chose one from its midst as the mayor as the towns head and representative , which was an honorary function . Furthermore , as of 1946 , the council also began choosing a full-time Oberstadtdirektor , or",
"title": "Mayors"
},
{
"text": "Higher Town Director , to lead the towns administration .",
"title": "Mayors"
},
{
"text": " After Siegen was reunited with the district of the same name in 1975 , these two officials bore the titles Bürgermeister and Stadtdirektor respectively . In 1999 , this two-headed arrangement was forsaken in favour of a single city leader , with the title Bürgermeister , who serves as chairman or chairwoman of city council , leader of city administration and city representative . He or she is directly elected nowadays . Mayors ( Bürgermeister and Oberbürgermeister ) since 1919 - 1919–1945 : Alfred Fißmer , Oberbürgermeister - 1945 : Fritz Fries , Oberbürgermeister",
"title": "Mayors"
},
{
"text": "- 1945–1946 : Otto Schwarz , Oberbürgermeister",
"title": "Mayors"
},
{
"text": " - 1946–1948 : Ernst Weißelberg , Oberbürgermeister - 1948–1956 : Ernst Bach , Oberbürgermeister - 1956–1961 : Erich Pachnicke , Oberbürgermeister - 1961–1966 : Karl Eckmann , Oberbürgermeister - 1966–1975 : Karl Althaus , Oberbürgermeister - 1975–1979 : Friedemann Keßler , Bürgermeister - 1979–1990 : Hans Reinhardt , Bürgermeister - 1990–1994 : Hilde Fiedler , Bürgermeisterin - 1994–1999 : Karl Wilhelm Kirchhöfer , Bürgermeister - 1999–2007 : Ulf Stötzel ( CDU ) , Bürgermeister - 2007–today : Steffen Mues ( CDU ) , Bürgermeister",
"title": "Mayors"
},
{
"text": " - 1946–1954 : Max Baumann , Oberstadtdirektor - 1954–1975 : Kurt Seibt , Oberstadtdirektor - 1975–1985 : Hans Mohn , Stadtdirektor - 1985–1989 : Volker Oerter , Stadtdirektor - 1989–1995 : Otto-Werner Rappold , Stadtdirektor ( left office early with effect on 2 December 1995 by his own wish ) - 1995–1999 : Ulrich Mock , Stadtdirektor ( at first as Dr . Rappolds General Agent until 31 January 1997 , then appointed fulltime Stadtdirektor )",
"title": "Stadtdirektoren and Oberstadtdirektoren 1946–1999"
},
{
"text": " Siegens civic coat of arms might be described thus : Argent a town wall embattled gules with an open gateway argent , therein in an inescutcheon azure a lion rampant Or armed and langued gules , issuant from the wall a bishop in robe and mitre azure ( trimmed in argent ) holding in his hand dexter a crozier argent with crook Or sinister , in his hand sinister , upraised , an open book argent with pages edged gules .",
"title": "Coat of arms"
},
{
"text": "The bishop in the citys arms is the Bishop of Cologne . The wall symbolizes the city itself , and the inescutcheon in the gateway shows the Lion of Nassau in blue and gold ( or yellow ) , which are Nassaus colours . The arms are based on the oldest known town seal , from 1248 . The inescutcheon once also had gold billets ( upright rectangles ) around the lion , but these do not appear in what became the towns ( and later citys ) coat of arms in 1875 .",
"title": "Coat of arms"
},
{
"text": " Although the town was about 80% destroyed in the World War II , Siegen has kept a number of buildings worth seeing , such as the two stately homes , the Oberes Schloss and the Unteres Schloss .",
"title": "Sights"
},
{
"text": "The castle on the Siegberg was first mentioned in a document in 1259 and was the family seat of the House of Nassau . Since 1905 , the Siegerland Museum has been here . Alongside regional exhibits – among them an artificial demonstration mine – are many paintings . The centrepiece of this collection is made up of works by the man who is arguably the best known native , Peter Paul Rubens . There is also quite a comprehensive collection of portraits of members of the Houses of Nassau and Orange . The top floor is devoted to 19th-century",
"title": "Oberes Schloss"
},
{
"text": "home décor . A kitchen from the Siegerland , a bedroom and many pieces of furniture from the Biedermeier era give one an impression of life in the region in bygone days .",
"title": "Oberes Schloss"
},
{
"text": " Late in the 17th century , the Lower Stately Home came into being in its current form , somewhat like an open rectangle . The Evangelical line of the House of Nassau-Siegen resided here . Also belonging to the Schloss is the Dicker Turm , or Fat Tower with a carillon . In 1959 , the then town of Siegen built a memorial for victims of war and tyranny . Inside the Schloss is also found the crypt of the Evangelical branch of the Nassau princely house .",
"title": "Unteres Schloss"
},
{
"text": "Today , the Schloss serves as a state authority building in which the North Rhine-Westphalia Building and Property Establishment , the State Environment Office , the Office for Occupational Health and Safety and the Attendorn Correctional Facility ( Siegen Branch Facility ) are all housed . By the citys plans , a university is supposed to move into the Unteres Schloss within the next few years , but at this time , the plan is failing to find any financial backing .",
"title": "Unteres Schloss"
},
{
"text": " Two churches in downtown Siegen are to be brought to the visitors attention : The Martinikirche dating from the 11th century and the Nikolaikirche at the marketplace with its unusual eight-sided shape and its golden Krönchen ( coronet ) – the citys landmark – on the church tower , which is a prominent feature of Siegens skyline ( Siegen is sometimes called Krönchenstadt for this unusual feature ) . Another church is the Marienkirche , built by the Jesuits between 1702 and 1729 . Also worth seeing are Siegens Old Town and several museums in the city core .",
"title": "Churches"
},
{
"text": "In the southwest of the city core , at the foot of the Ziegenberg , is a spherical gas holder , or gasometer , which is protected by law as a monument . It is one of the oldest spherical gas holders still preserved . Another peculiarity is its riveted casing . Only three other such gas holders are known to exist worldwide ( all in Germany , in Schwerte , Offenburg and Bielefeld ) . The holder had to be moved a few metres owing to construction on the municipal Autobahn , the Hüttentalstraße , and in the residential",
"title": "Gasometer"
},
{
"text": "area of Ziegenberg , and it now forms the symbolic sun as part of a scale model of the planets above the gas holder .",
"title": "Gasometer"
},
{
"text": " Within Siegens city limits are 36 municipally run cemeteries . Ten of them are already closed and are available for burials only because of existing laws . The cemeteries have a total area of 730 000 m² with roughly 65,000 graves . Characteristic of regional cemeteries are hillside graves and a green , parklike layout that even affords wildlife a chance at reoccupying the land . Cemeteries within city limits are : - Lindenbergfriedhof - Hermelsbacher Friedhof - Stockfriedhof - Geisweider Friedhof - Haardter Friedhof - Gilbergfriedhof - Friedhof Kaan-Marienborn - Neuer Friedhof Niederschelden",
"title": "Cemeteries"
},
{
"text": " In the Apollo-Theater ( a downtown former 1930s cinema that underwent remodelling and opened in mid-2007 ) , Siegen has one of the current decades most important newly built theatres . A controlling interest in this venture is held by TheaterSiegen intendant Magnus Reitschuster . Since 1992 , the media and cultural house Lÿz has been a venue for cabaret , music and theatre in Siegen . On the two stages , roughly 150 events appear every season .",
"title": "Theatre"
},
{
"text": "Bigger events take place at the Bühne der Stadt ( Citys Stage , with about 820 seats ) , the Siegerlandhalle ( 1 800 m² , 2,300 seats ) or the Bismarckhalle . As well , there are regular open-air concerts and productions in the inner yard at Unteres Schloss .",
"title": "Theatre"
},
{
"text": " The main centre of art in Siegen are the Museum for Contemporary Art and the Haus Seel – city gallery . The Siegerland Museum is dedicated to regional history . The Oranienstraße House , built at 1900 in the Italian country house style , is attached to the Siegerland Museum since 1993 as an exhibit forum . There is a varied program of temporary exhibitions of all kinds , from archaeological excavations to contemporary avant-garde art . Poet and author readings are also part of the program , such as classic concerts .",
"title": "Museums"
},
{
"text": "In Geisweid is found the Beatles Home Museum , run by Harold Krämer . According to the 2000 Guinness Book of Records , the 27 m² museum is the smallest public museum in the world devoted to the four Liverpudlian musicians . The collection holds more than 17,000 recordings , souvenirs , film posters , and autographs and other memorabilia .",
"title": "Museums"
},
{
"text": " - Early in the year : SILA ( Siegerlandausstellung – Siegerland Exhibition ) , even-numbered years only - March to November , first Saturday in each month : Flea market in Siegen-Geisweid ( since 1970 ) , no new goods - June to August : Mittwochs in different bands every Wednesday in Siegen-Weidenau - June : Johannimarkt , a fair held for some 400 years",
"title": "Regular events"
},
{
"text": "- June/July : Siegener Sommerfestival , plays , cabaret , theatre , music and cinema since about 1990 . ( In 2006 , instead of the traditional summer festival , a World Cup festival was held )",
"title": "Regular events"
},
{
"text": " - July : Stadtfest ( City Festival ) , even-numbered years only - July : Rubensfest , odd-numbered years only - August : Siegen Open-Air Cinema - August : Christopher Street Day ( CSD ) , since 2000 - August : Siegtal-Pur All streets only opened for bikes ( the HTS ( local Motorway ) too ) - Summer : Street Festival at the Corn Market - October : 2nd Sunday : Bürgerfest Geisweid - November : Geisweider Adventsmarkt , since about 1985 - December : Christmas market , since about 1980",
"title": "Regular events"
},
{
"text": " The city and its surrounding region speak in addition to standard German also have a characteristic local dialect : Siegerländisch .",
"title": "Dialect"
},
{
"text": " The Dilldappe is an old mythical creature from the Siegerland . It lives mainly in the Siegerland Hauberg ( coöperatively managed woodlots ) . Early in the 1980s , the writer and cartoonist Matthias Kringe first published a calendar about the creature , written in the local dialect of German . The Rubens Prize of the City of Siegen .",
"title": "Tales and legends"
},
{
"text": "The Rubens Prize of the City of Siegen , founded in 1955 , is awarded every five years to a painter or graphic artist whose lifes work has been groundbreaking on the European stage . The title recalls the painter-diplomat Peter Paul Rubens , who expressed in his lifes work the thought of European unity , long before it could become a political reality . Peter Paul Rubens – who was born in Siegen , grew up in Cologne and Antwerp , trained in art in Italy , was esteemed in France and acted as a diplomat in Spain and",
"title": "Tales and legends"
},
{
"text": "England – as the main master of European Baroque painting set those artistic and European standards to which the awarding of the prize has been bound since 1957–1958 .",
"title": "Tales and legends"
},
{
"text": " - Hans Hartung ( 1957/1958 ) - Giorgio Morandi ( 1962 ) - Francis Bacon ( 1967 ) - Antoni Tàpies ( 1972 ) - Fritz Winter ( 1977 ) - Emil Schumacher ( 1982 ) - Cy Twombly ( 1987 ) - Rupprecht Geiger ( 1992 ) - Lucian Freud ( 1997 ) - Maria Lassnig ( 2002 ) - Sigmar Polke ( 2007 ) - Bridget Riley ( 2012 ) - Niele Toroni ( 2017 )",
"title": "Past prizewinners :"
},
{
"text": " The city sport league includes 160 sport clubs in which roughly 37,000 members are active . National importance was achieved in 2005 by the Sportfreunde Siegen mens football team at Leimbachstadion when they rose from the Regionalliga Süd up to the 2nd Bundesliga , although the next year they dropped back down again . As six-time German Champions , the TSV Siegen womens football team was very successful in the 1990s .",
"title": "Sport"
},
{
"text": " In the south of the district in the community of Burbach lies the Siegerland Airport through which Siegen is connected to many other airports in Germany .",
"title": "Air transport"
},
{
"text": " The city of Siegen lies on European long-distance path E1 running from the middle of Sweden to Umbria in Italy . There is , however , no organized cycling trail network in Siegen . Riding in bus lanes is sporadically allowed . Bicycle transport is generally poorly developed in Siegen . Owing to dual carriageways within the city and nearby , as well as transport planning that rather favours cars , bicycle transport has been somewhat thwarted . Together with the partly hilly topography , there is therefore little in the way of bicycle transport in Siegen .",
"title": "Bicycle transport"
},
{
"text": " Siegen station lies at the junction of the following railway lines : - The two-track electrified Ruhr–Sieg line ( Ruhr-Sieg-Strecke ) is used for regional services , usually hourly , of the Ruhr-Sieg-Express ( RE 16 ) and the Ruhr-Sieg-Bahn ( RB 91 ) . - The Rothaar Railway ( Rothaarbahn ) is served , usually hourly by Rothaar-Bahn ( RB 93 ) services , connecting in Erndtebrück to Obere Lahntal-Bahn ( RB 94/RMV Line 43 ) services , usually two-hourly , on the Upper Lahn Valley Railway ( Obere Lahntal-Bahn ) .",
"title": "Rail transport"
},
{
"text": "- The two-track electrified Dill Railway ( Dill-Strecke ) is served , usually two-hourly , by the Rhein-Sieg-Express ( RE 9 ) and the Main-Sieg-Express ( RE 99 ) and hourly by the Sieg-Dill-Bahn ( RB 95 ) ( only to and from Dillenburg ) .",
"title": "Rail transport"
},
{
"text": " - The mostly two-track electrified Sieg line ( Siegstrecke ) is served , usually hourly , by the Rhein-Sieg-Express ( RE 9 ) and Sieg-Dill-Bahn ( RB 95 ) services ( only to and from Au ) .",
"title": "Rail transport"
},
{
"text": " On 18 March 1895 , the Netphener Omnibusgesellschaft opened the worlds first busline using a petrol-powered omnibus , running a service from its base in Netphen to Siegen and Deuz . Today , local road transport offers many regional , express and local buses , along with a night bus service connecting Siegen with its outlying communities and neighbouring towns . They are run by the South Westphalia Transport Services ( Verkehrsbetriebe Westfalen-Süd ; VWS ) whose headquarters are in Siegen .",
"title": "Bus transport"
},
{
"text": "For the whole of local public transport , the tariff of the South Westphalia Transport Community ( Verkehrsgemeinschaft Westfalen-Süd ; VGWS ) applies , regardless of the North Rhine-Westphalia tariff .",
"title": "Bus transport"
},
{
"text": " With regard to long-distance roads , the city of Siegen is connected to Autobahnen A 45 ( Dortmund – Aschaffenburg ) and A 4 ( Cologne – Olpe ) , and to Federal Highways ( Bundesstraßen ) 54 , 54n , 62 and 62n . Siegen is home to the tallest bridge of the A 45 and one of the highest in Germany , the Siegtalbrücke . Built from 1964 to 1969 , it is approximately 96 m high and 1 050 m long .",
"title": "Roads"
},
{
"text": "The shape that the city takes has much to do with the Hüttentalstraße ( HTS ) ( Federal Highways 54n and 62n ) which serves as a municipal Autobahn – much of it elevated – that runs through the city area .",
"title": "Roads"
},
{
"text": " The A 4 between Wenden and Kreuztal has been newly built . In the heights over Kreuztals outlying community of Krombach , it now joins with the HTS . On this 12-kilometre stretch of highway are eight valley bridges as well as ten under- and overpasses . This new part was opened on 1 December 2007 .",
"title": "Roads"
},
{
"text": " Siegen is South Westphalias service and administrative centre . Much of its industry is based on metalworking . Pedestrian precincts in Bahnhofsstraße ( Railway Station Street ) and Kölner Tor ( Cologne Gate ) , both downtown , have made shopping in Siegen very convenient , as have the shopping centres City-Galerie ( opened in 1998 ) and Sieg Carré ( opened in 2006 , both downtown ) and Siegerlandzentrum ( Siegen-Weidenau ) , and the Marburger Straße shopping street ( downtown ) . In 2005 , an IKEA store and a Peek & Cloppenburg location opened .",
"title": "Economy"
},
{
"text": " Siegen is home to the Siegen-Wittgenstein district administration and location of a Chamber of Industry and Trade ( Industrie- und Handelskammer , or IHK , one of 81 such regional institutions in Germany ) for the districts of Siegen-Wittgenstein and Olpe . Home to the Siegen State Court , a local court and a labour court , the city is also an important court centre .",
"title": "Public institutions"
},
{
"text": " In Siegen , the Westdeutscher Rundfunk ( WDR ) maintains a studio where regional radio and television news for South Westphalia is produced . The daily broadcast goes out in the South Westphalia regional window following the programme Aktuelle Stunde ( a newsmagazine show ) on WDRs third channel . Moreover , WDR also runs a transmission facility for VHF radio and television ( once also medium wave ) at the Giersberg .",
"title": "Media"
},
{
"text": "Daily newspapers in Siegen include not only the Siegener Zeitung but also local editions of the Westfälische Rundschau and the Westfalenpost . All three appear in the morning , although the first was until 2000 an afternoon paper . Furthermore , at the Obergraben is found the regional , Radio-NRW-connected Radio Siegens studio building .",
"title": "Media"
},
{
"text": " In the early decades of the 17th century , the Herborn Academy temporarily relocated to Siegen , in the buildings of the Unteres Schloss , which came to an end when the Plague broke out . Siegens oldest school is the Gymnasium am Löhrtor , a grammar school .",
"title": "Education"
},
{
"text": " - Gymnasium am Löhrtor ( GAL ) - Fürst-Johann-Moritz-Gymnasium ( FJM ) - Peter-Paul-Rubens-Gymnasium , formerly known as Ganztagsgymnasium am Rosterberg - Evangelisches Gymnasium ( EV ) - Gymnasium auf der Morgenröthe ( GAM )",
"title": "Grammar schools"
},
{
"text": " - Albert Schweitzer Schule - Birlenbacher Schule - Burgschule - Diesterwegschule - Dreisbachschule - Eiserner Schule - Fischbacherbergschule - Friedrich Flender Schule - Geisweider Schule - Giersbergschule - Glückaufschule - Gosenbacher Schule - Grundschule Eiserfeld - Grundschule Kaan-Marienborn - Hammerhütter Schule - Hüttentalschule - Jung Stilling Schule - Lindenbergschule - Nordschule - Obenstruthschule - Sonnenhangschule - Spandauer Schule",
"title": "Primary schools"
},
{
"text": " Siegen is headquarters of the University of Siegen , founded on 1 August 1972 as the Gesamthochschule Siegen . As well , the Fachhochschule für Oekonomie & Management has a study centre , which is shared with the Academy of Administration and Economics . Siegen also has various general-education and professional schools , and the Siegerlandkolleg . Twin towns – sister cities . Siegen is twinned with : - Spandau ( Berlin ) , Germany ( 1952 ) - Katwijk , Netherlands ( 1963 , formerly Rijnsburg )",
"title": "Higher education"
},
{
"text": "- Leeds , England , United Kingdom ( 1966 , formerly Morley )",
"title": "Higher education"
},
{
"text": " - Ypres , Belgium ( 1967 ) - Zakopane , Poland ( 1989 ) - Plauen , Germany ( 1990 )",
"title": "Higher education"
},
{
"text": " - Henry III of Nassau-Breda ( 1483–1538 ) , Count of Nassau and Lord of Breda - Tilemann Stella ( 1525–1589 ) , Renaissance scholar and librarian , mathematician , geometerer , cartographer and astronomer - Peter Paul Rubens ( 1577–1640 ) , Baroque painter - Johann Heinrich Bisterfeld ( 1605–1655 ) , philosopher , polyhistor - Georg Wilhelm de Gennin ( 1676–1750 ) , Russian military officer and engineer ; baptized here - Franz Hunolt ( 1691–1746 ) , Jesuit , theologian - Adolph Diesterweg ( 1790–1866 ) , pedagogue and mastermind of reform education",
"title": "Notable people"
},
{
"text": "- Heinrich Kreutz ( 1854–1907 ) , astronomer and publisher",
"title": "Notable people"
},
{
"text": " - Charles H . Daub ( 1855–1917 ) , member of the Wisconsin State Assembly - Fritz Busch ( 1890–1951 ) , conductor - Adolf Busch ( 1891–1952 ) , German-Swiss violinist and conductor - Walter Kraemer ( 1892–1941 ) , politician ( KPD ) and resistance fighter against Nazism - Paul Giesler ( 1895–1945 ) , Nazi functionary , Premier of Bavaria - Heinrich Gontermann ( 1896–1917 ) , fighter ace - Friedrich Middelhauve ( 1896–1966 ) , publisher and politician ( FDP ) - Hermann Giesler ( 1898–1987 ) , architect",
"title": "Notable people"
},
{
"text": "- Ernst Achenbach ( 1909–1991 ) , politician ( FDP )",
"title": "Notable people"
},
{
"text": " - Herbert Schäfer ( 1927–1991 ) , football player and coach - Walter Schneider ( 1927–2010 ) , motorcycle racing driver - Bernd Becher ( 1931–2007 ) , conceptual artist and photographer - Heinfried Birlenbach ( 1940–2020 ) , shot putter - Joachim Frank ( born 1940 ) , German-American biophysicist and a Nobel laureate - Rolf Stommelen ( 1943–1983 ) , Formula One racer - Josef Clemens ( born 1947 ) , bishop - Klaus Scheer ( born 1950 ) , football player and coach - Christoph Bode ( born 1952 ) , literary scholar",
"title": "Notable people"
},
{
"text": "- Reinhard Goebel ( born 1952 ) , conductor and violinist",
"title": "Notable people"
},
{
"text": " - Annegret Kober ( born 1957 ) , swimmer - Bernward Koch ( born 1957 ) , musician - Burkhard Jung ( born 1958 ) , Lord Mayor of Leipzig - Dieter Falk ( born 1959 ) , music producer , keyboardist and composer - Peter Autschbach ( born 1961 ) , guitarist - Frank Heinrich ( born 1964 ) , theologian and politician ( MdB ) - Navid Kermani ( born 1967 ) , orientalist and Islamic studies scholar - Petra Lobinger ( born 1967 ) , athlete",
"title": "Notable people"
},
{
"text": "- Peter Stein ( born 1968 ) , politician ( CDU )",
"title": "Notable people"
},
{
"text": " - Monika Meyer ( born 1972 ) , footballer - Sabrina Mockenhaupt ( born 1980 ) , long distance runner - August Wittgenstein ( born 1981 ) , prince and actor - Florian Kringe ( born 1982 ) , footballer - Moritz Volz ( born 1983 ) , footballer - Christian Nüchtern ( born 1992 ) , ice dancer",
"title": "Notable people"
},
{
"text": " Siegen has conferred honorary citizenship upon the following persons : - 1887 : Heinrich von Achenbach , High President of the Province of Brandenburg - 1891 : Otto von Bismarck , Reich chancellor - 1933 : Adolf Hitler , Reich chancellor* - 1933 : Paul von Hindenburg , General Field Marshal and Reich President",
"title": "Honorary citizens"
},
{
"text": "For all those listed up to here , honorary citizenship , according to Enactment no . 21 to the amended German Municipal System of 1 April 1946 , has been forfeited . *According to the city council of Siegen Adolf Hitlers honorary citizenship was lapsed by British military law . Caused by political discussion the city council denied Hitlers honorary citizenship posthumously on 29 August 2007 .",
"title": "Honorary citizens"
}
] |
/wiki/Siegen#P17#4
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Which country did Siegen belong to between Feb 1857 and Mar 1862?
|
Siegen Siegen ( ) is a city in Germany , in the south Westphalian part of North Rhine-Westphalia . It is located in the district of Siegen-Wittgenstein in the Arnsberg region . The university town ( nearly 20,000 students in the 2018–2019 winter semester ) is the district seat , and is ranked as a higher centre in the South Westphalian urban agglomeration . In 1975 , municipal reforms and amalgamations lifted Siegens population above the 100,000 mark . Geography . Location . The city of Siegen lies in the basin of the upper reaches of the river Sieg . From there , lateral valleys branch off in many directions . The heights of the surrounding mountains , wherever they are not actually settled , are covered in coppice . To the north lies the Sauerland , to the northwest the Rothaargebirge and to the southwest the Westerwald . The nearest cities to Siegen , taking into account average travelling distances , are Hagen to the north , Frankfurt am Main to the southeast , Koblenz to the southwest and Cologne to the west . As the crow flies the distances to these places are , however , ( Hagen ) , ( Frankfurt ) , ( Koblenz ) and ( Cologne ) . The city lies on the German-Dutch holiday road called the Orange Route , joining towns , cities and regions associated with the House of Orange . City area . The citys total land area is roughly . Its greatest east-west span is about , and its greatest north-south span is about . City limits are long . Siegen lies at a median elevation of above sea level . The citys greatest elevation is the peak of the Pfannenberg at above sea level at southern city limits . Siegens lowest point is above sea level at Niederschelden at southwestern city limits , which there also forms the state boundary with Rhineland-Palatinate . Roughly 60% of the citys land is wooded , making Siegen one of Germanys greenest cities . The city area is divided into six zones , called Bezirke in German and comparable to boroughs in some cities , which themselves are further divided into various communities ( Ortsteile and Stadtteile ) . Each borough has a borough board consisting of 15 voting and 15 non-voting members who are appointed by city council with regard to each partys share of the vote in the municipal elections in the borough in question . The borough boards decide on matters particular to their respective boroughs . These matters are laid down in Siegens city charter . Administrative division . Siegens six boroughs and communities belonging to each boroughs are : - District I ( Geisweid ) : Birlenbach , Meiswinkel , Langenholdinghausen , Geisweid , Dillnhütten , Sohlbach , Buchen , Niedersetzen , Obersetzen - District II ( Weidenau ) : - District III ( Ost ) : Kaan-Marienborn , parts of Alt-Siegen ( Giersberg ) , Bürbach , Volnsberg , Breitenbach , Feuersbach - District IV ( Mitte ) : Alt-Siegen ( parts not belonging to borough III or V ) - District V ( West ) : Seelbach , Trupbach and parts of Alt-Siegen ( Wellersberg , Fischbacherberg , Achenbach , Rothenberg ) - District VI ( Süd ) : Oberschelden , Gosenbach , Niederschelden , Eiserfeld , Eisern Along with the boroughs and communities into which the city is divided , as mandated by law , there are also further subdivisions within the communities , each with its own name , but none with distinctly clear borders . They are called Quartiere , which can be rendered as quarters or neighbourhoods . Examples of these include the Unterstadt , the Oberstadt , Hammerhütte , Lindenberg , Charlottental , Haardter Berg ( with the university ) and the Alte Dreisbach . Some neighbourhoods even straddle community boundaries , like Sieghütte , parts of which can be found in both Siegen-Mitte and Weidenau . Moreover , some neighbourhoods even overlap each other . Unlike the boroughs ( Bezirke ) or communities ( Ortsteile and Stadtteile ) , the Quartiere have no statistical or administrative importance . They do , however , serve some function as to their inhabitants identity , but more practically than that , they are also useful for finding ones way with a city map and using in bus route names and on public notices and traffic signs . Many of the Hüttentalstraße city Autobahns exits are also named after the Quartiere that they serve . The communities of Weidenau , Geisweid , Birlenbach , Langenholdinghausen , Buchen , Sohlbach , Dillnhütten , Niedersetzen , Obersetzen and Meiswinkel formed from 1 July 1966 to 31 December 1974 the town of Hüttental . The communities of Eiserfeld , Eisern , Gosenbach , Niederschelden and Oberschelden formed the town of Eiserfeld between those same two dates . Neighbouring communities . The city of Siegen borders in the north on the town of Kreuztal and the community of Wenden , in the east on the town of Netphen , in the southeast on the community of Wilnsdorf , in the south on the community of Neunkirchen , in the west on the community of Mudersbach ( Altenkirchen in Rhineland-Palatinate ) and in the northwest on the town of Freudenberg . History . <section /> The name Siegen comes from the possibly Celtic river name Sieg . It is , however , unclear whether there is any relation between this name and the Celtic-Germanic Sicambri ( Ger . Sugambrer ) people , who in pre-Christian times lived in parts of North Rhine-Westphalia . The first documentary mention of the place called Sigena dates from 1079 . The citys history is markedly shaped by mining , which locally began as far back as La Tène times . Bearing witness to this longtime industry are the many mines that can be found within city limits . In 1224 , Siegen is mentioned as a newly built town whose ownership was shared by the Count of Nassau , Heinrich the Rich , and Engelbert II of Berg , Archbishop of Cologne after the latter transferred one half of the ownership to the former . Moreover , there is proof that the Oberes Schloss ( upper stately home ) was already standing at this time . On 19 October 1303 , the town was granted Soester Stadtrecht , or Soest town rights . The town remained under the two overlords joint ownership until 1 February 1381 , only then passing fully into Nassau hands . In the 16th century , the town of Siegen bore a formidable defensive look . It was surrounded by mighty walls with 16 towers and three town gates , and was home to a great castle . The town was stricken several times by townwide fires . Documents record such fires in 1592 , and from 10 to 20 April 1695 . In 1536 , Heinrich the Rich built a paedagogium in the buildings that had once housed a Franciscan Monastery . It later grew into todays Gymnasium at Siegens Löhrtor ( gate ) . Johann VII of Nassau-Siegen ( Johann the Intermediary ) built the Unteres Schloss ( lower stately home ) on the site of an old Franciscan Monastery . In 1616 , Johann VII founded a knightly war school in the still standing old armoury on Burgstraße , expressly to produce an officer corps for Calvinism . His son Johann VIII ( The Younger ) returned in 1612 to the Roman Catholic Church , and wanted to use force to make the townsfolk also convert back to Roman Catholicism . In 1632 , Nassau-Siegen was conquered by the Swedes , after which his half-brother John Maurice of Nassau-Siegen , the Dutch commander in Brazil , re-introduced Protestantism . John VIII died in 1638 and was succeeded by his only son Johan Frans Desideratus , who had to cede part of Nassau-Siegen ( north of the Sieg river ) to the Protestant branch of the family . John Maurices leadership served in 1650–1651 to bring about a split in the Siegerland along denominational lines . Under Wilhelm Hyacinth of Nassau-Siegen , violence broke out between the two denominational groups . When on 29 March 1707 townsman Friedrich Flender was killed , Wilhelm Hyacinth was himself unseated and furthermore driven out of the town . Wilhelm Hyacinth was the last in the line of Nassau-Siegens Catholic rulers , dying in 1743 . Already in 1734 , though , the Reformed line had died out , too , with Friedrich Wilhelms death , leading Charles VI , Holy Roman Emperor to transfer power in the territory to the Prince of Orange and the Prince of Nassau-Diez . Under their leadership , mining , the main source of wealth , blossomed , along with agriculture and silviculture . When Prince William of Orange refused to join the Confederation of the Rhine , founded by Napoleon , he found himself unseated by the French leader and the Siegerland passed to the Grand Duchy of Berg . After Napoleons downfall in 1813 , however , William I regained his former German inheritances , but in 1815 he ceded them to the Kingdom of Prussia for the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg . Siegen was assigned to the Siegen district , first in the Koblenz region , and as of 1817 in the Arnsberg region within the Prussian Province of Westphalia . Under Prussian rule , Siegen developed into the South Westphalian centre that it is today . On 1 March 1923 , Siegen was set apart from the district bearing its name , and became a district-free town , while still keeping its function as seat of the district of which it was no longer part , and which was itself merged with Wittgenstein district under district reform in 1975 . Siegen also lost its district-free status at this time , becoming part of the new Siegen-Wittgenstein district , the name that the district has borne since 1984 . During World War II , Siegen was repeatedly bombed by the Allies owing to a crucial railroad that crossed through the town . On 1 April 1945 , the US 8th Infantry Division began the Allied ground assault against Siegen and the dominating military-significant high ground north of the river . The battle against determined German forces at Siegen continued through 2 April 1945 , until organized resistance was finally overwhelmed by the division on 3 April 1945.<section /> Religion . The town of Siegen belonged in the beginning to the Archbishopric of Mainz , or more precisely to its deaconry of Arfeld . There was a White Nun convent in town that folded in the 15th century . Furthermore , there was a Franciscan Monastery that was dissolved in 1533 after the Nassau overlords had introduced the Reformation in 1530 . After that , the town was first Lutheran , but in 1550 , the Principality of Nassau converted to the Reformed Church . Subsequently , Siegen was a predominantly Protestant town , but not so strongly that the Counterreformation could not gain ground in 1623 , with one fifth of the townsfolk and those living in the surrounding area becoming Catholic once again . As of 1626 , there was once more a monastery in town , this time a Jesuit one . After passing to Prussia in 1815 , the union between Lutheran and Reformed churches was introduced in Siegen , as it was throughout Prussia , but the towns parishes kept their Reformed emphasis . As part of the Westphalian Provincial Church ( now the Church of Westphalia ) , Siegen became the seat of a Superintendency . A similar entity still exists in Siegen , known as the Kirchenkreis , or church district , to which all the citys parishes nowadays belong , unless they are Free Church parishes . This church district encompasses the whole of South Westphalia all the way to Olpe . The towns Catholics , even after the Reformation , still belonged to the Archbishopric of Mainz . With the restructuring of the Catholic Church early in the 19th century , Siegen was assigned to the Archbishopric of Paderborn and became the seat of a district synod , today a deaconry , to which all the districts Catholic parishes belong . Paderborn was raised to Archbishopric in 1929 . Besides the Roman Catholic Church , Siegen also has a Greek Orthodox parish and a Romanian Orthodox parish . Moreover , there are various free churches established in Siegen , among them several Evangelical Free Church parishes ( Baptists ) , an Evangelical-Methodist Church , an Independent Evangelical-Lutheran Church ( SELK ) , a Seventh-day Adventist parish , several Free Evangelical parishes ( FeG ) , the Achenbach Christian Community , the Christian Assembly , Calvary Chapel and the Siegen-Meiswinkel Mission Community . Further religious communities in Siegen are The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints , the New Apostolic Church , the Jehovahs Witnesses , an Original Christianity community and Baháʼí . Moreover , owing to a great number of Turkish and Arab migrants in Siegen , the Muslim community is also very much in evidence there and there are several mosques in Siegen run by Turkish , Arab and Albanian communities . There are said to be more than 15,000 Muslims out of Siegens total population . Municipal reform . The following communities and rural areas have been amalgamated with Siegen : - 1902 and 1912 : parts of Buschgotthardtshütten - 1934 : parts of Achenbach - 1937 : parts of Achenbach and Buschgotthardtshütten - 1966 : Trupbach , Seelbach , Breitenbach , Bürbach , Kaan-Marienborn and Volnsberg - 1969 : Feuersbach - 1974 : towns of Hüttental and Eiserfeld Population development . In 1897 , Siegen had 20,000 inhabitants . By 1939 , this figure had doubled to 40,000 . In the World War II , the town lost roughly 30% of its inhabitants ( 12,000 ) . The population had fallen to 28,000 by 1945 and only in 1952 did it once again reach prewar levels . On 1 January 1975 , Siegens population surpassed 100,000 through the amalgamation of Hüttental ( 38,867 inhabitants in 1974 ) and Eiserfeld ( 22,354 inhabitants in 1974 ) , making it a city . With 117,224 inhabitants it also at the same time reached its all-time highest population . At the end of June 2005 , according to the North Rhine-Westphalia State Office for Data Processing and Statistics ( Landesamt für Datenverarbeitung und Statistik Nordrhein-Westfalen ) , 105,328 people made Siegen their main abode . Since 1975 , the population has fallen by roughly 10% ( 12,000 ) . The following chart shows population figures for Siegens municipal area , however big it was at each given time . Up to 1833 , most figures are estimates , and thereafter census figures ( ¹ ) or official estimates by the statistical office of the time or the town/city administration itself . The given figures indicate from 1843 the population present in the town ( Ortsanwesende Bevölkerung ) , from 1925 the dwelling population ( Wohnbevölkerung ) , and since 1987 the Population in the place of main residence ( Bevölkerung am Ort der Hauptwohnung ) . Before 1843 , population figures come from irregular surveying procedures . ¹ Census figure Politics . City council . The city councils 62 seats are apportioned thus , in accordance with municipal elections held on 26 September 2004 : None of the parties represented on city council holds a majority , and no coalition has been struck . However , the CDU and the FDP have a fixed , contractual coöperation agreement and at least have at their disposal a joint majority voice on some committees . In the council chamber , on the other hand , their 30 seats are not an absolute majority and they do not always prevail . Mayors . At the citys helm since the 13th century , there have been several mayors of whom evidence survives . In 1304 and 1305 , a council ( consules ) was mentioned for the first time . As early as 1224 , however , documents mention Burgmänner ( Castle Men ) as well as three Bürgermeister ( Mayors ) who were changed yearly . As of 1500 , only two mayors were chosen every year . In the 18th century , the guilds were achieving ever greater influence in the town . Thereafter the ruling or office-holding old shoemaking master represented the common townsfolk on the council . The mediaeval town charter was kept right up until 1809 , and parts of it even held until 1815 , but that year there was a self-endorsing council with 12 members , over which presided the mayor . As of 1824 , the suburbs got their own chief administrator who was subordinate to the mayor of Siegen . In 1836 , the Prussian municipal system was introduced . After the town was separated from Siegen district in 1923 , the mayor was given the title Oberbürgermeister ( roughly equivalent to Lord Mayor ) . The mayor who came to office in 1919 kept his position right through the time of the Third Reich , whereas some mayors in other German and Austrian towns , whose political views were at odds with the Nazis , were removed forcibly . After the Second World War , the military government of the British Zone of Occupation installed a new mayor , and in 1946 it introduced a new town charter based on a British model , leading to a Council of the town elected by the people , whose members were called Stadtverordnete ( town councillors ) . In the beginning , the council chose one from its midst as the mayor as the towns head and representative , which was an honorary function . Furthermore , as of 1946 , the council also began choosing a full-time Oberstadtdirektor , or Higher Town Director , to lead the towns administration . After Siegen was reunited with the district of the same name in 1975 , these two officials bore the titles Bürgermeister and Stadtdirektor respectively . In 1999 , this two-headed arrangement was forsaken in favour of a single city leader , with the title Bürgermeister , who serves as chairman or chairwoman of city council , leader of city administration and city representative . He or she is directly elected nowadays . Mayors ( Bürgermeister and Oberbürgermeister ) since 1919 - 1919–1945 : Alfred Fißmer , Oberbürgermeister - 1945 : Fritz Fries , Oberbürgermeister - 1945–1946 : Otto Schwarz , Oberbürgermeister - 1946–1948 : Ernst Weißelberg , Oberbürgermeister - 1948–1956 : Ernst Bach , Oberbürgermeister - 1956–1961 : Erich Pachnicke , Oberbürgermeister - 1961–1966 : Karl Eckmann , Oberbürgermeister - 1966–1975 : Karl Althaus , Oberbürgermeister - 1975–1979 : Friedemann Keßler , Bürgermeister - 1979–1990 : Hans Reinhardt , Bürgermeister - 1990–1994 : Hilde Fiedler , Bürgermeisterin - 1994–1999 : Karl Wilhelm Kirchhöfer , Bürgermeister - 1999–2007 : Ulf Stötzel ( CDU ) , Bürgermeister - 2007–today : Steffen Mues ( CDU ) , Bürgermeister Stadtdirektoren and Oberstadtdirektoren 1946–1999 - 1946–1954 : Max Baumann , Oberstadtdirektor - 1954–1975 : Kurt Seibt , Oberstadtdirektor - 1975–1985 : Hans Mohn , Stadtdirektor - 1985–1989 : Volker Oerter , Stadtdirektor - 1989–1995 : Otto-Werner Rappold , Stadtdirektor ( left office early with effect on 2 December 1995 by his own wish ) - 1995–1999 : Ulrich Mock , Stadtdirektor ( at first as Dr . Rappolds General Agent until 31 January 1997 , then appointed fulltime Stadtdirektor ) Coat of arms . Siegens civic coat of arms might be described thus : Argent a town wall embattled gules with an open gateway argent , therein in an inescutcheon azure a lion rampant Or armed and langued gules , issuant from the wall a bishop in robe and mitre azure ( trimmed in argent ) holding in his hand dexter a crozier argent with crook Or sinister , in his hand sinister , upraised , an open book argent with pages edged gules . The bishop in the citys arms is the Bishop of Cologne . The wall symbolizes the city itself , and the inescutcheon in the gateway shows the Lion of Nassau in blue and gold ( or yellow ) , which are Nassaus colours . The arms are based on the oldest known town seal , from 1248 . The inescutcheon once also had gold billets ( upright rectangles ) around the lion , but these do not appear in what became the towns ( and later citys ) coat of arms in 1875 . Sights . Although the town was about 80% destroyed in the World War II , Siegen has kept a number of buildings worth seeing , such as the two stately homes , the Oberes Schloss and the Unteres Schloss . Oberes Schloss . The castle on the Siegberg was first mentioned in a document in 1259 and was the family seat of the House of Nassau . Since 1905 , the Siegerland Museum has been here . Alongside regional exhibits – among them an artificial demonstration mine – are many paintings . The centrepiece of this collection is made up of works by the man who is arguably the best known native , Peter Paul Rubens . There is also quite a comprehensive collection of portraits of members of the Houses of Nassau and Orange . The top floor is devoted to 19th-century home décor . A kitchen from the Siegerland , a bedroom and many pieces of furniture from the Biedermeier era give one an impression of life in the region in bygone days . Unteres Schloss . Late in the 17th century , the Lower Stately Home came into being in its current form , somewhat like an open rectangle . The Evangelical line of the House of Nassau-Siegen resided here . Also belonging to the Schloss is the Dicker Turm , or Fat Tower with a carillon . In 1959 , the then town of Siegen built a memorial for victims of war and tyranny . Inside the Schloss is also found the crypt of the Evangelical branch of the Nassau princely house . Today , the Schloss serves as a state authority building in which the North Rhine-Westphalia Building and Property Establishment , the State Environment Office , the Office for Occupational Health and Safety and the Attendorn Correctional Facility ( Siegen Branch Facility ) are all housed . By the citys plans , a university is supposed to move into the Unteres Schloss within the next few years , but at this time , the plan is failing to find any financial backing . Churches . Two churches in downtown Siegen are to be brought to the visitors attention : The Martinikirche dating from the 11th century and the Nikolaikirche at the marketplace with its unusual eight-sided shape and its golden Krönchen ( coronet ) – the citys landmark – on the church tower , which is a prominent feature of Siegens skyline ( Siegen is sometimes called Krönchenstadt for this unusual feature ) . Another church is the Marienkirche , built by the Jesuits between 1702 and 1729 . Also worth seeing are Siegens Old Town and several museums in the city core . Gasometer . In the southwest of the city core , at the foot of the Ziegenberg , is a spherical gas holder , or gasometer , which is protected by law as a monument . It is one of the oldest spherical gas holders still preserved . Another peculiarity is its riveted casing . Only three other such gas holders are known to exist worldwide ( all in Germany , in Schwerte , Offenburg and Bielefeld ) . The holder had to be moved a few metres owing to construction on the municipal Autobahn , the Hüttentalstraße , and in the residential area of Ziegenberg , and it now forms the symbolic sun as part of a scale model of the planets above the gas holder . Cemeteries . Within Siegens city limits are 36 municipally run cemeteries . Ten of them are already closed and are available for burials only because of existing laws . The cemeteries have a total area of 730 000 m² with roughly 65,000 graves . Characteristic of regional cemeteries are hillside graves and a green , parklike layout that even affords wildlife a chance at reoccupying the land . Cemeteries within city limits are : - Lindenbergfriedhof - Hermelsbacher Friedhof - Stockfriedhof - Geisweider Friedhof - Haardter Friedhof - Gilbergfriedhof - Friedhof Kaan-Marienborn - Neuer Friedhof Niederschelden Culture . Theatre . In the Apollo-Theater ( a downtown former 1930s cinema that underwent remodelling and opened in mid-2007 ) , Siegen has one of the current decades most important newly built theatres . A controlling interest in this venture is held by TheaterSiegen intendant Magnus Reitschuster . Since 1992 , the media and cultural house Lÿz has been a venue for cabaret , music and theatre in Siegen . On the two stages , roughly 150 events appear every season . Bigger events take place at the Bühne der Stadt ( Citys Stage , with about 820 seats ) , the Siegerlandhalle ( 1 800 m² , 2,300 seats ) or the Bismarckhalle . As well , there are regular open-air concerts and productions in the inner yard at Unteres Schloss . Orchestras and choirs . - Philharmonie Südwestfalen - Evangelische Kantorei Siegen - Bach-Chor Siegen - Sängerkreis Siegerland Museums . The main centre of art in Siegen are the Museum for Contemporary Art and the Haus Seel – city gallery . The Siegerland Museum is dedicated to regional history . The Oranienstraße House , built at 1900 in the Italian country house style , is attached to the Siegerland Museum since 1993 as an exhibit forum . There is a varied program of temporary exhibitions of all kinds , from archaeological excavations to contemporary avant-garde art . Poet and author readings are also part of the program , such as classic concerts . In Geisweid is found the Beatles Home Museum , run by Harold Krämer . According to the 2000 Guinness Book of Records , the 27 m² museum is the smallest public museum in the world devoted to the four Liverpudlian musicians . The collection holds more than 17,000 recordings , souvenirs , film posters , and autographs and other memorabilia . Regular events . - Early in the year : SILA ( Siegerlandausstellung – Siegerland Exhibition ) , even-numbered years only - March to November , first Saturday in each month : Flea market in Siegen-Geisweid ( since 1970 ) , no new goods - June to August : Mittwochs in different bands every Wednesday in Siegen-Weidenau - June : Johannimarkt , a fair held for some 400 years - June/July : Siegener Sommerfestival , plays , cabaret , theatre , music and cinema since about 1990 . ( In 2006 , instead of the traditional summer festival , a World Cup festival was held ) - July : Stadtfest ( City Festival ) , even-numbered years only - July : Rubensfest , odd-numbered years only - August : Siegen Open-Air Cinema - August : Christopher Street Day ( CSD ) , since 2000 - August : Siegtal-Pur All streets only opened for bikes ( the HTS ( local Motorway ) too ) - Summer : Street Festival at the Corn Market - October : 2nd Sunday : Bürgerfest Geisweid - November : Geisweider Adventsmarkt , since about 1985 - December : Christmas market , since about 1980 Dialect . The city and its surrounding region speak in addition to standard German also have a characteristic local dialect : Siegerländisch . Tales and legends . The Dilldappe is an old mythical creature from the Siegerland . It lives mainly in the Siegerland Hauberg ( coöperatively managed woodlots ) . Early in the 1980s , the writer and cartoonist Matthias Kringe first published a calendar about the creature , written in the local dialect of German . The Rubens Prize of the City of Siegen . The Rubens Prize of the City of Siegen , founded in 1955 , is awarded every five years to a painter or graphic artist whose lifes work has been groundbreaking on the European stage . The title recalls the painter-diplomat Peter Paul Rubens , who expressed in his lifes work the thought of European unity , long before it could become a political reality . Peter Paul Rubens – who was born in Siegen , grew up in Cologne and Antwerp , trained in art in Italy , was esteemed in France and acted as a diplomat in Spain and England – as the main master of European Baroque painting set those artistic and European standards to which the awarding of the prize has been bound since 1957–1958 . Past prizewinners : - Hans Hartung ( 1957/1958 ) - Giorgio Morandi ( 1962 ) - Francis Bacon ( 1967 ) - Antoni Tàpies ( 1972 ) - Fritz Winter ( 1977 ) - Emil Schumacher ( 1982 ) - Cy Twombly ( 1987 ) - Rupprecht Geiger ( 1992 ) - Lucian Freud ( 1997 ) - Maria Lassnig ( 2002 ) - Sigmar Polke ( 2007 ) - Bridget Riley ( 2012 ) - Niele Toroni ( 2017 ) Sport . The city sport league includes 160 sport clubs in which roughly 37,000 members are active . National importance was achieved in 2005 by the Sportfreunde Siegen mens football team at Leimbachstadion when they rose from the Regionalliga Süd up to the 2nd Bundesliga , although the next year they dropped back down again . As six-time German Champions , the TSV Siegen womens football team was very successful in the 1990s . Transport . Air transport . In the south of the district in the community of Burbach lies the Siegerland Airport through which Siegen is connected to many other airports in Germany . Bicycle transport . The city of Siegen lies on European long-distance path E1 running from the middle of Sweden to Umbria in Italy . There is , however , no organized cycling trail network in Siegen . Riding in bus lanes is sporadically allowed . Bicycle transport is generally poorly developed in Siegen . Owing to dual carriageways within the city and nearby , as well as transport planning that rather favours cars , bicycle transport has been somewhat thwarted . Together with the partly hilly topography , there is therefore little in the way of bicycle transport in Siegen . Rail transport . Siegen station lies at the junction of the following railway lines : - The two-track electrified Ruhr–Sieg line ( Ruhr-Sieg-Strecke ) is used for regional services , usually hourly , of the Ruhr-Sieg-Express ( RE 16 ) and the Ruhr-Sieg-Bahn ( RB 91 ) . - The Rothaar Railway ( Rothaarbahn ) is served , usually hourly by Rothaar-Bahn ( RB 93 ) services , connecting in Erndtebrück to Obere Lahntal-Bahn ( RB 94/RMV Line 43 ) services , usually two-hourly , on the Upper Lahn Valley Railway ( Obere Lahntal-Bahn ) . - The two-track electrified Dill Railway ( Dill-Strecke ) is served , usually two-hourly , by the Rhein-Sieg-Express ( RE 9 ) and the Main-Sieg-Express ( RE 99 ) and hourly by the Sieg-Dill-Bahn ( RB 95 ) ( only to and from Dillenburg ) . - The mostly two-track electrified Sieg line ( Siegstrecke ) is served , usually hourly , by the Rhein-Sieg-Express ( RE 9 ) and Sieg-Dill-Bahn ( RB 95 ) services ( only to and from Au ) . Bus transport . On 18 March 1895 , the Netphener Omnibusgesellschaft opened the worlds first busline using a petrol-powered omnibus , running a service from its base in Netphen to Siegen and Deuz . Today , local road transport offers many regional , express and local buses , along with a night bus service connecting Siegen with its outlying communities and neighbouring towns . They are run by the South Westphalia Transport Services ( Verkehrsbetriebe Westfalen-Süd ; VWS ) whose headquarters are in Siegen . For the whole of local public transport , the tariff of the South Westphalia Transport Community ( Verkehrsgemeinschaft Westfalen-Süd ; VGWS ) applies , regardless of the North Rhine-Westphalia tariff . Roads . With regard to long-distance roads , the city of Siegen is connected to Autobahnen A 45 ( Dortmund – Aschaffenburg ) and A 4 ( Cologne – Olpe ) , and to Federal Highways ( Bundesstraßen ) 54 , 54n , 62 and 62n . Siegen is home to the tallest bridge of the A 45 and one of the highest in Germany , the Siegtalbrücke . Built from 1964 to 1969 , it is approximately 96 m high and 1 050 m long . The shape that the city takes has much to do with the Hüttentalstraße ( HTS ) ( Federal Highways 54n and 62n ) which serves as a municipal Autobahn – much of it elevated – that runs through the city area . The A 4 between Wenden and Kreuztal has been newly built . In the heights over Kreuztals outlying community of Krombach , it now joins with the HTS . On this 12-kilometre stretch of highway are eight valley bridges as well as ten under- and overpasses . This new part was opened on 1 December 2007 . Economy . Siegen is South Westphalias service and administrative centre . Much of its industry is based on metalworking . Pedestrian precincts in Bahnhofsstraße ( Railway Station Street ) and Kölner Tor ( Cologne Gate ) , both downtown , have made shopping in Siegen very convenient , as have the shopping centres City-Galerie ( opened in 1998 ) and Sieg Carré ( opened in 2006 , both downtown ) and Siegerlandzentrum ( Siegen-Weidenau ) , and the Marburger Straße shopping street ( downtown ) . In 2005 , an IKEA store and a Peek & Cloppenburg location opened . Public institutions . Siegen is home to the Siegen-Wittgenstein district administration and location of a Chamber of Industry and Trade ( Industrie- und Handelskammer , or IHK , one of 81 such regional institutions in Germany ) for the districts of Siegen-Wittgenstein and Olpe . Home to the Siegen State Court , a local court and a labour court , the city is also an important court centre . Media . In Siegen , the Westdeutscher Rundfunk ( WDR ) maintains a studio where regional radio and television news for South Westphalia is produced . The daily broadcast goes out in the South Westphalia regional window following the programme Aktuelle Stunde ( a newsmagazine show ) on WDRs third channel . Moreover , WDR also runs a transmission facility for VHF radio and television ( once also medium wave ) at the Giersberg . Daily newspapers in Siegen include not only the Siegener Zeitung but also local editions of the Westfälische Rundschau and the Westfalenpost . All three appear in the morning , although the first was until 2000 an afternoon paper . Furthermore , at the Obergraben is found the regional , Radio-NRW-connected Radio Siegens studio building . Education . In the early decades of the 17th century , the Herborn Academy temporarily relocated to Siegen , in the buildings of the Unteres Schloss , which came to an end when the Plague broke out . Siegens oldest school is the Gymnasium am Löhrtor , a grammar school . Other Schools : Grammar schools . - Gymnasium am Löhrtor ( GAL ) - Fürst-Johann-Moritz-Gymnasium ( FJM ) - Peter-Paul-Rubens-Gymnasium , formerly known as Ganztagsgymnasium am Rosterberg - Evangelisches Gymnasium ( EV ) - Gymnasium auf der Morgenröthe ( GAM ) Primary schools . - Albert Schweitzer Schule - Birlenbacher Schule - Burgschule - Diesterwegschule - Dreisbachschule - Eiserner Schule - Fischbacherbergschule - Friedrich Flender Schule - Geisweider Schule - Giersbergschule - Glückaufschule - Gosenbacher Schule - Grundschule Eiserfeld - Grundschule Kaan-Marienborn - Hammerhütter Schule - Hüttentalschule - Jung Stilling Schule - Lindenbergschule - Nordschule - Obenstruthschule - Sonnenhangschule - Spandauer Schule Higher education . Siegen is headquarters of the University of Siegen , founded on 1 August 1972 as the Gesamthochschule Siegen . As well , the Fachhochschule für Oekonomie & Management has a study centre , which is shared with the Academy of Administration and Economics . Siegen also has various general-education and professional schools , and the Siegerlandkolleg . Twin towns – sister cities . Siegen is twinned with : - Spandau ( Berlin ) , Germany ( 1952 ) - Katwijk , Netherlands ( 1963 , formerly Rijnsburg ) - Leeds , England , United Kingdom ( 1966 , formerly Morley ) - Ypres , Belgium ( 1967 ) - Zakopane , Poland ( 1989 ) - Plauen , Germany ( 1990 ) Notable people . - Henry III of Nassau-Breda ( 1483–1538 ) , Count of Nassau and Lord of Breda - Tilemann Stella ( 1525–1589 ) , Renaissance scholar and librarian , mathematician , geometerer , cartographer and astronomer - Peter Paul Rubens ( 1577–1640 ) , Baroque painter - Johann Heinrich Bisterfeld ( 1605–1655 ) , philosopher , polyhistor - Georg Wilhelm de Gennin ( 1676–1750 ) , Russian military officer and engineer ; baptized here - Franz Hunolt ( 1691–1746 ) , Jesuit , theologian - Adolph Diesterweg ( 1790–1866 ) , pedagogue and mastermind of reform education - Heinrich Kreutz ( 1854–1907 ) , astronomer and publisher - Charles H . Daub ( 1855–1917 ) , member of the Wisconsin State Assembly - Fritz Busch ( 1890–1951 ) , conductor - Adolf Busch ( 1891–1952 ) , German-Swiss violinist and conductor - Walter Kraemer ( 1892–1941 ) , politician ( KPD ) and resistance fighter against Nazism - Paul Giesler ( 1895–1945 ) , Nazi functionary , Premier of Bavaria - Heinrich Gontermann ( 1896–1917 ) , fighter ace - Friedrich Middelhauve ( 1896–1966 ) , publisher and politician ( FDP ) - Hermann Giesler ( 1898–1987 ) , architect - Ernst Achenbach ( 1909–1991 ) , politician ( FDP ) - Herbert Schäfer ( 1927–1991 ) , football player and coach - Walter Schneider ( 1927–2010 ) , motorcycle racing driver - Bernd Becher ( 1931–2007 ) , conceptual artist and photographer - Heinfried Birlenbach ( 1940–2020 ) , shot putter - Joachim Frank ( born 1940 ) , German-American biophysicist and a Nobel laureate - Rolf Stommelen ( 1943–1983 ) , Formula One racer - Josef Clemens ( born 1947 ) , bishop - Klaus Scheer ( born 1950 ) , football player and coach - Christoph Bode ( born 1952 ) , literary scholar - Reinhard Goebel ( born 1952 ) , conductor and violinist - Annegret Kober ( born 1957 ) , swimmer - Bernward Koch ( born 1957 ) , musician - Burkhard Jung ( born 1958 ) , Lord Mayor of Leipzig - Dieter Falk ( born 1959 ) , music producer , keyboardist and composer - Peter Autschbach ( born 1961 ) , guitarist - Frank Heinrich ( born 1964 ) , theologian and politician ( MdB ) - Navid Kermani ( born 1967 ) , orientalist and Islamic studies scholar - Petra Lobinger ( born 1967 ) , athlete - Peter Stein ( born 1968 ) , politician ( CDU ) - Monika Meyer ( born 1972 ) , footballer - Sabrina Mockenhaupt ( born 1980 ) , long distance runner - August Wittgenstein ( born 1981 ) , prince and actor - Florian Kringe ( born 1982 ) , footballer - Moritz Volz ( born 1983 ) , footballer - Christian Nüchtern ( born 1992 ) , ice dancer Honorary citizens . Siegen has conferred honorary citizenship upon the following persons : - 1887 : Heinrich von Achenbach , High President of the Province of Brandenburg - 1891 : Otto von Bismarck , Reich chancellor - 1933 : Adolf Hitler , Reich chancellor* - 1933 : Paul von Hindenburg , General Field Marshal and Reich President For all those listed up to here , honorary citizenship , according to Enactment no . 21 to the amended German Municipal System of 1 April 1946 , has been forfeited . *According to the city council of Siegen Adolf Hitlers honorary citizenship was lapsed by British military law . Caused by political discussion the city council denied Hitlers honorary citizenship posthumously on 29 August 2007 . - 1953 : Alfred Fißmer , retired Oberbürgermeister Honorary citizens of the former town of Hüttental : - Josef Höfer , Prelate - Karl Barich , chairman of the board of Stahlwerke Südwestfalen ( South Westphalia Steelworks ) Further reading . - Heinrich Silbergleit : Preußens Städte : Denkschrift zum 100jährigen Jubiläum der Städteordnung vom 19 . November 1808 . Heymann , Berlin 1908 - Heinrich von Achenbach : Die Haubergs-Genossenschaften des Siegerlandes . After the Bonn printing in 1863 newly published by the ( then ) Town of Siegen , Forschungsstelle Siegerland , Siegen 1963 - Heinrich von Achenbach : Geschichte der Stadt Siegen . Erg . Nachdr . der Ausg . Vorländer , Siegen 1894 . Verlag Die Wielandschmiede , Kreuztal 1983 - Heinrich von Achenbach : Aus des Siegerlandes Vergangenheit . 2 . erg . Nachdr . der Ausg . Siegen 1898 . Verlag Die Wielandschmiede , Kreuztal 1982 - Erich Keyser ( publisher ) : Westfälisches Städtebuch . In : Deutsches Städtebuch . Band III 2 . Teilband . Kohlhammer Verlag , Stuttgart 1954 - Walther Hubatsch ( publisher ) : Westfalen . In : Grundriss zur deutschen Verwaltungsgeschichte 1815–1945 . Band 8 Reihe A : Preußen . Marburg an der Lahn 1980 , External links . - Official website - Historical and contemporary information about Siegen and Siegerland
|
[
"Kingdom of Prussia"
] |
[
{
"text": " Siegen ( ) is a city in Germany , in the south Westphalian part of North Rhine-Westphalia . It is located in the district of Siegen-Wittgenstein in the Arnsberg region . The university town ( nearly 20,000 students in the 2018–2019 winter semester ) is the district seat , and is ranked as a higher centre in the South Westphalian urban agglomeration . In 1975 , municipal reforms and amalgamations lifted Siegens population above the 100,000 mark .",
"title": "Siegen"
},
{
"text": " The city of Siegen lies in the basin of the upper reaches of the river Sieg . From there , lateral valleys branch off in many directions . The heights of the surrounding mountains , wherever they are not actually settled , are covered in coppice . To the north lies the Sauerland , to the northwest the Rothaargebirge and to the southwest the Westerwald .",
"title": "Location"
},
{
"text": "The nearest cities to Siegen , taking into account average travelling distances , are Hagen to the north , Frankfurt am Main to the southeast , Koblenz to the southwest and Cologne to the west .",
"title": "Location"
},
{
"text": " As the crow flies the distances to these places are , however , ( Hagen ) , ( Frankfurt ) , ( Koblenz ) and ( Cologne ) . The city lies on the German-Dutch holiday road called the Orange Route , joining towns , cities and regions associated with the House of Orange .",
"title": "Location"
},
{
"text": " The citys total land area is roughly . Its greatest east-west span is about , and its greatest north-south span is about . City limits are long . Siegen lies at a median elevation of above sea level . The citys greatest elevation is the peak of the Pfannenberg at above sea level at southern city limits . Siegens lowest point is above sea level at Niederschelden at southwestern city limits , which there also forms the state boundary with Rhineland-Palatinate . Roughly 60% of the citys land is wooded , making Siegen one of Germanys greenest cities .",
"title": "City area"
},
{
"text": "The city area is divided into six zones , called Bezirke in German and comparable to boroughs in some cities , which themselves are further divided into various communities ( Ortsteile and Stadtteile ) . Each borough has a borough board consisting of 15 voting and 15 non-voting members who are appointed by city council with regard to each partys share of the vote in the municipal elections in the borough in question . The borough boards decide on matters particular to their respective boroughs . These matters are laid down in Siegens city charter .",
"title": "City area"
},
{
"text": " Siegens six boroughs and communities belonging to each boroughs are : - District I ( Geisweid ) : Birlenbach , Meiswinkel , Langenholdinghausen , Geisweid , Dillnhütten , Sohlbach , Buchen , Niedersetzen , Obersetzen - District II ( Weidenau ) : - District III ( Ost ) : Kaan-Marienborn , parts of Alt-Siegen ( Giersberg ) , Bürbach , Volnsberg , Breitenbach , Feuersbach - District IV ( Mitte ) : Alt-Siegen ( parts not belonging to borough III or V )",
"title": "Administrative division"
},
{
"text": "- District V ( West ) : Seelbach , Trupbach and parts of Alt-Siegen ( Wellersberg , Fischbacherberg , Achenbach , Rothenberg )",
"title": "Administrative division"
},
{
"text": " - District VI ( Süd ) : Oberschelden , Gosenbach , Niederschelden , Eiserfeld , Eisern",
"title": "Administrative division"
},
{
"text": "Along with the boroughs and communities into which the city is divided , as mandated by law , there are also further subdivisions within the communities , each with its own name , but none with distinctly clear borders . They are called Quartiere , which can be rendered as quarters or neighbourhoods . Examples of these include the Unterstadt , the Oberstadt , Hammerhütte , Lindenberg , Charlottental , Haardter Berg ( with the university ) and the Alte Dreisbach . Some neighbourhoods even straddle community boundaries , like Sieghütte , parts of which can be found in both",
"title": "Administrative division"
},
{
"text": "Siegen-Mitte and Weidenau . Moreover , some neighbourhoods even overlap each other . Unlike the boroughs ( Bezirke ) or communities ( Ortsteile and Stadtteile ) , the Quartiere have no statistical or administrative importance . They do , however , serve some function as to their inhabitants identity , but more practically than that , they are also useful for finding ones way with a city map and using in bus route names and on public notices and traffic signs . Many of the Hüttentalstraße city Autobahns exits are also named after the Quartiere that they serve .",
"title": "Administrative division"
},
{
"text": " The communities of Weidenau , Geisweid , Birlenbach , Langenholdinghausen , Buchen , Sohlbach , Dillnhütten , Niedersetzen , Obersetzen and Meiswinkel formed from 1 July 1966 to 31 December 1974 the town of Hüttental . The communities of Eiserfeld , Eisern , Gosenbach , Niederschelden and Oberschelden formed the town of Eiserfeld between those same two dates .",
"title": "Administrative division"
},
{
"text": " The city of Siegen borders in the north on the town of Kreuztal and the community of Wenden , in the east on the town of Netphen , in the southeast on the community of Wilnsdorf , in the south on the community of Neunkirchen , in the west on the community of Mudersbach ( Altenkirchen in Rhineland-Palatinate ) and in the northwest on the town of Freudenberg .",
"title": "Neighbouring communities"
},
{
"text": "The name Siegen comes from the possibly Celtic river name Sieg . It is , however , unclear whether there is any relation between this name and the Celtic-Germanic Sicambri ( Ger . Sugambrer ) people , who in pre-Christian times lived in parts of North Rhine-Westphalia . The first documentary mention of the place called Sigena dates from 1079 . The citys history is markedly shaped by mining , which locally began as far back as La Tène times . Bearing witness to this longtime industry are the many mines that can be found within city limits .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "In 1224 , Siegen is mentioned as a newly built town whose ownership was shared by the Count of Nassau , Heinrich the Rich , and Engelbert II of Berg , Archbishop of Cologne after the latter transferred one half of the ownership to the former . Moreover , there is proof that the Oberes Schloss ( upper stately home ) was already standing at this time . On 19 October 1303 , the town was granted Soester Stadtrecht , or Soest town rights . The town remained under the two overlords joint ownership until 1 February 1381 , only",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "then passing fully into Nassau hands .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " In the 16th century , the town of Siegen bore a formidable defensive look . It was surrounded by mighty walls with 16 towers and three town gates , and was home to a great castle . The town was stricken several times by townwide fires . Documents record such fires in 1592 , and from 10 to 20 April 1695 .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "In 1536 , Heinrich the Rich built a paedagogium in the buildings that had once housed a Franciscan Monastery . It later grew into todays Gymnasium at Siegens Löhrtor ( gate ) . Johann VII of Nassau-Siegen ( Johann the Intermediary ) built the Unteres Schloss ( lower stately home ) on the site of an old Franciscan Monastery . In 1616 , Johann VII founded a knightly war school in the still standing old armoury on Burgstraße , expressly to produce an officer corps for Calvinism .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " His son Johann VIII ( The Younger ) returned in 1612 to the Roman Catholic Church , and wanted to use force to make the townsfolk also convert back to Roman Catholicism . In 1632 , Nassau-Siegen was conquered by the Swedes , after which his half-brother John Maurice of Nassau-Siegen , the Dutch commander in Brazil , re-introduced Protestantism . John VIII died in 1638 and was succeeded by his only son Johan Frans Desideratus , who had to cede part of Nassau-Siegen ( north of the Sieg river ) to the Protestant branch of the family .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "John Maurices leadership served in 1650–1651 to bring about a split in the Siegerland along denominational lines . Under Wilhelm Hyacinth of Nassau-Siegen , violence broke out between the two denominational groups . When on 29 March 1707 townsman Friedrich Flender was killed , Wilhelm Hyacinth was himself unseated and furthermore driven out of the town . Wilhelm Hyacinth was the last in the line of Nassau-Siegens Catholic rulers , dying in 1743 . Already in 1734 , though , the Reformed line had died out , too , with Friedrich Wilhelms death , leading Charles VI , Holy Roman",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Emperor to transfer power in the territory to the Prince of Orange and the Prince of Nassau-Diez . Under their leadership , mining , the main source of wealth , blossomed , along with agriculture and silviculture . When Prince William of Orange refused to join the Confederation of the Rhine , founded by Napoleon , he found himself unseated by the French leader and the Siegerland passed to the Grand Duchy of Berg . After Napoleons downfall in 1813 , however , William I regained his former German inheritances , but in 1815 he ceded them to the Kingdom",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "of Prussia for the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg . Siegen was assigned to the Siegen district , first in the Koblenz region , and as of 1817 in the Arnsberg region within the Prussian Province of Westphalia .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " Under Prussian rule , Siegen developed into the South Westphalian centre that it is today . On 1 March 1923 , Siegen was set apart from the district bearing its name , and became a district-free town , while still keeping its function as seat of the district of which it was no longer part , and which was itself merged with Wittgenstein district under district reform in 1975 . Siegen also lost its district-free status at this time , becoming part of the new Siegen-Wittgenstein district , the name that the district has borne since 1984 .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "During World War II , Siegen was repeatedly bombed by the Allies owing to a crucial railroad that crossed through the town . On 1 April 1945 , the US 8th Infantry Division began the Allied ground assault against Siegen and the dominating military-significant high ground north of the river . The battle against determined German forces at Siegen continued through 2 April 1945 , until organized resistance was finally overwhelmed by the division on 3 April 1945.<section />",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "The town of Siegen belonged in the beginning to the Archbishopric of Mainz , or more precisely to its deaconry of Arfeld . There was a White Nun convent in town that folded in the 15th century . Furthermore , there was a Franciscan Monastery that was dissolved in 1533 after the Nassau overlords had introduced the Reformation in 1530 . After that , the town was first Lutheran , but in 1550 , the Principality of Nassau converted to the Reformed Church . Subsequently , Siegen was a predominantly Protestant town , but not so strongly that the Counterreformation",
"title": "Religion"
},
{
"text": "could not gain ground in 1623 , with one fifth of the townsfolk and those living in the surrounding area becoming Catholic once again . As of 1626 , there was once more a monastery in town , this time a Jesuit one . After passing to Prussia in 1815 , the union between Lutheran and Reformed churches was introduced in Siegen , as it was throughout Prussia , but the towns parishes kept their Reformed emphasis . As part of the Westphalian Provincial Church ( now the Church of Westphalia ) , Siegen became the seat of a Superintendency",
"title": "Religion"
},
{
"text": ". A similar entity still exists in Siegen , known as the Kirchenkreis , or church district , to which all the citys parishes nowadays belong , unless they are Free Church parishes . This church district encompasses the whole of South Westphalia all the way to Olpe .",
"title": "Religion"
},
{
"text": " The towns Catholics , even after the Reformation , still belonged to the Archbishopric of Mainz . With the restructuring of the Catholic Church early in the 19th century , Siegen was assigned to the Archbishopric of Paderborn and became the seat of a district synod , today a deaconry , to which all the districts Catholic parishes belong . Paderborn was raised to Archbishopric in 1929 . Besides the Roman Catholic Church , Siegen also has a Greek Orthodox parish and a Romanian Orthodox parish .",
"title": "Religion"
},
{
"text": "Moreover , there are various free churches established in Siegen , among them several Evangelical Free Church parishes ( Baptists ) , an Evangelical-Methodist Church , an Independent Evangelical-Lutheran Church ( SELK ) , a Seventh-day Adventist parish , several Free Evangelical parishes ( FeG ) , the Achenbach Christian Community , the Christian Assembly , Calvary Chapel and the Siegen-Meiswinkel Mission Community .",
"title": "Religion"
},
{
"text": " Further religious communities in Siegen are The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints , the New Apostolic Church , the Jehovahs Witnesses , an Original Christianity community and Baháʼí . Moreover , owing to a great number of Turkish and Arab migrants in Siegen , the Muslim community is also very much in evidence there and there are several mosques in Siegen run by Turkish , Arab and Albanian communities . There are said to be more than 15,000 Muslims out of Siegens total population .",
"title": "Religion"
},
{
"text": " The following communities and rural areas have been amalgamated with Siegen : - 1902 and 1912 : parts of Buschgotthardtshütten - 1934 : parts of Achenbach - 1937 : parts of Achenbach and Buschgotthardtshütten - 1966 : Trupbach , Seelbach , Breitenbach , Bürbach , Kaan-Marienborn and Volnsberg - 1969 : Feuersbach - 1974 : towns of Hüttental and Eiserfeld",
"title": "Municipal reform"
},
{
"text": " In 1897 , Siegen had 20,000 inhabitants . By 1939 , this figure had doubled to 40,000 . In the World War II , the town lost roughly 30% of its inhabitants ( 12,000 ) . The population had fallen to 28,000 by 1945 and only in 1952 did it once again reach prewar levels .",
"title": "Population development"
},
{
"text": "On 1 January 1975 , Siegens population surpassed 100,000 through the amalgamation of Hüttental ( 38,867 inhabitants in 1974 ) and Eiserfeld ( 22,354 inhabitants in 1974 ) , making it a city . With 117,224 inhabitants it also at the same time reached its all-time highest population . At the end of June 2005 , according to the North Rhine-Westphalia State Office for Data Processing and Statistics ( Landesamt für Datenverarbeitung und Statistik Nordrhein-Westfalen ) , 105,328 people made Siegen their main abode . Since 1975 , the population has fallen by roughly 10% ( 12,000 ) .",
"title": "Population development"
},
{
"text": "The following chart shows population figures for Siegens municipal area , however big it was at each given time . Up to 1833 , most figures are estimates , and thereafter census figures ( ¹ ) or official estimates by the statistical office of the time or the town/city administration itself . The given figures indicate from 1843 the population present in the town ( Ortsanwesende Bevölkerung ) , from 1925 the dwelling population ( Wohnbevölkerung ) , and since 1987 the Population in the place of main residence ( Bevölkerung am Ort der Hauptwohnung ) . Before 1843 ,",
"title": "Population development"
},
{
"text": "population figures come from irregular surveying procedures .",
"title": "Population development"
},
{
"text": " The city councils 62 seats are apportioned thus , in accordance with municipal elections held on 26 September 2004 : None of the parties represented on city council holds a majority , and no coalition has been struck . However , the CDU and the FDP have a fixed , contractual coöperation agreement and at least have at their disposal a joint majority voice on some committees . In the council chamber , on the other hand , their 30 seats are not an absolute majority and they do not always prevail .",
"title": "City council"
},
{
"text": "At the citys helm since the 13th century , there have been several mayors of whom evidence survives . In 1304 and 1305 , a council ( consules ) was mentioned for the first time . As early as 1224 , however , documents mention Burgmänner ( Castle Men ) as well as three Bürgermeister ( Mayors ) who were changed yearly . As of 1500 , only two mayors were chosen every year . In the 18th century , the guilds were achieving ever greater influence in the town . Thereafter the ruling or office-holding old shoemaking master represented",
"title": "Mayors"
},
{
"text": "the common townsfolk on the council . The mediaeval town charter was kept right up until 1809 , and parts of it even held until 1815 , but that year there was a self-endorsing council with 12 members , over which presided the mayor . As of 1824 , the suburbs got their own chief administrator who was subordinate to the mayor of Siegen . In 1836 , the Prussian municipal system was introduced . After the town was separated from Siegen district in 1923 , the mayor was given the title Oberbürgermeister ( roughly equivalent to Lord Mayor )",
"title": "Mayors"
},
{
"text": ". The mayor who came to office in 1919 kept his position right through the time of the Third Reich , whereas some mayors in other German and Austrian towns , whose political views were at odds with the Nazis , were removed forcibly .",
"title": "Mayors"
},
{
"text": "After the Second World War , the military government of the British Zone of Occupation installed a new mayor , and in 1946 it introduced a new town charter based on a British model , leading to a Council of the town elected by the people , whose members were called Stadtverordnete ( town councillors ) . In the beginning , the council chose one from its midst as the mayor as the towns head and representative , which was an honorary function . Furthermore , as of 1946 , the council also began choosing a full-time Oberstadtdirektor , or",
"title": "Mayors"
},
{
"text": "Higher Town Director , to lead the towns administration .",
"title": "Mayors"
},
{
"text": " After Siegen was reunited with the district of the same name in 1975 , these two officials bore the titles Bürgermeister and Stadtdirektor respectively . In 1999 , this two-headed arrangement was forsaken in favour of a single city leader , with the title Bürgermeister , who serves as chairman or chairwoman of city council , leader of city administration and city representative . He or she is directly elected nowadays . Mayors ( Bürgermeister and Oberbürgermeister ) since 1919 - 1919–1945 : Alfred Fißmer , Oberbürgermeister - 1945 : Fritz Fries , Oberbürgermeister",
"title": "Mayors"
},
{
"text": "- 1945–1946 : Otto Schwarz , Oberbürgermeister",
"title": "Mayors"
},
{
"text": " - 1946–1948 : Ernst Weißelberg , Oberbürgermeister - 1948–1956 : Ernst Bach , Oberbürgermeister - 1956–1961 : Erich Pachnicke , Oberbürgermeister - 1961–1966 : Karl Eckmann , Oberbürgermeister - 1966–1975 : Karl Althaus , Oberbürgermeister - 1975–1979 : Friedemann Keßler , Bürgermeister - 1979–1990 : Hans Reinhardt , Bürgermeister - 1990–1994 : Hilde Fiedler , Bürgermeisterin - 1994–1999 : Karl Wilhelm Kirchhöfer , Bürgermeister - 1999–2007 : Ulf Stötzel ( CDU ) , Bürgermeister - 2007–today : Steffen Mues ( CDU ) , Bürgermeister",
"title": "Mayors"
},
{
"text": " - 1946–1954 : Max Baumann , Oberstadtdirektor - 1954–1975 : Kurt Seibt , Oberstadtdirektor - 1975–1985 : Hans Mohn , Stadtdirektor - 1985–1989 : Volker Oerter , Stadtdirektor - 1989–1995 : Otto-Werner Rappold , Stadtdirektor ( left office early with effect on 2 December 1995 by his own wish ) - 1995–1999 : Ulrich Mock , Stadtdirektor ( at first as Dr . Rappolds General Agent until 31 January 1997 , then appointed fulltime Stadtdirektor )",
"title": "Stadtdirektoren and Oberstadtdirektoren 1946–1999"
},
{
"text": " Siegens civic coat of arms might be described thus : Argent a town wall embattled gules with an open gateway argent , therein in an inescutcheon azure a lion rampant Or armed and langued gules , issuant from the wall a bishop in robe and mitre azure ( trimmed in argent ) holding in his hand dexter a crozier argent with crook Or sinister , in his hand sinister , upraised , an open book argent with pages edged gules .",
"title": "Coat of arms"
},
{
"text": "The bishop in the citys arms is the Bishop of Cologne . The wall symbolizes the city itself , and the inescutcheon in the gateway shows the Lion of Nassau in blue and gold ( or yellow ) , which are Nassaus colours . The arms are based on the oldest known town seal , from 1248 . The inescutcheon once also had gold billets ( upright rectangles ) around the lion , but these do not appear in what became the towns ( and later citys ) coat of arms in 1875 .",
"title": "Coat of arms"
},
{
"text": " Although the town was about 80% destroyed in the World War II , Siegen has kept a number of buildings worth seeing , such as the two stately homes , the Oberes Schloss and the Unteres Schloss .",
"title": "Sights"
},
{
"text": "The castle on the Siegberg was first mentioned in a document in 1259 and was the family seat of the House of Nassau . Since 1905 , the Siegerland Museum has been here . Alongside regional exhibits – among them an artificial demonstration mine – are many paintings . The centrepiece of this collection is made up of works by the man who is arguably the best known native , Peter Paul Rubens . There is also quite a comprehensive collection of portraits of members of the Houses of Nassau and Orange . The top floor is devoted to 19th-century",
"title": "Oberes Schloss"
},
{
"text": "home décor . A kitchen from the Siegerland , a bedroom and many pieces of furniture from the Biedermeier era give one an impression of life in the region in bygone days .",
"title": "Oberes Schloss"
},
{
"text": " Late in the 17th century , the Lower Stately Home came into being in its current form , somewhat like an open rectangle . The Evangelical line of the House of Nassau-Siegen resided here . Also belonging to the Schloss is the Dicker Turm , or Fat Tower with a carillon . In 1959 , the then town of Siegen built a memorial for victims of war and tyranny . Inside the Schloss is also found the crypt of the Evangelical branch of the Nassau princely house .",
"title": "Unteres Schloss"
},
{
"text": "Today , the Schloss serves as a state authority building in which the North Rhine-Westphalia Building and Property Establishment , the State Environment Office , the Office for Occupational Health and Safety and the Attendorn Correctional Facility ( Siegen Branch Facility ) are all housed . By the citys plans , a university is supposed to move into the Unteres Schloss within the next few years , but at this time , the plan is failing to find any financial backing .",
"title": "Unteres Schloss"
},
{
"text": " Two churches in downtown Siegen are to be brought to the visitors attention : The Martinikirche dating from the 11th century and the Nikolaikirche at the marketplace with its unusual eight-sided shape and its golden Krönchen ( coronet ) – the citys landmark – on the church tower , which is a prominent feature of Siegens skyline ( Siegen is sometimes called Krönchenstadt for this unusual feature ) . Another church is the Marienkirche , built by the Jesuits between 1702 and 1729 . Also worth seeing are Siegens Old Town and several museums in the city core .",
"title": "Churches"
},
{
"text": "In the southwest of the city core , at the foot of the Ziegenberg , is a spherical gas holder , or gasometer , which is protected by law as a monument . It is one of the oldest spherical gas holders still preserved . Another peculiarity is its riveted casing . Only three other such gas holders are known to exist worldwide ( all in Germany , in Schwerte , Offenburg and Bielefeld ) . The holder had to be moved a few metres owing to construction on the municipal Autobahn , the Hüttentalstraße , and in the residential",
"title": "Gasometer"
},
{
"text": "area of Ziegenberg , and it now forms the symbolic sun as part of a scale model of the planets above the gas holder .",
"title": "Gasometer"
},
{
"text": " Within Siegens city limits are 36 municipally run cemeteries . Ten of them are already closed and are available for burials only because of existing laws . The cemeteries have a total area of 730 000 m² with roughly 65,000 graves . Characteristic of regional cemeteries are hillside graves and a green , parklike layout that even affords wildlife a chance at reoccupying the land . Cemeteries within city limits are : - Lindenbergfriedhof - Hermelsbacher Friedhof - Stockfriedhof - Geisweider Friedhof - Haardter Friedhof - Gilbergfriedhof - Friedhof Kaan-Marienborn - Neuer Friedhof Niederschelden",
"title": "Cemeteries"
},
{
"text": " In the Apollo-Theater ( a downtown former 1930s cinema that underwent remodelling and opened in mid-2007 ) , Siegen has one of the current decades most important newly built theatres . A controlling interest in this venture is held by TheaterSiegen intendant Magnus Reitschuster . Since 1992 , the media and cultural house Lÿz has been a venue for cabaret , music and theatre in Siegen . On the two stages , roughly 150 events appear every season .",
"title": "Theatre"
},
{
"text": "Bigger events take place at the Bühne der Stadt ( Citys Stage , with about 820 seats ) , the Siegerlandhalle ( 1 800 m² , 2,300 seats ) or the Bismarckhalle . As well , there are regular open-air concerts and productions in the inner yard at Unteres Schloss .",
"title": "Theatre"
},
{
"text": " The main centre of art in Siegen are the Museum for Contemporary Art and the Haus Seel – city gallery . The Siegerland Museum is dedicated to regional history . The Oranienstraße House , built at 1900 in the Italian country house style , is attached to the Siegerland Museum since 1993 as an exhibit forum . There is a varied program of temporary exhibitions of all kinds , from archaeological excavations to contemporary avant-garde art . Poet and author readings are also part of the program , such as classic concerts .",
"title": "Museums"
},
{
"text": "In Geisweid is found the Beatles Home Museum , run by Harold Krämer . According to the 2000 Guinness Book of Records , the 27 m² museum is the smallest public museum in the world devoted to the four Liverpudlian musicians . The collection holds more than 17,000 recordings , souvenirs , film posters , and autographs and other memorabilia .",
"title": "Museums"
},
{
"text": " - Early in the year : SILA ( Siegerlandausstellung – Siegerland Exhibition ) , even-numbered years only - March to November , first Saturday in each month : Flea market in Siegen-Geisweid ( since 1970 ) , no new goods - June to August : Mittwochs in different bands every Wednesday in Siegen-Weidenau - June : Johannimarkt , a fair held for some 400 years",
"title": "Regular events"
},
{
"text": "- June/July : Siegener Sommerfestival , plays , cabaret , theatre , music and cinema since about 1990 . ( In 2006 , instead of the traditional summer festival , a World Cup festival was held )",
"title": "Regular events"
},
{
"text": " - July : Stadtfest ( City Festival ) , even-numbered years only - July : Rubensfest , odd-numbered years only - August : Siegen Open-Air Cinema - August : Christopher Street Day ( CSD ) , since 2000 - August : Siegtal-Pur All streets only opened for bikes ( the HTS ( local Motorway ) too ) - Summer : Street Festival at the Corn Market - October : 2nd Sunday : Bürgerfest Geisweid - November : Geisweider Adventsmarkt , since about 1985 - December : Christmas market , since about 1980",
"title": "Regular events"
},
{
"text": " The city and its surrounding region speak in addition to standard German also have a characteristic local dialect : Siegerländisch .",
"title": "Dialect"
},
{
"text": " The Dilldappe is an old mythical creature from the Siegerland . It lives mainly in the Siegerland Hauberg ( coöperatively managed woodlots ) . Early in the 1980s , the writer and cartoonist Matthias Kringe first published a calendar about the creature , written in the local dialect of German . The Rubens Prize of the City of Siegen .",
"title": "Tales and legends"
},
{
"text": "The Rubens Prize of the City of Siegen , founded in 1955 , is awarded every five years to a painter or graphic artist whose lifes work has been groundbreaking on the European stage . The title recalls the painter-diplomat Peter Paul Rubens , who expressed in his lifes work the thought of European unity , long before it could become a political reality . Peter Paul Rubens – who was born in Siegen , grew up in Cologne and Antwerp , trained in art in Italy , was esteemed in France and acted as a diplomat in Spain and",
"title": "Tales and legends"
},
{
"text": "England – as the main master of European Baroque painting set those artistic and European standards to which the awarding of the prize has been bound since 1957–1958 .",
"title": "Tales and legends"
},
{
"text": " - Hans Hartung ( 1957/1958 ) - Giorgio Morandi ( 1962 ) - Francis Bacon ( 1967 ) - Antoni Tàpies ( 1972 ) - Fritz Winter ( 1977 ) - Emil Schumacher ( 1982 ) - Cy Twombly ( 1987 ) - Rupprecht Geiger ( 1992 ) - Lucian Freud ( 1997 ) - Maria Lassnig ( 2002 ) - Sigmar Polke ( 2007 ) - Bridget Riley ( 2012 ) - Niele Toroni ( 2017 )",
"title": "Past prizewinners :"
},
{
"text": " The city sport league includes 160 sport clubs in which roughly 37,000 members are active . National importance was achieved in 2005 by the Sportfreunde Siegen mens football team at Leimbachstadion when they rose from the Regionalliga Süd up to the 2nd Bundesliga , although the next year they dropped back down again . As six-time German Champions , the TSV Siegen womens football team was very successful in the 1990s .",
"title": "Sport"
},
{
"text": " In the south of the district in the community of Burbach lies the Siegerland Airport through which Siegen is connected to many other airports in Germany .",
"title": "Air transport"
},
{
"text": " The city of Siegen lies on European long-distance path E1 running from the middle of Sweden to Umbria in Italy . There is , however , no organized cycling trail network in Siegen . Riding in bus lanes is sporadically allowed . Bicycle transport is generally poorly developed in Siegen . Owing to dual carriageways within the city and nearby , as well as transport planning that rather favours cars , bicycle transport has been somewhat thwarted . Together with the partly hilly topography , there is therefore little in the way of bicycle transport in Siegen .",
"title": "Bicycle transport"
},
{
"text": " Siegen station lies at the junction of the following railway lines : - The two-track electrified Ruhr–Sieg line ( Ruhr-Sieg-Strecke ) is used for regional services , usually hourly , of the Ruhr-Sieg-Express ( RE 16 ) and the Ruhr-Sieg-Bahn ( RB 91 ) . - The Rothaar Railway ( Rothaarbahn ) is served , usually hourly by Rothaar-Bahn ( RB 93 ) services , connecting in Erndtebrück to Obere Lahntal-Bahn ( RB 94/RMV Line 43 ) services , usually two-hourly , on the Upper Lahn Valley Railway ( Obere Lahntal-Bahn ) .",
"title": "Rail transport"
},
{
"text": "- The two-track electrified Dill Railway ( Dill-Strecke ) is served , usually two-hourly , by the Rhein-Sieg-Express ( RE 9 ) and the Main-Sieg-Express ( RE 99 ) and hourly by the Sieg-Dill-Bahn ( RB 95 ) ( only to and from Dillenburg ) .",
"title": "Rail transport"
},
{
"text": " - The mostly two-track electrified Sieg line ( Siegstrecke ) is served , usually hourly , by the Rhein-Sieg-Express ( RE 9 ) and Sieg-Dill-Bahn ( RB 95 ) services ( only to and from Au ) .",
"title": "Rail transport"
},
{
"text": " On 18 March 1895 , the Netphener Omnibusgesellschaft opened the worlds first busline using a petrol-powered omnibus , running a service from its base in Netphen to Siegen and Deuz . Today , local road transport offers many regional , express and local buses , along with a night bus service connecting Siegen with its outlying communities and neighbouring towns . They are run by the South Westphalia Transport Services ( Verkehrsbetriebe Westfalen-Süd ; VWS ) whose headquarters are in Siegen .",
"title": "Bus transport"
},
{
"text": "For the whole of local public transport , the tariff of the South Westphalia Transport Community ( Verkehrsgemeinschaft Westfalen-Süd ; VGWS ) applies , regardless of the North Rhine-Westphalia tariff .",
"title": "Bus transport"
},
{
"text": " With regard to long-distance roads , the city of Siegen is connected to Autobahnen A 45 ( Dortmund – Aschaffenburg ) and A 4 ( Cologne – Olpe ) , and to Federal Highways ( Bundesstraßen ) 54 , 54n , 62 and 62n . Siegen is home to the tallest bridge of the A 45 and one of the highest in Germany , the Siegtalbrücke . Built from 1964 to 1969 , it is approximately 96 m high and 1 050 m long .",
"title": "Roads"
},
{
"text": "The shape that the city takes has much to do with the Hüttentalstraße ( HTS ) ( Federal Highways 54n and 62n ) which serves as a municipal Autobahn – much of it elevated – that runs through the city area .",
"title": "Roads"
},
{
"text": " The A 4 between Wenden and Kreuztal has been newly built . In the heights over Kreuztals outlying community of Krombach , it now joins with the HTS . On this 12-kilometre stretch of highway are eight valley bridges as well as ten under- and overpasses . This new part was opened on 1 December 2007 .",
"title": "Roads"
},
{
"text": " Siegen is South Westphalias service and administrative centre . Much of its industry is based on metalworking . Pedestrian precincts in Bahnhofsstraße ( Railway Station Street ) and Kölner Tor ( Cologne Gate ) , both downtown , have made shopping in Siegen very convenient , as have the shopping centres City-Galerie ( opened in 1998 ) and Sieg Carré ( opened in 2006 , both downtown ) and Siegerlandzentrum ( Siegen-Weidenau ) , and the Marburger Straße shopping street ( downtown ) . In 2005 , an IKEA store and a Peek & Cloppenburg location opened .",
"title": "Economy"
},
{
"text": " Siegen is home to the Siegen-Wittgenstein district administration and location of a Chamber of Industry and Trade ( Industrie- und Handelskammer , or IHK , one of 81 such regional institutions in Germany ) for the districts of Siegen-Wittgenstein and Olpe . Home to the Siegen State Court , a local court and a labour court , the city is also an important court centre .",
"title": "Public institutions"
},
{
"text": " In Siegen , the Westdeutscher Rundfunk ( WDR ) maintains a studio where regional radio and television news for South Westphalia is produced . The daily broadcast goes out in the South Westphalia regional window following the programme Aktuelle Stunde ( a newsmagazine show ) on WDRs third channel . Moreover , WDR also runs a transmission facility for VHF radio and television ( once also medium wave ) at the Giersberg .",
"title": "Media"
},
{
"text": "Daily newspapers in Siegen include not only the Siegener Zeitung but also local editions of the Westfälische Rundschau and the Westfalenpost . All three appear in the morning , although the first was until 2000 an afternoon paper . Furthermore , at the Obergraben is found the regional , Radio-NRW-connected Radio Siegens studio building .",
"title": "Media"
},
{
"text": " In the early decades of the 17th century , the Herborn Academy temporarily relocated to Siegen , in the buildings of the Unteres Schloss , which came to an end when the Plague broke out . Siegens oldest school is the Gymnasium am Löhrtor , a grammar school .",
"title": "Education"
},
{
"text": " - Gymnasium am Löhrtor ( GAL ) - Fürst-Johann-Moritz-Gymnasium ( FJM ) - Peter-Paul-Rubens-Gymnasium , formerly known as Ganztagsgymnasium am Rosterberg - Evangelisches Gymnasium ( EV ) - Gymnasium auf der Morgenröthe ( GAM )",
"title": "Grammar schools"
},
{
"text": " - Albert Schweitzer Schule - Birlenbacher Schule - Burgschule - Diesterwegschule - Dreisbachschule - Eiserner Schule - Fischbacherbergschule - Friedrich Flender Schule - Geisweider Schule - Giersbergschule - Glückaufschule - Gosenbacher Schule - Grundschule Eiserfeld - Grundschule Kaan-Marienborn - Hammerhütter Schule - Hüttentalschule - Jung Stilling Schule - Lindenbergschule - Nordschule - Obenstruthschule - Sonnenhangschule - Spandauer Schule",
"title": "Primary schools"
},
{
"text": " Siegen is headquarters of the University of Siegen , founded on 1 August 1972 as the Gesamthochschule Siegen . As well , the Fachhochschule für Oekonomie & Management has a study centre , which is shared with the Academy of Administration and Economics . Siegen also has various general-education and professional schools , and the Siegerlandkolleg . Twin towns – sister cities . Siegen is twinned with : - Spandau ( Berlin ) , Germany ( 1952 ) - Katwijk , Netherlands ( 1963 , formerly Rijnsburg )",
"title": "Higher education"
},
{
"text": "- Leeds , England , United Kingdom ( 1966 , formerly Morley )",
"title": "Higher education"
},
{
"text": " - Ypres , Belgium ( 1967 ) - Zakopane , Poland ( 1989 ) - Plauen , Germany ( 1990 )",
"title": "Higher education"
},
{
"text": " - Henry III of Nassau-Breda ( 1483–1538 ) , Count of Nassau and Lord of Breda - Tilemann Stella ( 1525–1589 ) , Renaissance scholar and librarian , mathematician , geometerer , cartographer and astronomer - Peter Paul Rubens ( 1577–1640 ) , Baroque painter - Johann Heinrich Bisterfeld ( 1605–1655 ) , philosopher , polyhistor - Georg Wilhelm de Gennin ( 1676–1750 ) , Russian military officer and engineer ; baptized here - Franz Hunolt ( 1691–1746 ) , Jesuit , theologian - Adolph Diesterweg ( 1790–1866 ) , pedagogue and mastermind of reform education",
"title": "Notable people"
},
{
"text": "- Heinrich Kreutz ( 1854–1907 ) , astronomer and publisher",
"title": "Notable people"
},
{
"text": " - Charles H . Daub ( 1855–1917 ) , member of the Wisconsin State Assembly - Fritz Busch ( 1890–1951 ) , conductor - Adolf Busch ( 1891–1952 ) , German-Swiss violinist and conductor - Walter Kraemer ( 1892–1941 ) , politician ( KPD ) and resistance fighter against Nazism - Paul Giesler ( 1895–1945 ) , Nazi functionary , Premier of Bavaria - Heinrich Gontermann ( 1896–1917 ) , fighter ace - Friedrich Middelhauve ( 1896–1966 ) , publisher and politician ( FDP ) - Hermann Giesler ( 1898–1987 ) , architect",
"title": "Notable people"
},
{
"text": "- Ernst Achenbach ( 1909–1991 ) , politician ( FDP )",
"title": "Notable people"
},
{
"text": " - Herbert Schäfer ( 1927–1991 ) , football player and coach - Walter Schneider ( 1927–2010 ) , motorcycle racing driver - Bernd Becher ( 1931–2007 ) , conceptual artist and photographer - Heinfried Birlenbach ( 1940–2020 ) , shot putter - Joachim Frank ( born 1940 ) , German-American biophysicist and a Nobel laureate - Rolf Stommelen ( 1943–1983 ) , Formula One racer - Josef Clemens ( born 1947 ) , bishop - Klaus Scheer ( born 1950 ) , football player and coach - Christoph Bode ( born 1952 ) , literary scholar",
"title": "Notable people"
},
{
"text": "- Reinhard Goebel ( born 1952 ) , conductor and violinist",
"title": "Notable people"
},
{
"text": " - Annegret Kober ( born 1957 ) , swimmer - Bernward Koch ( born 1957 ) , musician - Burkhard Jung ( born 1958 ) , Lord Mayor of Leipzig - Dieter Falk ( born 1959 ) , music producer , keyboardist and composer - Peter Autschbach ( born 1961 ) , guitarist - Frank Heinrich ( born 1964 ) , theologian and politician ( MdB ) - Navid Kermani ( born 1967 ) , orientalist and Islamic studies scholar - Petra Lobinger ( born 1967 ) , athlete",
"title": "Notable people"
},
{
"text": "- Peter Stein ( born 1968 ) , politician ( CDU )",
"title": "Notable people"
},
{
"text": " - Monika Meyer ( born 1972 ) , footballer - Sabrina Mockenhaupt ( born 1980 ) , long distance runner - August Wittgenstein ( born 1981 ) , prince and actor - Florian Kringe ( born 1982 ) , footballer - Moritz Volz ( born 1983 ) , footballer - Christian Nüchtern ( born 1992 ) , ice dancer",
"title": "Notable people"
},
{
"text": " Siegen has conferred honorary citizenship upon the following persons : - 1887 : Heinrich von Achenbach , High President of the Province of Brandenburg - 1891 : Otto von Bismarck , Reich chancellor - 1933 : Adolf Hitler , Reich chancellor* - 1933 : Paul von Hindenburg , General Field Marshal and Reich President",
"title": "Honorary citizens"
},
{
"text": "For all those listed up to here , honorary citizenship , according to Enactment no . 21 to the amended German Municipal System of 1 April 1946 , has been forfeited . *According to the city council of Siegen Adolf Hitlers honorary citizenship was lapsed by British military law . Caused by political discussion the city council denied Hitlers honorary citizenship posthumously on 29 August 2007 .",
"title": "Honorary citizens"
}
] |
/wiki/Siegen#P17#5
|
Which country did Siegen belong to between Apr 1990 and Sep 1990?
|
Siegen Siegen ( ) is a city in Germany , in the south Westphalian part of North Rhine-Westphalia . It is located in the district of Siegen-Wittgenstein in the Arnsberg region . The university town ( nearly 20,000 students in the 2018–2019 winter semester ) is the district seat , and is ranked as a higher centre in the South Westphalian urban agglomeration . In 1975 , municipal reforms and amalgamations lifted Siegens population above the 100,000 mark . Geography . Location . The city of Siegen lies in the basin of the upper reaches of the river Sieg . From there , lateral valleys branch off in many directions . The heights of the surrounding mountains , wherever they are not actually settled , are covered in coppice . To the north lies the Sauerland , to the northwest the Rothaargebirge and to the southwest the Westerwald . The nearest cities to Siegen , taking into account average travelling distances , are Hagen to the north , Frankfurt am Main to the southeast , Koblenz to the southwest and Cologne to the west . As the crow flies the distances to these places are , however , ( Hagen ) , ( Frankfurt ) , ( Koblenz ) and ( Cologne ) . The city lies on the German-Dutch holiday road called the Orange Route , joining towns , cities and regions associated with the House of Orange . City area . The citys total land area is roughly . Its greatest east-west span is about , and its greatest north-south span is about . City limits are long . Siegen lies at a median elevation of above sea level . The citys greatest elevation is the peak of the Pfannenberg at above sea level at southern city limits . Siegens lowest point is above sea level at Niederschelden at southwestern city limits , which there also forms the state boundary with Rhineland-Palatinate . Roughly 60% of the citys land is wooded , making Siegen one of Germanys greenest cities . The city area is divided into six zones , called Bezirke in German and comparable to boroughs in some cities , which themselves are further divided into various communities ( Ortsteile and Stadtteile ) . Each borough has a borough board consisting of 15 voting and 15 non-voting members who are appointed by city council with regard to each partys share of the vote in the municipal elections in the borough in question . The borough boards decide on matters particular to their respective boroughs . These matters are laid down in Siegens city charter . Administrative division . Siegens six boroughs and communities belonging to each boroughs are : - District I ( Geisweid ) : Birlenbach , Meiswinkel , Langenholdinghausen , Geisweid , Dillnhütten , Sohlbach , Buchen , Niedersetzen , Obersetzen - District II ( Weidenau ) : - District III ( Ost ) : Kaan-Marienborn , parts of Alt-Siegen ( Giersberg ) , Bürbach , Volnsberg , Breitenbach , Feuersbach - District IV ( Mitte ) : Alt-Siegen ( parts not belonging to borough III or V ) - District V ( West ) : Seelbach , Trupbach and parts of Alt-Siegen ( Wellersberg , Fischbacherberg , Achenbach , Rothenberg ) - District VI ( Süd ) : Oberschelden , Gosenbach , Niederschelden , Eiserfeld , Eisern Along with the boroughs and communities into which the city is divided , as mandated by law , there are also further subdivisions within the communities , each with its own name , but none with distinctly clear borders . They are called Quartiere , which can be rendered as quarters or neighbourhoods . Examples of these include the Unterstadt , the Oberstadt , Hammerhütte , Lindenberg , Charlottental , Haardter Berg ( with the university ) and the Alte Dreisbach . Some neighbourhoods even straddle community boundaries , like Sieghütte , parts of which can be found in both Siegen-Mitte and Weidenau . Moreover , some neighbourhoods even overlap each other . Unlike the boroughs ( Bezirke ) or communities ( Ortsteile and Stadtteile ) , the Quartiere have no statistical or administrative importance . They do , however , serve some function as to their inhabitants identity , but more practically than that , they are also useful for finding ones way with a city map and using in bus route names and on public notices and traffic signs . Many of the Hüttentalstraße city Autobahns exits are also named after the Quartiere that they serve . The communities of Weidenau , Geisweid , Birlenbach , Langenholdinghausen , Buchen , Sohlbach , Dillnhütten , Niedersetzen , Obersetzen and Meiswinkel formed from 1 July 1966 to 31 December 1974 the town of Hüttental . The communities of Eiserfeld , Eisern , Gosenbach , Niederschelden and Oberschelden formed the town of Eiserfeld between those same two dates . Neighbouring communities . The city of Siegen borders in the north on the town of Kreuztal and the community of Wenden , in the east on the town of Netphen , in the southeast on the community of Wilnsdorf , in the south on the community of Neunkirchen , in the west on the community of Mudersbach ( Altenkirchen in Rhineland-Palatinate ) and in the northwest on the town of Freudenberg . History . <section /> The name Siegen comes from the possibly Celtic river name Sieg . It is , however , unclear whether there is any relation between this name and the Celtic-Germanic Sicambri ( Ger . Sugambrer ) people , who in pre-Christian times lived in parts of North Rhine-Westphalia . The first documentary mention of the place called Sigena dates from 1079 . The citys history is markedly shaped by mining , which locally began as far back as La Tène times . Bearing witness to this longtime industry are the many mines that can be found within city limits . In 1224 , Siegen is mentioned as a newly built town whose ownership was shared by the Count of Nassau , Heinrich the Rich , and Engelbert II of Berg , Archbishop of Cologne after the latter transferred one half of the ownership to the former . Moreover , there is proof that the Oberes Schloss ( upper stately home ) was already standing at this time . On 19 October 1303 , the town was granted Soester Stadtrecht , or Soest town rights . The town remained under the two overlords joint ownership until 1 February 1381 , only then passing fully into Nassau hands . In the 16th century , the town of Siegen bore a formidable defensive look . It was surrounded by mighty walls with 16 towers and three town gates , and was home to a great castle . The town was stricken several times by townwide fires . Documents record such fires in 1592 , and from 10 to 20 April 1695 . In 1536 , Heinrich the Rich built a paedagogium in the buildings that had once housed a Franciscan Monastery . It later grew into todays Gymnasium at Siegens Löhrtor ( gate ) . Johann VII of Nassau-Siegen ( Johann the Intermediary ) built the Unteres Schloss ( lower stately home ) on the site of an old Franciscan Monastery . In 1616 , Johann VII founded a knightly war school in the still standing old armoury on Burgstraße , expressly to produce an officer corps for Calvinism . His son Johann VIII ( The Younger ) returned in 1612 to the Roman Catholic Church , and wanted to use force to make the townsfolk also convert back to Roman Catholicism . In 1632 , Nassau-Siegen was conquered by the Swedes , after which his half-brother John Maurice of Nassau-Siegen , the Dutch commander in Brazil , re-introduced Protestantism . John VIII died in 1638 and was succeeded by his only son Johan Frans Desideratus , who had to cede part of Nassau-Siegen ( north of the Sieg river ) to the Protestant branch of the family . John Maurices leadership served in 1650–1651 to bring about a split in the Siegerland along denominational lines . Under Wilhelm Hyacinth of Nassau-Siegen , violence broke out between the two denominational groups . When on 29 March 1707 townsman Friedrich Flender was killed , Wilhelm Hyacinth was himself unseated and furthermore driven out of the town . Wilhelm Hyacinth was the last in the line of Nassau-Siegens Catholic rulers , dying in 1743 . Already in 1734 , though , the Reformed line had died out , too , with Friedrich Wilhelms death , leading Charles VI , Holy Roman Emperor to transfer power in the territory to the Prince of Orange and the Prince of Nassau-Diez . Under their leadership , mining , the main source of wealth , blossomed , along with agriculture and silviculture . When Prince William of Orange refused to join the Confederation of the Rhine , founded by Napoleon , he found himself unseated by the French leader and the Siegerland passed to the Grand Duchy of Berg . After Napoleons downfall in 1813 , however , William I regained his former German inheritances , but in 1815 he ceded them to the Kingdom of Prussia for the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg . Siegen was assigned to the Siegen district , first in the Koblenz region , and as of 1817 in the Arnsberg region within the Prussian Province of Westphalia . Under Prussian rule , Siegen developed into the South Westphalian centre that it is today . On 1 March 1923 , Siegen was set apart from the district bearing its name , and became a district-free town , while still keeping its function as seat of the district of which it was no longer part , and which was itself merged with Wittgenstein district under district reform in 1975 . Siegen also lost its district-free status at this time , becoming part of the new Siegen-Wittgenstein district , the name that the district has borne since 1984 . During World War II , Siegen was repeatedly bombed by the Allies owing to a crucial railroad that crossed through the town . On 1 April 1945 , the US 8th Infantry Division began the Allied ground assault against Siegen and the dominating military-significant high ground north of the river . The battle against determined German forces at Siegen continued through 2 April 1945 , until organized resistance was finally overwhelmed by the division on 3 April 1945.<section /> Religion . The town of Siegen belonged in the beginning to the Archbishopric of Mainz , or more precisely to its deaconry of Arfeld . There was a White Nun convent in town that folded in the 15th century . Furthermore , there was a Franciscan Monastery that was dissolved in 1533 after the Nassau overlords had introduced the Reformation in 1530 . After that , the town was first Lutheran , but in 1550 , the Principality of Nassau converted to the Reformed Church . Subsequently , Siegen was a predominantly Protestant town , but not so strongly that the Counterreformation could not gain ground in 1623 , with one fifth of the townsfolk and those living in the surrounding area becoming Catholic once again . As of 1626 , there was once more a monastery in town , this time a Jesuit one . After passing to Prussia in 1815 , the union between Lutheran and Reformed churches was introduced in Siegen , as it was throughout Prussia , but the towns parishes kept their Reformed emphasis . As part of the Westphalian Provincial Church ( now the Church of Westphalia ) , Siegen became the seat of a Superintendency . A similar entity still exists in Siegen , known as the Kirchenkreis , or church district , to which all the citys parishes nowadays belong , unless they are Free Church parishes . This church district encompasses the whole of South Westphalia all the way to Olpe . The towns Catholics , even after the Reformation , still belonged to the Archbishopric of Mainz . With the restructuring of the Catholic Church early in the 19th century , Siegen was assigned to the Archbishopric of Paderborn and became the seat of a district synod , today a deaconry , to which all the districts Catholic parishes belong . Paderborn was raised to Archbishopric in 1929 . Besides the Roman Catholic Church , Siegen also has a Greek Orthodox parish and a Romanian Orthodox parish . Moreover , there are various free churches established in Siegen , among them several Evangelical Free Church parishes ( Baptists ) , an Evangelical-Methodist Church , an Independent Evangelical-Lutheran Church ( SELK ) , a Seventh-day Adventist parish , several Free Evangelical parishes ( FeG ) , the Achenbach Christian Community , the Christian Assembly , Calvary Chapel and the Siegen-Meiswinkel Mission Community . Further religious communities in Siegen are The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints , the New Apostolic Church , the Jehovahs Witnesses , an Original Christianity community and Baháʼí . Moreover , owing to a great number of Turkish and Arab migrants in Siegen , the Muslim community is also very much in evidence there and there are several mosques in Siegen run by Turkish , Arab and Albanian communities . There are said to be more than 15,000 Muslims out of Siegens total population . Municipal reform . The following communities and rural areas have been amalgamated with Siegen : - 1902 and 1912 : parts of Buschgotthardtshütten - 1934 : parts of Achenbach - 1937 : parts of Achenbach and Buschgotthardtshütten - 1966 : Trupbach , Seelbach , Breitenbach , Bürbach , Kaan-Marienborn and Volnsberg - 1969 : Feuersbach - 1974 : towns of Hüttental and Eiserfeld Population development . In 1897 , Siegen had 20,000 inhabitants . By 1939 , this figure had doubled to 40,000 . In the World War II , the town lost roughly 30% of its inhabitants ( 12,000 ) . The population had fallen to 28,000 by 1945 and only in 1952 did it once again reach prewar levels . On 1 January 1975 , Siegens population surpassed 100,000 through the amalgamation of Hüttental ( 38,867 inhabitants in 1974 ) and Eiserfeld ( 22,354 inhabitants in 1974 ) , making it a city . With 117,224 inhabitants it also at the same time reached its all-time highest population . At the end of June 2005 , according to the North Rhine-Westphalia State Office for Data Processing and Statistics ( Landesamt für Datenverarbeitung und Statistik Nordrhein-Westfalen ) , 105,328 people made Siegen their main abode . Since 1975 , the population has fallen by roughly 10% ( 12,000 ) . The following chart shows population figures for Siegens municipal area , however big it was at each given time . Up to 1833 , most figures are estimates , and thereafter census figures ( ¹ ) or official estimates by the statistical office of the time or the town/city administration itself . The given figures indicate from 1843 the population present in the town ( Ortsanwesende Bevölkerung ) , from 1925 the dwelling population ( Wohnbevölkerung ) , and since 1987 the Population in the place of main residence ( Bevölkerung am Ort der Hauptwohnung ) . Before 1843 , population figures come from irregular surveying procedures . ¹ Census figure Politics . City council . The city councils 62 seats are apportioned thus , in accordance with municipal elections held on 26 September 2004 : None of the parties represented on city council holds a majority , and no coalition has been struck . However , the CDU and the FDP have a fixed , contractual coöperation agreement and at least have at their disposal a joint majority voice on some committees . In the council chamber , on the other hand , their 30 seats are not an absolute majority and they do not always prevail . Mayors . At the citys helm since the 13th century , there have been several mayors of whom evidence survives . In 1304 and 1305 , a council ( consules ) was mentioned for the first time . As early as 1224 , however , documents mention Burgmänner ( Castle Men ) as well as three Bürgermeister ( Mayors ) who were changed yearly . As of 1500 , only two mayors were chosen every year . In the 18th century , the guilds were achieving ever greater influence in the town . Thereafter the ruling or office-holding old shoemaking master represented the common townsfolk on the council . The mediaeval town charter was kept right up until 1809 , and parts of it even held until 1815 , but that year there was a self-endorsing council with 12 members , over which presided the mayor . As of 1824 , the suburbs got their own chief administrator who was subordinate to the mayor of Siegen . In 1836 , the Prussian municipal system was introduced . After the town was separated from Siegen district in 1923 , the mayor was given the title Oberbürgermeister ( roughly equivalent to Lord Mayor ) . The mayor who came to office in 1919 kept his position right through the time of the Third Reich , whereas some mayors in other German and Austrian towns , whose political views were at odds with the Nazis , were removed forcibly . After the Second World War , the military government of the British Zone of Occupation installed a new mayor , and in 1946 it introduced a new town charter based on a British model , leading to a Council of the town elected by the people , whose members were called Stadtverordnete ( town councillors ) . In the beginning , the council chose one from its midst as the mayor as the towns head and representative , which was an honorary function . Furthermore , as of 1946 , the council also began choosing a full-time Oberstadtdirektor , or Higher Town Director , to lead the towns administration . After Siegen was reunited with the district of the same name in 1975 , these two officials bore the titles Bürgermeister and Stadtdirektor respectively . In 1999 , this two-headed arrangement was forsaken in favour of a single city leader , with the title Bürgermeister , who serves as chairman or chairwoman of city council , leader of city administration and city representative . He or she is directly elected nowadays . Mayors ( Bürgermeister and Oberbürgermeister ) since 1919 - 1919–1945 : Alfred Fißmer , Oberbürgermeister - 1945 : Fritz Fries , Oberbürgermeister - 1945–1946 : Otto Schwarz , Oberbürgermeister - 1946–1948 : Ernst Weißelberg , Oberbürgermeister - 1948–1956 : Ernst Bach , Oberbürgermeister - 1956–1961 : Erich Pachnicke , Oberbürgermeister - 1961–1966 : Karl Eckmann , Oberbürgermeister - 1966–1975 : Karl Althaus , Oberbürgermeister - 1975–1979 : Friedemann Keßler , Bürgermeister - 1979–1990 : Hans Reinhardt , Bürgermeister - 1990–1994 : Hilde Fiedler , Bürgermeisterin - 1994–1999 : Karl Wilhelm Kirchhöfer , Bürgermeister - 1999–2007 : Ulf Stötzel ( CDU ) , Bürgermeister - 2007–today : Steffen Mues ( CDU ) , Bürgermeister Stadtdirektoren and Oberstadtdirektoren 1946–1999 - 1946–1954 : Max Baumann , Oberstadtdirektor - 1954–1975 : Kurt Seibt , Oberstadtdirektor - 1975–1985 : Hans Mohn , Stadtdirektor - 1985–1989 : Volker Oerter , Stadtdirektor - 1989–1995 : Otto-Werner Rappold , Stadtdirektor ( left office early with effect on 2 December 1995 by his own wish ) - 1995–1999 : Ulrich Mock , Stadtdirektor ( at first as Dr . Rappolds General Agent until 31 January 1997 , then appointed fulltime Stadtdirektor ) Coat of arms . Siegens civic coat of arms might be described thus : Argent a town wall embattled gules with an open gateway argent , therein in an inescutcheon azure a lion rampant Or armed and langued gules , issuant from the wall a bishop in robe and mitre azure ( trimmed in argent ) holding in his hand dexter a crozier argent with crook Or sinister , in his hand sinister , upraised , an open book argent with pages edged gules . The bishop in the citys arms is the Bishop of Cologne . The wall symbolizes the city itself , and the inescutcheon in the gateway shows the Lion of Nassau in blue and gold ( or yellow ) , which are Nassaus colours . The arms are based on the oldest known town seal , from 1248 . The inescutcheon once also had gold billets ( upright rectangles ) around the lion , but these do not appear in what became the towns ( and later citys ) coat of arms in 1875 . Sights . Although the town was about 80% destroyed in the World War II , Siegen has kept a number of buildings worth seeing , such as the two stately homes , the Oberes Schloss and the Unteres Schloss . Oberes Schloss . The castle on the Siegberg was first mentioned in a document in 1259 and was the family seat of the House of Nassau . Since 1905 , the Siegerland Museum has been here . Alongside regional exhibits – among them an artificial demonstration mine – are many paintings . The centrepiece of this collection is made up of works by the man who is arguably the best known native , Peter Paul Rubens . There is also quite a comprehensive collection of portraits of members of the Houses of Nassau and Orange . The top floor is devoted to 19th-century home décor . A kitchen from the Siegerland , a bedroom and many pieces of furniture from the Biedermeier era give one an impression of life in the region in bygone days . Unteres Schloss . Late in the 17th century , the Lower Stately Home came into being in its current form , somewhat like an open rectangle . The Evangelical line of the House of Nassau-Siegen resided here . Also belonging to the Schloss is the Dicker Turm , or Fat Tower with a carillon . In 1959 , the then town of Siegen built a memorial for victims of war and tyranny . Inside the Schloss is also found the crypt of the Evangelical branch of the Nassau princely house . Today , the Schloss serves as a state authority building in which the North Rhine-Westphalia Building and Property Establishment , the State Environment Office , the Office for Occupational Health and Safety and the Attendorn Correctional Facility ( Siegen Branch Facility ) are all housed . By the citys plans , a university is supposed to move into the Unteres Schloss within the next few years , but at this time , the plan is failing to find any financial backing . Churches . Two churches in downtown Siegen are to be brought to the visitors attention : The Martinikirche dating from the 11th century and the Nikolaikirche at the marketplace with its unusual eight-sided shape and its golden Krönchen ( coronet ) – the citys landmark – on the church tower , which is a prominent feature of Siegens skyline ( Siegen is sometimes called Krönchenstadt for this unusual feature ) . Another church is the Marienkirche , built by the Jesuits between 1702 and 1729 . Also worth seeing are Siegens Old Town and several museums in the city core . Gasometer . In the southwest of the city core , at the foot of the Ziegenberg , is a spherical gas holder , or gasometer , which is protected by law as a monument . It is one of the oldest spherical gas holders still preserved . Another peculiarity is its riveted casing . Only three other such gas holders are known to exist worldwide ( all in Germany , in Schwerte , Offenburg and Bielefeld ) . The holder had to be moved a few metres owing to construction on the municipal Autobahn , the Hüttentalstraße , and in the residential area of Ziegenberg , and it now forms the symbolic sun as part of a scale model of the planets above the gas holder . Cemeteries . Within Siegens city limits are 36 municipally run cemeteries . Ten of them are already closed and are available for burials only because of existing laws . The cemeteries have a total area of 730 000 m² with roughly 65,000 graves . Characteristic of regional cemeteries are hillside graves and a green , parklike layout that even affords wildlife a chance at reoccupying the land . Cemeteries within city limits are : - Lindenbergfriedhof - Hermelsbacher Friedhof - Stockfriedhof - Geisweider Friedhof - Haardter Friedhof - Gilbergfriedhof - Friedhof Kaan-Marienborn - Neuer Friedhof Niederschelden Culture . Theatre . In the Apollo-Theater ( a downtown former 1930s cinema that underwent remodelling and opened in mid-2007 ) , Siegen has one of the current decades most important newly built theatres . A controlling interest in this venture is held by TheaterSiegen intendant Magnus Reitschuster . Since 1992 , the media and cultural house Lÿz has been a venue for cabaret , music and theatre in Siegen . On the two stages , roughly 150 events appear every season . Bigger events take place at the Bühne der Stadt ( Citys Stage , with about 820 seats ) , the Siegerlandhalle ( 1 800 m² , 2,300 seats ) or the Bismarckhalle . As well , there are regular open-air concerts and productions in the inner yard at Unteres Schloss . Orchestras and choirs . - Philharmonie Südwestfalen - Evangelische Kantorei Siegen - Bach-Chor Siegen - Sängerkreis Siegerland Museums . The main centre of art in Siegen are the Museum for Contemporary Art and the Haus Seel – city gallery . The Siegerland Museum is dedicated to regional history . The Oranienstraße House , built at 1900 in the Italian country house style , is attached to the Siegerland Museum since 1993 as an exhibit forum . There is a varied program of temporary exhibitions of all kinds , from archaeological excavations to contemporary avant-garde art . Poet and author readings are also part of the program , such as classic concerts . In Geisweid is found the Beatles Home Museum , run by Harold Krämer . According to the 2000 Guinness Book of Records , the 27 m² museum is the smallest public museum in the world devoted to the four Liverpudlian musicians . The collection holds more than 17,000 recordings , souvenirs , film posters , and autographs and other memorabilia . Regular events . - Early in the year : SILA ( Siegerlandausstellung – Siegerland Exhibition ) , even-numbered years only - March to November , first Saturday in each month : Flea market in Siegen-Geisweid ( since 1970 ) , no new goods - June to August : Mittwochs in different bands every Wednesday in Siegen-Weidenau - June : Johannimarkt , a fair held for some 400 years - June/July : Siegener Sommerfestival , plays , cabaret , theatre , music and cinema since about 1990 . ( In 2006 , instead of the traditional summer festival , a World Cup festival was held ) - July : Stadtfest ( City Festival ) , even-numbered years only - July : Rubensfest , odd-numbered years only - August : Siegen Open-Air Cinema - August : Christopher Street Day ( CSD ) , since 2000 - August : Siegtal-Pur All streets only opened for bikes ( the HTS ( local Motorway ) too ) - Summer : Street Festival at the Corn Market - October : 2nd Sunday : Bürgerfest Geisweid - November : Geisweider Adventsmarkt , since about 1985 - December : Christmas market , since about 1980 Dialect . The city and its surrounding region speak in addition to standard German also have a characteristic local dialect : Siegerländisch . Tales and legends . The Dilldappe is an old mythical creature from the Siegerland . It lives mainly in the Siegerland Hauberg ( coöperatively managed woodlots ) . Early in the 1980s , the writer and cartoonist Matthias Kringe first published a calendar about the creature , written in the local dialect of German . The Rubens Prize of the City of Siegen . The Rubens Prize of the City of Siegen , founded in 1955 , is awarded every five years to a painter or graphic artist whose lifes work has been groundbreaking on the European stage . The title recalls the painter-diplomat Peter Paul Rubens , who expressed in his lifes work the thought of European unity , long before it could become a political reality . Peter Paul Rubens – who was born in Siegen , grew up in Cologne and Antwerp , trained in art in Italy , was esteemed in France and acted as a diplomat in Spain and England – as the main master of European Baroque painting set those artistic and European standards to which the awarding of the prize has been bound since 1957–1958 . Past prizewinners : - Hans Hartung ( 1957/1958 ) - Giorgio Morandi ( 1962 ) - Francis Bacon ( 1967 ) - Antoni Tàpies ( 1972 ) - Fritz Winter ( 1977 ) - Emil Schumacher ( 1982 ) - Cy Twombly ( 1987 ) - Rupprecht Geiger ( 1992 ) - Lucian Freud ( 1997 ) - Maria Lassnig ( 2002 ) - Sigmar Polke ( 2007 ) - Bridget Riley ( 2012 ) - Niele Toroni ( 2017 ) Sport . The city sport league includes 160 sport clubs in which roughly 37,000 members are active . National importance was achieved in 2005 by the Sportfreunde Siegen mens football team at Leimbachstadion when they rose from the Regionalliga Süd up to the 2nd Bundesliga , although the next year they dropped back down again . As six-time German Champions , the TSV Siegen womens football team was very successful in the 1990s . Transport . Air transport . In the south of the district in the community of Burbach lies the Siegerland Airport through which Siegen is connected to many other airports in Germany . Bicycle transport . The city of Siegen lies on European long-distance path E1 running from the middle of Sweden to Umbria in Italy . There is , however , no organized cycling trail network in Siegen . Riding in bus lanes is sporadically allowed . Bicycle transport is generally poorly developed in Siegen . Owing to dual carriageways within the city and nearby , as well as transport planning that rather favours cars , bicycle transport has been somewhat thwarted . Together with the partly hilly topography , there is therefore little in the way of bicycle transport in Siegen . Rail transport . Siegen station lies at the junction of the following railway lines : - The two-track electrified Ruhr–Sieg line ( Ruhr-Sieg-Strecke ) is used for regional services , usually hourly , of the Ruhr-Sieg-Express ( RE 16 ) and the Ruhr-Sieg-Bahn ( RB 91 ) . - The Rothaar Railway ( Rothaarbahn ) is served , usually hourly by Rothaar-Bahn ( RB 93 ) services , connecting in Erndtebrück to Obere Lahntal-Bahn ( RB 94/RMV Line 43 ) services , usually two-hourly , on the Upper Lahn Valley Railway ( Obere Lahntal-Bahn ) . - The two-track electrified Dill Railway ( Dill-Strecke ) is served , usually two-hourly , by the Rhein-Sieg-Express ( RE 9 ) and the Main-Sieg-Express ( RE 99 ) and hourly by the Sieg-Dill-Bahn ( RB 95 ) ( only to and from Dillenburg ) . - The mostly two-track electrified Sieg line ( Siegstrecke ) is served , usually hourly , by the Rhein-Sieg-Express ( RE 9 ) and Sieg-Dill-Bahn ( RB 95 ) services ( only to and from Au ) . Bus transport . On 18 March 1895 , the Netphener Omnibusgesellschaft opened the worlds first busline using a petrol-powered omnibus , running a service from its base in Netphen to Siegen and Deuz . Today , local road transport offers many regional , express and local buses , along with a night bus service connecting Siegen with its outlying communities and neighbouring towns . They are run by the South Westphalia Transport Services ( Verkehrsbetriebe Westfalen-Süd ; VWS ) whose headquarters are in Siegen . For the whole of local public transport , the tariff of the South Westphalia Transport Community ( Verkehrsgemeinschaft Westfalen-Süd ; VGWS ) applies , regardless of the North Rhine-Westphalia tariff . Roads . With regard to long-distance roads , the city of Siegen is connected to Autobahnen A 45 ( Dortmund – Aschaffenburg ) and A 4 ( Cologne – Olpe ) , and to Federal Highways ( Bundesstraßen ) 54 , 54n , 62 and 62n . Siegen is home to the tallest bridge of the A 45 and one of the highest in Germany , the Siegtalbrücke . Built from 1964 to 1969 , it is approximately 96 m high and 1 050 m long . The shape that the city takes has much to do with the Hüttentalstraße ( HTS ) ( Federal Highways 54n and 62n ) which serves as a municipal Autobahn – much of it elevated – that runs through the city area . The A 4 between Wenden and Kreuztal has been newly built . In the heights over Kreuztals outlying community of Krombach , it now joins with the HTS . On this 12-kilometre stretch of highway are eight valley bridges as well as ten under- and overpasses . This new part was opened on 1 December 2007 . Economy . Siegen is South Westphalias service and administrative centre . Much of its industry is based on metalworking . Pedestrian precincts in Bahnhofsstraße ( Railway Station Street ) and Kölner Tor ( Cologne Gate ) , both downtown , have made shopping in Siegen very convenient , as have the shopping centres City-Galerie ( opened in 1998 ) and Sieg Carré ( opened in 2006 , both downtown ) and Siegerlandzentrum ( Siegen-Weidenau ) , and the Marburger Straße shopping street ( downtown ) . In 2005 , an IKEA store and a Peek & Cloppenburg location opened . Public institutions . Siegen is home to the Siegen-Wittgenstein district administration and location of a Chamber of Industry and Trade ( Industrie- und Handelskammer , or IHK , one of 81 such regional institutions in Germany ) for the districts of Siegen-Wittgenstein and Olpe . Home to the Siegen State Court , a local court and a labour court , the city is also an important court centre . Media . In Siegen , the Westdeutscher Rundfunk ( WDR ) maintains a studio where regional radio and television news for South Westphalia is produced . The daily broadcast goes out in the South Westphalia regional window following the programme Aktuelle Stunde ( a newsmagazine show ) on WDRs third channel . Moreover , WDR also runs a transmission facility for VHF radio and television ( once also medium wave ) at the Giersberg . Daily newspapers in Siegen include not only the Siegener Zeitung but also local editions of the Westfälische Rundschau and the Westfalenpost . All three appear in the morning , although the first was until 2000 an afternoon paper . Furthermore , at the Obergraben is found the regional , Radio-NRW-connected Radio Siegens studio building . Education . In the early decades of the 17th century , the Herborn Academy temporarily relocated to Siegen , in the buildings of the Unteres Schloss , which came to an end when the Plague broke out . Siegens oldest school is the Gymnasium am Löhrtor , a grammar school . Other Schools : Grammar schools . - Gymnasium am Löhrtor ( GAL ) - Fürst-Johann-Moritz-Gymnasium ( FJM ) - Peter-Paul-Rubens-Gymnasium , formerly known as Ganztagsgymnasium am Rosterberg - Evangelisches Gymnasium ( EV ) - Gymnasium auf der Morgenröthe ( GAM ) Primary schools . - Albert Schweitzer Schule - Birlenbacher Schule - Burgschule - Diesterwegschule - Dreisbachschule - Eiserner Schule - Fischbacherbergschule - Friedrich Flender Schule - Geisweider Schule - Giersbergschule - Glückaufschule - Gosenbacher Schule - Grundschule Eiserfeld - Grundschule Kaan-Marienborn - Hammerhütter Schule - Hüttentalschule - Jung Stilling Schule - Lindenbergschule - Nordschule - Obenstruthschule - Sonnenhangschule - Spandauer Schule Higher education . Siegen is headquarters of the University of Siegen , founded on 1 August 1972 as the Gesamthochschule Siegen . As well , the Fachhochschule für Oekonomie & Management has a study centre , which is shared with the Academy of Administration and Economics . Siegen also has various general-education and professional schools , and the Siegerlandkolleg . Twin towns – sister cities . Siegen is twinned with : - Spandau ( Berlin ) , Germany ( 1952 ) - Katwijk , Netherlands ( 1963 , formerly Rijnsburg ) - Leeds , England , United Kingdom ( 1966 , formerly Morley ) - Ypres , Belgium ( 1967 ) - Zakopane , Poland ( 1989 ) - Plauen , Germany ( 1990 ) Notable people . - Henry III of Nassau-Breda ( 1483–1538 ) , Count of Nassau and Lord of Breda - Tilemann Stella ( 1525–1589 ) , Renaissance scholar and librarian , mathematician , geometerer , cartographer and astronomer - Peter Paul Rubens ( 1577–1640 ) , Baroque painter - Johann Heinrich Bisterfeld ( 1605–1655 ) , philosopher , polyhistor - Georg Wilhelm de Gennin ( 1676–1750 ) , Russian military officer and engineer ; baptized here - Franz Hunolt ( 1691–1746 ) , Jesuit , theologian - Adolph Diesterweg ( 1790–1866 ) , pedagogue and mastermind of reform education - Heinrich Kreutz ( 1854–1907 ) , astronomer and publisher - Charles H . Daub ( 1855–1917 ) , member of the Wisconsin State Assembly - Fritz Busch ( 1890–1951 ) , conductor - Adolf Busch ( 1891–1952 ) , German-Swiss violinist and conductor - Walter Kraemer ( 1892–1941 ) , politician ( KPD ) and resistance fighter against Nazism - Paul Giesler ( 1895–1945 ) , Nazi functionary , Premier of Bavaria - Heinrich Gontermann ( 1896–1917 ) , fighter ace - Friedrich Middelhauve ( 1896–1966 ) , publisher and politician ( FDP ) - Hermann Giesler ( 1898–1987 ) , architect - Ernst Achenbach ( 1909–1991 ) , politician ( FDP ) - Herbert Schäfer ( 1927–1991 ) , football player and coach - Walter Schneider ( 1927–2010 ) , motorcycle racing driver - Bernd Becher ( 1931–2007 ) , conceptual artist and photographer - Heinfried Birlenbach ( 1940–2020 ) , shot putter - Joachim Frank ( born 1940 ) , German-American biophysicist and a Nobel laureate - Rolf Stommelen ( 1943–1983 ) , Formula One racer - Josef Clemens ( born 1947 ) , bishop - Klaus Scheer ( born 1950 ) , football player and coach - Christoph Bode ( born 1952 ) , literary scholar - Reinhard Goebel ( born 1952 ) , conductor and violinist - Annegret Kober ( born 1957 ) , swimmer - Bernward Koch ( born 1957 ) , musician - Burkhard Jung ( born 1958 ) , Lord Mayor of Leipzig - Dieter Falk ( born 1959 ) , music producer , keyboardist and composer - Peter Autschbach ( born 1961 ) , guitarist - Frank Heinrich ( born 1964 ) , theologian and politician ( MdB ) - Navid Kermani ( born 1967 ) , orientalist and Islamic studies scholar - Petra Lobinger ( born 1967 ) , athlete - Peter Stein ( born 1968 ) , politician ( CDU ) - Monika Meyer ( born 1972 ) , footballer - Sabrina Mockenhaupt ( born 1980 ) , long distance runner - August Wittgenstein ( born 1981 ) , prince and actor - Florian Kringe ( born 1982 ) , footballer - Moritz Volz ( born 1983 ) , footballer - Christian Nüchtern ( born 1992 ) , ice dancer Honorary citizens . Siegen has conferred honorary citizenship upon the following persons : - 1887 : Heinrich von Achenbach , High President of the Province of Brandenburg - 1891 : Otto von Bismarck , Reich chancellor - 1933 : Adolf Hitler , Reich chancellor* - 1933 : Paul von Hindenburg , General Field Marshal and Reich President For all those listed up to here , honorary citizenship , according to Enactment no . 21 to the amended German Municipal System of 1 April 1946 , has been forfeited . *According to the city council of Siegen Adolf Hitlers honorary citizenship was lapsed by British military law . Caused by political discussion the city council denied Hitlers honorary citizenship posthumously on 29 August 2007 . - 1953 : Alfred Fißmer , retired Oberbürgermeister Honorary citizens of the former town of Hüttental : - Josef Höfer , Prelate - Karl Barich , chairman of the board of Stahlwerke Südwestfalen ( South Westphalia Steelworks ) Further reading . - Heinrich Silbergleit : Preußens Städte : Denkschrift zum 100jährigen Jubiläum der Städteordnung vom 19 . November 1808 . Heymann , Berlin 1908 - Heinrich von Achenbach : Die Haubergs-Genossenschaften des Siegerlandes . After the Bonn printing in 1863 newly published by the ( then ) Town of Siegen , Forschungsstelle Siegerland , Siegen 1963 - Heinrich von Achenbach : Geschichte der Stadt Siegen . Erg . Nachdr . der Ausg . Vorländer , Siegen 1894 . Verlag Die Wielandschmiede , Kreuztal 1983 - Heinrich von Achenbach : Aus des Siegerlandes Vergangenheit . 2 . erg . Nachdr . der Ausg . Siegen 1898 . Verlag Die Wielandschmiede , Kreuztal 1982 - Erich Keyser ( publisher ) : Westfälisches Städtebuch . In : Deutsches Städtebuch . Band III 2 . Teilband . Kohlhammer Verlag , Stuttgart 1954 - Walther Hubatsch ( publisher ) : Westfalen . In : Grundriss zur deutschen Verwaltungsgeschichte 1815–1945 . Band 8 Reihe A : Preußen . Marburg an der Lahn 1980 , External links . - Official website - Historical and contemporary information about Siegen and Siegerland
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{
"text": " Siegen ( ) is a city in Germany , in the south Westphalian part of North Rhine-Westphalia . It is located in the district of Siegen-Wittgenstein in the Arnsberg region . The university town ( nearly 20,000 students in the 2018–2019 winter semester ) is the district seat , and is ranked as a higher centre in the South Westphalian urban agglomeration . In 1975 , municipal reforms and amalgamations lifted Siegens population above the 100,000 mark .",
"title": "Siegen"
},
{
"text": " The city of Siegen lies in the basin of the upper reaches of the river Sieg . From there , lateral valleys branch off in many directions . The heights of the surrounding mountains , wherever they are not actually settled , are covered in coppice . To the north lies the Sauerland , to the northwest the Rothaargebirge and to the southwest the Westerwald .",
"title": "Location"
},
{
"text": "The nearest cities to Siegen , taking into account average travelling distances , are Hagen to the north , Frankfurt am Main to the southeast , Koblenz to the southwest and Cologne to the west .",
"title": "Location"
},
{
"text": " As the crow flies the distances to these places are , however , ( Hagen ) , ( Frankfurt ) , ( Koblenz ) and ( Cologne ) . The city lies on the German-Dutch holiday road called the Orange Route , joining towns , cities and regions associated with the House of Orange .",
"title": "Location"
},
{
"text": " The citys total land area is roughly . Its greatest east-west span is about , and its greatest north-south span is about . City limits are long . Siegen lies at a median elevation of above sea level . The citys greatest elevation is the peak of the Pfannenberg at above sea level at southern city limits . Siegens lowest point is above sea level at Niederschelden at southwestern city limits , which there also forms the state boundary with Rhineland-Palatinate . Roughly 60% of the citys land is wooded , making Siegen one of Germanys greenest cities .",
"title": "City area"
},
{
"text": "The city area is divided into six zones , called Bezirke in German and comparable to boroughs in some cities , which themselves are further divided into various communities ( Ortsteile and Stadtteile ) . Each borough has a borough board consisting of 15 voting and 15 non-voting members who are appointed by city council with regard to each partys share of the vote in the municipal elections in the borough in question . The borough boards decide on matters particular to their respective boroughs . These matters are laid down in Siegens city charter .",
"title": "City area"
},
{
"text": " Siegens six boroughs and communities belonging to each boroughs are : - District I ( Geisweid ) : Birlenbach , Meiswinkel , Langenholdinghausen , Geisweid , Dillnhütten , Sohlbach , Buchen , Niedersetzen , Obersetzen - District II ( Weidenau ) : - District III ( Ost ) : Kaan-Marienborn , parts of Alt-Siegen ( Giersberg ) , Bürbach , Volnsberg , Breitenbach , Feuersbach - District IV ( Mitte ) : Alt-Siegen ( parts not belonging to borough III or V )",
"title": "Administrative division"
},
{
"text": "- District V ( West ) : Seelbach , Trupbach and parts of Alt-Siegen ( Wellersberg , Fischbacherberg , Achenbach , Rothenberg )",
"title": "Administrative division"
},
{
"text": " - District VI ( Süd ) : Oberschelden , Gosenbach , Niederschelden , Eiserfeld , Eisern",
"title": "Administrative division"
},
{
"text": "Along with the boroughs and communities into which the city is divided , as mandated by law , there are also further subdivisions within the communities , each with its own name , but none with distinctly clear borders . They are called Quartiere , which can be rendered as quarters or neighbourhoods . Examples of these include the Unterstadt , the Oberstadt , Hammerhütte , Lindenberg , Charlottental , Haardter Berg ( with the university ) and the Alte Dreisbach . Some neighbourhoods even straddle community boundaries , like Sieghütte , parts of which can be found in both",
"title": "Administrative division"
},
{
"text": "Siegen-Mitte and Weidenau . Moreover , some neighbourhoods even overlap each other . Unlike the boroughs ( Bezirke ) or communities ( Ortsteile and Stadtteile ) , the Quartiere have no statistical or administrative importance . They do , however , serve some function as to their inhabitants identity , but more practically than that , they are also useful for finding ones way with a city map and using in bus route names and on public notices and traffic signs . Many of the Hüttentalstraße city Autobahns exits are also named after the Quartiere that they serve .",
"title": "Administrative division"
},
{
"text": " The communities of Weidenau , Geisweid , Birlenbach , Langenholdinghausen , Buchen , Sohlbach , Dillnhütten , Niedersetzen , Obersetzen and Meiswinkel formed from 1 July 1966 to 31 December 1974 the town of Hüttental . The communities of Eiserfeld , Eisern , Gosenbach , Niederschelden and Oberschelden formed the town of Eiserfeld between those same two dates .",
"title": "Administrative division"
},
{
"text": " The city of Siegen borders in the north on the town of Kreuztal and the community of Wenden , in the east on the town of Netphen , in the southeast on the community of Wilnsdorf , in the south on the community of Neunkirchen , in the west on the community of Mudersbach ( Altenkirchen in Rhineland-Palatinate ) and in the northwest on the town of Freudenberg .",
"title": "Neighbouring communities"
},
{
"text": "The name Siegen comes from the possibly Celtic river name Sieg . It is , however , unclear whether there is any relation between this name and the Celtic-Germanic Sicambri ( Ger . Sugambrer ) people , who in pre-Christian times lived in parts of North Rhine-Westphalia . The first documentary mention of the place called Sigena dates from 1079 . The citys history is markedly shaped by mining , which locally began as far back as La Tène times . Bearing witness to this longtime industry are the many mines that can be found within city limits .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "In 1224 , Siegen is mentioned as a newly built town whose ownership was shared by the Count of Nassau , Heinrich the Rich , and Engelbert II of Berg , Archbishop of Cologne after the latter transferred one half of the ownership to the former . Moreover , there is proof that the Oberes Schloss ( upper stately home ) was already standing at this time . On 19 October 1303 , the town was granted Soester Stadtrecht , or Soest town rights . The town remained under the two overlords joint ownership until 1 February 1381 , only",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "then passing fully into Nassau hands .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " In the 16th century , the town of Siegen bore a formidable defensive look . It was surrounded by mighty walls with 16 towers and three town gates , and was home to a great castle . The town was stricken several times by townwide fires . Documents record such fires in 1592 , and from 10 to 20 April 1695 .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "In 1536 , Heinrich the Rich built a paedagogium in the buildings that had once housed a Franciscan Monastery . It later grew into todays Gymnasium at Siegens Löhrtor ( gate ) . Johann VII of Nassau-Siegen ( Johann the Intermediary ) built the Unteres Schloss ( lower stately home ) on the site of an old Franciscan Monastery . In 1616 , Johann VII founded a knightly war school in the still standing old armoury on Burgstraße , expressly to produce an officer corps for Calvinism .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " His son Johann VIII ( The Younger ) returned in 1612 to the Roman Catholic Church , and wanted to use force to make the townsfolk also convert back to Roman Catholicism . In 1632 , Nassau-Siegen was conquered by the Swedes , after which his half-brother John Maurice of Nassau-Siegen , the Dutch commander in Brazil , re-introduced Protestantism . John VIII died in 1638 and was succeeded by his only son Johan Frans Desideratus , who had to cede part of Nassau-Siegen ( north of the Sieg river ) to the Protestant branch of the family .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "John Maurices leadership served in 1650–1651 to bring about a split in the Siegerland along denominational lines . Under Wilhelm Hyacinth of Nassau-Siegen , violence broke out between the two denominational groups . When on 29 March 1707 townsman Friedrich Flender was killed , Wilhelm Hyacinth was himself unseated and furthermore driven out of the town . Wilhelm Hyacinth was the last in the line of Nassau-Siegens Catholic rulers , dying in 1743 . Already in 1734 , though , the Reformed line had died out , too , with Friedrich Wilhelms death , leading Charles VI , Holy Roman",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Emperor to transfer power in the territory to the Prince of Orange and the Prince of Nassau-Diez . Under their leadership , mining , the main source of wealth , blossomed , along with agriculture and silviculture . When Prince William of Orange refused to join the Confederation of the Rhine , founded by Napoleon , he found himself unseated by the French leader and the Siegerland passed to the Grand Duchy of Berg . After Napoleons downfall in 1813 , however , William I regained his former German inheritances , but in 1815 he ceded them to the Kingdom",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "of Prussia for the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg . Siegen was assigned to the Siegen district , first in the Koblenz region , and as of 1817 in the Arnsberg region within the Prussian Province of Westphalia .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " Under Prussian rule , Siegen developed into the South Westphalian centre that it is today . On 1 March 1923 , Siegen was set apart from the district bearing its name , and became a district-free town , while still keeping its function as seat of the district of which it was no longer part , and which was itself merged with Wittgenstein district under district reform in 1975 . Siegen also lost its district-free status at this time , becoming part of the new Siegen-Wittgenstein district , the name that the district has borne since 1984 .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "During World War II , Siegen was repeatedly bombed by the Allies owing to a crucial railroad that crossed through the town . On 1 April 1945 , the US 8th Infantry Division began the Allied ground assault against Siegen and the dominating military-significant high ground north of the river . The battle against determined German forces at Siegen continued through 2 April 1945 , until organized resistance was finally overwhelmed by the division on 3 April 1945.<section />",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "The town of Siegen belonged in the beginning to the Archbishopric of Mainz , or more precisely to its deaconry of Arfeld . There was a White Nun convent in town that folded in the 15th century . Furthermore , there was a Franciscan Monastery that was dissolved in 1533 after the Nassau overlords had introduced the Reformation in 1530 . After that , the town was first Lutheran , but in 1550 , the Principality of Nassau converted to the Reformed Church . Subsequently , Siegen was a predominantly Protestant town , but not so strongly that the Counterreformation",
"title": "Religion"
},
{
"text": "could not gain ground in 1623 , with one fifth of the townsfolk and those living in the surrounding area becoming Catholic once again . As of 1626 , there was once more a monastery in town , this time a Jesuit one . After passing to Prussia in 1815 , the union between Lutheran and Reformed churches was introduced in Siegen , as it was throughout Prussia , but the towns parishes kept their Reformed emphasis . As part of the Westphalian Provincial Church ( now the Church of Westphalia ) , Siegen became the seat of a Superintendency",
"title": "Religion"
},
{
"text": ". A similar entity still exists in Siegen , known as the Kirchenkreis , or church district , to which all the citys parishes nowadays belong , unless they are Free Church parishes . This church district encompasses the whole of South Westphalia all the way to Olpe .",
"title": "Religion"
},
{
"text": " The towns Catholics , even after the Reformation , still belonged to the Archbishopric of Mainz . With the restructuring of the Catholic Church early in the 19th century , Siegen was assigned to the Archbishopric of Paderborn and became the seat of a district synod , today a deaconry , to which all the districts Catholic parishes belong . Paderborn was raised to Archbishopric in 1929 . Besides the Roman Catholic Church , Siegen also has a Greek Orthodox parish and a Romanian Orthodox parish .",
"title": "Religion"
},
{
"text": "Moreover , there are various free churches established in Siegen , among them several Evangelical Free Church parishes ( Baptists ) , an Evangelical-Methodist Church , an Independent Evangelical-Lutheran Church ( SELK ) , a Seventh-day Adventist parish , several Free Evangelical parishes ( FeG ) , the Achenbach Christian Community , the Christian Assembly , Calvary Chapel and the Siegen-Meiswinkel Mission Community .",
"title": "Religion"
},
{
"text": " Further religious communities in Siegen are The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints , the New Apostolic Church , the Jehovahs Witnesses , an Original Christianity community and Baháʼí . Moreover , owing to a great number of Turkish and Arab migrants in Siegen , the Muslim community is also very much in evidence there and there are several mosques in Siegen run by Turkish , Arab and Albanian communities . There are said to be more than 15,000 Muslims out of Siegens total population .",
"title": "Religion"
},
{
"text": " The following communities and rural areas have been amalgamated with Siegen : - 1902 and 1912 : parts of Buschgotthardtshütten - 1934 : parts of Achenbach - 1937 : parts of Achenbach and Buschgotthardtshütten - 1966 : Trupbach , Seelbach , Breitenbach , Bürbach , Kaan-Marienborn and Volnsberg - 1969 : Feuersbach - 1974 : towns of Hüttental and Eiserfeld",
"title": "Municipal reform"
},
{
"text": " In 1897 , Siegen had 20,000 inhabitants . By 1939 , this figure had doubled to 40,000 . In the World War II , the town lost roughly 30% of its inhabitants ( 12,000 ) . The population had fallen to 28,000 by 1945 and only in 1952 did it once again reach prewar levels .",
"title": "Population development"
},
{
"text": "On 1 January 1975 , Siegens population surpassed 100,000 through the amalgamation of Hüttental ( 38,867 inhabitants in 1974 ) and Eiserfeld ( 22,354 inhabitants in 1974 ) , making it a city . With 117,224 inhabitants it also at the same time reached its all-time highest population . At the end of June 2005 , according to the North Rhine-Westphalia State Office for Data Processing and Statistics ( Landesamt für Datenverarbeitung und Statistik Nordrhein-Westfalen ) , 105,328 people made Siegen their main abode . Since 1975 , the population has fallen by roughly 10% ( 12,000 ) .",
"title": "Population development"
},
{
"text": "The following chart shows population figures for Siegens municipal area , however big it was at each given time . Up to 1833 , most figures are estimates , and thereafter census figures ( ¹ ) or official estimates by the statistical office of the time or the town/city administration itself . The given figures indicate from 1843 the population present in the town ( Ortsanwesende Bevölkerung ) , from 1925 the dwelling population ( Wohnbevölkerung ) , and since 1987 the Population in the place of main residence ( Bevölkerung am Ort der Hauptwohnung ) . Before 1843 ,",
"title": "Population development"
},
{
"text": "population figures come from irregular surveying procedures .",
"title": "Population development"
},
{
"text": " The city councils 62 seats are apportioned thus , in accordance with municipal elections held on 26 September 2004 : None of the parties represented on city council holds a majority , and no coalition has been struck . However , the CDU and the FDP have a fixed , contractual coöperation agreement and at least have at their disposal a joint majority voice on some committees . In the council chamber , on the other hand , their 30 seats are not an absolute majority and they do not always prevail .",
"title": "City council"
},
{
"text": "At the citys helm since the 13th century , there have been several mayors of whom evidence survives . In 1304 and 1305 , a council ( consules ) was mentioned for the first time . As early as 1224 , however , documents mention Burgmänner ( Castle Men ) as well as three Bürgermeister ( Mayors ) who were changed yearly . As of 1500 , only two mayors were chosen every year . In the 18th century , the guilds were achieving ever greater influence in the town . Thereafter the ruling or office-holding old shoemaking master represented",
"title": "Mayors"
},
{
"text": "the common townsfolk on the council . The mediaeval town charter was kept right up until 1809 , and parts of it even held until 1815 , but that year there was a self-endorsing council with 12 members , over which presided the mayor . As of 1824 , the suburbs got their own chief administrator who was subordinate to the mayor of Siegen . In 1836 , the Prussian municipal system was introduced . After the town was separated from Siegen district in 1923 , the mayor was given the title Oberbürgermeister ( roughly equivalent to Lord Mayor )",
"title": "Mayors"
},
{
"text": ". The mayor who came to office in 1919 kept his position right through the time of the Third Reich , whereas some mayors in other German and Austrian towns , whose political views were at odds with the Nazis , were removed forcibly .",
"title": "Mayors"
},
{
"text": "After the Second World War , the military government of the British Zone of Occupation installed a new mayor , and in 1946 it introduced a new town charter based on a British model , leading to a Council of the town elected by the people , whose members were called Stadtverordnete ( town councillors ) . In the beginning , the council chose one from its midst as the mayor as the towns head and representative , which was an honorary function . Furthermore , as of 1946 , the council also began choosing a full-time Oberstadtdirektor , or",
"title": "Mayors"
},
{
"text": "Higher Town Director , to lead the towns administration .",
"title": "Mayors"
},
{
"text": " After Siegen was reunited with the district of the same name in 1975 , these two officials bore the titles Bürgermeister and Stadtdirektor respectively . In 1999 , this two-headed arrangement was forsaken in favour of a single city leader , with the title Bürgermeister , who serves as chairman or chairwoman of city council , leader of city administration and city representative . He or she is directly elected nowadays . Mayors ( Bürgermeister and Oberbürgermeister ) since 1919 - 1919–1945 : Alfred Fißmer , Oberbürgermeister - 1945 : Fritz Fries , Oberbürgermeister",
"title": "Mayors"
},
{
"text": "- 1945–1946 : Otto Schwarz , Oberbürgermeister",
"title": "Mayors"
},
{
"text": " - 1946–1948 : Ernst Weißelberg , Oberbürgermeister - 1948–1956 : Ernst Bach , Oberbürgermeister - 1956–1961 : Erich Pachnicke , Oberbürgermeister - 1961–1966 : Karl Eckmann , Oberbürgermeister - 1966–1975 : Karl Althaus , Oberbürgermeister - 1975–1979 : Friedemann Keßler , Bürgermeister - 1979–1990 : Hans Reinhardt , Bürgermeister - 1990–1994 : Hilde Fiedler , Bürgermeisterin - 1994–1999 : Karl Wilhelm Kirchhöfer , Bürgermeister - 1999–2007 : Ulf Stötzel ( CDU ) , Bürgermeister - 2007–today : Steffen Mues ( CDU ) , Bürgermeister",
"title": "Mayors"
},
{
"text": " - 1946–1954 : Max Baumann , Oberstadtdirektor - 1954–1975 : Kurt Seibt , Oberstadtdirektor - 1975–1985 : Hans Mohn , Stadtdirektor - 1985–1989 : Volker Oerter , Stadtdirektor - 1989–1995 : Otto-Werner Rappold , Stadtdirektor ( left office early with effect on 2 December 1995 by his own wish ) - 1995–1999 : Ulrich Mock , Stadtdirektor ( at first as Dr . Rappolds General Agent until 31 January 1997 , then appointed fulltime Stadtdirektor )",
"title": "Stadtdirektoren and Oberstadtdirektoren 1946–1999"
},
{
"text": " Siegens civic coat of arms might be described thus : Argent a town wall embattled gules with an open gateway argent , therein in an inescutcheon azure a lion rampant Or armed and langued gules , issuant from the wall a bishop in robe and mitre azure ( trimmed in argent ) holding in his hand dexter a crozier argent with crook Or sinister , in his hand sinister , upraised , an open book argent with pages edged gules .",
"title": "Coat of arms"
},
{
"text": "The bishop in the citys arms is the Bishop of Cologne . The wall symbolizes the city itself , and the inescutcheon in the gateway shows the Lion of Nassau in blue and gold ( or yellow ) , which are Nassaus colours . The arms are based on the oldest known town seal , from 1248 . The inescutcheon once also had gold billets ( upright rectangles ) around the lion , but these do not appear in what became the towns ( and later citys ) coat of arms in 1875 .",
"title": "Coat of arms"
},
{
"text": " Although the town was about 80% destroyed in the World War II , Siegen has kept a number of buildings worth seeing , such as the two stately homes , the Oberes Schloss and the Unteres Schloss .",
"title": "Sights"
},
{
"text": "The castle on the Siegberg was first mentioned in a document in 1259 and was the family seat of the House of Nassau . Since 1905 , the Siegerland Museum has been here . Alongside regional exhibits – among them an artificial demonstration mine – are many paintings . The centrepiece of this collection is made up of works by the man who is arguably the best known native , Peter Paul Rubens . There is also quite a comprehensive collection of portraits of members of the Houses of Nassau and Orange . The top floor is devoted to 19th-century",
"title": "Oberes Schloss"
},
{
"text": "home décor . A kitchen from the Siegerland , a bedroom and many pieces of furniture from the Biedermeier era give one an impression of life in the region in bygone days .",
"title": "Oberes Schloss"
},
{
"text": " Late in the 17th century , the Lower Stately Home came into being in its current form , somewhat like an open rectangle . The Evangelical line of the House of Nassau-Siegen resided here . Also belonging to the Schloss is the Dicker Turm , or Fat Tower with a carillon . In 1959 , the then town of Siegen built a memorial for victims of war and tyranny . Inside the Schloss is also found the crypt of the Evangelical branch of the Nassau princely house .",
"title": "Unteres Schloss"
},
{
"text": "Today , the Schloss serves as a state authority building in which the North Rhine-Westphalia Building and Property Establishment , the State Environment Office , the Office for Occupational Health and Safety and the Attendorn Correctional Facility ( Siegen Branch Facility ) are all housed . By the citys plans , a university is supposed to move into the Unteres Schloss within the next few years , but at this time , the plan is failing to find any financial backing .",
"title": "Unteres Schloss"
},
{
"text": " Two churches in downtown Siegen are to be brought to the visitors attention : The Martinikirche dating from the 11th century and the Nikolaikirche at the marketplace with its unusual eight-sided shape and its golden Krönchen ( coronet ) – the citys landmark – on the church tower , which is a prominent feature of Siegens skyline ( Siegen is sometimes called Krönchenstadt for this unusual feature ) . Another church is the Marienkirche , built by the Jesuits between 1702 and 1729 . Also worth seeing are Siegens Old Town and several museums in the city core .",
"title": "Churches"
},
{
"text": "In the southwest of the city core , at the foot of the Ziegenberg , is a spherical gas holder , or gasometer , which is protected by law as a monument . It is one of the oldest spherical gas holders still preserved . Another peculiarity is its riveted casing . Only three other such gas holders are known to exist worldwide ( all in Germany , in Schwerte , Offenburg and Bielefeld ) . The holder had to be moved a few metres owing to construction on the municipal Autobahn , the Hüttentalstraße , and in the residential",
"title": "Gasometer"
},
{
"text": "area of Ziegenberg , and it now forms the symbolic sun as part of a scale model of the planets above the gas holder .",
"title": "Gasometer"
},
{
"text": " Within Siegens city limits are 36 municipally run cemeteries . Ten of them are already closed and are available for burials only because of existing laws . The cemeteries have a total area of 730 000 m² with roughly 65,000 graves . Characteristic of regional cemeteries are hillside graves and a green , parklike layout that even affords wildlife a chance at reoccupying the land . Cemeteries within city limits are : - Lindenbergfriedhof - Hermelsbacher Friedhof - Stockfriedhof - Geisweider Friedhof - Haardter Friedhof - Gilbergfriedhof - Friedhof Kaan-Marienborn - Neuer Friedhof Niederschelden",
"title": "Cemeteries"
},
{
"text": " In the Apollo-Theater ( a downtown former 1930s cinema that underwent remodelling and opened in mid-2007 ) , Siegen has one of the current decades most important newly built theatres . A controlling interest in this venture is held by TheaterSiegen intendant Magnus Reitschuster . Since 1992 , the media and cultural house Lÿz has been a venue for cabaret , music and theatre in Siegen . On the two stages , roughly 150 events appear every season .",
"title": "Theatre"
},
{
"text": "Bigger events take place at the Bühne der Stadt ( Citys Stage , with about 820 seats ) , the Siegerlandhalle ( 1 800 m² , 2,300 seats ) or the Bismarckhalle . As well , there are regular open-air concerts and productions in the inner yard at Unteres Schloss .",
"title": "Theatre"
},
{
"text": " The main centre of art in Siegen are the Museum for Contemporary Art and the Haus Seel – city gallery . The Siegerland Museum is dedicated to regional history . The Oranienstraße House , built at 1900 in the Italian country house style , is attached to the Siegerland Museum since 1993 as an exhibit forum . There is a varied program of temporary exhibitions of all kinds , from archaeological excavations to contemporary avant-garde art . Poet and author readings are also part of the program , such as classic concerts .",
"title": "Museums"
},
{
"text": "In Geisweid is found the Beatles Home Museum , run by Harold Krämer . According to the 2000 Guinness Book of Records , the 27 m² museum is the smallest public museum in the world devoted to the four Liverpudlian musicians . The collection holds more than 17,000 recordings , souvenirs , film posters , and autographs and other memorabilia .",
"title": "Museums"
},
{
"text": " - Early in the year : SILA ( Siegerlandausstellung – Siegerland Exhibition ) , even-numbered years only - March to November , first Saturday in each month : Flea market in Siegen-Geisweid ( since 1970 ) , no new goods - June to August : Mittwochs in different bands every Wednesday in Siegen-Weidenau - June : Johannimarkt , a fair held for some 400 years",
"title": "Regular events"
},
{
"text": "- June/July : Siegener Sommerfestival , plays , cabaret , theatre , music and cinema since about 1990 . ( In 2006 , instead of the traditional summer festival , a World Cup festival was held )",
"title": "Regular events"
},
{
"text": " - July : Stadtfest ( City Festival ) , even-numbered years only - July : Rubensfest , odd-numbered years only - August : Siegen Open-Air Cinema - August : Christopher Street Day ( CSD ) , since 2000 - August : Siegtal-Pur All streets only opened for bikes ( the HTS ( local Motorway ) too ) - Summer : Street Festival at the Corn Market - October : 2nd Sunday : Bürgerfest Geisweid - November : Geisweider Adventsmarkt , since about 1985 - December : Christmas market , since about 1980",
"title": "Regular events"
},
{
"text": " The city and its surrounding region speak in addition to standard German also have a characteristic local dialect : Siegerländisch .",
"title": "Dialect"
},
{
"text": " The Dilldappe is an old mythical creature from the Siegerland . It lives mainly in the Siegerland Hauberg ( coöperatively managed woodlots ) . Early in the 1980s , the writer and cartoonist Matthias Kringe first published a calendar about the creature , written in the local dialect of German . The Rubens Prize of the City of Siegen .",
"title": "Tales and legends"
},
{
"text": "The Rubens Prize of the City of Siegen , founded in 1955 , is awarded every five years to a painter or graphic artist whose lifes work has been groundbreaking on the European stage . The title recalls the painter-diplomat Peter Paul Rubens , who expressed in his lifes work the thought of European unity , long before it could become a political reality . Peter Paul Rubens – who was born in Siegen , grew up in Cologne and Antwerp , trained in art in Italy , was esteemed in France and acted as a diplomat in Spain and",
"title": "Tales and legends"
},
{
"text": "England – as the main master of European Baroque painting set those artistic and European standards to which the awarding of the prize has been bound since 1957–1958 .",
"title": "Tales and legends"
},
{
"text": " - Hans Hartung ( 1957/1958 ) - Giorgio Morandi ( 1962 ) - Francis Bacon ( 1967 ) - Antoni Tàpies ( 1972 ) - Fritz Winter ( 1977 ) - Emil Schumacher ( 1982 ) - Cy Twombly ( 1987 ) - Rupprecht Geiger ( 1992 ) - Lucian Freud ( 1997 ) - Maria Lassnig ( 2002 ) - Sigmar Polke ( 2007 ) - Bridget Riley ( 2012 ) - Niele Toroni ( 2017 )",
"title": "Past prizewinners :"
},
{
"text": " The city sport league includes 160 sport clubs in which roughly 37,000 members are active . National importance was achieved in 2005 by the Sportfreunde Siegen mens football team at Leimbachstadion when they rose from the Regionalliga Süd up to the 2nd Bundesliga , although the next year they dropped back down again . As six-time German Champions , the TSV Siegen womens football team was very successful in the 1990s .",
"title": "Sport"
},
{
"text": " In the south of the district in the community of Burbach lies the Siegerland Airport through which Siegen is connected to many other airports in Germany .",
"title": "Air transport"
},
{
"text": " The city of Siegen lies on European long-distance path E1 running from the middle of Sweden to Umbria in Italy . There is , however , no organized cycling trail network in Siegen . Riding in bus lanes is sporadically allowed . Bicycle transport is generally poorly developed in Siegen . Owing to dual carriageways within the city and nearby , as well as transport planning that rather favours cars , bicycle transport has been somewhat thwarted . Together with the partly hilly topography , there is therefore little in the way of bicycle transport in Siegen .",
"title": "Bicycle transport"
},
{
"text": " Siegen station lies at the junction of the following railway lines : - The two-track electrified Ruhr–Sieg line ( Ruhr-Sieg-Strecke ) is used for regional services , usually hourly , of the Ruhr-Sieg-Express ( RE 16 ) and the Ruhr-Sieg-Bahn ( RB 91 ) . - The Rothaar Railway ( Rothaarbahn ) is served , usually hourly by Rothaar-Bahn ( RB 93 ) services , connecting in Erndtebrück to Obere Lahntal-Bahn ( RB 94/RMV Line 43 ) services , usually two-hourly , on the Upper Lahn Valley Railway ( Obere Lahntal-Bahn ) .",
"title": "Rail transport"
},
{
"text": "- The two-track electrified Dill Railway ( Dill-Strecke ) is served , usually two-hourly , by the Rhein-Sieg-Express ( RE 9 ) and the Main-Sieg-Express ( RE 99 ) and hourly by the Sieg-Dill-Bahn ( RB 95 ) ( only to and from Dillenburg ) .",
"title": "Rail transport"
},
{
"text": " - The mostly two-track electrified Sieg line ( Siegstrecke ) is served , usually hourly , by the Rhein-Sieg-Express ( RE 9 ) and Sieg-Dill-Bahn ( RB 95 ) services ( only to and from Au ) .",
"title": "Rail transport"
},
{
"text": " On 18 March 1895 , the Netphener Omnibusgesellschaft opened the worlds first busline using a petrol-powered omnibus , running a service from its base in Netphen to Siegen and Deuz . Today , local road transport offers many regional , express and local buses , along with a night bus service connecting Siegen with its outlying communities and neighbouring towns . They are run by the South Westphalia Transport Services ( Verkehrsbetriebe Westfalen-Süd ; VWS ) whose headquarters are in Siegen .",
"title": "Bus transport"
},
{
"text": "For the whole of local public transport , the tariff of the South Westphalia Transport Community ( Verkehrsgemeinschaft Westfalen-Süd ; VGWS ) applies , regardless of the North Rhine-Westphalia tariff .",
"title": "Bus transport"
},
{
"text": " With regard to long-distance roads , the city of Siegen is connected to Autobahnen A 45 ( Dortmund – Aschaffenburg ) and A 4 ( Cologne – Olpe ) , and to Federal Highways ( Bundesstraßen ) 54 , 54n , 62 and 62n . Siegen is home to the tallest bridge of the A 45 and one of the highest in Germany , the Siegtalbrücke . Built from 1964 to 1969 , it is approximately 96 m high and 1 050 m long .",
"title": "Roads"
},
{
"text": "The shape that the city takes has much to do with the Hüttentalstraße ( HTS ) ( Federal Highways 54n and 62n ) which serves as a municipal Autobahn – much of it elevated – that runs through the city area .",
"title": "Roads"
},
{
"text": " The A 4 between Wenden and Kreuztal has been newly built . In the heights over Kreuztals outlying community of Krombach , it now joins with the HTS . On this 12-kilometre stretch of highway are eight valley bridges as well as ten under- and overpasses . This new part was opened on 1 December 2007 .",
"title": "Roads"
},
{
"text": " Siegen is South Westphalias service and administrative centre . Much of its industry is based on metalworking . Pedestrian precincts in Bahnhofsstraße ( Railway Station Street ) and Kölner Tor ( Cologne Gate ) , both downtown , have made shopping in Siegen very convenient , as have the shopping centres City-Galerie ( opened in 1998 ) and Sieg Carré ( opened in 2006 , both downtown ) and Siegerlandzentrum ( Siegen-Weidenau ) , and the Marburger Straße shopping street ( downtown ) . In 2005 , an IKEA store and a Peek & Cloppenburg location opened .",
"title": "Economy"
},
{
"text": " Siegen is home to the Siegen-Wittgenstein district administration and location of a Chamber of Industry and Trade ( Industrie- und Handelskammer , or IHK , one of 81 such regional institutions in Germany ) for the districts of Siegen-Wittgenstein and Olpe . Home to the Siegen State Court , a local court and a labour court , the city is also an important court centre .",
"title": "Public institutions"
},
{
"text": " In Siegen , the Westdeutscher Rundfunk ( WDR ) maintains a studio where regional radio and television news for South Westphalia is produced . The daily broadcast goes out in the South Westphalia regional window following the programme Aktuelle Stunde ( a newsmagazine show ) on WDRs third channel . Moreover , WDR also runs a transmission facility for VHF radio and television ( once also medium wave ) at the Giersberg .",
"title": "Media"
},
{
"text": "Daily newspapers in Siegen include not only the Siegener Zeitung but also local editions of the Westfälische Rundschau and the Westfalenpost . All three appear in the morning , although the first was until 2000 an afternoon paper . Furthermore , at the Obergraben is found the regional , Radio-NRW-connected Radio Siegens studio building .",
"title": "Media"
},
{
"text": " In the early decades of the 17th century , the Herborn Academy temporarily relocated to Siegen , in the buildings of the Unteres Schloss , which came to an end when the Plague broke out . Siegens oldest school is the Gymnasium am Löhrtor , a grammar school .",
"title": "Education"
},
{
"text": " - Gymnasium am Löhrtor ( GAL ) - Fürst-Johann-Moritz-Gymnasium ( FJM ) - Peter-Paul-Rubens-Gymnasium , formerly known as Ganztagsgymnasium am Rosterberg - Evangelisches Gymnasium ( EV ) - Gymnasium auf der Morgenröthe ( GAM )",
"title": "Grammar schools"
},
{
"text": " - Albert Schweitzer Schule - Birlenbacher Schule - Burgschule - Diesterwegschule - Dreisbachschule - Eiserner Schule - Fischbacherbergschule - Friedrich Flender Schule - Geisweider Schule - Giersbergschule - Glückaufschule - Gosenbacher Schule - Grundschule Eiserfeld - Grundschule Kaan-Marienborn - Hammerhütter Schule - Hüttentalschule - Jung Stilling Schule - Lindenbergschule - Nordschule - Obenstruthschule - Sonnenhangschule - Spandauer Schule",
"title": "Primary schools"
},
{
"text": " Siegen is headquarters of the University of Siegen , founded on 1 August 1972 as the Gesamthochschule Siegen . As well , the Fachhochschule für Oekonomie & Management has a study centre , which is shared with the Academy of Administration and Economics . Siegen also has various general-education and professional schools , and the Siegerlandkolleg . Twin towns – sister cities . Siegen is twinned with : - Spandau ( Berlin ) , Germany ( 1952 ) - Katwijk , Netherlands ( 1963 , formerly Rijnsburg )",
"title": "Higher education"
},
{
"text": "- Leeds , England , United Kingdom ( 1966 , formerly Morley )",
"title": "Higher education"
},
{
"text": " - Ypres , Belgium ( 1967 ) - Zakopane , Poland ( 1989 ) - Plauen , Germany ( 1990 )",
"title": "Higher education"
},
{
"text": " - Henry III of Nassau-Breda ( 1483–1538 ) , Count of Nassau and Lord of Breda - Tilemann Stella ( 1525–1589 ) , Renaissance scholar and librarian , mathematician , geometerer , cartographer and astronomer - Peter Paul Rubens ( 1577–1640 ) , Baroque painter - Johann Heinrich Bisterfeld ( 1605–1655 ) , philosopher , polyhistor - Georg Wilhelm de Gennin ( 1676–1750 ) , Russian military officer and engineer ; baptized here - Franz Hunolt ( 1691–1746 ) , Jesuit , theologian - Adolph Diesterweg ( 1790–1866 ) , pedagogue and mastermind of reform education",
"title": "Notable people"
},
{
"text": "- Heinrich Kreutz ( 1854–1907 ) , astronomer and publisher",
"title": "Notable people"
},
{
"text": " - Charles H . Daub ( 1855–1917 ) , member of the Wisconsin State Assembly - Fritz Busch ( 1890–1951 ) , conductor - Adolf Busch ( 1891–1952 ) , German-Swiss violinist and conductor - Walter Kraemer ( 1892–1941 ) , politician ( KPD ) and resistance fighter against Nazism - Paul Giesler ( 1895–1945 ) , Nazi functionary , Premier of Bavaria - Heinrich Gontermann ( 1896–1917 ) , fighter ace - Friedrich Middelhauve ( 1896–1966 ) , publisher and politician ( FDP ) - Hermann Giesler ( 1898–1987 ) , architect",
"title": "Notable people"
},
{
"text": "- Ernst Achenbach ( 1909–1991 ) , politician ( FDP )",
"title": "Notable people"
},
{
"text": " - Herbert Schäfer ( 1927–1991 ) , football player and coach - Walter Schneider ( 1927–2010 ) , motorcycle racing driver - Bernd Becher ( 1931–2007 ) , conceptual artist and photographer - Heinfried Birlenbach ( 1940–2020 ) , shot putter - Joachim Frank ( born 1940 ) , German-American biophysicist and a Nobel laureate - Rolf Stommelen ( 1943–1983 ) , Formula One racer - Josef Clemens ( born 1947 ) , bishop - Klaus Scheer ( born 1950 ) , football player and coach - Christoph Bode ( born 1952 ) , literary scholar",
"title": "Notable people"
},
{
"text": "- Reinhard Goebel ( born 1952 ) , conductor and violinist",
"title": "Notable people"
},
{
"text": " - Annegret Kober ( born 1957 ) , swimmer - Bernward Koch ( born 1957 ) , musician - Burkhard Jung ( born 1958 ) , Lord Mayor of Leipzig - Dieter Falk ( born 1959 ) , music producer , keyboardist and composer - Peter Autschbach ( born 1961 ) , guitarist - Frank Heinrich ( born 1964 ) , theologian and politician ( MdB ) - Navid Kermani ( born 1967 ) , orientalist and Islamic studies scholar - Petra Lobinger ( born 1967 ) , athlete",
"title": "Notable people"
},
{
"text": "- Peter Stein ( born 1968 ) , politician ( CDU )",
"title": "Notable people"
},
{
"text": " - Monika Meyer ( born 1972 ) , footballer - Sabrina Mockenhaupt ( born 1980 ) , long distance runner - August Wittgenstein ( born 1981 ) , prince and actor - Florian Kringe ( born 1982 ) , footballer - Moritz Volz ( born 1983 ) , footballer - Christian Nüchtern ( born 1992 ) , ice dancer",
"title": "Notable people"
},
{
"text": " Siegen has conferred honorary citizenship upon the following persons : - 1887 : Heinrich von Achenbach , High President of the Province of Brandenburg - 1891 : Otto von Bismarck , Reich chancellor - 1933 : Adolf Hitler , Reich chancellor* - 1933 : Paul von Hindenburg , General Field Marshal and Reich President",
"title": "Honorary citizens"
},
{
"text": "For all those listed up to here , honorary citizenship , according to Enactment no . 21 to the amended German Municipal System of 1 April 1946 , has been forfeited . *According to the city council of Siegen Adolf Hitlers honorary citizenship was lapsed by British military law . Caused by political discussion the city council denied Hitlers honorary citizenship posthumously on 29 August 2007 .",
"title": "Honorary citizens"
}
] |
/wiki/Siegen#P17#6
|
Which country did Siegen belong to after Jun 1991?
|
Siegen Siegen ( ) is a city in Germany , in the south Westphalian part of North Rhine-Westphalia . It is located in the district of Siegen-Wittgenstein in the Arnsberg region . The university town ( nearly 20,000 students in the 2018–2019 winter semester ) is the district seat , and is ranked as a higher centre in the South Westphalian urban agglomeration . In 1975 , municipal reforms and amalgamations lifted Siegens population above the 100,000 mark . Geography . Location . The city of Siegen lies in the basin of the upper reaches of the river Sieg . From there , lateral valleys branch off in many directions . The heights of the surrounding mountains , wherever they are not actually settled , are covered in coppice . To the north lies the Sauerland , to the northwest the Rothaargebirge and to the southwest the Westerwald . The nearest cities to Siegen , taking into account average travelling distances , are Hagen to the north , Frankfurt am Main to the southeast , Koblenz to the southwest and Cologne to the west . As the crow flies the distances to these places are , however , ( Hagen ) , ( Frankfurt ) , ( Koblenz ) and ( Cologne ) . The city lies on the German-Dutch holiday road called the Orange Route , joining towns , cities and regions associated with the House of Orange . City area . The citys total land area is roughly . Its greatest east-west span is about , and its greatest north-south span is about . City limits are long . Siegen lies at a median elevation of above sea level . The citys greatest elevation is the peak of the Pfannenberg at above sea level at southern city limits . Siegens lowest point is above sea level at Niederschelden at southwestern city limits , which there also forms the state boundary with Rhineland-Palatinate . Roughly 60% of the citys land is wooded , making Siegen one of Germanys greenest cities . The city area is divided into six zones , called Bezirke in German and comparable to boroughs in some cities , which themselves are further divided into various communities ( Ortsteile and Stadtteile ) . Each borough has a borough board consisting of 15 voting and 15 non-voting members who are appointed by city council with regard to each partys share of the vote in the municipal elections in the borough in question . The borough boards decide on matters particular to their respective boroughs . These matters are laid down in Siegens city charter . Administrative division . Siegens six boroughs and communities belonging to each boroughs are : - District I ( Geisweid ) : Birlenbach , Meiswinkel , Langenholdinghausen , Geisweid , Dillnhütten , Sohlbach , Buchen , Niedersetzen , Obersetzen - District II ( Weidenau ) : - District III ( Ost ) : Kaan-Marienborn , parts of Alt-Siegen ( Giersberg ) , Bürbach , Volnsberg , Breitenbach , Feuersbach - District IV ( Mitte ) : Alt-Siegen ( parts not belonging to borough III or V ) - District V ( West ) : Seelbach , Trupbach and parts of Alt-Siegen ( Wellersberg , Fischbacherberg , Achenbach , Rothenberg ) - District VI ( Süd ) : Oberschelden , Gosenbach , Niederschelden , Eiserfeld , Eisern Along with the boroughs and communities into which the city is divided , as mandated by law , there are also further subdivisions within the communities , each with its own name , but none with distinctly clear borders . They are called Quartiere , which can be rendered as quarters or neighbourhoods . Examples of these include the Unterstadt , the Oberstadt , Hammerhütte , Lindenberg , Charlottental , Haardter Berg ( with the university ) and the Alte Dreisbach . Some neighbourhoods even straddle community boundaries , like Sieghütte , parts of which can be found in both Siegen-Mitte and Weidenau . Moreover , some neighbourhoods even overlap each other . Unlike the boroughs ( Bezirke ) or communities ( Ortsteile and Stadtteile ) , the Quartiere have no statistical or administrative importance . They do , however , serve some function as to their inhabitants identity , but more practically than that , they are also useful for finding ones way with a city map and using in bus route names and on public notices and traffic signs . Many of the Hüttentalstraße city Autobahns exits are also named after the Quartiere that they serve . The communities of Weidenau , Geisweid , Birlenbach , Langenholdinghausen , Buchen , Sohlbach , Dillnhütten , Niedersetzen , Obersetzen and Meiswinkel formed from 1 July 1966 to 31 December 1974 the town of Hüttental . The communities of Eiserfeld , Eisern , Gosenbach , Niederschelden and Oberschelden formed the town of Eiserfeld between those same two dates . Neighbouring communities . The city of Siegen borders in the north on the town of Kreuztal and the community of Wenden , in the east on the town of Netphen , in the southeast on the community of Wilnsdorf , in the south on the community of Neunkirchen , in the west on the community of Mudersbach ( Altenkirchen in Rhineland-Palatinate ) and in the northwest on the town of Freudenberg . History . <section /> The name Siegen comes from the possibly Celtic river name Sieg . It is , however , unclear whether there is any relation between this name and the Celtic-Germanic Sicambri ( Ger . Sugambrer ) people , who in pre-Christian times lived in parts of North Rhine-Westphalia . The first documentary mention of the place called Sigena dates from 1079 . The citys history is markedly shaped by mining , which locally began as far back as La Tène times . Bearing witness to this longtime industry are the many mines that can be found within city limits . In 1224 , Siegen is mentioned as a newly built town whose ownership was shared by the Count of Nassau , Heinrich the Rich , and Engelbert II of Berg , Archbishop of Cologne after the latter transferred one half of the ownership to the former . Moreover , there is proof that the Oberes Schloss ( upper stately home ) was already standing at this time . On 19 October 1303 , the town was granted Soester Stadtrecht , or Soest town rights . The town remained under the two overlords joint ownership until 1 February 1381 , only then passing fully into Nassau hands . In the 16th century , the town of Siegen bore a formidable defensive look . It was surrounded by mighty walls with 16 towers and three town gates , and was home to a great castle . The town was stricken several times by townwide fires . Documents record such fires in 1592 , and from 10 to 20 April 1695 . In 1536 , Heinrich the Rich built a paedagogium in the buildings that had once housed a Franciscan Monastery . It later grew into todays Gymnasium at Siegens Löhrtor ( gate ) . Johann VII of Nassau-Siegen ( Johann the Intermediary ) built the Unteres Schloss ( lower stately home ) on the site of an old Franciscan Monastery . In 1616 , Johann VII founded a knightly war school in the still standing old armoury on Burgstraße , expressly to produce an officer corps for Calvinism . His son Johann VIII ( The Younger ) returned in 1612 to the Roman Catholic Church , and wanted to use force to make the townsfolk also convert back to Roman Catholicism . In 1632 , Nassau-Siegen was conquered by the Swedes , after which his half-brother John Maurice of Nassau-Siegen , the Dutch commander in Brazil , re-introduced Protestantism . John VIII died in 1638 and was succeeded by his only son Johan Frans Desideratus , who had to cede part of Nassau-Siegen ( north of the Sieg river ) to the Protestant branch of the family . John Maurices leadership served in 1650–1651 to bring about a split in the Siegerland along denominational lines . Under Wilhelm Hyacinth of Nassau-Siegen , violence broke out between the two denominational groups . When on 29 March 1707 townsman Friedrich Flender was killed , Wilhelm Hyacinth was himself unseated and furthermore driven out of the town . Wilhelm Hyacinth was the last in the line of Nassau-Siegens Catholic rulers , dying in 1743 . Already in 1734 , though , the Reformed line had died out , too , with Friedrich Wilhelms death , leading Charles VI , Holy Roman Emperor to transfer power in the territory to the Prince of Orange and the Prince of Nassau-Diez . Under their leadership , mining , the main source of wealth , blossomed , along with agriculture and silviculture . When Prince William of Orange refused to join the Confederation of the Rhine , founded by Napoleon , he found himself unseated by the French leader and the Siegerland passed to the Grand Duchy of Berg . After Napoleons downfall in 1813 , however , William I regained his former German inheritances , but in 1815 he ceded them to the Kingdom of Prussia for the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg . Siegen was assigned to the Siegen district , first in the Koblenz region , and as of 1817 in the Arnsberg region within the Prussian Province of Westphalia . Under Prussian rule , Siegen developed into the South Westphalian centre that it is today . On 1 March 1923 , Siegen was set apart from the district bearing its name , and became a district-free town , while still keeping its function as seat of the district of which it was no longer part , and which was itself merged with Wittgenstein district under district reform in 1975 . Siegen also lost its district-free status at this time , becoming part of the new Siegen-Wittgenstein district , the name that the district has borne since 1984 . During World War II , Siegen was repeatedly bombed by the Allies owing to a crucial railroad that crossed through the town . On 1 April 1945 , the US 8th Infantry Division began the Allied ground assault against Siegen and the dominating military-significant high ground north of the river . The battle against determined German forces at Siegen continued through 2 April 1945 , until organized resistance was finally overwhelmed by the division on 3 April 1945.<section /> Religion . The town of Siegen belonged in the beginning to the Archbishopric of Mainz , or more precisely to its deaconry of Arfeld . There was a White Nun convent in town that folded in the 15th century . Furthermore , there was a Franciscan Monastery that was dissolved in 1533 after the Nassau overlords had introduced the Reformation in 1530 . After that , the town was first Lutheran , but in 1550 , the Principality of Nassau converted to the Reformed Church . Subsequently , Siegen was a predominantly Protestant town , but not so strongly that the Counterreformation could not gain ground in 1623 , with one fifth of the townsfolk and those living in the surrounding area becoming Catholic once again . As of 1626 , there was once more a monastery in town , this time a Jesuit one . After passing to Prussia in 1815 , the union between Lutheran and Reformed churches was introduced in Siegen , as it was throughout Prussia , but the towns parishes kept their Reformed emphasis . As part of the Westphalian Provincial Church ( now the Church of Westphalia ) , Siegen became the seat of a Superintendency . A similar entity still exists in Siegen , known as the Kirchenkreis , or church district , to which all the citys parishes nowadays belong , unless they are Free Church parishes . This church district encompasses the whole of South Westphalia all the way to Olpe . The towns Catholics , even after the Reformation , still belonged to the Archbishopric of Mainz . With the restructuring of the Catholic Church early in the 19th century , Siegen was assigned to the Archbishopric of Paderborn and became the seat of a district synod , today a deaconry , to which all the districts Catholic parishes belong . Paderborn was raised to Archbishopric in 1929 . Besides the Roman Catholic Church , Siegen also has a Greek Orthodox parish and a Romanian Orthodox parish . Moreover , there are various free churches established in Siegen , among them several Evangelical Free Church parishes ( Baptists ) , an Evangelical-Methodist Church , an Independent Evangelical-Lutheran Church ( SELK ) , a Seventh-day Adventist parish , several Free Evangelical parishes ( FeG ) , the Achenbach Christian Community , the Christian Assembly , Calvary Chapel and the Siegen-Meiswinkel Mission Community . Further religious communities in Siegen are The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints , the New Apostolic Church , the Jehovahs Witnesses , an Original Christianity community and Baháʼí . Moreover , owing to a great number of Turkish and Arab migrants in Siegen , the Muslim community is also very much in evidence there and there are several mosques in Siegen run by Turkish , Arab and Albanian communities . There are said to be more than 15,000 Muslims out of Siegens total population . Municipal reform . The following communities and rural areas have been amalgamated with Siegen : - 1902 and 1912 : parts of Buschgotthardtshütten - 1934 : parts of Achenbach - 1937 : parts of Achenbach and Buschgotthardtshütten - 1966 : Trupbach , Seelbach , Breitenbach , Bürbach , Kaan-Marienborn and Volnsberg - 1969 : Feuersbach - 1974 : towns of Hüttental and Eiserfeld Population development . In 1897 , Siegen had 20,000 inhabitants . By 1939 , this figure had doubled to 40,000 . In the World War II , the town lost roughly 30% of its inhabitants ( 12,000 ) . The population had fallen to 28,000 by 1945 and only in 1952 did it once again reach prewar levels . On 1 January 1975 , Siegens population surpassed 100,000 through the amalgamation of Hüttental ( 38,867 inhabitants in 1974 ) and Eiserfeld ( 22,354 inhabitants in 1974 ) , making it a city . With 117,224 inhabitants it also at the same time reached its all-time highest population . At the end of June 2005 , according to the North Rhine-Westphalia State Office for Data Processing and Statistics ( Landesamt für Datenverarbeitung und Statistik Nordrhein-Westfalen ) , 105,328 people made Siegen their main abode . Since 1975 , the population has fallen by roughly 10% ( 12,000 ) . The following chart shows population figures for Siegens municipal area , however big it was at each given time . Up to 1833 , most figures are estimates , and thereafter census figures ( ¹ ) or official estimates by the statistical office of the time or the town/city administration itself . The given figures indicate from 1843 the population present in the town ( Ortsanwesende Bevölkerung ) , from 1925 the dwelling population ( Wohnbevölkerung ) , and since 1987 the Population in the place of main residence ( Bevölkerung am Ort der Hauptwohnung ) . Before 1843 , population figures come from irregular surveying procedures . ¹ Census figure Politics . City council . The city councils 62 seats are apportioned thus , in accordance with municipal elections held on 26 September 2004 : None of the parties represented on city council holds a majority , and no coalition has been struck . However , the CDU and the FDP have a fixed , contractual coöperation agreement and at least have at their disposal a joint majority voice on some committees . In the council chamber , on the other hand , their 30 seats are not an absolute majority and they do not always prevail . Mayors . At the citys helm since the 13th century , there have been several mayors of whom evidence survives . In 1304 and 1305 , a council ( consules ) was mentioned for the first time . As early as 1224 , however , documents mention Burgmänner ( Castle Men ) as well as three Bürgermeister ( Mayors ) who were changed yearly . As of 1500 , only two mayors were chosen every year . In the 18th century , the guilds were achieving ever greater influence in the town . Thereafter the ruling or office-holding old shoemaking master represented the common townsfolk on the council . The mediaeval town charter was kept right up until 1809 , and parts of it even held until 1815 , but that year there was a self-endorsing council with 12 members , over which presided the mayor . As of 1824 , the suburbs got their own chief administrator who was subordinate to the mayor of Siegen . In 1836 , the Prussian municipal system was introduced . After the town was separated from Siegen district in 1923 , the mayor was given the title Oberbürgermeister ( roughly equivalent to Lord Mayor ) . The mayor who came to office in 1919 kept his position right through the time of the Third Reich , whereas some mayors in other German and Austrian towns , whose political views were at odds with the Nazis , were removed forcibly . After the Second World War , the military government of the British Zone of Occupation installed a new mayor , and in 1946 it introduced a new town charter based on a British model , leading to a Council of the town elected by the people , whose members were called Stadtverordnete ( town councillors ) . In the beginning , the council chose one from its midst as the mayor as the towns head and representative , which was an honorary function . Furthermore , as of 1946 , the council also began choosing a full-time Oberstadtdirektor , or Higher Town Director , to lead the towns administration . After Siegen was reunited with the district of the same name in 1975 , these two officials bore the titles Bürgermeister and Stadtdirektor respectively . In 1999 , this two-headed arrangement was forsaken in favour of a single city leader , with the title Bürgermeister , who serves as chairman or chairwoman of city council , leader of city administration and city representative . He or she is directly elected nowadays . Mayors ( Bürgermeister and Oberbürgermeister ) since 1919 - 1919–1945 : Alfred Fißmer , Oberbürgermeister - 1945 : Fritz Fries , Oberbürgermeister - 1945–1946 : Otto Schwarz , Oberbürgermeister - 1946–1948 : Ernst Weißelberg , Oberbürgermeister - 1948–1956 : Ernst Bach , Oberbürgermeister - 1956–1961 : Erich Pachnicke , Oberbürgermeister - 1961–1966 : Karl Eckmann , Oberbürgermeister - 1966–1975 : Karl Althaus , Oberbürgermeister - 1975–1979 : Friedemann Keßler , Bürgermeister - 1979–1990 : Hans Reinhardt , Bürgermeister - 1990–1994 : Hilde Fiedler , Bürgermeisterin - 1994–1999 : Karl Wilhelm Kirchhöfer , Bürgermeister - 1999–2007 : Ulf Stötzel ( CDU ) , Bürgermeister - 2007–today : Steffen Mues ( CDU ) , Bürgermeister Stadtdirektoren and Oberstadtdirektoren 1946–1999 - 1946–1954 : Max Baumann , Oberstadtdirektor - 1954–1975 : Kurt Seibt , Oberstadtdirektor - 1975–1985 : Hans Mohn , Stadtdirektor - 1985–1989 : Volker Oerter , Stadtdirektor - 1989–1995 : Otto-Werner Rappold , Stadtdirektor ( left office early with effect on 2 December 1995 by his own wish ) - 1995–1999 : Ulrich Mock , Stadtdirektor ( at first as Dr . Rappolds General Agent until 31 January 1997 , then appointed fulltime Stadtdirektor ) Coat of arms . Siegens civic coat of arms might be described thus : Argent a town wall embattled gules with an open gateway argent , therein in an inescutcheon azure a lion rampant Or armed and langued gules , issuant from the wall a bishop in robe and mitre azure ( trimmed in argent ) holding in his hand dexter a crozier argent with crook Or sinister , in his hand sinister , upraised , an open book argent with pages edged gules . The bishop in the citys arms is the Bishop of Cologne . The wall symbolizes the city itself , and the inescutcheon in the gateway shows the Lion of Nassau in blue and gold ( or yellow ) , which are Nassaus colours . The arms are based on the oldest known town seal , from 1248 . The inescutcheon once also had gold billets ( upright rectangles ) around the lion , but these do not appear in what became the towns ( and later citys ) coat of arms in 1875 . Sights . Although the town was about 80% destroyed in the World War II , Siegen has kept a number of buildings worth seeing , such as the two stately homes , the Oberes Schloss and the Unteres Schloss . Oberes Schloss . The castle on the Siegberg was first mentioned in a document in 1259 and was the family seat of the House of Nassau . Since 1905 , the Siegerland Museum has been here . Alongside regional exhibits – among them an artificial demonstration mine – are many paintings . The centrepiece of this collection is made up of works by the man who is arguably the best known native , Peter Paul Rubens . There is also quite a comprehensive collection of portraits of members of the Houses of Nassau and Orange . The top floor is devoted to 19th-century home décor . A kitchen from the Siegerland , a bedroom and many pieces of furniture from the Biedermeier era give one an impression of life in the region in bygone days . Unteres Schloss . Late in the 17th century , the Lower Stately Home came into being in its current form , somewhat like an open rectangle . The Evangelical line of the House of Nassau-Siegen resided here . Also belonging to the Schloss is the Dicker Turm , or Fat Tower with a carillon . In 1959 , the then town of Siegen built a memorial for victims of war and tyranny . Inside the Schloss is also found the crypt of the Evangelical branch of the Nassau princely house . Today , the Schloss serves as a state authority building in which the North Rhine-Westphalia Building and Property Establishment , the State Environment Office , the Office for Occupational Health and Safety and the Attendorn Correctional Facility ( Siegen Branch Facility ) are all housed . By the citys plans , a university is supposed to move into the Unteres Schloss within the next few years , but at this time , the plan is failing to find any financial backing . Churches . Two churches in downtown Siegen are to be brought to the visitors attention : The Martinikirche dating from the 11th century and the Nikolaikirche at the marketplace with its unusual eight-sided shape and its golden Krönchen ( coronet ) – the citys landmark – on the church tower , which is a prominent feature of Siegens skyline ( Siegen is sometimes called Krönchenstadt for this unusual feature ) . Another church is the Marienkirche , built by the Jesuits between 1702 and 1729 . Also worth seeing are Siegens Old Town and several museums in the city core . Gasometer . In the southwest of the city core , at the foot of the Ziegenberg , is a spherical gas holder , or gasometer , which is protected by law as a monument . It is one of the oldest spherical gas holders still preserved . Another peculiarity is its riveted casing . Only three other such gas holders are known to exist worldwide ( all in Germany , in Schwerte , Offenburg and Bielefeld ) . The holder had to be moved a few metres owing to construction on the municipal Autobahn , the Hüttentalstraße , and in the residential area of Ziegenberg , and it now forms the symbolic sun as part of a scale model of the planets above the gas holder . Cemeteries . Within Siegens city limits are 36 municipally run cemeteries . Ten of them are already closed and are available for burials only because of existing laws . The cemeteries have a total area of 730 000 m² with roughly 65,000 graves . Characteristic of regional cemeteries are hillside graves and a green , parklike layout that even affords wildlife a chance at reoccupying the land . Cemeteries within city limits are : - Lindenbergfriedhof - Hermelsbacher Friedhof - Stockfriedhof - Geisweider Friedhof - Haardter Friedhof - Gilbergfriedhof - Friedhof Kaan-Marienborn - Neuer Friedhof Niederschelden Culture . Theatre . In the Apollo-Theater ( a downtown former 1930s cinema that underwent remodelling and opened in mid-2007 ) , Siegen has one of the current decades most important newly built theatres . A controlling interest in this venture is held by TheaterSiegen intendant Magnus Reitschuster . Since 1992 , the media and cultural house Lÿz has been a venue for cabaret , music and theatre in Siegen . On the two stages , roughly 150 events appear every season . Bigger events take place at the Bühne der Stadt ( Citys Stage , with about 820 seats ) , the Siegerlandhalle ( 1 800 m² , 2,300 seats ) or the Bismarckhalle . As well , there are regular open-air concerts and productions in the inner yard at Unteres Schloss . Orchestras and choirs . - Philharmonie Südwestfalen - Evangelische Kantorei Siegen - Bach-Chor Siegen - Sängerkreis Siegerland Museums . The main centre of art in Siegen are the Museum for Contemporary Art and the Haus Seel – city gallery . The Siegerland Museum is dedicated to regional history . The Oranienstraße House , built at 1900 in the Italian country house style , is attached to the Siegerland Museum since 1993 as an exhibit forum . There is a varied program of temporary exhibitions of all kinds , from archaeological excavations to contemporary avant-garde art . Poet and author readings are also part of the program , such as classic concerts . In Geisweid is found the Beatles Home Museum , run by Harold Krämer . According to the 2000 Guinness Book of Records , the 27 m² museum is the smallest public museum in the world devoted to the four Liverpudlian musicians . The collection holds more than 17,000 recordings , souvenirs , film posters , and autographs and other memorabilia . Regular events . - Early in the year : SILA ( Siegerlandausstellung – Siegerland Exhibition ) , even-numbered years only - March to November , first Saturday in each month : Flea market in Siegen-Geisweid ( since 1970 ) , no new goods - June to August : Mittwochs in different bands every Wednesday in Siegen-Weidenau - June : Johannimarkt , a fair held for some 400 years - June/July : Siegener Sommerfestival , plays , cabaret , theatre , music and cinema since about 1990 . ( In 2006 , instead of the traditional summer festival , a World Cup festival was held ) - July : Stadtfest ( City Festival ) , even-numbered years only - July : Rubensfest , odd-numbered years only - August : Siegen Open-Air Cinema - August : Christopher Street Day ( CSD ) , since 2000 - August : Siegtal-Pur All streets only opened for bikes ( the HTS ( local Motorway ) too ) - Summer : Street Festival at the Corn Market - October : 2nd Sunday : Bürgerfest Geisweid - November : Geisweider Adventsmarkt , since about 1985 - December : Christmas market , since about 1980 Dialect . The city and its surrounding region speak in addition to standard German also have a characteristic local dialect : Siegerländisch . Tales and legends . The Dilldappe is an old mythical creature from the Siegerland . It lives mainly in the Siegerland Hauberg ( coöperatively managed woodlots ) . Early in the 1980s , the writer and cartoonist Matthias Kringe first published a calendar about the creature , written in the local dialect of German . The Rubens Prize of the City of Siegen . The Rubens Prize of the City of Siegen , founded in 1955 , is awarded every five years to a painter or graphic artist whose lifes work has been groundbreaking on the European stage . The title recalls the painter-diplomat Peter Paul Rubens , who expressed in his lifes work the thought of European unity , long before it could become a political reality . Peter Paul Rubens – who was born in Siegen , grew up in Cologne and Antwerp , trained in art in Italy , was esteemed in France and acted as a diplomat in Spain and England – as the main master of European Baroque painting set those artistic and European standards to which the awarding of the prize has been bound since 1957–1958 . Past prizewinners : - Hans Hartung ( 1957/1958 ) - Giorgio Morandi ( 1962 ) - Francis Bacon ( 1967 ) - Antoni Tàpies ( 1972 ) - Fritz Winter ( 1977 ) - Emil Schumacher ( 1982 ) - Cy Twombly ( 1987 ) - Rupprecht Geiger ( 1992 ) - Lucian Freud ( 1997 ) - Maria Lassnig ( 2002 ) - Sigmar Polke ( 2007 ) - Bridget Riley ( 2012 ) - Niele Toroni ( 2017 ) Sport . The city sport league includes 160 sport clubs in which roughly 37,000 members are active . National importance was achieved in 2005 by the Sportfreunde Siegen mens football team at Leimbachstadion when they rose from the Regionalliga Süd up to the 2nd Bundesliga , although the next year they dropped back down again . As six-time German Champions , the TSV Siegen womens football team was very successful in the 1990s . Transport . Air transport . In the south of the district in the community of Burbach lies the Siegerland Airport through which Siegen is connected to many other airports in Germany . Bicycle transport . The city of Siegen lies on European long-distance path E1 running from the middle of Sweden to Umbria in Italy . There is , however , no organized cycling trail network in Siegen . Riding in bus lanes is sporadically allowed . Bicycle transport is generally poorly developed in Siegen . Owing to dual carriageways within the city and nearby , as well as transport planning that rather favours cars , bicycle transport has been somewhat thwarted . Together with the partly hilly topography , there is therefore little in the way of bicycle transport in Siegen . Rail transport . Siegen station lies at the junction of the following railway lines : - The two-track electrified Ruhr–Sieg line ( Ruhr-Sieg-Strecke ) is used for regional services , usually hourly , of the Ruhr-Sieg-Express ( RE 16 ) and the Ruhr-Sieg-Bahn ( RB 91 ) . - The Rothaar Railway ( Rothaarbahn ) is served , usually hourly by Rothaar-Bahn ( RB 93 ) services , connecting in Erndtebrück to Obere Lahntal-Bahn ( RB 94/RMV Line 43 ) services , usually two-hourly , on the Upper Lahn Valley Railway ( Obere Lahntal-Bahn ) . - The two-track electrified Dill Railway ( Dill-Strecke ) is served , usually two-hourly , by the Rhein-Sieg-Express ( RE 9 ) and the Main-Sieg-Express ( RE 99 ) and hourly by the Sieg-Dill-Bahn ( RB 95 ) ( only to and from Dillenburg ) . - The mostly two-track electrified Sieg line ( Siegstrecke ) is served , usually hourly , by the Rhein-Sieg-Express ( RE 9 ) and Sieg-Dill-Bahn ( RB 95 ) services ( only to and from Au ) . Bus transport . On 18 March 1895 , the Netphener Omnibusgesellschaft opened the worlds first busline using a petrol-powered omnibus , running a service from its base in Netphen to Siegen and Deuz . Today , local road transport offers many regional , express and local buses , along with a night bus service connecting Siegen with its outlying communities and neighbouring towns . They are run by the South Westphalia Transport Services ( Verkehrsbetriebe Westfalen-Süd ; VWS ) whose headquarters are in Siegen . For the whole of local public transport , the tariff of the South Westphalia Transport Community ( Verkehrsgemeinschaft Westfalen-Süd ; VGWS ) applies , regardless of the North Rhine-Westphalia tariff . Roads . With regard to long-distance roads , the city of Siegen is connected to Autobahnen A 45 ( Dortmund – Aschaffenburg ) and A 4 ( Cologne – Olpe ) , and to Federal Highways ( Bundesstraßen ) 54 , 54n , 62 and 62n . Siegen is home to the tallest bridge of the A 45 and one of the highest in Germany , the Siegtalbrücke . Built from 1964 to 1969 , it is approximately 96 m high and 1 050 m long . The shape that the city takes has much to do with the Hüttentalstraße ( HTS ) ( Federal Highways 54n and 62n ) which serves as a municipal Autobahn – much of it elevated – that runs through the city area . The A 4 between Wenden and Kreuztal has been newly built . In the heights over Kreuztals outlying community of Krombach , it now joins with the HTS . On this 12-kilometre stretch of highway are eight valley bridges as well as ten under- and overpasses . This new part was opened on 1 December 2007 . Economy . Siegen is South Westphalias service and administrative centre . Much of its industry is based on metalworking . Pedestrian precincts in Bahnhofsstraße ( Railway Station Street ) and Kölner Tor ( Cologne Gate ) , both downtown , have made shopping in Siegen very convenient , as have the shopping centres City-Galerie ( opened in 1998 ) and Sieg Carré ( opened in 2006 , both downtown ) and Siegerlandzentrum ( Siegen-Weidenau ) , and the Marburger Straße shopping street ( downtown ) . In 2005 , an IKEA store and a Peek & Cloppenburg location opened . Public institutions . Siegen is home to the Siegen-Wittgenstein district administration and location of a Chamber of Industry and Trade ( Industrie- und Handelskammer , or IHK , one of 81 such regional institutions in Germany ) for the districts of Siegen-Wittgenstein and Olpe . Home to the Siegen State Court , a local court and a labour court , the city is also an important court centre . Media . In Siegen , the Westdeutscher Rundfunk ( WDR ) maintains a studio where regional radio and television news for South Westphalia is produced . The daily broadcast goes out in the South Westphalia regional window following the programme Aktuelle Stunde ( a newsmagazine show ) on WDRs third channel . Moreover , WDR also runs a transmission facility for VHF radio and television ( once also medium wave ) at the Giersberg . Daily newspapers in Siegen include not only the Siegener Zeitung but also local editions of the Westfälische Rundschau and the Westfalenpost . All three appear in the morning , although the first was until 2000 an afternoon paper . Furthermore , at the Obergraben is found the regional , Radio-NRW-connected Radio Siegens studio building . Education . In the early decades of the 17th century , the Herborn Academy temporarily relocated to Siegen , in the buildings of the Unteres Schloss , which came to an end when the Plague broke out . Siegens oldest school is the Gymnasium am Löhrtor , a grammar school . Other Schools : Grammar schools . - Gymnasium am Löhrtor ( GAL ) - Fürst-Johann-Moritz-Gymnasium ( FJM ) - Peter-Paul-Rubens-Gymnasium , formerly known as Ganztagsgymnasium am Rosterberg - Evangelisches Gymnasium ( EV ) - Gymnasium auf der Morgenröthe ( GAM ) Primary schools . - Albert Schweitzer Schule - Birlenbacher Schule - Burgschule - Diesterwegschule - Dreisbachschule - Eiserner Schule - Fischbacherbergschule - Friedrich Flender Schule - Geisweider Schule - Giersbergschule - Glückaufschule - Gosenbacher Schule - Grundschule Eiserfeld - Grundschule Kaan-Marienborn - Hammerhütter Schule - Hüttentalschule - Jung Stilling Schule - Lindenbergschule - Nordschule - Obenstruthschule - Sonnenhangschule - Spandauer Schule Higher education . Siegen is headquarters of the University of Siegen , founded on 1 August 1972 as the Gesamthochschule Siegen . As well , the Fachhochschule für Oekonomie & Management has a study centre , which is shared with the Academy of Administration and Economics . Siegen also has various general-education and professional schools , and the Siegerlandkolleg . Twin towns – sister cities . Siegen is twinned with : - Spandau ( Berlin ) , Germany ( 1952 ) - Katwijk , Netherlands ( 1963 , formerly Rijnsburg ) - Leeds , England , United Kingdom ( 1966 , formerly Morley ) - Ypres , Belgium ( 1967 ) - Zakopane , Poland ( 1989 ) - Plauen , Germany ( 1990 ) Notable people . - Henry III of Nassau-Breda ( 1483–1538 ) , Count of Nassau and Lord of Breda - Tilemann Stella ( 1525–1589 ) , Renaissance scholar and librarian , mathematician , geometerer , cartographer and astronomer - Peter Paul Rubens ( 1577–1640 ) , Baroque painter - Johann Heinrich Bisterfeld ( 1605–1655 ) , philosopher , polyhistor - Georg Wilhelm de Gennin ( 1676–1750 ) , Russian military officer and engineer ; baptized here - Franz Hunolt ( 1691–1746 ) , Jesuit , theologian - Adolph Diesterweg ( 1790–1866 ) , pedagogue and mastermind of reform education - Heinrich Kreutz ( 1854–1907 ) , astronomer and publisher - Charles H . Daub ( 1855–1917 ) , member of the Wisconsin State Assembly - Fritz Busch ( 1890–1951 ) , conductor - Adolf Busch ( 1891–1952 ) , German-Swiss violinist and conductor - Walter Kraemer ( 1892–1941 ) , politician ( KPD ) and resistance fighter against Nazism - Paul Giesler ( 1895–1945 ) , Nazi functionary , Premier of Bavaria - Heinrich Gontermann ( 1896–1917 ) , fighter ace - Friedrich Middelhauve ( 1896–1966 ) , publisher and politician ( FDP ) - Hermann Giesler ( 1898–1987 ) , architect - Ernst Achenbach ( 1909–1991 ) , politician ( FDP ) - Herbert Schäfer ( 1927–1991 ) , football player and coach - Walter Schneider ( 1927–2010 ) , motorcycle racing driver - Bernd Becher ( 1931–2007 ) , conceptual artist and photographer - Heinfried Birlenbach ( 1940–2020 ) , shot putter - Joachim Frank ( born 1940 ) , German-American biophysicist and a Nobel laureate - Rolf Stommelen ( 1943–1983 ) , Formula One racer - Josef Clemens ( born 1947 ) , bishop - Klaus Scheer ( born 1950 ) , football player and coach - Christoph Bode ( born 1952 ) , literary scholar - Reinhard Goebel ( born 1952 ) , conductor and violinist - Annegret Kober ( born 1957 ) , swimmer - Bernward Koch ( born 1957 ) , musician - Burkhard Jung ( born 1958 ) , Lord Mayor of Leipzig - Dieter Falk ( born 1959 ) , music producer , keyboardist and composer - Peter Autschbach ( born 1961 ) , guitarist - Frank Heinrich ( born 1964 ) , theologian and politician ( MdB ) - Navid Kermani ( born 1967 ) , orientalist and Islamic studies scholar - Petra Lobinger ( born 1967 ) , athlete - Peter Stein ( born 1968 ) , politician ( CDU ) - Monika Meyer ( born 1972 ) , footballer - Sabrina Mockenhaupt ( born 1980 ) , long distance runner - August Wittgenstein ( born 1981 ) , prince and actor - Florian Kringe ( born 1982 ) , footballer - Moritz Volz ( born 1983 ) , footballer - Christian Nüchtern ( born 1992 ) , ice dancer Honorary citizens . Siegen has conferred honorary citizenship upon the following persons : - 1887 : Heinrich von Achenbach , High President of the Province of Brandenburg - 1891 : Otto von Bismarck , Reich chancellor - 1933 : Adolf Hitler , Reich chancellor* - 1933 : Paul von Hindenburg , General Field Marshal and Reich President For all those listed up to here , honorary citizenship , according to Enactment no . 21 to the amended German Municipal System of 1 April 1946 , has been forfeited . *According to the city council of Siegen Adolf Hitlers honorary citizenship was lapsed by British military law . Caused by political discussion the city council denied Hitlers honorary citizenship posthumously on 29 August 2007 . - 1953 : Alfred Fißmer , retired Oberbürgermeister Honorary citizens of the former town of Hüttental : - Josef Höfer , Prelate - Karl Barich , chairman of the board of Stahlwerke Südwestfalen ( South Westphalia Steelworks ) Further reading . - Heinrich Silbergleit : Preußens Städte : Denkschrift zum 100jährigen Jubiläum der Städteordnung vom 19 . November 1808 . Heymann , Berlin 1908 - Heinrich von Achenbach : Die Haubergs-Genossenschaften des Siegerlandes . After the Bonn printing in 1863 newly published by the ( then ) Town of Siegen , Forschungsstelle Siegerland , Siegen 1963 - Heinrich von Achenbach : Geschichte der Stadt Siegen . Erg . Nachdr . der Ausg . Vorländer , Siegen 1894 . Verlag Die Wielandschmiede , Kreuztal 1983 - Heinrich von Achenbach : Aus des Siegerlandes Vergangenheit . 2 . erg . Nachdr . der Ausg . Siegen 1898 . Verlag Die Wielandschmiede , Kreuztal 1982 - Erich Keyser ( publisher ) : Westfälisches Städtebuch . In : Deutsches Städtebuch . Band III 2 . Teilband . Kohlhammer Verlag , Stuttgart 1954 - Walther Hubatsch ( publisher ) : Westfalen . In : Grundriss zur deutschen Verwaltungsgeschichte 1815–1945 . Band 8 Reihe A : Preußen . Marburg an der Lahn 1980 , External links . - Official website - Historical and contemporary information about Siegen and Siegerland
|
[
"Germany"
] |
[
{
"text": " Siegen ( ) is a city in Germany , in the south Westphalian part of North Rhine-Westphalia . It is located in the district of Siegen-Wittgenstein in the Arnsberg region . The university town ( nearly 20,000 students in the 2018–2019 winter semester ) is the district seat , and is ranked as a higher centre in the South Westphalian urban agglomeration . In 1975 , municipal reforms and amalgamations lifted Siegens population above the 100,000 mark .",
"title": "Siegen"
},
{
"text": " The city of Siegen lies in the basin of the upper reaches of the river Sieg . From there , lateral valleys branch off in many directions . The heights of the surrounding mountains , wherever they are not actually settled , are covered in coppice . To the north lies the Sauerland , to the northwest the Rothaargebirge and to the southwest the Westerwald .",
"title": "Location"
},
{
"text": "The nearest cities to Siegen , taking into account average travelling distances , are Hagen to the north , Frankfurt am Main to the southeast , Koblenz to the southwest and Cologne to the west .",
"title": "Location"
},
{
"text": " As the crow flies the distances to these places are , however , ( Hagen ) , ( Frankfurt ) , ( Koblenz ) and ( Cologne ) . The city lies on the German-Dutch holiday road called the Orange Route , joining towns , cities and regions associated with the House of Orange .",
"title": "Location"
},
{
"text": " The citys total land area is roughly . Its greatest east-west span is about , and its greatest north-south span is about . City limits are long . Siegen lies at a median elevation of above sea level . The citys greatest elevation is the peak of the Pfannenberg at above sea level at southern city limits . Siegens lowest point is above sea level at Niederschelden at southwestern city limits , which there also forms the state boundary with Rhineland-Palatinate . Roughly 60% of the citys land is wooded , making Siegen one of Germanys greenest cities .",
"title": "City area"
},
{
"text": "The city area is divided into six zones , called Bezirke in German and comparable to boroughs in some cities , which themselves are further divided into various communities ( Ortsteile and Stadtteile ) . Each borough has a borough board consisting of 15 voting and 15 non-voting members who are appointed by city council with regard to each partys share of the vote in the municipal elections in the borough in question . The borough boards decide on matters particular to their respective boroughs . These matters are laid down in Siegens city charter .",
"title": "City area"
},
{
"text": " Siegens six boroughs and communities belonging to each boroughs are : - District I ( Geisweid ) : Birlenbach , Meiswinkel , Langenholdinghausen , Geisweid , Dillnhütten , Sohlbach , Buchen , Niedersetzen , Obersetzen - District II ( Weidenau ) : - District III ( Ost ) : Kaan-Marienborn , parts of Alt-Siegen ( Giersberg ) , Bürbach , Volnsberg , Breitenbach , Feuersbach - District IV ( Mitte ) : Alt-Siegen ( parts not belonging to borough III or V )",
"title": "Administrative division"
},
{
"text": "- District V ( West ) : Seelbach , Trupbach and parts of Alt-Siegen ( Wellersberg , Fischbacherberg , Achenbach , Rothenberg )",
"title": "Administrative division"
},
{
"text": " - District VI ( Süd ) : Oberschelden , Gosenbach , Niederschelden , Eiserfeld , Eisern",
"title": "Administrative division"
},
{
"text": "Along with the boroughs and communities into which the city is divided , as mandated by law , there are also further subdivisions within the communities , each with its own name , but none with distinctly clear borders . They are called Quartiere , which can be rendered as quarters or neighbourhoods . Examples of these include the Unterstadt , the Oberstadt , Hammerhütte , Lindenberg , Charlottental , Haardter Berg ( with the university ) and the Alte Dreisbach . Some neighbourhoods even straddle community boundaries , like Sieghütte , parts of which can be found in both",
"title": "Administrative division"
},
{
"text": "Siegen-Mitte and Weidenau . Moreover , some neighbourhoods even overlap each other . Unlike the boroughs ( Bezirke ) or communities ( Ortsteile and Stadtteile ) , the Quartiere have no statistical or administrative importance . They do , however , serve some function as to their inhabitants identity , but more practically than that , they are also useful for finding ones way with a city map and using in bus route names and on public notices and traffic signs . Many of the Hüttentalstraße city Autobahns exits are also named after the Quartiere that they serve .",
"title": "Administrative division"
},
{
"text": " The communities of Weidenau , Geisweid , Birlenbach , Langenholdinghausen , Buchen , Sohlbach , Dillnhütten , Niedersetzen , Obersetzen and Meiswinkel formed from 1 July 1966 to 31 December 1974 the town of Hüttental . The communities of Eiserfeld , Eisern , Gosenbach , Niederschelden and Oberschelden formed the town of Eiserfeld between those same two dates .",
"title": "Administrative division"
},
{
"text": " The city of Siegen borders in the north on the town of Kreuztal and the community of Wenden , in the east on the town of Netphen , in the southeast on the community of Wilnsdorf , in the south on the community of Neunkirchen , in the west on the community of Mudersbach ( Altenkirchen in Rhineland-Palatinate ) and in the northwest on the town of Freudenberg .",
"title": "Neighbouring communities"
},
{
"text": "The name Siegen comes from the possibly Celtic river name Sieg . It is , however , unclear whether there is any relation between this name and the Celtic-Germanic Sicambri ( Ger . Sugambrer ) people , who in pre-Christian times lived in parts of North Rhine-Westphalia . The first documentary mention of the place called Sigena dates from 1079 . The citys history is markedly shaped by mining , which locally began as far back as La Tène times . Bearing witness to this longtime industry are the many mines that can be found within city limits .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "In 1224 , Siegen is mentioned as a newly built town whose ownership was shared by the Count of Nassau , Heinrich the Rich , and Engelbert II of Berg , Archbishop of Cologne after the latter transferred one half of the ownership to the former . Moreover , there is proof that the Oberes Schloss ( upper stately home ) was already standing at this time . On 19 October 1303 , the town was granted Soester Stadtrecht , or Soest town rights . The town remained under the two overlords joint ownership until 1 February 1381 , only",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "then passing fully into Nassau hands .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " In the 16th century , the town of Siegen bore a formidable defensive look . It was surrounded by mighty walls with 16 towers and three town gates , and was home to a great castle . The town was stricken several times by townwide fires . Documents record such fires in 1592 , and from 10 to 20 April 1695 .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "In 1536 , Heinrich the Rich built a paedagogium in the buildings that had once housed a Franciscan Monastery . It later grew into todays Gymnasium at Siegens Löhrtor ( gate ) . Johann VII of Nassau-Siegen ( Johann the Intermediary ) built the Unteres Schloss ( lower stately home ) on the site of an old Franciscan Monastery . In 1616 , Johann VII founded a knightly war school in the still standing old armoury on Burgstraße , expressly to produce an officer corps for Calvinism .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " His son Johann VIII ( The Younger ) returned in 1612 to the Roman Catholic Church , and wanted to use force to make the townsfolk also convert back to Roman Catholicism . In 1632 , Nassau-Siegen was conquered by the Swedes , after which his half-brother John Maurice of Nassau-Siegen , the Dutch commander in Brazil , re-introduced Protestantism . John VIII died in 1638 and was succeeded by his only son Johan Frans Desideratus , who had to cede part of Nassau-Siegen ( north of the Sieg river ) to the Protestant branch of the family .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "John Maurices leadership served in 1650–1651 to bring about a split in the Siegerland along denominational lines . Under Wilhelm Hyacinth of Nassau-Siegen , violence broke out between the two denominational groups . When on 29 March 1707 townsman Friedrich Flender was killed , Wilhelm Hyacinth was himself unseated and furthermore driven out of the town . Wilhelm Hyacinth was the last in the line of Nassau-Siegens Catholic rulers , dying in 1743 . Already in 1734 , though , the Reformed line had died out , too , with Friedrich Wilhelms death , leading Charles VI , Holy Roman",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Emperor to transfer power in the territory to the Prince of Orange and the Prince of Nassau-Diez . Under their leadership , mining , the main source of wealth , blossomed , along with agriculture and silviculture . When Prince William of Orange refused to join the Confederation of the Rhine , founded by Napoleon , he found himself unseated by the French leader and the Siegerland passed to the Grand Duchy of Berg . After Napoleons downfall in 1813 , however , William I regained his former German inheritances , but in 1815 he ceded them to the Kingdom",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "of Prussia for the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg . Siegen was assigned to the Siegen district , first in the Koblenz region , and as of 1817 in the Arnsberg region within the Prussian Province of Westphalia .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " Under Prussian rule , Siegen developed into the South Westphalian centre that it is today . On 1 March 1923 , Siegen was set apart from the district bearing its name , and became a district-free town , while still keeping its function as seat of the district of which it was no longer part , and which was itself merged with Wittgenstein district under district reform in 1975 . Siegen also lost its district-free status at this time , becoming part of the new Siegen-Wittgenstein district , the name that the district has borne since 1984 .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "During World War II , Siegen was repeatedly bombed by the Allies owing to a crucial railroad that crossed through the town . On 1 April 1945 , the US 8th Infantry Division began the Allied ground assault against Siegen and the dominating military-significant high ground north of the river . The battle against determined German forces at Siegen continued through 2 April 1945 , until organized resistance was finally overwhelmed by the division on 3 April 1945.<section />",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "The town of Siegen belonged in the beginning to the Archbishopric of Mainz , or more precisely to its deaconry of Arfeld . There was a White Nun convent in town that folded in the 15th century . Furthermore , there was a Franciscan Monastery that was dissolved in 1533 after the Nassau overlords had introduced the Reformation in 1530 . After that , the town was first Lutheran , but in 1550 , the Principality of Nassau converted to the Reformed Church . Subsequently , Siegen was a predominantly Protestant town , but not so strongly that the Counterreformation",
"title": "Religion"
},
{
"text": "could not gain ground in 1623 , with one fifth of the townsfolk and those living in the surrounding area becoming Catholic once again . As of 1626 , there was once more a monastery in town , this time a Jesuit one . After passing to Prussia in 1815 , the union between Lutheran and Reformed churches was introduced in Siegen , as it was throughout Prussia , but the towns parishes kept their Reformed emphasis . As part of the Westphalian Provincial Church ( now the Church of Westphalia ) , Siegen became the seat of a Superintendency",
"title": "Religion"
},
{
"text": ". A similar entity still exists in Siegen , known as the Kirchenkreis , or church district , to which all the citys parishes nowadays belong , unless they are Free Church parishes . This church district encompasses the whole of South Westphalia all the way to Olpe .",
"title": "Religion"
},
{
"text": " The towns Catholics , even after the Reformation , still belonged to the Archbishopric of Mainz . With the restructuring of the Catholic Church early in the 19th century , Siegen was assigned to the Archbishopric of Paderborn and became the seat of a district synod , today a deaconry , to which all the districts Catholic parishes belong . Paderborn was raised to Archbishopric in 1929 . Besides the Roman Catholic Church , Siegen also has a Greek Orthodox parish and a Romanian Orthodox parish .",
"title": "Religion"
},
{
"text": "Moreover , there are various free churches established in Siegen , among them several Evangelical Free Church parishes ( Baptists ) , an Evangelical-Methodist Church , an Independent Evangelical-Lutheran Church ( SELK ) , a Seventh-day Adventist parish , several Free Evangelical parishes ( FeG ) , the Achenbach Christian Community , the Christian Assembly , Calvary Chapel and the Siegen-Meiswinkel Mission Community .",
"title": "Religion"
},
{
"text": " Further religious communities in Siegen are The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints , the New Apostolic Church , the Jehovahs Witnesses , an Original Christianity community and Baháʼí . Moreover , owing to a great number of Turkish and Arab migrants in Siegen , the Muslim community is also very much in evidence there and there are several mosques in Siegen run by Turkish , Arab and Albanian communities . There are said to be more than 15,000 Muslims out of Siegens total population .",
"title": "Religion"
},
{
"text": " The following communities and rural areas have been amalgamated with Siegen : - 1902 and 1912 : parts of Buschgotthardtshütten - 1934 : parts of Achenbach - 1937 : parts of Achenbach and Buschgotthardtshütten - 1966 : Trupbach , Seelbach , Breitenbach , Bürbach , Kaan-Marienborn and Volnsberg - 1969 : Feuersbach - 1974 : towns of Hüttental and Eiserfeld",
"title": "Municipal reform"
},
{
"text": " In 1897 , Siegen had 20,000 inhabitants . By 1939 , this figure had doubled to 40,000 . In the World War II , the town lost roughly 30% of its inhabitants ( 12,000 ) . The population had fallen to 28,000 by 1945 and only in 1952 did it once again reach prewar levels .",
"title": "Population development"
},
{
"text": "On 1 January 1975 , Siegens population surpassed 100,000 through the amalgamation of Hüttental ( 38,867 inhabitants in 1974 ) and Eiserfeld ( 22,354 inhabitants in 1974 ) , making it a city . With 117,224 inhabitants it also at the same time reached its all-time highest population . At the end of June 2005 , according to the North Rhine-Westphalia State Office for Data Processing and Statistics ( Landesamt für Datenverarbeitung und Statistik Nordrhein-Westfalen ) , 105,328 people made Siegen their main abode . Since 1975 , the population has fallen by roughly 10% ( 12,000 ) .",
"title": "Population development"
},
{
"text": "The following chart shows population figures for Siegens municipal area , however big it was at each given time . Up to 1833 , most figures are estimates , and thereafter census figures ( ¹ ) or official estimates by the statistical office of the time or the town/city administration itself . The given figures indicate from 1843 the population present in the town ( Ortsanwesende Bevölkerung ) , from 1925 the dwelling population ( Wohnbevölkerung ) , and since 1987 the Population in the place of main residence ( Bevölkerung am Ort der Hauptwohnung ) . Before 1843 ,",
"title": "Population development"
},
{
"text": "population figures come from irregular surveying procedures .",
"title": "Population development"
},
{
"text": " The city councils 62 seats are apportioned thus , in accordance with municipal elections held on 26 September 2004 : None of the parties represented on city council holds a majority , and no coalition has been struck . However , the CDU and the FDP have a fixed , contractual coöperation agreement and at least have at their disposal a joint majority voice on some committees . In the council chamber , on the other hand , their 30 seats are not an absolute majority and they do not always prevail .",
"title": "City council"
},
{
"text": "At the citys helm since the 13th century , there have been several mayors of whom evidence survives . In 1304 and 1305 , a council ( consules ) was mentioned for the first time . As early as 1224 , however , documents mention Burgmänner ( Castle Men ) as well as three Bürgermeister ( Mayors ) who were changed yearly . As of 1500 , only two mayors were chosen every year . In the 18th century , the guilds were achieving ever greater influence in the town . Thereafter the ruling or office-holding old shoemaking master represented",
"title": "Mayors"
},
{
"text": "the common townsfolk on the council . The mediaeval town charter was kept right up until 1809 , and parts of it even held until 1815 , but that year there was a self-endorsing council with 12 members , over which presided the mayor . As of 1824 , the suburbs got their own chief administrator who was subordinate to the mayor of Siegen . In 1836 , the Prussian municipal system was introduced . After the town was separated from Siegen district in 1923 , the mayor was given the title Oberbürgermeister ( roughly equivalent to Lord Mayor )",
"title": "Mayors"
},
{
"text": ". The mayor who came to office in 1919 kept his position right through the time of the Third Reich , whereas some mayors in other German and Austrian towns , whose political views were at odds with the Nazis , were removed forcibly .",
"title": "Mayors"
},
{
"text": "After the Second World War , the military government of the British Zone of Occupation installed a new mayor , and in 1946 it introduced a new town charter based on a British model , leading to a Council of the town elected by the people , whose members were called Stadtverordnete ( town councillors ) . In the beginning , the council chose one from its midst as the mayor as the towns head and representative , which was an honorary function . Furthermore , as of 1946 , the council also began choosing a full-time Oberstadtdirektor , or",
"title": "Mayors"
},
{
"text": "Higher Town Director , to lead the towns administration .",
"title": "Mayors"
},
{
"text": " After Siegen was reunited with the district of the same name in 1975 , these two officials bore the titles Bürgermeister and Stadtdirektor respectively . In 1999 , this two-headed arrangement was forsaken in favour of a single city leader , with the title Bürgermeister , who serves as chairman or chairwoman of city council , leader of city administration and city representative . He or she is directly elected nowadays . Mayors ( Bürgermeister and Oberbürgermeister ) since 1919 - 1919–1945 : Alfred Fißmer , Oberbürgermeister - 1945 : Fritz Fries , Oberbürgermeister",
"title": "Mayors"
},
{
"text": "- 1945–1946 : Otto Schwarz , Oberbürgermeister",
"title": "Mayors"
},
{
"text": " - 1946–1948 : Ernst Weißelberg , Oberbürgermeister - 1948–1956 : Ernst Bach , Oberbürgermeister - 1956–1961 : Erich Pachnicke , Oberbürgermeister - 1961–1966 : Karl Eckmann , Oberbürgermeister - 1966–1975 : Karl Althaus , Oberbürgermeister - 1975–1979 : Friedemann Keßler , Bürgermeister - 1979–1990 : Hans Reinhardt , Bürgermeister - 1990–1994 : Hilde Fiedler , Bürgermeisterin - 1994–1999 : Karl Wilhelm Kirchhöfer , Bürgermeister - 1999–2007 : Ulf Stötzel ( CDU ) , Bürgermeister - 2007–today : Steffen Mues ( CDU ) , Bürgermeister",
"title": "Mayors"
},
{
"text": " - 1946–1954 : Max Baumann , Oberstadtdirektor - 1954–1975 : Kurt Seibt , Oberstadtdirektor - 1975–1985 : Hans Mohn , Stadtdirektor - 1985–1989 : Volker Oerter , Stadtdirektor - 1989–1995 : Otto-Werner Rappold , Stadtdirektor ( left office early with effect on 2 December 1995 by his own wish ) - 1995–1999 : Ulrich Mock , Stadtdirektor ( at first as Dr . Rappolds General Agent until 31 January 1997 , then appointed fulltime Stadtdirektor )",
"title": "Stadtdirektoren and Oberstadtdirektoren 1946–1999"
},
{
"text": " Siegens civic coat of arms might be described thus : Argent a town wall embattled gules with an open gateway argent , therein in an inescutcheon azure a lion rampant Or armed and langued gules , issuant from the wall a bishop in robe and mitre azure ( trimmed in argent ) holding in his hand dexter a crozier argent with crook Or sinister , in his hand sinister , upraised , an open book argent with pages edged gules .",
"title": "Coat of arms"
},
{
"text": "The bishop in the citys arms is the Bishop of Cologne . The wall symbolizes the city itself , and the inescutcheon in the gateway shows the Lion of Nassau in blue and gold ( or yellow ) , which are Nassaus colours . The arms are based on the oldest known town seal , from 1248 . The inescutcheon once also had gold billets ( upright rectangles ) around the lion , but these do not appear in what became the towns ( and later citys ) coat of arms in 1875 .",
"title": "Coat of arms"
},
{
"text": " Although the town was about 80% destroyed in the World War II , Siegen has kept a number of buildings worth seeing , such as the two stately homes , the Oberes Schloss and the Unteres Schloss .",
"title": "Sights"
},
{
"text": "The castle on the Siegberg was first mentioned in a document in 1259 and was the family seat of the House of Nassau . Since 1905 , the Siegerland Museum has been here . Alongside regional exhibits – among them an artificial demonstration mine – are many paintings . The centrepiece of this collection is made up of works by the man who is arguably the best known native , Peter Paul Rubens . There is also quite a comprehensive collection of portraits of members of the Houses of Nassau and Orange . The top floor is devoted to 19th-century",
"title": "Oberes Schloss"
},
{
"text": "home décor . A kitchen from the Siegerland , a bedroom and many pieces of furniture from the Biedermeier era give one an impression of life in the region in bygone days .",
"title": "Oberes Schloss"
},
{
"text": " Late in the 17th century , the Lower Stately Home came into being in its current form , somewhat like an open rectangle . The Evangelical line of the House of Nassau-Siegen resided here . Also belonging to the Schloss is the Dicker Turm , or Fat Tower with a carillon . In 1959 , the then town of Siegen built a memorial for victims of war and tyranny . Inside the Schloss is also found the crypt of the Evangelical branch of the Nassau princely house .",
"title": "Unteres Schloss"
},
{
"text": "Today , the Schloss serves as a state authority building in which the North Rhine-Westphalia Building and Property Establishment , the State Environment Office , the Office for Occupational Health and Safety and the Attendorn Correctional Facility ( Siegen Branch Facility ) are all housed . By the citys plans , a university is supposed to move into the Unteres Schloss within the next few years , but at this time , the plan is failing to find any financial backing .",
"title": "Unteres Schloss"
},
{
"text": " Two churches in downtown Siegen are to be brought to the visitors attention : The Martinikirche dating from the 11th century and the Nikolaikirche at the marketplace with its unusual eight-sided shape and its golden Krönchen ( coronet ) – the citys landmark – on the church tower , which is a prominent feature of Siegens skyline ( Siegen is sometimes called Krönchenstadt for this unusual feature ) . Another church is the Marienkirche , built by the Jesuits between 1702 and 1729 . Also worth seeing are Siegens Old Town and several museums in the city core .",
"title": "Churches"
},
{
"text": "In the southwest of the city core , at the foot of the Ziegenberg , is a spherical gas holder , or gasometer , which is protected by law as a monument . It is one of the oldest spherical gas holders still preserved . Another peculiarity is its riveted casing . Only three other such gas holders are known to exist worldwide ( all in Germany , in Schwerte , Offenburg and Bielefeld ) . The holder had to be moved a few metres owing to construction on the municipal Autobahn , the Hüttentalstraße , and in the residential",
"title": "Gasometer"
},
{
"text": "area of Ziegenberg , and it now forms the symbolic sun as part of a scale model of the planets above the gas holder .",
"title": "Gasometer"
},
{
"text": " Within Siegens city limits are 36 municipally run cemeteries . Ten of them are already closed and are available for burials only because of existing laws . The cemeteries have a total area of 730 000 m² with roughly 65,000 graves . Characteristic of regional cemeteries are hillside graves and a green , parklike layout that even affords wildlife a chance at reoccupying the land . Cemeteries within city limits are : - Lindenbergfriedhof - Hermelsbacher Friedhof - Stockfriedhof - Geisweider Friedhof - Haardter Friedhof - Gilbergfriedhof - Friedhof Kaan-Marienborn - Neuer Friedhof Niederschelden",
"title": "Cemeteries"
},
{
"text": " In the Apollo-Theater ( a downtown former 1930s cinema that underwent remodelling and opened in mid-2007 ) , Siegen has one of the current decades most important newly built theatres . A controlling interest in this venture is held by TheaterSiegen intendant Magnus Reitschuster . Since 1992 , the media and cultural house Lÿz has been a venue for cabaret , music and theatre in Siegen . On the two stages , roughly 150 events appear every season .",
"title": "Theatre"
},
{
"text": "Bigger events take place at the Bühne der Stadt ( Citys Stage , with about 820 seats ) , the Siegerlandhalle ( 1 800 m² , 2,300 seats ) or the Bismarckhalle . As well , there are regular open-air concerts and productions in the inner yard at Unteres Schloss .",
"title": "Theatre"
},
{
"text": " The main centre of art in Siegen are the Museum for Contemporary Art and the Haus Seel – city gallery . The Siegerland Museum is dedicated to regional history . The Oranienstraße House , built at 1900 in the Italian country house style , is attached to the Siegerland Museum since 1993 as an exhibit forum . There is a varied program of temporary exhibitions of all kinds , from archaeological excavations to contemporary avant-garde art . Poet and author readings are also part of the program , such as classic concerts .",
"title": "Museums"
},
{
"text": "In Geisweid is found the Beatles Home Museum , run by Harold Krämer . According to the 2000 Guinness Book of Records , the 27 m² museum is the smallest public museum in the world devoted to the four Liverpudlian musicians . The collection holds more than 17,000 recordings , souvenirs , film posters , and autographs and other memorabilia .",
"title": "Museums"
},
{
"text": " - Early in the year : SILA ( Siegerlandausstellung – Siegerland Exhibition ) , even-numbered years only - March to November , first Saturday in each month : Flea market in Siegen-Geisweid ( since 1970 ) , no new goods - June to August : Mittwochs in different bands every Wednesday in Siegen-Weidenau - June : Johannimarkt , a fair held for some 400 years",
"title": "Regular events"
},
{
"text": "- June/July : Siegener Sommerfestival , plays , cabaret , theatre , music and cinema since about 1990 . ( In 2006 , instead of the traditional summer festival , a World Cup festival was held )",
"title": "Regular events"
},
{
"text": " - July : Stadtfest ( City Festival ) , even-numbered years only - July : Rubensfest , odd-numbered years only - August : Siegen Open-Air Cinema - August : Christopher Street Day ( CSD ) , since 2000 - August : Siegtal-Pur All streets only opened for bikes ( the HTS ( local Motorway ) too ) - Summer : Street Festival at the Corn Market - October : 2nd Sunday : Bürgerfest Geisweid - November : Geisweider Adventsmarkt , since about 1985 - December : Christmas market , since about 1980",
"title": "Regular events"
},
{
"text": " The city and its surrounding region speak in addition to standard German also have a characteristic local dialect : Siegerländisch .",
"title": "Dialect"
},
{
"text": " The Dilldappe is an old mythical creature from the Siegerland . It lives mainly in the Siegerland Hauberg ( coöperatively managed woodlots ) . Early in the 1980s , the writer and cartoonist Matthias Kringe first published a calendar about the creature , written in the local dialect of German . The Rubens Prize of the City of Siegen .",
"title": "Tales and legends"
},
{
"text": "The Rubens Prize of the City of Siegen , founded in 1955 , is awarded every five years to a painter or graphic artist whose lifes work has been groundbreaking on the European stage . The title recalls the painter-diplomat Peter Paul Rubens , who expressed in his lifes work the thought of European unity , long before it could become a political reality . Peter Paul Rubens – who was born in Siegen , grew up in Cologne and Antwerp , trained in art in Italy , was esteemed in France and acted as a diplomat in Spain and",
"title": "Tales and legends"
},
{
"text": "England – as the main master of European Baroque painting set those artistic and European standards to which the awarding of the prize has been bound since 1957–1958 .",
"title": "Tales and legends"
},
{
"text": " - Hans Hartung ( 1957/1958 ) - Giorgio Morandi ( 1962 ) - Francis Bacon ( 1967 ) - Antoni Tàpies ( 1972 ) - Fritz Winter ( 1977 ) - Emil Schumacher ( 1982 ) - Cy Twombly ( 1987 ) - Rupprecht Geiger ( 1992 ) - Lucian Freud ( 1997 ) - Maria Lassnig ( 2002 ) - Sigmar Polke ( 2007 ) - Bridget Riley ( 2012 ) - Niele Toroni ( 2017 )",
"title": "Past prizewinners :"
},
{
"text": " The city sport league includes 160 sport clubs in which roughly 37,000 members are active . National importance was achieved in 2005 by the Sportfreunde Siegen mens football team at Leimbachstadion when they rose from the Regionalliga Süd up to the 2nd Bundesliga , although the next year they dropped back down again . As six-time German Champions , the TSV Siegen womens football team was very successful in the 1990s .",
"title": "Sport"
},
{
"text": " In the south of the district in the community of Burbach lies the Siegerland Airport through which Siegen is connected to many other airports in Germany .",
"title": "Air transport"
},
{
"text": " The city of Siegen lies on European long-distance path E1 running from the middle of Sweden to Umbria in Italy . There is , however , no organized cycling trail network in Siegen . Riding in bus lanes is sporadically allowed . Bicycle transport is generally poorly developed in Siegen . Owing to dual carriageways within the city and nearby , as well as transport planning that rather favours cars , bicycle transport has been somewhat thwarted . Together with the partly hilly topography , there is therefore little in the way of bicycle transport in Siegen .",
"title": "Bicycle transport"
},
{
"text": " Siegen station lies at the junction of the following railway lines : - The two-track electrified Ruhr–Sieg line ( Ruhr-Sieg-Strecke ) is used for regional services , usually hourly , of the Ruhr-Sieg-Express ( RE 16 ) and the Ruhr-Sieg-Bahn ( RB 91 ) . - The Rothaar Railway ( Rothaarbahn ) is served , usually hourly by Rothaar-Bahn ( RB 93 ) services , connecting in Erndtebrück to Obere Lahntal-Bahn ( RB 94/RMV Line 43 ) services , usually two-hourly , on the Upper Lahn Valley Railway ( Obere Lahntal-Bahn ) .",
"title": "Rail transport"
},
{
"text": "- The two-track electrified Dill Railway ( Dill-Strecke ) is served , usually two-hourly , by the Rhein-Sieg-Express ( RE 9 ) and the Main-Sieg-Express ( RE 99 ) and hourly by the Sieg-Dill-Bahn ( RB 95 ) ( only to and from Dillenburg ) .",
"title": "Rail transport"
},
{
"text": " - The mostly two-track electrified Sieg line ( Siegstrecke ) is served , usually hourly , by the Rhein-Sieg-Express ( RE 9 ) and Sieg-Dill-Bahn ( RB 95 ) services ( only to and from Au ) .",
"title": "Rail transport"
},
{
"text": " On 18 March 1895 , the Netphener Omnibusgesellschaft opened the worlds first busline using a petrol-powered omnibus , running a service from its base in Netphen to Siegen and Deuz . Today , local road transport offers many regional , express and local buses , along with a night bus service connecting Siegen with its outlying communities and neighbouring towns . They are run by the South Westphalia Transport Services ( Verkehrsbetriebe Westfalen-Süd ; VWS ) whose headquarters are in Siegen .",
"title": "Bus transport"
},
{
"text": "For the whole of local public transport , the tariff of the South Westphalia Transport Community ( Verkehrsgemeinschaft Westfalen-Süd ; VGWS ) applies , regardless of the North Rhine-Westphalia tariff .",
"title": "Bus transport"
},
{
"text": " With regard to long-distance roads , the city of Siegen is connected to Autobahnen A 45 ( Dortmund – Aschaffenburg ) and A 4 ( Cologne – Olpe ) , and to Federal Highways ( Bundesstraßen ) 54 , 54n , 62 and 62n . Siegen is home to the tallest bridge of the A 45 and one of the highest in Germany , the Siegtalbrücke . Built from 1964 to 1969 , it is approximately 96 m high and 1 050 m long .",
"title": "Roads"
},
{
"text": "The shape that the city takes has much to do with the Hüttentalstraße ( HTS ) ( Federal Highways 54n and 62n ) which serves as a municipal Autobahn – much of it elevated – that runs through the city area .",
"title": "Roads"
},
{
"text": " The A 4 between Wenden and Kreuztal has been newly built . In the heights over Kreuztals outlying community of Krombach , it now joins with the HTS . On this 12-kilometre stretch of highway are eight valley bridges as well as ten under- and overpasses . This new part was opened on 1 December 2007 .",
"title": "Roads"
},
{
"text": " Siegen is South Westphalias service and administrative centre . Much of its industry is based on metalworking . Pedestrian precincts in Bahnhofsstraße ( Railway Station Street ) and Kölner Tor ( Cologne Gate ) , both downtown , have made shopping in Siegen very convenient , as have the shopping centres City-Galerie ( opened in 1998 ) and Sieg Carré ( opened in 2006 , both downtown ) and Siegerlandzentrum ( Siegen-Weidenau ) , and the Marburger Straße shopping street ( downtown ) . In 2005 , an IKEA store and a Peek & Cloppenburg location opened .",
"title": "Economy"
},
{
"text": " Siegen is home to the Siegen-Wittgenstein district administration and location of a Chamber of Industry and Trade ( Industrie- und Handelskammer , or IHK , one of 81 such regional institutions in Germany ) for the districts of Siegen-Wittgenstein and Olpe . Home to the Siegen State Court , a local court and a labour court , the city is also an important court centre .",
"title": "Public institutions"
},
{
"text": " In Siegen , the Westdeutscher Rundfunk ( WDR ) maintains a studio where regional radio and television news for South Westphalia is produced . The daily broadcast goes out in the South Westphalia regional window following the programme Aktuelle Stunde ( a newsmagazine show ) on WDRs third channel . Moreover , WDR also runs a transmission facility for VHF radio and television ( once also medium wave ) at the Giersberg .",
"title": "Media"
},
{
"text": "Daily newspapers in Siegen include not only the Siegener Zeitung but also local editions of the Westfälische Rundschau and the Westfalenpost . All three appear in the morning , although the first was until 2000 an afternoon paper . Furthermore , at the Obergraben is found the regional , Radio-NRW-connected Radio Siegens studio building .",
"title": "Media"
},
{
"text": " In the early decades of the 17th century , the Herborn Academy temporarily relocated to Siegen , in the buildings of the Unteres Schloss , which came to an end when the Plague broke out . Siegens oldest school is the Gymnasium am Löhrtor , a grammar school .",
"title": "Education"
},
{
"text": " - Gymnasium am Löhrtor ( GAL ) - Fürst-Johann-Moritz-Gymnasium ( FJM ) - Peter-Paul-Rubens-Gymnasium , formerly known as Ganztagsgymnasium am Rosterberg - Evangelisches Gymnasium ( EV ) - Gymnasium auf der Morgenröthe ( GAM )",
"title": "Grammar schools"
},
{
"text": " - Albert Schweitzer Schule - Birlenbacher Schule - Burgschule - Diesterwegschule - Dreisbachschule - Eiserner Schule - Fischbacherbergschule - Friedrich Flender Schule - Geisweider Schule - Giersbergschule - Glückaufschule - Gosenbacher Schule - Grundschule Eiserfeld - Grundschule Kaan-Marienborn - Hammerhütter Schule - Hüttentalschule - Jung Stilling Schule - Lindenbergschule - Nordschule - Obenstruthschule - Sonnenhangschule - Spandauer Schule",
"title": "Primary schools"
},
{
"text": " Siegen is headquarters of the University of Siegen , founded on 1 August 1972 as the Gesamthochschule Siegen . As well , the Fachhochschule für Oekonomie & Management has a study centre , which is shared with the Academy of Administration and Economics . Siegen also has various general-education and professional schools , and the Siegerlandkolleg . Twin towns – sister cities . Siegen is twinned with : - Spandau ( Berlin ) , Germany ( 1952 ) - Katwijk , Netherlands ( 1963 , formerly Rijnsburg )",
"title": "Higher education"
},
{
"text": "- Leeds , England , United Kingdom ( 1966 , formerly Morley )",
"title": "Higher education"
},
{
"text": " - Ypres , Belgium ( 1967 ) - Zakopane , Poland ( 1989 ) - Plauen , Germany ( 1990 )",
"title": "Higher education"
},
{
"text": " - Henry III of Nassau-Breda ( 1483–1538 ) , Count of Nassau and Lord of Breda - Tilemann Stella ( 1525–1589 ) , Renaissance scholar and librarian , mathematician , geometerer , cartographer and astronomer - Peter Paul Rubens ( 1577–1640 ) , Baroque painter - Johann Heinrich Bisterfeld ( 1605–1655 ) , philosopher , polyhistor - Georg Wilhelm de Gennin ( 1676–1750 ) , Russian military officer and engineer ; baptized here - Franz Hunolt ( 1691–1746 ) , Jesuit , theologian - Adolph Diesterweg ( 1790–1866 ) , pedagogue and mastermind of reform education",
"title": "Notable people"
},
{
"text": "- Heinrich Kreutz ( 1854–1907 ) , astronomer and publisher",
"title": "Notable people"
},
{
"text": " - Charles H . Daub ( 1855–1917 ) , member of the Wisconsin State Assembly - Fritz Busch ( 1890–1951 ) , conductor - Adolf Busch ( 1891–1952 ) , German-Swiss violinist and conductor - Walter Kraemer ( 1892–1941 ) , politician ( KPD ) and resistance fighter against Nazism - Paul Giesler ( 1895–1945 ) , Nazi functionary , Premier of Bavaria - Heinrich Gontermann ( 1896–1917 ) , fighter ace - Friedrich Middelhauve ( 1896–1966 ) , publisher and politician ( FDP ) - Hermann Giesler ( 1898–1987 ) , architect",
"title": "Notable people"
},
{
"text": "- Ernst Achenbach ( 1909–1991 ) , politician ( FDP )",
"title": "Notable people"
},
{
"text": " - Herbert Schäfer ( 1927–1991 ) , football player and coach - Walter Schneider ( 1927–2010 ) , motorcycle racing driver - Bernd Becher ( 1931–2007 ) , conceptual artist and photographer - Heinfried Birlenbach ( 1940–2020 ) , shot putter - Joachim Frank ( born 1940 ) , German-American biophysicist and a Nobel laureate - Rolf Stommelen ( 1943–1983 ) , Formula One racer - Josef Clemens ( born 1947 ) , bishop - Klaus Scheer ( born 1950 ) , football player and coach - Christoph Bode ( born 1952 ) , literary scholar",
"title": "Notable people"
},
{
"text": "- Reinhard Goebel ( born 1952 ) , conductor and violinist",
"title": "Notable people"
},
{
"text": " - Annegret Kober ( born 1957 ) , swimmer - Bernward Koch ( born 1957 ) , musician - Burkhard Jung ( born 1958 ) , Lord Mayor of Leipzig - Dieter Falk ( born 1959 ) , music producer , keyboardist and composer - Peter Autschbach ( born 1961 ) , guitarist - Frank Heinrich ( born 1964 ) , theologian and politician ( MdB ) - Navid Kermani ( born 1967 ) , orientalist and Islamic studies scholar - Petra Lobinger ( born 1967 ) , athlete",
"title": "Notable people"
},
{
"text": "- Peter Stein ( born 1968 ) , politician ( CDU )",
"title": "Notable people"
},
{
"text": " - Monika Meyer ( born 1972 ) , footballer - Sabrina Mockenhaupt ( born 1980 ) , long distance runner - August Wittgenstein ( born 1981 ) , prince and actor - Florian Kringe ( born 1982 ) , footballer - Moritz Volz ( born 1983 ) , footballer - Christian Nüchtern ( born 1992 ) , ice dancer",
"title": "Notable people"
},
{
"text": " Siegen has conferred honorary citizenship upon the following persons : - 1887 : Heinrich von Achenbach , High President of the Province of Brandenburg - 1891 : Otto von Bismarck , Reich chancellor - 1933 : Adolf Hitler , Reich chancellor* - 1933 : Paul von Hindenburg , General Field Marshal and Reich President",
"title": "Honorary citizens"
},
{
"text": "For all those listed up to here , honorary citizenship , according to Enactment no . 21 to the amended German Municipal System of 1 April 1946 , has been forfeited . *According to the city council of Siegen Adolf Hitlers honorary citizenship was lapsed by British military law . Caused by political discussion the city council denied Hitlers honorary citizenship posthumously on 29 August 2007 .",
"title": "Honorary citizens"
}
] |
/wiki/Vincent_Enyeama#P54#0
|
Which team did Vincent Enyeama play for between Mar 2001 and Jul 2001?
|
Vincent Enyeama Vincent Enyeama ( born 29 August 1982 ) is a Nigerian former professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper . During his senior career , which spanned nearly 20 years , Enyeama played for Ibom Stars , Enyimba , Iwuanyanwu Nationale , Bnei Yehuda , Hapoel Tel Aviv , Lille and Maccabi Tel Aviv . He was also a member of the Nigeria national team from 2002 until October 2015 , serving as its captain from 2013 until his retirement from international football in 2015 . With 101 caps , he is Nigerias most capped player of all time . Club career . Enyimba International . During his spell with Enyimba International F.C. , he won the CAF Champions League twice , with one noteworthy distinction : He was always substituted before penalty shootouts . I dont know why I was substituted before penalties , but it worked , he said in an interview in 2006 . In Israel I stopped many penalties and now everyone knows that I can handle penalties . Bnei Yehuda . After three seasons with Enyimba International F.C . and one with Iwuanyanwu Nationale ( now known as Heartland F.C. ) , Enyeama moved to small Israeli club Bnei Yehuda Tel Aviv . In his first season , the team qualified for the final of the Israel State Cup and , having finished fourth in the Israeli Premier League , for the 2006 UEFA Cup competition as well . Hapoel Tel Aviv . Enyeama signed for Hapoel Tel Aviv in 2007 . Hapoel endured a poor season in 2007/2008 , but Enyeama helped the team avoid relegation and reach the state cup final . During the 2008–09 season , Enyeama became Hapoels penalty kicker , won the Player of The Year award , and just missed leading Hapoel to the league title . In the 2009–10 season , Hapoel won the league and cup double , with Enyeama featuring prominently . He scored a goal in the Cup Final , but missed a penalty in the last fixture of the year , which Hapoel eventually won by scoring in the 92nd minute , thereby capturing the league title . On 18 August 2010 , he scored his first goal of the 2010–11 season with a penalty against Red Bull Salzburg in the Champions League qualifiers . Enyeama played well on the Champions League Group Stage , especially against Lyon and Schalke 04 . Hapoel also won the Israeli cup again . Lille . In June 2011 Enyeama moved to French side Lille for an undisclosed fee on a three-year contract . He made his debut on 18 October 2011 against Inter Milan in the 2012 UEFA Champions League group stage , where Inter managed a 1–0 victory . In August 2012 Enyeama agreed a one-year loan deal with Maccabi Tel Aviv and was presented to the media by Maccabis Sports Director Jordi Cruyff on 8 August 2012 . He appeared in 27 Israeli Premier League fixtures and Maccabi went on to win the championship title . During the 2013–14 Ligue 1 season , club manager René Girard picked Enyeama as his first-choice goalkeeper ahead of Steeve Elana , who had previously been the first-choice goalkeeper under Rudi Garcia . With the help of his two centre-backs , Marko Baša and Simon Kjær , Enyeama kept 11 consecutive clean sheets in Ligue 1 matches during the first half of the season . On 8 December 2013 , Enyeama finally conceded a goal after playing 1,062 minutes of Ligue 1 football in an away match against Bordeaux , during which he was beaten by Landry NGuémos deflected strike in the 27th minute . He thus came within 114 minutes of equalling Gaëtan Huards Ligue 1 goalkeeping record , set in 1993 , of playing 1,176 minutes without conceding a goal . In the 2017–18 season Enyeama did not make a league appearance having been left out of the first team due to a disagreement between the player and the clubs management . He joined the first teams pre-season training in July 2018 . He was released by mutual consent on 31 August 2018 . In January 2019 he said he was keen to play again , and in July 2019 he went on trial with French club Dijon . Despite not being offered a contract by Dijon he expressed gratitude to the club . While at the start of the 2019–20 season Enyeama stated that he hoped to find a new club and continue playing , he finally retired after the end of the campaign . International career . After making his debut for the Nigeria national football team against Kenya in May 2002 , Enyeama was selected for the 2002 FIFA World Cup as a cover for Ike Shorunmu . He made his competitive debut in that tournament , keeping a clean sheet against England in the third group match . Since the retirement of Shorunmu , he has been the first-choice goalkeeper for the national team , helping the Super Eagles to third-place finishes in the 2004 , 2006 , 2010 Africa Cup of Nations tournaments , and captaining the team to victory of in the 2013 edition . He has also participated in the 2010 and 2014 FIFA World Cups , and the 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup . In the 2006 Africa Cup of Nations , Enyeama stopped three kicks in the quarter-final penalty shootout against Tunisia , but could not prevent a loss to Ivory Coast in the semi-final . In the 2010 tournament , he was again Nigerias shootout hero at the quarter-final stage , saving from Zambias Thomas Nyrienda and scoring the winning kick himself . Enyeama made his second FIFA World Cup appearance in the 2010 tournament in South Africa . He was named man of the match in Nigerias first game of the tournament , a defiant display that restricted Argentina to a 1–0 win . Enyeama , who was playing his 56th international for the Super Eagles , made six fine saves against the two-time world champions , four of them from Lionel Messi . Argentine coach Diego Maradona praised him as the reason Messi was not able to score a goal . Enyeama was also awarded man of the match in the teams next fixture , a 2–1 loss to Greece , but was at fault for Vasilis Torosidis winning goal . At the 2013 Africa Cup of Nations , Enyeama deputised for regular captain Joseph Yobo , who stayed on the bench for most of the competition . On 10 February , Enyeama led Nigeria to its third continental victory , keeping a clean sheet in a 1–0 defeat of Burkina Faso in the 2013 Africa Cup of Nations Final . He was named to the team of the tournament as first choice goalkeeper , conceding only four goals in six matches . In June 2014 , Enyeama was named in Nigerias squad for the 2014 FIFA World Cup . In the Super Eagles first fixture , he kept the second FIFA World Cup clean sheet of his career as Nigeria drew 0–0 with Iran . He subsequently recorded a second consecutive shutout in the fixture against Bosnia and Herzegovina , a 1–0 win which gave Nigeria its first win at the tournament since the 1998 edition . He conceded three goals in the last match of the first round against Argentina , a game which ended in a 3–2 defeat for Nigeria , placing them second in the group and thus qualifying them for the second round for the first time in 16 years . On 26 March 2015 , Enyeama won his 100th cap for Nigeria in a 1–0 loss to Uganda . He retired from international football on 8 October 2015 . Personal life . A Christian from Ika Local Government Area of Akwa Ibom State , Enyeama is married and a father of three . In 2004 , he was involved in a car accident in Uyo , Akwa Ibom State southern Nigeria , in which two motorcycle passengers were killed . The driver of the car in which Enyeama was travelling was left in critical condition . Despite the severity of the accident , Enyeama suffered only bruises after the car somersaulted twice as it swerved to avoid the motorbike . Honours . Club . Enyimba International - Nigerian Premier League : 2001 , 2002 , 2003 - CAF Champions League : 2003 , 2004 Hapoel Tel-Aviv - Israeli Premier League : 2009–10 - Israel State Cup : 2009–10 , 2010–11 Maccabi Tel-Aviv - Israeli Premier League : 2012–13 International . Nigeria - Africa Cup of Nations : 2013 Individual . - CAF Champions League Player of the Year : 2003 , 2004 - Footballer of the Year in Israel : 2009 - UNFP Player of the Month : October 2013 , November 2013 - Prix Marc-Vivien Foé : 2014 - Goalkeeper of the year Nigeria Pitch Awards : 2013 , 2014 - King of the pitch Nigeria Pitch Awards : 2014 - Goal Nigeria Player of the Year : 2014 - IFFHS CAF Mens Team of the Decade 2011–2020
|
[
"Enyimba International"
] |
[
{
"text": "Vincent Enyeama ( born 29 August 1982 ) is a Nigerian former professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper . During his senior career , which spanned nearly 20 years , Enyeama played for Ibom Stars , Enyimba , Iwuanyanwu Nationale , Bnei Yehuda , Hapoel Tel Aviv , Lille and Maccabi Tel Aviv . He was also a member of the Nigeria national team from 2002 until October 2015 , serving as its captain from 2013 until his retirement from international football in 2015 . With 101 caps , he is Nigerias most capped player of all time .",
"title": "Vincent Enyeama"
},
{
"text": " During his spell with Enyimba International F.C. , he won the CAF Champions League twice , with one noteworthy distinction : He was always substituted before penalty shootouts . I dont know why I was substituted before penalties , but it worked , he said in an interview in 2006 . In Israel I stopped many penalties and now everyone knows that I can handle penalties .",
"title": "Enyimba International"
},
{
"text": " After three seasons with Enyimba International F.C . and one with Iwuanyanwu Nationale ( now known as Heartland F.C. ) , Enyeama moved to small Israeli club Bnei Yehuda Tel Aviv . In his first season , the team qualified for the final of the Israel State Cup and , having finished fourth in the Israeli Premier League , for the 2006 UEFA Cup competition as well .",
"title": "Bnei Yehuda"
},
{
"text": " Enyeama signed for Hapoel Tel Aviv in 2007 . Hapoel endured a poor season in 2007/2008 , but Enyeama helped the team avoid relegation and reach the state cup final . During the 2008–09 season , Enyeama became Hapoels penalty kicker , won the Player of The Year award , and just missed leading Hapoel to the league title .",
"title": "Hapoel Tel Aviv"
},
{
"text": "In the 2009–10 season , Hapoel won the league and cup double , with Enyeama featuring prominently . He scored a goal in the Cup Final , but missed a penalty in the last fixture of the year , which Hapoel eventually won by scoring in the 92nd minute , thereby capturing the league title .",
"title": "Hapoel Tel Aviv"
},
{
"text": " On 18 August 2010 , he scored his first goal of the 2010–11 season with a penalty against Red Bull Salzburg in the Champions League qualifiers . Enyeama played well on the Champions League Group Stage , especially against Lyon and Schalke 04 . Hapoel also won the Israeli cup again .",
"title": "Hapoel Tel Aviv"
},
{
"text": " In June 2011 Enyeama moved to French side Lille for an undisclosed fee on a three-year contract . He made his debut on 18 October 2011 against Inter Milan in the 2012 UEFA Champions League group stage , where Inter managed a 1–0 victory . In August 2012 Enyeama agreed a one-year loan deal with Maccabi Tel Aviv and was presented to the media by Maccabis Sports Director Jordi Cruyff on 8 August 2012 . He appeared in 27 Israeli Premier League fixtures and Maccabi went on to win the championship title .",
"title": "Lille"
},
{
"text": "During the 2013–14 Ligue 1 season , club manager René Girard picked Enyeama as his first-choice goalkeeper ahead of Steeve Elana , who had previously been the first-choice goalkeeper under Rudi Garcia . With the help of his two centre-backs , Marko Baša and Simon Kjær , Enyeama kept 11 consecutive clean sheets in Ligue 1 matches during the first half of the season . On 8 December 2013 , Enyeama finally conceded a goal after playing 1,062 minutes of Ligue 1 football in an away match against Bordeaux , during which he was beaten by Landry NGuémos deflected strike",
"title": "Lille"
},
{
"text": "in the 27th minute . He thus came within 114 minutes of equalling Gaëtan Huards Ligue 1 goalkeeping record , set in 1993 , of playing 1,176 minutes without conceding a goal .",
"title": "Lille"
},
{
"text": " In the 2017–18 season Enyeama did not make a league appearance having been left out of the first team due to a disagreement between the player and the clubs management . He joined the first teams pre-season training in July 2018 .",
"title": "Lille"
},
{
"text": "He was released by mutual consent on 31 August 2018 . In January 2019 he said he was keen to play again , and in July 2019 he went on trial with French club Dijon . Despite not being offered a contract by Dijon he expressed gratitude to the club . While at the start of the 2019–20 season Enyeama stated that he hoped to find a new club and continue playing , he finally retired after the end of the campaign .",
"title": "Lille"
},
{
"text": "After making his debut for the Nigeria national football team against Kenya in May 2002 , Enyeama was selected for the 2002 FIFA World Cup as a cover for Ike Shorunmu . He made his competitive debut in that tournament , keeping a clean sheet against England in the third group match . Since the retirement of Shorunmu , he has been the first-choice goalkeeper for the national team , helping the Super Eagles to third-place finishes in the 2004 , 2006 , 2010 Africa Cup of Nations tournaments , and captaining the team to victory of in the 2013",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "edition . He has also participated in the 2010 and 2014 FIFA World Cups , and the 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " In the 2006 Africa Cup of Nations , Enyeama stopped three kicks in the quarter-final penalty shootout against Tunisia , but could not prevent a loss to Ivory Coast in the semi-final . In the 2010 tournament , he was again Nigerias shootout hero at the quarter-final stage , saving from Zambias Thomas Nyrienda and scoring the winning kick himself .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "Enyeama made his second FIFA World Cup appearance in the 2010 tournament in South Africa . He was named man of the match in Nigerias first game of the tournament , a defiant display that restricted Argentina to a 1–0 win . Enyeama , who was playing his 56th international for the Super Eagles , made six fine saves against the two-time world champions , four of them from Lionel Messi . Argentine coach Diego Maradona praised him as the reason Messi was not able to score a goal . Enyeama was also awarded man of the match in the",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "teams next fixture , a 2–1 loss to Greece , but was at fault for Vasilis Torosidis winning goal .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " At the 2013 Africa Cup of Nations , Enyeama deputised for regular captain Joseph Yobo , who stayed on the bench for most of the competition . On 10 February , Enyeama led Nigeria to its third continental victory , keeping a clean sheet in a 1–0 defeat of Burkina Faso in the 2013 Africa Cup of Nations Final . He was named to the team of the tournament as first choice goalkeeper , conceding only four goals in six matches .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "In June 2014 , Enyeama was named in Nigerias squad for the 2014 FIFA World Cup . In the Super Eagles first fixture , he kept the second FIFA World Cup clean sheet of his career as Nigeria drew 0–0 with Iran . He subsequently recorded a second consecutive shutout in the fixture against Bosnia and Herzegovina , a 1–0 win which gave Nigeria its first win at the tournament since the 1998 edition . He conceded three goals in the last match of the first round against Argentina , a game which ended in a 3–2 defeat for Nigeria",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": ", placing them second in the group and thus qualifying them for the second round for the first time in 16 years .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " On 26 March 2015 , Enyeama won his 100th cap for Nigeria in a 1–0 loss to Uganda . He retired from international football on 8 October 2015 .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " A Christian from Ika Local Government Area of Akwa Ibom State , Enyeama is married and a father of three . In 2004 , he was involved in a car accident in Uyo , Akwa Ibom State southern Nigeria , in which two motorcycle passengers were killed . The driver of the car in which Enyeama was travelling was left in critical condition . Despite the severity of the accident , Enyeama suffered only bruises after the car somersaulted twice as it swerved to avoid the motorbike .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " - Nigerian Premier League : 2001 , 2002 , 2003 - CAF Champions League : 2003 , 2004",
"title": "Enyimba International"
},
{
"text": " - CAF Champions League Player of the Year : 2003 , 2004 - Footballer of the Year in Israel : 2009 - UNFP Player of the Month : October 2013 , November 2013 - Prix Marc-Vivien Foé : 2014 - Goalkeeper of the year Nigeria Pitch Awards : 2013 , 2014 - King of the pitch Nigeria Pitch Awards : 2014 - Goal Nigeria Player of the Year : 2014 - IFFHS CAF Mens Team of the Decade 2011–2020",
"title": "Individual"
}
] |
/wiki/Vincent_Enyeama#P54#1
|
Which team did Vincent Enyeama play for between Mar 2003 and Nov 2004?
|
Vincent Enyeama Vincent Enyeama ( born 29 August 1982 ) is a Nigerian former professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper . During his senior career , which spanned nearly 20 years , Enyeama played for Ibom Stars , Enyimba , Iwuanyanwu Nationale , Bnei Yehuda , Hapoel Tel Aviv , Lille and Maccabi Tel Aviv . He was also a member of the Nigeria national team from 2002 until October 2015 , serving as its captain from 2013 until his retirement from international football in 2015 . With 101 caps , he is Nigerias most capped player of all time . Club career . Enyimba International . During his spell with Enyimba International F.C. , he won the CAF Champions League twice , with one noteworthy distinction : He was always substituted before penalty shootouts . I dont know why I was substituted before penalties , but it worked , he said in an interview in 2006 . In Israel I stopped many penalties and now everyone knows that I can handle penalties . Bnei Yehuda . After three seasons with Enyimba International F.C . and one with Iwuanyanwu Nationale ( now known as Heartland F.C. ) , Enyeama moved to small Israeli club Bnei Yehuda Tel Aviv . In his first season , the team qualified for the final of the Israel State Cup and , having finished fourth in the Israeli Premier League , for the 2006 UEFA Cup competition as well . Hapoel Tel Aviv . Enyeama signed for Hapoel Tel Aviv in 2007 . Hapoel endured a poor season in 2007/2008 , but Enyeama helped the team avoid relegation and reach the state cup final . During the 2008–09 season , Enyeama became Hapoels penalty kicker , won the Player of The Year award , and just missed leading Hapoel to the league title . In the 2009–10 season , Hapoel won the league and cup double , with Enyeama featuring prominently . He scored a goal in the Cup Final , but missed a penalty in the last fixture of the year , which Hapoel eventually won by scoring in the 92nd minute , thereby capturing the league title . On 18 August 2010 , he scored his first goal of the 2010–11 season with a penalty against Red Bull Salzburg in the Champions League qualifiers . Enyeama played well on the Champions League Group Stage , especially against Lyon and Schalke 04 . Hapoel also won the Israeli cup again . Lille . In June 2011 Enyeama moved to French side Lille for an undisclosed fee on a three-year contract . He made his debut on 18 October 2011 against Inter Milan in the 2012 UEFA Champions League group stage , where Inter managed a 1–0 victory . In August 2012 Enyeama agreed a one-year loan deal with Maccabi Tel Aviv and was presented to the media by Maccabis Sports Director Jordi Cruyff on 8 August 2012 . He appeared in 27 Israeli Premier League fixtures and Maccabi went on to win the championship title . During the 2013–14 Ligue 1 season , club manager René Girard picked Enyeama as his first-choice goalkeeper ahead of Steeve Elana , who had previously been the first-choice goalkeeper under Rudi Garcia . With the help of his two centre-backs , Marko Baša and Simon Kjær , Enyeama kept 11 consecutive clean sheets in Ligue 1 matches during the first half of the season . On 8 December 2013 , Enyeama finally conceded a goal after playing 1,062 minutes of Ligue 1 football in an away match against Bordeaux , during which he was beaten by Landry NGuémos deflected strike in the 27th minute . He thus came within 114 minutes of equalling Gaëtan Huards Ligue 1 goalkeeping record , set in 1993 , of playing 1,176 minutes without conceding a goal . In the 2017–18 season Enyeama did not make a league appearance having been left out of the first team due to a disagreement between the player and the clubs management . He joined the first teams pre-season training in July 2018 . He was released by mutual consent on 31 August 2018 . In January 2019 he said he was keen to play again , and in July 2019 he went on trial with French club Dijon . Despite not being offered a contract by Dijon he expressed gratitude to the club . While at the start of the 2019–20 season Enyeama stated that he hoped to find a new club and continue playing , he finally retired after the end of the campaign . International career . After making his debut for the Nigeria national football team against Kenya in May 2002 , Enyeama was selected for the 2002 FIFA World Cup as a cover for Ike Shorunmu . He made his competitive debut in that tournament , keeping a clean sheet against England in the third group match . Since the retirement of Shorunmu , he has been the first-choice goalkeeper for the national team , helping the Super Eagles to third-place finishes in the 2004 , 2006 , 2010 Africa Cup of Nations tournaments , and captaining the team to victory of in the 2013 edition . He has also participated in the 2010 and 2014 FIFA World Cups , and the 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup . In the 2006 Africa Cup of Nations , Enyeama stopped three kicks in the quarter-final penalty shootout against Tunisia , but could not prevent a loss to Ivory Coast in the semi-final . In the 2010 tournament , he was again Nigerias shootout hero at the quarter-final stage , saving from Zambias Thomas Nyrienda and scoring the winning kick himself . Enyeama made his second FIFA World Cup appearance in the 2010 tournament in South Africa . He was named man of the match in Nigerias first game of the tournament , a defiant display that restricted Argentina to a 1–0 win . Enyeama , who was playing his 56th international for the Super Eagles , made six fine saves against the two-time world champions , four of them from Lionel Messi . Argentine coach Diego Maradona praised him as the reason Messi was not able to score a goal . Enyeama was also awarded man of the match in the teams next fixture , a 2–1 loss to Greece , but was at fault for Vasilis Torosidis winning goal . At the 2013 Africa Cup of Nations , Enyeama deputised for regular captain Joseph Yobo , who stayed on the bench for most of the competition . On 10 February , Enyeama led Nigeria to its third continental victory , keeping a clean sheet in a 1–0 defeat of Burkina Faso in the 2013 Africa Cup of Nations Final . He was named to the team of the tournament as first choice goalkeeper , conceding only four goals in six matches . In June 2014 , Enyeama was named in Nigerias squad for the 2014 FIFA World Cup . In the Super Eagles first fixture , he kept the second FIFA World Cup clean sheet of his career as Nigeria drew 0–0 with Iran . He subsequently recorded a second consecutive shutout in the fixture against Bosnia and Herzegovina , a 1–0 win which gave Nigeria its first win at the tournament since the 1998 edition . He conceded three goals in the last match of the first round against Argentina , a game which ended in a 3–2 defeat for Nigeria , placing them second in the group and thus qualifying them for the second round for the first time in 16 years . On 26 March 2015 , Enyeama won his 100th cap for Nigeria in a 1–0 loss to Uganda . He retired from international football on 8 October 2015 . Personal life . A Christian from Ika Local Government Area of Akwa Ibom State , Enyeama is married and a father of three . In 2004 , he was involved in a car accident in Uyo , Akwa Ibom State southern Nigeria , in which two motorcycle passengers were killed . The driver of the car in which Enyeama was travelling was left in critical condition . Despite the severity of the accident , Enyeama suffered only bruises after the car somersaulted twice as it swerved to avoid the motorbike . Honours . Club . Enyimba International - Nigerian Premier League : 2001 , 2002 , 2003 - CAF Champions League : 2003 , 2004 Hapoel Tel-Aviv - Israeli Premier League : 2009–10 - Israel State Cup : 2009–10 , 2010–11 Maccabi Tel-Aviv - Israeli Premier League : 2012–13 International . Nigeria - Africa Cup of Nations : 2013 Individual . - CAF Champions League Player of the Year : 2003 , 2004 - Footballer of the Year in Israel : 2009 - UNFP Player of the Month : October 2013 , November 2013 - Prix Marc-Vivien Foé : 2014 - Goalkeeper of the year Nigeria Pitch Awards : 2013 , 2014 - King of the pitch Nigeria Pitch Awards : 2014 - Goal Nigeria Player of the Year : 2014 - IFFHS CAF Mens Team of the Decade 2011–2020
|
[
"Nigeria national football team"
] |
[
{
"text": "Vincent Enyeama ( born 29 August 1982 ) is a Nigerian former professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper . During his senior career , which spanned nearly 20 years , Enyeama played for Ibom Stars , Enyimba , Iwuanyanwu Nationale , Bnei Yehuda , Hapoel Tel Aviv , Lille and Maccabi Tel Aviv . He was also a member of the Nigeria national team from 2002 until October 2015 , serving as its captain from 2013 until his retirement from international football in 2015 . With 101 caps , he is Nigerias most capped player of all time .",
"title": "Vincent Enyeama"
},
{
"text": " During his spell with Enyimba International F.C. , he won the CAF Champions League twice , with one noteworthy distinction : He was always substituted before penalty shootouts . I dont know why I was substituted before penalties , but it worked , he said in an interview in 2006 . In Israel I stopped many penalties and now everyone knows that I can handle penalties .",
"title": "Enyimba International"
},
{
"text": " After three seasons with Enyimba International F.C . and one with Iwuanyanwu Nationale ( now known as Heartland F.C. ) , Enyeama moved to small Israeli club Bnei Yehuda Tel Aviv . In his first season , the team qualified for the final of the Israel State Cup and , having finished fourth in the Israeli Premier League , for the 2006 UEFA Cup competition as well .",
"title": "Bnei Yehuda"
},
{
"text": " Enyeama signed for Hapoel Tel Aviv in 2007 . Hapoel endured a poor season in 2007/2008 , but Enyeama helped the team avoid relegation and reach the state cup final . During the 2008–09 season , Enyeama became Hapoels penalty kicker , won the Player of The Year award , and just missed leading Hapoel to the league title .",
"title": "Hapoel Tel Aviv"
},
{
"text": "In the 2009–10 season , Hapoel won the league and cup double , with Enyeama featuring prominently . He scored a goal in the Cup Final , but missed a penalty in the last fixture of the year , which Hapoel eventually won by scoring in the 92nd minute , thereby capturing the league title .",
"title": "Hapoel Tel Aviv"
},
{
"text": " On 18 August 2010 , he scored his first goal of the 2010–11 season with a penalty against Red Bull Salzburg in the Champions League qualifiers . Enyeama played well on the Champions League Group Stage , especially against Lyon and Schalke 04 . Hapoel also won the Israeli cup again .",
"title": "Hapoel Tel Aviv"
},
{
"text": " In June 2011 Enyeama moved to French side Lille for an undisclosed fee on a three-year contract . He made his debut on 18 October 2011 against Inter Milan in the 2012 UEFA Champions League group stage , where Inter managed a 1–0 victory . In August 2012 Enyeama agreed a one-year loan deal with Maccabi Tel Aviv and was presented to the media by Maccabis Sports Director Jordi Cruyff on 8 August 2012 . He appeared in 27 Israeli Premier League fixtures and Maccabi went on to win the championship title .",
"title": "Lille"
},
{
"text": "During the 2013–14 Ligue 1 season , club manager René Girard picked Enyeama as his first-choice goalkeeper ahead of Steeve Elana , who had previously been the first-choice goalkeeper under Rudi Garcia . With the help of his two centre-backs , Marko Baša and Simon Kjær , Enyeama kept 11 consecutive clean sheets in Ligue 1 matches during the first half of the season . On 8 December 2013 , Enyeama finally conceded a goal after playing 1,062 minutes of Ligue 1 football in an away match against Bordeaux , during which he was beaten by Landry NGuémos deflected strike",
"title": "Lille"
},
{
"text": "in the 27th minute . He thus came within 114 minutes of equalling Gaëtan Huards Ligue 1 goalkeeping record , set in 1993 , of playing 1,176 minutes without conceding a goal .",
"title": "Lille"
},
{
"text": " In the 2017–18 season Enyeama did not make a league appearance having been left out of the first team due to a disagreement between the player and the clubs management . He joined the first teams pre-season training in July 2018 .",
"title": "Lille"
},
{
"text": "He was released by mutual consent on 31 August 2018 . In January 2019 he said he was keen to play again , and in July 2019 he went on trial with French club Dijon . Despite not being offered a contract by Dijon he expressed gratitude to the club . While at the start of the 2019–20 season Enyeama stated that he hoped to find a new club and continue playing , he finally retired after the end of the campaign .",
"title": "Lille"
},
{
"text": "After making his debut for the Nigeria national football team against Kenya in May 2002 , Enyeama was selected for the 2002 FIFA World Cup as a cover for Ike Shorunmu . He made his competitive debut in that tournament , keeping a clean sheet against England in the third group match . Since the retirement of Shorunmu , he has been the first-choice goalkeeper for the national team , helping the Super Eagles to third-place finishes in the 2004 , 2006 , 2010 Africa Cup of Nations tournaments , and captaining the team to victory of in the 2013",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "edition . He has also participated in the 2010 and 2014 FIFA World Cups , and the 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " In the 2006 Africa Cup of Nations , Enyeama stopped three kicks in the quarter-final penalty shootout against Tunisia , but could not prevent a loss to Ivory Coast in the semi-final . In the 2010 tournament , he was again Nigerias shootout hero at the quarter-final stage , saving from Zambias Thomas Nyrienda and scoring the winning kick himself .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "Enyeama made his second FIFA World Cup appearance in the 2010 tournament in South Africa . He was named man of the match in Nigerias first game of the tournament , a defiant display that restricted Argentina to a 1–0 win . Enyeama , who was playing his 56th international for the Super Eagles , made six fine saves against the two-time world champions , four of them from Lionel Messi . Argentine coach Diego Maradona praised him as the reason Messi was not able to score a goal . Enyeama was also awarded man of the match in the",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "teams next fixture , a 2–1 loss to Greece , but was at fault for Vasilis Torosidis winning goal .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " At the 2013 Africa Cup of Nations , Enyeama deputised for regular captain Joseph Yobo , who stayed on the bench for most of the competition . On 10 February , Enyeama led Nigeria to its third continental victory , keeping a clean sheet in a 1–0 defeat of Burkina Faso in the 2013 Africa Cup of Nations Final . He was named to the team of the tournament as first choice goalkeeper , conceding only four goals in six matches .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "In June 2014 , Enyeama was named in Nigerias squad for the 2014 FIFA World Cup . In the Super Eagles first fixture , he kept the second FIFA World Cup clean sheet of his career as Nigeria drew 0–0 with Iran . He subsequently recorded a second consecutive shutout in the fixture against Bosnia and Herzegovina , a 1–0 win which gave Nigeria its first win at the tournament since the 1998 edition . He conceded three goals in the last match of the first round against Argentina , a game which ended in a 3–2 defeat for Nigeria",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": ", placing them second in the group and thus qualifying them for the second round for the first time in 16 years .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " On 26 March 2015 , Enyeama won his 100th cap for Nigeria in a 1–0 loss to Uganda . He retired from international football on 8 October 2015 .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " A Christian from Ika Local Government Area of Akwa Ibom State , Enyeama is married and a father of three . In 2004 , he was involved in a car accident in Uyo , Akwa Ibom State southern Nigeria , in which two motorcycle passengers were killed . The driver of the car in which Enyeama was travelling was left in critical condition . Despite the severity of the accident , Enyeama suffered only bruises after the car somersaulted twice as it swerved to avoid the motorbike .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " - Nigerian Premier League : 2001 , 2002 , 2003 - CAF Champions League : 2003 , 2004",
"title": "Enyimba International"
},
{
"text": " - CAF Champions League Player of the Year : 2003 , 2004 - Footballer of the Year in Israel : 2009 - UNFP Player of the Month : October 2013 , November 2013 - Prix Marc-Vivien Foé : 2014 - Goalkeeper of the year Nigeria Pitch Awards : 2013 , 2014 - King of the pitch Nigeria Pitch Awards : 2014 - Goal Nigeria Player of the Year : 2014 - IFFHS CAF Mens Team of the Decade 2011–2020",
"title": "Individual"
}
] |
/wiki/Vincent_Enyeama#P54#2
|
Which team did Vincent Enyeama play for in Mar 2005?
|
Vincent Enyeama Vincent Enyeama ( born 29 August 1982 ) is a Nigerian former professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper . During his senior career , which spanned nearly 20 years , Enyeama played for Ibom Stars , Enyimba , Iwuanyanwu Nationale , Bnei Yehuda , Hapoel Tel Aviv , Lille and Maccabi Tel Aviv . He was also a member of the Nigeria national team from 2002 until October 2015 , serving as its captain from 2013 until his retirement from international football in 2015 . With 101 caps , he is Nigerias most capped player of all time . Club career . Enyimba International . During his spell with Enyimba International F.C. , he won the CAF Champions League twice , with one noteworthy distinction : He was always substituted before penalty shootouts . I dont know why I was substituted before penalties , but it worked , he said in an interview in 2006 . In Israel I stopped many penalties and now everyone knows that I can handle penalties . Bnei Yehuda . After three seasons with Enyimba International F.C . and one with Iwuanyanwu Nationale ( now known as Heartland F.C. ) , Enyeama moved to small Israeli club Bnei Yehuda Tel Aviv . In his first season , the team qualified for the final of the Israel State Cup and , having finished fourth in the Israeli Premier League , for the 2006 UEFA Cup competition as well . Hapoel Tel Aviv . Enyeama signed for Hapoel Tel Aviv in 2007 . Hapoel endured a poor season in 2007/2008 , but Enyeama helped the team avoid relegation and reach the state cup final . During the 2008–09 season , Enyeama became Hapoels penalty kicker , won the Player of The Year award , and just missed leading Hapoel to the league title . In the 2009–10 season , Hapoel won the league and cup double , with Enyeama featuring prominently . He scored a goal in the Cup Final , but missed a penalty in the last fixture of the year , which Hapoel eventually won by scoring in the 92nd minute , thereby capturing the league title . On 18 August 2010 , he scored his first goal of the 2010–11 season with a penalty against Red Bull Salzburg in the Champions League qualifiers . Enyeama played well on the Champions League Group Stage , especially against Lyon and Schalke 04 . Hapoel also won the Israeli cup again . Lille . In June 2011 Enyeama moved to French side Lille for an undisclosed fee on a three-year contract . He made his debut on 18 October 2011 against Inter Milan in the 2012 UEFA Champions League group stage , where Inter managed a 1–0 victory . In August 2012 Enyeama agreed a one-year loan deal with Maccabi Tel Aviv and was presented to the media by Maccabis Sports Director Jordi Cruyff on 8 August 2012 . He appeared in 27 Israeli Premier League fixtures and Maccabi went on to win the championship title . During the 2013–14 Ligue 1 season , club manager René Girard picked Enyeama as his first-choice goalkeeper ahead of Steeve Elana , who had previously been the first-choice goalkeeper under Rudi Garcia . With the help of his two centre-backs , Marko Baša and Simon Kjær , Enyeama kept 11 consecutive clean sheets in Ligue 1 matches during the first half of the season . On 8 December 2013 , Enyeama finally conceded a goal after playing 1,062 minutes of Ligue 1 football in an away match against Bordeaux , during which he was beaten by Landry NGuémos deflected strike in the 27th minute . He thus came within 114 minutes of equalling Gaëtan Huards Ligue 1 goalkeeping record , set in 1993 , of playing 1,176 minutes without conceding a goal . In the 2017–18 season Enyeama did not make a league appearance having been left out of the first team due to a disagreement between the player and the clubs management . He joined the first teams pre-season training in July 2018 . He was released by mutual consent on 31 August 2018 . In January 2019 he said he was keen to play again , and in July 2019 he went on trial with French club Dijon . Despite not being offered a contract by Dijon he expressed gratitude to the club . While at the start of the 2019–20 season Enyeama stated that he hoped to find a new club and continue playing , he finally retired after the end of the campaign . International career . After making his debut for the Nigeria national football team against Kenya in May 2002 , Enyeama was selected for the 2002 FIFA World Cup as a cover for Ike Shorunmu . He made his competitive debut in that tournament , keeping a clean sheet against England in the third group match . Since the retirement of Shorunmu , he has been the first-choice goalkeeper for the national team , helping the Super Eagles to third-place finishes in the 2004 , 2006 , 2010 Africa Cup of Nations tournaments , and captaining the team to victory of in the 2013 edition . He has also participated in the 2010 and 2014 FIFA World Cups , and the 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup . In the 2006 Africa Cup of Nations , Enyeama stopped three kicks in the quarter-final penalty shootout against Tunisia , but could not prevent a loss to Ivory Coast in the semi-final . In the 2010 tournament , he was again Nigerias shootout hero at the quarter-final stage , saving from Zambias Thomas Nyrienda and scoring the winning kick himself . Enyeama made his second FIFA World Cup appearance in the 2010 tournament in South Africa . He was named man of the match in Nigerias first game of the tournament , a defiant display that restricted Argentina to a 1–0 win . Enyeama , who was playing his 56th international for the Super Eagles , made six fine saves against the two-time world champions , four of them from Lionel Messi . Argentine coach Diego Maradona praised him as the reason Messi was not able to score a goal . Enyeama was also awarded man of the match in the teams next fixture , a 2–1 loss to Greece , but was at fault for Vasilis Torosidis winning goal . At the 2013 Africa Cup of Nations , Enyeama deputised for regular captain Joseph Yobo , who stayed on the bench for most of the competition . On 10 February , Enyeama led Nigeria to its third continental victory , keeping a clean sheet in a 1–0 defeat of Burkina Faso in the 2013 Africa Cup of Nations Final . He was named to the team of the tournament as first choice goalkeeper , conceding only four goals in six matches . In June 2014 , Enyeama was named in Nigerias squad for the 2014 FIFA World Cup . In the Super Eagles first fixture , he kept the second FIFA World Cup clean sheet of his career as Nigeria drew 0–0 with Iran . He subsequently recorded a second consecutive shutout in the fixture against Bosnia and Herzegovina , a 1–0 win which gave Nigeria its first win at the tournament since the 1998 edition . He conceded three goals in the last match of the first round against Argentina , a game which ended in a 3–2 defeat for Nigeria , placing them second in the group and thus qualifying them for the second round for the first time in 16 years . On 26 March 2015 , Enyeama won his 100th cap for Nigeria in a 1–0 loss to Uganda . He retired from international football on 8 October 2015 . Personal life . A Christian from Ika Local Government Area of Akwa Ibom State , Enyeama is married and a father of three . In 2004 , he was involved in a car accident in Uyo , Akwa Ibom State southern Nigeria , in which two motorcycle passengers were killed . The driver of the car in which Enyeama was travelling was left in critical condition . Despite the severity of the accident , Enyeama suffered only bruises after the car somersaulted twice as it swerved to avoid the motorbike . Honours . Club . Enyimba International - Nigerian Premier League : 2001 , 2002 , 2003 - CAF Champions League : 2003 , 2004 Hapoel Tel-Aviv - Israeli Premier League : 2009–10 - Israel State Cup : 2009–10 , 2010–11 Maccabi Tel-Aviv - Israeli Premier League : 2012–13 International . Nigeria - Africa Cup of Nations : 2013 Individual . - CAF Champions League Player of the Year : 2003 , 2004 - Footballer of the Year in Israel : 2009 - UNFP Player of the Month : October 2013 , November 2013 - Prix Marc-Vivien Foé : 2014 - Goalkeeper of the year Nigeria Pitch Awards : 2013 , 2014 - King of the pitch Nigeria Pitch Awards : 2014 - Goal Nigeria Player of the Year : 2014 - IFFHS CAF Mens Team of the Decade 2011–2020
|
[
""
] |
[
{
"text": "Vincent Enyeama ( born 29 August 1982 ) is a Nigerian former professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper . During his senior career , which spanned nearly 20 years , Enyeama played for Ibom Stars , Enyimba , Iwuanyanwu Nationale , Bnei Yehuda , Hapoel Tel Aviv , Lille and Maccabi Tel Aviv . He was also a member of the Nigeria national team from 2002 until October 2015 , serving as its captain from 2013 until his retirement from international football in 2015 . With 101 caps , he is Nigerias most capped player of all time .",
"title": "Vincent Enyeama"
},
{
"text": " During his spell with Enyimba International F.C. , he won the CAF Champions League twice , with one noteworthy distinction : He was always substituted before penalty shootouts . I dont know why I was substituted before penalties , but it worked , he said in an interview in 2006 . In Israel I stopped many penalties and now everyone knows that I can handle penalties .",
"title": "Enyimba International"
},
{
"text": " After three seasons with Enyimba International F.C . and one with Iwuanyanwu Nationale ( now known as Heartland F.C. ) , Enyeama moved to small Israeli club Bnei Yehuda Tel Aviv . In his first season , the team qualified for the final of the Israel State Cup and , having finished fourth in the Israeli Premier League , for the 2006 UEFA Cup competition as well .",
"title": "Bnei Yehuda"
},
{
"text": " Enyeama signed for Hapoel Tel Aviv in 2007 . Hapoel endured a poor season in 2007/2008 , but Enyeama helped the team avoid relegation and reach the state cup final . During the 2008–09 season , Enyeama became Hapoels penalty kicker , won the Player of The Year award , and just missed leading Hapoel to the league title .",
"title": "Hapoel Tel Aviv"
},
{
"text": "In the 2009–10 season , Hapoel won the league and cup double , with Enyeama featuring prominently . He scored a goal in the Cup Final , but missed a penalty in the last fixture of the year , which Hapoel eventually won by scoring in the 92nd minute , thereby capturing the league title .",
"title": "Hapoel Tel Aviv"
},
{
"text": " On 18 August 2010 , he scored his first goal of the 2010–11 season with a penalty against Red Bull Salzburg in the Champions League qualifiers . Enyeama played well on the Champions League Group Stage , especially against Lyon and Schalke 04 . Hapoel also won the Israeli cup again .",
"title": "Hapoel Tel Aviv"
},
{
"text": " In June 2011 Enyeama moved to French side Lille for an undisclosed fee on a three-year contract . He made his debut on 18 October 2011 against Inter Milan in the 2012 UEFA Champions League group stage , where Inter managed a 1–0 victory . In August 2012 Enyeama agreed a one-year loan deal with Maccabi Tel Aviv and was presented to the media by Maccabis Sports Director Jordi Cruyff on 8 August 2012 . He appeared in 27 Israeli Premier League fixtures and Maccabi went on to win the championship title .",
"title": "Lille"
},
{
"text": "During the 2013–14 Ligue 1 season , club manager René Girard picked Enyeama as his first-choice goalkeeper ahead of Steeve Elana , who had previously been the first-choice goalkeeper under Rudi Garcia . With the help of his two centre-backs , Marko Baša and Simon Kjær , Enyeama kept 11 consecutive clean sheets in Ligue 1 matches during the first half of the season . On 8 December 2013 , Enyeama finally conceded a goal after playing 1,062 minutes of Ligue 1 football in an away match against Bordeaux , during which he was beaten by Landry NGuémos deflected strike",
"title": "Lille"
},
{
"text": "in the 27th minute . He thus came within 114 minutes of equalling Gaëtan Huards Ligue 1 goalkeeping record , set in 1993 , of playing 1,176 minutes without conceding a goal .",
"title": "Lille"
},
{
"text": " In the 2017–18 season Enyeama did not make a league appearance having been left out of the first team due to a disagreement between the player and the clubs management . He joined the first teams pre-season training in July 2018 .",
"title": "Lille"
},
{
"text": "He was released by mutual consent on 31 August 2018 . In January 2019 he said he was keen to play again , and in July 2019 he went on trial with French club Dijon . Despite not being offered a contract by Dijon he expressed gratitude to the club . While at the start of the 2019–20 season Enyeama stated that he hoped to find a new club and continue playing , he finally retired after the end of the campaign .",
"title": "Lille"
},
{
"text": "After making his debut for the Nigeria national football team against Kenya in May 2002 , Enyeama was selected for the 2002 FIFA World Cup as a cover for Ike Shorunmu . He made his competitive debut in that tournament , keeping a clean sheet against England in the third group match . Since the retirement of Shorunmu , he has been the first-choice goalkeeper for the national team , helping the Super Eagles to third-place finishes in the 2004 , 2006 , 2010 Africa Cup of Nations tournaments , and captaining the team to victory of in the 2013",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "edition . He has also participated in the 2010 and 2014 FIFA World Cups , and the 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " In the 2006 Africa Cup of Nations , Enyeama stopped three kicks in the quarter-final penalty shootout against Tunisia , but could not prevent a loss to Ivory Coast in the semi-final . In the 2010 tournament , he was again Nigerias shootout hero at the quarter-final stage , saving from Zambias Thomas Nyrienda and scoring the winning kick himself .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "Enyeama made his second FIFA World Cup appearance in the 2010 tournament in South Africa . He was named man of the match in Nigerias first game of the tournament , a defiant display that restricted Argentina to a 1–0 win . Enyeama , who was playing his 56th international for the Super Eagles , made six fine saves against the two-time world champions , four of them from Lionel Messi . Argentine coach Diego Maradona praised him as the reason Messi was not able to score a goal . Enyeama was also awarded man of the match in the",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "teams next fixture , a 2–1 loss to Greece , but was at fault for Vasilis Torosidis winning goal .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " At the 2013 Africa Cup of Nations , Enyeama deputised for regular captain Joseph Yobo , who stayed on the bench for most of the competition . On 10 February , Enyeama led Nigeria to its third continental victory , keeping a clean sheet in a 1–0 defeat of Burkina Faso in the 2013 Africa Cup of Nations Final . He was named to the team of the tournament as first choice goalkeeper , conceding only four goals in six matches .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "In June 2014 , Enyeama was named in Nigerias squad for the 2014 FIFA World Cup . In the Super Eagles first fixture , he kept the second FIFA World Cup clean sheet of his career as Nigeria drew 0–0 with Iran . He subsequently recorded a second consecutive shutout in the fixture against Bosnia and Herzegovina , a 1–0 win which gave Nigeria its first win at the tournament since the 1998 edition . He conceded three goals in the last match of the first round against Argentina , a game which ended in a 3–2 defeat for Nigeria",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": ", placing them second in the group and thus qualifying them for the second round for the first time in 16 years .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " On 26 March 2015 , Enyeama won his 100th cap for Nigeria in a 1–0 loss to Uganda . He retired from international football on 8 October 2015 .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " A Christian from Ika Local Government Area of Akwa Ibom State , Enyeama is married and a father of three . In 2004 , he was involved in a car accident in Uyo , Akwa Ibom State southern Nigeria , in which two motorcycle passengers were killed . The driver of the car in which Enyeama was travelling was left in critical condition . Despite the severity of the accident , Enyeama suffered only bruises after the car somersaulted twice as it swerved to avoid the motorbike .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " - Nigerian Premier League : 2001 , 2002 , 2003 - CAF Champions League : 2003 , 2004",
"title": "Enyimba International"
},
{
"text": " - CAF Champions League Player of the Year : 2003 , 2004 - Footballer of the Year in Israel : 2009 - UNFP Player of the Month : October 2013 , November 2013 - Prix Marc-Vivien Foé : 2014 - Goalkeeper of the year Nigeria Pitch Awards : 2013 , 2014 - King of the pitch Nigeria Pitch Awards : 2014 - Goal Nigeria Player of the Year : 2014 - IFFHS CAF Mens Team of the Decade 2011–2020",
"title": "Individual"
}
] |
/wiki/Vincent_Enyeama#P54#3
|
Which team did Vincent Enyeama play for between Jul 2007 and Oct 2009?
|
Vincent Enyeama Vincent Enyeama ( born 29 August 1982 ) is a Nigerian former professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper . During his senior career , which spanned nearly 20 years , Enyeama played for Ibom Stars , Enyimba , Iwuanyanwu Nationale , Bnei Yehuda , Hapoel Tel Aviv , Lille and Maccabi Tel Aviv . He was also a member of the Nigeria national team from 2002 until October 2015 , serving as its captain from 2013 until his retirement from international football in 2015 . With 101 caps , he is Nigerias most capped player of all time . Club career . Enyimba International . During his spell with Enyimba International F.C. , he won the CAF Champions League twice , with one noteworthy distinction : He was always substituted before penalty shootouts . I dont know why I was substituted before penalties , but it worked , he said in an interview in 2006 . In Israel I stopped many penalties and now everyone knows that I can handle penalties . Bnei Yehuda . After three seasons with Enyimba International F.C . and one with Iwuanyanwu Nationale ( now known as Heartland F.C. ) , Enyeama moved to small Israeli club Bnei Yehuda Tel Aviv . In his first season , the team qualified for the final of the Israel State Cup and , having finished fourth in the Israeli Premier League , for the 2006 UEFA Cup competition as well . Hapoel Tel Aviv . Enyeama signed for Hapoel Tel Aviv in 2007 . Hapoel endured a poor season in 2007/2008 , but Enyeama helped the team avoid relegation and reach the state cup final . During the 2008–09 season , Enyeama became Hapoels penalty kicker , won the Player of The Year award , and just missed leading Hapoel to the league title . In the 2009–10 season , Hapoel won the league and cup double , with Enyeama featuring prominently . He scored a goal in the Cup Final , but missed a penalty in the last fixture of the year , which Hapoel eventually won by scoring in the 92nd minute , thereby capturing the league title . On 18 August 2010 , he scored his first goal of the 2010–11 season with a penalty against Red Bull Salzburg in the Champions League qualifiers . Enyeama played well on the Champions League Group Stage , especially against Lyon and Schalke 04 . Hapoel also won the Israeli cup again . Lille . In June 2011 Enyeama moved to French side Lille for an undisclosed fee on a three-year contract . He made his debut on 18 October 2011 against Inter Milan in the 2012 UEFA Champions League group stage , where Inter managed a 1–0 victory . In August 2012 Enyeama agreed a one-year loan deal with Maccabi Tel Aviv and was presented to the media by Maccabis Sports Director Jordi Cruyff on 8 August 2012 . He appeared in 27 Israeli Premier League fixtures and Maccabi went on to win the championship title . During the 2013–14 Ligue 1 season , club manager René Girard picked Enyeama as his first-choice goalkeeper ahead of Steeve Elana , who had previously been the first-choice goalkeeper under Rudi Garcia . With the help of his two centre-backs , Marko Baša and Simon Kjær , Enyeama kept 11 consecutive clean sheets in Ligue 1 matches during the first half of the season . On 8 December 2013 , Enyeama finally conceded a goal after playing 1,062 minutes of Ligue 1 football in an away match against Bordeaux , during which he was beaten by Landry NGuémos deflected strike in the 27th minute . He thus came within 114 minutes of equalling Gaëtan Huards Ligue 1 goalkeeping record , set in 1993 , of playing 1,176 minutes without conceding a goal . In the 2017–18 season Enyeama did not make a league appearance having been left out of the first team due to a disagreement between the player and the clubs management . He joined the first teams pre-season training in July 2018 . He was released by mutual consent on 31 August 2018 . In January 2019 he said he was keen to play again , and in July 2019 he went on trial with French club Dijon . Despite not being offered a contract by Dijon he expressed gratitude to the club . While at the start of the 2019–20 season Enyeama stated that he hoped to find a new club and continue playing , he finally retired after the end of the campaign . International career . After making his debut for the Nigeria national football team against Kenya in May 2002 , Enyeama was selected for the 2002 FIFA World Cup as a cover for Ike Shorunmu . He made his competitive debut in that tournament , keeping a clean sheet against England in the third group match . Since the retirement of Shorunmu , he has been the first-choice goalkeeper for the national team , helping the Super Eagles to third-place finishes in the 2004 , 2006 , 2010 Africa Cup of Nations tournaments , and captaining the team to victory of in the 2013 edition . He has also participated in the 2010 and 2014 FIFA World Cups , and the 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup . In the 2006 Africa Cup of Nations , Enyeama stopped three kicks in the quarter-final penalty shootout against Tunisia , but could not prevent a loss to Ivory Coast in the semi-final . In the 2010 tournament , he was again Nigerias shootout hero at the quarter-final stage , saving from Zambias Thomas Nyrienda and scoring the winning kick himself . Enyeama made his second FIFA World Cup appearance in the 2010 tournament in South Africa . He was named man of the match in Nigerias first game of the tournament , a defiant display that restricted Argentina to a 1–0 win . Enyeama , who was playing his 56th international for the Super Eagles , made six fine saves against the two-time world champions , four of them from Lionel Messi . Argentine coach Diego Maradona praised him as the reason Messi was not able to score a goal . Enyeama was also awarded man of the match in the teams next fixture , a 2–1 loss to Greece , but was at fault for Vasilis Torosidis winning goal . At the 2013 Africa Cup of Nations , Enyeama deputised for regular captain Joseph Yobo , who stayed on the bench for most of the competition . On 10 February , Enyeama led Nigeria to its third continental victory , keeping a clean sheet in a 1–0 defeat of Burkina Faso in the 2013 Africa Cup of Nations Final . He was named to the team of the tournament as first choice goalkeeper , conceding only four goals in six matches . In June 2014 , Enyeama was named in Nigerias squad for the 2014 FIFA World Cup . In the Super Eagles first fixture , he kept the second FIFA World Cup clean sheet of his career as Nigeria drew 0–0 with Iran . He subsequently recorded a second consecutive shutout in the fixture against Bosnia and Herzegovina , a 1–0 win which gave Nigeria its first win at the tournament since the 1998 edition . He conceded three goals in the last match of the first round against Argentina , a game which ended in a 3–2 defeat for Nigeria , placing them second in the group and thus qualifying them for the second round for the first time in 16 years . On 26 March 2015 , Enyeama won his 100th cap for Nigeria in a 1–0 loss to Uganda . He retired from international football on 8 October 2015 . Personal life . A Christian from Ika Local Government Area of Akwa Ibom State , Enyeama is married and a father of three . In 2004 , he was involved in a car accident in Uyo , Akwa Ibom State southern Nigeria , in which two motorcycle passengers were killed . The driver of the car in which Enyeama was travelling was left in critical condition . Despite the severity of the accident , Enyeama suffered only bruises after the car somersaulted twice as it swerved to avoid the motorbike . Honours . Club . Enyimba International - Nigerian Premier League : 2001 , 2002 , 2003 - CAF Champions League : 2003 , 2004 Hapoel Tel-Aviv - Israeli Premier League : 2009–10 - Israel State Cup : 2009–10 , 2010–11 Maccabi Tel-Aviv - Israeli Premier League : 2012–13 International . Nigeria - Africa Cup of Nations : 2013 Individual . - CAF Champions League Player of the Year : 2003 , 2004 - Footballer of the Year in Israel : 2009 - UNFP Player of the Month : October 2013 , November 2013 - Prix Marc-Vivien Foé : 2014 - Goalkeeper of the year Nigeria Pitch Awards : 2013 , 2014 - King of the pitch Nigeria Pitch Awards : 2014 - Goal Nigeria Player of the Year : 2014 - IFFHS CAF Mens Team of the Decade 2011–2020
|
[
"Hapoel Tel Aviv"
] |
[
{
"text": "Vincent Enyeama ( born 29 August 1982 ) is a Nigerian former professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper . During his senior career , which spanned nearly 20 years , Enyeama played for Ibom Stars , Enyimba , Iwuanyanwu Nationale , Bnei Yehuda , Hapoel Tel Aviv , Lille and Maccabi Tel Aviv . He was also a member of the Nigeria national team from 2002 until October 2015 , serving as its captain from 2013 until his retirement from international football in 2015 . With 101 caps , he is Nigerias most capped player of all time .",
"title": "Vincent Enyeama"
},
{
"text": " During his spell with Enyimba International F.C. , he won the CAF Champions League twice , with one noteworthy distinction : He was always substituted before penalty shootouts . I dont know why I was substituted before penalties , but it worked , he said in an interview in 2006 . In Israel I stopped many penalties and now everyone knows that I can handle penalties .",
"title": "Enyimba International"
},
{
"text": " After three seasons with Enyimba International F.C . and one with Iwuanyanwu Nationale ( now known as Heartland F.C. ) , Enyeama moved to small Israeli club Bnei Yehuda Tel Aviv . In his first season , the team qualified for the final of the Israel State Cup and , having finished fourth in the Israeli Premier League , for the 2006 UEFA Cup competition as well .",
"title": "Bnei Yehuda"
},
{
"text": " Enyeama signed for Hapoel Tel Aviv in 2007 . Hapoel endured a poor season in 2007/2008 , but Enyeama helped the team avoid relegation and reach the state cup final . During the 2008–09 season , Enyeama became Hapoels penalty kicker , won the Player of The Year award , and just missed leading Hapoel to the league title .",
"title": "Hapoel Tel Aviv"
},
{
"text": "In the 2009–10 season , Hapoel won the league and cup double , with Enyeama featuring prominently . He scored a goal in the Cup Final , but missed a penalty in the last fixture of the year , which Hapoel eventually won by scoring in the 92nd minute , thereby capturing the league title .",
"title": "Hapoel Tel Aviv"
},
{
"text": " On 18 August 2010 , he scored his first goal of the 2010–11 season with a penalty against Red Bull Salzburg in the Champions League qualifiers . Enyeama played well on the Champions League Group Stage , especially against Lyon and Schalke 04 . Hapoel also won the Israeli cup again .",
"title": "Hapoel Tel Aviv"
},
{
"text": " In June 2011 Enyeama moved to French side Lille for an undisclosed fee on a three-year contract . He made his debut on 18 October 2011 against Inter Milan in the 2012 UEFA Champions League group stage , where Inter managed a 1–0 victory . In August 2012 Enyeama agreed a one-year loan deal with Maccabi Tel Aviv and was presented to the media by Maccabis Sports Director Jordi Cruyff on 8 August 2012 . He appeared in 27 Israeli Premier League fixtures and Maccabi went on to win the championship title .",
"title": "Lille"
},
{
"text": "During the 2013–14 Ligue 1 season , club manager René Girard picked Enyeama as his first-choice goalkeeper ahead of Steeve Elana , who had previously been the first-choice goalkeeper under Rudi Garcia . With the help of his two centre-backs , Marko Baša and Simon Kjær , Enyeama kept 11 consecutive clean sheets in Ligue 1 matches during the first half of the season . On 8 December 2013 , Enyeama finally conceded a goal after playing 1,062 minutes of Ligue 1 football in an away match against Bordeaux , during which he was beaten by Landry NGuémos deflected strike",
"title": "Lille"
},
{
"text": "in the 27th minute . He thus came within 114 minutes of equalling Gaëtan Huards Ligue 1 goalkeeping record , set in 1993 , of playing 1,176 minutes without conceding a goal .",
"title": "Lille"
},
{
"text": " In the 2017–18 season Enyeama did not make a league appearance having been left out of the first team due to a disagreement between the player and the clubs management . He joined the first teams pre-season training in July 2018 .",
"title": "Lille"
},
{
"text": "He was released by mutual consent on 31 August 2018 . In January 2019 he said he was keen to play again , and in July 2019 he went on trial with French club Dijon . Despite not being offered a contract by Dijon he expressed gratitude to the club . While at the start of the 2019–20 season Enyeama stated that he hoped to find a new club and continue playing , he finally retired after the end of the campaign .",
"title": "Lille"
},
{
"text": "After making his debut for the Nigeria national football team against Kenya in May 2002 , Enyeama was selected for the 2002 FIFA World Cup as a cover for Ike Shorunmu . He made his competitive debut in that tournament , keeping a clean sheet against England in the third group match . Since the retirement of Shorunmu , he has been the first-choice goalkeeper for the national team , helping the Super Eagles to third-place finishes in the 2004 , 2006 , 2010 Africa Cup of Nations tournaments , and captaining the team to victory of in the 2013",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "edition . He has also participated in the 2010 and 2014 FIFA World Cups , and the 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " In the 2006 Africa Cup of Nations , Enyeama stopped three kicks in the quarter-final penalty shootout against Tunisia , but could not prevent a loss to Ivory Coast in the semi-final . In the 2010 tournament , he was again Nigerias shootout hero at the quarter-final stage , saving from Zambias Thomas Nyrienda and scoring the winning kick himself .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "Enyeama made his second FIFA World Cup appearance in the 2010 tournament in South Africa . He was named man of the match in Nigerias first game of the tournament , a defiant display that restricted Argentina to a 1–0 win . Enyeama , who was playing his 56th international for the Super Eagles , made six fine saves against the two-time world champions , four of them from Lionel Messi . Argentine coach Diego Maradona praised him as the reason Messi was not able to score a goal . Enyeama was also awarded man of the match in the",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "teams next fixture , a 2–1 loss to Greece , but was at fault for Vasilis Torosidis winning goal .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " At the 2013 Africa Cup of Nations , Enyeama deputised for regular captain Joseph Yobo , who stayed on the bench for most of the competition . On 10 February , Enyeama led Nigeria to its third continental victory , keeping a clean sheet in a 1–0 defeat of Burkina Faso in the 2013 Africa Cup of Nations Final . He was named to the team of the tournament as first choice goalkeeper , conceding only four goals in six matches .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "In June 2014 , Enyeama was named in Nigerias squad for the 2014 FIFA World Cup . In the Super Eagles first fixture , he kept the second FIFA World Cup clean sheet of his career as Nigeria drew 0–0 with Iran . He subsequently recorded a second consecutive shutout in the fixture against Bosnia and Herzegovina , a 1–0 win which gave Nigeria its first win at the tournament since the 1998 edition . He conceded three goals in the last match of the first round against Argentina , a game which ended in a 3–2 defeat for Nigeria",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": ", placing them second in the group and thus qualifying them for the second round for the first time in 16 years .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " On 26 March 2015 , Enyeama won his 100th cap for Nigeria in a 1–0 loss to Uganda . He retired from international football on 8 October 2015 .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " A Christian from Ika Local Government Area of Akwa Ibom State , Enyeama is married and a father of three . In 2004 , he was involved in a car accident in Uyo , Akwa Ibom State southern Nigeria , in which two motorcycle passengers were killed . The driver of the car in which Enyeama was travelling was left in critical condition . Despite the severity of the accident , Enyeama suffered only bruises after the car somersaulted twice as it swerved to avoid the motorbike .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " - Nigerian Premier League : 2001 , 2002 , 2003 - CAF Champions League : 2003 , 2004",
"title": "Enyimba International"
},
{
"text": " - CAF Champions League Player of the Year : 2003 , 2004 - Footballer of the Year in Israel : 2009 - UNFP Player of the Month : October 2013 , November 2013 - Prix Marc-Vivien Foé : 2014 - Goalkeeper of the year Nigeria Pitch Awards : 2013 , 2014 - King of the pitch Nigeria Pitch Awards : 2014 - Goal Nigeria Player of the Year : 2014 - IFFHS CAF Mens Team of the Decade 2011–2020",
"title": "Individual"
}
] |
/wiki/Vincent_Enyeama#P54#4
|
Which team did Vincent Enyeama play for between Oct 2014 and Nov 2014?
|
Vincent Enyeama Vincent Enyeama ( born 29 August 1982 ) is a Nigerian former professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper . During his senior career , which spanned nearly 20 years , Enyeama played for Ibom Stars , Enyimba , Iwuanyanwu Nationale , Bnei Yehuda , Hapoel Tel Aviv , Lille and Maccabi Tel Aviv . He was also a member of the Nigeria national team from 2002 until October 2015 , serving as its captain from 2013 until his retirement from international football in 2015 . With 101 caps , he is Nigerias most capped player of all time . Club career . Enyimba International . During his spell with Enyimba International F.C. , he won the CAF Champions League twice , with one noteworthy distinction : He was always substituted before penalty shootouts . I dont know why I was substituted before penalties , but it worked , he said in an interview in 2006 . In Israel I stopped many penalties and now everyone knows that I can handle penalties . Bnei Yehuda . After three seasons with Enyimba International F.C . and one with Iwuanyanwu Nationale ( now known as Heartland F.C. ) , Enyeama moved to small Israeli club Bnei Yehuda Tel Aviv . In his first season , the team qualified for the final of the Israel State Cup and , having finished fourth in the Israeli Premier League , for the 2006 UEFA Cup competition as well . Hapoel Tel Aviv . Enyeama signed for Hapoel Tel Aviv in 2007 . Hapoel endured a poor season in 2007/2008 , but Enyeama helped the team avoid relegation and reach the state cup final . During the 2008–09 season , Enyeama became Hapoels penalty kicker , won the Player of The Year award , and just missed leading Hapoel to the league title . In the 2009–10 season , Hapoel won the league and cup double , with Enyeama featuring prominently . He scored a goal in the Cup Final , but missed a penalty in the last fixture of the year , which Hapoel eventually won by scoring in the 92nd minute , thereby capturing the league title . On 18 August 2010 , he scored his first goal of the 2010–11 season with a penalty against Red Bull Salzburg in the Champions League qualifiers . Enyeama played well on the Champions League Group Stage , especially against Lyon and Schalke 04 . Hapoel also won the Israeli cup again . Lille . In June 2011 Enyeama moved to French side Lille for an undisclosed fee on a three-year contract . He made his debut on 18 October 2011 against Inter Milan in the 2012 UEFA Champions League group stage , where Inter managed a 1–0 victory . In August 2012 Enyeama agreed a one-year loan deal with Maccabi Tel Aviv and was presented to the media by Maccabis Sports Director Jordi Cruyff on 8 August 2012 . He appeared in 27 Israeli Premier League fixtures and Maccabi went on to win the championship title . During the 2013–14 Ligue 1 season , club manager René Girard picked Enyeama as his first-choice goalkeeper ahead of Steeve Elana , who had previously been the first-choice goalkeeper under Rudi Garcia . With the help of his two centre-backs , Marko Baša and Simon Kjær , Enyeama kept 11 consecutive clean sheets in Ligue 1 matches during the first half of the season . On 8 December 2013 , Enyeama finally conceded a goal after playing 1,062 minutes of Ligue 1 football in an away match against Bordeaux , during which he was beaten by Landry NGuémos deflected strike in the 27th minute . He thus came within 114 minutes of equalling Gaëtan Huards Ligue 1 goalkeeping record , set in 1993 , of playing 1,176 minutes without conceding a goal . In the 2017–18 season Enyeama did not make a league appearance having been left out of the first team due to a disagreement between the player and the clubs management . He joined the first teams pre-season training in July 2018 . He was released by mutual consent on 31 August 2018 . In January 2019 he said he was keen to play again , and in July 2019 he went on trial with French club Dijon . Despite not being offered a contract by Dijon he expressed gratitude to the club . While at the start of the 2019–20 season Enyeama stated that he hoped to find a new club and continue playing , he finally retired after the end of the campaign . International career . After making his debut for the Nigeria national football team against Kenya in May 2002 , Enyeama was selected for the 2002 FIFA World Cup as a cover for Ike Shorunmu . He made his competitive debut in that tournament , keeping a clean sheet against England in the third group match . Since the retirement of Shorunmu , he has been the first-choice goalkeeper for the national team , helping the Super Eagles to third-place finishes in the 2004 , 2006 , 2010 Africa Cup of Nations tournaments , and captaining the team to victory of in the 2013 edition . He has also participated in the 2010 and 2014 FIFA World Cups , and the 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup . In the 2006 Africa Cup of Nations , Enyeama stopped three kicks in the quarter-final penalty shootout against Tunisia , but could not prevent a loss to Ivory Coast in the semi-final . In the 2010 tournament , he was again Nigerias shootout hero at the quarter-final stage , saving from Zambias Thomas Nyrienda and scoring the winning kick himself . Enyeama made his second FIFA World Cup appearance in the 2010 tournament in South Africa . He was named man of the match in Nigerias first game of the tournament , a defiant display that restricted Argentina to a 1–0 win . Enyeama , who was playing his 56th international for the Super Eagles , made six fine saves against the two-time world champions , four of them from Lionel Messi . Argentine coach Diego Maradona praised him as the reason Messi was not able to score a goal . Enyeama was also awarded man of the match in the teams next fixture , a 2–1 loss to Greece , but was at fault for Vasilis Torosidis winning goal . At the 2013 Africa Cup of Nations , Enyeama deputised for regular captain Joseph Yobo , who stayed on the bench for most of the competition . On 10 February , Enyeama led Nigeria to its third continental victory , keeping a clean sheet in a 1–0 defeat of Burkina Faso in the 2013 Africa Cup of Nations Final . He was named to the team of the tournament as first choice goalkeeper , conceding only four goals in six matches . In June 2014 , Enyeama was named in Nigerias squad for the 2014 FIFA World Cup . In the Super Eagles first fixture , he kept the second FIFA World Cup clean sheet of his career as Nigeria drew 0–0 with Iran . He subsequently recorded a second consecutive shutout in the fixture against Bosnia and Herzegovina , a 1–0 win which gave Nigeria its first win at the tournament since the 1998 edition . He conceded three goals in the last match of the first round against Argentina , a game which ended in a 3–2 defeat for Nigeria , placing them second in the group and thus qualifying them for the second round for the first time in 16 years . On 26 March 2015 , Enyeama won his 100th cap for Nigeria in a 1–0 loss to Uganda . He retired from international football on 8 October 2015 . Personal life . A Christian from Ika Local Government Area of Akwa Ibom State , Enyeama is married and a father of three . In 2004 , he was involved in a car accident in Uyo , Akwa Ibom State southern Nigeria , in which two motorcycle passengers were killed . The driver of the car in which Enyeama was travelling was left in critical condition . Despite the severity of the accident , Enyeama suffered only bruises after the car somersaulted twice as it swerved to avoid the motorbike . Honours . Club . Enyimba International - Nigerian Premier League : 2001 , 2002 , 2003 - CAF Champions League : 2003 , 2004 Hapoel Tel-Aviv - Israeli Premier League : 2009–10 - Israel State Cup : 2009–10 , 2010–11 Maccabi Tel-Aviv - Israeli Premier League : 2012–13 International . Nigeria - Africa Cup of Nations : 2013 Individual . - CAF Champions League Player of the Year : 2003 , 2004 - Footballer of the Year in Israel : 2009 - UNFP Player of the Month : October 2013 , November 2013 - Prix Marc-Vivien Foé : 2014 - Goalkeeper of the year Nigeria Pitch Awards : 2013 , 2014 - King of the pitch Nigeria Pitch Awards : 2014 - Goal Nigeria Player of the Year : 2014 - IFFHS CAF Mens Team of the Decade 2011–2020
|
[
"Lille"
] |
[
{
"text": "Vincent Enyeama ( born 29 August 1982 ) is a Nigerian former professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper . During his senior career , which spanned nearly 20 years , Enyeama played for Ibom Stars , Enyimba , Iwuanyanwu Nationale , Bnei Yehuda , Hapoel Tel Aviv , Lille and Maccabi Tel Aviv . He was also a member of the Nigeria national team from 2002 until October 2015 , serving as its captain from 2013 until his retirement from international football in 2015 . With 101 caps , he is Nigerias most capped player of all time .",
"title": "Vincent Enyeama"
},
{
"text": " During his spell with Enyimba International F.C. , he won the CAF Champions League twice , with one noteworthy distinction : He was always substituted before penalty shootouts . I dont know why I was substituted before penalties , but it worked , he said in an interview in 2006 . In Israel I stopped many penalties and now everyone knows that I can handle penalties .",
"title": "Enyimba International"
},
{
"text": " After three seasons with Enyimba International F.C . and one with Iwuanyanwu Nationale ( now known as Heartland F.C. ) , Enyeama moved to small Israeli club Bnei Yehuda Tel Aviv . In his first season , the team qualified for the final of the Israel State Cup and , having finished fourth in the Israeli Premier League , for the 2006 UEFA Cup competition as well .",
"title": "Bnei Yehuda"
},
{
"text": " Enyeama signed for Hapoel Tel Aviv in 2007 . Hapoel endured a poor season in 2007/2008 , but Enyeama helped the team avoid relegation and reach the state cup final . During the 2008–09 season , Enyeama became Hapoels penalty kicker , won the Player of The Year award , and just missed leading Hapoel to the league title .",
"title": "Hapoel Tel Aviv"
},
{
"text": "In the 2009–10 season , Hapoel won the league and cup double , with Enyeama featuring prominently . He scored a goal in the Cup Final , but missed a penalty in the last fixture of the year , which Hapoel eventually won by scoring in the 92nd minute , thereby capturing the league title .",
"title": "Hapoel Tel Aviv"
},
{
"text": " On 18 August 2010 , he scored his first goal of the 2010–11 season with a penalty against Red Bull Salzburg in the Champions League qualifiers . Enyeama played well on the Champions League Group Stage , especially against Lyon and Schalke 04 . Hapoel also won the Israeli cup again .",
"title": "Hapoel Tel Aviv"
},
{
"text": " In June 2011 Enyeama moved to French side Lille for an undisclosed fee on a three-year contract . He made his debut on 18 October 2011 against Inter Milan in the 2012 UEFA Champions League group stage , where Inter managed a 1–0 victory . In August 2012 Enyeama agreed a one-year loan deal with Maccabi Tel Aviv and was presented to the media by Maccabis Sports Director Jordi Cruyff on 8 August 2012 . He appeared in 27 Israeli Premier League fixtures and Maccabi went on to win the championship title .",
"title": "Lille"
},
{
"text": "During the 2013–14 Ligue 1 season , club manager René Girard picked Enyeama as his first-choice goalkeeper ahead of Steeve Elana , who had previously been the first-choice goalkeeper under Rudi Garcia . With the help of his two centre-backs , Marko Baša and Simon Kjær , Enyeama kept 11 consecutive clean sheets in Ligue 1 matches during the first half of the season . On 8 December 2013 , Enyeama finally conceded a goal after playing 1,062 minutes of Ligue 1 football in an away match against Bordeaux , during which he was beaten by Landry NGuémos deflected strike",
"title": "Lille"
},
{
"text": "in the 27th minute . He thus came within 114 minutes of equalling Gaëtan Huards Ligue 1 goalkeeping record , set in 1993 , of playing 1,176 minutes without conceding a goal .",
"title": "Lille"
},
{
"text": " In the 2017–18 season Enyeama did not make a league appearance having been left out of the first team due to a disagreement between the player and the clubs management . He joined the first teams pre-season training in July 2018 .",
"title": "Lille"
},
{
"text": "He was released by mutual consent on 31 August 2018 . In January 2019 he said he was keen to play again , and in July 2019 he went on trial with French club Dijon . Despite not being offered a contract by Dijon he expressed gratitude to the club . While at the start of the 2019–20 season Enyeama stated that he hoped to find a new club and continue playing , he finally retired after the end of the campaign .",
"title": "Lille"
},
{
"text": "After making his debut for the Nigeria national football team against Kenya in May 2002 , Enyeama was selected for the 2002 FIFA World Cup as a cover for Ike Shorunmu . He made his competitive debut in that tournament , keeping a clean sheet against England in the third group match . Since the retirement of Shorunmu , he has been the first-choice goalkeeper for the national team , helping the Super Eagles to third-place finishes in the 2004 , 2006 , 2010 Africa Cup of Nations tournaments , and captaining the team to victory of in the 2013",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "edition . He has also participated in the 2010 and 2014 FIFA World Cups , and the 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " In the 2006 Africa Cup of Nations , Enyeama stopped three kicks in the quarter-final penalty shootout against Tunisia , but could not prevent a loss to Ivory Coast in the semi-final . In the 2010 tournament , he was again Nigerias shootout hero at the quarter-final stage , saving from Zambias Thomas Nyrienda and scoring the winning kick himself .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "Enyeama made his second FIFA World Cup appearance in the 2010 tournament in South Africa . He was named man of the match in Nigerias first game of the tournament , a defiant display that restricted Argentina to a 1–0 win . Enyeama , who was playing his 56th international for the Super Eagles , made six fine saves against the two-time world champions , four of them from Lionel Messi . Argentine coach Diego Maradona praised him as the reason Messi was not able to score a goal . Enyeama was also awarded man of the match in the",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "teams next fixture , a 2–1 loss to Greece , but was at fault for Vasilis Torosidis winning goal .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " At the 2013 Africa Cup of Nations , Enyeama deputised for regular captain Joseph Yobo , who stayed on the bench for most of the competition . On 10 February , Enyeama led Nigeria to its third continental victory , keeping a clean sheet in a 1–0 defeat of Burkina Faso in the 2013 Africa Cup of Nations Final . He was named to the team of the tournament as first choice goalkeeper , conceding only four goals in six matches .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "In June 2014 , Enyeama was named in Nigerias squad for the 2014 FIFA World Cup . In the Super Eagles first fixture , he kept the second FIFA World Cup clean sheet of his career as Nigeria drew 0–0 with Iran . He subsequently recorded a second consecutive shutout in the fixture against Bosnia and Herzegovina , a 1–0 win which gave Nigeria its first win at the tournament since the 1998 edition . He conceded three goals in the last match of the first round against Argentina , a game which ended in a 3–2 defeat for Nigeria",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": ", placing them second in the group and thus qualifying them for the second round for the first time in 16 years .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " On 26 March 2015 , Enyeama won his 100th cap for Nigeria in a 1–0 loss to Uganda . He retired from international football on 8 October 2015 .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " A Christian from Ika Local Government Area of Akwa Ibom State , Enyeama is married and a father of three . In 2004 , he was involved in a car accident in Uyo , Akwa Ibom State southern Nigeria , in which two motorcycle passengers were killed . The driver of the car in which Enyeama was travelling was left in critical condition . Despite the severity of the accident , Enyeama suffered only bruises after the car somersaulted twice as it swerved to avoid the motorbike .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " - Nigerian Premier League : 2001 , 2002 , 2003 - CAF Champions League : 2003 , 2004",
"title": "Enyimba International"
},
{
"text": " - CAF Champions League Player of the Year : 2003 , 2004 - Footballer of the Year in Israel : 2009 - UNFP Player of the Month : October 2013 , November 2013 - Prix Marc-Vivien Foé : 2014 - Goalkeeper of the year Nigeria Pitch Awards : 2013 , 2014 - King of the pitch Nigeria Pitch Awards : 2014 - Goal Nigeria Player of the Year : 2014 - IFFHS CAF Mens Team of the Decade 2011–2020",
"title": "Individual"
}
] |
/wiki/James_Dolan_(computer_security_expert)#P108#0
|
James Dolan (computer security expert) was an employee for whom before Sep 2001?
|
James Dolan ( computer security expert ) James S . Dolan ( July 20 , 1981 – December 27 , 2017 ) was an American computer security expert who , with Aaron Swartz and Kevin Poulsen , co-developed SecureDrop , a widely used secure digital platform for sources to anonymously submit materials to journalists . Early life . Dolan grew up in Chester , New York . He grew up with four sisters . He went to school at the Tuxedo Park school and was considered gifted at an early age . Later , he moved to Brooklyn , which is where he called home . and Chester , NY . Career . From 1999 to 2006 , Dolan served with the Marines in two deployments during the Iraq War where he worked as a data network specialist . In 2003 , Dolan served with III Marine Expeditionary Force during the initial Iraq War . In his second deployment , which was from September 2004 to March 2005 , Dolan served with 4th Civil Affairs Group in Fallujah , which was one of the centers of the conflict at that time . Dolan was in Fallujah during Operation Phantom Fury , part of the Second Battle of Fallujah . Trevor Timm from the Freedom of the Press Foundation referenced Dolans military service in his description of Dolan in the obituary he wrote , saying that the impact of serving in Iraq was an often spoke of motivating factor for Dolans cybersecurity work , with the goal of making metadata transparent and accountable . After his service in the Iraq War , Dolan worked in computer security at a large IT company . In 2012 , as a side project to his IT job , Dolan helped develop the open source SecureDrop , initially known as DeadDrop . In 2013 , Poulsen and Dolan moved it to the Freedom of the Press Foundation to ensure its continued development and adoption following the death of fellow developer Aaron Swartz . Dolan was the lead maintainer for DeadDrop , and as the Freedom of the Press Foundations first employee , performed outreach and assisted in installations for news organizations that included The New Yorker , ProPublica , The Washington Post , and VICE News , among others . In 2015 , Dolan moved to San Diego , California to work as head of security at Classy , an American software company and an online fundraising platform designed for nonprofit organizations , a position he held at the time of his death . Death . Dolan was found dead in a Brooklyn hotel in December 2017 at the age of 36 . Former colleagues speculate James died of suicide ( the same fate as Swartz ) . He reportedly suffered from PTSD from his time in the Marines . Dolan was the second member of the SecureDrop team to commit suicide . A GoFundMe fund was set up by his fellow Marines to establish the James Dolan Memorial Fund , which will annually donate to designated non-profit foundations and projects in his name .
|
[
"Marines"
] |
[
{
"text": " James S . Dolan ( July 20 , 1981 – December 27 , 2017 ) was an American computer security expert who , with Aaron Swartz and Kevin Poulsen , co-developed SecureDrop , a widely used secure digital platform for sources to anonymously submit materials to journalists .",
"title": "James Dolan ( computer security expert )"
},
{
"text": " Dolan grew up in Chester , New York . He grew up with four sisters . He went to school at the Tuxedo Park school and was considered gifted at an early age . Later , he moved to Brooklyn , which is where he called home . and Chester , NY .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " From 1999 to 2006 , Dolan served with the Marines in two deployments during the Iraq War where he worked as a data network specialist . In 2003 , Dolan served with III Marine Expeditionary Force during the initial Iraq War . In his second deployment , which was from September 2004 to March 2005 , Dolan served with 4th Civil Affairs Group in Fallujah , which was one of the centers of the conflict at that time . Dolan was in Fallujah during Operation Phantom Fury , part of the Second Battle of Fallujah .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Trevor Timm from the Freedom of the Press Foundation referenced Dolans military service in his description of Dolan in the obituary he wrote , saying that the impact of serving in Iraq was an often spoke of motivating factor for Dolans cybersecurity work , with the goal of making metadata transparent and accountable .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " After his service in the Iraq War , Dolan worked in computer security at a large IT company .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "In 2012 , as a side project to his IT job , Dolan helped develop the open source SecureDrop , initially known as DeadDrop . In 2013 , Poulsen and Dolan moved it to the Freedom of the Press Foundation to ensure its continued development and adoption following the death of fellow developer Aaron Swartz . Dolan was the lead maintainer for DeadDrop , and as the Freedom of the Press Foundations first employee , performed outreach and assisted in installations for news organizations that included The New Yorker , ProPublica , The Washington Post , and VICE News ,",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "among others .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " In 2015 , Dolan moved to San Diego , California to work as head of security at Classy , an American software company and an online fundraising platform designed for nonprofit organizations , a position he held at the time of his death .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " Dolan was found dead in a Brooklyn hotel in December 2017 at the age of 36 . Former colleagues speculate James died of suicide ( the same fate as Swartz ) . He reportedly suffered from PTSD from his time in the Marines . Dolan was the second member of the SecureDrop team to commit suicide . A GoFundMe fund was set up by his fellow Marines to establish the James Dolan Memorial Fund , which will annually donate to designated non-profit foundations and projects in his name .",
"title": "Death"
}
] |
/wiki/James_Dolan_(computer_security_expert)#P108#1
|
James Dolan (computer security expert) was an employee for whom in Jan 2012?
|
James Dolan ( computer security expert ) James S . Dolan ( July 20 , 1981 – December 27 , 2017 ) was an American computer security expert who , with Aaron Swartz and Kevin Poulsen , co-developed SecureDrop , a widely used secure digital platform for sources to anonymously submit materials to journalists . Early life . Dolan grew up in Chester , New York . He grew up with four sisters . He went to school at the Tuxedo Park school and was considered gifted at an early age . Later , he moved to Brooklyn , which is where he called home . and Chester , NY . Career . From 1999 to 2006 , Dolan served with the Marines in two deployments during the Iraq War where he worked as a data network specialist . In 2003 , Dolan served with III Marine Expeditionary Force during the initial Iraq War . In his second deployment , which was from September 2004 to March 2005 , Dolan served with 4th Civil Affairs Group in Fallujah , which was one of the centers of the conflict at that time . Dolan was in Fallujah during Operation Phantom Fury , part of the Second Battle of Fallujah . Trevor Timm from the Freedom of the Press Foundation referenced Dolans military service in his description of Dolan in the obituary he wrote , saying that the impact of serving in Iraq was an often spoke of motivating factor for Dolans cybersecurity work , with the goal of making metadata transparent and accountable . After his service in the Iraq War , Dolan worked in computer security at a large IT company . In 2012 , as a side project to his IT job , Dolan helped develop the open source SecureDrop , initially known as DeadDrop . In 2013 , Poulsen and Dolan moved it to the Freedom of the Press Foundation to ensure its continued development and adoption following the death of fellow developer Aaron Swartz . Dolan was the lead maintainer for DeadDrop , and as the Freedom of the Press Foundations first employee , performed outreach and assisted in installations for news organizations that included The New Yorker , ProPublica , The Washington Post , and VICE News , among others . In 2015 , Dolan moved to San Diego , California to work as head of security at Classy , an American software company and an online fundraising platform designed for nonprofit organizations , a position he held at the time of his death . Death . Dolan was found dead in a Brooklyn hotel in December 2017 at the age of 36 . Former colleagues speculate James died of suicide ( the same fate as Swartz ) . He reportedly suffered from PTSD from his time in the Marines . Dolan was the second member of the SecureDrop team to commit suicide . A GoFundMe fund was set up by his fellow Marines to establish the James Dolan Memorial Fund , which will annually donate to designated non-profit foundations and projects in his name .
|
[
"SecureDrop"
] |
[
{
"text": " James S . Dolan ( July 20 , 1981 – December 27 , 2017 ) was an American computer security expert who , with Aaron Swartz and Kevin Poulsen , co-developed SecureDrop , a widely used secure digital platform for sources to anonymously submit materials to journalists .",
"title": "James Dolan ( computer security expert )"
},
{
"text": " Dolan grew up in Chester , New York . He grew up with four sisters . He went to school at the Tuxedo Park school and was considered gifted at an early age . Later , he moved to Brooklyn , which is where he called home . and Chester , NY .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " From 1999 to 2006 , Dolan served with the Marines in two deployments during the Iraq War where he worked as a data network specialist . In 2003 , Dolan served with III Marine Expeditionary Force during the initial Iraq War . In his second deployment , which was from September 2004 to March 2005 , Dolan served with 4th Civil Affairs Group in Fallujah , which was one of the centers of the conflict at that time . Dolan was in Fallujah during Operation Phantom Fury , part of the Second Battle of Fallujah .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Trevor Timm from the Freedom of the Press Foundation referenced Dolans military service in his description of Dolan in the obituary he wrote , saying that the impact of serving in Iraq was an often spoke of motivating factor for Dolans cybersecurity work , with the goal of making metadata transparent and accountable .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " After his service in the Iraq War , Dolan worked in computer security at a large IT company .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "In 2012 , as a side project to his IT job , Dolan helped develop the open source SecureDrop , initially known as DeadDrop . In 2013 , Poulsen and Dolan moved it to the Freedom of the Press Foundation to ensure its continued development and adoption following the death of fellow developer Aaron Swartz . Dolan was the lead maintainer for DeadDrop , and as the Freedom of the Press Foundations first employee , performed outreach and assisted in installations for news organizations that included The New Yorker , ProPublica , The Washington Post , and VICE News ,",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "among others .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " In 2015 , Dolan moved to San Diego , California to work as head of security at Classy , an American software company and an online fundraising platform designed for nonprofit organizations , a position he held at the time of his death .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " Dolan was found dead in a Brooklyn hotel in December 2017 at the age of 36 . Former colleagues speculate James died of suicide ( the same fate as Swartz ) . He reportedly suffered from PTSD from his time in the Marines . Dolan was the second member of the SecureDrop team to commit suicide . A GoFundMe fund was set up by his fellow Marines to establish the James Dolan Memorial Fund , which will annually donate to designated non-profit foundations and projects in his name .",
"title": "Death"
}
] |
/wiki/James_Dolan_(computer_security_expert)#P108#2
|
James Dolan (computer security expert) was an employee for whom in Apr 2014?
|
James Dolan ( computer security expert ) James S . Dolan ( July 20 , 1981 – December 27 , 2017 ) was an American computer security expert who , with Aaron Swartz and Kevin Poulsen , co-developed SecureDrop , a widely used secure digital platform for sources to anonymously submit materials to journalists . Early life . Dolan grew up in Chester , New York . He grew up with four sisters . He went to school at the Tuxedo Park school and was considered gifted at an early age . Later , he moved to Brooklyn , which is where he called home . and Chester , NY . Career . From 1999 to 2006 , Dolan served with the Marines in two deployments during the Iraq War where he worked as a data network specialist . In 2003 , Dolan served with III Marine Expeditionary Force during the initial Iraq War . In his second deployment , which was from September 2004 to March 2005 , Dolan served with 4th Civil Affairs Group in Fallujah , which was one of the centers of the conflict at that time . Dolan was in Fallujah during Operation Phantom Fury , part of the Second Battle of Fallujah . Trevor Timm from the Freedom of the Press Foundation referenced Dolans military service in his description of Dolan in the obituary he wrote , saying that the impact of serving in Iraq was an often spoke of motivating factor for Dolans cybersecurity work , with the goal of making metadata transparent and accountable . After his service in the Iraq War , Dolan worked in computer security at a large IT company . In 2012 , as a side project to his IT job , Dolan helped develop the open source SecureDrop , initially known as DeadDrop . In 2013 , Poulsen and Dolan moved it to the Freedom of the Press Foundation to ensure its continued development and adoption following the death of fellow developer Aaron Swartz . Dolan was the lead maintainer for DeadDrop , and as the Freedom of the Press Foundations first employee , performed outreach and assisted in installations for news organizations that included The New Yorker , ProPublica , The Washington Post , and VICE News , among others . In 2015 , Dolan moved to San Diego , California to work as head of security at Classy , an American software company and an online fundraising platform designed for nonprofit organizations , a position he held at the time of his death . Death . Dolan was found dead in a Brooklyn hotel in December 2017 at the age of 36 . Former colleagues speculate James died of suicide ( the same fate as Swartz ) . He reportedly suffered from PTSD from his time in the Marines . Dolan was the second member of the SecureDrop team to commit suicide . A GoFundMe fund was set up by his fellow Marines to establish the James Dolan Memorial Fund , which will annually donate to designated non-profit foundations and projects in his name .
|
[
"Freedom of the Press Foundation"
] |
[
{
"text": " James S . Dolan ( July 20 , 1981 – December 27 , 2017 ) was an American computer security expert who , with Aaron Swartz and Kevin Poulsen , co-developed SecureDrop , a widely used secure digital platform for sources to anonymously submit materials to journalists .",
"title": "James Dolan ( computer security expert )"
},
{
"text": " Dolan grew up in Chester , New York . He grew up with four sisters . He went to school at the Tuxedo Park school and was considered gifted at an early age . Later , he moved to Brooklyn , which is where he called home . and Chester , NY .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " From 1999 to 2006 , Dolan served with the Marines in two deployments during the Iraq War where he worked as a data network specialist . In 2003 , Dolan served with III Marine Expeditionary Force during the initial Iraq War . In his second deployment , which was from September 2004 to March 2005 , Dolan served with 4th Civil Affairs Group in Fallujah , which was one of the centers of the conflict at that time . Dolan was in Fallujah during Operation Phantom Fury , part of the Second Battle of Fallujah .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Trevor Timm from the Freedom of the Press Foundation referenced Dolans military service in his description of Dolan in the obituary he wrote , saying that the impact of serving in Iraq was an often spoke of motivating factor for Dolans cybersecurity work , with the goal of making metadata transparent and accountable .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " After his service in the Iraq War , Dolan worked in computer security at a large IT company .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "In 2012 , as a side project to his IT job , Dolan helped develop the open source SecureDrop , initially known as DeadDrop . In 2013 , Poulsen and Dolan moved it to the Freedom of the Press Foundation to ensure its continued development and adoption following the death of fellow developer Aaron Swartz . Dolan was the lead maintainer for DeadDrop , and as the Freedom of the Press Foundations first employee , performed outreach and assisted in installations for news organizations that included The New Yorker , ProPublica , The Washington Post , and VICE News ,",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "among others .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " In 2015 , Dolan moved to San Diego , California to work as head of security at Classy , an American software company and an online fundraising platform designed for nonprofit organizations , a position he held at the time of his death .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " Dolan was found dead in a Brooklyn hotel in December 2017 at the age of 36 . Former colleagues speculate James died of suicide ( the same fate as Swartz ) . He reportedly suffered from PTSD from his time in the Marines . Dolan was the second member of the SecureDrop team to commit suicide . A GoFundMe fund was set up by his fellow Marines to establish the James Dolan Memorial Fund , which will annually donate to designated non-profit foundations and projects in his name .",
"title": "Death"
}
] |
/wiki/James_Dolan_(computer_security_expert)#P108#3
|
James Dolan (computer security expert) was an employee for whom between Apr 2015 and Sep 2015?
|
James Dolan ( computer security expert ) James S . Dolan ( July 20 , 1981 – December 27 , 2017 ) was an American computer security expert who , with Aaron Swartz and Kevin Poulsen , co-developed SecureDrop , a widely used secure digital platform for sources to anonymously submit materials to journalists . Early life . Dolan grew up in Chester , New York . He grew up with four sisters . He went to school at the Tuxedo Park school and was considered gifted at an early age . Later , he moved to Brooklyn , which is where he called home . and Chester , NY . Career . From 1999 to 2006 , Dolan served with the Marines in two deployments during the Iraq War where he worked as a data network specialist . In 2003 , Dolan served with III Marine Expeditionary Force during the initial Iraq War . In his second deployment , which was from September 2004 to March 2005 , Dolan served with 4th Civil Affairs Group in Fallujah , which was one of the centers of the conflict at that time . Dolan was in Fallujah during Operation Phantom Fury , part of the Second Battle of Fallujah . Trevor Timm from the Freedom of the Press Foundation referenced Dolans military service in his description of Dolan in the obituary he wrote , saying that the impact of serving in Iraq was an often spoke of motivating factor for Dolans cybersecurity work , with the goal of making metadata transparent and accountable . After his service in the Iraq War , Dolan worked in computer security at a large IT company . In 2012 , as a side project to his IT job , Dolan helped develop the open source SecureDrop , initially known as DeadDrop . In 2013 , Poulsen and Dolan moved it to the Freedom of the Press Foundation to ensure its continued development and adoption following the death of fellow developer Aaron Swartz . Dolan was the lead maintainer for DeadDrop , and as the Freedom of the Press Foundations first employee , performed outreach and assisted in installations for news organizations that included The New Yorker , ProPublica , The Washington Post , and VICE News , among others . In 2015 , Dolan moved to San Diego , California to work as head of security at Classy , an American software company and an online fundraising platform designed for nonprofit organizations , a position he held at the time of his death . Death . Dolan was found dead in a Brooklyn hotel in December 2017 at the age of 36 . Former colleagues speculate James died of suicide ( the same fate as Swartz ) . He reportedly suffered from PTSD from his time in the Marines . Dolan was the second member of the SecureDrop team to commit suicide . A GoFundMe fund was set up by his fellow Marines to establish the James Dolan Memorial Fund , which will annually donate to designated non-profit foundations and projects in his name .
|
[
"Classy"
] |
[
{
"text": " James S . Dolan ( July 20 , 1981 – December 27 , 2017 ) was an American computer security expert who , with Aaron Swartz and Kevin Poulsen , co-developed SecureDrop , a widely used secure digital platform for sources to anonymously submit materials to journalists .",
"title": "James Dolan ( computer security expert )"
},
{
"text": " Dolan grew up in Chester , New York . He grew up with four sisters . He went to school at the Tuxedo Park school and was considered gifted at an early age . Later , he moved to Brooklyn , which is where he called home . and Chester , NY .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " From 1999 to 2006 , Dolan served with the Marines in two deployments during the Iraq War where he worked as a data network specialist . In 2003 , Dolan served with III Marine Expeditionary Force during the initial Iraq War . In his second deployment , which was from September 2004 to March 2005 , Dolan served with 4th Civil Affairs Group in Fallujah , which was one of the centers of the conflict at that time . Dolan was in Fallujah during Operation Phantom Fury , part of the Second Battle of Fallujah .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Trevor Timm from the Freedom of the Press Foundation referenced Dolans military service in his description of Dolan in the obituary he wrote , saying that the impact of serving in Iraq was an often spoke of motivating factor for Dolans cybersecurity work , with the goal of making metadata transparent and accountable .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " After his service in the Iraq War , Dolan worked in computer security at a large IT company .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "In 2012 , as a side project to his IT job , Dolan helped develop the open source SecureDrop , initially known as DeadDrop . In 2013 , Poulsen and Dolan moved it to the Freedom of the Press Foundation to ensure its continued development and adoption following the death of fellow developer Aaron Swartz . Dolan was the lead maintainer for DeadDrop , and as the Freedom of the Press Foundations first employee , performed outreach and assisted in installations for news organizations that included The New Yorker , ProPublica , The Washington Post , and VICE News ,",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "among others .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " In 2015 , Dolan moved to San Diego , California to work as head of security at Classy , an American software company and an online fundraising platform designed for nonprofit organizations , a position he held at the time of his death .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " Dolan was found dead in a Brooklyn hotel in December 2017 at the age of 36 . Former colleagues speculate James died of suicide ( the same fate as Swartz ) . He reportedly suffered from PTSD from his time in the Marines . Dolan was the second member of the SecureDrop team to commit suicide . A GoFundMe fund was set up by his fellow Marines to establish the James Dolan Memorial Fund , which will annually donate to designated non-profit foundations and projects in his name .",
"title": "Death"
}
] |
/wiki/Ethiopian_Football_Federation#P463#0
|
Ethiopian Football Federation became a member of what organization or association in 1957?
|
Ethiopian Football Federation The Ethiopian Football Federation ( EFF ) ( Amharic : የኢትዮጵያ እግር ኳስ ፌዴሬሽን ) is the governing body of football in Ethiopia . It organizes all tiers of the national football league and the national team . It was one of the founding members of the Confederation of African Football ( CAF ) . History . The Ethiopian Football Federation was founded in 1943 and became affiliated with FIFA in 1952 . In 1957 the EFF along with its Egyptian , Sudanese , and South African counterparts founded CAF . In October 2013 , the federation elected Juneidi Basha as its new president to replace Sahilu Gebrewold . Beating out three other candidates , Basha received the majority of votes ( 55 of the 101 votes ) at the Federations General assembly . Juneydi Basha , represented the eastern region of Dire Dawa , was a businessman before becoming football federation president . In June 2018 the EFF elected Esayas Jira as President . The 46 year old Jira , who was backed as the candidate from the Oromia region , won 87 of 145 votes by the general assembly which had taken place in Semera , Ethiopia . In April 2021 , the federation announced it had renewed its contract with British sportswear maker Umbro , extending the agreement another four years . Domestic Competition . The EFF was responsible for all regulatory processes of all professional football leagues in Ethiopia including the Ethiopian Premier League , the Ethiopian Higher League ( second tier ) and the Ethiopian First League ( third tier ) . The federation also runs the Ethiopian Womens Premier League along with the second tier of the Womens professional football league . Mens Football . In May 2018 , the Ethiopian Premier League was suspended indefinitely after a referee was attacked during a match between Welwalo Adigrat University F.C . and Defense Force S.C . This coming on the heels of a similar incident a month earlier in which spectators swarmed onto a football field during a match between Woldia S.C . and Fasil Kenema F.C. , injuring two match officials and a coach . Womens Football . Womens football has gained more popularity in recent years in Ethiopia with the Ethiopian national team having only made its debut in September 2002 in the 2002 African Championships qualifiers . Soon after this the first professional Womens football league , the Ethiopian Womens Premier League , was established . Continental Competition . Ethiopia participated in the inaugural African Cup of Nations in 1957 hosted by Sudan , eventually losing 4-0 in the final to Egypt . In the 1959 edition of the tournament they finished third behind both Sudan and eventual champions Egypt . Ethiopia hosted and won the 1962 edition of the African Cup of Nations beating Egypt in the final 4-2 . In the qualification for the 2013 Africa Cup of Nations , Ethiopia was able to defeat both Benin and Sudan in home and away fixtures to qualify for the tournament . This was the first time that Ethiopia had qualified for the Africa Cup of Nations in 31 years , a tremendous achievement for the once proud footballing nation . Relationship with FIFA . In January 2008 , dissatisfied with the dismal record of Ethiopian football , the General Assembly fired Dr . Ashebir Woldegiorgis , the head of the EFF , who refused to step down . However , the next month both the EFF and the CAF announced that they did not recognize Dr . Ashebirs dismissal . Despite this , the EFF membership refused to allow Dr . Ashebir access to his office . The standoff continued over the following months , which led to the FIFA suspending their membership 29 July 2008 . As a result , the Ethiopia-Morocco match scheduled for 5–7 September was canceled , and Ethiopia kicked out of the qualifying campaign for the 2010 FIFA World Cup in South Africa . This crisis came to an end 16 May 2009 , when Dr . Ashebir announced he would resign . Following elections for a new president 18 July , in which Sahlu Gebrewold Gebremariam became president , a three-man delegation from FIFA said that they were satisfied with the result and handed a FIFA flag to the new president as a token that the EFF had been readmitted to that body . Sahlu afterwards announced his priority as president was to heal the rift in the country over this sport , and to facilitate a renaissance in Ethiopian football . Past Presidents . - Juneidi Basha ( 2013–18 ) - Dr . Ashebir Woldegiorgis - Sahlu Gebrewold Gebremariam Competitions . The EFF also runs other competitions : - Ethiopian Cup - Ethiopian Super Cup
|
[
"CAF"
] |
[
{
"text": " The Ethiopian Football Federation ( EFF ) ( Amharic : የኢትዮጵያ እግር ኳስ ፌዴሬሽን ) is the governing body of football in Ethiopia . It organizes all tiers of the national football league and the national team . It was one of the founding members of the Confederation of African Football ( CAF ) .",
"title": "Ethiopian Football Federation"
},
{
"text": " The Ethiopian Football Federation was founded in 1943 and became affiliated with FIFA in 1952 . In 1957 the EFF along with its Egyptian , Sudanese , and South African counterparts founded CAF . In October 2013 , the federation elected Juneidi Basha as its new president to replace Sahilu Gebrewold . Beating out three other candidates , Basha received the majority of votes ( 55 of the 101 votes ) at the Federations General assembly . Juneydi Basha , represented the eastern region of Dire Dawa , was a businessman before becoming football federation president .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "In June 2018 the EFF elected Esayas Jira as President . The 46 year old Jira , who was backed as the candidate from the Oromia region , won 87 of 145 votes by the general assembly which had taken place in Semera , Ethiopia . In April 2021 , the federation announced it had renewed its contract with British sportswear maker Umbro , extending the agreement another four years .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " The EFF was responsible for all regulatory processes of all professional football leagues in Ethiopia including the Ethiopian Premier League , the Ethiopian Higher League ( second tier ) and the Ethiopian First League ( third tier ) . The federation also runs the Ethiopian Womens Premier League along with the second tier of the Womens professional football league .",
"title": "Domestic Competition"
},
{
"text": " In May 2018 , the Ethiopian Premier League was suspended indefinitely after a referee was attacked during a match between Welwalo Adigrat University F.C . and Defense Force S.C . This coming on the heels of a similar incident a month earlier in which spectators swarmed onto a football field during a match between Woldia S.C . and Fasil Kenema F.C. , injuring two match officials and a coach .",
"title": "Mens Football"
},
{
"text": " Womens football has gained more popularity in recent years in Ethiopia with the Ethiopian national team having only made its debut in September 2002 in the 2002 African Championships qualifiers . Soon after this the first professional Womens football league , the Ethiopian Womens Premier League , was established .",
"title": "Womens Football"
},
{
"text": " Ethiopia participated in the inaugural African Cup of Nations in 1957 hosted by Sudan , eventually losing 4-0 in the final to Egypt . In the 1959 edition of the tournament they finished third behind both Sudan and eventual champions Egypt . Ethiopia hosted and won the 1962 edition of the African Cup of Nations beating Egypt in the final 4-2 .",
"title": "Continental Competition"
},
{
"text": "In the qualification for the 2013 Africa Cup of Nations , Ethiopia was able to defeat both Benin and Sudan in home and away fixtures to qualify for the tournament . This was the first time that Ethiopia had qualified for the Africa Cup of Nations in 31 years , a tremendous achievement for the once proud footballing nation .",
"title": "Continental Competition"
},
{
"text": "In January 2008 , dissatisfied with the dismal record of Ethiopian football , the General Assembly fired Dr . Ashebir Woldegiorgis , the head of the EFF , who refused to step down . However , the next month both the EFF and the CAF announced that they did not recognize Dr . Ashebirs dismissal . Despite this , the EFF membership refused to allow Dr . Ashebir access to his office . The standoff continued over the following months , which led to the FIFA suspending their membership 29 July 2008 . As a result , the Ethiopia-Morocco match",
"title": "Relationship with FIFA"
},
{
"text": "scheduled for 5–7 September was canceled , and Ethiopia kicked out of the qualifying campaign for the 2010 FIFA World Cup in South Africa . This crisis came to an end 16 May 2009 , when Dr . Ashebir announced he would resign .",
"title": "Relationship with FIFA"
},
{
"text": " Following elections for a new president 18 July , in which Sahlu Gebrewold Gebremariam became president , a three-man delegation from FIFA said that they were satisfied with the result and handed a FIFA flag to the new president as a token that the EFF had been readmitted to that body . Sahlu afterwards announced his priority as president was to heal the rift in the country over this sport , and to facilitate a renaissance in Ethiopian football .",
"title": "Relationship with FIFA"
},
{
"text": " - Juneidi Basha ( 2013–18 ) - Dr . Ashebir Woldegiorgis - Sahlu Gebrewold Gebremariam",
"title": "Past Presidents"
},
{
"text": " The EFF also runs other competitions : - Ethiopian Cup - Ethiopian Super Cup",
"title": "Competitions"
}
] |
/wiki/Ethiopian_Football_Federation#P463#1
|
Ethiopian Football Federation became a member of what organization or association in 1953?
|
Ethiopian Football Federation The Ethiopian Football Federation ( EFF ) ( Amharic : የኢትዮጵያ እግር ኳስ ፌዴሬሽን ) is the governing body of football in Ethiopia . It organizes all tiers of the national football league and the national team . It was one of the founding members of the Confederation of African Football ( CAF ) . History . The Ethiopian Football Federation was founded in 1943 and became affiliated with FIFA in 1952 . In 1957 the EFF along with its Egyptian , Sudanese , and South African counterparts founded CAF . In October 2013 , the federation elected Juneidi Basha as its new president to replace Sahilu Gebrewold . Beating out three other candidates , Basha received the majority of votes ( 55 of the 101 votes ) at the Federations General assembly . Juneydi Basha , represented the eastern region of Dire Dawa , was a businessman before becoming football federation president . In June 2018 the EFF elected Esayas Jira as President . The 46 year old Jira , who was backed as the candidate from the Oromia region , won 87 of 145 votes by the general assembly which had taken place in Semera , Ethiopia . In April 2021 , the federation announced it had renewed its contract with British sportswear maker Umbro , extending the agreement another four years . Domestic Competition . The EFF was responsible for all regulatory processes of all professional football leagues in Ethiopia including the Ethiopian Premier League , the Ethiopian Higher League ( second tier ) and the Ethiopian First League ( third tier ) . The federation also runs the Ethiopian Womens Premier League along with the second tier of the Womens professional football league . Mens Football . In May 2018 , the Ethiopian Premier League was suspended indefinitely after a referee was attacked during a match between Welwalo Adigrat University F.C . and Defense Force S.C . This coming on the heels of a similar incident a month earlier in which spectators swarmed onto a football field during a match between Woldia S.C . and Fasil Kenema F.C. , injuring two match officials and a coach . Womens Football . Womens football has gained more popularity in recent years in Ethiopia with the Ethiopian national team having only made its debut in September 2002 in the 2002 African Championships qualifiers . Soon after this the first professional Womens football league , the Ethiopian Womens Premier League , was established . Continental Competition . Ethiopia participated in the inaugural African Cup of Nations in 1957 hosted by Sudan , eventually losing 4-0 in the final to Egypt . In the 1959 edition of the tournament they finished third behind both Sudan and eventual champions Egypt . Ethiopia hosted and won the 1962 edition of the African Cup of Nations beating Egypt in the final 4-2 . In the qualification for the 2013 Africa Cup of Nations , Ethiopia was able to defeat both Benin and Sudan in home and away fixtures to qualify for the tournament . This was the first time that Ethiopia had qualified for the Africa Cup of Nations in 31 years , a tremendous achievement for the once proud footballing nation . Relationship with FIFA . In January 2008 , dissatisfied with the dismal record of Ethiopian football , the General Assembly fired Dr . Ashebir Woldegiorgis , the head of the EFF , who refused to step down . However , the next month both the EFF and the CAF announced that they did not recognize Dr . Ashebirs dismissal . Despite this , the EFF membership refused to allow Dr . Ashebir access to his office . The standoff continued over the following months , which led to the FIFA suspending their membership 29 July 2008 . As a result , the Ethiopia-Morocco match scheduled for 5–7 September was canceled , and Ethiopia kicked out of the qualifying campaign for the 2010 FIFA World Cup in South Africa . This crisis came to an end 16 May 2009 , when Dr . Ashebir announced he would resign . Following elections for a new president 18 July , in which Sahlu Gebrewold Gebremariam became president , a three-man delegation from FIFA said that they were satisfied with the result and handed a FIFA flag to the new president as a token that the EFF had been readmitted to that body . Sahlu afterwards announced his priority as president was to heal the rift in the country over this sport , and to facilitate a renaissance in Ethiopian football . Past Presidents . - Juneidi Basha ( 2013–18 ) - Dr . Ashebir Woldegiorgis - Sahlu Gebrewold Gebremariam Competitions . The EFF also runs other competitions : - Ethiopian Cup - Ethiopian Super Cup
|
[
""
] |
[
{
"text": " The Ethiopian Football Federation ( EFF ) ( Amharic : የኢትዮጵያ እግር ኳስ ፌዴሬሽን ) is the governing body of football in Ethiopia . It organizes all tiers of the national football league and the national team . It was one of the founding members of the Confederation of African Football ( CAF ) .",
"title": "Ethiopian Football Federation"
},
{
"text": " The Ethiopian Football Federation was founded in 1943 and became affiliated with FIFA in 1952 . In 1957 the EFF along with its Egyptian , Sudanese , and South African counterparts founded CAF . In October 2013 , the federation elected Juneidi Basha as its new president to replace Sahilu Gebrewold . Beating out three other candidates , Basha received the majority of votes ( 55 of the 101 votes ) at the Federations General assembly . Juneydi Basha , represented the eastern region of Dire Dawa , was a businessman before becoming football federation president .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "In June 2018 the EFF elected Esayas Jira as President . The 46 year old Jira , who was backed as the candidate from the Oromia region , won 87 of 145 votes by the general assembly which had taken place in Semera , Ethiopia . In April 2021 , the federation announced it had renewed its contract with British sportswear maker Umbro , extending the agreement another four years .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " The EFF was responsible for all regulatory processes of all professional football leagues in Ethiopia including the Ethiopian Premier League , the Ethiopian Higher League ( second tier ) and the Ethiopian First League ( third tier ) . The federation also runs the Ethiopian Womens Premier League along with the second tier of the Womens professional football league .",
"title": "Domestic Competition"
},
{
"text": " In May 2018 , the Ethiopian Premier League was suspended indefinitely after a referee was attacked during a match between Welwalo Adigrat University F.C . and Defense Force S.C . This coming on the heels of a similar incident a month earlier in which spectators swarmed onto a football field during a match between Woldia S.C . and Fasil Kenema F.C. , injuring two match officials and a coach .",
"title": "Mens Football"
},
{
"text": " Womens football has gained more popularity in recent years in Ethiopia with the Ethiopian national team having only made its debut in September 2002 in the 2002 African Championships qualifiers . Soon after this the first professional Womens football league , the Ethiopian Womens Premier League , was established .",
"title": "Womens Football"
},
{
"text": " Ethiopia participated in the inaugural African Cup of Nations in 1957 hosted by Sudan , eventually losing 4-0 in the final to Egypt . In the 1959 edition of the tournament they finished third behind both Sudan and eventual champions Egypt . Ethiopia hosted and won the 1962 edition of the African Cup of Nations beating Egypt in the final 4-2 .",
"title": "Continental Competition"
},
{
"text": "In the qualification for the 2013 Africa Cup of Nations , Ethiopia was able to defeat both Benin and Sudan in home and away fixtures to qualify for the tournament . This was the first time that Ethiopia had qualified for the Africa Cup of Nations in 31 years , a tremendous achievement for the once proud footballing nation .",
"title": "Continental Competition"
},
{
"text": "In January 2008 , dissatisfied with the dismal record of Ethiopian football , the General Assembly fired Dr . Ashebir Woldegiorgis , the head of the EFF , who refused to step down . However , the next month both the EFF and the CAF announced that they did not recognize Dr . Ashebirs dismissal . Despite this , the EFF membership refused to allow Dr . Ashebir access to his office . The standoff continued over the following months , which led to the FIFA suspending their membership 29 July 2008 . As a result , the Ethiopia-Morocco match",
"title": "Relationship with FIFA"
},
{
"text": "scheduled for 5–7 September was canceled , and Ethiopia kicked out of the qualifying campaign for the 2010 FIFA World Cup in South Africa . This crisis came to an end 16 May 2009 , when Dr . Ashebir announced he would resign .",
"title": "Relationship with FIFA"
},
{
"text": " Following elections for a new president 18 July , in which Sahlu Gebrewold Gebremariam became president , a three-man delegation from FIFA said that they were satisfied with the result and handed a FIFA flag to the new president as a token that the EFF had been readmitted to that body . Sahlu afterwards announced his priority as president was to heal the rift in the country over this sport , and to facilitate a renaissance in Ethiopian football .",
"title": "Relationship with FIFA"
},
{
"text": " - Juneidi Basha ( 2013–18 ) - Dr . Ashebir Woldegiorgis - Sahlu Gebrewold Gebremariam",
"title": "Past Presidents"
},
{
"text": " The EFF also runs other competitions : - Ethiopian Cup - Ethiopian Super Cup",
"title": "Competitions"
}
] |
/wiki/Ethiopian_Football_Federation#P463#2
|
Ethiopian Football Federation became a member of what organization or association in 1994?
|
Ethiopian Football Federation The Ethiopian Football Federation ( EFF ) ( Amharic : የኢትዮጵያ እግር ኳስ ፌዴሬሽን ) is the governing body of football in Ethiopia . It organizes all tiers of the national football league and the national team . It was one of the founding members of the Confederation of African Football ( CAF ) . History . The Ethiopian Football Federation was founded in 1943 and became affiliated with FIFA in 1952 . In 1957 the EFF along with its Egyptian , Sudanese , and South African counterparts founded CAF . In October 2013 , the federation elected Juneidi Basha as its new president to replace Sahilu Gebrewold . Beating out three other candidates , Basha received the majority of votes ( 55 of the 101 votes ) at the Federations General assembly . Juneydi Basha , represented the eastern region of Dire Dawa , was a businessman before becoming football federation president . In June 2018 the EFF elected Esayas Jira as President . The 46 year old Jira , who was backed as the candidate from the Oromia region , won 87 of 145 votes by the general assembly which had taken place in Semera , Ethiopia . In April 2021 , the federation announced it had renewed its contract with British sportswear maker Umbro , extending the agreement another four years . Domestic Competition . The EFF was responsible for all regulatory processes of all professional football leagues in Ethiopia including the Ethiopian Premier League , the Ethiopian Higher League ( second tier ) and the Ethiopian First League ( third tier ) . The federation also runs the Ethiopian Womens Premier League along with the second tier of the Womens professional football league . Mens Football . In May 2018 , the Ethiopian Premier League was suspended indefinitely after a referee was attacked during a match between Welwalo Adigrat University F.C . and Defense Force S.C . This coming on the heels of a similar incident a month earlier in which spectators swarmed onto a football field during a match between Woldia S.C . and Fasil Kenema F.C. , injuring two match officials and a coach . Womens Football . Womens football has gained more popularity in recent years in Ethiopia with the Ethiopian national team having only made its debut in September 2002 in the 2002 African Championships qualifiers . Soon after this the first professional Womens football league , the Ethiopian Womens Premier League , was established . Continental Competition . Ethiopia participated in the inaugural African Cup of Nations in 1957 hosted by Sudan , eventually losing 4-0 in the final to Egypt . In the 1959 edition of the tournament they finished third behind both Sudan and eventual champions Egypt . Ethiopia hosted and won the 1962 edition of the African Cup of Nations beating Egypt in the final 4-2 . In the qualification for the 2013 Africa Cup of Nations , Ethiopia was able to defeat both Benin and Sudan in home and away fixtures to qualify for the tournament . This was the first time that Ethiopia had qualified for the Africa Cup of Nations in 31 years , a tremendous achievement for the once proud footballing nation . Relationship with FIFA . In January 2008 , dissatisfied with the dismal record of Ethiopian football , the General Assembly fired Dr . Ashebir Woldegiorgis , the head of the EFF , who refused to step down . However , the next month both the EFF and the CAF announced that they did not recognize Dr . Ashebirs dismissal . Despite this , the EFF membership refused to allow Dr . Ashebir access to his office . The standoff continued over the following months , which led to the FIFA suspending their membership 29 July 2008 . As a result , the Ethiopia-Morocco match scheduled for 5–7 September was canceled , and Ethiopia kicked out of the qualifying campaign for the 2010 FIFA World Cup in South Africa . This crisis came to an end 16 May 2009 , when Dr . Ashebir announced he would resign . Following elections for a new president 18 July , in which Sahlu Gebrewold Gebremariam became president , a three-man delegation from FIFA said that they were satisfied with the result and handed a FIFA flag to the new president as a token that the EFF had been readmitted to that body . Sahlu afterwards announced his priority as president was to heal the rift in the country over this sport , and to facilitate a renaissance in Ethiopian football . Past Presidents . - Juneidi Basha ( 2013–18 ) - Dr . Ashebir Woldegiorgis - Sahlu Gebrewold Gebremariam Competitions . The EFF also runs other competitions : - Ethiopian Cup - Ethiopian Super Cup
|
[
""
] |
[
{
"text": " The Ethiopian Football Federation ( EFF ) ( Amharic : የኢትዮጵያ እግር ኳስ ፌዴሬሽን ) is the governing body of football in Ethiopia . It organizes all tiers of the national football league and the national team . It was one of the founding members of the Confederation of African Football ( CAF ) .",
"title": "Ethiopian Football Federation"
},
{
"text": " The Ethiopian Football Federation was founded in 1943 and became affiliated with FIFA in 1952 . In 1957 the EFF along with its Egyptian , Sudanese , and South African counterparts founded CAF . In October 2013 , the federation elected Juneidi Basha as its new president to replace Sahilu Gebrewold . Beating out three other candidates , Basha received the majority of votes ( 55 of the 101 votes ) at the Federations General assembly . Juneydi Basha , represented the eastern region of Dire Dawa , was a businessman before becoming football federation president .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "In June 2018 the EFF elected Esayas Jira as President . The 46 year old Jira , who was backed as the candidate from the Oromia region , won 87 of 145 votes by the general assembly which had taken place in Semera , Ethiopia . In April 2021 , the federation announced it had renewed its contract with British sportswear maker Umbro , extending the agreement another four years .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " The EFF was responsible for all regulatory processes of all professional football leagues in Ethiopia including the Ethiopian Premier League , the Ethiopian Higher League ( second tier ) and the Ethiopian First League ( third tier ) . The federation also runs the Ethiopian Womens Premier League along with the second tier of the Womens professional football league .",
"title": "Domestic Competition"
},
{
"text": " In May 2018 , the Ethiopian Premier League was suspended indefinitely after a referee was attacked during a match between Welwalo Adigrat University F.C . and Defense Force S.C . This coming on the heels of a similar incident a month earlier in which spectators swarmed onto a football field during a match between Woldia S.C . and Fasil Kenema F.C. , injuring two match officials and a coach .",
"title": "Mens Football"
},
{
"text": " Womens football has gained more popularity in recent years in Ethiopia with the Ethiopian national team having only made its debut in September 2002 in the 2002 African Championships qualifiers . Soon after this the first professional Womens football league , the Ethiopian Womens Premier League , was established .",
"title": "Womens Football"
},
{
"text": " Ethiopia participated in the inaugural African Cup of Nations in 1957 hosted by Sudan , eventually losing 4-0 in the final to Egypt . In the 1959 edition of the tournament they finished third behind both Sudan and eventual champions Egypt . Ethiopia hosted and won the 1962 edition of the African Cup of Nations beating Egypt in the final 4-2 .",
"title": "Continental Competition"
},
{
"text": "In the qualification for the 2013 Africa Cup of Nations , Ethiopia was able to defeat both Benin and Sudan in home and away fixtures to qualify for the tournament . This was the first time that Ethiopia had qualified for the Africa Cup of Nations in 31 years , a tremendous achievement for the once proud footballing nation .",
"title": "Continental Competition"
},
{
"text": "In January 2008 , dissatisfied with the dismal record of Ethiopian football , the General Assembly fired Dr . Ashebir Woldegiorgis , the head of the EFF , who refused to step down . However , the next month both the EFF and the CAF announced that they did not recognize Dr . Ashebirs dismissal . Despite this , the EFF membership refused to allow Dr . Ashebir access to his office . The standoff continued over the following months , which led to the FIFA suspending their membership 29 July 2008 . As a result , the Ethiopia-Morocco match",
"title": "Relationship with FIFA"
},
{
"text": "scheduled for 5–7 September was canceled , and Ethiopia kicked out of the qualifying campaign for the 2010 FIFA World Cup in South Africa . This crisis came to an end 16 May 2009 , when Dr . Ashebir announced he would resign .",
"title": "Relationship with FIFA"
},
{
"text": " Following elections for a new president 18 July , in which Sahlu Gebrewold Gebremariam became president , a three-man delegation from FIFA said that they were satisfied with the result and handed a FIFA flag to the new president as a token that the EFF had been readmitted to that body . Sahlu afterwards announced his priority as president was to heal the rift in the country over this sport , and to facilitate a renaissance in Ethiopian football .",
"title": "Relationship with FIFA"
},
{
"text": " - Juneidi Basha ( 2013–18 ) - Dr . Ashebir Woldegiorgis - Sahlu Gebrewold Gebremariam",
"title": "Past Presidents"
},
{
"text": " The EFF also runs other competitions : - Ethiopian Cup - Ethiopian Super Cup",
"title": "Competitions"
}
] |
/wiki/Brian_Shelley#P54#0
|
Which team did the player Brian Shelley belong to in Jan 1999?
|
Brian Shelley Brian Shelley ( born 15 November 1981 ) is an Irish football player-coach for Waitakere United in New Zealand . He began his career at Shamrock Rovers but moved to rivals Bohemians in 2000 . He made his first team debut for the club as substitute in the UEFA Cup tie against 1 . FC Kaiserslautern in September 2000 . After a short spell with Longford Town , Roddy Collins brought him along with teammate Trevor Molloy to Carlisle United in time for the 2002/03 season . He scored his first and only goal for Carlisle in a 2–1 defeat to Leyton Orient on 28 December 2002 . He returned to Ireland during the 2005 season with Shamrock Rovers , making his debut on 18 March and went on to make 17 total appearances . Having helped Drogheda to the clubs first ever League of Ireland title in November 2007 , he was named PFAI Player of the Year on 18 November 2007 . However , the following season wasnt as successful as Drogheda finished well off the pace in the League and the club went into meltdown due to financial problems . Brian left Drogheda in January 2009 and returned to Dalymount Park for a 2nd spell with Bohemians . He has a made a fine start with the club and his form was rewarded with the Soccer Writers Association Player of the Month for August . During this month , he scored his first goal of the season against Galway United at Dalymount Park . He then added to his collection of medals on 26 September as Bohs beat Waterford United in the final of the League of Ireland Cup . And he wasnt done yet as a great run of form towards the end of the season helped Brian to his third League of Ireland Premier Division winners medal , winning by 4 points from closest rivals Shamrock Rovers . His outstanding performances throughout the season was noted by his fellow professionals when he was voted on to the PFAI Team of the Year . Shelley moved to the Ballarat Red Devils in Australia in the 2010-11 off-season , stringing together some dominating performances for the club in the Victorian State League 2 ( NW ) . Following his successful first season , Shelley signed with the Red Devils for 2 years as Manager of the club , during October 2011 . Shelley led the Ballarat Red Devils to its highest ever finish in the league ( 4th ) in his first season as head coach . Shelley also managed to pick up State 2 league best and fairest during his first season as head coach . Shelley has since made the move to Auckland , New Zealand to progress his coaching career while also continuing to play . Shelley penned a 3-year deal with Waitakere United as player/assistant coach . Brian has also taken on the role of Director of Football at the biggest college in Auckland where over 3000 students attend ( Rangitoto College ) Shelley won the ASB premiership while with Waitakere as well as representing the club in the Oceania Football Champions League . Brian is currently Head of football at Saint Kentigern college in Auckland . Honours . - Bohemians - League of Ireland ( 2 ) : 2000–01 , 2009 - FAI Cup ( 1 ) : 2001 - League of Ireland Cup ( 1 ) : 2009 - Setanta Sports Cup ( 1 ) : 2009–10 - Drogheda United - League of Ireland ( 1 ) : 2007 - Setanta Sports Cup ( 2 ) : 2006 , 2007 - Individual - PFAI Players Player of the Year ( 1 ) : 2007 External links . - Player Profile on Official Drogheda United Website - Shelley lifts PFAI gong - Shelley signs for Bohs - Shelley Player of the Month for August - Brian Shelley appointed as club Manage
|
[
"Shamrock Rovers"
] |
[
{
"text": " Brian Shelley ( born 15 November 1981 ) is an Irish football player-coach for Waitakere United in New Zealand .",
"title": "Brian Shelley"
},
{
"text": "He began his career at Shamrock Rovers but moved to rivals Bohemians in 2000 . He made his first team debut for the club as substitute in the UEFA Cup tie against 1 . FC Kaiserslautern in September 2000 . After a short spell with Longford Town , Roddy Collins brought him along with teammate Trevor Molloy to Carlisle United in time for the 2002/03 season . He scored his first and only goal for Carlisle in a 2–1 defeat to Leyton Orient on 28 December 2002 .",
"title": "Brian Shelley"
},
{
"text": " He returned to Ireland during the 2005 season with Shamrock Rovers , making his debut on 18 March and went on to make 17 total appearances . Having helped Drogheda to the clubs first ever League of Ireland title in November 2007 , he was named PFAI Player of the Year on 18 November 2007 . However , the following season wasnt as successful as Drogheda finished well off the pace in the League and the club went into meltdown due to financial problems .",
"title": "Brian Shelley"
},
{
"text": "Brian left Drogheda in January 2009 and returned to Dalymount Park for a 2nd spell with Bohemians . He has a made a fine start with the club and his form was rewarded with the Soccer Writers Association Player of the Month for August . During this month , he scored his first goal of the season against Galway United at Dalymount Park . He then added to his collection of medals on 26 September as Bohs beat Waterford United in the final of the League of Ireland Cup . And he wasnt done yet as a great run of",
"title": "Brian Shelley"
},
{
"text": "form towards the end of the season helped Brian to his third League of Ireland Premier Division winners medal , winning by 4 points from closest rivals Shamrock Rovers . His outstanding performances throughout the season was noted by his fellow professionals when he was voted on to the PFAI Team of the Year .",
"title": "Brian Shelley"
},
{
"text": " Shelley moved to the Ballarat Red Devils in Australia in the 2010-11 off-season , stringing together some dominating performances for the club in the Victorian State League 2 ( NW ) . Following his successful first season , Shelley signed with the Red Devils for 2 years as Manager of the club , during October 2011 .",
"title": "Brian Shelley"
},
{
"text": "Shelley led the Ballarat Red Devils to its highest ever finish in the league ( 4th ) in his first season as head coach . Shelley also managed to pick up State 2 league best and fairest during his first season as head coach .",
"title": "Brian Shelley"
},
{
"text": " Shelley has since made the move to Auckland , New Zealand to progress his coaching career while also continuing to play . Shelley penned a 3-year deal with Waitakere United as player/assistant coach . Brian has also taken on the role of Director of Football at the biggest college in Auckland where over 3000 students attend ( Rangitoto College ) Shelley won the ASB premiership while with Waitakere as well as representing the club in the Oceania Football Champions League . Brian is currently Head of football at Saint Kentigern college in Auckland .",
"title": "Brian Shelley"
},
{
"text": " - Bohemians - League of Ireland ( 2 ) : 2000–01 , 2009 - FAI Cup ( 1 ) : 2001 - League of Ireland Cup ( 1 ) : 2009 - Setanta Sports Cup ( 1 ) : 2009–10 - Drogheda United - League of Ireland ( 1 ) : 2007 - Setanta Sports Cup ( 2 ) : 2006 , 2007 - Individual - PFAI Players Player of the Year ( 1 ) : 2007",
"title": "Honours"
},
{
"text": " - Player Profile on Official Drogheda United Website - Shelley lifts PFAI gong - Shelley signs for Bohs - Shelley Player of the Month for August - Brian Shelley appointed as club Manage",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Brian_Shelley#P54#1
|
Which team did the player Brian Shelley belong to between Oct 2000 and Mar 2001?
|
Brian Shelley Brian Shelley ( born 15 November 1981 ) is an Irish football player-coach for Waitakere United in New Zealand . He began his career at Shamrock Rovers but moved to rivals Bohemians in 2000 . He made his first team debut for the club as substitute in the UEFA Cup tie against 1 . FC Kaiserslautern in September 2000 . After a short spell with Longford Town , Roddy Collins brought him along with teammate Trevor Molloy to Carlisle United in time for the 2002/03 season . He scored his first and only goal for Carlisle in a 2–1 defeat to Leyton Orient on 28 December 2002 . He returned to Ireland during the 2005 season with Shamrock Rovers , making his debut on 18 March and went on to make 17 total appearances . Having helped Drogheda to the clubs first ever League of Ireland title in November 2007 , he was named PFAI Player of the Year on 18 November 2007 . However , the following season wasnt as successful as Drogheda finished well off the pace in the League and the club went into meltdown due to financial problems . Brian left Drogheda in January 2009 and returned to Dalymount Park for a 2nd spell with Bohemians . He has a made a fine start with the club and his form was rewarded with the Soccer Writers Association Player of the Month for August . During this month , he scored his first goal of the season against Galway United at Dalymount Park . He then added to his collection of medals on 26 September as Bohs beat Waterford United in the final of the League of Ireland Cup . And he wasnt done yet as a great run of form towards the end of the season helped Brian to his third League of Ireland Premier Division winners medal , winning by 4 points from closest rivals Shamrock Rovers . His outstanding performances throughout the season was noted by his fellow professionals when he was voted on to the PFAI Team of the Year . Shelley moved to the Ballarat Red Devils in Australia in the 2010-11 off-season , stringing together some dominating performances for the club in the Victorian State League 2 ( NW ) . Following his successful first season , Shelley signed with the Red Devils for 2 years as Manager of the club , during October 2011 . Shelley led the Ballarat Red Devils to its highest ever finish in the league ( 4th ) in his first season as head coach . Shelley also managed to pick up State 2 league best and fairest during his first season as head coach . Shelley has since made the move to Auckland , New Zealand to progress his coaching career while also continuing to play . Shelley penned a 3-year deal with Waitakere United as player/assistant coach . Brian has also taken on the role of Director of Football at the biggest college in Auckland where over 3000 students attend ( Rangitoto College ) Shelley won the ASB premiership while with Waitakere as well as representing the club in the Oceania Football Champions League . Brian is currently Head of football at Saint Kentigern college in Auckland . Honours . - Bohemians - League of Ireland ( 2 ) : 2000–01 , 2009 - FAI Cup ( 1 ) : 2001 - League of Ireland Cup ( 1 ) : 2009 - Setanta Sports Cup ( 1 ) : 2009–10 - Drogheda United - League of Ireland ( 1 ) : 2007 - Setanta Sports Cup ( 2 ) : 2006 , 2007 - Individual - PFAI Players Player of the Year ( 1 ) : 2007 External links . - Player Profile on Official Drogheda United Website - Shelley lifts PFAI gong - Shelley signs for Bohs - Shelley Player of the Month for August - Brian Shelley appointed as club Manage
|
[
"Bohemians"
] |
[
{
"text": " Brian Shelley ( born 15 November 1981 ) is an Irish football player-coach for Waitakere United in New Zealand .",
"title": "Brian Shelley"
},
{
"text": "He began his career at Shamrock Rovers but moved to rivals Bohemians in 2000 . He made his first team debut for the club as substitute in the UEFA Cup tie against 1 . FC Kaiserslautern in September 2000 . After a short spell with Longford Town , Roddy Collins brought him along with teammate Trevor Molloy to Carlisle United in time for the 2002/03 season . He scored his first and only goal for Carlisle in a 2–1 defeat to Leyton Orient on 28 December 2002 .",
"title": "Brian Shelley"
},
{
"text": " He returned to Ireland during the 2005 season with Shamrock Rovers , making his debut on 18 March and went on to make 17 total appearances . Having helped Drogheda to the clubs first ever League of Ireland title in November 2007 , he was named PFAI Player of the Year on 18 November 2007 . However , the following season wasnt as successful as Drogheda finished well off the pace in the League and the club went into meltdown due to financial problems .",
"title": "Brian Shelley"
},
{
"text": "Brian left Drogheda in January 2009 and returned to Dalymount Park for a 2nd spell with Bohemians . He has a made a fine start with the club and his form was rewarded with the Soccer Writers Association Player of the Month for August . During this month , he scored his first goal of the season against Galway United at Dalymount Park . He then added to his collection of medals on 26 September as Bohs beat Waterford United in the final of the League of Ireland Cup . And he wasnt done yet as a great run of",
"title": "Brian Shelley"
},
{
"text": "form towards the end of the season helped Brian to his third League of Ireland Premier Division winners medal , winning by 4 points from closest rivals Shamrock Rovers . His outstanding performances throughout the season was noted by his fellow professionals when he was voted on to the PFAI Team of the Year .",
"title": "Brian Shelley"
},
{
"text": " Shelley moved to the Ballarat Red Devils in Australia in the 2010-11 off-season , stringing together some dominating performances for the club in the Victorian State League 2 ( NW ) . Following his successful first season , Shelley signed with the Red Devils for 2 years as Manager of the club , during October 2011 .",
"title": "Brian Shelley"
},
{
"text": "Shelley led the Ballarat Red Devils to its highest ever finish in the league ( 4th ) in his first season as head coach . Shelley also managed to pick up State 2 league best and fairest during his first season as head coach .",
"title": "Brian Shelley"
},
{
"text": " Shelley has since made the move to Auckland , New Zealand to progress his coaching career while also continuing to play . Shelley penned a 3-year deal with Waitakere United as player/assistant coach . Brian has also taken on the role of Director of Football at the biggest college in Auckland where over 3000 students attend ( Rangitoto College ) Shelley won the ASB premiership while with Waitakere as well as representing the club in the Oceania Football Champions League . Brian is currently Head of football at Saint Kentigern college in Auckland .",
"title": "Brian Shelley"
},
{
"text": " - Bohemians - League of Ireland ( 2 ) : 2000–01 , 2009 - FAI Cup ( 1 ) : 2001 - League of Ireland Cup ( 1 ) : 2009 - Setanta Sports Cup ( 1 ) : 2009–10 - Drogheda United - League of Ireland ( 1 ) : 2007 - Setanta Sports Cup ( 2 ) : 2006 , 2007 - Individual - PFAI Players Player of the Year ( 1 ) : 2007",
"title": "Honours"
},
{
"text": " - Player Profile on Official Drogheda United Website - Shelley lifts PFAI gong - Shelley signs for Bohs - Shelley Player of the Month for August - Brian Shelley appointed as club Manage",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Brian_Shelley#P54#2
|
Which team did the player Brian Shelley belong to between Apr 2003 and Apr 2004?
|
Brian Shelley Brian Shelley ( born 15 November 1981 ) is an Irish football player-coach for Waitakere United in New Zealand . He began his career at Shamrock Rovers but moved to rivals Bohemians in 2000 . He made his first team debut for the club as substitute in the UEFA Cup tie against 1 . FC Kaiserslautern in September 2000 . After a short spell with Longford Town , Roddy Collins brought him along with teammate Trevor Molloy to Carlisle United in time for the 2002/03 season . He scored his first and only goal for Carlisle in a 2–1 defeat to Leyton Orient on 28 December 2002 . He returned to Ireland during the 2005 season with Shamrock Rovers , making his debut on 18 March and went on to make 17 total appearances . Having helped Drogheda to the clubs first ever League of Ireland title in November 2007 , he was named PFAI Player of the Year on 18 November 2007 . However , the following season wasnt as successful as Drogheda finished well off the pace in the League and the club went into meltdown due to financial problems . Brian left Drogheda in January 2009 and returned to Dalymount Park for a 2nd spell with Bohemians . He has a made a fine start with the club and his form was rewarded with the Soccer Writers Association Player of the Month for August . During this month , he scored his first goal of the season against Galway United at Dalymount Park . He then added to his collection of medals on 26 September as Bohs beat Waterford United in the final of the League of Ireland Cup . And he wasnt done yet as a great run of form towards the end of the season helped Brian to his third League of Ireland Premier Division winners medal , winning by 4 points from closest rivals Shamrock Rovers . His outstanding performances throughout the season was noted by his fellow professionals when he was voted on to the PFAI Team of the Year . Shelley moved to the Ballarat Red Devils in Australia in the 2010-11 off-season , stringing together some dominating performances for the club in the Victorian State League 2 ( NW ) . Following his successful first season , Shelley signed with the Red Devils for 2 years as Manager of the club , during October 2011 . Shelley led the Ballarat Red Devils to its highest ever finish in the league ( 4th ) in his first season as head coach . Shelley also managed to pick up State 2 league best and fairest during his first season as head coach . Shelley has since made the move to Auckland , New Zealand to progress his coaching career while also continuing to play . Shelley penned a 3-year deal with Waitakere United as player/assistant coach . Brian has also taken on the role of Director of Football at the biggest college in Auckland where over 3000 students attend ( Rangitoto College ) Shelley won the ASB premiership while with Waitakere as well as representing the club in the Oceania Football Champions League . Brian is currently Head of football at Saint Kentigern college in Auckland . Honours . - Bohemians - League of Ireland ( 2 ) : 2000–01 , 2009 - FAI Cup ( 1 ) : 2001 - League of Ireland Cup ( 1 ) : 2009 - Setanta Sports Cup ( 1 ) : 2009–10 - Drogheda United - League of Ireland ( 1 ) : 2007 - Setanta Sports Cup ( 2 ) : 2006 , 2007 - Individual - PFAI Players Player of the Year ( 1 ) : 2007 External links . - Player Profile on Official Drogheda United Website - Shelley lifts PFAI gong - Shelley signs for Bohs - Shelley Player of the Month for August - Brian Shelley appointed as club Manage
|
[
"Carlisle United"
] |
[
{
"text": " Brian Shelley ( born 15 November 1981 ) is an Irish football player-coach for Waitakere United in New Zealand .",
"title": "Brian Shelley"
},
{
"text": "He began his career at Shamrock Rovers but moved to rivals Bohemians in 2000 . He made his first team debut for the club as substitute in the UEFA Cup tie against 1 . FC Kaiserslautern in September 2000 . After a short spell with Longford Town , Roddy Collins brought him along with teammate Trevor Molloy to Carlisle United in time for the 2002/03 season . He scored his first and only goal for Carlisle in a 2–1 defeat to Leyton Orient on 28 December 2002 .",
"title": "Brian Shelley"
},
{
"text": " He returned to Ireland during the 2005 season with Shamrock Rovers , making his debut on 18 March and went on to make 17 total appearances . Having helped Drogheda to the clubs first ever League of Ireland title in November 2007 , he was named PFAI Player of the Year on 18 November 2007 . However , the following season wasnt as successful as Drogheda finished well off the pace in the League and the club went into meltdown due to financial problems .",
"title": "Brian Shelley"
},
{
"text": "Brian left Drogheda in January 2009 and returned to Dalymount Park for a 2nd spell with Bohemians . He has a made a fine start with the club and his form was rewarded with the Soccer Writers Association Player of the Month for August . During this month , he scored his first goal of the season against Galway United at Dalymount Park . He then added to his collection of medals on 26 September as Bohs beat Waterford United in the final of the League of Ireland Cup . And he wasnt done yet as a great run of",
"title": "Brian Shelley"
},
{
"text": "form towards the end of the season helped Brian to his third League of Ireland Premier Division winners medal , winning by 4 points from closest rivals Shamrock Rovers . His outstanding performances throughout the season was noted by his fellow professionals when he was voted on to the PFAI Team of the Year .",
"title": "Brian Shelley"
},
{
"text": " Shelley moved to the Ballarat Red Devils in Australia in the 2010-11 off-season , stringing together some dominating performances for the club in the Victorian State League 2 ( NW ) . Following his successful first season , Shelley signed with the Red Devils for 2 years as Manager of the club , during October 2011 .",
"title": "Brian Shelley"
},
{
"text": "Shelley led the Ballarat Red Devils to its highest ever finish in the league ( 4th ) in his first season as head coach . Shelley also managed to pick up State 2 league best and fairest during his first season as head coach .",
"title": "Brian Shelley"
},
{
"text": " Shelley has since made the move to Auckland , New Zealand to progress his coaching career while also continuing to play . Shelley penned a 3-year deal with Waitakere United as player/assistant coach . Brian has also taken on the role of Director of Football at the biggest college in Auckland where over 3000 students attend ( Rangitoto College ) Shelley won the ASB premiership while with Waitakere as well as representing the club in the Oceania Football Champions League . Brian is currently Head of football at Saint Kentigern college in Auckland .",
"title": "Brian Shelley"
},
{
"text": " - Bohemians - League of Ireland ( 2 ) : 2000–01 , 2009 - FAI Cup ( 1 ) : 2001 - League of Ireland Cup ( 1 ) : 2009 - Setanta Sports Cup ( 1 ) : 2009–10 - Drogheda United - League of Ireland ( 1 ) : 2007 - Setanta Sports Cup ( 2 ) : 2006 , 2007 - Individual - PFAI Players Player of the Year ( 1 ) : 2007",
"title": "Honours"
},
{
"text": " - Player Profile on Official Drogheda United Website - Shelley lifts PFAI gong - Shelley signs for Bohs - Shelley Player of the Month for August - Brian Shelley appointed as club Manage",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Brian_Shelley#P54#3
|
Which team did the player Brian Shelley belong to between Dec 2007 and May 2008?
|
Brian Shelley Brian Shelley ( born 15 November 1981 ) is an Irish football player-coach for Waitakere United in New Zealand . He began his career at Shamrock Rovers but moved to rivals Bohemians in 2000 . He made his first team debut for the club as substitute in the UEFA Cup tie against 1 . FC Kaiserslautern in September 2000 . After a short spell with Longford Town , Roddy Collins brought him along with teammate Trevor Molloy to Carlisle United in time for the 2002/03 season . He scored his first and only goal for Carlisle in a 2–1 defeat to Leyton Orient on 28 December 2002 . He returned to Ireland during the 2005 season with Shamrock Rovers , making his debut on 18 March and went on to make 17 total appearances . Having helped Drogheda to the clubs first ever League of Ireland title in November 2007 , he was named PFAI Player of the Year on 18 November 2007 . However , the following season wasnt as successful as Drogheda finished well off the pace in the League and the club went into meltdown due to financial problems . Brian left Drogheda in January 2009 and returned to Dalymount Park for a 2nd spell with Bohemians . He has a made a fine start with the club and his form was rewarded with the Soccer Writers Association Player of the Month for August . During this month , he scored his first goal of the season against Galway United at Dalymount Park . He then added to his collection of medals on 26 September as Bohs beat Waterford United in the final of the League of Ireland Cup . And he wasnt done yet as a great run of form towards the end of the season helped Brian to his third League of Ireland Premier Division winners medal , winning by 4 points from closest rivals Shamrock Rovers . His outstanding performances throughout the season was noted by his fellow professionals when he was voted on to the PFAI Team of the Year . Shelley moved to the Ballarat Red Devils in Australia in the 2010-11 off-season , stringing together some dominating performances for the club in the Victorian State League 2 ( NW ) . Following his successful first season , Shelley signed with the Red Devils for 2 years as Manager of the club , during October 2011 . Shelley led the Ballarat Red Devils to its highest ever finish in the league ( 4th ) in his first season as head coach . Shelley also managed to pick up State 2 league best and fairest during his first season as head coach . Shelley has since made the move to Auckland , New Zealand to progress his coaching career while also continuing to play . Shelley penned a 3-year deal with Waitakere United as player/assistant coach . Brian has also taken on the role of Director of Football at the biggest college in Auckland where over 3000 students attend ( Rangitoto College ) Shelley won the ASB premiership while with Waitakere as well as representing the club in the Oceania Football Champions League . Brian is currently Head of football at Saint Kentigern college in Auckland . Honours . - Bohemians - League of Ireland ( 2 ) : 2000–01 , 2009 - FAI Cup ( 1 ) : 2001 - League of Ireland Cup ( 1 ) : 2009 - Setanta Sports Cup ( 1 ) : 2009–10 - Drogheda United - League of Ireland ( 1 ) : 2007 - Setanta Sports Cup ( 2 ) : 2006 , 2007 - Individual - PFAI Players Player of the Year ( 1 ) : 2007 External links . - Player Profile on Official Drogheda United Website - Shelley lifts PFAI gong - Shelley signs for Bohs - Shelley Player of the Month for August - Brian Shelley appointed as club Manage
|
[
"Drogheda United"
] |
[
{
"text": " Brian Shelley ( born 15 November 1981 ) is an Irish football player-coach for Waitakere United in New Zealand .",
"title": "Brian Shelley"
},
{
"text": "He began his career at Shamrock Rovers but moved to rivals Bohemians in 2000 . He made his first team debut for the club as substitute in the UEFA Cup tie against 1 . FC Kaiserslautern in September 2000 . After a short spell with Longford Town , Roddy Collins brought him along with teammate Trevor Molloy to Carlisle United in time for the 2002/03 season . He scored his first and only goal for Carlisle in a 2–1 defeat to Leyton Orient on 28 December 2002 .",
"title": "Brian Shelley"
},
{
"text": " He returned to Ireland during the 2005 season with Shamrock Rovers , making his debut on 18 March and went on to make 17 total appearances . Having helped Drogheda to the clubs first ever League of Ireland title in November 2007 , he was named PFAI Player of the Year on 18 November 2007 . However , the following season wasnt as successful as Drogheda finished well off the pace in the League and the club went into meltdown due to financial problems .",
"title": "Brian Shelley"
},
{
"text": "Brian left Drogheda in January 2009 and returned to Dalymount Park for a 2nd spell with Bohemians . He has a made a fine start with the club and his form was rewarded with the Soccer Writers Association Player of the Month for August . During this month , he scored his first goal of the season against Galway United at Dalymount Park . He then added to his collection of medals on 26 September as Bohs beat Waterford United in the final of the League of Ireland Cup . And he wasnt done yet as a great run of",
"title": "Brian Shelley"
},
{
"text": "form towards the end of the season helped Brian to his third League of Ireland Premier Division winners medal , winning by 4 points from closest rivals Shamrock Rovers . His outstanding performances throughout the season was noted by his fellow professionals when he was voted on to the PFAI Team of the Year .",
"title": "Brian Shelley"
},
{
"text": " Shelley moved to the Ballarat Red Devils in Australia in the 2010-11 off-season , stringing together some dominating performances for the club in the Victorian State League 2 ( NW ) . Following his successful first season , Shelley signed with the Red Devils for 2 years as Manager of the club , during October 2011 .",
"title": "Brian Shelley"
},
{
"text": "Shelley led the Ballarat Red Devils to its highest ever finish in the league ( 4th ) in his first season as head coach . Shelley also managed to pick up State 2 league best and fairest during his first season as head coach .",
"title": "Brian Shelley"
},
{
"text": " Shelley has since made the move to Auckland , New Zealand to progress his coaching career while also continuing to play . Shelley penned a 3-year deal with Waitakere United as player/assistant coach . Brian has also taken on the role of Director of Football at the biggest college in Auckland where over 3000 students attend ( Rangitoto College ) Shelley won the ASB premiership while with Waitakere as well as representing the club in the Oceania Football Champions League . Brian is currently Head of football at Saint Kentigern college in Auckland .",
"title": "Brian Shelley"
},
{
"text": " - Bohemians - League of Ireland ( 2 ) : 2000–01 , 2009 - FAI Cup ( 1 ) : 2001 - League of Ireland Cup ( 1 ) : 2009 - Setanta Sports Cup ( 1 ) : 2009–10 - Drogheda United - League of Ireland ( 1 ) : 2007 - Setanta Sports Cup ( 2 ) : 2006 , 2007 - Individual - PFAI Players Player of the Year ( 1 ) : 2007",
"title": "Honours"
},
{
"text": " - Player Profile on Official Drogheda United Website - Shelley lifts PFAI gong - Shelley signs for Bohs - Shelley Player of the Month for August - Brian Shelley appointed as club Manage",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Brian_Shelley#P54#4
|
Which team did the player Brian Shelley belong to between Jun 2009 and Jul 2009?
|
Brian Shelley Brian Shelley ( born 15 November 1981 ) is an Irish football player-coach for Waitakere United in New Zealand . He began his career at Shamrock Rovers but moved to rivals Bohemians in 2000 . He made his first team debut for the club as substitute in the UEFA Cup tie against 1 . FC Kaiserslautern in September 2000 . After a short spell with Longford Town , Roddy Collins brought him along with teammate Trevor Molloy to Carlisle United in time for the 2002/03 season . He scored his first and only goal for Carlisle in a 2–1 defeat to Leyton Orient on 28 December 2002 . He returned to Ireland during the 2005 season with Shamrock Rovers , making his debut on 18 March and went on to make 17 total appearances . Having helped Drogheda to the clubs first ever League of Ireland title in November 2007 , he was named PFAI Player of the Year on 18 November 2007 . However , the following season wasnt as successful as Drogheda finished well off the pace in the League and the club went into meltdown due to financial problems . Brian left Drogheda in January 2009 and returned to Dalymount Park for a 2nd spell with Bohemians . He has a made a fine start with the club and his form was rewarded with the Soccer Writers Association Player of the Month for August . During this month , he scored his first goal of the season against Galway United at Dalymount Park . He then added to his collection of medals on 26 September as Bohs beat Waterford United in the final of the League of Ireland Cup . And he wasnt done yet as a great run of form towards the end of the season helped Brian to his third League of Ireland Premier Division winners medal , winning by 4 points from closest rivals Shamrock Rovers . His outstanding performances throughout the season was noted by his fellow professionals when he was voted on to the PFAI Team of the Year . Shelley moved to the Ballarat Red Devils in Australia in the 2010-11 off-season , stringing together some dominating performances for the club in the Victorian State League 2 ( NW ) . Following his successful first season , Shelley signed with the Red Devils for 2 years as Manager of the club , during October 2011 . Shelley led the Ballarat Red Devils to its highest ever finish in the league ( 4th ) in his first season as head coach . Shelley also managed to pick up State 2 league best and fairest during his first season as head coach . Shelley has since made the move to Auckland , New Zealand to progress his coaching career while also continuing to play . Shelley penned a 3-year deal with Waitakere United as player/assistant coach . Brian has also taken on the role of Director of Football at the biggest college in Auckland where over 3000 students attend ( Rangitoto College ) Shelley won the ASB premiership while with Waitakere as well as representing the club in the Oceania Football Champions League . Brian is currently Head of football at Saint Kentigern college in Auckland . Honours . - Bohemians - League of Ireland ( 2 ) : 2000–01 , 2009 - FAI Cup ( 1 ) : 2001 - League of Ireland Cup ( 1 ) : 2009 - Setanta Sports Cup ( 1 ) : 2009–10 - Drogheda United - League of Ireland ( 1 ) : 2007 - Setanta Sports Cup ( 2 ) : 2006 , 2007 - Individual - PFAI Players Player of the Year ( 1 ) : 2007 External links . - Player Profile on Official Drogheda United Website - Shelley lifts PFAI gong - Shelley signs for Bohs - Shelley Player of the Month for August - Brian Shelley appointed as club Manage
|
[
"Bohemians"
] |
[
{
"text": " Brian Shelley ( born 15 November 1981 ) is an Irish football player-coach for Waitakere United in New Zealand .",
"title": "Brian Shelley"
},
{
"text": "He began his career at Shamrock Rovers but moved to rivals Bohemians in 2000 . He made his first team debut for the club as substitute in the UEFA Cup tie against 1 . FC Kaiserslautern in September 2000 . After a short spell with Longford Town , Roddy Collins brought him along with teammate Trevor Molloy to Carlisle United in time for the 2002/03 season . He scored his first and only goal for Carlisle in a 2–1 defeat to Leyton Orient on 28 December 2002 .",
"title": "Brian Shelley"
},
{
"text": " He returned to Ireland during the 2005 season with Shamrock Rovers , making his debut on 18 March and went on to make 17 total appearances . Having helped Drogheda to the clubs first ever League of Ireland title in November 2007 , he was named PFAI Player of the Year on 18 November 2007 . However , the following season wasnt as successful as Drogheda finished well off the pace in the League and the club went into meltdown due to financial problems .",
"title": "Brian Shelley"
},
{
"text": "Brian left Drogheda in January 2009 and returned to Dalymount Park for a 2nd spell with Bohemians . He has a made a fine start with the club and his form was rewarded with the Soccer Writers Association Player of the Month for August . During this month , he scored his first goal of the season against Galway United at Dalymount Park . He then added to his collection of medals on 26 September as Bohs beat Waterford United in the final of the League of Ireland Cup . And he wasnt done yet as a great run of",
"title": "Brian Shelley"
},
{
"text": "form towards the end of the season helped Brian to his third League of Ireland Premier Division winners medal , winning by 4 points from closest rivals Shamrock Rovers . His outstanding performances throughout the season was noted by his fellow professionals when he was voted on to the PFAI Team of the Year .",
"title": "Brian Shelley"
},
{
"text": " Shelley moved to the Ballarat Red Devils in Australia in the 2010-11 off-season , stringing together some dominating performances for the club in the Victorian State League 2 ( NW ) . Following his successful first season , Shelley signed with the Red Devils for 2 years as Manager of the club , during October 2011 .",
"title": "Brian Shelley"
},
{
"text": "Shelley led the Ballarat Red Devils to its highest ever finish in the league ( 4th ) in his first season as head coach . Shelley also managed to pick up State 2 league best and fairest during his first season as head coach .",
"title": "Brian Shelley"
},
{
"text": " Shelley has since made the move to Auckland , New Zealand to progress his coaching career while also continuing to play . Shelley penned a 3-year deal with Waitakere United as player/assistant coach . Brian has also taken on the role of Director of Football at the biggest college in Auckland where over 3000 students attend ( Rangitoto College ) Shelley won the ASB premiership while with Waitakere as well as representing the club in the Oceania Football Champions League . Brian is currently Head of football at Saint Kentigern college in Auckland .",
"title": "Brian Shelley"
},
{
"text": " - Bohemians - League of Ireland ( 2 ) : 2000–01 , 2009 - FAI Cup ( 1 ) : 2001 - League of Ireland Cup ( 1 ) : 2009 - Setanta Sports Cup ( 1 ) : 2009–10 - Drogheda United - League of Ireland ( 1 ) : 2007 - Setanta Sports Cup ( 2 ) : 2006 , 2007 - Individual - PFAI Players Player of the Year ( 1 ) : 2007",
"title": "Honours"
},
{
"text": " - Player Profile on Official Drogheda United Website - Shelley lifts PFAI gong - Shelley signs for Bohs - Shelley Player of the Month for August - Brian Shelley appointed as club Manage",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Brian_Shelley#P54#5
|
Which team did the player Brian Shelley belong to in Dec 2011?
|
Brian Shelley Brian Shelley ( born 15 November 1981 ) is an Irish football player-coach for Waitakere United in New Zealand . He began his career at Shamrock Rovers but moved to rivals Bohemians in 2000 . He made his first team debut for the club as substitute in the UEFA Cup tie against 1 . FC Kaiserslautern in September 2000 . After a short spell with Longford Town , Roddy Collins brought him along with teammate Trevor Molloy to Carlisle United in time for the 2002/03 season . He scored his first and only goal for Carlisle in a 2–1 defeat to Leyton Orient on 28 December 2002 . He returned to Ireland during the 2005 season with Shamrock Rovers , making his debut on 18 March and went on to make 17 total appearances . Having helped Drogheda to the clubs first ever League of Ireland title in November 2007 , he was named PFAI Player of the Year on 18 November 2007 . However , the following season wasnt as successful as Drogheda finished well off the pace in the League and the club went into meltdown due to financial problems . Brian left Drogheda in January 2009 and returned to Dalymount Park for a 2nd spell with Bohemians . He has a made a fine start with the club and his form was rewarded with the Soccer Writers Association Player of the Month for August . During this month , he scored his first goal of the season against Galway United at Dalymount Park . He then added to his collection of medals on 26 September as Bohs beat Waterford United in the final of the League of Ireland Cup . And he wasnt done yet as a great run of form towards the end of the season helped Brian to his third League of Ireland Premier Division winners medal , winning by 4 points from closest rivals Shamrock Rovers . His outstanding performances throughout the season was noted by his fellow professionals when he was voted on to the PFAI Team of the Year . Shelley moved to the Ballarat Red Devils in Australia in the 2010-11 off-season , stringing together some dominating performances for the club in the Victorian State League 2 ( NW ) . Following his successful first season , Shelley signed with the Red Devils for 2 years as Manager of the club , during October 2011 . Shelley led the Ballarat Red Devils to its highest ever finish in the league ( 4th ) in his first season as head coach . Shelley also managed to pick up State 2 league best and fairest during his first season as head coach . Shelley has since made the move to Auckland , New Zealand to progress his coaching career while also continuing to play . Shelley penned a 3-year deal with Waitakere United as player/assistant coach . Brian has also taken on the role of Director of Football at the biggest college in Auckland where over 3000 students attend ( Rangitoto College ) Shelley won the ASB premiership while with Waitakere as well as representing the club in the Oceania Football Champions League . Brian is currently Head of football at Saint Kentigern college in Auckland . Honours . - Bohemians - League of Ireland ( 2 ) : 2000–01 , 2009 - FAI Cup ( 1 ) : 2001 - League of Ireland Cup ( 1 ) : 2009 - Setanta Sports Cup ( 1 ) : 2009–10 - Drogheda United - League of Ireland ( 1 ) : 2007 - Setanta Sports Cup ( 2 ) : 2006 , 2007 - Individual - PFAI Players Player of the Year ( 1 ) : 2007 External links . - Player Profile on Official Drogheda United Website - Shelley lifts PFAI gong - Shelley signs for Bohs - Shelley Player of the Month for August - Brian Shelley appointed as club Manage
|
[
"Ballarat Red Devils"
] |
[
{
"text": " Brian Shelley ( born 15 November 1981 ) is an Irish football player-coach for Waitakere United in New Zealand .",
"title": "Brian Shelley"
},
{
"text": "He began his career at Shamrock Rovers but moved to rivals Bohemians in 2000 . He made his first team debut for the club as substitute in the UEFA Cup tie against 1 . FC Kaiserslautern in September 2000 . After a short spell with Longford Town , Roddy Collins brought him along with teammate Trevor Molloy to Carlisle United in time for the 2002/03 season . He scored his first and only goal for Carlisle in a 2–1 defeat to Leyton Orient on 28 December 2002 .",
"title": "Brian Shelley"
},
{
"text": " He returned to Ireland during the 2005 season with Shamrock Rovers , making his debut on 18 March and went on to make 17 total appearances . Having helped Drogheda to the clubs first ever League of Ireland title in November 2007 , he was named PFAI Player of the Year on 18 November 2007 . However , the following season wasnt as successful as Drogheda finished well off the pace in the League and the club went into meltdown due to financial problems .",
"title": "Brian Shelley"
},
{
"text": "Brian left Drogheda in January 2009 and returned to Dalymount Park for a 2nd spell with Bohemians . He has a made a fine start with the club and his form was rewarded with the Soccer Writers Association Player of the Month for August . During this month , he scored his first goal of the season against Galway United at Dalymount Park . He then added to his collection of medals on 26 September as Bohs beat Waterford United in the final of the League of Ireland Cup . And he wasnt done yet as a great run of",
"title": "Brian Shelley"
},
{
"text": "form towards the end of the season helped Brian to his third League of Ireland Premier Division winners medal , winning by 4 points from closest rivals Shamrock Rovers . His outstanding performances throughout the season was noted by his fellow professionals when he was voted on to the PFAI Team of the Year .",
"title": "Brian Shelley"
},
{
"text": " Shelley moved to the Ballarat Red Devils in Australia in the 2010-11 off-season , stringing together some dominating performances for the club in the Victorian State League 2 ( NW ) . Following his successful first season , Shelley signed with the Red Devils for 2 years as Manager of the club , during October 2011 .",
"title": "Brian Shelley"
},
{
"text": "Shelley led the Ballarat Red Devils to its highest ever finish in the league ( 4th ) in his first season as head coach . Shelley also managed to pick up State 2 league best and fairest during his first season as head coach .",
"title": "Brian Shelley"
},
{
"text": " Shelley has since made the move to Auckland , New Zealand to progress his coaching career while also continuing to play . Shelley penned a 3-year deal with Waitakere United as player/assistant coach . Brian has also taken on the role of Director of Football at the biggest college in Auckland where over 3000 students attend ( Rangitoto College ) Shelley won the ASB premiership while with Waitakere as well as representing the club in the Oceania Football Champions League . Brian is currently Head of football at Saint Kentigern college in Auckland .",
"title": "Brian Shelley"
},
{
"text": " - Bohemians - League of Ireland ( 2 ) : 2000–01 , 2009 - FAI Cup ( 1 ) : 2001 - League of Ireland Cup ( 1 ) : 2009 - Setanta Sports Cup ( 1 ) : 2009–10 - Drogheda United - League of Ireland ( 1 ) : 2007 - Setanta Sports Cup ( 2 ) : 2006 , 2007 - Individual - PFAI Players Player of the Year ( 1 ) : 2007",
"title": "Honours"
},
{
"text": " - Player Profile on Official Drogheda United Website - Shelley lifts PFAI gong - Shelley signs for Bohs - Shelley Player of the Month for August - Brian Shelley appointed as club Manage",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Brian_Shelley#P54#6
|
Which team did the player Brian Shelley belong to in Mar 2013?
|
Brian Shelley Brian Shelley ( born 15 November 1981 ) is an Irish football player-coach for Waitakere United in New Zealand . He began his career at Shamrock Rovers but moved to rivals Bohemians in 2000 . He made his first team debut for the club as substitute in the UEFA Cup tie against 1 . FC Kaiserslautern in September 2000 . After a short spell with Longford Town , Roddy Collins brought him along with teammate Trevor Molloy to Carlisle United in time for the 2002/03 season . He scored his first and only goal for Carlisle in a 2–1 defeat to Leyton Orient on 28 December 2002 . He returned to Ireland during the 2005 season with Shamrock Rovers , making his debut on 18 March and went on to make 17 total appearances . Having helped Drogheda to the clubs first ever League of Ireland title in November 2007 , he was named PFAI Player of the Year on 18 November 2007 . However , the following season wasnt as successful as Drogheda finished well off the pace in the League and the club went into meltdown due to financial problems . Brian left Drogheda in January 2009 and returned to Dalymount Park for a 2nd spell with Bohemians . He has a made a fine start with the club and his form was rewarded with the Soccer Writers Association Player of the Month for August . During this month , he scored his first goal of the season against Galway United at Dalymount Park . He then added to his collection of medals on 26 September as Bohs beat Waterford United in the final of the League of Ireland Cup . And he wasnt done yet as a great run of form towards the end of the season helped Brian to his third League of Ireland Premier Division winners medal , winning by 4 points from closest rivals Shamrock Rovers . His outstanding performances throughout the season was noted by his fellow professionals when he was voted on to the PFAI Team of the Year . Shelley moved to the Ballarat Red Devils in Australia in the 2010-11 off-season , stringing together some dominating performances for the club in the Victorian State League 2 ( NW ) . Following his successful first season , Shelley signed with the Red Devils for 2 years as Manager of the club , during October 2011 . Shelley led the Ballarat Red Devils to its highest ever finish in the league ( 4th ) in his first season as head coach . Shelley also managed to pick up State 2 league best and fairest during his first season as head coach . Shelley has since made the move to Auckland , New Zealand to progress his coaching career while also continuing to play . Shelley penned a 3-year deal with Waitakere United as player/assistant coach . Brian has also taken on the role of Director of Football at the biggest college in Auckland where over 3000 students attend ( Rangitoto College ) Shelley won the ASB premiership while with Waitakere as well as representing the club in the Oceania Football Champions League . Brian is currently Head of football at Saint Kentigern college in Auckland . Honours . - Bohemians - League of Ireland ( 2 ) : 2000–01 , 2009 - FAI Cup ( 1 ) : 2001 - League of Ireland Cup ( 1 ) : 2009 - Setanta Sports Cup ( 1 ) : 2009–10 - Drogheda United - League of Ireland ( 1 ) : 2007 - Setanta Sports Cup ( 2 ) : 2006 , 2007 - Individual - PFAI Players Player of the Year ( 1 ) : 2007 External links . - Player Profile on Official Drogheda United Website - Shelley lifts PFAI gong - Shelley signs for Bohs - Shelley Player of the Month for August - Brian Shelley appointed as club Manage
|
[
"Waitakere United"
] |
[
{
"text": " Brian Shelley ( born 15 November 1981 ) is an Irish football player-coach for Waitakere United in New Zealand .",
"title": "Brian Shelley"
},
{
"text": "He began his career at Shamrock Rovers but moved to rivals Bohemians in 2000 . He made his first team debut for the club as substitute in the UEFA Cup tie against 1 . FC Kaiserslautern in September 2000 . After a short spell with Longford Town , Roddy Collins brought him along with teammate Trevor Molloy to Carlisle United in time for the 2002/03 season . He scored his first and only goal for Carlisle in a 2–1 defeat to Leyton Orient on 28 December 2002 .",
"title": "Brian Shelley"
},
{
"text": " He returned to Ireland during the 2005 season with Shamrock Rovers , making his debut on 18 March and went on to make 17 total appearances . Having helped Drogheda to the clubs first ever League of Ireland title in November 2007 , he was named PFAI Player of the Year on 18 November 2007 . However , the following season wasnt as successful as Drogheda finished well off the pace in the League and the club went into meltdown due to financial problems .",
"title": "Brian Shelley"
},
{
"text": "Brian left Drogheda in January 2009 and returned to Dalymount Park for a 2nd spell with Bohemians . He has a made a fine start with the club and his form was rewarded with the Soccer Writers Association Player of the Month for August . During this month , he scored his first goal of the season against Galway United at Dalymount Park . He then added to his collection of medals on 26 September as Bohs beat Waterford United in the final of the League of Ireland Cup . And he wasnt done yet as a great run of",
"title": "Brian Shelley"
},
{
"text": "form towards the end of the season helped Brian to his third League of Ireland Premier Division winners medal , winning by 4 points from closest rivals Shamrock Rovers . His outstanding performances throughout the season was noted by his fellow professionals when he was voted on to the PFAI Team of the Year .",
"title": "Brian Shelley"
},
{
"text": " Shelley moved to the Ballarat Red Devils in Australia in the 2010-11 off-season , stringing together some dominating performances for the club in the Victorian State League 2 ( NW ) . Following his successful first season , Shelley signed with the Red Devils for 2 years as Manager of the club , during October 2011 .",
"title": "Brian Shelley"
},
{
"text": "Shelley led the Ballarat Red Devils to its highest ever finish in the league ( 4th ) in his first season as head coach . Shelley also managed to pick up State 2 league best and fairest during his first season as head coach .",
"title": "Brian Shelley"
},
{
"text": " Shelley has since made the move to Auckland , New Zealand to progress his coaching career while also continuing to play . Shelley penned a 3-year deal with Waitakere United as player/assistant coach . Brian has also taken on the role of Director of Football at the biggest college in Auckland where over 3000 students attend ( Rangitoto College ) Shelley won the ASB premiership while with Waitakere as well as representing the club in the Oceania Football Champions League . Brian is currently Head of football at Saint Kentigern college in Auckland .",
"title": "Brian Shelley"
},
{
"text": " - Bohemians - League of Ireland ( 2 ) : 2000–01 , 2009 - FAI Cup ( 1 ) : 2001 - League of Ireland Cup ( 1 ) : 2009 - Setanta Sports Cup ( 1 ) : 2009–10 - Drogheda United - League of Ireland ( 1 ) : 2007 - Setanta Sports Cup ( 2 ) : 2006 , 2007 - Individual - PFAI Players Player of the Year ( 1 ) : 2007",
"title": "Honours"
},
{
"text": " - Player Profile on Official Drogheda United Website - Shelley lifts PFAI gong - Shelley signs for Bohs - Shelley Player of the Month for August - Brian Shelley appointed as club Manage",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/J._Havens_Richards#P69#0
|
Which school did J. Havens Richards go to in Jul 1872?
|
J . Havens Richards Joseph Havens Richards ( born Havens Cowles Richards ; November 8 , 1851 – June 9 , 1923 ) was an American Catholic priest and Jesuit who became a prominent president of Georgetown University , where he instituted major reforms and significantly increased the quality and stature of the university . Born to a prominent Ohio family , his father was an Episcopal priest who controversially converted to Catholicism , and had the infant Richards secretly baptized as a Catholic . Richards eventually entered the Society of Jesus . Richards became the president of Georgetown University in 1888 , and undertook significant construction , such the completion of Healy Hall , which included work on Gaston Hall and Riggs Library , and construction of Dahlgren Chapel . Richards sought to transform Georgetown into a modern , comprehensive , and high-caliber university . To that end , he significantly bolstered the graduate programs , expanded the Medical and Law Schools , established the Georgetown University Hospital , improved the astronomical observatory , and recruited prominent faculty . He also navigated tensions with the newly established Catholic University of America , some proponents of which called for the closure or downsizing of Georgetown . Richards fought anti-Catholic discrimination among universities of the Ivy League , which resulted in Harvard Law School admitting graduates of some Jesuit universities . Upon the end of his term in 1923 , Richards engaged in pastoral work attached to Jesuit educational institutions throughout the northeastern United States . He became the president of Regis High School and the Loyola School in New York City in 1915 , and then was made superior of the Jesuit retreat center on Manresa Island in Connecticut . Richards died at the College of the Holy Cross in 1923 . Early life . Havens Cowles Richards was born on November 8 , 1851 , in Columbus , Ohio . His parents were Henry Livingston Richards and Cynthia Cowles , who married on May 1 , 1842 , in Worthington , Ohio . Havens Cowles was the youngest of eight children , three of whom died in infancy . His surviving siblings were : Laura Isabella ( b . 1843 ) , Henry Livingston , Jr . ( b . 1846 ) , and William Douglas ( b . 1848 ) . Henry Livingston Richards was an Episcopal priest and the pastor of a church in Columbus . To the surprise of many , on January 25 , 1852 , he sought to convert to Catholicism , two months after Havens Cowles birth . He was said to have been moved during a visit to New Orleans , where he saw whites and enslaved blacks receiving the Eucharist side by side at the altar rail in a Catholic church . He was baptized by Caspar Henry Borgess at the Church of the Holy Cross in Columbus . One day , following his conversion , he snuck out of the house with the infant Havens Cowles and brought him to Holy Cross , where Havens Cowles Richards was also baptized by Borgess . These two conversions disturbed Havens Cowles mother , Cynthia , who was Episcopalian , and her relatives encouraged her to leave her husband . Likewise , Henry Livingston was ostracized by his family and acquaintances in Ohio . As a result , he abandoned his ministry and moved to New York City to search for work in business , leaving his family in the care of his father in Granville , Ohio . While there , Cynthia Cowles followed her husband in converting to Catholicism . She moved with her children to Jersey City , New Jersey in September 1855 , and was conditionally baptized on May 14 , 1856 , at St . Peters Church . All the other children were eventually baptized as well . Ancestry . Richards was born into a prominent family , which traced its lineage to colonial America on both his paternal and maternal sides . His uncle was Orestes Brownson , a Catholic activist and intellectual . On his mothers side , he was a descendant of James Kilbourne , an army colonel who led a regiment on the American frontier in the War of 1812 , founded the city of Worthington , Ohio , and became a United States Representative from Ohio . On his fathers side , Richards lineage included a number of men who fought in the American Revolutionary War , such as William Richards ( his great-grandfather ) , who led a contingent of troops that partook in the siege at the Battle of Fort Slongo , and who later fought in the Battle of Bunker Hill as a colonel . Through William Richards , he traces his ancestry to James Richards , who is documented in 1634 as residing on the Eel River in Plymouth , Massachusetts . Education . Richards father sought to send all of his children to Catholic schools , but at times , was unable to . Therefore , Richards attended both Catholic and public schools in Jersey City . At the age of fourteen , he quit school and took up work for his father as a bookkeeper . However , four years later , he moved to Boston , Massachusetts with his father , where they both worked in the steel industry . In September 1869 , Richards enrolled at Boston College . The rest of his family joined them in Boston in July of that year . Richards remained at Boston College for three years , where he was active in sports , before entering the Society of Jesus and proceeding to the novitiate in Frederick , Maryland on August 7 , 1872 . Upon entering the order , he changed his name to Joseph Havens Richards . At the end of his probationary period , Richards was sent to Woodstock College in 1874 , where he studied philosophy for four years . He then went to Georgetown University as a professor of physics and mathematics , and did work in chemistry during his vacations . During the summers of 1879 and 1880 , he was sent by the Jesuit provincial superior to study at Harvard University . In July 1883 , he returned to Woodstock for four years of theological studies . The provincial superior made an exception for Richards to be ordained after only two years of theology because his father was ill . Therefore , on August 29 , 1885 , he was ordained a priest by James Gibbons , the Archbishop of Baltimore , in the colleges chapel . He then completed his theological studies at Woodstock in 1887 , and returned to Frederick to do his tertianship . Georgetown University . Immediately after the completion of his Jesuit formation , Richards was made the rector and president of Georgetown University , taking office on August 15 , 1888 , and succeeding James A . Doonan . He had an ambitious plan to transform Georgetown into a modern , comprehensive university that would be the leading university of both the Catholic Church and the United States . This role would be amplified by the fact that the university was located in the nations capital . Curriculum improvements . Though Richards sought to dispel that perception that Jesuit schools were of inferior quality than their secular counterparts , he maintained that the curriculum of the Ratio Studiorum should be preserved . Therefore , he revitalized the graduate programs of the university . He introduced new courses in the Law School , and oversaw construction of a new building in 1892 . He also sought to establish an electrical , chemical , and civil engineering program , but this did not come to fruition . For the first time , upon his instruction , graduates of the university were authorized to wear a hood as part of their academic regalia . Richards succeeded in bringing prominent faculty from Europe onto the Georgetown faculty , as well as recruiting distinguished researchers from the Smithsonian Institution . Graduate courses in the arts and sciences were re-established in 1889 , and courses in theology and philosophy returned to the university , which had previously been removed to Boston and then to Woodstock College . Richards sharply criticized the decision to remove the theological training of Jesuits from Georgetown to the semi-wilderness of Woodstock , which was remote from libraries , from contact with the learned world , and from all the stimulating influences which affect intellectual life . Richards enlarged the School of Medicine by establishing a chair and laboratory of bacteriology , increasing the number of instructors in anatomy , physiology , and surgery , and improving the chemistry curriculum . He also standardized the curriculum , and increased its duration from three to four years . The property of the medical school , which theretofore had been owned by its own legal corporation was transferred to the President and Directors of Georgetown College , giving Richards authority over the appointment of professors . Richards also desired to have a hospital adjoined to the medical school , but there was initially little interest in this among faculty and donors . Eventually , the Georgetown University Hospital was completed in 1898 , and it was put under the care of the Sisters of Saint Francis . Richards also worked with Bishop John Keane to address tensions with the newly established Catholic University of America , run by the American bishops . Many feared that it would interfere with Georgetown University , and it did indeed seek to take control of Georgetowns law and medical schools as its own . This proposal was approved by the Jesuit Superior General , Luis Martín , who feared that the Vatican might suppress Georgetown altogether if it did not acquiesce . However , the faculty of the law and medical schools publicly protested the proposal , and Catholic University dropped its plans . Eventually , an agreement was reached that Catholic University would focus exclusively on the graduate education of secular priests . Construction . Richards most immediate task upon taking office was the completion of Healy Hall , construction of which began in 1877 under Patrick F . Healy , but whose interior remained unfinished . He was able to have the bulk of the work complete by February 20 , 1889 , the date on which the university began its three-day centenary celebration . Within Healy Hall , he made improvements to Gaston Hall , and oversaw the start of work on Riggs Library . Richards improved the universitys astronomical observatory , which raised the stature of the university in scientific circles . He additionally invited Johann Hagen to take charge of the observatory . In 1892 , he received a donation from Elizabeth Wharton Drexel for the construction of Dahlgren Chapel of the Sacred Heart . That year , he also procured the library of John Gilmary Shea , which extensively documented the history of the Catholic Church in the United States . Richards presidency came to an end on July 3 , 1898 , after experiencing worsening health for two years , and he was succeeded by John D . Whitney . Anti-Catholicism in the Ivy League . Richards also took up the cause of fighting discrimination against Catholics by prominent Protestant universities , especially those of the Ivy League . In 1893 , James Jeffrey Roche , the editor of the Boston newspaper The Pilot , wrote Charles William Eliot , the president of Harvard University , about the fact that no Catholic universities were included on the list of universities whose graduates were automatically eligible for admission to Harvard Law School . Eliots response , which was published in The Pilot , was that the quality of education at Catholic universities was inferior to that offered at their Protestant counterparts . Richards and other Catholic educators had long believed that anti-Catholic discrimination had been at work at Protestant colleges . Richards sought a retraction from Eliot , writing to him that graduates of reputable Catholic colleges were better prepared to study law than any other college graduates , and included information on Georgetowns curriculum . Eliot responded by adding Georgetown , the College of the Holy Cross , and Boston College to the list . Upon the provincial superiors instruction , Richards then unsuccessfully lobbied to have all 24 Jesuit colleges in the United States added to the list . Pastoral work . Following his retirement from the presidency , Richards became the spiritual father of the novitiate in Frederick . He remained interested in Georgetowns astronomical observatory , and petitioned to have a station established in South Africa , so that the entire sky could be studied . The following year , he became the spiritual father of Boston College , where he established the Boston Alumni Sodality . When not in Boston , he spent time in Philadelphia and Brooklyn , where he worked with the New York Sodality . He also began cataloguing Catholic works in the New York Public Library , but his health soon prevented him from continuing . Upon recommendation that it would benefit his health , Richards moved to the novitiate in Los Gatos , California in March 1900 , but was there only for a short while before he returned to his family in Boston due to news of his mothers death . Richards then returned to Los Gatos in April , where he remained until the summer of 1901 , when he returned to Frederick , Maryland . There , he became minister of the novitiate . With the relocation of the novitiate to St . Andrew-on-Hudson in Poughkeepsie , New York in January 1903 , Richards followed as minister . In the summer of 1903 , he was instead made the procurator , and was in charge of the mission in Pleasant Valley . He then transferred again to Boston College in the summer of 1906 as spiritual father , where he remained for a year . From 1907 to July 1909 , he was prefect of the Church of St . Ignatius Loyola at Boston College . Richards then became of the Church of St . Ignatius Loyola in New York City . After four years , he was sent to Canisius College in Buffalo as minister and prefect of studies . He ceased to be minister in July 1914 , but remained as prefect . He was appointed the rector and president of both Regis High School and the Loyola School in New York the following year , succeeding David W . Hearn . At the same time , he became pastor of the Church of St . Ignatius Loyola . Being advanced in age , he was relieved of the position by the provincial superior on March 25 , 1919 , and was succeeded by James J . Kilroy . Later years . Following his positions in New York , Richards was made superior of Manresa Island in Norwalk , Connecticut , where he received Jesuit scholastics and priests from the Diocese of Hartford during the summer for their retreats . During the rest of the year , he lived on the island with just one other Jesuit . In December 1921 , he was transferred to Weston College as spiritual father and procurator , the latter of which he ceased to hold in September 1922 . On March 2 , 1923 , he suffered his first stroke , which left his speech impaired and the right side of his body paralyzed . He spent seven weeks in the hospital , before going to the College of the Holy Cross in Worcester , Massachusetts . He suffered another stroke on June 8 , and died the following day .
|
[
"Boston College"
] |
[
{
"text": " Joseph Havens Richards ( born Havens Cowles Richards ; November 8 , 1851 – June 9 , 1923 ) was an American Catholic priest and Jesuit who became a prominent president of Georgetown University , where he instituted major reforms and significantly increased the quality and stature of the university . Born to a prominent Ohio family , his father was an Episcopal priest who controversially converted to Catholicism , and had the infant Richards secretly baptized as a Catholic . Richards eventually entered the Society of Jesus .",
"title": "J . Havens Richards"
},
{
"text": "Richards became the president of Georgetown University in 1888 , and undertook significant construction , such the completion of Healy Hall , which included work on Gaston Hall and Riggs Library , and construction of Dahlgren Chapel . Richards sought to transform Georgetown into a modern , comprehensive , and high-caliber university . To that end , he significantly bolstered the graduate programs , expanded the Medical and Law Schools , established the Georgetown University Hospital , improved the astronomical observatory , and recruited prominent faculty . He also navigated tensions with the newly established Catholic University of America ,",
"title": "J . Havens Richards"
},
{
"text": "some proponents of which called for the closure or downsizing of Georgetown . Richards fought anti-Catholic discrimination among universities of the Ivy League , which resulted in Harvard Law School admitting graduates of some Jesuit universities .",
"title": "J . Havens Richards"
},
{
"text": " Upon the end of his term in 1923 , Richards engaged in pastoral work attached to Jesuit educational institutions throughout the northeastern United States . He became the president of Regis High School and the Loyola School in New York City in 1915 , and then was made superior of the Jesuit retreat center on Manresa Island in Connecticut . Richards died at the College of the Holy Cross in 1923 .",
"title": "J . Havens Richards"
},
{
"text": " Havens Cowles Richards was born on November 8 , 1851 , in Columbus , Ohio . His parents were Henry Livingston Richards and Cynthia Cowles , who married on May 1 , 1842 , in Worthington , Ohio . Havens Cowles was the youngest of eight children , three of whom died in infancy . His surviving siblings were : Laura Isabella ( b . 1843 ) , Henry Livingston , Jr . ( b . 1846 ) , and William Douglas ( b . 1848 ) .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Henry Livingston Richards was an Episcopal priest and the pastor of a church in Columbus . To the surprise of many , on January 25 , 1852 , he sought to convert to Catholicism , two months after Havens Cowles birth . He was said to have been moved during a visit to New Orleans , where he saw whites and enslaved blacks receiving the Eucharist side by side at the altar rail in a Catholic church . He was baptized by Caspar Henry Borgess at the Church of the Holy Cross in Columbus . One day , following his",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "conversion , he snuck out of the house with the infant Havens Cowles and brought him to Holy Cross , where Havens Cowles Richards was also baptized by Borgess . These two conversions disturbed Havens Cowles mother , Cynthia , who was Episcopalian , and her relatives encouraged her to leave her husband . Likewise , Henry Livingston was ostracized by his family and acquaintances in Ohio . As a result , he abandoned his ministry and moved to New York City to search for work in business , leaving his family in the care of his father in Granville",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": ", Ohio . While there , Cynthia Cowles followed her husband in converting to Catholicism . She moved with her children to Jersey City , New Jersey in September 1855 , and was conditionally baptized on May 14 , 1856 , at St . Peters Church . All the other children were eventually baptized as well .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " Richards was born into a prominent family , which traced its lineage to colonial America on both his paternal and maternal sides . His uncle was Orestes Brownson , a Catholic activist and intellectual . On his mothers side , he was a descendant of James Kilbourne , an army colonel who led a regiment on the American frontier in the War of 1812 , founded the city of Worthington , Ohio , and became a United States Representative from Ohio .",
"title": "Ancestry"
},
{
"text": "On his fathers side , Richards lineage included a number of men who fought in the American Revolutionary War , such as William Richards ( his great-grandfather ) , who led a contingent of troops that partook in the siege at the Battle of Fort Slongo , and who later fought in the Battle of Bunker Hill as a colonel . Through William Richards , he traces his ancestry to James Richards , who is documented in 1634 as residing on the Eel River in Plymouth , Massachusetts .",
"title": "Ancestry"
},
{
"text": "Richards father sought to send all of his children to Catholic schools , but at times , was unable to . Therefore , Richards attended both Catholic and public schools in Jersey City . At the age of fourteen , he quit school and took up work for his father as a bookkeeper . However , four years later , he moved to Boston , Massachusetts with his father , where they both worked in the steel industry . In September 1869 , Richards enrolled at Boston College . The rest of his family joined them in Boston in July",
"title": "Education"
},
{
"text": "of that year . Richards remained at Boston College for three years , where he was active in sports , before entering the Society of Jesus and proceeding to the novitiate in Frederick , Maryland on August 7 , 1872 . Upon entering the order , he changed his name to Joseph Havens Richards .",
"title": "Education"
},
{
"text": "At the end of his probationary period , Richards was sent to Woodstock College in 1874 , where he studied philosophy for four years . He then went to Georgetown University as a professor of physics and mathematics , and did work in chemistry during his vacations . During the summers of 1879 and 1880 , he was sent by the Jesuit provincial superior to study at Harvard University . In July 1883 , he returned to Woodstock for four years of theological studies . The provincial superior made an exception for Richards to be ordained after only two years",
"title": "Education"
},
{
"text": "of theology because his father was ill . Therefore , on August 29 , 1885 , he was ordained a priest by James Gibbons , the Archbishop of Baltimore , in the colleges chapel . He then completed his theological studies at Woodstock in 1887 , and returned to Frederick to do his tertianship .",
"title": "Education"
},
{
"text": " Immediately after the completion of his Jesuit formation , Richards was made the rector and president of Georgetown University , taking office on August 15 , 1888 , and succeeding James A . Doonan . He had an ambitious plan to transform Georgetown into a modern , comprehensive university that would be the leading university of both the Catholic Church and the United States . This role would be amplified by the fact that the university was located in the nations capital .",
"title": "Georgetown University"
},
{
"text": "Though Richards sought to dispel that perception that Jesuit schools were of inferior quality than their secular counterparts , he maintained that the curriculum of the Ratio Studiorum should be preserved . Therefore , he revitalized the graduate programs of the university . He introduced new courses in the Law School , and oversaw construction of a new building in 1892 . He also sought to establish an electrical , chemical , and civil engineering program , but this did not come to fruition . For the first time , upon his instruction , graduates of the university were authorized",
"title": "Curriculum improvements"
},
{
"text": "to wear a hood as part of their academic regalia . Richards succeeded in bringing prominent faculty from Europe onto the Georgetown faculty , as well as recruiting distinguished researchers from the Smithsonian Institution .",
"title": "Curriculum improvements"
},
{
"text": " Graduate courses in the arts and sciences were re-established in 1889 , and courses in theology and philosophy returned to the university , which had previously been removed to Boston and then to Woodstock College . Richards sharply criticized the decision to remove the theological training of Jesuits from Georgetown to the semi-wilderness of Woodstock , which was remote from libraries , from contact with the learned world , and from all the stimulating influences which affect intellectual life .",
"title": "Curriculum improvements"
},
{
"text": "Richards enlarged the School of Medicine by establishing a chair and laboratory of bacteriology , increasing the number of instructors in anatomy , physiology , and surgery , and improving the chemistry curriculum . He also standardized the curriculum , and increased its duration from three to four years . The property of the medical school , which theretofore had been owned by its own legal corporation was transferred to the President and Directors of Georgetown College , giving Richards authority over the appointment of professors . Richards also desired to have a hospital adjoined to the medical school ,",
"title": "Curriculum improvements"
},
{
"text": "but there was initially little interest in this among faculty and donors . Eventually , the Georgetown University Hospital was completed in 1898 , and it was put under the care of the Sisters of Saint Francis .",
"title": "Curriculum improvements"
},
{
"text": "Richards also worked with Bishop John Keane to address tensions with the newly established Catholic University of America , run by the American bishops . Many feared that it would interfere with Georgetown University , and it did indeed seek to take control of Georgetowns law and medical schools as its own . This proposal was approved by the Jesuit Superior General , Luis Martín , who feared that the Vatican might suppress Georgetown altogether if it did not acquiesce . However , the faculty of the law and medical schools publicly protested the proposal , and Catholic University dropped",
"title": "Curriculum improvements"
},
{
"text": "its plans . Eventually , an agreement was reached that Catholic University would focus exclusively on the graduate education of secular priests .",
"title": "Curriculum improvements"
},
{
"text": "Richards most immediate task upon taking office was the completion of Healy Hall , construction of which began in 1877 under Patrick F . Healy , but whose interior remained unfinished . He was able to have the bulk of the work complete by February 20 , 1889 , the date on which the university began its three-day centenary celebration . Within Healy Hall , he made improvements to Gaston Hall , and oversaw the start of work on Riggs Library . Richards improved the universitys astronomical observatory , which raised the stature of the university in scientific circles .",
"title": "Construction"
},
{
"text": "He additionally invited Johann Hagen to take charge of the observatory .",
"title": "Construction"
},
{
"text": " In 1892 , he received a donation from Elizabeth Wharton Drexel for the construction of Dahlgren Chapel of the Sacred Heart . That year , he also procured the library of John Gilmary Shea , which extensively documented the history of the Catholic Church in the United States . Richards presidency came to an end on July 3 , 1898 , after experiencing worsening health for two years , and he was succeeded by John D . Whitney . Anti-Catholicism in the Ivy League .",
"title": "Construction"
},
{
"text": "Richards also took up the cause of fighting discrimination against Catholics by prominent Protestant universities , especially those of the Ivy League . In 1893 , James Jeffrey Roche , the editor of the Boston newspaper The Pilot , wrote Charles William Eliot , the president of Harvard University , about the fact that no Catholic universities were included on the list of universities whose graduates were automatically eligible for admission to Harvard Law School . Eliots response , which was published in The Pilot , was that the quality of education at Catholic universities was inferior to that offered",
"title": "Construction"
},
{
"text": "at their Protestant counterparts . Richards and other Catholic educators had long believed that anti-Catholic discrimination had been at work at Protestant colleges .",
"title": "Construction"
},
{
"text": " Richards sought a retraction from Eliot , writing to him that graduates of reputable Catholic colleges were better prepared to study law than any other college graduates , and included information on Georgetowns curriculum . Eliot responded by adding Georgetown , the College of the Holy Cross , and Boston College to the list . Upon the provincial superiors instruction , Richards then unsuccessfully lobbied to have all 24 Jesuit colleges in the United States added to the list .",
"title": "Construction"
},
{
"text": "Following his retirement from the presidency , Richards became the spiritual father of the novitiate in Frederick . He remained interested in Georgetowns astronomical observatory , and petitioned to have a station established in South Africa , so that the entire sky could be studied . The following year , he became the spiritual father of Boston College , where he established the Boston Alumni Sodality . When not in Boston , he spent time in Philadelphia and Brooklyn , where he worked with the New York Sodality . He also began cataloguing Catholic works in the New York Public",
"title": "Pastoral work"
},
{
"text": "Library , but his health soon prevented him from continuing . Upon recommendation that it would benefit his health , Richards moved to the novitiate in Los Gatos , California in March 1900 , but was there only for a short while before he returned to his family in Boston due to news of his mothers death .",
"title": "Pastoral work"
},
{
"text": "Richards then returned to Los Gatos in April , where he remained until the summer of 1901 , when he returned to Frederick , Maryland . There , he became minister of the novitiate . With the relocation of the novitiate to St . Andrew-on-Hudson in Poughkeepsie , New York in January 1903 , Richards followed as minister . In the summer of 1903 , he was instead made the procurator , and was in charge of the mission in Pleasant Valley . He then transferred again to Boston College in the summer of 1906 as spiritual father , where",
"title": "Pastoral work"
},
{
"text": "he remained for a year . From 1907 to July 1909 , he was prefect of the Church of St . Ignatius Loyola at Boston College .",
"title": "Pastoral work"
},
{
"text": "Richards then became of the Church of St . Ignatius Loyola in New York City . After four years , he was sent to Canisius College in Buffalo as minister and prefect of studies . He ceased to be minister in July 1914 , but remained as prefect . He was appointed the rector and president of both Regis High School and the Loyola School in New York the following year , succeeding David W . Hearn . At the same time , he became pastor of the Church of St . Ignatius Loyola . Being advanced in age ,",
"title": "Pastoral work"
},
{
"text": "he was relieved of the position by the provincial superior on March 25 , 1919 , and was succeeded by James J . Kilroy .",
"title": "Pastoral work"
},
{
"text": " Following his positions in New York , Richards was made superior of Manresa Island in Norwalk , Connecticut , where he received Jesuit scholastics and priests from the Diocese of Hartford during the summer for their retreats . During the rest of the year , he lived on the island with just one other Jesuit . In December 1921 , he was transferred to Weston College as spiritual father and procurator , the latter of which he ceased to hold in September 1922 .",
"title": "Later years"
},
{
"text": "On March 2 , 1923 , he suffered his first stroke , which left his speech impaired and the right side of his body paralyzed . He spent seven weeks in the hospital , before going to the College of the Holy Cross in Worcester , Massachusetts . He suffered another stroke on June 8 , and died the following day .",
"title": "Later years"
}
] |
/wiki/J._Havens_Richards#P69#1
|
Which school did J. Havens Richards go to in Apr 1877?
|
J . Havens Richards Joseph Havens Richards ( born Havens Cowles Richards ; November 8 , 1851 – June 9 , 1923 ) was an American Catholic priest and Jesuit who became a prominent president of Georgetown University , where he instituted major reforms and significantly increased the quality and stature of the university . Born to a prominent Ohio family , his father was an Episcopal priest who controversially converted to Catholicism , and had the infant Richards secretly baptized as a Catholic . Richards eventually entered the Society of Jesus . Richards became the president of Georgetown University in 1888 , and undertook significant construction , such the completion of Healy Hall , which included work on Gaston Hall and Riggs Library , and construction of Dahlgren Chapel . Richards sought to transform Georgetown into a modern , comprehensive , and high-caliber university . To that end , he significantly bolstered the graduate programs , expanded the Medical and Law Schools , established the Georgetown University Hospital , improved the astronomical observatory , and recruited prominent faculty . He also navigated tensions with the newly established Catholic University of America , some proponents of which called for the closure or downsizing of Georgetown . Richards fought anti-Catholic discrimination among universities of the Ivy League , which resulted in Harvard Law School admitting graduates of some Jesuit universities . Upon the end of his term in 1923 , Richards engaged in pastoral work attached to Jesuit educational institutions throughout the northeastern United States . He became the president of Regis High School and the Loyola School in New York City in 1915 , and then was made superior of the Jesuit retreat center on Manresa Island in Connecticut . Richards died at the College of the Holy Cross in 1923 . Early life . Havens Cowles Richards was born on November 8 , 1851 , in Columbus , Ohio . His parents were Henry Livingston Richards and Cynthia Cowles , who married on May 1 , 1842 , in Worthington , Ohio . Havens Cowles was the youngest of eight children , three of whom died in infancy . His surviving siblings were : Laura Isabella ( b . 1843 ) , Henry Livingston , Jr . ( b . 1846 ) , and William Douglas ( b . 1848 ) . Henry Livingston Richards was an Episcopal priest and the pastor of a church in Columbus . To the surprise of many , on January 25 , 1852 , he sought to convert to Catholicism , two months after Havens Cowles birth . He was said to have been moved during a visit to New Orleans , where he saw whites and enslaved blacks receiving the Eucharist side by side at the altar rail in a Catholic church . He was baptized by Caspar Henry Borgess at the Church of the Holy Cross in Columbus . One day , following his conversion , he snuck out of the house with the infant Havens Cowles and brought him to Holy Cross , where Havens Cowles Richards was also baptized by Borgess . These two conversions disturbed Havens Cowles mother , Cynthia , who was Episcopalian , and her relatives encouraged her to leave her husband . Likewise , Henry Livingston was ostracized by his family and acquaintances in Ohio . As a result , he abandoned his ministry and moved to New York City to search for work in business , leaving his family in the care of his father in Granville , Ohio . While there , Cynthia Cowles followed her husband in converting to Catholicism . She moved with her children to Jersey City , New Jersey in September 1855 , and was conditionally baptized on May 14 , 1856 , at St . Peters Church . All the other children were eventually baptized as well . Ancestry . Richards was born into a prominent family , which traced its lineage to colonial America on both his paternal and maternal sides . His uncle was Orestes Brownson , a Catholic activist and intellectual . On his mothers side , he was a descendant of James Kilbourne , an army colonel who led a regiment on the American frontier in the War of 1812 , founded the city of Worthington , Ohio , and became a United States Representative from Ohio . On his fathers side , Richards lineage included a number of men who fought in the American Revolutionary War , such as William Richards ( his great-grandfather ) , who led a contingent of troops that partook in the siege at the Battle of Fort Slongo , and who later fought in the Battle of Bunker Hill as a colonel . Through William Richards , he traces his ancestry to James Richards , who is documented in 1634 as residing on the Eel River in Plymouth , Massachusetts . Education . Richards father sought to send all of his children to Catholic schools , but at times , was unable to . Therefore , Richards attended both Catholic and public schools in Jersey City . At the age of fourteen , he quit school and took up work for his father as a bookkeeper . However , four years later , he moved to Boston , Massachusetts with his father , where they both worked in the steel industry . In September 1869 , Richards enrolled at Boston College . The rest of his family joined them in Boston in July of that year . Richards remained at Boston College for three years , where he was active in sports , before entering the Society of Jesus and proceeding to the novitiate in Frederick , Maryland on August 7 , 1872 . Upon entering the order , he changed his name to Joseph Havens Richards . At the end of his probationary period , Richards was sent to Woodstock College in 1874 , where he studied philosophy for four years . He then went to Georgetown University as a professor of physics and mathematics , and did work in chemistry during his vacations . During the summers of 1879 and 1880 , he was sent by the Jesuit provincial superior to study at Harvard University . In July 1883 , he returned to Woodstock for four years of theological studies . The provincial superior made an exception for Richards to be ordained after only two years of theology because his father was ill . Therefore , on August 29 , 1885 , he was ordained a priest by James Gibbons , the Archbishop of Baltimore , in the colleges chapel . He then completed his theological studies at Woodstock in 1887 , and returned to Frederick to do his tertianship . Georgetown University . Immediately after the completion of his Jesuit formation , Richards was made the rector and president of Georgetown University , taking office on August 15 , 1888 , and succeeding James A . Doonan . He had an ambitious plan to transform Georgetown into a modern , comprehensive university that would be the leading university of both the Catholic Church and the United States . This role would be amplified by the fact that the university was located in the nations capital . Curriculum improvements . Though Richards sought to dispel that perception that Jesuit schools were of inferior quality than their secular counterparts , he maintained that the curriculum of the Ratio Studiorum should be preserved . Therefore , he revitalized the graduate programs of the university . He introduced new courses in the Law School , and oversaw construction of a new building in 1892 . He also sought to establish an electrical , chemical , and civil engineering program , but this did not come to fruition . For the first time , upon his instruction , graduates of the university were authorized to wear a hood as part of their academic regalia . Richards succeeded in bringing prominent faculty from Europe onto the Georgetown faculty , as well as recruiting distinguished researchers from the Smithsonian Institution . Graduate courses in the arts and sciences were re-established in 1889 , and courses in theology and philosophy returned to the university , which had previously been removed to Boston and then to Woodstock College . Richards sharply criticized the decision to remove the theological training of Jesuits from Georgetown to the semi-wilderness of Woodstock , which was remote from libraries , from contact with the learned world , and from all the stimulating influences which affect intellectual life . Richards enlarged the School of Medicine by establishing a chair and laboratory of bacteriology , increasing the number of instructors in anatomy , physiology , and surgery , and improving the chemistry curriculum . He also standardized the curriculum , and increased its duration from three to four years . The property of the medical school , which theretofore had been owned by its own legal corporation was transferred to the President and Directors of Georgetown College , giving Richards authority over the appointment of professors . Richards also desired to have a hospital adjoined to the medical school , but there was initially little interest in this among faculty and donors . Eventually , the Georgetown University Hospital was completed in 1898 , and it was put under the care of the Sisters of Saint Francis . Richards also worked with Bishop John Keane to address tensions with the newly established Catholic University of America , run by the American bishops . Many feared that it would interfere with Georgetown University , and it did indeed seek to take control of Georgetowns law and medical schools as its own . This proposal was approved by the Jesuit Superior General , Luis Martín , who feared that the Vatican might suppress Georgetown altogether if it did not acquiesce . However , the faculty of the law and medical schools publicly protested the proposal , and Catholic University dropped its plans . Eventually , an agreement was reached that Catholic University would focus exclusively on the graduate education of secular priests . Construction . Richards most immediate task upon taking office was the completion of Healy Hall , construction of which began in 1877 under Patrick F . Healy , but whose interior remained unfinished . He was able to have the bulk of the work complete by February 20 , 1889 , the date on which the university began its three-day centenary celebration . Within Healy Hall , he made improvements to Gaston Hall , and oversaw the start of work on Riggs Library . Richards improved the universitys astronomical observatory , which raised the stature of the university in scientific circles . He additionally invited Johann Hagen to take charge of the observatory . In 1892 , he received a donation from Elizabeth Wharton Drexel for the construction of Dahlgren Chapel of the Sacred Heart . That year , he also procured the library of John Gilmary Shea , which extensively documented the history of the Catholic Church in the United States . Richards presidency came to an end on July 3 , 1898 , after experiencing worsening health for two years , and he was succeeded by John D . Whitney . Anti-Catholicism in the Ivy League . Richards also took up the cause of fighting discrimination against Catholics by prominent Protestant universities , especially those of the Ivy League . In 1893 , James Jeffrey Roche , the editor of the Boston newspaper The Pilot , wrote Charles William Eliot , the president of Harvard University , about the fact that no Catholic universities were included on the list of universities whose graduates were automatically eligible for admission to Harvard Law School . Eliots response , which was published in The Pilot , was that the quality of education at Catholic universities was inferior to that offered at their Protestant counterparts . Richards and other Catholic educators had long believed that anti-Catholic discrimination had been at work at Protestant colleges . Richards sought a retraction from Eliot , writing to him that graduates of reputable Catholic colleges were better prepared to study law than any other college graduates , and included information on Georgetowns curriculum . Eliot responded by adding Georgetown , the College of the Holy Cross , and Boston College to the list . Upon the provincial superiors instruction , Richards then unsuccessfully lobbied to have all 24 Jesuit colleges in the United States added to the list . Pastoral work . Following his retirement from the presidency , Richards became the spiritual father of the novitiate in Frederick . He remained interested in Georgetowns astronomical observatory , and petitioned to have a station established in South Africa , so that the entire sky could be studied . The following year , he became the spiritual father of Boston College , where he established the Boston Alumni Sodality . When not in Boston , he spent time in Philadelphia and Brooklyn , where he worked with the New York Sodality . He also began cataloguing Catholic works in the New York Public Library , but his health soon prevented him from continuing . Upon recommendation that it would benefit his health , Richards moved to the novitiate in Los Gatos , California in March 1900 , but was there only for a short while before he returned to his family in Boston due to news of his mothers death . Richards then returned to Los Gatos in April , where he remained until the summer of 1901 , when he returned to Frederick , Maryland . There , he became minister of the novitiate . With the relocation of the novitiate to St . Andrew-on-Hudson in Poughkeepsie , New York in January 1903 , Richards followed as minister . In the summer of 1903 , he was instead made the procurator , and was in charge of the mission in Pleasant Valley . He then transferred again to Boston College in the summer of 1906 as spiritual father , where he remained for a year . From 1907 to July 1909 , he was prefect of the Church of St . Ignatius Loyola at Boston College . Richards then became of the Church of St . Ignatius Loyola in New York City . After four years , he was sent to Canisius College in Buffalo as minister and prefect of studies . He ceased to be minister in July 1914 , but remained as prefect . He was appointed the rector and president of both Regis High School and the Loyola School in New York the following year , succeeding David W . Hearn . At the same time , he became pastor of the Church of St . Ignatius Loyola . Being advanced in age , he was relieved of the position by the provincial superior on March 25 , 1919 , and was succeeded by James J . Kilroy . Later years . Following his positions in New York , Richards was made superior of Manresa Island in Norwalk , Connecticut , where he received Jesuit scholastics and priests from the Diocese of Hartford during the summer for their retreats . During the rest of the year , he lived on the island with just one other Jesuit . In December 1921 , he was transferred to Weston College as spiritual father and procurator , the latter of which he ceased to hold in September 1922 . On March 2 , 1923 , he suffered his first stroke , which left his speech impaired and the right side of his body paralyzed . He spent seven weeks in the hospital , before going to the College of the Holy Cross in Worcester , Massachusetts . He suffered another stroke on June 8 , and died the following day .
|
[
"Woodstock College"
] |
[
{
"text": " Joseph Havens Richards ( born Havens Cowles Richards ; November 8 , 1851 – June 9 , 1923 ) was an American Catholic priest and Jesuit who became a prominent president of Georgetown University , where he instituted major reforms and significantly increased the quality and stature of the university . Born to a prominent Ohio family , his father was an Episcopal priest who controversially converted to Catholicism , and had the infant Richards secretly baptized as a Catholic . Richards eventually entered the Society of Jesus .",
"title": "J . Havens Richards"
},
{
"text": "Richards became the president of Georgetown University in 1888 , and undertook significant construction , such the completion of Healy Hall , which included work on Gaston Hall and Riggs Library , and construction of Dahlgren Chapel . Richards sought to transform Georgetown into a modern , comprehensive , and high-caliber university . To that end , he significantly bolstered the graduate programs , expanded the Medical and Law Schools , established the Georgetown University Hospital , improved the astronomical observatory , and recruited prominent faculty . He also navigated tensions with the newly established Catholic University of America ,",
"title": "J . Havens Richards"
},
{
"text": "some proponents of which called for the closure or downsizing of Georgetown . Richards fought anti-Catholic discrimination among universities of the Ivy League , which resulted in Harvard Law School admitting graduates of some Jesuit universities .",
"title": "J . Havens Richards"
},
{
"text": " Upon the end of his term in 1923 , Richards engaged in pastoral work attached to Jesuit educational institutions throughout the northeastern United States . He became the president of Regis High School and the Loyola School in New York City in 1915 , and then was made superior of the Jesuit retreat center on Manresa Island in Connecticut . Richards died at the College of the Holy Cross in 1923 .",
"title": "J . Havens Richards"
},
{
"text": " Havens Cowles Richards was born on November 8 , 1851 , in Columbus , Ohio . His parents were Henry Livingston Richards and Cynthia Cowles , who married on May 1 , 1842 , in Worthington , Ohio . Havens Cowles was the youngest of eight children , three of whom died in infancy . His surviving siblings were : Laura Isabella ( b . 1843 ) , Henry Livingston , Jr . ( b . 1846 ) , and William Douglas ( b . 1848 ) .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Henry Livingston Richards was an Episcopal priest and the pastor of a church in Columbus . To the surprise of many , on January 25 , 1852 , he sought to convert to Catholicism , two months after Havens Cowles birth . He was said to have been moved during a visit to New Orleans , where he saw whites and enslaved blacks receiving the Eucharist side by side at the altar rail in a Catholic church . He was baptized by Caspar Henry Borgess at the Church of the Holy Cross in Columbus . One day , following his",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "conversion , he snuck out of the house with the infant Havens Cowles and brought him to Holy Cross , where Havens Cowles Richards was also baptized by Borgess . These two conversions disturbed Havens Cowles mother , Cynthia , who was Episcopalian , and her relatives encouraged her to leave her husband . Likewise , Henry Livingston was ostracized by his family and acquaintances in Ohio . As a result , he abandoned his ministry and moved to New York City to search for work in business , leaving his family in the care of his father in Granville",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": ", Ohio . While there , Cynthia Cowles followed her husband in converting to Catholicism . She moved with her children to Jersey City , New Jersey in September 1855 , and was conditionally baptized on May 14 , 1856 , at St . Peters Church . All the other children were eventually baptized as well .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " Richards was born into a prominent family , which traced its lineage to colonial America on both his paternal and maternal sides . His uncle was Orestes Brownson , a Catholic activist and intellectual . On his mothers side , he was a descendant of James Kilbourne , an army colonel who led a regiment on the American frontier in the War of 1812 , founded the city of Worthington , Ohio , and became a United States Representative from Ohio .",
"title": "Ancestry"
},
{
"text": "On his fathers side , Richards lineage included a number of men who fought in the American Revolutionary War , such as William Richards ( his great-grandfather ) , who led a contingent of troops that partook in the siege at the Battle of Fort Slongo , and who later fought in the Battle of Bunker Hill as a colonel . Through William Richards , he traces his ancestry to James Richards , who is documented in 1634 as residing on the Eel River in Plymouth , Massachusetts .",
"title": "Ancestry"
},
{
"text": "Richards father sought to send all of his children to Catholic schools , but at times , was unable to . Therefore , Richards attended both Catholic and public schools in Jersey City . At the age of fourteen , he quit school and took up work for his father as a bookkeeper . However , four years later , he moved to Boston , Massachusetts with his father , where they both worked in the steel industry . In September 1869 , Richards enrolled at Boston College . The rest of his family joined them in Boston in July",
"title": "Education"
},
{
"text": "of that year . Richards remained at Boston College for three years , where he was active in sports , before entering the Society of Jesus and proceeding to the novitiate in Frederick , Maryland on August 7 , 1872 . Upon entering the order , he changed his name to Joseph Havens Richards .",
"title": "Education"
},
{
"text": "At the end of his probationary period , Richards was sent to Woodstock College in 1874 , where he studied philosophy for four years . He then went to Georgetown University as a professor of physics and mathematics , and did work in chemistry during his vacations . During the summers of 1879 and 1880 , he was sent by the Jesuit provincial superior to study at Harvard University . In July 1883 , he returned to Woodstock for four years of theological studies . The provincial superior made an exception for Richards to be ordained after only two years",
"title": "Education"
},
{
"text": "of theology because his father was ill . Therefore , on August 29 , 1885 , he was ordained a priest by James Gibbons , the Archbishop of Baltimore , in the colleges chapel . He then completed his theological studies at Woodstock in 1887 , and returned to Frederick to do his tertianship .",
"title": "Education"
},
{
"text": " Immediately after the completion of his Jesuit formation , Richards was made the rector and president of Georgetown University , taking office on August 15 , 1888 , and succeeding James A . Doonan . He had an ambitious plan to transform Georgetown into a modern , comprehensive university that would be the leading university of both the Catholic Church and the United States . This role would be amplified by the fact that the university was located in the nations capital .",
"title": "Georgetown University"
},
{
"text": "Though Richards sought to dispel that perception that Jesuit schools were of inferior quality than their secular counterparts , he maintained that the curriculum of the Ratio Studiorum should be preserved . Therefore , he revitalized the graduate programs of the university . He introduced new courses in the Law School , and oversaw construction of a new building in 1892 . He also sought to establish an electrical , chemical , and civil engineering program , but this did not come to fruition . For the first time , upon his instruction , graduates of the university were authorized",
"title": "Curriculum improvements"
},
{
"text": "to wear a hood as part of their academic regalia . Richards succeeded in bringing prominent faculty from Europe onto the Georgetown faculty , as well as recruiting distinguished researchers from the Smithsonian Institution .",
"title": "Curriculum improvements"
},
{
"text": " Graduate courses in the arts and sciences were re-established in 1889 , and courses in theology and philosophy returned to the university , which had previously been removed to Boston and then to Woodstock College . Richards sharply criticized the decision to remove the theological training of Jesuits from Georgetown to the semi-wilderness of Woodstock , which was remote from libraries , from contact with the learned world , and from all the stimulating influences which affect intellectual life .",
"title": "Curriculum improvements"
},
{
"text": "Richards enlarged the School of Medicine by establishing a chair and laboratory of bacteriology , increasing the number of instructors in anatomy , physiology , and surgery , and improving the chemistry curriculum . He also standardized the curriculum , and increased its duration from three to four years . The property of the medical school , which theretofore had been owned by its own legal corporation was transferred to the President and Directors of Georgetown College , giving Richards authority over the appointment of professors . Richards also desired to have a hospital adjoined to the medical school ,",
"title": "Curriculum improvements"
},
{
"text": "but there was initially little interest in this among faculty and donors . Eventually , the Georgetown University Hospital was completed in 1898 , and it was put under the care of the Sisters of Saint Francis .",
"title": "Curriculum improvements"
},
{
"text": "Richards also worked with Bishop John Keane to address tensions with the newly established Catholic University of America , run by the American bishops . Many feared that it would interfere with Georgetown University , and it did indeed seek to take control of Georgetowns law and medical schools as its own . This proposal was approved by the Jesuit Superior General , Luis Martín , who feared that the Vatican might suppress Georgetown altogether if it did not acquiesce . However , the faculty of the law and medical schools publicly protested the proposal , and Catholic University dropped",
"title": "Curriculum improvements"
},
{
"text": "its plans . Eventually , an agreement was reached that Catholic University would focus exclusively on the graduate education of secular priests .",
"title": "Curriculum improvements"
},
{
"text": "Richards most immediate task upon taking office was the completion of Healy Hall , construction of which began in 1877 under Patrick F . Healy , but whose interior remained unfinished . He was able to have the bulk of the work complete by February 20 , 1889 , the date on which the university began its three-day centenary celebration . Within Healy Hall , he made improvements to Gaston Hall , and oversaw the start of work on Riggs Library . Richards improved the universitys astronomical observatory , which raised the stature of the university in scientific circles .",
"title": "Construction"
},
{
"text": "He additionally invited Johann Hagen to take charge of the observatory .",
"title": "Construction"
},
{
"text": " In 1892 , he received a donation from Elizabeth Wharton Drexel for the construction of Dahlgren Chapel of the Sacred Heart . That year , he also procured the library of John Gilmary Shea , which extensively documented the history of the Catholic Church in the United States . Richards presidency came to an end on July 3 , 1898 , after experiencing worsening health for two years , and he was succeeded by John D . Whitney . Anti-Catholicism in the Ivy League .",
"title": "Construction"
},
{
"text": "Richards also took up the cause of fighting discrimination against Catholics by prominent Protestant universities , especially those of the Ivy League . In 1893 , James Jeffrey Roche , the editor of the Boston newspaper The Pilot , wrote Charles William Eliot , the president of Harvard University , about the fact that no Catholic universities were included on the list of universities whose graduates were automatically eligible for admission to Harvard Law School . Eliots response , which was published in The Pilot , was that the quality of education at Catholic universities was inferior to that offered",
"title": "Construction"
},
{
"text": "at their Protestant counterparts . Richards and other Catholic educators had long believed that anti-Catholic discrimination had been at work at Protestant colleges .",
"title": "Construction"
},
{
"text": " Richards sought a retraction from Eliot , writing to him that graduates of reputable Catholic colleges were better prepared to study law than any other college graduates , and included information on Georgetowns curriculum . Eliot responded by adding Georgetown , the College of the Holy Cross , and Boston College to the list . Upon the provincial superiors instruction , Richards then unsuccessfully lobbied to have all 24 Jesuit colleges in the United States added to the list .",
"title": "Construction"
},
{
"text": "Following his retirement from the presidency , Richards became the spiritual father of the novitiate in Frederick . He remained interested in Georgetowns astronomical observatory , and petitioned to have a station established in South Africa , so that the entire sky could be studied . The following year , he became the spiritual father of Boston College , where he established the Boston Alumni Sodality . When not in Boston , he spent time in Philadelphia and Brooklyn , where he worked with the New York Sodality . He also began cataloguing Catholic works in the New York Public",
"title": "Pastoral work"
},
{
"text": "Library , but his health soon prevented him from continuing . Upon recommendation that it would benefit his health , Richards moved to the novitiate in Los Gatos , California in March 1900 , but was there only for a short while before he returned to his family in Boston due to news of his mothers death .",
"title": "Pastoral work"
},
{
"text": "Richards then returned to Los Gatos in April , where he remained until the summer of 1901 , when he returned to Frederick , Maryland . There , he became minister of the novitiate . With the relocation of the novitiate to St . Andrew-on-Hudson in Poughkeepsie , New York in January 1903 , Richards followed as minister . In the summer of 1903 , he was instead made the procurator , and was in charge of the mission in Pleasant Valley . He then transferred again to Boston College in the summer of 1906 as spiritual father , where",
"title": "Pastoral work"
},
{
"text": "he remained for a year . From 1907 to July 1909 , he was prefect of the Church of St . Ignatius Loyola at Boston College .",
"title": "Pastoral work"
},
{
"text": "Richards then became of the Church of St . Ignatius Loyola in New York City . After four years , he was sent to Canisius College in Buffalo as minister and prefect of studies . He ceased to be minister in July 1914 , but remained as prefect . He was appointed the rector and president of both Regis High School and the Loyola School in New York the following year , succeeding David W . Hearn . At the same time , he became pastor of the Church of St . Ignatius Loyola . Being advanced in age ,",
"title": "Pastoral work"
},
{
"text": "he was relieved of the position by the provincial superior on March 25 , 1919 , and was succeeded by James J . Kilroy .",
"title": "Pastoral work"
},
{
"text": " Following his positions in New York , Richards was made superior of Manresa Island in Norwalk , Connecticut , where he received Jesuit scholastics and priests from the Diocese of Hartford during the summer for their retreats . During the rest of the year , he lived on the island with just one other Jesuit . In December 1921 , he was transferred to Weston College as spiritual father and procurator , the latter of which he ceased to hold in September 1922 .",
"title": "Later years"
},
{
"text": "On March 2 , 1923 , he suffered his first stroke , which left his speech impaired and the right side of his body paralyzed . He spent seven weeks in the hospital , before going to the College of the Holy Cross in Worcester , Massachusetts . He suffered another stroke on June 8 , and died the following day .",
"title": "Later years"
}
] |
/wiki/J._Havens_Richards#P69#2
|
Which school did J. Havens Richards go to between Sep 1879 and Nov 1879?
|
J . Havens Richards Joseph Havens Richards ( born Havens Cowles Richards ; November 8 , 1851 – June 9 , 1923 ) was an American Catholic priest and Jesuit who became a prominent president of Georgetown University , where he instituted major reforms and significantly increased the quality and stature of the university . Born to a prominent Ohio family , his father was an Episcopal priest who controversially converted to Catholicism , and had the infant Richards secretly baptized as a Catholic . Richards eventually entered the Society of Jesus . Richards became the president of Georgetown University in 1888 , and undertook significant construction , such the completion of Healy Hall , which included work on Gaston Hall and Riggs Library , and construction of Dahlgren Chapel . Richards sought to transform Georgetown into a modern , comprehensive , and high-caliber university . To that end , he significantly bolstered the graduate programs , expanded the Medical and Law Schools , established the Georgetown University Hospital , improved the astronomical observatory , and recruited prominent faculty . He also navigated tensions with the newly established Catholic University of America , some proponents of which called for the closure or downsizing of Georgetown . Richards fought anti-Catholic discrimination among universities of the Ivy League , which resulted in Harvard Law School admitting graduates of some Jesuit universities . Upon the end of his term in 1923 , Richards engaged in pastoral work attached to Jesuit educational institutions throughout the northeastern United States . He became the president of Regis High School and the Loyola School in New York City in 1915 , and then was made superior of the Jesuit retreat center on Manresa Island in Connecticut . Richards died at the College of the Holy Cross in 1923 . Early life . Havens Cowles Richards was born on November 8 , 1851 , in Columbus , Ohio . His parents were Henry Livingston Richards and Cynthia Cowles , who married on May 1 , 1842 , in Worthington , Ohio . Havens Cowles was the youngest of eight children , three of whom died in infancy . His surviving siblings were : Laura Isabella ( b . 1843 ) , Henry Livingston , Jr . ( b . 1846 ) , and William Douglas ( b . 1848 ) . Henry Livingston Richards was an Episcopal priest and the pastor of a church in Columbus . To the surprise of many , on January 25 , 1852 , he sought to convert to Catholicism , two months after Havens Cowles birth . He was said to have been moved during a visit to New Orleans , where he saw whites and enslaved blacks receiving the Eucharist side by side at the altar rail in a Catholic church . He was baptized by Caspar Henry Borgess at the Church of the Holy Cross in Columbus . One day , following his conversion , he snuck out of the house with the infant Havens Cowles and brought him to Holy Cross , where Havens Cowles Richards was also baptized by Borgess . These two conversions disturbed Havens Cowles mother , Cynthia , who was Episcopalian , and her relatives encouraged her to leave her husband . Likewise , Henry Livingston was ostracized by his family and acquaintances in Ohio . As a result , he abandoned his ministry and moved to New York City to search for work in business , leaving his family in the care of his father in Granville , Ohio . While there , Cynthia Cowles followed her husband in converting to Catholicism . She moved with her children to Jersey City , New Jersey in September 1855 , and was conditionally baptized on May 14 , 1856 , at St . Peters Church . All the other children were eventually baptized as well . Ancestry . Richards was born into a prominent family , which traced its lineage to colonial America on both his paternal and maternal sides . His uncle was Orestes Brownson , a Catholic activist and intellectual . On his mothers side , he was a descendant of James Kilbourne , an army colonel who led a regiment on the American frontier in the War of 1812 , founded the city of Worthington , Ohio , and became a United States Representative from Ohio . On his fathers side , Richards lineage included a number of men who fought in the American Revolutionary War , such as William Richards ( his great-grandfather ) , who led a contingent of troops that partook in the siege at the Battle of Fort Slongo , and who later fought in the Battle of Bunker Hill as a colonel . Through William Richards , he traces his ancestry to James Richards , who is documented in 1634 as residing on the Eel River in Plymouth , Massachusetts . Education . Richards father sought to send all of his children to Catholic schools , but at times , was unable to . Therefore , Richards attended both Catholic and public schools in Jersey City . At the age of fourteen , he quit school and took up work for his father as a bookkeeper . However , four years later , he moved to Boston , Massachusetts with his father , where they both worked in the steel industry . In September 1869 , Richards enrolled at Boston College . The rest of his family joined them in Boston in July of that year . Richards remained at Boston College for three years , where he was active in sports , before entering the Society of Jesus and proceeding to the novitiate in Frederick , Maryland on August 7 , 1872 . Upon entering the order , he changed his name to Joseph Havens Richards . At the end of his probationary period , Richards was sent to Woodstock College in 1874 , where he studied philosophy for four years . He then went to Georgetown University as a professor of physics and mathematics , and did work in chemistry during his vacations . During the summers of 1879 and 1880 , he was sent by the Jesuit provincial superior to study at Harvard University . In July 1883 , he returned to Woodstock for four years of theological studies . The provincial superior made an exception for Richards to be ordained after only two years of theology because his father was ill . Therefore , on August 29 , 1885 , he was ordained a priest by James Gibbons , the Archbishop of Baltimore , in the colleges chapel . He then completed his theological studies at Woodstock in 1887 , and returned to Frederick to do his tertianship . Georgetown University . Immediately after the completion of his Jesuit formation , Richards was made the rector and president of Georgetown University , taking office on August 15 , 1888 , and succeeding James A . Doonan . He had an ambitious plan to transform Georgetown into a modern , comprehensive university that would be the leading university of both the Catholic Church and the United States . This role would be amplified by the fact that the university was located in the nations capital . Curriculum improvements . Though Richards sought to dispel that perception that Jesuit schools were of inferior quality than their secular counterparts , he maintained that the curriculum of the Ratio Studiorum should be preserved . Therefore , he revitalized the graduate programs of the university . He introduced new courses in the Law School , and oversaw construction of a new building in 1892 . He also sought to establish an electrical , chemical , and civil engineering program , but this did not come to fruition . For the first time , upon his instruction , graduates of the university were authorized to wear a hood as part of their academic regalia . Richards succeeded in bringing prominent faculty from Europe onto the Georgetown faculty , as well as recruiting distinguished researchers from the Smithsonian Institution . Graduate courses in the arts and sciences were re-established in 1889 , and courses in theology and philosophy returned to the university , which had previously been removed to Boston and then to Woodstock College . Richards sharply criticized the decision to remove the theological training of Jesuits from Georgetown to the semi-wilderness of Woodstock , which was remote from libraries , from contact with the learned world , and from all the stimulating influences which affect intellectual life . Richards enlarged the School of Medicine by establishing a chair and laboratory of bacteriology , increasing the number of instructors in anatomy , physiology , and surgery , and improving the chemistry curriculum . He also standardized the curriculum , and increased its duration from three to four years . The property of the medical school , which theretofore had been owned by its own legal corporation was transferred to the President and Directors of Georgetown College , giving Richards authority over the appointment of professors . Richards also desired to have a hospital adjoined to the medical school , but there was initially little interest in this among faculty and donors . Eventually , the Georgetown University Hospital was completed in 1898 , and it was put under the care of the Sisters of Saint Francis . Richards also worked with Bishop John Keane to address tensions with the newly established Catholic University of America , run by the American bishops . Many feared that it would interfere with Georgetown University , and it did indeed seek to take control of Georgetowns law and medical schools as its own . This proposal was approved by the Jesuit Superior General , Luis Martín , who feared that the Vatican might suppress Georgetown altogether if it did not acquiesce . However , the faculty of the law and medical schools publicly protested the proposal , and Catholic University dropped its plans . Eventually , an agreement was reached that Catholic University would focus exclusively on the graduate education of secular priests . Construction . Richards most immediate task upon taking office was the completion of Healy Hall , construction of which began in 1877 under Patrick F . Healy , but whose interior remained unfinished . He was able to have the bulk of the work complete by February 20 , 1889 , the date on which the university began its three-day centenary celebration . Within Healy Hall , he made improvements to Gaston Hall , and oversaw the start of work on Riggs Library . Richards improved the universitys astronomical observatory , which raised the stature of the university in scientific circles . He additionally invited Johann Hagen to take charge of the observatory . In 1892 , he received a donation from Elizabeth Wharton Drexel for the construction of Dahlgren Chapel of the Sacred Heart . That year , he also procured the library of John Gilmary Shea , which extensively documented the history of the Catholic Church in the United States . Richards presidency came to an end on July 3 , 1898 , after experiencing worsening health for two years , and he was succeeded by John D . Whitney . Anti-Catholicism in the Ivy League . Richards also took up the cause of fighting discrimination against Catholics by prominent Protestant universities , especially those of the Ivy League . In 1893 , James Jeffrey Roche , the editor of the Boston newspaper The Pilot , wrote Charles William Eliot , the president of Harvard University , about the fact that no Catholic universities were included on the list of universities whose graduates were automatically eligible for admission to Harvard Law School . Eliots response , which was published in The Pilot , was that the quality of education at Catholic universities was inferior to that offered at their Protestant counterparts . Richards and other Catholic educators had long believed that anti-Catholic discrimination had been at work at Protestant colleges . Richards sought a retraction from Eliot , writing to him that graduates of reputable Catholic colleges were better prepared to study law than any other college graduates , and included information on Georgetowns curriculum . Eliot responded by adding Georgetown , the College of the Holy Cross , and Boston College to the list . Upon the provincial superiors instruction , Richards then unsuccessfully lobbied to have all 24 Jesuit colleges in the United States added to the list . Pastoral work . Following his retirement from the presidency , Richards became the spiritual father of the novitiate in Frederick . He remained interested in Georgetowns astronomical observatory , and petitioned to have a station established in South Africa , so that the entire sky could be studied . The following year , he became the spiritual father of Boston College , where he established the Boston Alumni Sodality . When not in Boston , he spent time in Philadelphia and Brooklyn , where he worked with the New York Sodality . He also began cataloguing Catholic works in the New York Public Library , but his health soon prevented him from continuing . Upon recommendation that it would benefit his health , Richards moved to the novitiate in Los Gatos , California in March 1900 , but was there only for a short while before he returned to his family in Boston due to news of his mothers death . Richards then returned to Los Gatos in April , where he remained until the summer of 1901 , when he returned to Frederick , Maryland . There , he became minister of the novitiate . With the relocation of the novitiate to St . Andrew-on-Hudson in Poughkeepsie , New York in January 1903 , Richards followed as minister . In the summer of 1903 , he was instead made the procurator , and was in charge of the mission in Pleasant Valley . He then transferred again to Boston College in the summer of 1906 as spiritual father , where he remained for a year . From 1907 to July 1909 , he was prefect of the Church of St . Ignatius Loyola at Boston College . Richards then became of the Church of St . Ignatius Loyola in New York City . After four years , he was sent to Canisius College in Buffalo as minister and prefect of studies . He ceased to be minister in July 1914 , but remained as prefect . He was appointed the rector and president of both Regis High School and the Loyola School in New York the following year , succeeding David W . Hearn . At the same time , he became pastor of the Church of St . Ignatius Loyola . Being advanced in age , he was relieved of the position by the provincial superior on March 25 , 1919 , and was succeeded by James J . Kilroy . Later years . Following his positions in New York , Richards was made superior of Manresa Island in Norwalk , Connecticut , where he received Jesuit scholastics and priests from the Diocese of Hartford during the summer for their retreats . During the rest of the year , he lived on the island with just one other Jesuit . In December 1921 , he was transferred to Weston College as spiritual father and procurator , the latter of which he ceased to hold in September 1922 . On March 2 , 1923 , he suffered his first stroke , which left his speech impaired and the right side of his body paralyzed . He spent seven weeks in the hospital , before going to the College of the Holy Cross in Worcester , Massachusetts . He suffered another stroke on June 8 , and died the following day .
|
[
"Harvard University"
] |
[
{
"text": " Joseph Havens Richards ( born Havens Cowles Richards ; November 8 , 1851 – June 9 , 1923 ) was an American Catholic priest and Jesuit who became a prominent president of Georgetown University , where he instituted major reforms and significantly increased the quality and stature of the university . Born to a prominent Ohio family , his father was an Episcopal priest who controversially converted to Catholicism , and had the infant Richards secretly baptized as a Catholic . Richards eventually entered the Society of Jesus .",
"title": "J . Havens Richards"
},
{
"text": "Richards became the president of Georgetown University in 1888 , and undertook significant construction , such the completion of Healy Hall , which included work on Gaston Hall and Riggs Library , and construction of Dahlgren Chapel . Richards sought to transform Georgetown into a modern , comprehensive , and high-caliber university . To that end , he significantly bolstered the graduate programs , expanded the Medical and Law Schools , established the Georgetown University Hospital , improved the astronomical observatory , and recruited prominent faculty . He also navigated tensions with the newly established Catholic University of America ,",
"title": "J . Havens Richards"
},
{
"text": "some proponents of which called for the closure or downsizing of Georgetown . Richards fought anti-Catholic discrimination among universities of the Ivy League , which resulted in Harvard Law School admitting graduates of some Jesuit universities .",
"title": "J . Havens Richards"
},
{
"text": " Upon the end of his term in 1923 , Richards engaged in pastoral work attached to Jesuit educational institutions throughout the northeastern United States . He became the president of Regis High School and the Loyola School in New York City in 1915 , and then was made superior of the Jesuit retreat center on Manresa Island in Connecticut . Richards died at the College of the Holy Cross in 1923 .",
"title": "J . Havens Richards"
},
{
"text": " Havens Cowles Richards was born on November 8 , 1851 , in Columbus , Ohio . His parents were Henry Livingston Richards and Cynthia Cowles , who married on May 1 , 1842 , in Worthington , Ohio . Havens Cowles was the youngest of eight children , three of whom died in infancy . His surviving siblings were : Laura Isabella ( b . 1843 ) , Henry Livingston , Jr . ( b . 1846 ) , and William Douglas ( b . 1848 ) .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Henry Livingston Richards was an Episcopal priest and the pastor of a church in Columbus . To the surprise of many , on January 25 , 1852 , he sought to convert to Catholicism , two months after Havens Cowles birth . He was said to have been moved during a visit to New Orleans , where he saw whites and enslaved blacks receiving the Eucharist side by side at the altar rail in a Catholic church . He was baptized by Caspar Henry Borgess at the Church of the Holy Cross in Columbus . One day , following his",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "conversion , he snuck out of the house with the infant Havens Cowles and brought him to Holy Cross , where Havens Cowles Richards was also baptized by Borgess . These two conversions disturbed Havens Cowles mother , Cynthia , who was Episcopalian , and her relatives encouraged her to leave her husband . Likewise , Henry Livingston was ostracized by his family and acquaintances in Ohio . As a result , he abandoned his ministry and moved to New York City to search for work in business , leaving his family in the care of his father in Granville",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": ", Ohio . While there , Cynthia Cowles followed her husband in converting to Catholicism . She moved with her children to Jersey City , New Jersey in September 1855 , and was conditionally baptized on May 14 , 1856 , at St . Peters Church . All the other children were eventually baptized as well .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " Richards was born into a prominent family , which traced its lineage to colonial America on both his paternal and maternal sides . His uncle was Orestes Brownson , a Catholic activist and intellectual . On his mothers side , he was a descendant of James Kilbourne , an army colonel who led a regiment on the American frontier in the War of 1812 , founded the city of Worthington , Ohio , and became a United States Representative from Ohio .",
"title": "Ancestry"
},
{
"text": "On his fathers side , Richards lineage included a number of men who fought in the American Revolutionary War , such as William Richards ( his great-grandfather ) , who led a contingent of troops that partook in the siege at the Battle of Fort Slongo , and who later fought in the Battle of Bunker Hill as a colonel . Through William Richards , he traces his ancestry to James Richards , who is documented in 1634 as residing on the Eel River in Plymouth , Massachusetts .",
"title": "Ancestry"
},
{
"text": "Richards father sought to send all of his children to Catholic schools , but at times , was unable to . Therefore , Richards attended both Catholic and public schools in Jersey City . At the age of fourteen , he quit school and took up work for his father as a bookkeeper . However , four years later , he moved to Boston , Massachusetts with his father , where they both worked in the steel industry . In September 1869 , Richards enrolled at Boston College . The rest of his family joined them in Boston in July",
"title": "Education"
},
{
"text": "of that year . Richards remained at Boston College for three years , where he was active in sports , before entering the Society of Jesus and proceeding to the novitiate in Frederick , Maryland on August 7 , 1872 . Upon entering the order , he changed his name to Joseph Havens Richards .",
"title": "Education"
},
{
"text": "At the end of his probationary period , Richards was sent to Woodstock College in 1874 , where he studied philosophy for four years . He then went to Georgetown University as a professor of physics and mathematics , and did work in chemistry during his vacations . During the summers of 1879 and 1880 , he was sent by the Jesuit provincial superior to study at Harvard University . In July 1883 , he returned to Woodstock for four years of theological studies . The provincial superior made an exception for Richards to be ordained after only two years",
"title": "Education"
},
{
"text": "of theology because his father was ill . Therefore , on August 29 , 1885 , he was ordained a priest by James Gibbons , the Archbishop of Baltimore , in the colleges chapel . He then completed his theological studies at Woodstock in 1887 , and returned to Frederick to do his tertianship .",
"title": "Education"
},
{
"text": " Immediately after the completion of his Jesuit formation , Richards was made the rector and president of Georgetown University , taking office on August 15 , 1888 , and succeeding James A . Doonan . He had an ambitious plan to transform Georgetown into a modern , comprehensive university that would be the leading university of both the Catholic Church and the United States . This role would be amplified by the fact that the university was located in the nations capital .",
"title": "Georgetown University"
},
{
"text": "Though Richards sought to dispel that perception that Jesuit schools were of inferior quality than their secular counterparts , he maintained that the curriculum of the Ratio Studiorum should be preserved . Therefore , he revitalized the graduate programs of the university . He introduced new courses in the Law School , and oversaw construction of a new building in 1892 . He also sought to establish an electrical , chemical , and civil engineering program , but this did not come to fruition . For the first time , upon his instruction , graduates of the university were authorized",
"title": "Curriculum improvements"
},
{
"text": "to wear a hood as part of their academic regalia . Richards succeeded in bringing prominent faculty from Europe onto the Georgetown faculty , as well as recruiting distinguished researchers from the Smithsonian Institution .",
"title": "Curriculum improvements"
},
{
"text": " Graduate courses in the arts and sciences were re-established in 1889 , and courses in theology and philosophy returned to the university , which had previously been removed to Boston and then to Woodstock College . Richards sharply criticized the decision to remove the theological training of Jesuits from Georgetown to the semi-wilderness of Woodstock , which was remote from libraries , from contact with the learned world , and from all the stimulating influences which affect intellectual life .",
"title": "Curriculum improvements"
},
{
"text": "Richards enlarged the School of Medicine by establishing a chair and laboratory of bacteriology , increasing the number of instructors in anatomy , physiology , and surgery , and improving the chemistry curriculum . He also standardized the curriculum , and increased its duration from three to four years . The property of the medical school , which theretofore had been owned by its own legal corporation was transferred to the President and Directors of Georgetown College , giving Richards authority over the appointment of professors . Richards also desired to have a hospital adjoined to the medical school ,",
"title": "Curriculum improvements"
},
{
"text": "but there was initially little interest in this among faculty and donors . Eventually , the Georgetown University Hospital was completed in 1898 , and it was put under the care of the Sisters of Saint Francis .",
"title": "Curriculum improvements"
},
{
"text": "Richards also worked with Bishop John Keane to address tensions with the newly established Catholic University of America , run by the American bishops . Many feared that it would interfere with Georgetown University , and it did indeed seek to take control of Georgetowns law and medical schools as its own . This proposal was approved by the Jesuit Superior General , Luis Martín , who feared that the Vatican might suppress Georgetown altogether if it did not acquiesce . However , the faculty of the law and medical schools publicly protested the proposal , and Catholic University dropped",
"title": "Curriculum improvements"
},
{
"text": "its plans . Eventually , an agreement was reached that Catholic University would focus exclusively on the graduate education of secular priests .",
"title": "Curriculum improvements"
},
{
"text": "Richards most immediate task upon taking office was the completion of Healy Hall , construction of which began in 1877 under Patrick F . Healy , but whose interior remained unfinished . He was able to have the bulk of the work complete by February 20 , 1889 , the date on which the university began its three-day centenary celebration . Within Healy Hall , he made improvements to Gaston Hall , and oversaw the start of work on Riggs Library . Richards improved the universitys astronomical observatory , which raised the stature of the university in scientific circles .",
"title": "Construction"
},
{
"text": "He additionally invited Johann Hagen to take charge of the observatory .",
"title": "Construction"
},
{
"text": " In 1892 , he received a donation from Elizabeth Wharton Drexel for the construction of Dahlgren Chapel of the Sacred Heart . That year , he also procured the library of John Gilmary Shea , which extensively documented the history of the Catholic Church in the United States . Richards presidency came to an end on July 3 , 1898 , after experiencing worsening health for two years , and he was succeeded by John D . Whitney . Anti-Catholicism in the Ivy League .",
"title": "Construction"
},
{
"text": "Richards also took up the cause of fighting discrimination against Catholics by prominent Protestant universities , especially those of the Ivy League . In 1893 , James Jeffrey Roche , the editor of the Boston newspaper The Pilot , wrote Charles William Eliot , the president of Harvard University , about the fact that no Catholic universities were included on the list of universities whose graduates were automatically eligible for admission to Harvard Law School . Eliots response , which was published in The Pilot , was that the quality of education at Catholic universities was inferior to that offered",
"title": "Construction"
},
{
"text": "at their Protestant counterparts . Richards and other Catholic educators had long believed that anti-Catholic discrimination had been at work at Protestant colleges .",
"title": "Construction"
},
{
"text": " Richards sought a retraction from Eliot , writing to him that graduates of reputable Catholic colleges were better prepared to study law than any other college graduates , and included information on Georgetowns curriculum . Eliot responded by adding Georgetown , the College of the Holy Cross , and Boston College to the list . Upon the provincial superiors instruction , Richards then unsuccessfully lobbied to have all 24 Jesuit colleges in the United States added to the list .",
"title": "Construction"
},
{
"text": "Following his retirement from the presidency , Richards became the spiritual father of the novitiate in Frederick . He remained interested in Georgetowns astronomical observatory , and petitioned to have a station established in South Africa , so that the entire sky could be studied . The following year , he became the spiritual father of Boston College , where he established the Boston Alumni Sodality . When not in Boston , he spent time in Philadelphia and Brooklyn , where he worked with the New York Sodality . He also began cataloguing Catholic works in the New York Public",
"title": "Pastoral work"
},
{
"text": "Library , but his health soon prevented him from continuing . Upon recommendation that it would benefit his health , Richards moved to the novitiate in Los Gatos , California in March 1900 , but was there only for a short while before he returned to his family in Boston due to news of his mothers death .",
"title": "Pastoral work"
},
{
"text": "Richards then returned to Los Gatos in April , where he remained until the summer of 1901 , when he returned to Frederick , Maryland . There , he became minister of the novitiate . With the relocation of the novitiate to St . Andrew-on-Hudson in Poughkeepsie , New York in January 1903 , Richards followed as minister . In the summer of 1903 , he was instead made the procurator , and was in charge of the mission in Pleasant Valley . He then transferred again to Boston College in the summer of 1906 as spiritual father , where",
"title": "Pastoral work"
},
{
"text": "he remained for a year . From 1907 to July 1909 , he was prefect of the Church of St . Ignatius Loyola at Boston College .",
"title": "Pastoral work"
},
{
"text": "Richards then became of the Church of St . Ignatius Loyola in New York City . After four years , he was sent to Canisius College in Buffalo as minister and prefect of studies . He ceased to be minister in July 1914 , but remained as prefect . He was appointed the rector and president of both Regis High School and the Loyola School in New York the following year , succeeding David W . Hearn . At the same time , he became pastor of the Church of St . Ignatius Loyola . Being advanced in age ,",
"title": "Pastoral work"
},
{
"text": "he was relieved of the position by the provincial superior on March 25 , 1919 , and was succeeded by James J . Kilroy .",
"title": "Pastoral work"
},
{
"text": " Following his positions in New York , Richards was made superior of Manresa Island in Norwalk , Connecticut , where he received Jesuit scholastics and priests from the Diocese of Hartford during the summer for their retreats . During the rest of the year , he lived on the island with just one other Jesuit . In December 1921 , he was transferred to Weston College as spiritual father and procurator , the latter of which he ceased to hold in September 1922 .",
"title": "Later years"
},
{
"text": "On March 2 , 1923 , he suffered his first stroke , which left his speech impaired and the right side of his body paralyzed . He spent seven weeks in the hospital , before going to the College of the Holy Cross in Worcester , Massachusetts . He suffered another stroke on June 8 , and died the following day .",
"title": "Later years"
}
] |
/wiki/Giliano_Wijnaldum#P108#0
|
Giliano Wijnaldum was an employee for whom in Oct 2007?
|
Giliano Wijnaldum Giliano Wijnaldum ( born 31 August 1992 ) is a Dutch professional footballer of Surinamese descent who plays as a left back . He formerly played for AZ , FC Groningen , Go Ahead Eagles and VfL Bochum . Club career . AZ Alkmaar . Born in Rotterdam , Netherlands , Wijnaldum began his career at Sparta Rotterdam , where he played alongside his brother when he was fifteen . After one season at the club , Wijnaldum moved to AZ in 2008 and after going through the ranks , he signed his first professional contract in the summer of 2011 . Wijnaldum then made his debut for the club on 16 April 2011 , where he played 11 minutes after coming on as a substitute in the second half , in a 3–1 win over ADO Den Haag . This turned out to be his only appearance of the 2010–11 season . The 2011–12 season saw Wijnaldum make his only appearance in the KNVB Cup against Dordrecht on 27 October 2011 . Around the same time , he played in the reserves . The 2012–13 season saw Wijnaldum play his first match of the season on 2 September 2012 against PSV Eindhoven , where he played against his older brother , Georginio , and played 77 minutes as they lost 5–1 . In the second meeting on 20 April 2013 , he was in the squad and played the whole game , but AZ once again lost 3–1 . Despite playing in the reserves , Wijnaldum established himself in the first team as the 2012–13 season progressed and made twenty appearances . At the end of the season , Wijnaldum , however , was released by the club . It was due to that the fact that he would not be given a first team opportunity next season . Groningen . On 27 June 2013 , Wijnaldum joined Groningen on a free transfer following his release by the club . Wijnaldum was given a number twenty-five shirt ahead of the new season , where he revealed that his Georginio told him to take it , as well as , hopes of getting a first team opportunity . Wijnaldum made his Groningen debut , in the opening game of the season , where he made his first start and played the whole game , in a 4–1 win over NEC . In a match against Heerenveen on 15 September 2013 , he set up one of the goals , in a 4–2 loss . and then scored his first goal and setting up one of the goal , in a 2–2 draw against PEC Zwolle on 30 November 2013 . Since making his debut , Wijnaldum established himself in the first team until he lost his place in favour of Lorenzo Burnet . Despite being suspended for being booked fifth time this season , he appeared on handful of appearances towards the end of the season and made thirty appearance and scoring once in all competitions . Go Ahead Eagles . On 25 June 2014 , Wijnaldum moved again when he joined newly promoted side Go Ahead Eagles , signing a two-year contract with the club despite having a year contract with Groningen . It came after when he wasnt guaranteed a first team opportunity at Groningen next season . However , Wijnaldum missed the start of the season , due to a foot injury and it wasnt until on 13 September 2014 when he made his return from injury , making his first appearance for the club , in a 2–1 loss against Twente . In a match against Utrecht on 4 October 2014 , Wijnaldum set up a winning goal for Jeffrey Rijsdijk , in a 3–2 win . In a match against Willem II on 18 January 2015 , Wijnaldium received a red card after a second bookable offence , which saw them lose 1–0 . However , in a match against Twente on 12 April 2015 , Wijnaldum was involved in an incident with the clubs supporters after racially abusing him for his lack of commitment . This angered the club , who was considering a legal action against the clubs supporters . Following this , Wijnaldum decided against pressing chargers to the clubs supporters . After the club were relegated back to Eerste Divisie through the playoffs , Wijnaldum finished his first season , making twenty-three appearance in all competitions . VfL Bochum . After leaving Go Ahead Eagles , Wijnaldum moved to Germany when he joined VfL Bochum , signing a two-year contract , on 15 June 2015 . Wijnaldum made his Bochum debut in the first round of DFB-Pokal , where he played 45 minutes , in a 5–0 win over FSV Salmrohr . After appearing on the substitute bench for the first five league matches , he made his Bochum debut on 11 September 2015 , where he came on as a substitute in the second half and played 33 minutes , in a 1–1 draw against Sandhausen . Three weeks later , on 25 September 2015 , Wijnaldum made his first start and played the whole game , in a 2–1 loss against FC Kaiserslautern . However , Wijnaldums first opportunities was increasingly limited and made only seven 2 . Bundesliga appearances . At the end of the season , Wijnaldum was released by the club after one season . Philadelphia Union . On 5 January 2017 , Wijnaldum moved to the United States when he joined Philadelphia Union , based in the Major League Soccer . Upon joining Philadelphia Union , the clubs Sporting Director Earnie Stewart , commented on his move , quoting : I believe Giliano is one of those players that flies under the radar , with great upside potential . On 1 November 2017 , Wijnaldums option was declined by the Philadelphia Union . Philadelphia declined their option on Wijnaldums contract at the end of the 2017 season . On 5 June 2018 he joined Sparta Rotterdam . International career . After featuring once for the Netherlands U17 side , Wijnaldum was called up by Netherlands U19 on 1 September 2010 and made his Netherlands U19 debut two days later against Germany U19 , followed up by his second appearance against Greece U19 on 7 September 2010 . On 27 February 2012 , Wijnaldum was called up by Netherlands U20 for the first time and made his Netherlands U20 two days later , where he played 45 minutes , in a 3–0 win over Denmark U20 . On 1 June 2012 , he then scored his first Netherlands U20 goal , in a 3–0 win over France U20 in the Toulon Tournament . Career statistics . Club . Personal life . His older brother , Georginio Wijnaldum , plays as an attacking midfielder for English club Liverpool . His half-brother , Rajiv van la Parra , also plays professional football for Red Star Belgrade . Honours . - KNVB Cup : 2012–13 External links . - Giliano Wijnaldum at Kicke
|
[
"Sparta Rotterdam"
] |
[
{
"text": " Giliano Wijnaldum ( born 31 August 1992 ) is a Dutch professional footballer of Surinamese descent who plays as a left back . He formerly played for AZ , FC Groningen , Go Ahead Eagles and VfL Bochum .",
"title": "Giliano Wijnaldum"
},
{
"text": " Born in Rotterdam , Netherlands , Wijnaldum began his career at Sparta Rotterdam , where he played alongside his brother when he was fifteen . After one season at the club , Wijnaldum moved to AZ in 2008 and after going through the ranks , he signed his first professional contract in the summer of 2011 .",
"title": "AZ Alkmaar"
},
{
"text": "Wijnaldum then made his debut for the club on 16 April 2011 , where he played 11 minutes after coming on as a substitute in the second half , in a 3–1 win over ADO Den Haag . This turned out to be his only appearance of the 2010–11 season . The 2011–12 season saw Wijnaldum make his only appearance in the KNVB Cup against Dordrecht on 27 October 2011 . Around the same time , he played in the reserves .",
"title": "AZ Alkmaar"
},
{
"text": "The 2012–13 season saw Wijnaldum play his first match of the season on 2 September 2012 against PSV Eindhoven , where he played against his older brother , Georginio , and played 77 minutes as they lost 5–1 . In the second meeting on 20 April 2013 , he was in the squad and played the whole game , but AZ once again lost 3–1 . Despite playing in the reserves , Wijnaldum established himself in the first team as the 2012–13 season progressed and made twenty appearances . At the end of the season , Wijnaldum , however ,",
"title": "AZ Alkmaar"
},
{
"text": "was released by the club . It was due to that the fact that he would not be given a first team opportunity next season .",
"title": "AZ Alkmaar"
},
{
"text": " On 27 June 2013 , Wijnaldum joined Groningen on a free transfer following his release by the club . Wijnaldum was given a number twenty-five shirt ahead of the new season , where he revealed that his Georginio told him to take it , as well as , hopes of getting a first team opportunity .",
"title": "Groningen"
},
{
"text": "Wijnaldum made his Groningen debut , in the opening game of the season , where he made his first start and played the whole game , in a 4–1 win over NEC . In a match against Heerenveen on 15 September 2013 , he set up one of the goals , in a 4–2 loss . and then scored his first goal and setting up one of the goal , in a 2–2 draw against PEC Zwolle on 30 November 2013 . Since making his debut , Wijnaldum established himself in the first team until he lost his place in",
"title": "Groningen"
},
{
"text": "favour of Lorenzo Burnet . Despite being suspended for being booked fifth time this season , he appeared on handful of appearances towards the end of the season and made thirty appearance and scoring once in all competitions .",
"title": "Groningen"
},
{
"text": " On 25 June 2014 , Wijnaldum moved again when he joined newly promoted side Go Ahead Eagles , signing a two-year contract with the club despite having a year contract with Groningen . It came after when he wasnt guaranteed a first team opportunity at Groningen next season .",
"title": "Go Ahead Eagles"
},
{
"text": "However , Wijnaldum missed the start of the season , due to a foot injury and it wasnt until on 13 September 2014 when he made his return from injury , making his first appearance for the club , in a 2–1 loss against Twente . In a match against Utrecht on 4 October 2014 , Wijnaldum set up a winning goal for Jeffrey Rijsdijk , in a 3–2 win . In a match against Willem II on 18 January 2015 , Wijnaldium received a red card after a second bookable offence , which saw them lose 1–0 .",
"title": "Go Ahead Eagles"
},
{
"text": " However , in a match against Twente on 12 April 2015 , Wijnaldum was involved in an incident with the clubs supporters after racially abusing him for his lack of commitment . This angered the club , who was considering a legal action against the clubs supporters . Following this , Wijnaldum decided against pressing chargers to the clubs supporters . After the club were relegated back to Eerste Divisie through the playoffs , Wijnaldum finished his first season , making twenty-three appearance in all competitions .",
"title": "Go Ahead Eagles"
},
{
"text": " After leaving Go Ahead Eagles , Wijnaldum moved to Germany when he joined VfL Bochum , signing a two-year contract , on 15 June 2015 .",
"title": "VfL Bochum"
},
{
"text": "Wijnaldum made his Bochum debut in the first round of DFB-Pokal , where he played 45 minutes , in a 5–0 win over FSV Salmrohr . After appearing on the substitute bench for the first five league matches , he made his Bochum debut on 11 September 2015 , where he came on as a substitute in the second half and played 33 minutes , in a 1–1 draw against Sandhausen . Three weeks later , on 25 September 2015 , Wijnaldum made his first start and played the whole game , in a 2–1 loss against FC Kaiserslautern .",
"title": "VfL Bochum"
},
{
"text": "However , Wijnaldums first opportunities was increasingly limited and made only seven 2 . Bundesliga appearances .",
"title": "VfL Bochum"
},
{
"text": " At the end of the season , Wijnaldum was released by the club after one season .",
"title": "VfL Bochum"
},
{
"text": "On 5 January 2017 , Wijnaldum moved to the United States when he joined Philadelphia Union , based in the Major League Soccer . Upon joining Philadelphia Union , the clubs Sporting Director Earnie Stewart , commented on his move , quoting : I believe Giliano is one of those players that flies under the radar , with great upside potential . On 1 November 2017 , Wijnaldums option was declined by the Philadelphia Union . Philadelphia declined their option on Wijnaldums contract at the end of the 2017 season . On 5 June 2018 he joined Sparta Rotterdam .",
"title": "Philadelphia Union"
},
{
"text": " After featuring once for the Netherlands U17 side , Wijnaldum was called up by Netherlands U19 on 1 September 2010 and made his Netherlands U19 debut two days later against Germany U19 , followed up by his second appearance against Greece U19 on 7 September 2010 .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "On 27 February 2012 , Wijnaldum was called up by Netherlands U20 for the first time and made his Netherlands U20 two days later , where he played 45 minutes , in a 3–0 win over Denmark U20 . On 1 June 2012 , he then scored his first Netherlands U20 goal , in a 3–0 win over France U20 in the Toulon Tournament .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " His older brother , Georginio Wijnaldum , plays as an attacking midfielder for English club Liverpool . His half-brother , Rajiv van la Parra , also plays professional football for Red Star Belgrade .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " - Giliano Wijnaldum at Kicke",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Giliano_Wijnaldum#P108#1
|
Giliano Wijnaldum was an employee for whom between Jan 2011 and Sep 2011?
|
Giliano Wijnaldum Giliano Wijnaldum ( born 31 August 1992 ) is a Dutch professional footballer of Surinamese descent who plays as a left back . He formerly played for AZ , FC Groningen , Go Ahead Eagles and VfL Bochum . Club career . AZ Alkmaar . Born in Rotterdam , Netherlands , Wijnaldum began his career at Sparta Rotterdam , where he played alongside his brother when he was fifteen . After one season at the club , Wijnaldum moved to AZ in 2008 and after going through the ranks , he signed his first professional contract in the summer of 2011 . Wijnaldum then made his debut for the club on 16 April 2011 , where he played 11 minutes after coming on as a substitute in the second half , in a 3–1 win over ADO Den Haag . This turned out to be his only appearance of the 2010–11 season . The 2011–12 season saw Wijnaldum make his only appearance in the KNVB Cup against Dordrecht on 27 October 2011 . Around the same time , he played in the reserves . The 2012–13 season saw Wijnaldum play his first match of the season on 2 September 2012 against PSV Eindhoven , where he played against his older brother , Georginio , and played 77 minutes as they lost 5–1 . In the second meeting on 20 April 2013 , he was in the squad and played the whole game , but AZ once again lost 3–1 . Despite playing in the reserves , Wijnaldum established himself in the first team as the 2012–13 season progressed and made twenty appearances . At the end of the season , Wijnaldum , however , was released by the club . It was due to that the fact that he would not be given a first team opportunity next season . Groningen . On 27 June 2013 , Wijnaldum joined Groningen on a free transfer following his release by the club . Wijnaldum was given a number twenty-five shirt ahead of the new season , where he revealed that his Georginio told him to take it , as well as , hopes of getting a first team opportunity . Wijnaldum made his Groningen debut , in the opening game of the season , where he made his first start and played the whole game , in a 4–1 win over NEC . In a match against Heerenveen on 15 September 2013 , he set up one of the goals , in a 4–2 loss . and then scored his first goal and setting up one of the goal , in a 2–2 draw against PEC Zwolle on 30 November 2013 . Since making his debut , Wijnaldum established himself in the first team until he lost his place in favour of Lorenzo Burnet . Despite being suspended for being booked fifth time this season , he appeared on handful of appearances towards the end of the season and made thirty appearance and scoring once in all competitions . Go Ahead Eagles . On 25 June 2014 , Wijnaldum moved again when he joined newly promoted side Go Ahead Eagles , signing a two-year contract with the club despite having a year contract with Groningen . It came after when he wasnt guaranteed a first team opportunity at Groningen next season . However , Wijnaldum missed the start of the season , due to a foot injury and it wasnt until on 13 September 2014 when he made his return from injury , making his first appearance for the club , in a 2–1 loss against Twente . In a match against Utrecht on 4 October 2014 , Wijnaldum set up a winning goal for Jeffrey Rijsdijk , in a 3–2 win . In a match against Willem II on 18 January 2015 , Wijnaldium received a red card after a second bookable offence , which saw them lose 1–0 . However , in a match against Twente on 12 April 2015 , Wijnaldum was involved in an incident with the clubs supporters after racially abusing him for his lack of commitment . This angered the club , who was considering a legal action against the clubs supporters . Following this , Wijnaldum decided against pressing chargers to the clubs supporters . After the club were relegated back to Eerste Divisie through the playoffs , Wijnaldum finished his first season , making twenty-three appearance in all competitions . VfL Bochum . After leaving Go Ahead Eagles , Wijnaldum moved to Germany when he joined VfL Bochum , signing a two-year contract , on 15 June 2015 . Wijnaldum made his Bochum debut in the first round of DFB-Pokal , where he played 45 minutes , in a 5–0 win over FSV Salmrohr . After appearing on the substitute bench for the first five league matches , he made his Bochum debut on 11 September 2015 , where he came on as a substitute in the second half and played 33 minutes , in a 1–1 draw against Sandhausen . Three weeks later , on 25 September 2015 , Wijnaldum made his first start and played the whole game , in a 2–1 loss against FC Kaiserslautern . However , Wijnaldums first opportunities was increasingly limited and made only seven 2 . Bundesliga appearances . At the end of the season , Wijnaldum was released by the club after one season . Philadelphia Union . On 5 January 2017 , Wijnaldum moved to the United States when he joined Philadelphia Union , based in the Major League Soccer . Upon joining Philadelphia Union , the clubs Sporting Director Earnie Stewart , commented on his move , quoting : I believe Giliano is one of those players that flies under the radar , with great upside potential . On 1 November 2017 , Wijnaldums option was declined by the Philadelphia Union . Philadelphia declined their option on Wijnaldums contract at the end of the 2017 season . On 5 June 2018 he joined Sparta Rotterdam . International career . After featuring once for the Netherlands U17 side , Wijnaldum was called up by Netherlands U19 on 1 September 2010 and made his Netherlands U19 debut two days later against Germany U19 , followed up by his second appearance against Greece U19 on 7 September 2010 . On 27 February 2012 , Wijnaldum was called up by Netherlands U20 for the first time and made his Netherlands U20 two days later , where he played 45 minutes , in a 3–0 win over Denmark U20 . On 1 June 2012 , he then scored his first Netherlands U20 goal , in a 3–0 win over France U20 in the Toulon Tournament . Career statistics . Club . Personal life . His older brother , Georginio Wijnaldum , plays as an attacking midfielder for English club Liverpool . His half-brother , Rajiv van la Parra , also plays professional football for Red Star Belgrade . Honours . - KNVB Cup : 2012–13 External links . - Giliano Wijnaldum at Kicke
|
[
""
] |
[
{
"text": " Giliano Wijnaldum ( born 31 August 1992 ) is a Dutch professional footballer of Surinamese descent who plays as a left back . He formerly played for AZ , FC Groningen , Go Ahead Eagles and VfL Bochum .",
"title": "Giliano Wijnaldum"
},
{
"text": " Born in Rotterdam , Netherlands , Wijnaldum began his career at Sparta Rotterdam , where he played alongside his brother when he was fifteen . After one season at the club , Wijnaldum moved to AZ in 2008 and after going through the ranks , he signed his first professional contract in the summer of 2011 .",
"title": "AZ Alkmaar"
},
{
"text": "Wijnaldum then made his debut for the club on 16 April 2011 , where he played 11 minutes after coming on as a substitute in the second half , in a 3–1 win over ADO Den Haag . This turned out to be his only appearance of the 2010–11 season . The 2011–12 season saw Wijnaldum make his only appearance in the KNVB Cup against Dordrecht on 27 October 2011 . Around the same time , he played in the reserves .",
"title": "AZ Alkmaar"
},
{
"text": "The 2012–13 season saw Wijnaldum play his first match of the season on 2 September 2012 against PSV Eindhoven , where he played against his older brother , Georginio , and played 77 minutes as they lost 5–1 . In the second meeting on 20 April 2013 , he was in the squad and played the whole game , but AZ once again lost 3–1 . Despite playing in the reserves , Wijnaldum established himself in the first team as the 2012–13 season progressed and made twenty appearances . At the end of the season , Wijnaldum , however ,",
"title": "AZ Alkmaar"
},
{
"text": "was released by the club . It was due to that the fact that he would not be given a first team opportunity next season .",
"title": "AZ Alkmaar"
},
{
"text": " On 27 June 2013 , Wijnaldum joined Groningen on a free transfer following his release by the club . Wijnaldum was given a number twenty-five shirt ahead of the new season , where he revealed that his Georginio told him to take it , as well as , hopes of getting a first team opportunity .",
"title": "Groningen"
},
{
"text": "Wijnaldum made his Groningen debut , in the opening game of the season , where he made his first start and played the whole game , in a 4–1 win over NEC . In a match against Heerenveen on 15 September 2013 , he set up one of the goals , in a 4–2 loss . and then scored his first goal and setting up one of the goal , in a 2–2 draw against PEC Zwolle on 30 November 2013 . Since making his debut , Wijnaldum established himself in the first team until he lost his place in",
"title": "Groningen"
},
{
"text": "favour of Lorenzo Burnet . Despite being suspended for being booked fifth time this season , he appeared on handful of appearances towards the end of the season and made thirty appearance and scoring once in all competitions .",
"title": "Groningen"
},
{
"text": " On 25 June 2014 , Wijnaldum moved again when he joined newly promoted side Go Ahead Eagles , signing a two-year contract with the club despite having a year contract with Groningen . It came after when he wasnt guaranteed a first team opportunity at Groningen next season .",
"title": "Go Ahead Eagles"
},
{
"text": "However , Wijnaldum missed the start of the season , due to a foot injury and it wasnt until on 13 September 2014 when he made his return from injury , making his first appearance for the club , in a 2–1 loss against Twente . In a match against Utrecht on 4 October 2014 , Wijnaldum set up a winning goal for Jeffrey Rijsdijk , in a 3–2 win . In a match against Willem II on 18 January 2015 , Wijnaldium received a red card after a second bookable offence , which saw them lose 1–0 .",
"title": "Go Ahead Eagles"
},
{
"text": " However , in a match against Twente on 12 April 2015 , Wijnaldum was involved in an incident with the clubs supporters after racially abusing him for his lack of commitment . This angered the club , who was considering a legal action against the clubs supporters . Following this , Wijnaldum decided against pressing chargers to the clubs supporters . After the club were relegated back to Eerste Divisie through the playoffs , Wijnaldum finished his first season , making twenty-three appearance in all competitions .",
"title": "Go Ahead Eagles"
},
{
"text": " After leaving Go Ahead Eagles , Wijnaldum moved to Germany when he joined VfL Bochum , signing a two-year contract , on 15 June 2015 .",
"title": "VfL Bochum"
},
{
"text": "Wijnaldum made his Bochum debut in the first round of DFB-Pokal , where he played 45 minutes , in a 5–0 win over FSV Salmrohr . After appearing on the substitute bench for the first five league matches , he made his Bochum debut on 11 September 2015 , where he came on as a substitute in the second half and played 33 minutes , in a 1–1 draw against Sandhausen . Three weeks later , on 25 September 2015 , Wijnaldum made his first start and played the whole game , in a 2–1 loss against FC Kaiserslautern .",
"title": "VfL Bochum"
},
{
"text": "However , Wijnaldums first opportunities was increasingly limited and made only seven 2 . Bundesliga appearances .",
"title": "VfL Bochum"
},
{
"text": " At the end of the season , Wijnaldum was released by the club after one season .",
"title": "VfL Bochum"
},
{
"text": "On 5 January 2017 , Wijnaldum moved to the United States when he joined Philadelphia Union , based in the Major League Soccer . Upon joining Philadelphia Union , the clubs Sporting Director Earnie Stewart , commented on his move , quoting : I believe Giliano is one of those players that flies under the radar , with great upside potential . On 1 November 2017 , Wijnaldums option was declined by the Philadelphia Union . Philadelphia declined their option on Wijnaldums contract at the end of the 2017 season . On 5 June 2018 he joined Sparta Rotterdam .",
"title": "Philadelphia Union"
},
{
"text": " After featuring once for the Netherlands U17 side , Wijnaldum was called up by Netherlands U19 on 1 September 2010 and made his Netherlands U19 debut two days later against Germany U19 , followed up by his second appearance against Greece U19 on 7 September 2010 .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "On 27 February 2012 , Wijnaldum was called up by Netherlands U20 for the first time and made his Netherlands U20 two days later , where he played 45 minutes , in a 3–0 win over Denmark U20 . On 1 June 2012 , he then scored his first Netherlands U20 goal , in a 3–0 win over France U20 in the Toulon Tournament .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " His older brother , Georginio Wijnaldum , plays as an attacking midfielder for English club Liverpool . His half-brother , Rajiv van la Parra , also plays professional football for Red Star Belgrade .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " - Giliano Wijnaldum at Kicke",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Giliano_Wijnaldum#P108#2
|
Giliano Wijnaldum was an employee for whom in Aug 2013?
|
Giliano Wijnaldum Giliano Wijnaldum ( born 31 August 1992 ) is a Dutch professional footballer of Surinamese descent who plays as a left back . He formerly played for AZ , FC Groningen , Go Ahead Eagles and VfL Bochum . Club career . AZ Alkmaar . Born in Rotterdam , Netherlands , Wijnaldum began his career at Sparta Rotterdam , where he played alongside his brother when he was fifteen . After one season at the club , Wijnaldum moved to AZ in 2008 and after going through the ranks , he signed his first professional contract in the summer of 2011 . Wijnaldum then made his debut for the club on 16 April 2011 , where he played 11 minutes after coming on as a substitute in the second half , in a 3–1 win over ADO Den Haag . This turned out to be his only appearance of the 2010–11 season . The 2011–12 season saw Wijnaldum make his only appearance in the KNVB Cup against Dordrecht on 27 October 2011 . Around the same time , he played in the reserves . The 2012–13 season saw Wijnaldum play his first match of the season on 2 September 2012 against PSV Eindhoven , where he played against his older brother , Georginio , and played 77 minutes as they lost 5–1 . In the second meeting on 20 April 2013 , he was in the squad and played the whole game , but AZ once again lost 3–1 . Despite playing in the reserves , Wijnaldum established himself in the first team as the 2012–13 season progressed and made twenty appearances . At the end of the season , Wijnaldum , however , was released by the club . It was due to that the fact that he would not be given a first team opportunity next season . Groningen . On 27 June 2013 , Wijnaldum joined Groningen on a free transfer following his release by the club . Wijnaldum was given a number twenty-five shirt ahead of the new season , where he revealed that his Georginio told him to take it , as well as , hopes of getting a first team opportunity . Wijnaldum made his Groningen debut , in the opening game of the season , where he made his first start and played the whole game , in a 4–1 win over NEC . In a match against Heerenveen on 15 September 2013 , he set up one of the goals , in a 4–2 loss . and then scored his first goal and setting up one of the goal , in a 2–2 draw against PEC Zwolle on 30 November 2013 . Since making his debut , Wijnaldum established himself in the first team until he lost his place in favour of Lorenzo Burnet . Despite being suspended for being booked fifth time this season , he appeared on handful of appearances towards the end of the season and made thirty appearance and scoring once in all competitions . Go Ahead Eagles . On 25 June 2014 , Wijnaldum moved again when he joined newly promoted side Go Ahead Eagles , signing a two-year contract with the club despite having a year contract with Groningen . It came after when he wasnt guaranteed a first team opportunity at Groningen next season . However , Wijnaldum missed the start of the season , due to a foot injury and it wasnt until on 13 September 2014 when he made his return from injury , making his first appearance for the club , in a 2–1 loss against Twente . In a match against Utrecht on 4 October 2014 , Wijnaldum set up a winning goal for Jeffrey Rijsdijk , in a 3–2 win . In a match against Willem II on 18 January 2015 , Wijnaldium received a red card after a second bookable offence , which saw them lose 1–0 . However , in a match against Twente on 12 April 2015 , Wijnaldum was involved in an incident with the clubs supporters after racially abusing him for his lack of commitment . This angered the club , who was considering a legal action against the clubs supporters . Following this , Wijnaldum decided against pressing chargers to the clubs supporters . After the club were relegated back to Eerste Divisie through the playoffs , Wijnaldum finished his first season , making twenty-three appearance in all competitions . VfL Bochum . After leaving Go Ahead Eagles , Wijnaldum moved to Germany when he joined VfL Bochum , signing a two-year contract , on 15 June 2015 . Wijnaldum made his Bochum debut in the first round of DFB-Pokal , where he played 45 minutes , in a 5–0 win over FSV Salmrohr . After appearing on the substitute bench for the first five league matches , he made his Bochum debut on 11 September 2015 , where he came on as a substitute in the second half and played 33 minutes , in a 1–1 draw against Sandhausen . Three weeks later , on 25 September 2015 , Wijnaldum made his first start and played the whole game , in a 2–1 loss against FC Kaiserslautern . However , Wijnaldums first opportunities was increasingly limited and made only seven 2 . Bundesliga appearances . At the end of the season , Wijnaldum was released by the club after one season . Philadelphia Union . On 5 January 2017 , Wijnaldum moved to the United States when he joined Philadelphia Union , based in the Major League Soccer . Upon joining Philadelphia Union , the clubs Sporting Director Earnie Stewart , commented on his move , quoting : I believe Giliano is one of those players that flies under the radar , with great upside potential . On 1 November 2017 , Wijnaldums option was declined by the Philadelphia Union . Philadelphia declined their option on Wijnaldums contract at the end of the 2017 season . On 5 June 2018 he joined Sparta Rotterdam . International career . After featuring once for the Netherlands U17 side , Wijnaldum was called up by Netherlands U19 on 1 September 2010 and made his Netherlands U19 debut two days later against Germany U19 , followed up by his second appearance against Greece U19 on 7 September 2010 . On 27 February 2012 , Wijnaldum was called up by Netherlands U20 for the first time and made his Netherlands U20 two days later , where he played 45 minutes , in a 3–0 win over Denmark U20 . On 1 June 2012 , he then scored his first Netherlands U20 goal , in a 3–0 win over France U20 in the Toulon Tournament . Career statistics . Club . Personal life . His older brother , Georginio Wijnaldum , plays as an attacking midfielder for English club Liverpool . His half-brother , Rajiv van la Parra , also plays professional football for Red Star Belgrade . Honours . - KNVB Cup : 2012–13 External links . - Giliano Wijnaldum at Kicke
|
[
"Groningen"
] |
[
{
"text": " Giliano Wijnaldum ( born 31 August 1992 ) is a Dutch professional footballer of Surinamese descent who plays as a left back . He formerly played for AZ , FC Groningen , Go Ahead Eagles and VfL Bochum .",
"title": "Giliano Wijnaldum"
},
{
"text": " Born in Rotterdam , Netherlands , Wijnaldum began his career at Sparta Rotterdam , where he played alongside his brother when he was fifteen . After one season at the club , Wijnaldum moved to AZ in 2008 and after going through the ranks , he signed his first professional contract in the summer of 2011 .",
"title": "AZ Alkmaar"
},
{
"text": "Wijnaldum then made his debut for the club on 16 April 2011 , where he played 11 minutes after coming on as a substitute in the second half , in a 3–1 win over ADO Den Haag . This turned out to be his only appearance of the 2010–11 season . The 2011–12 season saw Wijnaldum make his only appearance in the KNVB Cup against Dordrecht on 27 October 2011 . Around the same time , he played in the reserves .",
"title": "AZ Alkmaar"
},
{
"text": "The 2012–13 season saw Wijnaldum play his first match of the season on 2 September 2012 against PSV Eindhoven , where he played against his older brother , Georginio , and played 77 minutes as they lost 5–1 . In the second meeting on 20 April 2013 , he was in the squad and played the whole game , but AZ once again lost 3–1 . Despite playing in the reserves , Wijnaldum established himself in the first team as the 2012–13 season progressed and made twenty appearances . At the end of the season , Wijnaldum , however ,",
"title": "AZ Alkmaar"
},
{
"text": "was released by the club . It was due to that the fact that he would not be given a first team opportunity next season .",
"title": "AZ Alkmaar"
},
{
"text": " On 27 June 2013 , Wijnaldum joined Groningen on a free transfer following his release by the club . Wijnaldum was given a number twenty-five shirt ahead of the new season , where he revealed that his Georginio told him to take it , as well as , hopes of getting a first team opportunity .",
"title": "Groningen"
},
{
"text": "Wijnaldum made his Groningen debut , in the opening game of the season , where he made his first start and played the whole game , in a 4–1 win over NEC . In a match against Heerenveen on 15 September 2013 , he set up one of the goals , in a 4–2 loss . and then scored his first goal and setting up one of the goal , in a 2–2 draw against PEC Zwolle on 30 November 2013 . Since making his debut , Wijnaldum established himself in the first team until he lost his place in",
"title": "Groningen"
},
{
"text": "favour of Lorenzo Burnet . Despite being suspended for being booked fifth time this season , he appeared on handful of appearances towards the end of the season and made thirty appearance and scoring once in all competitions .",
"title": "Groningen"
},
{
"text": " On 25 June 2014 , Wijnaldum moved again when he joined newly promoted side Go Ahead Eagles , signing a two-year contract with the club despite having a year contract with Groningen . It came after when he wasnt guaranteed a first team opportunity at Groningen next season .",
"title": "Go Ahead Eagles"
},
{
"text": "However , Wijnaldum missed the start of the season , due to a foot injury and it wasnt until on 13 September 2014 when he made his return from injury , making his first appearance for the club , in a 2–1 loss against Twente . In a match against Utrecht on 4 October 2014 , Wijnaldum set up a winning goal for Jeffrey Rijsdijk , in a 3–2 win . In a match against Willem II on 18 January 2015 , Wijnaldium received a red card after a second bookable offence , which saw them lose 1–0 .",
"title": "Go Ahead Eagles"
},
{
"text": " However , in a match against Twente on 12 April 2015 , Wijnaldum was involved in an incident with the clubs supporters after racially abusing him for his lack of commitment . This angered the club , who was considering a legal action against the clubs supporters . Following this , Wijnaldum decided against pressing chargers to the clubs supporters . After the club were relegated back to Eerste Divisie through the playoffs , Wijnaldum finished his first season , making twenty-three appearance in all competitions .",
"title": "Go Ahead Eagles"
},
{
"text": " After leaving Go Ahead Eagles , Wijnaldum moved to Germany when he joined VfL Bochum , signing a two-year contract , on 15 June 2015 .",
"title": "VfL Bochum"
},
{
"text": "Wijnaldum made his Bochum debut in the first round of DFB-Pokal , where he played 45 minutes , in a 5–0 win over FSV Salmrohr . After appearing on the substitute bench for the first five league matches , he made his Bochum debut on 11 September 2015 , where he came on as a substitute in the second half and played 33 minutes , in a 1–1 draw against Sandhausen . Three weeks later , on 25 September 2015 , Wijnaldum made his first start and played the whole game , in a 2–1 loss against FC Kaiserslautern .",
"title": "VfL Bochum"
},
{
"text": "However , Wijnaldums first opportunities was increasingly limited and made only seven 2 . Bundesliga appearances .",
"title": "VfL Bochum"
},
{
"text": " At the end of the season , Wijnaldum was released by the club after one season .",
"title": "VfL Bochum"
},
{
"text": "On 5 January 2017 , Wijnaldum moved to the United States when he joined Philadelphia Union , based in the Major League Soccer . Upon joining Philadelphia Union , the clubs Sporting Director Earnie Stewart , commented on his move , quoting : I believe Giliano is one of those players that flies under the radar , with great upside potential . On 1 November 2017 , Wijnaldums option was declined by the Philadelphia Union . Philadelphia declined their option on Wijnaldums contract at the end of the 2017 season . On 5 June 2018 he joined Sparta Rotterdam .",
"title": "Philadelphia Union"
},
{
"text": " After featuring once for the Netherlands U17 side , Wijnaldum was called up by Netherlands U19 on 1 September 2010 and made his Netherlands U19 debut two days later against Germany U19 , followed up by his second appearance against Greece U19 on 7 September 2010 .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "On 27 February 2012 , Wijnaldum was called up by Netherlands U20 for the first time and made his Netherlands U20 two days later , where he played 45 minutes , in a 3–0 win over Denmark U20 . On 1 June 2012 , he then scored his first Netherlands U20 goal , in a 3–0 win over France U20 in the Toulon Tournament .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " His older brother , Georginio Wijnaldum , plays as an attacking midfielder for English club Liverpool . His half-brother , Rajiv van la Parra , also plays professional football for Red Star Belgrade .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " - Giliano Wijnaldum at Kicke",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/J._Peter_Sartain#P39#0
|
What position did J. Peter Sartain take in Feb 2006?
|
J . Peter Sartain James Peter Sartain ( born June 6 , 1952 ) , better known as Peter Sartain , is an American prelate of the Catholic Church . He was the fifth Archbishop of Seattle from 2010 to 2019 . He previously served as Bishop of Little Rock ( 2000–06 ) and Bishop of Joliet ( 2006–10 ) . Early life and education . J . Peter Sartain was born in Memphis , Tennessee , to Joseph Martin ( Pete ) and Catherine ( née Poole ) Sartain . He is the youngest of five children as well as the only boy . His father served in the U.S . Navy in the Pacific Ocean during World War II . Raised in the Whitehaven neighborhood of Memphis , he received his early education at the parochial school of St . Paul the Apostle Church , and graduated from Bishop Byrne High School in 1970 . Sartain studied chemistry at Memphis State University for one year before transferring to St . Meinrad College in Indiana , where he earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in English in 1974 . Sartain is an alumnus of the Pontifical University of St . Thomas Aquinas Angelicum in Rome , where he earned a Bachelor of Sacred Theology degree in 1977 . Priest . On July 15 , 1978 , Sartain was ordained to the priesthood by Bishop Carroll Dozier at the Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception in Memphis . Returning to his studies in Rome , he was in St . Peters Square when the newly elected Pope John Paul II emerged from the papal conclave of October 1978 . He earned a Licentiate of Sacred Theology with specialization in sacramental theology from the Pontifical University of St . Anselmo in 1979 . His first assignment , following his return to the Diocese of Memphis , was as associate pastor of Our Lady of Sorrows Church , where he remained for two years . He then served as director of vocations , chancellor , moderator of the curia , vicar for clergy , high school chaplain , and judge with the diocesan marriage tribunal . From 1992 to 2000 , he served as pastor of St . Louis Church and vicar general of the diocese . He served as diocesan administrator ( 1992–93 ) after Bishop Daniel M . Buechlein was named to head the Archdiocese of Indianapolis . Bishop . Bishop of Little Rock . On January 4 , 2000 , Sartain was appointed the sixth Bishop of Little Rock , Arkansas , by Pope John Paul II . He received his episcopal consecration on the following March 6 from Archbishop Eusebius J . Beltran , with Bishops J . Terry Steib and Andrew Joseph McDonald serving as co-consecrators . He was the first priest of the Diocese of Memphis to become a bishop . He selected as his episcopal motto : Of You My Heart Has Spoken ( ) . Due to the increasing Hispanic population in Arkansas , Sartain took a course in Spanish in San Antonio , Texas , in 2001 , and established Hispanic ministries throughout the state . He also ordained Arkansass first Mexican-born priest and deacon . He worked to increase vocations ; the diocese had ten seminarians and no ordinations in 2000 , but fifteen seminarians and two ordinations in 2005 . In 2005 , he led more than 5,000 Catholics in a bilingual Eucharistic Congress . During his tenure , the Catholic population in Arkansas rose from 90,600 to over 107,000 . Bishop of Joliet . On May 16 , 2006 , Sartain was appointed as bishop of the Diocese of Joliet . He was installed on June 27 , 2006 , in the Cathedral of St . Raymond Nonnatus Sartain faced some scrutiny while bishop of Joliet due to his handling of the sexual abuse crisis . During his ordination as archbishop of Seattle , the Survivors Network of those Abused by Priests ( SNAP ) organized a protest against Sartains installation . The protest originated from Sartains decision as bishop of Joliet to ordain Alejandro Flores in 2009 even though diocesan officials had raised concerns over Flores viewing of male pornography . Shortly after becoming priest Flores was convicted of sexually abusing a boy and sentenced to four years in prison in 2010 . SNAP said that Sartains decision in ordaining Flores and other individuals showed that Sartain should be entrusted in the role of a bishop , although Sartain claims that he reported priest such as Flores as soon as he heard about the abuse . Archbishop of Seattle . On September 16 , 2010 , he was appointed Metropolitan Archbishop of the Archdiocese of Seattle , succeeding Archbishop Alexander Joseph Brunett . He was installed as Archbishop on December 1 , 2010 in St . James Cathedral in Seattle . On November 15 , 2011 , Sartain was elected Secretary of the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops ( USCCB ) ; he began a three-year term in November 2012 . His position also made him chairman of the USCCB Committee on Priorities and Plans . In April 2012 , Sartain urged parishes in the Seattle archdiocese to collect signatures to place Referendum 74 on the November ballot . The referendum sought to repeal Washington states newly enacted same-sex marriage statute . The word marriage isnt simply a label that can be attached to different types of relationships , Sartain wrote . Instead , marriage reflects a deep reality – the reality of the unique , fruitful , lifelong union that is only possible between a man and a woman . There is nothing else like it , and it cant be defined or made into something that it isnt...Marriage can only be between a man and a woman because of its unique ends , purpose and place in society . On April 18 , 2012 , the Vatican announced the appointment of Archbishop Sartain to oversee a review of the Leadership Conference of Women Religious , a prominent umbrella group for nuns in the United States . It involved reviewing and changing the groups laws , programs and practices to correct practices that are incompatible with the Catholic faith . On June 7 , 2019 , Sartain installed Paul D . Etienne , then Archbishop of Anchorage , as coadjutor archbishop . On August 24 , 2019 , Sartain issued a decree to demolish Holy Rosary Church in Tacoma , Washington , a building that has been on the City of Tacomas Register of Tacoma Places since 1975 . It had become too dangerous to occupy , and estimates for its repair were at $18 million . Pope Francis accepted his resignation as Archbishop of Seattle on September 3 , 2019 . The Archdiocese of Seattle , relaying a message from US nuncio Christophe Pierre , said that Coadjutor Archbishop Paul D . Eitenne automatically succeeded Sartain as Archbishop after his resignation was accepted . Sartain is also reported to be in poor health , which resulted in Pope Francis accepting his resignation . External links . - Catholic Hierarchy : Archbishop James Peter Sartain - Archdiocese of Seattle
|
[
"Bishop of Little Rock , Arkansas"
] |
[
{
"text": " James Peter Sartain ( born June 6 , 1952 ) , better known as Peter Sartain , is an American prelate of the Catholic Church . He was the fifth Archbishop of Seattle from 2010 to 2019 . He previously served as Bishop of Little Rock ( 2000–06 ) and Bishop of Joliet ( 2006–10 ) . Early life and education .",
"title": "J . Peter Sartain"
},
{
"text": "J . Peter Sartain was born in Memphis , Tennessee , to Joseph Martin ( Pete ) and Catherine ( née Poole ) Sartain . He is the youngest of five children as well as the only boy . His father served in the U.S . Navy in the Pacific Ocean during World War II . Raised in the Whitehaven neighborhood of Memphis , he received his early education at the parochial school of St . Paul the Apostle Church , and graduated from Bishop Byrne High School in 1970 .",
"title": "J . Peter Sartain"
},
{
"text": " Sartain studied chemistry at Memphis State University for one year before transferring to St . Meinrad College in Indiana , where he earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in English in 1974 . Sartain is an alumnus of the Pontifical University of St . Thomas Aquinas Angelicum in Rome , where he earned a Bachelor of Sacred Theology degree in 1977 .",
"title": "J . Peter Sartain"
},
{
"text": " On July 15 , 1978 , Sartain was ordained to the priesthood by Bishop Carroll Dozier at the Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception in Memphis . Returning to his studies in Rome , he was in St . Peters Square when the newly elected Pope John Paul II emerged from the papal conclave of October 1978 . He earned a Licentiate of Sacred Theology with specialization in sacramental theology from the Pontifical University of St . Anselmo in 1979 .",
"title": "Priest"
},
{
"text": "His first assignment , following his return to the Diocese of Memphis , was as associate pastor of Our Lady of Sorrows Church , where he remained for two years . He then served as director of vocations , chancellor , moderator of the curia , vicar for clergy , high school chaplain , and judge with the diocesan marriage tribunal . From 1992 to 2000 , he served as pastor of St . Louis Church and vicar general of the diocese . He served as diocesan administrator ( 1992–93 ) after Bishop Daniel M . Buechlein was named to",
"title": "Priest"
},
{
"text": "head the Archdiocese of Indianapolis .",
"title": "Priest"
},
{
"text": " Bishop of Little Rock . On January 4 , 2000 , Sartain was appointed the sixth Bishop of Little Rock , Arkansas , by Pope John Paul II . He received his episcopal consecration on the following March 6 from Archbishop Eusebius J . Beltran , with Bishops J . Terry Steib and Andrew Joseph McDonald serving as co-consecrators . He was the first priest of the Diocese of Memphis to become a bishop . He selected as his episcopal motto : Of You My Heart Has Spoken ( ) .",
"title": "Bishop"
},
{
"text": "Due to the increasing Hispanic population in Arkansas , Sartain took a course in Spanish in San Antonio , Texas , in 2001 , and established Hispanic ministries throughout the state . He also ordained Arkansass first Mexican-born priest and deacon . He worked to increase vocations ; the diocese had ten seminarians and no ordinations in 2000 , but fifteen seminarians and two ordinations in 2005 . In 2005 , he led more than 5,000 Catholics in a bilingual Eucharistic Congress . During his tenure , the Catholic population in Arkansas rose from 90,600 to over 107,000 .",
"title": "Bishop"
},
{
"text": " On May 16 , 2006 , Sartain was appointed as bishop of the Diocese of Joliet . He was installed on June 27 , 2006 , in the Cathedral of St . Raymond Nonnatus",
"title": "Bishop of Joliet"
},
{
"text": "Sartain faced some scrutiny while bishop of Joliet due to his handling of the sexual abuse crisis . During his ordination as archbishop of Seattle , the Survivors Network of those Abused by Priests ( SNAP ) organized a protest against Sartains installation . The protest originated from Sartains decision as bishop of Joliet to ordain Alejandro Flores in 2009 even though diocesan officials had raised concerns over Flores viewing of male pornography . Shortly after becoming priest Flores was convicted of sexually abusing a boy and sentenced to four years in prison in 2010 . SNAP said that Sartains",
"title": "Bishop of Joliet"
},
{
"text": "decision in ordaining Flores and other individuals showed that Sartain should be entrusted in the role of a bishop , although Sartain claims that he reported priest such as Flores as soon as he heard about the abuse .",
"title": "Bishop of Joliet"
},
{
"text": " On September 16 , 2010 , he was appointed Metropolitan Archbishop of the Archdiocese of Seattle , succeeding Archbishop Alexander Joseph Brunett . He was installed as Archbishop on December 1 , 2010 in St . James Cathedral in Seattle . On November 15 , 2011 , Sartain was elected Secretary of the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops ( USCCB ) ; he began a three-year term in November 2012 . His position also made him chairman of the USCCB Committee on Priorities and Plans .",
"title": "Archbishop of Seattle"
},
{
"text": "In April 2012 , Sartain urged parishes in the Seattle archdiocese to collect signatures to place Referendum 74 on the November ballot . The referendum sought to repeal Washington states newly enacted same-sex marriage statute . The word marriage isnt simply a label that can be attached to different types of relationships , Sartain wrote . Instead , marriage reflects a deep reality – the reality of the unique , fruitful , lifelong union that is only possible between a man and a woman . There is nothing else like it , and it cant be defined or made into",
"title": "Archbishop of Seattle"
},
{
"text": "something that it isnt...Marriage can only be between a man and a woman because of its unique ends , purpose and place in society .",
"title": "Archbishop of Seattle"
},
{
"text": " On April 18 , 2012 , the Vatican announced the appointment of Archbishop Sartain to oversee a review of the Leadership Conference of Women Religious , a prominent umbrella group for nuns in the United States . It involved reviewing and changing the groups laws , programs and practices to correct practices that are incompatible with the Catholic faith . On June 7 , 2019 , Sartain installed Paul D . Etienne , then Archbishop of Anchorage , as coadjutor archbishop .",
"title": "Archbishop of Seattle"
},
{
"text": "On August 24 , 2019 , Sartain issued a decree to demolish Holy Rosary Church in Tacoma , Washington , a building that has been on the City of Tacomas Register of Tacoma Places since 1975 . It had become too dangerous to occupy , and estimates for its repair were at $18 million .",
"title": "Archbishop of Seattle"
},
{
"text": " Pope Francis accepted his resignation as Archbishop of Seattle on September 3 , 2019 . The Archdiocese of Seattle , relaying a message from US nuncio Christophe Pierre , said that Coadjutor Archbishop Paul D . Eitenne automatically succeeded Sartain as Archbishop after his resignation was accepted . Sartain is also reported to be in poor health , which resulted in Pope Francis accepting his resignation .",
"title": "Archbishop of Seattle"
},
{
"text": " - Catholic Hierarchy : Archbishop James Peter Sartain - Archdiocese of Seattle",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/J._Peter_Sartain#P39#1
|
What position did J. Peter Sartain take between Sep 2007 and Jun 2009?
|
J . Peter Sartain James Peter Sartain ( born June 6 , 1952 ) , better known as Peter Sartain , is an American prelate of the Catholic Church . He was the fifth Archbishop of Seattle from 2010 to 2019 . He previously served as Bishop of Little Rock ( 2000–06 ) and Bishop of Joliet ( 2006–10 ) . Early life and education . J . Peter Sartain was born in Memphis , Tennessee , to Joseph Martin ( Pete ) and Catherine ( née Poole ) Sartain . He is the youngest of five children as well as the only boy . His father served in the U.S . Navy in the Pacific Ocean during World War II . Raised in the Whitehaven neighborhood of Memphis , he received his early education at the parochial school of St . Paul the Apostle Church , and graduated from Bishop Byrne High School in 1970 . Sartain studied chemistry at Memphis State University for one year before transferring to St . Meinrad College in Indiana , where he earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in English in 1974 . Sartain is an alumnus of the Pontifical University of St . Thomas Aquinas Angelicum in Rome , where he earned a Bachelor of Sacred Theology degree in 1977 . Priest . On July 15 , 1978 , Sartain was ordained to the priesthood by Bishop Carroll Dozier at the Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception in Memphis . Returning to his studies in Rome , he was in St . Peters Square when the newly elected Pope John Paul II emerged from the papal conclave of October 1978 . He earned a Licentiate of Sacred Theology with specialization in sacramental theology from the Pontifical University of St . Anselmo in 1979 . His first assignment , following his return to the Diocese of Memphis , was as associate pastor of Our Lady of Sorrows Church , where he remained for two years . He then served as director of vocations , chancellor , moderator of the curia , vicar for clergy , high school chaplain , and judge with the diocesan marriage tribunal . From 1992 to 2000 , he served as pastor of St . Louis Church and vicar general of the diocese . He served as diocesan administrator ( 1992–93 ) after Bishop Daniel M . Buechlein was named to head the Archdiocese of Indianapolis . Bishop . Bishop of Little Rock . On January 4 , 2000 , Sartain was appointed the sixth Bishop of Little Rock , Arkansas , by Pope John Paul II . He received his episcopal consecration on the following March 6 from Archbishop Eusebius J . Beltran , with Bishops J . Terry Steib and Andrew Joseph McDonald serving as co-consecrators . He was the first priest of the Diocese of Memphis to become a bishop . He selected as his episcopal motto : Of You My Heart Has Spoken ( ) . Due to the increasing Hispanic population in Arkansas , Sartain took a course in Spanish in San Antonio , Texas , in 2001 , and established Hispanic ministries throughout the state . He also ordained Arkansass first Mexican-born priest and deacon . He worked to increase vocations ; the diocese had ten seminarians and no ordinations in 2000 , but fifteen seminarians and two ordinations in 2005 . In 2005 , he led more than 5,000 Catholics in a bilingual Eucharistic Congress . During his tenure , the Catholic population in Arkansas rose from 90,600 to over 107,000 . Bishop of Joliet . On May 16 , 2006 , Sartain was appointed as bishop of the Diocese of Joliet . He was installed on June 27 , 2006 , in the Cathedral of St . Raymond Nonnatus Sartain faced some scrutiny while bishop of Joliet due to his handling of the sexual abuse crisis . During his ordination as archbishop of Seattle , the Survivors Network of those Abused by Priests ( SNAP ) organized a protest against Sartains installation . The protest originated from Sartains decision as bishop of Joliet to ordain Alejandro Flores in 2009 even though diocesan officials had raised concerns over Flores viewing of male pornography . Shortly after becoming priest Flores was convicted of sexually abusing a boy and sentenced to four years in prison in 2010 . SNAP said that Sartains decision in ordaining Flores and other individuals showed that Sartain should be entrusted in the role of a bishop , although Sartain claims that he reported priest such as Flores as soon as he heard about the abuse . Archbishop of Seattle . On September 16 , 2010 , he was appointed Metropolitan Archbishop of the Archdiocese of Seattle , succeeding Archbishop Alexander Joseph Brunett . He was installed as Archbishop on December 1 , 2010 in St . James Cathedral in Seattle . On November 15 , 2011 , Sartain was elected Secretary of the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops ( USCCB ) ; he began a three-year term in November 2012 . His position also made him chairman of the USCCB Committee on Priorities and Plans . In April 2012 , Sartain urged parishes in the Seattle archdiocese to collect signatures to place Referendum 74 on the November ballot . The referendum sought to repeal Washington states newly enacted same-sex marriage statute . The word marriage isnt simply a label that can be attached to different types of relationships , Sartain wrote . Instead , marriage reflects a deep reality – the reality of the unique , fruitful , lifelong union that is only possible between a man and a woman . There is nothing else like it , and it cant be defined or made into something that it isnt...Marriage can only be between a man and a woman because of its unique ends , purpose and place in society . On April 18 , 2012 , the Vatican announced the appointment of Archbishop Sartain to oversee a review of the Leadership Conference of Women Religious , a prominent umbrella group for nuns in the United States . It involved reviewing and changing the groups laws , programs and practices to correct practices that are incompatible with the Catholic faith . On June 7 , 2019 , Sartain installed Paul D . Etienne , then Archbishop of Anchorage , as coadjutor archbishop . On August 24 , 2019 , Sartain issued a decree to demolish Holy Rosary Church in Tacoma , Washington , a building that has been on the City of Tacomas Register of Tacoma Places since 1975 . It had become too dangerous to occupy , and estimates for its repair were at $18 million . Pope Francis accepted his resignation as Archbishop of Seattle on September 3 , 2019 . The Archdiocese of Seattle , relaying a message from US nuncio Christophe Pierre , said that Coadjutor Archbishop Paul D . Eitenne automatically succeeded Sartain as Archbishop after his resignation was accepted . Sartain is also reported to be in poor health , which resulted in Pope Francis accepting his resignation . External links . - Catholic Hierarchy : Archbishop James Peter Sartain - Archdiocese of Seattle
|
[
"bishop of the Diocese of Joliet"
] |
[
{
"text": " James Peter Sartain ( born June 6 , 1952 ) , better known as Peter Sartain , is an American prelate of the Catholic Church . He was the fifth Archbishop of Seattle from 2010 to 2019 . He previously served as Bishop of Little Rock ( 2000–06 ) and Bishop of Joliet ( 2006–10 ) . Early life and education .",
"title": "J . Peter Sartain"
},
{
"text": "J . Peter Sartain was born in Memphis , Tennessee , to Joseph Martin ( Pete ) and Catherine ( née Poole ) Sartain . He is the youngest of five children as well as the only boy . His father served in the U.S . Navy in the Pacific Ocean during World War II . Raised in the Whitehaven neighborhood of Memphis , he received his early education at the parochial school of St . Paul the Apostle Church , and graduated from Bishop Byrne High School in 1970 .",
"title": "J . Peter Sartain"
},
{
"text": " Sartain studied chemistry at Memphis State University for one year before transferring to St . Meinrad College in Indiana , where he earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in English in 1974 . Sartain is an alumnus of the Pontifical University of St . Thomas Aquinas Angelicum in Rome , where he earned a Bachelor of Sacred Theology degree in 1977 .",
"title": "J . Peter Sartain"
},
{
"text": " On July 15 , 1978 , Sartain was ordained to the priesthood by Bishop Carroll Dozier at the Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception in Memphis . Returning to his studies in Rome , he was in St . Peters Square when the newly elected Pope John Paul II emerged from the papal conclave of October 1978 . He earned a Licentiate of Sacred Theology with specialization in sacramental theology from the Pontifical University of St . Anselmo in 1979 .",
"title": "Priest"
},
{
"text": "His first assignment , following his return to the Diocese of Memphis , was as associate pastor of Our Lady of Sorrows Church , where he remained for two years . He then served as director of vocations , chancellor , moderator of the curia , vicar for clergy , high school chaplain , and judge with the diocesan marriage tribunal . From 1992 to 2000 , he served as pastor of St . Louis Church and vicar general of the diocese . He served as diocesan administrator ( 1992–93 ) after Bishop Daniel M . Buechlein was named to",
"title": "Priest"
},
{
"text": "head the Archdiocese of Indianapolis .",
"title": "Priest"
},
{
"text": " Bishop of Little Rock . On January 4 , 2000 , Sartain was appointed the sixth Bishop of Little Rock , Arkansas , by Pope John Paul II . He received his episcopal consecration on the following March 6 from Archbishop Eusebius J . Beltran , with Bishops J . Terry Steib and Andrew Joseph McDonald serving as co-consecrators . He was the first priest of the Diocese of Memphis to become a bishop . He selected as his episcopal motto : Of You My Heart Has Spoken ( ) .",
"title": "Bishop"
},
{
"text": "Due to the increasing Hispanic population in Arkansas , Sartain took a course in Spanish in San Antonio , Texas , in 2001 , and established Hispanic ministries throughout the state . He also ordained Arkansass first Mexican-born priest and deacon . He worked to increase vocations ; the diocese had ten seminarians and no ordinations in 2000 , but fifteen seminarians and two ordinations in 2005 . In 2005 , he led more than 5,000 Catholics in a bilingual Eucharistic Congress . During his tenure , the Catholic population in Arkansas rose from 90,600 to over 107,000 .",
"title": "Bishop"
},
{
"text": " On May 16 , 2006 , Sartain was appointed as bishop of the Diocese of Joliet . He was installed on June 27 , 2006 , in the Cathedral of St . Raymond Nonnatus",
"title": "Bishop of Joliet"
},
{
"text": "Sartain faced some scrutiny while bishop of Joliet due to his handling of the sexual abuse crisis . During his ordination as archbishop of Seattle , the Survivors Network of those Abused by Priests ( SNAP ) organized a protest against Sartains installation . The protest originated from Sartains decision as bishop of Joliet to ordain Alejandro Flores in 2009 even though diocesan officials had raised concerns over Flores viewing of male pornography . Shortly after becoming priest Flores was convicted of sexually abusing a boy and sentenced to four years in prison in 2010 . SNAP said that Sartains",
"title": "Bishop of Joliet"
},
{
"text": "decision in ordaining Flores and other individuals showed that Sartain should be entrusted in the role of a bishop , although Sartain claims that he reported priest such as Flores as soon as he heard about the abuse .",
"title": "Bishop of Joliet"
},
{
"text": " On September 16 , 2010 , he was appointed Metropolitan Archbishop of the Archdiocese of Seattle , succeeding Archbishop Alexander Joseph Brunett . He was installed as Archbishop on December 1 , 2010 in St . James Cathedral in Seattle . On November 15 , 2011 , Sartain was elected Secretary of the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops ( USCCB ) ; he began a three-year term in November 2012 . His position also made him chairman of the USCCB Committee on Priorities and Plans .",
"title": "Archbishop of Seattle"
},
{
"text": "In April 2012 , Sartain urged parishes in the Seattle archdiocese to collect signatures to place Referendum 74 on the November ballot . The referendum sought to repeal Washington states newly enacted same-sex marriage statute . The word marriage isnt simply a label that can be attached to different types of relationships , Sartain wrote . Instead , marriage reflects a deep reality – the reality of the unique , fruitful , lifelong union that is only possible between a man and a woman . There is nothing else like it , and it cant be defined or made into",
"title": "Archbishop of Seattle"
},
{
"text": "something that it isnt...Marriage can only be between a man and a woman because of its unique ends , purpose and place in society .",
"title": "Archbishop of Seattle"
},
{
"text": " On April 18 , 2012 , the Vatican announced the appointment of Archbishop Sartain to oversee a review of the Leadership Conference of Women Religious , a prominent umbrella group for nuns in the United States . It involved reviewing and changing the groups laws , programs and practices to correct practices that are incompatible with the Catholic faith . On June 7 , 2019 , Sartain installed Paul D . Etienne , then Archbishop of Anchorage , as coadjutor archbishop .",
"title": "Archbishop of Seattle"
},
{
"text": "On August 24 , 2019 , Sartain issued a decree to demolish Holy Rosary Church in Tacoma , Washington , a building that has been on the City of Tacomas Register of Tacoma Places since 1975 . It had become too dangerous to occupy , and estimates for its repair were at $18 million .",
"title": "Archbishop of Seattle"
},
{
"text": " Pope Francis accepted his resignation as Archbishop of Seattle on September 3 , 2019 . The Archdiocese of Seattle , relaying a message from US nuncio Christophe Pierre , said that Coadjutor Archbishop Paul D . Eitenne automatically succeeded Sartain as Archbishop after his resignation was accepted . Sartain is also reported to be in poor health , which resulted in Pope Francis accepting his resignation .",
"title": "Archbishop of Seattle"
},
{
"text": " - Catholic Hierarchy : Archbishop James Peter Sartain - Archdiocese of Seattle",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/J._Peter_Sartain#P39#2
|
What position did J. Peter Sartain take after Aug 2011?
|
J . Peter Sartain James Peter Sartain ( born June 6 , 1952 ) , better known as Peter Sartain , is an American prelate of the Catholic Church . He was the fifth Archbishop of Seattle from 2010 to 2019 . He previously served as Bishop of Little Rock ( 2000–06 ) and Bishop of Joliet ( 2006–10 ) . Early life and education . J . Peter Sartain was born in Memphis , Tennessee , to Joseph Martin ( Pete ) and Catherine ( née Poole ) Sartain . He is the youngest of five children as well as the only boy . His father served in the U.S . Navy in the Pacific Ocean during World War II . Raised in the Whitehaven neighborhood of Memphis , he received his early education at the parochial school of St . Paul the Apostle Church , and graduated from Bishop Byrne High School in 1970 . Sartain studied chemistry at Memphis State University for one year before transferring to St . Meinrad College in Indiana , where he earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in English in 1974 . Sartain is an alumnus of the Pontifical University of St . Thomas Aquinas Angelicum in Rome , where he earned a Bachelor of Sacred Theology degree in 1977 . Priest . On July 15 , 1978 , Sartain was ordained to the priesthood by Bishop Carroll Dozier at the Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception in Memphis . Returning to his studies in Rome , he was in St . Peters Square when the newly elected Pope John Paul II emerged from the papal conclave of October 1978 . He earned a Licentiate of Sacred Theology with specialization in sacramental theology from the Pontifical University of St . Anselmo in 1979 . His first assignment , following his return to the Diocese of Memphis , was as associate pastor of Our Lady of Sorrows Church , where he remained for two years . He then served as director of vocations , chancellor , moderator of the curia , vicar for clergy , high school chaplain , and judge with the diocesan marriage tribunal . From 1992 to 2000 , he served as pastor of St . Louis Church and vicar general of the diocese . He served as diocesan administrator ( 1992–93 ) after Bishop Daniel M . Buechlein was named to head the Archdiocese of Indianapolis . Bishop . Bishop of Little Rock . On January 4 , 2000 , Sartain was appointed the sixth Bishop of Little Rock , Arkansas , by Pope John Paul II . He received his episcopal consecration on the following March 6 from Archbishop Eusebius J . Beltran , with Bishops J . Terry Steib and Andrew Joseph McDonald serving as co-consecrators . He was the first priest of the Diocese of Memphis to become a bishop . He selected as his episcopal motto : Of You My Heart Has Spoken ( ) . Due to the increasing Hispanic population in Arkansas , Sartain took a course in Spanish in San Antonio , Texas , in 2001 , and established Hispanic ministries throughout the state . He also ordained Arkansass first Mexican-born priest and deacon . He worked to increase vocations ; the diocese had ten seminarians and no ordinations in 2000 , but fifteen seminarians and two ordinations in 2005 . In 2005 , he led more than 5,000 Catholics in a bilingual Eucharistic Congress . During his tenure , the Catholic population in Arkansas rose from 90,600 to over 107,000 . Bishop of Joliet . On May 16 , 2006 , Sartain was appointed as bishop of the Diocese of Joliet . He was installed on June 27 , 2006 , in the Cathedral of St . Raymond Nonnatus Sartain faced some scrutiny while bishop of Joliet due to his handling of the sexual abuse crisis . During his ordination as archbishop of Seattle , the Survivors Network of those Abused by Priests ( SNAP ) organized a protest against Sartains installation . The protest originated from Sartains decision as bishop of Joliet to ordain Alejandro Flores in 2009 even though diocesan officials had raised concerns over Flores viewing of male pornography . Shortly after becoming priest Flores was convicted of sexually abusing a boy and sentenced to four years in prison in 2010 . SNAP said that Sartains decision in ordaining Flores and other individuals showed that Sartain should be entrusted in the role of a bishop , although Sartain claims that he reported priest such as Flores as soon as he heard about the abuse . Archbishop of Seattle . On September 16 , 2010 , he was appointed Metropolitan Archbishop of the Archdiocese of Seattle , succeeding Archbishop Alexander Joseph Brunett . He was installed as Archbishop on December 1 , 2010 in St . James Cathedral in Seattle . On November 15 , 2011 , Sartain was elected Secretary of the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops ( USCCB ) ; he began a three-year term in November 2012 . His position also made him chairman of the USCCB Committee on Priorities and Plans . In April 2012 , Sartain urged parishes in the Seattle archdiocese to collect signatures to place Referendum 74 on the November ballot . The referendum sought to repeal Washington states newly enacted same-sex marriage statute . The word marriage isnt simply a label that can be attached to different types of relationships , Sartain wrote . Instead , marriage reflects a deep reality – the reality of the unique , fruitful , lifelong union that is only possible between a man and a woman . There is nothing else like it , and it cant be defined or made into something that it isnt...Marriage can only be between a man and a woman because of its unique ends , purpose and place in society . On April 18 , 2012 , the Vatican announced the appointment of Archbishop Sartain to oversee a review of the Leadership Conference of Women Religious , a prominent umbrella group for nuns in the United States . It involved reviewing and changing the groups laws , programs and practices to correct practices that are incompatible with the Catholic faith . On June 7 , 2019 , Sartain installed Paul D . Etienne , then Archbishop of Anchorage , as coadjutor archbishop . On August 24 , 2019 , Sartain issued a decree to demolish Holy Rosary Church in Tacoma , Washington , a building that has been on the City of Tacomas Register of Tacoma Places since 1975 . It had become too dangerous to occupy , and estimates for its repair were at $18 million . Pope Francis accepted his resignation as Archbishop of Seattle on September 3 , 2019 . The Archdiocese of Seattle , relaying a message from US nuncio Christophe Pierre , said that Coadjutor Archbishop Paul D . Eitenne automatically succeeded Sartain as Archbishop after his resignation was accepted . Sartain is also reported to be in poor health , which resulted in Pope Francis accepting his resignation . External links . - Catholic Hierarchy : Archbishop James Peter Sartain - Archdiocese of Seattle
|
[
"Metropolitan Archbishop of the Archdiocese of Seattle"
] |
[
{
"text": " James Peter Sartain ( born June 6 , 1952 ) , better known as Peter Sartain , is an American prelate of the Catholic Church . He was the fifth Archbishop of Seattle from 2010 to 2019 . He previously served as Bishop of Little Rock ( 2000–06 ) and Bishop of Joliet ( 2006–10 ) . Early life and education .",
"title": "J . Peter Sartain"
},
{
"text": "J . Peter Sartain was born in Memphis , Tennessee , to Joseph Martin ( Pete ) and Catherine ( née Poole ) Sartain . He is the youngest of five children as well as the only boy . His father served in the U.S . Navy in the Pacific Ocean during World War II . Raised in the Whitehaven neighborhood of Memphis , he received his early education at the parochial school of St . Paul the Apostle Church , and graduated from Bishop Byrne High School in 1970 .",
"title": "J . Peter Sartain"
},
{
"text": " Sartain studied chemistry at Memphis State University for one year before transferring to St . Meinrad College in Indiana , where he earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in English in 1974 . Sartain is an alumnus of the Pontifical University of St . Thomas Aquinas Angelicum in Rome , where he earned a Bachelor of Sacred Theology degree in 1977 .",
"title": "J . Peter Sartain"
},
{
"text": " On July 15 , 1978 , Sartain was ordained to the priesthood by Bishop Carroll Dozier at the Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception in Memphis . Returning to his studies in Rome , he was in St . Peters Square when the newly elected Pope John Paul II emerged from the papal conclave of October 1978 . He earned a Licentiate of Sacred Theology with specialization in sacramental theology from the Pontifical University of St . Anselmo in 1979 .",
"title": "Priest"
},
{
"text": "His first assignment , following his return to the Diocese of Memphis , was as associate pastor of Our Lady of Sorrows Church , where he remained for two years . He then served as director of vocations , chancellor , moderator of the curia , vicar for clergy , high school chaplain , and judge with the diocesan marriage tribunal . From 1992 to 2000 , he served as pastor of St . Louis Church and vicar general of the diocese . He served as diocesan administrator ( 1992–93 ) after Bishop Daniel M . Buechlein was named to",
"title": "Priest"
},
{
"text": "head the Archdiocese of Indianapolis .",
"title": "Priest"
},
{
"text": " Bishop of Little Rock . On January 4 , 2000 , Sartain was appointed the sixth Bishop of Little Rock , Arkansas , by Pope John Paul II . He received his episcopal consecration on the following March 6 from Archbishop Eusebius J . Beltran , with Bishops J . Terry Steib and Andrew Joseph McDonald serving as co-consecrators . He was the first priest of the Diocese of Memphis to become a bishop . He selected as his episcopal motto : Of You My Heart Has Spoken ( ) .",
"title": "Bishop"
},
{
"text": "Due to the increasing Hispanic population in Arkansas , Sartain took a course in Spanish in San Antonio , Texas , in 2001 , and established Hispanic ministries throughout the state . He also ordained Arkansass first Mexican-born priest and deacon . He worked to increase vocations ; the diocese had ten seminarians and no ordinations in 2000 , but fifteen seminarians and two ordinations in 2005 . In 2005 , he led more than 5,000 Catholics in a bilingual Eucharistic Congress . During his tenure , the Catholic population in Arkansas rose from 90,600 to over 107,000 .",
"title": "Bishop"
},
{
"text": " On May 16 , 2006 , Sartain was appointed as bishop of the Diocese of Joliet . He was installed on June 27 , 2006 , in the Cathedral of St . Raymond Nonnatus",
"title": "Bishop of Joliet"
},
{
"text": "Sartain faced some scrutiny while bishop of Joliet due to his handling of the sexual abuse crisis . During his ordination as archbishop of Seattle , the Survivors Network of those Abused by Priests ( SNAP ) organized a protest against Sartains installation . The protest originated from Sartains decision as bishop of Joliet to ordain Alejandro Flores in 2009 even though diocesan officials had raised concerns over Flores viewing of male pornography . Shortly after becoming priest Flores was convicted of sexually abusing a boy and sentenced to four years in prison in 2010 . SNAP said that Sartains",
"title": "Bishop of Joliet"
},
{
"text": "decision in ordaining Flores and other individuals showed that Sartain should be entrusted in the role of a bishop , although Sartain claims that he reported priest such as Flores as soon as he heard about the abuse .",
"title": "Bishop of Joliet"
},
{
"text": " On September 16 , 2010 , he was appointed Metropolitan Archbishop of the Archdiocese of Seattle , succeeding Archbishop Alexander Joseph Brunett . He was installed as Archbishop on December 1 , 2010 in St . James Cathedral in Seattle . On November 15 , 2011 , Sartain was elected Secretary of the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops ( USCCB ) ; he began a three-year term in November 2012 . His position also made him chairman of the USCCB Committee on Priorities and Plans .",
"title": "Archbishop of Seattle"
},
{
"text": "In April 2012 , Sartain urged parishes in the Seattle archdiocese to collect signatures to place Referendum 74 on the November ballot . The referendum sought to repeal Washington states newly enacted same-sex marriage statute . The word marriage isnt simply a label that can be attached to different types of relationships , Sartain wrote . Instead , marriage reflects a deep reality – the reality of the unique , fruitful , lifelong union that is only possible between a man and a woman . There is nothing else like it , and it cant be defined or made into",
"title": "Archbishop of Seattle"
},
{
"text": "something that it isnt...Marriage can only be between a man and a woman because of its unique ends , purpose and place in society .",
"title": "Archbishop of Seattle"
},
{
"text": " On April 18 , 2012 , the Vatican announced the appointment of Archbishop Sartain to oversee a review of the Leadership Conference of Women Religious , a prominent umbrella group for nuns in the United States . It involved reviewing and changing the groups laws , programs and practices to correct practices that are incompatible with the Catholic faith . On June 7 , 2019 , Sartain installed Paul D . Etienne , then Archbishop of Anchorage , as coadjutor archbishop .",
"title": "Archbishop of Seattle"
},
{
"text": "On August 24 , 2019 , Sartain issued a decree to demolish Holy Rosary Church in Tacoma , Washington , a building that has been on the City of Tacomas Register of Tacoma Places since 1975 . It had become too dangerous to occupy , and estimates for its repair were at $18 million .",
"title": "Archbishop of Seattle"
},
{
"text": " Pope Francis accepted his resignation as Archbishop of Seattle on September 3 , 2019 . The Archdiocese of Seattle , relaying a message from US nuncio Christophe Pierre , said that Coadjutor Archbishop Paul D . Eitenne automatically succeeded Sartain as Archbishop after his resignation was accepted . Sartain is also reported to be in poor health , which resulted in Pope Francis accepting his resignation .",
"title": "Archbishop of Seattle"
},
{
"text": " - Catholic Hierarchy : Archbishop James Peter Sartain - Archdiocese of Seattle",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Hermann_Fegelein#P410#0
|
What was the military rank of Hermann Fegelein in Jul 1934?
|
Hermann Fegelein Hans Otto Georg Hermann Fegelein ( 30 October 1906 – 28 April 1945 ) was a high-ranking commander in the Waffen-SS of Nazi Germany . He was a member of Adolf Hitlers entourage and brother-in-law to Eva Braun through his marriage to her sister Gretl . Fegelein joined a cavalry regiment of the Reichswehr in 1925 and transferred to the SS on 10 April 1933 . He became a leader of an SS equestrian group , and was in charge of preparation for the equestrian events of the Berlin Olympic Games in 1936 . He tried out for the Olympic equestrian team himself but was eliminated in the qualifying rounds . In September 1939 , after the Invasion of Poland , Fegelein commanded the SS Totenkopf Reiterstandarte ( Deaths-Head Horse Regiment ) . They were garrisoned in Warsaw until December . In May and June 1940 , he participated in the Battle of Belgium and France as a member of the SS-Verfügungstruppe ( later renamed the Waffen-SS ) . For his service in these campaigns he was awarded the Iron Cross 2nd Class on 15 December 1940 . Units under his command on the Eastern Front in 1941 were responsible for the deaths of over 17,000 civilians during the Pripyat swamps punitive operation in the Byelorussian SSR . As commander of the 8th SS Cavalry Division Florian Geyer in 1943 , he was involved in operations against partisans as well as defensive operations against the Red Army , for which he was awarded the Close Combat Clasp in bronze . After being seriously wounded in September 1943 , Fegelein was reassigned by Heinrich Himmler to Hitlers headquarters staff as his liaison officer and representative of the SS . Fegelein was present at the failed attempt on Hitlers life on 20 July 1944 . He was on duty at Hitlers Führerbunker in Berlin in the closing months of the war , and was shot for desertion on 28 April 1945 , two days before Hitlers suicide . Fegelein was an opportunist who ingratiated himself with Himmler , who granted him the best assignments and rapid promotions . Journalist William L . Shirer and historian Sir Ian Kershaw characterise him as cynical and disreputable . Albert Speer called him one of the most disgusting people in Hitlers circle . Career . Fegelein was born in Ansbach , Bavaria , to the retired Oberleutnant Hans Fegelein . As a boy working at his fathers equestrian school in Munich , he became a proficient rider and participated in jumping events . During this period he met Christian Weber , an original member of the Nazi Party . Weber later sponsored Fegeleins entry into the Schutzstaffel ( SS ) . In 1925 , after studying for two terms at Munich University , Fegelein joined the Reiter-Regiment 17 ( Cavalry Regiment 17 ) . On 20 April 1927 , he joined the Bavarian State Police in Munich as an officer cadet . In 1929 he left the police service when he was caught stealing examination solutions from a teaching superiors office . The official communication at the time was that he resigned for family reasons . Fegelein later stated that he had left the police on his own account to better serve the Nazi Party and SS . His father had started the Reitinstitut Fegelein ( Riding Institute Fegelein ) in 1926 . In Munich , Fegelein came into contact with Nazism and the SS . His father had made the institute available to the SS as a meeting place , and the training facilities and horses were used by equestrian units of the Sturmabteilung ( SA ) and SS . Fegelein joined the Nazi Party ( membership number 1,200,158 ) and the SA in 1930 . He transferred to the SS on 10 April 1933 , with membership number 66,680 . He worked as an instructor at the Reitinstitut Fegelein and became the leader of the SS-Reitersturm , the SS equestrian group based at the facility . By the mid-1930s he took over administration of the school from his father . He was promoted to the Allgemeine-SS rank of SS-Untersturmführer that year and to SS-Obersturmführer on 20 April 1934 and to SS-Hauptsturmführer on 9 November 1934 . Beginning in November 1935 , Fegelein oversaw the preparation of the courses and facilities for the equestrian events of the Berlin Olympic Games . He was promoted to the rank of SS-Sturmbannführer on 30 January 1936 . He tried out for the German equestrian team , but was unable to prevail against the strong competition from the ( cavalry school Hanover ) , who went on to win all the equestrian gold medals . Fegelein won the international tournament in 1937 , as did his brother Waldemar , in 1939 . He was promoted to the rank of SS-Obersturmbannführer on 30 January . On 25 July 1937 , Reichsführer-SS Himmler , by special order of the SS-Oberabschnitt Süd , created the Haupt-Reitschule München ( SS Main Riding School ) in Munich . The school was started from his fathers stud farm . Fegelein was named its commander and promoted to SS-Standartenführer the same day . Funding for the very expensive horses came in part from then SS-Brigadeführer Weber , who supported the school with more than 100,000 Reichsmarks annually . Fegelein won the ( Brown Ribbon of Germany ) , an annual horse race which in 1938 was held on the premises of the riding school in Munich . Fegelein at the time had strong ambitions to participate in the 1940 Summer Olympics . With the help of his friend ( HSSPF ; Higher SS and Police Leader ) Karl von Eberstein , he arranged the transfer of all the Bavarian State Police horses to the SS riding school in case of mobilization . His fear was that the horses would be handed to the Wehrmacht . World War II . In September 1939 , Fegelein commanded the SS Totenkopf Reiterstandarte ( Deaths-Head Horse Regiment ) , which arrived in Poland shortly after the end of the Polish Campaign . The unit was placed under the command of the Ordnungspolizei ( Orpo ; order police ) and was split into small groups assigned to support police activities at posts throughout the Poznan district . On 15 November , Himmler ordered the expansion of the regiment from four to thirteen squadrons and renamed it as 1 . SS-Totenkopf-Reiterstandarte ( 1st Deaths Head Cavalry Regiment ) . Additional men were recruited from ethnic Germans living in the General Government and further afield . As many of the officers , including Fegelein , had never attended officer training school , much of the training provided to new recruits was rudimentary . However , it was rigorous , and the men developed a strong camaraderie . Fegeleins unit was involved alongside the Orpo in the extermination , ordered by Hitler , of members of the Polish elite such as intellectuals , aristocrats , and clergy , in an action called Intelligenzaktion . On 7 December 1939 , Fegeleins unit was involved in the mass shooting of 1,700 such people in the Kampinos Forest . On 15 December , the unit was split into two Standarten ( regiments ) , with Fegelein commanding the 1 . Standarte under the overall command of Höherer SS- und Polizeiführer-Ost Friedrich-Wilhelm Krüger . The unit was short of basic supplies such as weapons , food , and uniforms , which led to deteriorating morale and ill health . Incidents of corruption and theft took place , particularly among members of the regimental staff in Warsaw . On 23 April 1941 , Fegelein faced court-martial charges for an incident in 1940 where he and his unit had been caught stealing money and luxury goods for transportation back to Germany . Fegeleins court-martial was quashed by direct order of Himmler . The allegations brought forward against Fegelein had included murder motivated by greed . Apparently he had ordered arrests and executions in the Gestapo prison in Warsaw . In addition to this , Fegelein was charged with having had an unlawful sexual relationship with a Polish woman . The woman had become pregnant and Fegelein forced her to have an abortion . Reinhard Heydrich tried several times to investigate the accusations against Fegelein , but each time Himmler quashed the attempt . Fegeleins unit took part in anti-partisan fighting against a group of about 100 former Polish soldiers in the area of Kammienna–Konsky–Kielce in March and April 1940 . They killed about half the partisans and the remainder escaped . On 8 April , Fegeleins unit killed 250 Polish men in villages in the area . While in his report he described the behaviour of his troops as clean and decent , there were many incidents in this period where his men behaved in an undisciplined way , killing and robbing civilians without being ordered to do so . In May and June 1940 , Fegelein , who had been promoted to SS-Obersturmbannführer of the Reserves in the Waffen-SS on 1 March 1940 , participated in the Battle of Belgium and France as a member of the SS-Verfügungstruppe . For his service in these campaigns , he was awarded the Iron Cross 2nd Class on 15 December 1940 . In March 1941 , the SS Totenkopf Reiterstandarte 1 was renamed to 1st SS Cavalry Regiment . War against the Soviet Union . With the start of the German invasion of the Soviet Union , which began on 22 June 1941 , Fegelein saw active service on the Eastern Front . His unit was assigned on the 87th Infantry Division on 23 June to cover a gap in the lines of the 9th Army near Białystok . The motorized elements of the 1st SS Cavalry reached the right flank of the operational area on 24 June , but the mounted elements were unable to keep up . The exhausted horses had to be left behind and the men transported to the combat zone in lorries , while the horse-drawn artillery pieces were towed using any available vehicles . The first units to arrive crossed the Narew near Wizna and engaged the Soviets but were unable to break through . They were ordered to retreat and move further north . Infantry elements of the 87th Division captured Osowiec Fortress on 26 June , and Fegeleins cavalry was sent on a reconnaissance mission to the south-east . Himmler , unwilling to have his SS units under Wehrmacht control or used in combat other than as reserves , withdrew the SS cavalry from control of the 87th Division on 27 June . The ambitious Fegelein stressed in his reports that he believed his unit was combat ready and exaggerated its contribution to the operation . Ten of his men received the Iron Cross , Second Class for their efforts , and Fegelein was awarded the Iron Cross , First Class . The engagement demonstrated the shortcomings of the cavalry units in modern mobile warfare , which requires quick redeployments in ever-changing conditions . Fegelein sought to improve this by asking Himmler to combine the 1st and 2nd SS cavalry regiments into a brigade , with additional support units . As a temporary measure , Himmler assigned Fegelein to be in charge of both regiments . Fegeleins unit was one of several that undertook field training and political indoctrination in the coming weeks . Himmler addressed the 1st Cavalry on 5 July , offering the opportunity for any men unwilling to participate in the upcoming special tasks to transfer to another unit . Nobody took advantage of this offer , at least partly because Himmler did not say that the upcoming assignment included the mass shooting of unarmed civilians . On 19 July 1941 , Himmler assigned Fegeleins regiments to the general command of HSSPF Erich von dem Bach-Zelewski for the systematic combing of the Pripyat swamps , an operation designed to round up and exterminate Jews , partisans and civilians in that area of Byelorussian SSR . Himmlers orders for the operation were passed to Fegelein via SS-Brigadefuhrer , who met with him and Bach-Zelewski on 28 July in their new quarters at Liakhovichi in Byelorussia . General instructions were given to cleanse the area of partisans and Jewish collaborators . Jewish women and children were to be driven away . Fegelein interpreted these orders as follows : Enemy soldiers in uniform were to be taken prisoner , and those found out of uniform were to be shot . Jewish males , with the exception of a few skilled workers such as doctors and leather workers , would be shot . Fegelein split the territory to be covered into two sections divided by the Pripyat River , with the 1st Regiment taking the northern half and the 2nd Regiment the south . The regiments worked their way from east to west through their assigned territory , and filed daily reports on the number of people killed and taken prisoner . In a meeting with Bach-Zelewski on 31 July , Himmler announced the amalgamation of the two regiments into the SS Cavalry Brigade . Additional units such as a bicycle reconnaissance detachment were formed and added to the brigades complement . On 5 August Himmler assigned leadership of the brigade to Fegelein . Himmler notified Fegelein by telegram on 1 August that the numbers killed were far too low . A few days later , Himmler issued regimental order no . 42 , which called for all male Jews over the age of 14 to be killed . The women and children were to be driven into the swamps and drowned . Thus Fegeleins units were among the first in the Holocaust to wipe out entire Jewish communities . As the water in the swamps was too shallow and some areas had no swamps , it proved impractical to drown the women and children , so they were shot . Fegeleins final report on the operation , dated 18 September 1941 , states that they killed 14,178 Jews , 1,001 partisans , 699 Red Army soldiers , with 830 prisoners taken and losses of 17 dead , 36 wounded , and 3 missing . The historian Henning Pieper estimates the actual number of Jews killed was closer to 23,700 . Fegelein received the Infantry Assault Badge on 2 October . Four days later , he was again brought before a court for of captured goods . Again the prosecution was halted by Himmler . In mid-October 1941 , the brigade left Byelorussia and moved first to Toropets and then on to Rogachev by train , where they were subordinated to Army Group Centre . The new operational area had more partisan activity than the Pripyat swamps , with guerrillas who were well organised and difficult to find . Fegeleins report for the period between 18 October and 18 November 1941 shows 3,018 partisans and Red Army soldiers killed and 122 taken prisoner . However , as fewer than 200 weapons were captured , historians Martin Cüppers and Henning Pieper conclude that the majority of those killed must have been unarmed civilians . Brigade losses were seven dead and nine wounded . Army Group Centre renewed their offensive on Moscow in mid-November . Fegelein and the SS Cavalry Brigade were held back as an operational reserve in the rearward area of the 9th Army . Massive counter-attacks by the Red Army led to a weakening of the entire German line , and the brigade was called in to fight at the front on 28 December . While Fegelein reported that his forces were the equivalent to one or two divisions , in reality he had only 4,428 men in total at this point , of which 1,800 were ready for action . The brigade was deployed at the south-eastern sector of the XXIII Army Corps , where it defended against attacks in the rearward area of the 206th Infantry Division in the Battles of Rzhev . The SS Cavalry Brigade took serious losses , with casualties of up to 60 per cent in some squadrons . On 1 February 1942 , Fegelein was promoted to SS-Standartenführer in the Waffen-SS and transferred from the reserve force to active service . Four days later , on 5 February , Fegelein on his own initiative led an attack on a strong enemy group northwest of Chertolino . The attack , carried out in difficult weather conditions , secured an important road junction and the railway station at Chertolino . In a nocturnal attack on 9 February , the brigade encircled and destroyed enemy forces at Chertolino , killing 1,800 Red Army soldiers . Yershovo was captured on 14 February , leading to the annihilation of the enemy units in Rzhevsky District . For his leadership in these battles , Fegelein was awarded the Knights Cross of the Iron Cross on 2 March 1942 . Fegelein was then granted home leave and was appointed Inspector of Cavalry and Transportation ( ) in the SS-Führungshauptamt on 1 May 1942 . In this position he was awarded the Eastern Front Medal and the War Merit Cross 2nd Class with Swords , both on 1 September 1942 . The SS Cavalry Brigade was disbanded in March 1942 and the remaining men and equipment were formed into a battalion-strength unit called Kampfgruppe Zehender , commanded by SS-Sturmbannführer August Zehender . Fegelein returned to the front line on 1 December 1942 and on the same day promoted to SS-Oberführer . He was given command of Kampfgruppe Fegelein , based in the great bend of the Don . He was wounded in action by Soviet snipers on 21 and 22 December 1942 . On 20 April 1943 , he was appointed commander of the 8th SS Cavalry Division Florian Geyer . Fegelein and his division were involved in operations against partisans in May to July 1943 , which included Operation Weichsel , Operation Zeithen , and Operation Seydlitz . On 17 May , they annihilated a partisan group south west of Novoselki . He personally blew up a bunker in the attack . A week later , on 24 May , the division attacked another partisan strongpoint , and no prisoners were taken . During Weichsel ( 27 May – 10 June 1943 ) he reported the unit had killed 4,018 persons and deported 18,860 , confiscated 21,000 cattle , and destroyed 61 villages southwest of Gomel . During Zeithen ( 13–16 June 1943 ) they destroyed a further 63 villages and ( under direct orders from Hitler ) killed all suspected partisans . During Seydlitz ( 26 June – 27 July 1943 ) he reported the destruction of 96 additional villages , with 5,016 killed and 9,166 deported and 19,941 cattle confiscated . The division was then deployed in defensive operations against massed Soviet attacks . From 26 August to 15 September , the division repulsed five attacks of divisional strength and a further 85 attacks of battalion strength . The heaviest combat occurred on 26 August near Bespalovka and on 28 August , when the division halted a Soviet breakthrough at Bolshaya Gomolsha . Fegelein led a counterattack on 8 September , recapturing the height 199,0 at Verkhniy Bishkin . On 11 September 1943 , during these defensive battles , he was awarded the Close Combat Clasp in bronze . Fegelein was severely wounded on 30 September 1943 and was hospitalised for a few weeks . He received the German Cross in gold on 1 November 1943 . Following his convalescence he was appointed chief of Amt VI—Office for Rider and Driver Training—in the SS-Führungshauptamt on 1 January 1944 . At the same time , Himmler assigned him to Hitlers headquarters staff as his liaison officer and representative of the SS . He was promoted to the rank of SS-Gruppenführer und Generalleutnant der Waffen-SS on 10 June 1944 . On 20 July 1944 , Fegelein was present at the failed attempt on Hitlers life at the Wolfs Lair headquarters in Rastenburg , East Prussia and received a minor wound to his left thigh from the bomb blast . Fegelein often showed around the photographs of the hanged men who had been executed as a result of this failed assassination attempt . Marriage . Fegeleins politically motivated marriage to Gretl Braun , Eva Brauns sister , took place on 3 June 1944 in Salzburg . Historians Kershaw and Shirer believe he courted Braun as a way to advance his career . Hitler , Himmler , and Martin Bormann acted as witnesses at the ceremony . A two-day celebration was then held at Hitlers and Bormanns Obersalzberg mountain homes and the Eagles Nest . Fegelein was a known playboy and had many extramarital affairs . Hitlers secretaries , Christa Schroeder and Traudl Junge , state Fegelein was popular socially , particularly with women . He could be funny , amusing , and charming . Eva was glad to have someone in the entourage with whom she could dance and flirt , as Hitler was distant in social situations and refrained from publicly showing affection . Fegelein worked hard to develop a friendship with Hitlers powerful private secretary , Martin Bormann . Fegelein consistently attended Bormanns drinking parties and told Junge that the only things that mattered were his career and a life full of fun . Death . By early 1945 , Germanys military situation was on the verge of total collapse . Hitler , presiding over a rapidly disintegrating Third Reich , retreated to his Führerbunker in Berlin on 16 January 1945 . To the Nazi leadership , it was clear that the Battle of Berlin would be the final battle of the war . Berlin was bombarded by Soviet artillery for the first time on 20 April 1945 ( Hitlers birthday ) . By the evening of 21 April , Red Army tanks reached the outskirts of the city . By 27 April , Berlin was cut off from the rest of Germany . On 27 April 1945 , Reichssicherheitsdienst ( RSD ) deputy commander SS-Obersturmbannführer Peter Högl was sent out from the Reich Chancellery to find Fegelein , who had abandoned his post at the Führerbunker after deciding he did not want to join a suicide pact . Fegelein was located by the RSD squad in his Berlin apartment , wearing civilian clothes and preparing to flee to Sweden or Switzerland . He was carrying cash—German and foreign—and jewellery , some of which belonged to Braun . Högl found a briefcase containing documents with evidence of Himmlers attempted peace negotiations with the Western Allies . According to most accounts , Fegelein was intoxicated when arrested and taken back to the Führerbunker . He was kept in a makeshift cell until the evening of 28 April . That night , Hitler was informed of the BBC broadcast of a Reuters news report about Himmlers attempted negotiations with the western Allies via Count Bernadotte . Hitler flew into a rage about this apparent betrayal and ordered Himmlers arrest . Sensing a connection between Fegeleins disappearance and Himmlers betrayal , Hitler ordered SS-Gruppenführer Heinrich Müller to interrogate Fegelein as to what he knew of Himmlers plans . Thereafter , according to Otto Günsche ( Hitlers personal adjutant ) , Hitler ordered that Fegelein be stripped of all rank and to be transferred to Kampfgruppe Mohnke to prove his loyalty in combat . Günsche and Bormann expressed their concern to Hitler that Fegelein would only desert again . Hitler then ordered Fegelein court-martialed . Journalist James P . ODonnell , who conducted extensive interviews in the 1970s , provides one account of what happened next . SS-Brigadeführer Wilhelm Mohnke , who presided over the court martial for desertion , told ODonnell that Hitler ordered him to set up a tribunal . Mohnke arranged for a court martial panel , which consisted of generals Wilhelm Burgdorf , Hans Krebs , SS-Gruppenführer Johann Rattenhuber , and himself . Fegelein , still drunk , refused to accept that he had to answer to Hitler , and stated that he was responsible only to Himmler . Fegelein was so drunk that he was crying and vomiting ; he was unable to stand up , and even urinated on the floor . Mohnke was in a quandary , as German military and civilian law both require a defendant to be of sound mind and to understand the charges against them . Although Mohnke was certain Fegelein was guilty of flagrant desertion , it was the opinion of the judges that he was in no condition to stand trial , so Mohnke closed the proceedings and turned the defendant over to General Rattenhubers security squad . Mohnke never saw Fegelein again . An alternative scenario of Fegeleins death is based on the 1948/49 Soviet NKVD dossier of Hitler written for Joseph Stalin . The dossier is based on the interrogation reports of Günsche and Heinz Linge ( Hitlers valet ) . This dossier differs in part from the accounts given by Mohnke and Rattenhuber . After the intoxicated Fegelein was arrested and taken back to the Führerbunker , Hitler at first ordered Fegelein to be transferred to Kampfgruppe Mohnke to prove his loyalty in combat . Günsche and Bormann expressed their concern to Hitler that Fegelein would desert again . Hitler then ordered Fegelein to be demoted and court-martialed by a court led by Mohnke . At this point the accounts differ , as the NKVD dossier states that Fegelein was court-martialed on the evening of 28 April , by a court headed by Mohnke , SS-Obersturmbannführer Alfred Krause , and SS-Sturmbannführer Herbert Kaschula . Mohnke and his fellow officers sentenced Fegelein to death . That same evening , Fegelein was shot from behind by a member of the Sicherheitsdienst . Based on this stated chain of events , author Veit Scherzer concluded that Fegelein , according to German law , was deprived of all honours and honorary signs and must therefore be considered a de facto but not de jure recipient of the Knights Cross of the Iron Cross . Fegeleins wife was then in the late stages of pregnancy ( the baby was born on 5 May ) . Hitler considered releasing him without punishment or assigning him to Mohnkes troops . Junge—an eye-witness to bunker events—stated that Braun pleaded with Hitler to spare her brother-in-law and tried to justify Fegeleins actions . Junge said Fegelein was taken to the garden of the Reich Chancellery on 28 April , and was shot like a dog . Rochus Misch , who was the last survivor from the Führerbunker , disputed aspects of this account in a 2007 interview with Der Spiegel . According to Misch , Hitler did not order Fegeleins execution , only his demotion . Misch claimed to know the identity of Fegeleins killer , but refused to reveal his name . Assessment . Historians William L . Shirer and Ian Kershaw characterise Fegelein as cynical and disreputable ; Albert Speer called him one of the most disgusting people in Hitlers circle . Fegelein was an opportunist who ingratiated himself with Himmler , who in return granted him the best assignments—mostly related to cavalry—and rapid promotion through the ranks . The historian Henning Pieper , who studied the period up until March 1942 , notes Fegeleins lack of formal training as an officer led to deficiencies in the way the SS Cavalry Brigade was prepared for active service . Fegelein repeatedly over-stated the combat readiness of his troops and exaggerated their accomplishments , in Piepers opinion in order to be seen as a leader worthy of promotion and honours . Fegeleins faulty analysis of his brigades readiness led to their use in December 1941 through March 1942 in combat situations for which they were unsuitable and untrained ; however , as the military situation was deteriorating , they would eventually have received front-line assignments regardless of their readiness . By the end of March 1942 , the brigade had suffered casualties of 50 per cent , much higher than army units deployed in the same area . Fegeleins parents and his brother Waldemar survived the war . Gretl , who inherited some of Evas valuable jewellery , also survived the war . She gave birth to a daughter ( named Eva Barbara Fegelein , after her late aunt ) on 5 May 1945 . Eva Fegelein killed herself on 25 April 1971 after her boyfriend died in a car accident . Gretl Braun-Fegelein moved to Munich and remarried in 1954 . She died in 1987 , aged 72 . Awards and decorations . - Olympic Games Decoration ( 1st Class ) - German Equestrian Badge ( gold ) - German Sports Badge ( bronze ) - SA Sports Badge ( bronze ) - Nazi Party Long Service Award ( bronze ) - General Assault Badge ( silver ) - Infantry Assault Badge ( silver ) - Close Combat Clasp ( silver ) - Wound Badge ( silver ) - Wound Badge of 20 July 1944 ( silver ) - Iron Cross ( 1939 ) - 2nd Class ( 15 December 1940 ) - 1st Class ( 28 June 1941 ) - German Cross in Gold on 1 November 1943 as SS-Brigadeführer and Generalmajor of the Waffen-SS in the SS-Kavallerie-Division - Knights Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords - Knights Cross on 2 March 1942 as SS-Standartenführer and commander of the SS-Kavallerie-Brigade - 157th Oak Leaves on 22 December 1942 as SS-Oberführer and commander of a Kampfgruppe - 83rd Swords on 30 July 1944 as SS-Gruppenführer and Generalleutnant of the Waffen-SS and commander of the 8 . SS-Freiwilligen-Kavallerie-Division Florian Geyer The death sentence on 28 April resulted in the loss of all orders , awards , and honorary signs . Dates of rank . Fegelein held various ranks in both the Allgemeine-SS and Waffen-SS . The following table shows that progression was not synchronous .
|
[
"SS-Obersturmführer"
] |
[
{
"text": " Hans Otto Georg Hermann Fegelein ( 30 October 1906 – 28 April 1945 ) was a high-ranking commander in the Waffen-SS of Nazi Germany . He was a member of Adolf Hitlers entourage and brother-in-law to Eva Braun through his marriage to her sister Gretl .",
"title": "Hermann Fegelein"
},
{
"text": "Fegelein joined a cavalry regiment of the Reichswehr in 1925 and transferred to the SS on 10 April 1933 . He became a leader of an SS equestrian group , and was in charge of preparation for the equestrian events of the Berlin Olympic Games in 1936 . He tried out for the Olympic equestrian team himself but was eliminated in the qualifying rounds .",
"title": "Hermann Fegelein"
},
{
"text": "In September 1939 , after the Invasion of Poland , Fegelein commanded the SS Totenkopf Reiterstandarte ( Deaths-Head Horse Regiment ) . They were garrisoned in Warsaw until December . In May and June 1940 , he participated in the Battle of Belgium and France as a member of the SS-Verfügungstruppe ( later renamed the Waffen-SS ) . For his service in these campaigns he was awarded the Iron Cross 2nd Class on 15 December 1940 . Units under his command on the Eastern Front in 1941 were responsible for the deaths of over 17,000 civilians during the Pripyat swamps",
"title": "Hermann Fegelein"
},
{
"text": "punitive operation in the Byelorussian SSR . As commander of the 8th SS Cavalry Division Florian Geyer in 1943 , he was involved in operations against partisans as well as defensive operations against the Red Army , for which he was awarded the Close Combat Clasp in bronze .",
"title": "Hermann Fegelein"
},
{
"text": "After being seriously wounded in September 1943 , Fegelein was reassigned by Heinrich Himmler to Hitlers headquarters staff as his liaison officer and representative of the SS . Fegelein was present at the failed attempt on Hitlers life on 20 July 1944 . He was on duty at Hitlers Führerbunker in Berlin in the closing months of the war , and was shot for desertion on 28 April 1945 , two days before Hitlers suicide . Fegelein was an opportunist who ingratiated himself with Himmler , who granted him the best assignments and rapid promotions . Journalist William L .",
"title": "Hermann Fegelein"
},
{
"text": "Shirer and historian Sir Ian Kershaw characterise him as cynical and disreputable . Albert Speer called him one of the most disgusting people in Hitlers circle .",
"title": "Hermann Fegelein"
},
{
"text": " Fegelein was born in Ansbach , Bavaria , to the retired Oberleutnant Hans Fegelein . As a boy working at his fathers equestrian school in Munich , he became a proficient rider and participated in jumping events . During this period he met Christian Weber , an original member of the Nazi Party . Weber later sponsored Fegeleins entry into the Schutzstaffel ( SS ) .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "In 1925 , after studying for two terms at Munich University , Fegelein joined the Reiter-Regiment 17 ( Cavalry Regiment 17 ) . On 20 April 1927 , he joined the Bavarian State Police in Munich as an officer cadet . In 1929 he left the police service when he was caught stealing examination solutions from a teaching superiors office . The official communication at the time was that he resigned for family reasons . Fegelein later stated that he had left the police on his own account to better serve the Nazi Party and SS . His father had",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "started the Reitinstitut Fegelein ( Riding Institute Fegelein ) in 1926 . In Munich , Fegelein came into contact with Nazism and the SS . His father had made the institute available to the SS as a meeting place , and the training facilities and horses were used by equestrian units of the Sturmabteilung ( SA ) and SS .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Fegelein joined the Nazi Party ( membership number 1,200,158 ) and the SA in 1930 . He transferred to the SS on 10 April 1933 , with membership number 66,680 . He worked as an instructor at the Reitinstitut Fegelein and became the leader of the SS-Reitersturm , the SS equestrian group based at the facility . By the mid-1930s he took over administration of the school from his father . He was promoted to the Allgemeine-SS rank of SS-Untersturmführer that year and to SS-Obersturmführer on 20 April 1934 and to SS-Hauptsturmführer on 9 November 1934 . Beginning in November",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "1935 , Fegelein oversaw the preparation of the courses and facilities for the equestrian events of the Berlin Olympic Games . He was promoted to the rank of SS-Sturmbannführer on 30 January 1936 . He tried out for the German equestrian team , but was unable to prevail against the strong competition from the ( cavalry school Hanover ) , who went on to win all the equestrian gold medals .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Fegelein won the international tournament in 1937 , as did his brother Waldemar , in 1939 . He was promoted to the rank of SS-Obersturmbannführer on 30 January . On 25 July 1937 , Reichsführer-SS Himmler , by special order of the SS-Oberabschnitt Süd , created the Haupt-Reitschule München ( SS Main Riding School ) in Munich . The school was started from his fathers stud farm . Fegelein was named its commander and promoted to SS-Standartenführer the same day . Funding for the very expensive horses came in part from then SS-Brigadeführer Weber , who supported the school with",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "more than 100,000 Reichsmarks annually . Fegelein won the ( Brown Ribbon of Germany ) , an annual horse race which in 1938 was held on the premises of the riding school in Munich . Fegelein at the time had strong ambitions to participate in the 1940 Summer Olympics . With the help of his friend ( HSSPF ; Higher SS and Police Leader ) Karl von Eberstein , he arranged the transfer of all the Bavarian State Police horses to the SS riding school in case of mobilization . His fear was that the horses would be handed to",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "the Wehrmacht .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "In September 1939 , Fegelein commanded the SS Totenkopf Reiterstandarte ( Deaths-Head Horse Regiment ) , which arrived in Poland shortly after the end of the Polish Campaign . The unit was placed under the command of the Ordnungspolizei ( Orpo ; order police ) and was split into small groups assigned to support police activities at posts throughout the Poznan district . On 15 November , Himmler ordered the expansion of the regiment from four to thirteen squadrons and renamed it as 1 . SS-Totenkopf-Reiterstandarte ( 1st Deaths Head Cavalry Regiment ) . Additional men were recruited from ethnic",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "Germans living in the General Government and further afield . As many of the officers , including Fegelein , had never attended officer training school , much of the training provided to new recruits was rudimentary . However , it was rigorous , and the men developed a strong camaraderie . Fegeleins unit was involved alongside the Orpo in the extermination , ordered by Hitler , of members of the Polish elite such as intellectuals , aristocrats , and clergy , in an action called Intelligenzaktion . On 7 December 1939 , Fegeleins unit was involved in the mass shooting",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "of 1,700 such people in the Kampinos Forest .",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "On 15 December , the unit was split into two Standarten ( regiments ) , with Fegelein commanding the 1 . Standarte under the overall command of Höherer SS- und Polizeiführer-Ost Friedrich-Wilhelm Krüger . The unit was short of basic supplies such as weapons , food , and uniforms , which led to deteriorating morale and ill health . Incidents of corruption and theft took place , particularly among members of the regimental staff in Warsaw . On 23 April 1941 , Fegelein faced court-martial charges for an incident in 1940 where he and his unit had been caught stealing",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "money and luxury goods for transportation back to Germany . Fegeleins court-martial was quashed by direct order of Himmler . The allegations brought forward against Fegelein had included murder motivated by greed . Apparently he had ordered arrests and executions in the Gestapo prison in Warsaw . In addition to this , Fegelein was charged with having had an unlawful sexual relationship with a Polish woman . The woman had become pregnant and Fegelein forced her to have an abortion . Reinhard Heydrich tried several times to investigate the accusations against Fegelein , but each time Himmler quashed the attempt",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": ".",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": " Fegeleins unit took part in anti-partisan fighting against a group of about 100 former Polish soldiers in the area of Kammienna–Konsky–Kielce in March and April 1940 . They killed about half the partisans and the remainder escaped . On 8 April , Fegeleins unit killed 250 Polish men in villages in the area . While in his report he described the behaviour of his troops as clean and decent , there were many incidents in this period where his men behaved in an undisciplined way , killing and robbing civilians without being ordered to do so .",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "In May and June 1940 , Fegelein , who had been promoted to SS-Obersturmbannführer of the Reserves in the Waffen-SS on 1 March 1940 , participated in the Battle of Belgium and France as a member of the SS-Verfügungstruppe . For his service in these campaigns , he was awarded the Iron Cross 2nd Class on 15 December 1940 . In March 1941 , the SS Totenkopf Reiterstandarte 1 was renamed to 1st SS Cavalry Regiment .",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "With the start of the German invasion of the Soviet Union , which began on 22 June 1941 , Fegelein saw active service on the Eastern Front . His unit was assigned on the 87th Infantry Division on 23 June to cover a gap in the lines of the 9th Army near Białystok . The motorized elements of the 1st SS Cavalry reached the right flank of the operational area on 24 June , but the mounted elements were unable to keep up . The exhausted horses had to be left behind and the men transported to the combat zone",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "in lorries , while the horse-drawn artillery pieces were towed using any available vehicles . The first units to arrive crossed the Narew near Wizna and engaged the Soviets but were unable to break through . They were ordered to retreat and move further north . Infantry elements of the 87th Division captured Osowiec Fortress on 26 June , and Fegeleins cavalry was sent on a reconnaissance mission to the south-east . Himmler , unwilling to have his SS units under Wehrmacht control or used in combat other than as reserves , withdrew the SS cavalry from control of the",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "87th Division on 27 June . The ambitious Fegelein stressed in his reports that he believed his unit was combat ready and exaggerated its contribution to the operation . Ten of his men received the Iron Cross , Second Class for their efforts , and Fegelein was awarded the Iron Cross , First Class .",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "The engagement demonstrated the shortcomings of the cavalry units in modern mobile warfare , which requires quick redeployments in ever-changing conditions . Fegelein sought to improve this by asking Himmler to combine the 1st and 2nd SS cavalry regiments into a brigade , with additional support units . As a temporary measure , Himmler assigned Fegelein to be in charge of both regiments . Fegeleins unit was one of several that undertook field training and political indoctrination in the coming weeks . Himmler addressed the 1st Cavalry on 5 July , offering the opportunity for any men unwilling to participate",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "in the upcoming special tasks to transfer to another unit . Nobody took advantage of this offer , at least partly because Himmler did not say that the upcoming assignment included the mass shooting of unarmed civilians .",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "On 19 July 1941 , Himmler assigned Fegeleins regiments to the general command of HSSPF Erich von dem Bach-Zelewski for the systematic combing of the Pripyat swamps , an operation designed to round up and exterminate Jews , partisans and civilians in that area of Byelorussian SSR . Himmlers orders for the operation were passed to Fegelein via SS-Brigadefuhrer , who met with him and Bach-Zelewski on 28 July in their new quarters at Liakhovichi in Byelorussia . General instructions were given to cleanse the area of partisans and Jewish collaborators . Jewish women and children were to be driven",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "away . Fegelein interpreted these orders as follows : Enemy soldiers in uniform were to be taken prisoner , and those found out of uniform were to be shot . Jewish males , with the exception of a few skilled workers such as doctors and leather workers , would be shot . Fegelein split the territory to be covered into two sections divided by the Pripyat River , with the 1st Regiment taking the northern half and the 2nd Regiment the south . The regiments worked their way from east to west through their assigned territory , and filed daily",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "reports on the number of people killed and taken prisoner . In a meeting with Bach-Zelewski on 31 July , Himmler announced the amalgamation of the two regiments into the SS Cavalry Brigade . Additional units such as a bicycle reconnaissance detachment were formed and added to the brigades complement . On 5 August Himmler assigned leadership of the brigade to Fegelein .",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "Himmler notified Fegelein by telegram on 1 August that the numbers killed were far too low . A few days later , Himmler issued regimental order no . 42 , which called for all male Jews over the age of 14 to be killed . The women and children were to be driven into the swamps and drowned . Thus Fegeleins units were among the first in the Holocaust to wipe out entire Jewish communities . As the water in the swamps was too shallow and some areas had no swamps , it proved impractical to drown the women and",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "children , so they were shot . Fegeleins final report on the operation , dated 18 September 1941 , states that they killed 14,178 Jews , 1,001 partisans , 699 Red Army soldiers , with 830 prisoners taken and losses of 17 dead , 36 wounded , and 3 missing . The historian Henning Pieper estimates the actual number of Jews killed was closer to 23,700 .",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "Fegelein received the Infantry Assault Badge on 2 October . Four days later , he was again brought before a court for of captured goods . Again the prosecution was halted by Himmler . In mid-October 1941 , the brigade left Byelorussia and moved first to Toropets and then on to Rogachev by train , where they were subordinated to Army Group Centre . The new operational area had more partisan activity than the Pripyat swamps , with guerrillas who were well organised and difficult to find . Fegeleins report for the period between 18 October and 18 November 1941",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "shows 3,018 partisans and Red Army soldiers killed and 122 taken prisoner . However , as fewer than 200 weapons were captured , historians Martin Cüppers and Henning Pieper conclude that the majority of those killed must have been unarmed civilians . Brigade losses were seven dead and nine wounded .",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "Army Group Centre renewed their offensive on Moscow in mid-November . Fegelein and the SS Cavalry Brigade were held back as an operational reserve in the rearward area of the 9th Army . Massive counter-attacks by the Red Army led to a weakening of the entire German line , and the brigade was called in to fight at the front on 28 December . While Fegelein reported that his forces were the equivalent to one or two divisions , in reality he had only 4,428 men in total at this point , of which 1,800 were ready for action .",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "The brigade was deployed at the south-eastern sector of the XXIII Army Corps , where it defended against attacks in the rearward area of the 206th Infantry Division in the Battles of Rzhev . The SS Cavalry Brigade took serious losses , with casualties of up to 60 per cent in some squadrons .",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "On 1 February 1942 , Fegelein was promoted to SS-Standartenführer in the Waffen-SS and transferred from the reserve force to active service . Four days later , on 5 February , Fegelein on his own initiative led an attack on a strong enemy group northwest of Chertolino . The attack , carried out in difficult weather conditions , secured an important road junction and the railway station at Chertolino . In a nocturnal attack on 9 February , the brigade encircled and destroyed enemy forces at Chertolino , killing 1,800 Red Army soldiers . Yershovo was captured on 14 February",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": ", leading to the annihilation of the enemy units in Rzhevsky District . For his leadership in these battles , Fegelein was awarded the Knights Cross of the Iron Cross on 2 March 1942 . Fegelein was then granted home leave and was appointed Inspector of Cavalry and Transportation ( ) in the SS-Führungshauptamt on 1 May 1942 . In this position he was awarded the Eastern Front Medal and the War Merit Cross 2nd Class with Swords , both on 1 September 1942 . The SS Cavalry Brigade was disbanded in March 1942 and the remaining men and equipment",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "were formed into a battalion-strength unit called Kampfgruppe Zehender , commanded by SS-Sturmbannführer August Zehender .",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": " Fegelein returned to the front line on 1 December 1942 and on the same day promoted to SS-Oberführer . He was given command of Kampfgruppe Fegelein , based in the great bend of the Don . He was wounded in action by Soviet snipers on 21 and 22 December 1942 .",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "On 20 April 1943 , he was appointed commander of the 8th SS Cavalry Division Florian Geyer . Fegelein and his division were involved in operations against partisans in May to July 1943 , which included Operation Weichsel , Operation Zeithen , and Operation Seydlitz . On 17 May , they annihilated a partisan group south west of Novoselki . He personally blew up a bunker in the attack . A week later , on 24 May , the division attacked another partisan strongpoint , and no prisoners were taken . During Weichsel ( 27 May – 10 June 1943",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": ") he reported the unit had killed 4,018 persons and deported 18,860 , confiscated 21,000 cattle , and destroyed 61 villages southwest of Gomel . During Zeithen ( 13–16 June 1943 ) they destroyed a further 63 villages and ( under direct orders from Hitler ) killed all suspected partisans . During Seydlitz ( 26 June – 27 July 1943 ) he reported the destruction of 96 additional villages , with 5,016 killed and 9,166 deported and 19,941 cattle confiscated .",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "The division was then deployed in defensive operations against massed Soviet attacks . From 26 August to 15 September , the division repulsed five attacks of divisional strength and a further 85 attacks of battalion strength . The heaviest combat occurred on 26 August near Bespalovka and on 28 August , when the division halted a Soviet breakthrough at Bolshaya Gomolsha . Fegelein led a counterattack on 8 September , recapturing the height 199,0 at Verkhniy Bishkin . On 11 September 1943 , during these defensive battles , he was awarded the Close Combat Clasp in bronze . Fegelein was",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "severely wounded on 30 September 1943 and was hospitalised for a few weeks . He received the German Cross in gold on 1 November 1943 . Following his convalescence he was appointed chief of Amt VI—Office for Rider and Driver Training—in the SS-Führungshauptamt on 1 January 1944 .",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "At the same time , Himmler assigned him to Hitlers headquarters staff as his liaison officer and representative of the SS . He was promoted to the rank of SS-Gruppenführer und Generalleutnant der Waffen-SS on 10 June 1944 . On 20 July 1944 , Fegelein was present at the failed attempt on Hitlers life at the Wolfs Lair headquarters in Rastenburg , East Prussia and received a minor wound to his left thigh from the bomb blast . Fegelein often showed around the photographs of the hanged men who had been executed as a result of this failed assassination attempt",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": ".",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "Fegeleins politically motivated marriage to Gretl Braun , Eva Brauns sister , took place on 3 June 1944 in Salzburg . Historians Kershaw and Shirer believe he courted Braun as a way to advance his career . Hitler , Himmler , and Martin Bormann acted as witnesses at the ceremony . A two-day celebration was then held at Hitlers and Bormanns Obersalzberg mountain homes and the Eagles Nest . Fegelein was a known playboy and had many extramarital affairs . Hitlers secretaries , Christa Schroeder and Traudl Junge , state Fegelein was popular socially , particularly with women . He",
"title": "Marriage"
},
{
"text": "could be funny , amusing , and charming . Eva was glad to have someone in the entourage with whom she could dance and flirt , as Hitler was distant in social situations and refrained from publicly showing affection . Fegelein worked hard to develop a friendship with Hitlers powerful private secretary , Martin Bormann . Fegelein consistently attended Bormanns drinking parties and told Junge that the only things that mattered were his career and a life full of fun .",
"title": "Marriage"
},
{
"text": "By early 1945 , Germanys military situation was on the verge of total collapse . Hitler , presiding over a rapidly disintegrating Third Reich , retreated to his Führerbunker in Berlin on 16 January 1945 . To the Nazi leadership , it was clear that the Battle of Berlin would be the final battle of the war . Berlin was bombarded by Soviet artillery for the first time on 20 April 1945 ( Hitlers birthday ) . By the evening of 21 April , Red Army tanks reached the outskirts of the city . By 27 April , Berlin was",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": "cut off from the rest of Germany .",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": "On 27 April 1945 , Reichssicherheitsdienst ( RSD ) deputy commander SS-Obersturmbannführer Peter Högl was sent out from the Reich Chancellery to find Fegelein , who had abandoned his post at the Führerbunker after deciding he did not want to join a suicide pact . Fegelein was located by the RSD squad in his Berlin apartment , wearing civilian clothes and preparing to flee to Sweden or Switzerland . He was carrying cash—German and foreign—and jewellery , some of which belonged to Braun . Högl found a briefcase containing documents with evidence of Himmlers attempted peace negotiations with the Western",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": "Allies . According to most accounts , Fegelein was intoxicated when arrested and taken back to the Führerbunker . He was kept in a makeshift cell until the evening of 28 April . That night , Hitler was informed of the BBC broadcast of a Reuters news report about Himmlers attempted negotiations with the western Allies via Count Bernadotte . Hitler flew into a rage about this apparent betrayal and ordered Himmlers arrest . Sensing a connection between Fegeleins disappearance and Himmlers betrayal , Hitler ordered SS-Gruppenführer Heinrich Müller to interrogate Fegelein as to what he knew of Himmlers plans",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": ". Thereafter , according to Otto Günsche ( Hitlers personal adjutant ) , Hitler ordered that Fegelein be stripped of all rank and to be transferred to Kampfgruppe Mohnke to prove his loyalty in combat . Günsche and Bormann expressed their concern to Hitler that Fegelein would only desert again . Hitler then ordered Fegelein court-martialed .",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": "Journalist James P . ODonnell , who conducted extensive interviews in the 1970s , provides one account of what happened next . SS-Brigadeführer Wilhelm Mohnke , who presided over the court martial for desertion , told ODonnell that Hitler ordered him to set up a tribunal . Mohnke arranged for a court martial panel , which consisted of generals Wilhelm Burgdorf , Hans Krebs , SS-Gruppenführer Johann Rattenhuber , and himself . Fegelein , still drunk , refused to accept that he had to answer to Hitler , and stated that he was responsible only to Himmler . Fegelein was",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": "so drunk that he was crying and vomiting ; he was unable to stand up , and even urinated on the floor . Mohnke was in a quandary , as German military and civilian law both require a defendant to be of sound mind and to understand the charges against them . Although Mohnke was certain Fegelein was guilty of flagrant desertion , it was the opinion of the judges that he was in no condition to stand trial , so Mohnke closed the proceedings and turned the defendant over to General Rattenhubers security squad . Mohnke never saw Fegelein",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": "again .",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": "An alternative scenario of Fegeleins death is based on the 1948/49 Soviet NKVD dossier of Hitler written for Joseph Stalin . The dossier is based on the interrogation reports of Günsche and Heinz Linge ( Hitlers valet ) . This dossier differs in part from the accounts given by Mohnke and Rattenhuber . After the intoxicated Fegelein was arrested and taken back to the Führerbunker , Hitler at first ordered Fegelein to be transferred to Kampfgruppe Mohnke to prove his loyalty in combat . Günsche and Bormann expressed their concern to Hitler that Fegelein would desert again . Hitler then",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": "ordered Fegelein to be demoted and court-martialed by a court led by Mohnke . At this point the accounts differ , as the NKVD dossier states that Fegelein was court-martialed on the evening of 28 April , by a court headed by Mohnke , SS-Obersturmbannführer Alfred Krause , and SS-Sturmbannführer Herbert Kaschula . Mohnke and his fellow officers sentenced Fegelein to death . That same evening , Fegelein was shot from behind by a member of the Sicherheitsdienst . Based on this stated chain of events , author Veit Scherzer concluded that Fegelein , according to German law , was",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": "deprived of all honours and honorary signs and must therefore be considered a de facto but not de jure recipient of the Knights Cross of the Iron Cross .",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": "Fegeleins wife was then in the late stages of pregnancy ( the baby was born on 5 May ) . Hitler considered releasing him without punishment or assigning him to Mohnkes troops . Junge—an eye-witness to bunker events—stated that Braun pleaded with Hitler to spare her brother-in-law and tried to justify Fegeleins actions . Junge said Fegelein was taken to the garden of the Reich Chancellery on 28 April , and was shot like a dog . Rochus Misch , who was the last survivor from the Führerbunker , disputed aspects of this account in a 2007 interview with Der",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": "Spiegel . According to Misch , Hitler did not order Fegeleins execution , only his demotion . Misch claimed to know the identity of Fegeleins killer , but refused to reveal his name .",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": "Historians William L . Shirer and Ian Kershaw characterise Fegelein as cynical and disreputable ; Albert Speer called him one of the most disgusting people in Hitlers circle . Fegelein was an opportunist who ingratiated himself with Himmler , who in return granted him the best assignments—mostly related to cavalry—and rapid promotion through the ranks . The historian Henning Pieper , who studied the period up until March 1942 , notes Fegeleins lack of formal training as an officer led to deficiencies in the way the SS Cavalry Brigade was prepared for active service . Fegelein repeatedly over-stated the combat",
"title": "Assessment"
},
{
"text": "readiness of his troops and exaggerated their accomplishments , in Piepers opinion in order to be seen as a leader worthy of promotion and honours . Fegeleins faulty analysis of his brigades readiness led to their use in December 1941 through March 1942 in combat situations for which they were unsuitable and untrained ; however , as the military situation was deteriorating , they would eventually have received front-line assignments regardless of their readiness . By the end of March 1942 , the brigade had suffered casualties of 50 per cent , much higher than army units deployed in the",
"title": "Assessment"
},
{
"text": "same area .",
"title": "Assessment"
},
{
"text": " Fegeleins parents and his brother Waldemar survived the war . Gretl , who inherited some of Evas valuable jewellery , also survived the war . She gave birth to a daughter ( named Eva Barbara Fegelein , after her late aunt ) on 5 May 1945 . Eva Fegelein killed herself on 25 April 1971 after her boyfriend died in a car accident . Gretl Braun-Fegelein moved to Munich and remarried in 1954 . She died in 1987 , aged 72 .",
"title": "Assessment"
},
{
"text": " - Olympic Games Decoration ( 1st Class ) - German Equestrian Badge ( gold ) - German Sports Badge ( bronze ) - SA Sports Badge ( bronze ) - Nazi Party Long Service Award ( bronze ) - General Assault Badge ( silver ) - Infantry Assault Badge ( silver ) - Close Combat Clasp ( silver ) - Wound Badge ( silver ) - Wound Badge of 20 July 1944 ( silver ) - Iron Cross ( 1939 ) - 2nd Class ( 15 December 1940 ) - 1st Class ( 28 June 1941 )",
"title": "Awards and decorations"
},
{
"text": "- German Cross in Gold on 1 November 1943 as SS-Brigadeführer and Generalmajor of the Waffen-SS in the SS-Kavallerie-Division",
"title": "Awards and decorations"
},
{
"text": " - Knights Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords - Knights Cross on 2 March 1942 as SS-Standartenführer and commander of the SS-Kavallerie-Brigade - 157th Oak Leaves on 22 December 1942 as SS-Oberführer and commander of a Kampfgruppe - 83rd Swords on 30 July 1944 as SS-Gruppenführer and Generalleutnant of the Waffen-SS and commander of the 8 . SS-Freiwilligen-Kavallerie-Division Florian Geyer The death sentence on 28 April resulted in the loss of all orders , awards , and honorary signs .",
"title": "Awards and decorations"
},
{
"text": " Fegelein held various ranks in both the Allgemeine-SS and Waffen-SS . The following table shows that progression was not synchronous .",
"title": "Dates of rank"
}
] |
/wiki/Hermann_Fegelein#P410#1
|
What was the military rank of Hermann Fegelein between Oct 1935 and Dec 1935?
|
Hermann Fegelein Hans Otto Georg Hermann Fegelein ( 30 October 1906 – 28 April 1945 ) was a high-ranking commander in the Waffen-SS of Nazi Germany . He was a member of Adolf Hitlers entourage and brother-in-law to Eva Braun through his marriage to her sister Gretl . Fegelein joined a cavalry regiment of the Reichswehr in 1925 and transferred to the SS on 10 April 1933 . He became a leader of an SS equestrian group , and was in charge of preparation for the equestrian events of the Berlin Olympic Games in 1936 . He tried out for the Olympic equestrian team himself but was eliminated in the qualifying rounds . In September 1939 , after the Invasion of Poland , Fegelein commanded the SS Totenkopf Reiterstandarte ( Deaths-Head Horse Regiment ) . They were garrisoned in Warsaw until December . In May and June 1940 , he participated in the Battle of Belgium and France as a member of the SS-Verfügungstruppe ( later renamed the Waffen-SS ) . For his service in these campaigns he was awarded the Iron Cross 2nd Class on 15 December 1940 . Units under his command on the Eastern Front in 1941 were responsible for the deaths of over 17,000 civilians during the Pripyat swamps punitive operation in the Byelorussian SSR . As commander of the 8th SS Cavalry Division Florian Geyer in 1943 , he was involved in operations against partisans as well as defensive operations against the Red Army , for which he was awarded the Close Combat Clasp in bronze . After being seriously wounded in September 1943 , Fegelein was reassigned by Heinrich Himmler to Hitlers headquarters staff as his liaison officer and representative of the SS . Fegelein was present at the failed attempt on Hitlers life on 20 July 1944 . He was on duty at Hitlers Führerbunker in Berlin in the closing months of the war , and was shot for desertion on 28 April 1945 , two days before Hitlers suicide . Fegelein was an opportunist who ingratiated himself with Himmler , who granted him the best assignments and rapid promotions . Journalist William L . Shirer and historian Sir Ian Kershaw characterise him as cynical and disreputable . Albert Speer called him one of the most disgusting people in Hitlers circle . Career . Fegelein was born in Ansbach , Bavaria , to the retired Oberleutnant Hans Fegelein . As a boy working at his fathers equestrian school in Munich , he became a proficient rider and participated in jumping events . During this period he met Christian Weber , an original member of the Nazi Party . Weber later sponsored Fegeleins entry into the Schutzstaffel ( SS ) . In 1925 , after studying for two terms at Munich University , Fegelein joined the Reiter-Regiment 17 ( Cavalry Regiment 17 ) . On 20 April 1927 , he joined the Bavarian State Police in Munich as an officer cadet . In 1929 he left the police service when he was caught stealing examination solutions from a teaching superiors office . The official communication at the time was that he resigned for family reasons . Fegelein later stated that he had left the police on his own account to better serve the Nazi Party and SS . His father had started the Reitinstitut Fegelein ( Riding Institute Fegelein ) in 1926 . In Munich , Fegelein came into contact with Nazism and the SS . His father had made the institute available to the SS as a meeting place , and the training facilities and horses were used by equestrian units of the Sturmabteilung ( SA ) and SS . Fegelein joined the Nazi Party ( membership number 1,200,158 ) and the SA in 1930 . He transferred to the SS on 10 April 1933 , with membership number 66,680 . He worked as an instructor at the Reitinstitut Fegelein and became the leader of the SS-Reitersturm , the SS equestrian group based at the facility . By the mid-1930s he took over administration of the school from his father . He was promoted to the Allgemeine-SS rank of SS-Untersturmführer that year and to SS-Obersturmführer on 20 April 1934 and to SS-Hauptsturmführer on 9 November 1934 . Beginning in November 1935 , Fegelein oversaw the preparation of the courses and facilities for the equestrian events of the Berlin Olympic Games . He was promoted to the rank of SS-Sturmbannführer on 30 January 1936 . He tried out for the German equestrian team , but was unable to prevail against the strong competition from the ( cavalry school Hanover ) , who went on to win all the equestrian gold medals . Fegelein won the international tournament in 1937 , as did his brother Waldemar , in 1939 . He was promoted to the rank of SS-Obersturmbannführer on 30 January . On 25 July 1937 , Reichsführer-SS Himmler , by special order of the SS-Oberabschnitt Süd , created the Haupt-Reitschule München ( SS Main Riding School ) in Munich . The school was started from his fathers stud farm . Fegelein was named its commander and promoted to SS-Standartenführer the same day . Funding for the very expensive horses came in part from then SS-Brigadeführer Weber , who supported the school with more than 100,000 Reichsmarks annually . Fegelein won the ( Brown Ribbon of Germany ) , an annual horse race which in 1938 was held on the premises of the riding school in Munich . Fegelein at the time had strong ambitions to participate in the 1940 Summer Olympics . With the help of his friend ( HSSPF ; Higher SS and Police Leader ) Karl von Eberstein , he arranged the transfer of all the Bavarian State Police horses to the SS riding school in case of mobilization . His fear was that the horses would be handed to the Wehrmacht . World War II . In September 1939 , Fegelein commanded the SS Totenkopf Reiterstandarte ( Deaths-Head Horse Regiment ) , which arrived in Poland shortly after the end of the Polish Campaign . The unit was placed under the command of the Ordnungspolizei ( Orpo ; order police ) and was split into small groups assigned to support police activities at posts throughout the Poznan district . On 15 November , Himmler ordered the expansion of the regiment from four to thirteen squadrons and renamed it as 1 . SS-Totenkopf-Reiterstandarte ( 1st Deaths Head Cavalry Regiment ) . Additional men were recruited from ethnic Germans living in the General Government and further afield . As many of the officers , including Fegelein , had never attended officer training school , much of the training provided to new recruits was rudimentary . However , it was rigorous , and the men developed a strong camaraderie . Fegeleins unit was involved alongside the Orpo in the extermination , ordered by Hitler , of members of the Polish elite such as intellectuals , aristocrats , and clergy , in an action called Intelligenzaktion . On 7 December 1939 , Fegeleins unit was involved in the mass shooting of 1,700 such people in the Kampinos Forest . On 15 December , the unit was split into two Standarten ( regiments ) , with Fegelein commanding the 1 . Standarte under the overall command of Höherer SS- und Polizeiführer-Ost Friedrich-Wilhelm Krüger . The unit was short of basic supplies such as weapons , food , and uniforms , which led to deteriorating morale and ill health . Incidents of corruption and theft took place , particularly among members of the regimental staff in Warsaw . On 23 April 1941 , Fegelein faced court-martial charges for an incident in 1940 where he and his unit had been caught stealing money and luxury goods for transportation back to Germany . Fegeleins court-martial was quashed by direct order of Himmler . The allegations brought forward against Fegelein had included murder motivated by greed . Apparently he had ordered arrests and executions in the Gestapo prison in Warsaw . In addition to this , Fegelein was charged with having had an unlawful sexual relationship with a Polish woman . The woman had become pregnant and Fegelein forced her to have an abortion . Reinhard Heydrich tried several times to investigate the accusations against Fegelein , but each time Himmler quashed the attempt . Fegeleins unit took part in anti-partisan fighting against a group of about 100 former Polish soldiers in the area of Kammienna–Konsky–Kielce in March and April 1940 . They killed about half the partisans and the remainder escaped . On 8 April , Fegeleins unit killed 250 Polish men in villages in the area . While in his report he described the behaviour of his troops as clean and decent , there were many incidents in this period where his men behaved in an undisciplined way , killing and robbing civilians without being ordered to do so . In May and June 1940 , Fegelein , who had been promoted to SS-Obersturmbannführer of the Reserves in the Waffen-SS on 1 March 1940 , participated in the Battle of Belgium and France as a member of the SS-Verfügungstruppe . For his service in these campaigns , he was awarded the Iron Cross 2nd Class on 15 December 1940 . In March 1941 , the SS Totenkopf Reiterstandarte 1 was renamed to 1st SS Cavalry Regiment . War against the Soviet Union . With the start of the German invasion of the Soviet Union , which began on 22 June 1941 , Fegelein saw active service on the Eastern Front . His unit was assigned on the 87th Infantry Division on 23 June to cover a gap in the lines of the 9th Army near Białystok . The motorized elements of the 1st SS Cavalry reached the right flank of the operational area on 24 June , but the mounted elements were unable to keep up . The exhausted horses had to be left behind and the men transported to the combat zone in lorries , while the horse-drawn artillery pieces were towed using any available vehicles . The first units to arrive crossed the Narew near Wizna and engaged the Soviets but were unable to break through . They were ordered to retreat and move further north . Infantry elements of the 87th Division captured Osowiec Fortress on 26 June , and Fegeleins cavalry was sent on a reconnaissance mission to the south-east . Himmler , unwilling to have his SS units under Wehrmacht control or used in combat other than as reserves , withdrew the SS cavalry from control of the 87th Division on 27 June . The ambitious Fegelein stressed in his reports that he believed his unit was combat ready and exaggerated its contribution to the operation . Ten of his men received the Iron Cross , Second Class for their efforts , and Fegelein was awarded the Iron Cross , First Class . The engagement demonstrated the shortcomings of the cavalry units in modern mobile warfare , which requires quick redeployments in ever-changing conditions . Fegelein sought to improve this by asking Himmler to combine the 1st and 2nd SS cavalry regiments into a brigade , with additional support units . As a temporary measure , Himmler assigned Fegelein to be in charge of both regiments . Fegeleins unit was one of several that undertook field training and political indoctrination in the coming weeks . Himmler addressed the 1st Cavalry on 5 July , offering the opportunity for any men unwilling to participate in the upcoming special tasks to transfer to another unit . Nobody took advantage of this offer , at least partly because Himmler did not say that the upcoming assignment included the mass shooting of unarmed civilians . On 19 July 1941 , Himmler assigned Fegeleins regiments to the general command of HSSPF Erich von dem Bach-Zelewski for the systematic combing of the Pripyat swamps , an operation designed to round up and exterminate Jews , partisans and civilians in that area of Byelorussian SSR . Himmlers orders for the operation were passed to Fegelein via SS-Brigadefuhrer , who met with him and Bach-Zelewski on 28 July in their new quarters at Liakhovichi in Byelorussia . General instructions were given to cleanse the area of partisans and Jewish collaborators . Jewish women and children were to be driven away . Fegelein interpreted these orders as follows : Enemy soldiers in uniform were to be taken prisoner , and those found out of uniform were to be shot . Jewish males , with the exception of a few skilled workers such as doctors and leather workers , would be shot . Fegelein split the territory to be covered into two sections divided by the Pripyat River , with the 1st Regiment taking the northern half and the 2nd Regiment the south . The regiments worked their way from east to west through their assigned territory , and filed daily reports on the number of people killed and taken prisoner . In a meeting with Bach-Zelewski on 31 July , Himmler announced the amalgamation of the two regiments into the SS Cavalry Brigade . Additional units such as a bicycle reconnaissance detachment were formed and added to the brigades complement . On 5 August Himmler assigned leadership of the brigade to Fegelein . Himmler notified Fegelein by telegram on 1 August that the numbers killed were far too low . A few days later , Himmler issued regimental order no . 42 , which called for all male Jews over the age of 14 to be killed . The women and children were to be driven into the swamps and drowned . Thus Fegeleins units were among the first in the Holocaust to wipe out entire Jewish communities . As the water in the swamps was too shallow and some areas had no swamps , it proved impractical to drown the women and children , so they were shot . Fegeleins final report on the operation , dated 18 September 1941 , states that they killed 14,178 Jews , 1,001 partisans , 699 Red Army soldiers , with 830 prisoners taken and losses of 17 dead , 36 wounded , and 3 missing . The historian Henning Pieper estimates the actual number of Jews killed was closer to 23,700 . Fegelein received the Infantry Assault Badge on 2 October . Four days later , he was again brought before a court for of captured goods . Again the prosecution was halted by Himmler . In mid-October 1941 , the brigade left Byelorussia and moved first to Toropets and then on to Rogachev by train , where they were subordinated to Army Group Centre . The new operational area had more partisan activity than the Pripyat swamps , with guerrillas who were well organised and difficult to find . Fegeleins report for the period between 18 October and 18 November 1941 shows 3,018 partisans and Red Army soldiers killed and 122 taken prisoner . However , as fewer than 200 weapons were captured , historians Martin Cüppers and Henning Pieper conclude that the majority of those killed must have been unarmed civilians . Brigade losses were seven dead and nine wounded . Army Group Centre renewed their offensive on Moscow in mid-November . Fegelein and the SS Cavalry Brigade were held back as an operational reserve in the rearward area of the 9th Army . Massive counter-attacks by the Red Army led to a weakening of the entire German line , and the brigade was called in to fight at the front on 28 December . While Fegelein reported that his forces were the equivalent to one or two divisions , in reality he had only 4,428 men in total at this point , of which 1,800 were ready for action . The brigade was deployed at the south-eastern sector of the XXIII Army Corps , where it defended against attacks in the rearward area of the 206th Infantry Division in the Battles of Rzhev . The SS Cavalry Brigade took serious losses , with casualties of up to 60 per cent in some squadrons . On 1 February 1942 , Fegelein was promoted to SS-Standartenführer in the Waffen-SS and transferred from the reserve force to active service . Four days later , on 5 February , Fegelein on his own initiative led an attack on a strong enemy group northwest of Chertolino . The attack , carried out in difficult weather conditions , secured an important road junction and the railway station at Chertolino . In a nocturnal attack on 9 February , the brigade encircled and destroyed enemy forces at Chertolino , killing 1,800 Red Army soldiers . Yershovo was captured on 14 February , leading to the annihilation of the enemy units in Rzhevsky District . For his leadership in these battles , Fegelein was awarded the Knights Cross of the Iron Cross on 2 March 1942 . Fegelein was then granted home leave and was appointed Inspector of Cavalry and Transportation ( ) in the SS-Führungshauptamt on 1 May 1942 . In this position he was awarded the Eastern Front Medal and the War Merit Cross 2nd Class with Swords , both on 1 September 1942 . The SS Cavalry Brigade was disbanded in March 1942 and the remaining men and equipment were formed into a battalion-strength unit called Kampfgruppe Zehender , commanded by SS-Sturmbannführer August Zehender . Fegelein returned to the front line on 1 December 1942 and on the same day promoted to SS-Oberführer . He was given command of Kampfgruppe Fegelein , based in the great bend of the Don . He was wounded in action by Soviet snipers on 21 and 22 December 1942 . On 20 April 1943 , he was appointed commander of the 8th SS Cavalry Division Florian Geyer . Fegelein and his division were involved in operations against partisans in May to July 1943 , which included Operation Weichsel , Operation Zeithen , and Operation Seydlitz . On 17 May , they annihilated a partisan group south west of Novoselki . He personally blew up a bunker in the attack . A week later , on 24 May , the division attacked another partisan strongpoint , and no prisoners were taken . During Weichsel ( 27 May – 10 June 1943 ) he reported the unit had killed 4,018 persons and deported 18,860 , confiscated 21,000 cattle , and destroyed 61 villages southwest of Gomel . During Zeithen ( 13–16 June 1943 ) they destroyed a further 63 villages and ( under direct orders from Hitler ) killed all suspected partisans . During Seydlitz ( 26 June – 27 July 1943 ) he reported the destruction of 96 additional villages , with 5,016 killed and 9,166 deported and 19,941 cattle confiscated . The division was then deployed in defensive operations against massed Soviet attacks . From 26 August to 15 September , the division repulsed five attacks of divisional strength and a further 85 attacks of battalion strength . The heaviest combat occurred on 26 August near Bespalovka and on 28 August , when the division halted a Soviet breakthrough at Bolshaya Gomolsha . Fegelein led a counterattack on 8 September , recapturing the height 199,0 at Verkhniy Bishkin . On 11 September 1943 , during these defensive battles , he was awarded the Close Combat Clasp in bronze . Fegelein was severely wounded on 30 September 1943 and was hospitalised for a few weeks . He received the German Cross in gold on 1 November 1943 . Following his convalescence he was appointed chief of Amt VI—Office for Rider and Driver Training—in the SS-Führungshauptamt on 1 January 1944 . At the same time , Himmler assigned him to Hitlers headquarters staff as his liaison officer and representative of the SS . He was promoted to the rank of SS-Gruppenführer und Generalleutnant der Waffen-SS on 10 June 1944 . On 20 July 1944 , Fegelein was present at the failed attempt on Hitlers life at the Wolfs Lair headquarters in Rastenburg , East Prussia and received a minor wound to his left thigh from the bomb blast . Fegelein often showed around the photographs of the hanged men who had been executed as a result of this failed assassination attempt . Marriage . Fegeleins politically motivated marriage to Gretl Braun , Eva Brauns sister , took place on 3 June 1944 in Salzburg . Historians Kershaw and Shirer believe he courted Braun as a way to advance his career . Hitler , Himmler , and Martin Bormann acted as witnesses at the ceremony . A two-day celebration was then held at Hitlers and Bormanns Obersalzberg mountain homes and the Eagles Nest . Fegelein was a known playboy and had many extramarital affairs . Hitlers secretaries , Christa Schroeder and Traudl Junge , state Fegelein was popular socially , particularly with women . He could be funny , amusing , and charming . Eva was glad to have someone in the entourage with whom she could dance and flirt , as Hitler was distant in social situations and refrained from publicly showing affection . Fegelein worked hard to develop a friendship with Hitlers powerful private secretary , Martin Bormann . Fegelein consistently attended Bormanns drinking parties and told Junge that the only things that mattered were his career and a life full of fun . Death . By early 1945 , Germanys military situation was on the verge of total collapse . Hitler , presiding over a rapidly disintegrating Third Reich , retreated to his Führerbunker in Berlin on 16 January 1945 . To the Nazi leadership , it was clear that the Battle of Berlin would be the final battle of the war . Berlin was bombarded by Soviet artillery for the first time on 20 April 1945 ( Hitlers birthday ) . By the evening of 21 April , Red Army tanks reached the outskirts of the city . By 27 April , Berlin was cut off from the rest of Germany . On 27 April 1945 , Reichssicherheitsdienst ( RSD ) deputy commander SS-Obersturmbannführer Peter Högl was sent out from the Reich Chancellery to find Fegelein , who had abandoned his post at the Führerbunker after deciding he did not want to join a suicide pact . Fegelein was located by the RSD squad in his Berlin apartment , wearing civilian clothes and preparing to flee to Sweden or Switzerland . He was carrying cash—German and foreign—and jewellery , some of which belonged to Braun . Högl found a briefcase containing documents with evidence of Himmlers attempted peace negotiations with the Western Allies . According to most accounts , Fegelein was intoxicated when arrested and taken back to the Führerbunker . He was kept in a makeshift cell until the evening of 28 April . That night , Hitler was informed of the BBC broadcast of a Reuters news report about Himmlers attempted negotiations with the western Allies via Count Bernadotte . Hitler flew into a rage about this apparent betrayal and ordered Himmlers arrest . Sensing a connection between Fegeleins disappearance and Himmlers betrayal , Hitler ordered SS-Gruppenführer Heinrich Müller to interrogate Fegelein as to what he knew of Himmlers plans . Thereafter , according to Otto Günsche ( Hitlers personal adjutant ) , Hitler ordered that Fegelein be stripped of all rank and to be transferred to Kampfgruppe Mohnke to prove his loyalty in combat . Günsche and Bormann expressed their concern to Hitler that Fegelein would only desert again . Hitler then ordered Fegelein court-martialed . Journalist James P . ODonnell , who conducted extensive interviews in the 1970s , provides one account of what happened next . SS-Brigadeführer Wilhelm Mohnke , who presided over the court martial for desertion , told ODonnell that Hitler ordered him to set up a tribunal . Mohnke arranged for a court martial panel , which consisted of generals Wilhelm Burgdorf , Hans Krebs , SS-Gruppenführer Johann Rattenhuber , and himself . Fegelein , still drunk , refused to accept that he had to answer to Hitler , and stated that he was responsible only to Himmler . Fegelein was so drunk that he was crying and vomiting ; he was unable to stand up , and even urinated on the floor . Mohnke was in a quandary , as German military and civilian law both require a defendant to be of sound mind and to understand the charges against them . Although Mohnke was certain Fegelein was guilty of flagrant desertion , it was the opinion of the judges that he was in no condition to stand trial , so Mohnke closed the proceedings and turned the defendant over to General Rattenhubers security squad . Mohnke never saw Fegelein again . An alternative scenario of Fegeleins death is based on the 1948/49 Soviet NKVD dossier of Hitler written for Joseph Stalin . The dossier is based on the interrogation reports of Günsche and Heinz Linge ( Hitlers valet ) . This dossier differs in part from the accounts given by Mohnke and Rattenhuber . After the intoxicated Fegelein was arrested and taken back to the Führerbunker , Hitler at first ordered Fegelein to be transferred to Kampfgruppe Mohnke to prove his loyalty in combat . Günsche and Bormann expressed their concern to Hitler that Fegelein would desert again . Hitler then ordered Fegelein to be demoted and court-martialed by a court led by Mohnke . At this point the accounts differ , as the NKVD dossier states that Fegelein was court-martialed on the evening of 28 April , by a court headed by Mohnke , SS-Obersturmbannführer Alfred Krause , and SS-Sturmbannführer Herbert Kaschula . Mohnke and his fellow officers sentenced Fegelein to death . That same evening , Fegelein was shot from behind by a member of the Sicherheitsdienst . Based on this stated chain of events , author Veit Scherzer concluded that Fegelein , according to German law , was deprived of all honours and honorary signs and must therefore be considered a de facto but not de jure recipient of the Knights Cross of the Iron Cross . Fegeleins wife was then in the late stages of pregnancy ( the baby was born on 5 May ) . Hitler considered releasing him without punishment or assigning him to Mohnkes troops . Junge—an eye-witness to bunker events—stated that Braun pleaded with Hitler to spare her brother-in-law and tried to justify Fegeleins actions . Junge said Fegelein was taken to the garden of the Reich Chancellery on 28 April , and was shot like a dog . Rochus Misch , who was the last survivor from the Führerbunker , disputed aspects of this account in a 2007 interview with Der Spiegel . According to Misch , Hitler did not order Fegeleins execution , only his demotion . Misch claimed to know the identity of Fegeleins killer , but refused to reveal his name . Assessment . Historians William L . Shirer and Ian Kershaw characterise Fegelein as cynical and disreputable ; Albert Speer called him one of the most disgusting people in Hitlers circle . Fegelein was an opportunist who ingratiated himself with Himmler , who in return granted him the best assignments—mostly related to cavalry—and rapid promotion through the ranks . The historian Henning Pieper , who studied the period up until March 1942 , notes Fegeleins lack of formal training as an officer led to deficiencies in the way the SS Cavalry Brigade was prepared for active service . Fegelein repeatedly over-stated the combat readiness of his troops and exaggerated their accomplishments , in Piepers opinion in order to be seen as a leader worthy of promotion and honours . Fegeleins faulty analysis of his brigades readiness led to their use in December 1941 through March 1942 in combat situations for which they were unsuitable and untrained ; however , as the military situation was deteriorating , they would eventually have received front-line assignments regardless of their readiness . By the end of March 1942 , the brigade had suffered casualties of 50 per cent , much higher than army units deployed in the same area . Fegeleins parents and his brother Waldemar survived the war . Gretl , who inherited some of Evas valuable jewellery , also survived the war . She gave birth to a daughter ( named Eva Barbara Fegelein , after her late aunt ) on 5 May 1945 . Eva Fegelein killed herself on 25 April 1971 after her boyfriend died in a car accident . Gretl Braun-Fegelein moved to Munich and remarried in 1954 . She died in 1987 , aged 72 . Awards and decorations . - Olympic Games Decoration ( 1st Class ) - German Equestrian Badge ( gold ) - German Sports Badge ( bronze ) - SA Sports Badge ( bronze ) - Nazi Party Long Service Award ( bronze ) - General Assault Badge ( silver ) - Infantry Assault Badge ( silver ) - Close Combat Clasp ( silver ) - Wound Badge ( silver ) - Wound Badge of 20 July 1944 ( silver ) - Iron Cross ( 1939 ) - 2nd Class ( 15 December 1940 ) - 1st Class ( 28 June 1941 ) - German Cross in Gold on 1 November 1943 as SS-Brigadeführer and Generalmajor of the Waffen-SS in the SS-Kavallerie-Division - Knights Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords - Knights Cross on 2 March 1942 as SS-Standartenführer and commander of the SS-Kavallerie-Brigade - 157th Oak Leaves on 22 December 1942 as SS-Oberführer and commander of a Kampfgruppe - 83rd Swords on 30 July 1944 as SS-Gruppenführer and Generalleutnant of the Waffen-SS and commander of the 8 . SS-Freiwilligen-Kavallerie-Division Florian Geyer The death sentence on 28 April resulted in the loss of all orders , awards , and honorary signs . Dates of rank . Fegelein held various ranks in both the Allgemeine-SS and Waffen-SS . The following table shows that progression was not synchronous .
|
[
"SS-Hauptsturmführer"
] |
[
{
"text": " Hans Otto Georg Hermann Fegelein ( 30 October 1906 – 28 April 1945 ) was a high-ranking commander in the Waffen-SS of Nazi Germany . He was a member of Adolf Hitlers entourage and brother-in-law to Eva Braun through his marriage to her sister Gretl .",
"title": "Hermann Fegelein"
},
{
"text": "Fegelein joined a cavalry regiment of the Reichswehr in 1925 and transferred to the SS on 10 April 1933 . He became a leader of an SS equestrian group , and was in charge of preparation for the equestrian events of the Berlin Olympic Games in 1936 . He tried out for the Olympic equestrian team himself but was eliminated in the qualifying rounds .",
"title": "Hermann Fegelein"
},
{
"text": "In September 1939 , after the Invasion of Poland , Fegelein commanded the SS Totenkopf Reiterstandarte ( Deaths-Head Horse Regiment ) . They were garrisoned in Warsaw until December . In May and June 1940 , he participated in the Battle of Belgium and France as a member of the SS-Verfügungstruppe ( later renamed the Waffen-SS ) . For his service in these campaigns he was awarded the Iron Cross 2nd Class on 15 December 1940 . Units under his command on the Eastern Front in 1941 were responsible for the deaths of over 17,000 civilians during the Pripyat swamps",
"title": "Hermann Fegelein"
},
{
"text": "punitive operation in the Byelorussian SSR . As commander of the 8th SS Cavalry Division Florian Geyer in 1943 , he was involved in operations against partisans as well as defensive operations against the Red Army , for which he was awarded the Close Combat Clasp in bronze .",
"title": "Hermann Fegelein"
},
{
"text": "After being seriously wounded in September 1943 , Fegelein was reassigned by Heinrich Himmler to Hitlers headquarters staff as his liaison officer and representative of the SS . Fegelein was present at the failed attempt on Hitlers life on 20 July 1944 . He was on duty at Hitlers Führerbunker in Berlin in the closing months of the war , and was shot for desertion on 28 April 1945 , two days before Hitlers suicide . Fegelein was an opportunist who ingratiated himself with Himmler , who granted him the best assignments and rapid promotions . Journalist William L .",
"title": "Hermann Fegelein"
},
{
"text": "Shirer and historian Sir Ian Kershaw characterise him as cynical and disreputable . Albert Speer called him one of the most disgusting people in Hitlers circle .",
"title": "Hermann Fegelein"
},
{
"text": " Fegelein was born in Ansbach , Bavaria , to the retired Oberleutnant Hans Fegelein . As a boy working at his fathers equestrian school in Munich , he became a proficient rider and participated in jumping events . During this period he met Christian Weber , an original member of the Nazi Party . Weber later sponsored Fegeleins entry into the Schutzstaffel ( SS ) .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "In 1925 , after studying for two terms at Munich University , Fegelein joined the Reiter-Regiment 17 ( Cavalry Regiment 17 ) . On 20 April 1927 , he joined the Bavarian State Police in Munich as an officer cadet . In 1929 he left the police service when he was caught stealing examination solutions from a teaching superiors office . The official communication at the time was that he resigned for family reasons . Fegelein later stated that he had left the police on his own account to better serve the Nazi Party and SS . His father had",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "started the Reitinstitut Fegelein ( Riding Institute Fegelein ) in 1926 . In Munich , Fegelein came into contact with Nazism and the SS . His father had made the institute available to the SS as a meeting place , and the training facilities and horses were used by equestrian units of the Sturmabteilung ( SA ) and SS .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Fegelein joined the Nazi Party ( membership number 1,200,158 ) and the SA in 1930 . He transferred to the SS on 10 April 1933 , with membership number 66,680 . He worked as an instructor at the Reitinstitut Fegelein and became the leader of the SS-Reitersturm , the SS equestrian group based at the facility . By the mid-1930s he took over administration of the school from his father . He was promoted to the Allgemeine-SS rank of SS-Untersturmführer that year and to SS-Obersturmführer on 20 April 1934 and to SS-Hauptsturmführer on 9 November 1934 . Beginning in November",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "1935 , Fegelein oversaw the preparation of the courses and facilities for the equestrian events of the Berlin Olympic Games . He was promoted to the rank of SS-Sturmbannführer on 30 January 1936 . He tried out for the German equestrian team , but was unable to prevail against the strong competition from the ( cavalry school Hanover ) , who went on to win all the equestrian gold medals .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Fegelein won the international tournament in 1937 , as did his brother Waldemar , in 1939 . He was promoted to the rank of SS-Obersturmbannführer on 30 January . On 25 July 1937 , Reichsführer-SS Himmler , by special order of the SS-Oberabschnitt Süd , created the Haupt-Reitschule München ( SS Main Riding School ) in Munich . The school was started from his fathers stud farm . Fegelein was named its commander and promoted to SS-Standartenführer the same day . Funding for the very expensive horses came in part from then SS-Brigadeführer Weber , who supported the school with",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "more than 100,000 Reichsmarks annually . Fegelein won the ( Brown Ribbon of Germany ) , an annual horse race which in 1938 was held on the premises of the riding school in Munich . Fegelein at the time had strong ambitions to participate in the 1940 Summer Olympics . With the help of his friend ( HSSPF ; Higher SS and Police Leader ) Karl von Eberstein , he arranged the transfer of all the Bavarian State Police horses to the SS riding school in case of mobilization . His fear was that the horses would be handed to",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "the Wehrmacht .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "In September 1939 , Fegelein commanded the SS Totenkopf Reiterstandarte ( Deaths-Head Horse Regiment ) , which arrived in Poland shortly after the end of the Polish Campaign . The unit was placed under the command of the Ordnungspolizei ( Orpo ; order police ) and was split into small groups assigned to support police activities at posts throughout the Poznan district . On 15 November , Himmler ordered the expansion of the regiment from four to thirteen squadrons and renamed it as 1 . SS-Totenkopf-Reiterstandarte ( 1st Deaths Head Cavalry Regiment ) . Additional men were recruited from ethnic",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "Germans living in the General Government and further afield . As many of the officers , including Fegelein , had never attended officer training school , much of the training provided to new recruits was rudimentary . However , it was rigorous , and the men developed a strong camaraderie . Fegeleins unit was involved alongside the Orpo in the extermination , ordered by Hitler , of members of the Polish elite such as intellectuals , aristocrats , and clergy , in an action called Intelligenzaktion . On 7 December 1939 , Fegeleins unit was involved in the mass shooting",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "of 1,700 such people in the Kampinos Forest .",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "On 15 December , the unit was split into two Standarten ( regiments ) , with Fegelein commanding the 1 . Standarte under the overall command of Höherer SS- und Polizeiführer-Ost Friedrich-Wilhelm Krüger . The unit was short of basic supplies such as weapons , food , and uniforms , which led to deteriorating morale and ill health . Incidents of corruption and theft took place , particularly among members of the regimental staff in Warsaw . On 23 April 1941 , Fegelein faced court-martial charges for an incident in 1940 where he and his unit had been caught stealing",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "money and luxury goods for transportation back to Germany . Fegeleins court-martial was quashed by direct order of Himmler . The allegations brought forward against Fegelein had included murder motivated by greed . Apparently he had ordered arrests and executions in the Gestapo prison in Warsaw . In addition to this , Fegelein was charged with having had an unlawful sexual relationship with a Polish woman . The woman had become pregnant and Fegelein forced her to have an abortion . Reinhard Heydrich tried several times to investigate the accusations against Fegelein , but each time Himmler quashed the attempt",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": ".",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": " Fegeleins unit took part in anti-partisan fighting against a group of about 100 former Polish soldiers in the area of Kammienna–Konsky–Kielce in March and April 1940 . They killed about half the partisans and the remainder escaped . On 8 April , Fegeleins unit killed 250 Polish men in villages in the area . While in his report he described the behaviour of his troops as clean and decent , there were many incidents in this period where his men behaved in an undisciplined way , killing and robbing civilians without being ordered to do so .",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "In May and June 1940 , Fegelein , who had been promoted to SS-Obersturmbannführer of the Reserves in the Waffen-SS on 1 March 1940 , participated in the Battle of Belgium and France as a member of the SS-Verfügungstruppe . For his service in these campaigns , he was awarded the Iron Cross 2nd Class on 15 December 1940 . In March 1941 , the SS Totenkopf Reiterstandarte 1 was renamed to 1st SS Cavalry Regiment .",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "With the start of the German invasion of the Soviet Union , which began on 22 June 1941 , Fegelein saw active service on the Eastern Front . His unit was assigned on the 87th Infantry Division on 23 June to cover a gap in the lines of the 9th Army near Białystok . The motorized elements of the 1st SS Cavalry reached the right flank of the operational area on 24 June , but the mounted elements were unable to keep up . The exhausted horses had to be left behind and the men transported to the combat zone",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "in lorries , while the horse-drawn artillery pieces were towed using any available vehicles . The first units to arrive crossed the Narew near Wizna and engaged the Soviets but were unable to break through . They were ordered to retreat and move further north . Infantry elements of the 87th Division captured Osowiec Fortress on 26 June , and Fegeleins cavalry was sent on a reconnaissance mission to the south-east . Himmler , unwilling to have his SS units under Wehrmacht control or used in combat other than as reserves , withdrew the SS cavalry from control of the",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "87th Division on 27 June . The ambitious Fegelein stressed in his reports that he believed his unit was combat ready and exaggerated its contribution to the operation . Ten of his men received the Iron Cross , Second Class for their efforts , and Fegelein was awarded the Iron Cross , First Class .",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "The engagement demonstrated the shortcomings of the cavalry units in modern mobile warfare , which requires quick redeployments in ever-changing conditions . Fegelein sought to improve this by asking Himmler to combine the 1st and 2nd SS cavalry regiments into a brigade , with additional support units . As a temporary measure , Himmler assigned Fegelein to be in charge of both regiments . Fegeleins unit was one of several that undertook field training and political indoctrination in the coming weeks . Himmler addressed the 1st Cavalry on 5 July , offering the opportunity for any men unwilling to participate",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "in the upcoming special tasks to transfer to another unit . Nobody took advantage of this offer , at least partly because Himmler did not say that the upcoming assignment included the mass shooting of unarmed civilians .",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "On 19 July 1941 , Himmler assigned Fegeleins regiments to the general command of HSSPF Erich von dem Bach-Zelewski for the systematic combing of the Pripyat swamps , an operation designed to round up and exterminate Jews , partisans and civilians in that area of Byelorussian SSR . Himmlers orders for the operation were passed to Fegelein via SS-Brigadefuhrer , who met with him and Bach-Zelewski on 28 July in their new quarters at Liakhovichi in Byelorussia . General instructions were given to cleanse the area of partisans and Jewish collaborators . Jewish women and children were to be driven",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "away . Fegelein interpreted these orders as follows : Enemy soldiers in uniform were to be taken prisoner , and those found out of uniform were to be shot . Jewish males , with the exception of a few skilled workers such as doctors and leather workers , would be shot . Fegelein split the territory to be covered into two sections divided by the Pripyat River , with the 1st Regiment taking the northern half and the 2nd Regiment the south . The regiments worked their way from east to west through their assigned territory , and filed daily",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "reports on the number of people killed and taken prisoner . In a meeting with Bach-Zelewski on 31 July , Himmler announced the amalgamation of the two regiments into the SS Cavalry Brigade . Additional units such as a bicycle reconnaissance detachment were formed and added to the brigades complement . On 5 August Himmler assigned leadership of the brigade to Fegelein .",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "Himmler notified Fegelein by telegram on 1 August that the numbers killed were far too low . A few days later , Himmler issued regimental order no . 42 , which called for all male Jews over the age of 14 to be killed . The women and children were to be driven into the swamps and drowned . Thus Fegeleins units were among the first in the Holocaust to wipe out entire Jewish communities . As the water in the swamps was too shallow and some areas had no swamps , it proved impractical to drown the women and",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "children , so they were shot . Fegeleins final report on the operation , dated 18 September 1941 , states that they killed 14,178 Jews , 1,001 partisans , 699 Red Army soldiers , with 830 prisoners taken and losses of 17 dead , 36 wounded , and 3 missing . The historian Henning Pieper estimates the actual number of Jews killed was closer to 23,700 .",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "Fegelein received the Infantry Assault Badge on 2 October . Four days later , he was again brought before a court for of captured goods . Again the prosecution was halted by Himmler . In mid-October 1941 , the brigade left Byelorussia and moved first to Toropets and then on to Rogachev by train , where they were subordinated to Army Group Centre . The new operational area had more partisan activity than the Pripyat swamps , with guerrillas who were well organised and difficult to find . Fegeleins report for the period between 18 October and 18 November 1941",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "shows 3,018 partisans and Red Army soldiers killed and 122 taken prisoner . However , as fewer than 200 weapons were captured , historians Martin Cüppers and Henning Pieper conclude that the majority of those killed must have been unarmed civilians . Brigade losses were seven dead and nine wounded .",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "Army Group Centre renewed their offensive on Moscow in mid-November . Fegelein and the SS Cavalry Brigade were held back as an operational reserve in the rearward area of the 9th Army . Massive counter-attacks by the Red Army led to a weakening of the entire German line , and the brigade was called in to fight at the front on 28 December . While Fegelein reported that his forces were the equivalent to one or two divisions , in reality he had only 4,428 men in total at this point , of which 1,800 were ready for action .",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "The brigade was deployed at the south-eastern sector of the XXIII Army Corps , where it defended against attacks in the rearward area of the 206th Infantry Division in the Battles of Rzhev . The SS Cavalry Brigade took serious losses , with casualties of up to 60 per cent in some squadrons .",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "On 1 February 1942 , Fegelein was promoted to SS-Standartenführer in the Waffen-SS and transferred from the reserve force to active service . Four days later , on 5 February , Fegelein on his own initiative led an attack on a strong enemy group northwest of Chertolino . The attack , carried out in difficult weather conditions , secured an important road junction and the railway station at Chertolino . In a nocturnal attack on 9 February , the brigade encircled and destroyed enemy forces at Chertolino , killing 1,800 Red Army soldiers . Yershovo was captured on 14 February",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": ", leading to the annihilation of the enemy units in Rzhevsky District . For his leadership in these battles , Fegelein was awarded the Knights Cross of the Iron Cross on 2 March 1942 . Fegelein was then granted home leave and was appointed Inspector of Cavalry and Transportation ( ) in the SS-Führungshauptamt on 1 May 1942 . In this position he was awarded the Eastern Front Medal and the War Merit Cross 2nd Class with Swords , both on 1 September 1942 . The SS Cavalry Brigade was disbanded in March 1942 and the remaining men and equipment",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "were formed into a battalion-strength unit called Kampfgruppe Zehender , commanded by SS-Sturmbannführer August Zehender .",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": " Fegelein returned to the front line on 1 December 1942 and on the same day promoted to SS-Oberführer . He was given command of Kampfgruppe Fegelein , based in the great bend of the Don . He was wounded in action by Soviet snipers on 21 and 22 December 1942 .",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "On 20 April 1943 , he was appointed commander of the 8th SS Cavalry Division Florian Geyer . Fegelein and his division were involved in operations against partisans in May to July 1943 , which included Operation Weichsel , Operation Zeithen , and Operation Seydlitz . On 17 May , they annihilated a partisan group south west of Novoselki . He personally blew up a bunker in the attack . A week later , on 24 May , the division attacked another partisan strongpoint , and no prisoners were taken . During Weichsel ( 27 May – 10 June 1943",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": ") he reported the unit had killed 4,018 persons and deported 18,860 , confiscated 21,000 cattle , and destroyed 61 villages southwest of Gomel . During Zeithen ( 13–16 June 1943 ) they destroyed a further 63 villages and ( under direct orders from Hitler ) killed all suspected partisans . During Seydlitz ( 26 June – 27 July 1943 ) he reported the destruction of 96 additional villages , with 5,016 killed and 9,166 deported and 19,941 cattle confiscated .",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "The division was then deployed in defensive operations against massed Soviet attacks . From 26 August to 15 September , the division repulsed five attacks of divisional strength and a further 85 attacks of battalion strength . The heaviest combat occurred on 26 August near Bespalovka and on 28 August , when the division halted a Soviet breakthrough at Bolshaya Gomolsha . Fegelein led a counterattack on 8 September , recapturing the height 199,0 at Verkhniy Bishkin . On 11 September 1943 , during these defensive battles , he was awarded the Close Combat Clasp in bronze . Fegelein was",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "severely wounded on 30 September 1943 and was hospitalised for a few weeks . He received the German Cross in gold on 1 November 1943 . Following his convalescence he was appointed chief of Amt VI—Office for Rider and Driver Training—in the SS-Führungshauptamt on 1 January 1944 .",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "At the same time , Himmler assigned him to Hitlers headquarters staff as his liaison officer and representative of the SS . He was promoted to the rank of SS-Gruppenführer und Generalleutnant der Waffen-SS on 10 June 1944 . On 20 July 1944 , Fegelein was present at the failed attempt on Hitlers life at the Wolfs Lair headquarters in Rastenburg , East Prussia and received a minor wound to his left thigh from the bomb blast . Fegelein often showed around the photographs of the hanged men who had been executed as a result of this failed assassination attempt",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": ".",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "Fegeleins politically motivated marriage to Gretl Braun , Eva Brauns sister , took place on 3 June 1944 in Salzburg . Historians Kershaw and Shirer believe he courted Braun as a way to advance his career . Hitler , Himmler , and Martin Bormann acted as witnesses at the ceremony . A two-day celebration was then held at Hitlers and Bormanns Obersalzberg mountain homes and the Eagles Nest . Fegelein was a known playboy and had many extramarital affairs . Hitlers secretaries , Christa Schroeder and Traudl Junge , state Fegelein was popular socially , particularly with women . He",
"title": "Marriage"
},
{
"text": "could be funny , amusing , and charming . Eva was glad to have someone in the entourage with whom she could dance and flirt , as Hitler was distant in social situations and refrained from publicly showing affection . Fegelein worked hard to develop a friendship with Hitlers powerful private secretary , Martin Bormann . Fegelein consistently attended Bormanns drinking parties and told Junge that the only things that mattered were his career and a life full of fun .",
"title": "Marriage"
},
{
"text": "By early 1945 , Germanys military situation was on the verge of total collapse . Hitler , presiding over a rapidly disintegrating Third Reich , retreated to his Führerbunker in Berlin on 16 January 1945 . To the Nazi leadership , it was clear that the Battle of Berlin would be the final battle of the war . Berlin was bombarded by Soviet artillery for the first time on 20 April 1945 ( Hitlers birthday ) . By the evening of 21 April , Red Army tanks reached the outskirts of the city . By 27 April , Berlin was",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": "cut off from the rest of Germany .",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": "On 27 April 1945 , Reichssicherheitsdienst ( RSD ) deputy commander SS-Obersturmbannführer Peter Högl was sent out from the Reich Chancellery to find Fegelein , who had abandoned his post at the Führerbunker after deciding he did not want to join a suicide pact . Fegelein was located by the RSD squad in his Berlin apartment , wearing civilian clothes and preparing to flee to Sweden or Switzerland . He was carrying cash—German and foreign—and jewellery , some of which belonged to Braun . Högl found a briefcase containing documents with evidence of Himmlers attempted peace negotiations with the Western",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": "Allies . According to most accounts , Fegelein was intoxicated when arrested and taken back to the Führerbunker . He was kept in a makeshift cell until the evening of 28 April . That night , Hitler was informed of the BBC broadcast of a Reuters news report about Himmlers attempted negotiations with the western Allies via Count Bernadotte . Hitler flew into a rage about this apparent betrayal and ordered Himmlers arrest . Sensing a connection between Fegeleins disappearance and Himmlers betrayal , Hitler ordered SS-Gruppenführer Heinrich Müller to interrogate Fegelein as to what he knew of Himmlers plans",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": ". Thereafter , according to Otto Günsche ( Hitlers personal adjutant ) , Hitler ordered that Fegelein be stripped of all rank and to be transferred to Kampfgruppe Mohnke to prove his loyalty in combat . Günsche and Bormann expressed their concern to Hitler that Fegelein would only desert again . Hitler then ordered Fegelein court-martialed .",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": "Journalist James P . ODonnell , who conducted extensive interviews in the 1970s , provides one account of what happened next . SS-Brigadeführer Wilhelm Mohnke , who presided over the court martial for desertion , told ODonnell that Hitler ordered him to set up a tribunal . Mohnke arranged for a court martial panel , which consisted of generals Wilhelm Burgdorf , Hans Krebs , SS-Gruppenführer Johann Rattenhuber , and himself . Fegelein , still drunk , refused to accept that he had to answer to Hitler , and stated that he was responsible only to Himmler . Fegelein was",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": "so drunk that he was crying and vomiting ; he was unable to stand up , and even urinated on the floor . Mohnke was in a quandary , as German military and civilian law both require a defendant to be of sound mind and to understand the charges against them . Although Mohnke was certain Fegelein was guilty of flagrant desertion , it was the opinion of the judges that he was in no condition to stand trial , so Mohnke closed the proceedings and turned the defendant over to General Rattenhubers security squad . Mohnke never saw Fegelein",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": "again .",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": "An alternative scenario of Fegeleins death is based on the 1948/49 Soviet NKVD dossier of Hitler written for Joseph Stalin . The dossier is based on the interrogation reports of Günsche and Heinz Linge ( Hitlers valet ) . This dossier differs in part from the accounts given by Mohnke and Rattenhuber . After the intoxicated Fegelein was arrested and taken back to the Führerbunker , Hitler at first ordered Fegelein to be transferred to Kampfgruppe Mohnke to prove his loyalty in combat . Günsche and Bormann expressed their concern to Hitler that Fegelein would desert again . Hitler then",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": "ordered Fegelein to be demoted and court-martialed by a court led by Mohnke . At this point the accounts differ , as the NKVD dossier states that Fegelein was court-martialed on the evening of 28 April , by a court headed by Mohnke , SS-Obersturmbannführer Alfred Krause , and SS-Sturmbannführer Herbert Kaschula . Mohnke and his fellow officers sentenced Fegelein to death . That same evening , Fegelein was shot from behind by a member of the Sicherheitsdienst . Based on this stated chain of events , author Veit Scherzer concluded that Fegelein , according to German law , was",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": "deprived of all honours and honorary signs and must therefore be considered a de facto but not de jure recipient of the Knights Cross of the Iron Cross .",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": "Fegeleins wife was then in the late stages of pregnancy ( the baby was born on 5 May ) . Hitler considered releasing him without punishment or assigning him to Mohnkes troops . Junge—an eye-witness to bunker events—stated that Braun pleaded with Hitler to spare her brother-in-law and tried to justify Fegeleins actions . Junge said Fegelein was taken to the garden of the Reich Chancellery on 28 April , and was shot like a dog . Rochus Misch , who was the last survivor from the Führerbunker , disputed aspects of this account in a 2007 interview with Der",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": "Spiegel . According to Misch , Hitler did not order Fegeleins execution , only his demotion . Misch claimed to know the identity of Fegeleins killer , but refused to reveal his name .",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": "Historians William L . Shirer and Ian Kershaw characterise Fegelein as cynical and disreputable ; Albert Speer called him one of the most disgusting people in Hitlers circle . Fegelein was an opportunist who ingratiated himself with Himmler , who in return granted him the best assignments—mostly related to cavalry—and rapid promotion through the ranks . The historian Henning Pieper , who studied the period up until March 1942 , notes Fegeleins lack of formal training as an officer led to deficiencies in the way the SS Cavalry Brigade was prepared for active service . Fegelein repeatedly over-stated the combat",
"title": "Assessment"
},
{
"text": "readiness of his troops and exaggerated their accomplishments , in Piepers opinion in order to be seen as a leader worthy of promotion and honours . Fegeleins faulty analysis of his brigades readiness led to their use in December 1941 through March 1942 in combat situations for which they were unsuitable and untrained ; however , as the military situation was deteriorating , they would eventually have received front-line assignments regardless of their readiness . By the end of March 1942 , the brigade had suffered casualties of 50 per cent , much higher than army units deployed in the",
"title": "Assessment"
},
{
"text": "same area .",
"title": "Assessment"
},
{
"text": " Fegeleins parents and his brother Waldemar survived the war . Gretl , who inherited some of Evas valuable jewellery , also survived the war . She gave birth to a daughter ( named Eva Barbara Fegelein , after her late aunt ) on 5 May 1945 . Eva Fegelein killed herself on 25 April 1971 after her boyfriend died in a car accident . Gretl Braun-Fegelein moved to Munich and remarried in 1954 . She died in 1987 , aged 72 .",
"title": "Assessment"
},
{
"text": " - Olympic Games Decoration ( 1st Class ) - German Equestrian Badge ( gold ) - German Sports Badge ( bronze ) - SA Sports Badge ( bronze ) - Nazi Party Long Service Award ( bronze ) - General Assault Badge ( silver ) - Infantry Assault Badge ( silver ) - Close Combat Clasp ( silver ) - Wound Badge ( silver ) - Wound Badge of 20 July 1944 ( silver ) - Iron Cross ( 1939 ) - 2nd Class ( 15 December 1940 ) - 1st Class ( 28 June 1941 )",
"title": "Awards and decorations"
},
{
"text": "- German Cross in Gold on 1 November 1943 as SS-Brigadeführer and Generalmajor of the Waffen-SS in the SS-Kavallerie-Division",
"title": "Awards and decorations"
},
{
"text": " - Knights Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords - Knights Cross on 2 March 1942 as SS-Standartenführer and commander of the SS-Kavallerie-Brigade - 157th Oak Leaves on 22 December 1942 as SS-Oberführer and commander of a Kampfgruppe - 83rd Swords on 30 July 1944 as SS-Gruppenführer and Generalleutnant of the Waffen-SS and commander of the 8 . SS-Freiwilligen-Kavallerie-Division Florian Geyer The death sentence on 28 April resulted in the loss of all orders , awards , and honorary signs .",
"title": "Awards and decorations"
},
{
"text": " Fegelein held various ranks in both the Allgemeine-SS and Waffen-SS . The following table shows that progression was not synchronous .",
"title": "Dates of rank"
}
] |
/wiki/Hermann_Fegelein#P410#2
|
What was the military rank of Hermann Fegelein in Oct 1936?
|
Hermann Fegelein Hans Otto Georg Hermann Fegelein ( 30 October 1906 – 28 April 1945 ) was a high-ranking commander in the Waffen-SS of Nazi Germany . He was a member of Adolf Hitlers entourage and brother-in-law to Eva Braun through his marriage to her sister Gretl . Fegelein joined a cavalry regiment of the Reichswehr in 1925 and transferred to the SS on 10 April 1933 . He became a leader of an SS equestrian group , and was in charge of preparation for the equestrian events of the Berlin Olympic Games in 1936 . He tried out for the Olympic equestrian team himself but was eliminated in the qualifying rounds . In September 1939 , after the Invasion of Poland , Fegelein commanded the SS Totenkopf Reiterstandarte ( Deaths-Head Horse Regiment ) . They were garrisoned in Warsaw until December . In May and June 1940 , he participated in the Battle of Belgium and France as a member of the SS-Verfügungstruppe ( later renamed the Waffen-SS ) . For his service in these campaigns he was awarded the Iron Cross 2nd Class on 15 December 1940 . Units under his command on the Eastern Front in 1941 were responsible for the deaths of over 17,000 civilians during the Pripyat swamps punitive operation in the Byelorussian SSR . As commander of the 8th SS Cavalry Division Florian Geyer in 1943 , he was involved in operations against partisans as well as defensive operations against the Red Army , for which he was awarded the Close Combat Clasp in bronze . After being seriously wounded in September 1943 , Fegelein was reassigned by Heinrich Himmler to Hitlers headquarters staff as his liaison officer and representative of the SS . Fegelein was present at the failed attempt on Hitlers life on 20 July 1944 . He was on duty at Hitlers Führerbunker in Berlin in the closing months of the war , and was shot for desertion on 28 April 1945 , two days before Hitlers suicide . Fegelein was an opportunist who ingratiated himself with Himmler , who granted him the best assignments and rapid promotions . Journalist William L . Shirer and historian Sir Ian Kershaw characterise him as cynical and disreputable . Albert Speer called him one of the most disgusting people in Hitlers circle . Career . Fegelein was born in Ansbach , Bavaria , to the retired Oberleutnant Hans Fegelein . As a boy working at his fathers equestrian school in Munich , he became a proficient rider and participated in jumping events . During this period he met Christian Weber , an original member of the Nazi Party . Weber later sponsored Fegeleins entry into the Schutzstaffel ( SS ) . In 1925 , after studying for two terms at Munich University , Fegelein joined the Reiter-Regiment 17 ( Cavalry Regiment 17 ) . On 20 April 1927 , he joined the Bavarian State Police in Munich as an officer cadet . In 1929 he left the police service when he was caught stealing examination solutions from a teaching superiors office . The official communication at the time was that he resigned for family reasons . Fegelein later stated that he had left the police on his own account to better serve the Nazi Party and SS . His father had started the Reitinstitut Fegelein ( Riding Institute Fegelein ) in 1926 . In Munich , Fegelein came into contact with Nazism and the SS . His father had made the institute available to the SS as a meeting place , and the training facilities and horses were used by equestrian units of the Sturmabteilung ( SA ) and SS . Fegelein joined the Nazi Party ( membership number 1,200,158 ) and the SA in 1930 . He transferred to the SS on 10 April 1933 , with membership number 66,680 . He worked as an instructor at the Reitinstitut Fegelein and became the leader of the SS-Reitersturm , the SS equestrian group based at the facility . By the mid-1930s he took over administration of the school from his father . He was promoted to the Allgemeine-SS rank of SS-Untersturmführer that year and to SS-Obersturmführer on 20 April 1934 and to SS-Hauptsturmführer on 9 November 1934 . Beginning in November 1935 , Fegelein oversaw the preparation of the courses and facilities for the equestrian events of the Berlin Olympic Games . He was promoted to the rank of SS-Sturmbannführer on 30 January 1936 . He tried out for the German equestrian team , but was unable to prevail against the strong competition from the ( cavalry school Hanover ) , who went on to win all the equestrian gold medals . Fegelein won the international tournament in 1937 , as did his brother Waldemar , in 1939 . He was promoted to the rank of SS-Obersturmbannführer on 30 January . On 25 July 1937 , Reichsführer-SS Himmler , by special order of the SS-Oberabschnitt Süd , created the Haupt-Reitschule München ( SS Main Riding School ) in Munich . The school was started from his fathers stud farm . Fegelein was named its commander and promoted to SS-Standartenführer the same day . Funding for the very expensive horses came in part from then SS-Brigadeführer Weber , who supported the school with more than 100,000 Reichsmarks annually . Fegelein won the ( Brown Ribbon of Germany ) , an annual horse race which in 1938 was held on the premises of the riding school in Munich . Fegelein at the time had strong ambitions to participate in the 1940 Summer Olympics . With the help of his friend ( HSSPF ; Higher SS and Police Leader ) Karl von Eberstein , he arranged the transfer of all the Bavarian State Police horses to the SS riding school in case of mobilization . His fear was that the horses would be handed to the Wehrmacht . World War II . In September 1939 , Fegelein commanded the SS Totenkopf Reiterstandarte ( Deaths-Head Horse Regiment ) , which arrived in Poland shortly after the end of the Polish Campaign . The unit was placed under the command of the Ordnungspolizei ( Orpo ; order police ) and was split into small groups assigned to support police activities at posts throughout the Poznan district . On 15 November , Himmler ordered the expansion of the regiment from four to thirteen squadrons and renamed it as 1 . SS-Totenkopf-Reiterstandarte ( 1st Deaths Head Cavalry Regiment ) . Additional men were recruited from ethnic Germans living in the General Government and further afield . As many of the officers , including Fegelein , had never attended officer training school , much of the training provided to new recruits was rudimentary . However , it was rigorous , and the men developed a strong camaraderie . Fegeleins unit was involved alongside the Orpo in the extermination , ordered by Hitler , of members of the Polish elite such as intellectuals , aristocrats , and clergy , in an action called Intelligenzaktion . On 7 December 1939 , Fegeleins unit was involved in the mass shooting of 1,700 such people in the Kampinos Forest . On 15 December , the unit was split into two Standarten ( regiments ) , with Fegelein commanding the 1 . Standarte under the overall command of Höherer SS- und Polizeiführer-Ost Friedrich-Wilhelm Krüger . The unit was short of basic supplies such as weapons , food , and uniforms , which led to deteriorating morale and ill health . Incidents of corruption and theft took place , particularly among members of the regimental staff in Warsaw . On 23 April 1941 , Fegelein faced court-martial charges for an incident in 1940 where he and his unit had been caught stealing money and luxury goods for transportation back to Germany . Fegeleins court-martial was quashed by direct order of Himmler . The allegations brought forward against Fegelein had included murder motivated by greed . Apparently he had ordered arrests and executions in the Gestapo prison in Warsaw . In addition to this , Fegelein was charged with having had an unlawful sexual relationship with a Polish woman . The woman had become pregnant and Fegelein forced her to have an abortion . Reinhard Heydrich tried several times to investigate the accusations against Fegelein , but each time Himmler quashed the attempt . Fegeleins unit took part in anti-partisan fighting against a group of about 100 former Polish soldiers in the area of Kammienna–Konsky–Kielce in March and April 1940 . They killed about half the partisans and the remainder escaped . On 8 April , Fegeleins unit killed 250 Polish men in villages in the area . While in his report he described the behaviour of his troops as clean and decent , there were many incidents in this period where his men behaved in an undisciplined way , killing and robbing civilians without being ordered to do so . In May and June 1940 , Fegelein , who had been promoted to SS-Obersturmbannführer of the Reserves in the Waffen-SS on 1 March 1940 , participated in the Battle of Belgium and France as a member of the SS-Verfügungstruppe . For his service in these campaigns , he was awarded the Iron Cross 2nd Class on 15 December 1940 . In March 1941 , the SS Totenkopf Reiterstandarte 1 was renamed to 1st SS Cavalry Regiment . War against the Soviet Union . With the start of the German invasion of the Soviet Union , which began on 22 June 1941 , Fegelein saw active service on the Eastern Front . His unit was assigned on the 87th Infantry Division on 23 June to cover a gap in the lines of the 9th Army near Białystok . The motorized elements of the 1st SS Cavalry reached the right flank of the operational area on 24 June , but the mounted elements were unable to keep up . The exhausted horses had to be left behind and the men transported to the combat zone in lorries , while the horse-drawn artillery pieces were towed using any available vehicles . The first units to arrive crossed the Narew near Wizna and engaged the Soviets but were unable to break through . They were ordered to retreat and move further north . Infantry elements of the 87th Division captured Osowiec Fortress on 26 June , and Fegeleins cavalry was sent on a reconnaissance mission to the south-east . Himmler , unwilling to have his SS units under Wehrmacht control or used in combat other than as reserves , withdrew the SS cavalry from control of the 87th Division on 27 June . The ambitious Fegelein stressed in his reports that he believed his unit was combat ready and exaggerated its contribution to the operation . Ten of his men received the Iron Cross , Second Class for their efforts , and Fegelein was awarded the Iron Cross , First Class . The engagement demonstrated the shortcomings of the cavalry units in modern mobile warfare , which requires quick redeployments in ever-changing conditions . Fegelein sought to improve this by asking Himmler to combine the 1st and 2nd SS cavalry regiments into a brigade , with additional support units . As a temporary measure , Himmler assigned Fegelein to be in charge of both regiments . Fegeleins unit was one of several that undertook field training and political indoctrination in the coming weeks . Himmler addressed the 1st Cavalry on 5 July , offering the opportunity for any men unwilling to participate in the upcoming special tasks to transfer to another unit . Nobody took advantage of this offer , at least partly because Himmler did not say that the upcoming assignment included the mass shooting of unarmed civilians . On 19 July 1941 , Himmler assigned Fegeleins regiments to the general command of HSSPF Erich von dem Bach-Zelewski for the systematic combing of the Pripyat swamps , an operation designed to round up and exterminate Jews , partisans and civilians in that area of Byelorussian SSR . Himmlers orders for the operation were passed to Fegelein via SS-Brigadefuhrer , who met with him and Bach-Zelewski on 28 July in their new quarters at Liakhovichi in Byelorussia . General instructions were given to cleanse the area of partisans and Jewish collaborators . Jewish women and children were to be driven away . Fegelein interpreted these orders as follows : Enemy soldiers in uniform were to be taken prisoner , and those found out of uniform were to be shot . Jewish males , with the exception of a few skilled workers such as doctors and leather workers , would be shot . Fegelein split the territory to be covered into two sections divided by the Pripyat River , with the 1st Regiment taking the northern half and the 2nd Regiment the south . The regiments worked their way from east to west through their assigned territory , and filed daily reports on the number of people killed and taken prisoner . In a meeting with Bach-Zelewski on 31 July , Himmler announced the amalgamation of the two regiments into the SS Cavalry Brigade . Additional units such as a bicycle reconnaissance detachment were formed and added to the brigades complement . On 5 August Himmler assigned leadership of the brigade to Fegelein . Himmler notified Fegelein by telegram on 1 August that the numbers killed were far too low . A few days later , Himmler issued regimental order no . 42 , which called for all male Jews over the age of 14 to be killed . The women and children were to be driven into the swamps and drowned . Thus Fegeleins units were among the first in the Holocaust to wipe out entire Jewish communities . As the water in the swamps was too shallow and some areas had no swamps , it proved impractical to drown the women and children , so they were shot . Fegeleins final report on the operation , dated 18 September 1941 , states that they killed 14,178 Jews , 1,001 partisans , 699 Red Army soldiers , with 830 prisoners taken and losses of 17 dead , 36 wounded , and 3 missing . The historian Henning Pieper estimates the actual number of Jews killed was closer to 23,700 . Fegelein received the Infantry Assault Badge on 2 October . Four days later , he was again brought before a court for of captured goods . Again the prosecution was halted by Himmler . In mid-October 1941 , the brigade left Byelorussia and moved first to Toropets and then on to Rogachev by train , where they were subordinated to Army Group Centre . The new operational area had more partisan activity than the Pripyat swamps , with guerrillas who were well organised and difficult to find . Fegeleins report for the period between 18 October and 18 November 1941 shows 3,018 partisans and Red Army soldiers killed and 122 taken prisoner . However , as fewer than 200 weapons were captured , historians Martin Cüppers and Henning Pieper conclude that the majority of those killed must have been unarmed civilians . Brigade losses were seven dead and nine wounded . Army Group Centre renewed their offensive on Moscow in mid-November . Fegelein and the SS Cavalry Brigade were held back as an operational reserve in the rearward area of the 9th Army . Massive counter-attacks by the Red Army led to a weakening of the entire German line , and the brigade was called in to fight at the front on 28 December . While Fegelein reported that his forces were the equivalent to one or two divisions , in reality he had only 4,428 men in total at this point , of which 1,800 were ready for action . The brigade was deployed at the south-eastern sector of the XXIII Army Corps , where it defended against attacks in the rearward area of the 206th Infantry Division in the Battles of Rzhev . The SS Cavalry Brigade took serious losses , with casualties of up to 60 per cent in some squadrons . On 1 February 1942 , Fegelein was promoted to SS-Standartenführer in the Waffen-SS and transferred from the reserve force to active service . Four days later , on 5 February , Fegelein on his own initiative led an attack on a strong enemy group northwest of Chertolino . The attack , carried out in difficult weather conditions , secured an important road junction and the railway station at Chertolino . In a nocturnal attack on 9 February , the brigade encircled and destroyed enemy forces at Chertolino , killing 1,800 Red Army soldiers . Yershovo was captured on 14 February , leading to the annihilation of the enemy units in Rzhevsky District . For his leadership in these battles , Fegelein was awarded the Knights Cross of the Iron Cross on 2 March 1942 . Fegelein was then granted home leave and was appointed Inspector of Cavalry and Transportation ( ) in the SS-Führungshauptamt on 1 May 1942 . In this position he was awarded the Eastern Front Medal and the War Merit Cross 2nd Class with Swords , both on 1 September 1942 . The SS Cavalry Brigade was disbanded in March 1942 and the remaining men and equipment were formed into a battalion-strength unit called Kampfgruppe Zehender , commanded by SS-Sturmbannführer August Zehender . Fegelein returned to the front line on 1 December 1942 and on the same day promoted to SS-Oberführer . He was given command of Kampfgruppe Fegelein , based in the great bend of the Don . He was wounded in action by Soviet snipers on 21 and 22 December 1942 . On 20 April 1943 , he was appointed commander of the 8th SS Cavalry Division Florian Geyer . Fegelein and his division were involved in operations against partisans in May to July 1943 , which included Operation Weichsel , Operation Zeithen , and Operation Seydlitz . On 17 May , they annihilated a partisan group south west of Novoselki . He personally blew up a bunker in the attack . A week later , on 24 May , the division attacked another partisan strongpoint , and no prisoners were taken . During Weichsel ( 27 May – 10 June 1943 ) he reported the unit had killed 4,018 persons and deported 18,860 , confiscated 21,000 cattle , and destroyed 61 villages southwest of Gomel . During Zeithen ( 13–16 June 1943 ) they destroyed a further 63 villages and ( under direct orders from Hitler ) killed all suspected partisans . During Seydlitz ( 26 June – 27 July 1943 ) he reported the destruction of 96 additional villages , with 5,016 killed and 9,166 deported and 19,941 cattle confiscated . The division was then deployed in defensive operations against massed Soviet attacks . From 26 August to 15 September , the division repulsed five attacks of divisional strength and a further 85 attacks of battalion strength . The heaviest combat occurred on 26 August near Bespalovka and on 28 August , when the division halted a Soviet breakthrough at Bolshaya Gomolsha . Fegelein led a counterattack on 8 September , recapturing the height 199,0 at Verkhniy Bishkin . On 11 September 1943 , during these defensive battles , he was awarded the Close Combat Clasp in bronze . Fegelein was severely wounded on 30 September 1943 and was hospitalised for a few weeks . He received the German Cross in gold on 1 November 1943 . Following his convalescence he was appointed chief of Amt VI—Office for Rider and Driver Training—in the SS-Führungshauptamt on 1 January 1944 . At the same time , Himmler assigned him to Hitlers headquarters staff as his liaison officer and representative of the SS . He was promoted to the rank of SS-Gruppenführer und Generalleutnant der Waffen-SS on 10 June 1944 . On 20 July 1944 , Fegelein was present at the failed attempt on Hitlers life at the Wolfs Lair headquarters in Rastenburg , East Prussia and received a minor wound to his left thigh from the bomb blast . Fegelein often showed around the photographs of the hanged men who had been executed as a result of this failed assassination attempt . Marriage . Fegeleins politically motivated marriage to Gretl Braun , Eva Brauns sister , took place on 3 June 1944 in Salzburg . Historians Kershaw and Shirer believe he courted Braun as a way to advance his career . Hitler , Himmler , and Martin Bormann acted as witnesses at the ceremony . A two-day celebration was then held at Hitlers and Bormanns Obersalzberg mountain homes and the Eagles Nest . Fegelein was a known playboy and had many extramarital affairs . Hitlers secretaries , Christa Schroeder and Traudl Junge , state Fegelein was popular socially , particularly with women . He could be funny , amusing , and charming . Eva was glad to have someone in the entourage with whom she could dance and flirt , as Hitler was distant in social situations and refrained from publicly showing affection . Fegelein worked hard to develop a friendship with Hitlers powerful private secretary , Martin Bormann . Fegelein consistently attended Bormanns drinking parties and told Junge that the only things that mattered were his career and a life full of fun . Death . By early 1945 , Germanys military situation was on the verge of total collapse . Hitler , presiding over a rapidly disintegrating Third Reich , retreated to his Führerbunker in Berlin on 16 January 1945 . To the Nazi leadership , it was clear that the Battle of Berlin would be the final battle of the war . Berlin was bombarded by Soviet artillery for the first time on 20 April 1945 ( Hitlers birthday ) . By the evening of 21 April , Red Army tanks reached the outskirts of the city . By 27 April , Berlin was cut off from the rest of Germany . On 27 April 1945 , Reichssicherheitsdienst ( RSD ) deputy commander SS-Obersturmbannführer Peter Högl was sent out from the Reich Chancellery to find Fegelein , who had abandoned his post at the Führerbunker after deciding he did not want to join a suicide pact . Fegelein was located by the RSD squad in his Berlin apartment , wearing civilian clothes and preparing to flee to Sweden or Switzerland . He was carrying cash—German and foreign—and jewellery , some of which belonged to Braun . Högl found a briefcase containing documents with evidence of Himmlers attempted peace negotiations with the Western Allies . According to most accounts , Fegelein was intoxicated when arrested and taken back to the Führerbunker . He was kept in a makeshift cell until the evening of 28 April . That night , Hitler was informed of the BBC broadcast of a Reuters news report about Himmlers attempted negotiations with the western Allies via Count Bernadotte . Hitler flew into a rage about this apparent betrayal and ordered Himmlers arrest . Sensing a connection between Fegeleins disappearance and Himmlers betrayal , Hitler ordered SS-Gruppenführer Heinrich Müller to interrogate Fegelein as to what he knew of Himmlers plans . Thereafter , according to Otto Günsche ( Hitlers personal adjutant ) , Hitler ordered that Fegelein be stripped of all rank and to be transferred to Kampfgruppe Mohnke to prove his loyalty in combat . Günsche and Bormann expressed their concern to Hitler that Fegelein would only desert again . Hitler then ordered Fegelein court-martialed . Journalist James P . ODonnell , who conducted extensive interviews in the 1970s , provides one account of what happened next . SS-Brigadeführer Wilhelm Mohnke , who presided over the court martial for desertion , told ODonnell that Hitler ordered him to set up a tribunal . Mohnke arranged for a court martial panel , which consisted of generals Wilhelm Burgdorf , Hans Krebs , SS-Gruppenführer Johann Rattenhuber , and himself . Fegelein , still drunk , refused to accept that he had to answer to Hitler , and stated that he was responsible only to Himmler . Fegelein was so drunk that he was crying and vomiting ; he was unable to stand up , and even urinated on the floor . Mohnke was in a quandary , as German military and civilian law both require a defendant to be of sound mind and to understand the charges against them . Although Mohnke was certain Fegelein was guilty of flagrant desertion , it was the opinion of the judges that he was in no condition to stand trial , so Mohnke closed the proceedings and turned the defendant over to General Rattenhubers security squad . Mohnke never saw Fegelein again . An alternative scenario of Fegeleins death is based on the 1948/49 Soviet NKVD dossier of Hitler written for Joseph Stalin . The dossier is based on the interrogation reports of Günsche and Heinz Linge ( Hitlers valet ) . This dossier differs in part from the accounts given by Mohnke and Rattenhuber . After the intoxicated Fegelein was arrested and taken back to the Führerbunker , Hitler at first ordered Fegelein to be transferred to Kampfgruppe Mohnke to prove his loyalty in combat . Günsche and Bormann expressed their concern to Hitler that Fegelein would desert again . Hitler then ordered Fegelein to be demoted and court-martialed by a court led by Mohnke . At this point the accounts differ , as the NKVD dossier states that Fegelein was court-martialed on the evening of 28 April , by a court headed by Mohnke , SS-Obersturmbannführer Alfred Krause , and SS-Sturmbannführer Herbert Kaschula . Mohnke and his fellow officers sentenced Fegelein to death . That same evening , Fegelein was shot from behind by a member of the Sicherheitsdienst . Based on this stated chain of events , author Veit Scherzer concluded that Fegelein , according to German law , was deprived of all honours and honorary signs and must therefore be considered a de facto but not de jure recipient of the Knights Cross of the Iron Cross . Fegeleins wife was then in the late stages of pregnancy ( the baby was born on 5 May ) . Hitler considered releasing him without punishment or assigning him to Mohnkes troops . Junge—an eye-witness to bunker events—stated that Braun pleaded with Hitler to spare her brother-in-law and tried to justify Fegeleins actions . Junge said Fegelein was taken to the garden of the Reich Chancellery on 28 April , and was shot like a dog . Rochus Misch , who was the last survivor from the Führerbunker , disputed aspects of this account in a 2007 interview with Der Spiegel . According to Misch , Hitler did not order Fegeleins execution , only his demotion . Misch claimed to know the identity of Fegeleins killer , but refused to reveal his name . Assessment . Historians William L . Shirer and Ian Kershaw characterise Fegelein as cynical and disreputable ; Albert Speer called him one of the most disgusting people in Hitlers circle . Fegelein was an opportunist who ingratiated himself with Himmler , who in return granted him the best assignments—mostly related to cavalry—and rapid promotion through the ranks . The historian Henning Pieper , who studied the period up until March 1942 , notes Fegeleins lack of formal training as an officer led to deficiencies in the way the SS Cavalry Brigade was prepared for active service . Fegelein repeatedly over-stated the combat readiness of his troops and exaggerated their accomplishments , in Piepers opinion in order to be seen as a leader worthy of promotion and honours . Fegeleins faulty analysis of his brigades readiness led to their use in December 1941 through March 1942 in combat situations for which they were unsuitable and untrained ; however , as the military situation was deteriorating , they would eventually have received front-line assignments regardless of their readiness . By the end of March 1942 , the brigade had suffered casualties of 50 per cent , much higher than army units deployed in the same area . Fegeleins parents and his brother Waldemar survived the war . Gretl , who inherited some of Evas valuable jewellery , also survived the war . She gave birth to a daughter ( named Eva Barbara Fegelein , after her late aunt ) on 5 May 1945 . Eva Fegelein killed herself on 25 April 1971 after her boyfriend died in a car accident . Gretl Braun-Fegelein moved to Munich and remarried in 1954 . She died in 1987 , aged 72 . Awards and decorations . - Olympic Games Decoration ( 1st Class ) - German Equestrian Badge ( gold ) - German Sports Badge ( bronze ) - SA Sports Badge ( bronze ) - Nazi Party Long Service Award ( bronze ) - General Assault Badge ( silver ) - Infantry Assault Badge ( silver ) - Close Combat Clasp ( silver ) - Wound Badge ( silver ) - Wound Badge of 20 July 1944 ( silver ) - Iron Cross ( 1939 ) - 2nd Class ( 15 December 1940 ) - 1st Class ( 28 June 1941 ) - German Cross in Gold on 1 November 1943 as SS-Brigadeführer and Generalmajor of the Waffen-SS in the SS-Kavallerie-Division - Knights Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords - Knights Cross on 2 March 1942 as SS-Standartenführer and commander of the SS-Kavallerie-Brigade - 157th Oak Leaves on 22 December 1942 as SS-Oberführer and commander of a Kampfgruppe - 83rd Swords on 30 July 1944 as SS-Gruppenführer and Generalleutnant of the Waffen-SS and commander of the 8 . SS-Freiwilligen-Kavallerie-Division Florian Geyer The death sentence on 28 April resulted in the loss of all orders , awards , and honorary signs . Dates of rank . Fegelein held various ranks in both the Allgemeine-SS and Waffen-SS . The following table shows that progression was not synchronous .
|
[
"SS-Sturmbannführer"
] |
[
{
"text": " Hans Otto Georg Hermann Fegelein ( 30 October 1906 – 28 April 1945 ) was a high-ranking commander in the Waffen-SS of Nazi Germany . He was a member of Adolf Hitlers entourage and brother-in-law to Eva Braun through his marriage to her sister Gretl .",
"title": "Hermann Fegelein"
},
{
"text": "Fegelein joined a cavalry regiment of the Reichswehr in 1925 and transferred to the SS on 10 April 1933 . He became a leader of an SS equestrian group , and was in charge of preparation for the equestrian events of the Berlin Olympic Games in 1936 . He tried out for the Olympic equestrian team himself but was eliminated in the qualifying rounds .",
"title": "Hermann Fegelein"
},
{
"text": "In September 1939 , after the Invasion of Poland , Fegelein commanded the SS Totenkopf Reiterstandarte ( Deaths-Head Horse Regiment ) . They were garrisoned in Warsaw until December . In May and June 1940 , he participated in the Battle of Belgium and France as a member of the SS-Verfügungstruppe ( later renamed the Waffen-SS ) . For his service in these campaigns he was awarded the Iron Cross 2nd Class on 15 December 1940 . Units under his command on the Eastern Front in 1941 were responsible for the deaths of over 17,000 civilians during the Pripyat swamps",
"title": "Hermann Fegelein"
},
{
"text": "punitive operation in the Byelorussian SSR . As commander of the 8th SS Cavalry Division Florian Geyer in 1943 , he was involved in operations against partisans as well as defensive operations against the Red Army , for which he was awarded the Close Combat Clasp in bronze .",
"title": "Hermann Fegelein"
},
{
"text": "After being seriously wounded in September 1943 , Fegelein was reassigned by Heinrich Himmler to Hitlers headquarters staff as his liaison officer and representative of the SS . Fegelein was present at the failed attempt on Hitlers life on 20 July 1944 . He was on duty at Hitlers Führerbunker in Berlin in the closing months of the war , and was shot for desertion on 28 April 1945 , two days before Hitlers suicide . Fegelein was an opportunist who ingratiated himself with Himmler , who granted him the best assignments and rapid promotions . Journalist William L .",
"title": "Hermann Fegelein"
},
{
"text": "Shirer and historian Sir Ian Kershaw characterise him as cynical and disreputable . Albert Speer called him one of the most disgusting people in Hitlers circle .",
"title": "Hermann Fegelein"
},
{
"text": " Fegelein was born in Ansbach , Bavaria , to the retired Oberleutnant Hans Fegelein . As a boy working at his fathers equestrian school in Munich , he became a proficient rider and participated in jumping events . During this period he met Christian Weber , an original member of the Nazi Party . Weber later sponsored Fegeleins entry into the Schutzstaffel ( SS ) .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "In 1925 , after studying for two terms at Munich University , Fegelein joined the Reiter-Regiment 17 ( Cavalry Regiment 17 ) . On 20 April 1927 , he joined the Bavarian State Police in Munich as an officer cadet . In 1929 he left the police service when he was caught stealing examination solutions from a teaching superiors office . The official communication at the time was that he resigned for family reasons . Fegelein later stated that he had left the police on his own account to better serve the Nazi Party and SS . His father had",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "started the Reitinstitut Fegelein ( Riding Institute Fegelein ) in 1926 . In Munich , Fegelein came into contact with Nazism and the SS . His father had made the institute available to the SS as a meeting place , and the training facilities and horses were used by equestrian units of the Sturmabteilung ( SA ) and SS .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Fegelein joined the Nazi Party ( membership number 1,200,158 ) and the SA in 1930 . He transferred to the SS on 10 April 1933 , with membership number 66,680 . He worked as an instructor at the Reitinstitut Fegelein and became the leader of the SS-Reitersturm , the SS equestrian group based at the facility . By the mid-1930s he took over administration of the school from his father . He was promoted to the Allgemeine-SS rank of SS-Untersturmführer that year and to SS-Obersturmführer on 20 April 1934 and to SS-Hauptsturmführer on 9 November 1934 . Beginning in November",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "1935 , Fegelein oversaw the preparation of the courses and facilities for the equestrian events of the Berlin Olympic Games . He was promoted to the rank of SS-Sturmbannführer on 30 January 1936 . He tried out for the German equestrian team , but was unable to prevail against the strong competition from the ( cavalry school Hanover ) , who went on to win all the equestrian gold medals .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Fegelein won the international tournament in 1937 , as did his brother Waldemar , in 1939 . He was promoted to the rank of SS-Obersturmbannführer on 30 January . On 25 July 1937 , Reichsführer-SS Himmler , by special order of the SS-Oberabschnitt Süd , created the Haupt-Reitschule München ( SS Main Riding School ) in Munich . The school was started from his fathers stud farm . Fegelein was named its commander and promoted to SS-Standartenführer the same day . Funding for the very expensive horses came in part from then SS-Brigadeführer Weber , who supported the school with",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "more than 100,000 Reichsmarks annually . Fegelein won the ( Brown Ribbon of Germany ) , an annual horse race which in 1938 was held on the premises of the riding school in Munich . Fegelein at the time had strong ambitions to participate in the 1940 Summer Olympics . With the help of his friend ( HSSPF ; Higher SS and Police Leader ) Karl von Eberstein , he arranged the transfer of all the Bavarian State Police horses to the SS riding school in case of mobilization . His fear was that the horses would be handed to",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "the Wehrmacht .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "In September 1939 , Fegelein commanded the SS Totenkopf Reiterstandarte ( Deaths-Head Horse Regiment ) , which arrived in Poland shortly after the end of the Polish Campaign . The unit was placed under the command of the Ordnungspolizei ( Orpo ; order police ) and was split into small groups assigned to support police activities at posts throughout the Poznan district . On 15 November , Himmler ordered the expansion of the regiment from four to thirteen squadrons and renamed it as 1 . SS-Totenkopf-Reiterstandarte ( 1st Deaths Head Cavalry Regiment ) . Additional men were recruited from ethnic",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "Germans living in the General Government and further afield . As many of the officers , including Fegelein , had never attended officer training school , much of the training provided to new recruits was rudimentary . However , it was rigorous , and the men developed a strong camaraderie . Fegeleins unit was involved alongside the Orpo in the extermination , ordered by Hitler , of members of the Polish elite such as intellectuals , aristocrats , and clergy , in an action called Intelligenzaktion . On 7 December 1939 , Fegeleins unit was involved in the mass shooting",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "of 1,700 such people in the Kampinos Forest .",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "On 15 December , the unit was split into two Standarten ( regiments ) , with Fegelein commanding the 1 . Standarte under the overall command of Höherer SS- und Polizeiführer-Ost Friedrich-Wilhelm Krüger . The unit was short of basic supplies such as weapons , food , and uniforms , which led to deteriorating morale and ill health . Incidents of corruption and theft took place , particularly among members of the regimental staff in Warsaw . On 23 April 1941 , Fegelein faced court-martial charges for an incident in 1940 where he and his unit had been caught stealing",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "money and luxury goods for transportation back to Germany . Fegeleins court-martial was quashed by direct order of Himmler . The allegations brought forward against Fegelein had included murder motivated by greed . Apparently he had ordered arrests and executions in the Gestapo prison in Warsaw . In addition to this , Fegelein was charged with having had an unlawful sexual relationship with a Polish woman . The woman had become pregnant and Fegelein forced her to have an abortion . Reinhard Heydrich tried several times to investigate the accusations against Fegelein , but each time Himmler quashed the attempt",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": ".",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": " Fegeleins unit took part in anti-partisan fighting against a group of about 100 former Polish soldiers in the area of Kammienna–Konsky–Kielce in March and April 1940 . They killed about half the partisans and the remainder escaped . On 8 April , Fegeleins unit killed 250 Polish men in villages in the area . While in his report he described the behaviour of his troops as clean and decent , there were many incidents in this period where his men behaved in an undisciplined way , killing and robbing civilians without being ordered to do so .",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "In May and June 1940 , Fegelein , who had been promoted to SS-Obersturmbannführer of the Reserves in the Waffen-SS on 1 March 1940 , participated in the Battle of Belgium and France as a member of the SS-Verfügungstruppe . For his service in these campaigns , he was awarded the Iron Cross 2nd Class on 15 December 1940 . In March 1941 , the SS Totenkopf Reiterstandarte 1 was renamed to 1st SS Cavalry Regiment .",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "With the start of the German invasion of the Soviet Union , which began on 22 June 1941 , Fegelein saw active service on the Eastern Front . His unit was assigned on the 87th Infantry Division on 23 June to cover a gap in the lines of the 9th Army near Białystok . The motorized elements of the 1st SS Cavalry reached the right flank of the operational area on 24 June , but the mounted elements were unable to keep up . The exhausted horses had to be left behind and the men transported to the combat zone",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "in lorries , while the horse-drawn artillery pieces were towed using any available vehicles . The first units to arrive crossed the Narew near Wizna and engaged the Soviets but were unable to break through . They were ordered to retreat and move further north . Infantry elements of the 87th Division captured Osowiec Fortress on 26 June , and Fegeleins cavalry was sent on a reconnaissance mission to the south-east . Himmler , unwilling to have his SS units under Wehrmacht control or used in combat other than as reserves , withdrew the SS cavalry from control of the",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "87th Division on 27 June . The ambitious Fegelein stressed in his reports that he believed his unit was combat ready and exaggerated its contribution to the operation . Ten of his men received the Iron Cross , Second Class for their efforts , and Fegelein was awarded the Iron Cross , First Class .",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "The engagement demonstrated the shortcomings of the cavalry units in modern mobile warfare , which requires quick redeployments in ever-changing conditions . Fegelein sought to improve this by asking Himmler to combine the 1st and 2nd SS cavalry regiments into a brigade , with additional support units . As a temporary measure , Himmler assigned Fegelein to be in charge of both regiments . Fegeleins unit was one of several that undertook field training and political indoctrination in the coming weeks . Himmler addressed the 1st Cavalry on 5 July , offering the opportunity for any men unwilling to participate",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "in the upcoming special tasks to transfer to another unit . Nobody took advantage of this offer , at least partly because Himmler did not say that the upcoming assignment included the mass shooting of unarmed civilians .",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "On 19 July 1941 , Himmler assigned Fegeleins regiments to the general command of HSSPF Erich von dem Bach-Zelewski for the systematic combing of the Pripyat swamps , an operation designed to round up and exterminate Jews , partisans and civilians in that area of Byelorussian SSR . Himmlers orders for the operation were passed to Fegelein via SS-Brigadefuhrer , who met with him and Bach-Zelewski on 28 July in their new quarters at Liakhovichi in Byelorussia . General instructions were given to cleanse the area of partisans and Jewish collaborators . Jewish women and children were to be driven",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "away . Fegelein interpreted these orders as follows : Enemy soldiers in uniform were to be taken prisoner , and those found out of uniform were to be shot . Jewish males , with the exception of a few skilled workers such as doctors and leather workers , would be shot . Fegelein split the territory to be covered into two sections divided by the Pripyat River , with the 1st Regiment taking the northern half and the 2nd Regiment the south . The regiments worked their way from east to west through their assigned territory , and filed daily",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "reports on the number of people killed and taken prisoner . In a meeting with Bach-Zelewski on 31 July , Himmler announced the amalgamation of the two regiments into the SS Cavalry Brigade . Additional units such as a bicycle reconnaissance detachment were formed and added to the brigades complement . On 5 August Himmler assigned leadership of the brigade to Fegelein .",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "Himmler notified Fegelein by telegram on 1 August that the numbers killed were far too low . A few days later , Himmler issued regimental order no . 42 , which called for all male Jews over the age of 14 to be killed . The women and children were to be driven into the swamps and drowned . Thus Fegeleins units were among the first in the Holocaust to wipe out entire Jewish communities . As the water in the swamps was too shallow and some areas had no swamps , it proved impractical to drown the women and",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "children , so they were shot . Fegeleins final report on the operation , dated 18 September 1941 , states that they killed 14,178 Jews , 1,001 partisans , 699 Red Army soldiers , with 830 prisoners taken and losses of 17 dead , 36 wounded , and 3 missing . The historian Henning Pieper estimates the actual number of Jews killed was closer to 23,700 .",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "Fegelein received the Infantry Assault Badge on 2 October . Four days later , he was again brought before a court for of captured goods . Again the prosecution was halted by Himmler . In mid-October 1941 , the brigade left Byelorussia and moved first to Toropets and then on to Rogachev by train , where they were subordinated to Army Group Centre . The new operational area had more partisan activity than the Pripyat swamps , with guerrillas who were well organised and difficult to find . Fegeleins report for the period between 18 October and 18 November 1941",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "shows 3,018 partisans and Red Army soldiers killed and 122 taken prisoner . However , as fewer than 200 weapons were captured , historians Martin Cüppers and Henning Pieper conclude that the majority of those killed must have been unarmed civilians . Brigade losses were seven dead and nine wounded .",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "Army Group Centre renewed their offensive on Moscow in mid-November . Fegelein and the SS Cavalry Brigade were held back as an operational reserve in the rearward area of the 9th Army . Massive counter-attacks by the Red Army led to a weakening of the entire German line , and the brigade was called in to fight at the front on 28 December . While Fegelein reported that his forces were the equivalent to one or two divisions , in reality he had only 4,428 men in total at this point , of which 1,800 were ready for action .",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "The brigade was deployed at the south-eastern sector of the XXIII Army Corps , where it defended against attacks in the rearward area of the 206th Infantry Division in the Battles of Rzhev . The SS Cavalry Brigade took serious losses , with casualties of up to 60 per cent in some squadrons .",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "On 1 February 1942 , Fegelein was promoted to SS-Standartenführer in the Waffen-SS and transferred from the reserve force to active service . Four days later , on 5 February , Fegelein on his own initiative led an attack on a strong enemy group northwest of Chertolino . The attack , carried out in difficult weather conditions , secured an important road junction and the railway station at Chertolino . In a nocturnal attack on 9 February , the brigade encircled and destroyed enemy forces at Chertolino , killing 1,800 Red Army soldiers . Yershovo was captured on 14 February",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": ", leading to the annihilation of the enemy units in Rzhevsky District . For his leadership in these battles , Fegelein was awarded the Knights Cross of the Iron Cross on 2 March 1942 . Fegelein was then granted home leave and was appointed Inspector of Cavalry and Transportation ( ) in the SS-Führungshauptamt on 1 May 1942 . In this position he was awarded the Eastern Front Medal and the War Merit Cross 2nd Class with Swords , both on 1 September 1942 . The SS Cavalry Brigade was disbanded in March 1942 and the remaining men and equipment",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "were formed into a battalion-strength unit called Kampfgruppe Zehender , commanded by SS-Sturmbannführer August Zehender .",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": " Fegelein returned to the front line on 1 December 1942 and on the same day promoted to SS-Oberführer . He was given command of Kampfgruppe Fegelein , based in the great bend of the Don . He was wounded in action by Soviet snipers on 21 and 22 December 1942 .",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "On 20 April 1943 , he was appointed commander of the 8th SS Cavalry Division Florian Geyer . Fegelein and his division were involved in operations against partisans in May to July 1943 , which included Operation Weichsel , Operation Zeithen , and Operation Seydlitz . On 17 May , they annihilated a partisan group south west of Novoselki . He personally blew up a bunker in the attack . A week later , on 24 May , the division attacked another partisan strongpoint , and no prisoners were taken . During Weichsel ( 27 May – 10 June 1943",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": ") he reported the unit had killed 4,018 persons and deported 18,860 , confiscated 21,000 cattle , and destroyed 61 villages southwest of Gomel . During Zeithen ( 13–16 June 1943 ) they destroyed a further 63 villages and ( under direct orders from Hitler ) killed all suspected partisans . During Seydlitz ( 26 June – 27 July 1943 ) he reported the destruction of 96 additional villages , with 5,016 killed and 9,166 deported and 19,941 cattle confiscated .",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "The division was then deployed in defensive operations against massed Soviet attacks . From 26 August to 15 September , the division repulsed five attacks of divisional strength and a further 85 attacks of battalion strength . The heaviest combat occurred on 26 August near Bespalovka and on 28 August , when the division halted a Soviet breakthrough at Bolshaya Gomolsha . Fegelein led a counterattack on 8 September , recapturing the height 199,0 at Verkhniy Bishkin . On 11 September 1943 , during these defensive battles , he was awarded the Close Combat Clasp in bronze . Fegelein was",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "severely wounded on 30 September 1943 and was hospitalised for a few weeks . He received the German Cross in gold on 1 November 1943 . Following his convalescence he was appointed chief of Amt VI—Office for Rider and Driver Training—in the SS-Führungshauptamt on 1 January 1944 .",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "At the same time , Himmler assigned him to Hitlers headquarters staff as his liaison officer and representative of the SS . He was promoted to the rank of SS-Gruppenführer und Generalleutnant der Waffen-SS on 10 June 1944 . On 20 July 1944 , Fegelein was present at the failed attempt on Hitlers life at the Wolfs Lair headquarters in Rastenburg , East Prussia and received a minor wound to his left thigh from the bomb blast . Fegelein often showed around the photographs of the hanged men who had been executed as a result of this failed assassination attempt",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": ".",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "Fegeleins politically motivated marriage to Gretl Braun , Eva Brauns sister , took place on 3 June 1944 in Salzburg . Historians Kershaw and Shirer believe he courted Braun as a way to advance his career . Hitler , Himmler , and Martin Bormann acted as witnesses at the ceremony . A two-day celebration was then held at Hitlers and Bormanns Obersalzberg mountain homes and the Eagles Nest . Fegelein was a known playboy and had many extramarital affairs . Hitlers secretaries , Christa Schroeder and Traudl Junge , state Fegelein was popular socially , particularly with women . He",
"title": "Marriage"
},
{
"text": "could be funny , amusing , and charming . Eva was glad to have someone in the entourage with whom she could dance and flirt , as Hitler was distant in social situations and refrained from publicly showing affection . Fegelein worked hard to develop a friendship with Hitlers powerful private secretary , Martin Bormann . Fegelein consistently attended Bormanns drinking parties and told Junge that the only things that mattered were his career and a life full of fun .",
"title": "Marriage"
},
{
"text": "By early 1945 , Germanys military situation was on the verge of total collapse . Hitler , presiding over a rapidly disintegrating Third Reich , retreated to his Führerbunker in Berlin on 16 January 1945 . To the Nazi leadership , it was clear that the Battle of Berlin would be the final battle of the war . Berlin was bombarded by Soviet artillery for the first time on 20 April 1945 ( Hitlers birthday ) . By the evening of 21 April , Red Army tanks reached the outskirts of the city . By 27 April , Berlin was",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": "cut off from the rest of Germany .",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": "On 27 April 1945 , Reichssicherheitsdienst ( RSD ) deputy commander SS-Obersturmbannführer Peter Högl was sent out from the Reich Chancellery to find Fegelein , who had abandoned his post at the Führerbunker after deciding he did not want to join a suicide pact . Fegelein was located by the RSD squad in his Berlin apartment , wearing civilian clothes and preparing to flee to Sweden or Switzerland . He was carrying cash—German and foreign—and jewellery , some of which belonged to Braun . Högl found a briefcase containing documents with evidence of Himmlers attempted peace negotiations with the Western",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": "Allies . According to most accounts , Fegelein was intoxicated when arrested and taken back to the Führerbunker . He was kept in a makeshift cell until the evening of 28 April . That night , Hitler was informed of the BBC broadcast of a Reuters news report about Himmlers attempted negotiations with the western Allies via Count Bernadotte . Hitler flew into a rage about this apparent betrayal and ordered Himmlers arrest . Sensing a connection between Fegeleins disappearance and Himmlers betrayal , Hitler ordered SS-Gruppenführer Heinrich Müller to interrogate Fegelein as to what he knew of Himmlers plans",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": ". Thereafter , according to Otto Günsche ( Hitlers personal adjutant ) , Hitler ordered that Fegelein be stripped of all rank and to be transferred to Kampfgruppe Mohnke to prove his loyalty in combat . Günsche and Bormann expressed their concern to Hitler that Fegelein would only desert again . Hitler then ordered Fegelein court-martialed .",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": "Journalist James P . ODonnell , who conducted extensive interviews in the 1970s , provides one account of what happened next . SS-Brigadeführer Wilhelm Mohnke , who presided over the court martial for desertion , told ODonnell that Hitler ordered him to set up a tribunal . Mohnke arranged for a court martial panel , which consisted of generals Wilhelm Burgdorf , Hans Krebs , SS-Gruppenführer Johann Rattenhuber , and himself . Fegelein , still drunk , refused to accept that he had to answer to Hitler , and stated that he was responsible only to Himmler . Fegelein was",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": "so drunk that he was crying and vomiting ; he was unable to stand up , and even urinated on the floor . Mohnke was in a quandary , as German military and civilian law both require a defendant to be of sound mind and to understand the charges against them . Although Mohnke was certain Fegelein was guilty of flagrant desertion , it was the opinion of the judges that he was in no condition to stand trial , so Mohnke closed the proceedings and turned the defendant over to General Rattenhubers security squad . Mohnke never saw Fegelein",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": "again .",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": "An alternative scenario of Fegeleins death is based on the 1948/49 Soviet NKVD dossier of Hitler written for Joseph Stalin . The dossier is based on the interrogation reports of Günsche and Heinz Linge ( Hitlers valet ) . This dossier differs in part from the accounts given by Mohnke and Rattenhuber . After the intoxicated Fegelein was arrested and taken back to the Führerbunker , Hitler at first ordered Fegelein to be transferred to Kampfgruppe Mohnke to prove his loyalty in combat . Günsche and Bormann expressed their concern to Hitler that Fegelein would desert again . Hitler then",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": "ordered Fegelein to be demoted and court-martialed by a court led by Mohnke . At this point the accounts differ , as the NKVD dossier states that Fegelein was court-martialed on the evening of 28 April , by a court headed by Mohnke , SS-Obersturmbannführer Alfred Krause , and SS-Sturmbannführer Herbert Kaschula . Mohnke and his fellow officers sentenced Fegelein to death . That same evening , Fegelein was shot from behind by a member of the Sicherheitsdienst . Based on this stated chain of events , author Veit Scherzer concluded that Fegelein , according to German law , was",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": "deprived of all honours and honorary signs and must therefore be considered a de facto but not de jure recipient of the Knights Cross of the Iron Cross .",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": "Fegeleins wife was then in the late stages of pregnancy ( the baby was born on 5 May ) . Hitler considered releasing him without punishment or assigning him to Mohnkes troops . Junge—an eye-witness to bunker events—stated that Braun pleaded with Hitler to spare her brother-in-law and tried to justify Fegeleins actions . Junge said Fegelein was taken to the garden of the Reich Chancellery on 28 April , and was shot like a dog . Rochus Misch , who was the last survivor from the Führerbunker , disputed aspects of this account in a 2007 interview with Der",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": "Spiegel . According to Misch , Hitler did not order Fegeleins execution , only his demotion . Misch claimed to know the identity of Fegeleins killer , but refused to reveal his name .",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": "Historians William L . Shirer and Ian Kershaw characterise Fegelein as cynical and disreputable ; Albert Speer called him one of the most disgusting people in Hitlers circle . Fegelein was an opportunist who ingratiated himself with Himmler , who in return granted him the best assignments—mostly related to cavalry—and rapid promotion through the ranks . The historian Henning Pieper , who studied the period up until March 1942 , notes Fegeleins lack of formal training as an officer led to deficiencies in the way the SS Cavalry Brigade was prepared for active service . Fegelein repeatedly over-stated the combat",
"title": "Assessment"
},
{
"text": "readiness of his troops and exaggerated their accomplishments , in Piepers opinion in order to be seen as a leader worthy of promotion and honours . Fegeleins faulty analysis of his brigades readiness led to their use in December 1941 through March 1942 in combat situations for which they were unsuitable and untrained ; however , as the military situation was deteriorating , they would eventually have received front-line assignments regardless of their readiness . By the end of March 1942 , the brigade had suffered casualties of 50 per cent , much higher than army units deployed in the",
"title": "Assessment"
},
{
"text": "same area .",
"title": "Assessment"
},
{
"text": " Fegeleins parents and his brother Waldemar survived the war . Gretl , who inherited some of Evas valuable jewellery , also survived the war . She gave birth to a daughter ( named Eva Barbara Fegelein , after her late aunt ) on 5 May 1945 . Eva Fegelein killed herself on 25 April 1971 after her boyfriend died in a car accident . Gretl Braun-Fegelein moved to Munich and remarried in 1954 . She died in 1987 , aged 72 .",
"title": "Assessment"
},
{
"text": " - Olympic Games Decoration ( 1st Class ) - German Equestrian Badge ( gold ) - German Sports Badge ( bronze ) - SA Sports Badge ( bronze ) - Nazi Party Long Service Award ( bronze ) - General Assault Badge ( silver ) - Infantry Assault Badge ( silver ) - Close Combat Clasp ( silver ) - Wound Badge ( silver ) - Wound Badge of 20 July 1944 ( silver ) - Iron Cross ( 1939 ) - 2nd Class ( 15 December 1940 ) - 1st Class ( 28 June 1941 )",
"title": "Awards and decorations"
},
{
"text": "- German Cross in Gold on 1 November 1943 as SS-Brigadeführer and Generalmajor of the Waffen-SS in the SS-Kavallerie-Division",
"title": "Awards and decorations"
},
{
"text": " - Knights Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords - Knights Cross on 2 March 1942 as SS-Standartenführer and commander of the SS-Kavallerie-Brigade - 157th Oak Leaves on 22 December 1942 as SS-Oberführer and commander of a Kampfgruppe - 83rd Swords on 30 July 1944 as SS-Gruppenführer and Generalleutnant of the Waffen-SS and commander of the 8 . SS-Freiwilligen-Kavallerie-Division Florian Geyer The death sentence on 28 April resulted in the loss of all orders , awards , and honorary signs .",
"title": "Awards and decorations"
},
{
"text": " Fegelein held various ranks in both the Allgemeine-SS and Waffen-SS . The following table shows that progression was not synchronous .",
"title": "Dates of rank"
}
] |
/wiki/Hermann_Fegelein#P410#3
|
What was the military rank of Hermann Fegelein between May 1937 and Jun 1937?
|
Hermann Fegelein Hans Otto Georg Hermann Fegelein ( 30 October 1906 – 28 April 1945 ) was a high-ranking commander in the Waffen-SS of Nazi Germany . He was a member of Adolf Hitlers entourage and brother-in-law to Eva Braun through his marriage to her sister Gretl . Fegelein joined a cavalry regiment of the Reichswehr in 1925 and transferred to the SS on 10 April 1933 . He became a leader of an SS equestrian group , and was in charge of preparation for the equestrian events of the Berlin Olympic Games in 1936 . He tried out for the Olympic equestrian team himself but was eliminated in the qualifying rounds . In September 1939 , after the Invasion of Poland , Fegelein commanded the SS Totenkopf Reiterstandarte ( Deaths-Head Horse Regiment ) . They were garrisoned in Warsaw until December . In May and June 1940 , he participated in the Battle of Belgium and France as a member of the SS-Verfügungstruppe ( later renamed the Waffen-SS ) . For his service in these campaigns he was awarded the Iron Cross 2nd Class on 15 December 1940 . Units under his command on the Eastern Front in 1941 were responsible for the deaths of over 17,000 civilians during the Pripyat swamps punitive operation in the Byelorussian SSR . As commander of the 8th SS Cavalry Division Florian Geyer in 1943 , he was involved in operations against partisans as well as defensive operations against the Red Army , for which he was awarded the Close Combat Clasp in bronze . After being seriously wounded in September 1943 , Fegelein was reassigned by Heinrich Himmler to Hitlers headquarters staff as his liaison officer and representative of the SS . Fegelein was present at the failed attempt on Hitlers life on 20 July 1944 . He was on duty at Hitlers Führerbunker in Berlin in the closing months of the war , and was shot for desertion on 28 April 1945 , two days before Hitlers suicide . Fegelein was an opportunist who ingratiated himself with Himmler , who granted him the best assignments and rapid promotions . Journalist William L . Shirer and historian Sir Ian Kershaw characterise him as cynical and disreputable . Albert Speer called him one of the most disgusting people in Hitlers circle . Career . Fegelein was born in Ansbach , Bavaria , to the retired Oberleutnant Hans Fegelein . As a boy working at his fathers equestrian school in Munich , he became a proficient rider and participated in jumping events . During this period he met Christian Weber , an original member of the Nazi Party . Weber later sponsored Fegeleins entry into the Schutzstaffel ( SS ) . In 1925 , after studying for two terms at Munich University , Fegelein joined the Reiter-Regiment 17 ( Cavalry Regiment 17 ) . On 20 April 1927 , he joined the Bavarian State Police in Munich as an officer cadet . In 1929 he left the police service when he was caught stealing examination solutions from a teaching superiors office . The official communication at the time was that he resigned for family reasons . Fegelein later stated that he had left the police on his own account to better serve the Nazi Party and SS . His father had started the Reitinstitut Fegelein ( Riding Institute Fegelein ) in 1926 . In Munich , Fegelein came into contact with Nazism and the SS . His father had made the institute available to the SS as a meeting place , and the training facilities and horses were used by equestrian units of the Sturmabteilung ( SA ) and SS . Fegelein joined the Nazi Party ( membership number 1,200,158 ) and the SA in 1930 . He transferred to the SS on 10 April 1933 , with membership number 66,680 . He worked as an instructor at the Reitinstitut Fegelein and became the leader of the SS-Reitersturm , the SS equestrian group based at the facility . By the mid-1930s he took over administration of the school from his father . He was promoted to the Allgemeine-SS rank of SS-Untersturmführer that year and to SS-Obersturmführer on 20 April 1934 and to SS-Hauptsturmführer on 9 November 1934 . Beginning in November 1935 , Fegelein oversaw the preparation of the courses and facilities for the equestrian events of the Berlin Olympic Games . He was promoted to the rank of SS-Sturmbannführer on 30 January 1936 . He tried out for the German equestrian team , but was unable to prevail against the strong competition from the ( cavalry school Hanover ) , who went on to win all the equestrian gold medals . Fegelein won the international tournament in 1937 , as did his brother Waldemar , in 1939 . He was promoted to the rank of SS-Obersturmbannführer on 30 January . On 25 July 1937 , Reichsführer-SS Himmler , by special order of the SS-Oberabschnitt Süd , created the Haupt-Reitschule München ( SS Main Riding School ) in Munich . The school was started from his fathers stud farm . Fegelein was named its commander and promoted to SS-Standartenführer the same day . Funding for the very expensive horses came in part from then SS-Brigadeführer Weber , who supported the school with more than 100,000 Reichsmarks annually . Fegelein won the ( Brown Ribbon of Germany ) , an annual horse race which in 1938 was held on the premises of the riding school in Munich . Fegelein at the time had strong ambitions to participate in the 1940 Summer Olympics . With the help of his friend ( HSSPF ; Higher SS and Police Leader ) Karl von Eberstein , he arranged the transfer of all the Bavarian State Police horses to the SS riding school in case of mobilization . His fear was that the horses would be handed to the Wehrmacht . World War II . In September 1939 , Fegelein commanded the SS Totenkopf Reiterstandarte ( Deaths-Head Horse Regiment ) , which arrived in Poland shortly after the end of the Polish Campaign . The unit was placed under the command of the Ordnungspolizei ( Orpo ; order police ) and was split into small groups assigned to support police activities at posts throughout the Poznan district . On 15 November , Himmler ordered the expansion of the regiment from four to thirteen squadrons and renamed it as 1 . SS-Totenkopf-Reiterstandarte ( 1st Deaths Head Cavalry Regiment ) . Additional men were recruited from ethnic Germans living in the General Government and further afield . As many of the officers , including Fegelein , had never attended officer training school , much of the training provided to new recruits was rudimentary . However , it was rigorous , and the men developed a strong camaraderie . Fegeleins unit was involved alongside the Orpo in the extermination , ordered by Hitler , of members of the Polish elite such as intellectuals , aristocrats , and clergy , in an action called Intelligenzaktion . On 7 December 1939 , Fegeleins unit was involved in the mass shooting of 1,700 such people in the Kampinos Forest . On 15 December , the unit was split into two Standarten ( regiments ) , with Fegelein commanding the 1 . Standarte under the overall command of Höherer SS- und Polizeiführer-Ost Friedrich-Wilhelm Krüger . The unit was short of basic supplies such as weapons , food , and uniforms , which led to deteriorating morale and ill health . Incidents of corruption and theft took place , particularly among members of the regimental staff in Warsaw . On 23 April 1941 , Fegelein faced court-martial charges for an incident in 1940 where he and his unit had been caught stealing money and luxury goods for transportation back to Germany . Fegeleins court-martial was quashed by direct order of Himmler . The allegations brought forward against Fegelein had included murder motivated by greed . Apparently he had ordered arrests and executions in the Gestapo prison in Warsaw . In addition to this , Fegelein was charged with having had an unlawful sexual relationship with a Polish woman . The woman had become pregnant and Fegelein forced her to have an abortion . Reinhard Heydrich tried several times to investigate the accusations against Fegelein , but each time Himmler quashed the attempt . Fegeleins unit took part in anti-partisan fighting against a group of about 100 former Polish soldiers in the area of Kammienna–Konsky–Kielce in March and April 1940 . They killed about half the partisans and the remainder escaped . On 8 April , Fegeleins unit killed 250 Polish men in villages in the area . While in his report he described the behaviour of his troops as clean and decent , there were many incidents in this period where his men behaved in an undisciplined way , killing and robbing civilians without being ordered to do so . In May and June 1940 , Fegelein , who had been promoted to SS-Obersturmbannführer of the Reserves in the Waffen-SS on 1 March 1940 , participated in the Battle of Belgium and France as a member of the SS-Verfügungstruppe . For his service in these campaigns , he was awarded the Iron Cross 2nd Class on 15 December 1940 . In March 1941 , the SS Totenkopf Reiterstandarte 1 was renamed to 1st SS Cavalry Regiment . War against the Soviet Union . With the start of the German invasion of the Soviet Union , which began on 22 June 1941 , Fegelein saw active service on the Eastern Front . His unit was assigned on the 87th Infantry Division on 23 June to cover a gap in the lines of the 9th Army near Białystok . The motorized elements of the 1st SS Cavalry reached the right flank of the operational area on 24 June , but the mounted elements were unable to keep up . The exhausted horses had to be left behind and the men transported to the combat zone in lorries , while the horse-drawn artillery pieces were towed using any available vehicles . The first units to arrive crossed the Narew near Wizna and engaged the Soviets but were unable to break through . They were ordered to retreat and move further north . Infantry elements of the 87th Division captured Osowiec Fortress on 26 June , and Fegeleins cavalry was sent on a reconnaissance mission to the south-east . Himmler , unwilling to have his SS units under Wehrmacht control or used in combat other than as reserves , withdrew the SS cavalry from control of the 87th Division on 27 June . The ambitious Fegelein stressed in his reports that he believed his unit was combat ready and exaggerated its contribution to the operation . Ten of his men received the Iron Cross , Second Class for their efforts , and Fegelein was awarded the Iron Cross , First Class . The engagement demonstrated the shortcomings of the cavalry units in modern mobile warfare , which requires quick redeployments in ever-changing conditions . Fegelein sought to improve this by asking Himmler to combine the 1st and 2nd SS cavalry regiments into a brigade , with additional support units . As a temporary measure , Himmler assigned Fegelein to be in charge of both regiments . Fegeleins unit was one of several that undertook field training and political indoctrination in the coming weeks . Himmler addressed the 1st Cavalry on 5 July , offering the opportunity for any men unwilling to participate in the upcoming special tasks to transfer to another unit . Nobody took advantage of this offer , at least partly because Himmler did not say that the upcoming assignment included the mass shooting of unarmed civilians . On 19 July 1941 , Himmler assigned Fegeleins regiments to the general command of HSSPF Erich von dem Bach-Zelewski for the systematic combing of the Pripyat swamps , an operation designed to round up and exterminate Jews , partisans and civilians in that area of Byelorussian SSR . Himmlers orders for the operation were passed to Fegelein via SS-Brigadefuhrer , who met with him and Bach-Zelewski on 28 July in their new quarters at Liakhovichi in Byelorussia . General instructions were given to cleanse the area of partisans and Jewish collaborators . Jewish women and children were to be driven away . Fegelein interpreted these orders as follows : Enemy soldiers in uniform were to be taken prisoner , and those found out of uniform were to be shot . Jewish males , with the exception of a few skilled workers such as doctors and leather workers , would be shot . Fegelein split the territory to be covered into two sections divided by the Pripyat River , with the 1st Regiment taking the northern half and the 2nd Regiment the south . The regiments worked their way from east to west through their assigned territory , and filed daily reports on the number of people killed and taken prisoner . In a meeting with Bach-Zelewski on 31 July , Himmler announced the amalgamation of the two regiments into the SS Cavalry Brigade . Additional units such as a bicycle reconnaissance detachment were formed and added to the brigades complement . On 5 August Himmler assigned leadership of the brigade to Fegelein . Himmler notified Fegelein by telegram on 1 August that the numbers killed were far too low . A few days later , Himmler issued regimental order no . 42 , which called for all male Jews over the age of 14 to be killed . The women and children were to be driven into the swamps and drowned . Thus Fegeleins units were among the first in the Holocaust to wipe out entire Jewish communities . As the water in the swamps was too shallow and some areas had no swamps , it proved impractical to drown the women and children , so they were shot . Fegeleins final report on the operation , dated 18 September 1941 , states that they killed 14,178 Jews , 1,001 partisans , 699 Red Army soldiers , with 830 prisoners taken and losses of 17 dead , 36 wounded , and 3 missing . The historian Henning Pieper estimates the actual number of Jews killed was closer to 23,700 . Fegelein received the Infantry Assault Badge on 2 October . Four days later , he was again brought before a court for of captured goods . Again the prosecution was halted by Himmler . In mid-October 1941 , the brigade left Byelorussia and moved first to Toropets and then on to Rogachev by train , where they were subordinated to Army Group Centre . The new operational area had more partisan activity than the Pripyat swamps , with guerrillas who were well organised and difficult to find . Fegeleins report for the period between 18 October and 18 November 1941 shows 3,018 partisans and Red Army soldiers killed and 122 taken prisoner . However , as fewer than 200 weapons were captured , historians Martin Cüppers and Henning Pieper conclude that the majority of those killed must have been unarmed civilians . Brigade losses were seven dead and nine wounded . Army Group Centre renewed their offensive on Moscow in mid-November . Fegelein and the SS Cavalry Brigade were held back as an operational reserve in the rearward area of the 9th Army . Massive counter-attacks by the Red Army led to a weakening of the entire German line , and the brigade was called in to fight at the front on 28 December . While Fegelein reported that his forces were the equivalent to one or two divisions , in reality he had only 4,428 men in total at this point , of which 1,800 were ready for action . The brigade was deployed at the south-eastern sector of the XXIII Army Corps , where it defended against attacks in the rearward area of the 206th Infantry Division in the Battles of Rzhev . The SS Cavalry Brigade took serious losses , with casualties of up to 60 per cent in some squadrons . On 1 February 1942 , Fegelein was promoted to SS-Standartenführer in the Waffen-SS and transferred from the reserve force to active service . Four days later , on 5 February , Fegelein on his own initiative led an attack on a strong enemy group northwest of Chertolino . The attack , carried out in difficult weather conditions , secured an important road junction and the railway station at Chertolino . In a nocturnal attack on 9 February , the brigade encircled and destroyed enemy forces at Chertolino , killing 1,800 Red Army soldiers . Yershovo was captured on 14 February , leading to the annihilation of the enemy units in Rzhevsky District . For his leadership in these battles , Fegelein was awarded the Knights Cross of the Iron Cross on 2 March 1942 . Fegelein was then granted home leave and was appointed Inspector of Cavalry and Transportation ( ) in the SS-Führungshauptamt on 1 May 1942 . In this position he was awarded the Eastern Front Medal and the War Merit Cross 2nd Class with Swords , both on 1 September 1942 . The SS Cavalry Brigade was disbanded in March 1942 and the remaining men and equipment were formed into a battalion-strength unit called Kampfgruppe Zehender , commanded by SS-Sturmbannführer August Zehender . Fegelein returned to the front line on 1 December 1942 and on the same day promoted to SS-Oberführer . He was given command of Kampfgruppe Fegelein , based in the great bend of the Don . He was wounded in action by Soviet snipers on 21 and 22 December 1942 . On 20 April 1943 , he was appointed commander of the 8th SS Cavalry Division Florian Geyer . Fegelein and his division were involved in operations against partisans in May to July 1943 , which included Operation Weichsel , Operation Zeithen , and Operation Seydlitz . On 17 May , they annihilated a partisan group south west of Novoselki . He personally blew up a bunker in the attack . A week later , on 24 May , the division attacked another partisan strongpoint , and no prisoners were taken . During Weichsel ( 27 May – 10 June 1943 ) he reported the unit had killed 4,018 persons and deported 18,860 , confiscated 21,000 cattle , and destroyed 61 villages southwest of Gomel . During Zeithen ( 13–16 June 1943 ) they destroyed a further 63 villages and ( under direct orders from Hitler ) killed all suspected partisans . During Seydlitz ( 26 June – 27 July 1943 ) he reported the destruction of 96 additional villages , with 5,016 killed and 9,166 deported and 19,941 cattle confiscated . The division was then deployed in defensive operations against massed Soviet attacks . From 26 August to 15 September , the division repulsed five attacks of divisional strength and a further 85 attacks of battalion strength . The heaviest combat occurred on 26 August near Bespalovka and on 28 August , when the division halted a Soviet breakthrough at Bolshaya Gomolsha . Fegelein led a counterattack on 8 September , recapturing the height 199,0 at Verkhniy Bishkin . On 11 September 1943 , during these defensive battles , he was awarded the Close Combat Clasp in bronze . Fegelein was severely wounded on 30 September 1943 and was hospitalised for a few weeks . He received the German Cross in gold on 1 November 1943 . Following his convalescence he was appointed chief of Amt VI—Office for Rider and Driver Training—in the SS-Führungshauptamt on 1 January 1944 . At the same time , Himmler assigned him to Hitlers headquarters staff as his liaison officer and representative of the SS . He was promoted to the rank of SS-Gruppenführer und Generalleutnant der Waffen-SS on 10 June 1944 . On 20 July 1944 , Fegelein was present at the failed attempt on Hitlers life at the Wolfs Lair headquarters in Rastenburg , East Prussia and received a minor wound to his left thigh from the bomb blast . Fegelein often showed around the photographs of the hanged men who had been executed as a result of this failed assassination attempt . Marriage . Fegeleins politically motivated marriage to Gretl Braun , Eva Brauns sister , took place on 3 June 1944 in Salzburg . Historians Kershaw and Shirer believe he courted Braun as a way to advance his career . Hitler , Himmler , and Martin Bormann acted as witnesses at the ceremony . A two-day celebration was then held at Hitlers and Bormanns Obersalzberg mountain homes and the Eagles Nest . Fegelein was a known playboy and had many extramarital affairs . Hitlers secretaries , Christa Schroeder and Traudl Junge , state Fegelein was popular socially , particularly with women . He could be funny , amusing , and charming . Eva was glad to have someone in the entourage with whom she could dance and flirt , as Hitler was distant in social situations and refrained from publicly showing affection . Fegelein worked hard to develop a friendship with Hitlers powerful private secretary , Martin Bormann . Fegelein consistently attended Bormanns drinking parties and told Junge that the only things that mattered were his career and a life full of fun . Death . By early 1945 , Germanys military situation was on the verge of total collapse . Hitler , presiding over a rapidly disintegrating Third Reich , retreated to his Führerbunker in Berlin on 16 January 1945 . To the Nazi leadership , it was clear that the Battle of Berlin would be the final battle of the war . Berlin was bombarded by Soviet artillery for the first time on 20 April 1945 ( Hitlers birthday ) . By the evening of 21 April , Red Army tanks reached the outskirts of the city . By 27 April , Berlin was cut off from the rest of Germany . On 27 April 1945 , Reichssicherheitsdienst ( RSD ) deputy commander SS-Obersturmbannführer Peter Högl was sent out from the Reich Chancellery to find Fegelein , who had abandoned his post at the Führerbunker after deciding he did not want to join a suicide pact . Fegelein was located by the RSD squad in his Berlin apartment , wearing civilian clothes and preparing to flee to Sweden or Switzerland . He was carrying cash—German and foreign—and jewellery , some of which belonged to Braun . Högl found a briefcase containing documents with evidence of Himmlers attempted peace negotiations with the Western Allies . According to most accounts , Fegelein was intoxicated when arrested and taken back to the Führerbunker . He was kept in a makeshift cell until the evening of 28 April . That night , Hitler was informed of the BBC broadcast of a Reuters news report about Himmlers attempted negotiations with the western Allies via Count Bernadotte . Hitler flew into a rage about this apparent betrayal and ordered Himmlers arrest . Sensing a connection between Fegeleins disappearance and Himmlers betrayal , Hitler ordered SS-Gruppenführer Heinrich Müller to interrogate Fegelein as to what he knew of Himmlers plans . Thereafter , according to Otto Günsche ( Hitlers personal adjutant ) , Hitler ordered that Fegelein be stripped of all rank and to be transferred to Kampfgruppe Mohnke to prove his loyalty in combat . Günsche and Bormann expressed their concern to Hitler that Fegelein would only desert again . Hitler then ordered Fegelein court-martialed . Journalist James P . ODonnell , who conducted extensive interviews in the 1970s , provides one account of what happened next . SS-Brigadeführer Wilhelm Mohnke , who presided over the court martial for desertion , told ODonnell that Hitler ordered him to set up a tribunal . Mohnke arranged for a court martial panel , which consisted of generals Wilhelm Burgdorf , Hans Krebs , SS-Gruppenführer Johann Rattenhuber , and himself . Fegelein , still drunk , refused to accept that he had to answer to Hitler , and stated that he was responsible only to Himmler . Fegelein was so drunk that he was crying and vomiting ; he was unable to stand up , and even urinated on the floor . Mohnke was in a quandary , as German military and civilian law both require a defendant to be of sound mind and to understand the charges against them . Although Mohnke was certain Fegelein was guilty of flagrant desertion , it was the opinion of the judges that he was in no condition to stand trial , so Mohnke closed the proceedings and turned the defendant over to General Rattenhubers security squad . Mohnke never saw Fegelein again . An alternative scenario of Fegeleins death is based on the 1948/49 Soviet NKVD dossier of Hitler written for Joseph Stalin . The dossier is based on the interrogation reports of Günsche and Heinz Linge ( Hitlers valet ) . This dossier differs in part from the accounts given by Mohnke and Rattenhuber . After the intoxicated Fegelein was arrested and taken back to the Führerbunker , Hitler at first ordered Fegelein to be transferred to Kampfgruppe Mohnke to prove his loyalty in combat . Günsche and Bormann expressed their concern to Hitler that Fegelein would desert again . Hitler then ordered Fegelein to be demoted and court-martialed by a court led by Mohnke . At this point the accounts differ , as the NKVD dossier states that Fegelein was court-martialed on the evening of 28 April , by a court headed by Mohnke , SS-Obersturmbannführer Alfred Krause , and SS-Sturmbannführer Herbert Kaschula . Mohnke and his fellow officers sentenced Fegelein to death . That same evening , Fegelein was shot from behind by a member of the Sicherheitsdienst . Based on this stated chain of events , author Veit Scherzer concluded that Fegelein , according to German law , was deprived of all honours and honorary signs and must therefore be considered a de facto but not de jure recipient of the Knights Cross of the Iron Cross . Fegeleins wife was then in the late stages of pregnancy ( the baby was born on 5 May ) . Hitler considered releasing him without punishment or assigning him to Mohnkes troops . Junge—an eye-witness to bunker events—stated that Braun pleaded with Hitler to spare her brother-in-law and tried to justify Fegeleins actions . Junge said Fegelein was taken to the garden of the Reich Chancellery on 28 April , and was shot like a dog . Rochus Misch , who was the last survivor from the Führerbunker , disputed aspects of this account in a 2007 interview with Der Spiegel . According to Misch , Hitler did not order Fegeleins execution , only his demotion . Misch claimed to know the identity of Fegeleins killer , but refused to reveal his name . Assessment . Historians William L . Shirer and Ian Kershaw characterise Fegelein as cynical and disreputable ; Albert Speer called him one of the most disgusting people in Hitlers circle . Fegelein was an opportunist who ingratiated himself with Himmler , who in return granted him the best assignments—mostly related to cavalry—and rapid promotion through the ranks . The historian Henning Pieper , who studied the period up until March 1942 , notes Fegeleins lack of formal training as an officer led to deficiencies in the way the SS Cavalry Brigade was prepared for active service . Fegelein repeatedly over-stated the combat readiness of his troops and exaggerated their accomplishments , in Piepers opinion in order to be seen as a leader worthy of promotion and honours . Fegeleins faulty analysis of his brigades readiness led to their use in December 1941 through March 1942 in combat situations for which they were unsuitable and untrained ; however , as the military situation was deteriorating , they would eventually have received front-line assignments regardless of their readiness . By the end of March 1942 , the brigade had suffered casualties of 50 per cent , much higher than army units deployed in the same area . Fegeleins parents and his brother Waldemar survived the war . Gretl , who inherited some of Evas valuable jewellery , also survived the war . She gave birth to a daughter ( named Eva Barbara Fegelein , after her late aunt ) on 5 May 1945 . Eva Fegelein killed herself on 25 April 1971 after her boyfriend died in a car accident . Gretl Braun-Fegelein moved to Munich and remarried in 1954 . She died in 1987 , aged 72 . Awards and decorations . - Olympic Games Decoration ( 1st Class ) - German Equestrian Badge ( gold ) - German Sports Badge ( bronze ) - SA Sports Badge ( bronze ) - Nazi Party Long Service Award ( bronze ) - General Assault Badge ( silver ) - Infantry Assault Badge ( silver ) - Close Combat Clasp ( silver ) - Wound Badge ( silver ) - Wound Badge of 20 July 1944 ( silver ) - Iron Cross ( 1939 ) - 2nd Class ( 15 December 1940 ) - 1st Class ( 28 June 1941 ) - German Cross in Gold on 1 November 1943 as SS-Brigadeführer and Generalmajor of the Waffen-SS in the SS-Kavallerie-Division - Knights Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords - Knights Cross on 2 March 1942 as SS-Standartenführer and commander of the SS-Kavallerie-Brigade - 157th Oak Leaves on 22 December 1942 as SS-Oberführer and commander of a Kampfgruppe - 83rd Swords on 30 July 1944 as SS-Gruppenführer and Generalleutnant of the Waffen-SS and commander of the 8 . SS-Freiwilligen-Kavallerie-Division Florian Geyer The death sentence on 28 April resulted in the loss of all orders , awards , and honorary signs . Dates of rank . Fegelein held various ranks in both the Allgemeine-SS and Waffen-SS . The following table shows that progression was not synchronous .
|
[
"SS-Obersturmbannführer"
] |
[
{
"text": " Hans Otto Georg Hermann Fegelein ( 30 October 1906 – 28 April 1945 ) was a high-ranking commander in the Waffen-SS of Nazi Germany . He was a member of Adolf Hitlers entourage and brother-in-law to Eva Braun through his marriage to her sister Gretl .",
"title": "Hermann Fegelein"
},
{
"text": "Fegelein joined a cavalry regiment of the Reichswehr in 1925 and transferred to the SS on 10 April 1933 . He became a leader of an SS equestrian group , and was in charge of preparation for the equestrian events of the Berlin Olympic Games in 1936 . He tried out for the Olympic equestrian team himself but was eliminated in the qualifying rounds .",
"title": "Hermann Fegelein"
},
{
"text": "In September 1939 , after the Invasion of Poland , Fegelein commanded the SS Totenkopf Reiterstandarte ( Deaths-Head Horse Regiment ) . They were garrisoned in Warsaw until December . In May and June 1940 , he participated in the Battle of Belgium and France as a member of the SS-Verfügungstruppe ( later renamed the Waffen-SS ) . For his service in these campaigns he was awarded the Iron Cross 2nd Class on 15 December 1940 . Units under his command on the Eastern Front in 1941 were responsible for the deaths of over 17,000 civilians during the Pripyat swamps",
"title": "Hermann Fegelein"
},
{
"text": "punitive operation in the Byelorussian SSR . As commander of the 8th SS Cavalry Division Florian Geyer in 1943 , he was involved in operations against partisans as well as defensive operations against the Red Army , for which he was awarded the Close Combat Clasp in bronze .",
"title": "Hermann Fegelein"
},
{
"text": "After being seriously wounded in September 1943 , Fegelein was reassigned by Heinrich Himmler to Hitlers headquarters staff as his liaison officer and representative of the SS . Fegelein was present at the failed attempt on Hitlers life on 20 July 1944 . He was on duty at Hitlers Führerbunker in Berlin in the closing months of the war , and was shot for desertion on 28 April 1945 , two days before Hitlers suicide . Fegelein was an opportunist who ingratiated himself with Himmler , who granted him the best assignments and rapid promotions . Journalist William L .",
"title": "Hermann Fegelein"
},
{
"text": "Shirer and historian Sir Ian Kershaw characterise him as cynical and disreputable . Albert Speer called him one of the most disgusting people in Hitlers circle .",
"title": "Hermann Fegelein"
},
{
"text": " Fegelein was born in Ansbach , Bavaria , to the retired Oberleutnant Hans Fegelein . As a boy working at his fathers equestrian school in Munich , he became a proficient rider and participated in jumping events . During this period he met Christian Weber , an original member of the Nazi Party . Weber later sponsored Fegeleins entry into the Schutzstaffel ( SS ) .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "In 1925 , after studying for two terms at Munich University , Fegelein joined the Reiter-Regiment 17 ( Cavalry Regiment 17 ) . On 20 April 1927 , he joined the Bavarian State Police in Munich as an officer cadet . In 1929 he left the police service when he was caught stealing examination solutions from a teaching superiors office . The official communication at the time was that he resigned for family reasons . Fegelein later stated that he had left the police on his own account to better serve the Nazi Party and SS . His father had",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "started the Reitinstitut Fegelein ( Riding Institute Fegelein ) in 1926 . In Munich , Fegelein came into contact with Nazism and the SS . His father had made the institute available to the SS as a meeting place , and the training facilities and horses were used by equestrian units of the Sturmabteilung ( SA ) and SS .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Fegelein joined the Nazi Party ( membership number 1,200,158 ) and the SA in 1930 . He transferred to the SS on 10 April 1933 , with membership number 66,680 . He worked as an instructor at the Reitinstitut Fegelein and became the leader of the SS-Reitersturm , the SS equestrian group based at the facility . By the mid-1930s he took over administration of the school from his father . He was promoted to the Allgemeine-SS rank of SS-Untersturmführer that year and to SS-Obersturmführer on 20 April 1934 and to SS-Hauptsturmführer on 9 November 1934 . Beginning in November",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "1935 , Fegelein oversaw the preparation of the courses and facilities for the equestrian events of the Berlin Olympic Games . He was promoted to the rank of SS-Sturmbannführer on 30 January 1936 . He tried out for the German equestrian team , but was unable to prevail against the strong competition from the ( cavalry school Hanover ) , who went on to win all the equestrian gold medals .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Fegelein won the international tournament in 1937 , as did his brother Waldemar , in 1939 . He was promoted to the rank of SS-Obersturmbannführer on 30 January . On 25 July 1937 , Reichsführer-SS Himmler , by special order of the SS-Oberabschnitt Süd , created the Haupt-Reitschule München ( SS Main Riding School ) in Munich . The school was started from his fathers stud farm . Fegelein was named its commander and promoted to SS-Standartenführer the same day . Funding for the very expensive horses came in part from then SS-Brigadeführer Weber , who supported the school with",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "more than 100,000 Reichsmarks annually . Fegelein won the ( Brown Ribbon of Germany ) , an annual horse race which in 1938 was held on the premises of the riding school in Munich . Fegelein at the time had strong ambitions to participate in the 1940 Summer Olympics . With the help of his friend ( HSSPF ; Higher SS and Police Leader ) Karl von Eberstein , he arranged the transfer of all the Bavarian State Police horses to the SS riding school in case of mobilization . His fear was that the horses would be handed to",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "the Wehrmacht .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "In September 1939 , Fegelein commanded the SS Totenkopf Reiterstandarte ( Deaths-Head Horse Regiment ) , which arrived in Poland shortly after the end of the Polish Campaign . The unit was placed under the command of the Ordnungspolizei ( Orpo ; order police ) and was split into small groups assigned to support police activities at posts throughout the Poznan district . On 15 November , Himmler ordered the expansion of the regiment from four to thirteen squadrons and renamed it as 1 . SS-Totenkopf-Reiterstandarte ( 1st Deaths Head Cavalry Regiment ) . Additional men were recruited from ethnic",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "Germans living in the General Government and further afield . As many of the officers , including Fegelein , had never attended officer training school , much of the training provided to new recruits was rudimentary . However , it was rigorous , and the men developed a strong camaraderie . Fegeleins unit was involved alongside the Orpo in the extermination , ordered by Hitler , of members of the Polish elite such as intellectuals , aristocrats , and clergy , in an action called Intelligenzaktion . On 7 December 1939 , Fegeleins unit was involved in the mass shooting",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "of 1,700 such people in the Kampinos Forest .",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "On 15 December , the unit was split into two Standarten ( regiments ) , with Fegelein commanding the 1 . Standarte under the overall command of Höherer SS- und Polizeiführer-Ost Friedrich-Wilhelm Krüger . The unit was short of basic supplies such as weapons , food , and uniforms , which led to deteriorating morale and ill health . Incidents of corruption and theft took place , particularly among members of the regimental staff in Warsaw . On 23 April 1941 , Fegelein faced court-martial charges for an incident in 1940 where he and his unit had been caught stealing",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "money and luxury goods for transportation back to Germany . Fegeleins court-martial was quashed by direct order of Himmler . The allegations brought forward against Fegelein had included murder motivated by greed . Apparently he had ordered arrests and executions in the Gestapo prison in Warsaw . In addition to this , Fegelein was charged with having had an unlawful sexual relationship with a Polish woman . The woman had become pregnant and Fegelein forced her to have an abortion . Reinhard Heydrich tried several times to investigate the accusations against Fegelein , but each time Himmler quashed the attempt",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": ".",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": " Fegeleins unit took part in anti-partisan fighting against a group of about 100 former Polish soldiers in the area of Kammienna–Konsky–Kielce in March and April 1940 . They killed about half the partisans and the remainder escaped . On 8 April , Fegeleins unit killed 250 Polish men in villages in the area . While in his report he described the behaviour of his troops as clean and decent , there were many incidents in this period where his men behaved in an undisciplined way , killing and robbing civilians without being ordered to do so .",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "In May and June 1940 , Fegelein , who had been promoted to SS-Obersturmbannführer of the Reserves in the Waffen-SS on 1 March 1940 , participated in the Battle of Belgium and France as a member of the SS-Verfügungstruppe . For his service in these campaigns , he was awarded the Iron Cross 2nd Class on 15 December 1940 . In March 1941 , the SS Totenkopf Reiterstandarte 1 was renamed to 1st SS Cavalry Regiment .",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "With the start of the German invasion of the Soviet Union , which began on 22 June 1941 , Fegelein saw active service on the Eastern Front . His unit was assigned on the 87th Infantry Division on 23 June to cover a gap in the lines of the 9th Army near Białystok . The motorized elements of the 1st SS Cavalry reached the right flank of the operational area on 24 June , but the mounted elements were unable to keep up . The exhausted horses had to be left behind and the men transported to the combat zone",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "in lorries , while the horse-drawn artillery pieces were towed using any available vehicles . The first units to arrive crossed the Narew near Wizna and engaged the Soviets but were unable to break through . They were ordered to retreat and move further north . Infantry elements of the 87th Division captured Osowiec Fortress on 26 June , and Fegeleins cavalry was sent on a reconnaissance mission to the south-east . Himmler , unwilling to have his SS units under Wehrmacht control or used in combat other than as reserves , withdrew the SS cavalry from control of the",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "87th Division on 27 June . The ambitious Fegelein stressed in his reports that he believed his unit was combat ready and exaggerated its contribution to the operation . Ten of his men received the Iron Cross , Second Class for their efforts , and Fegelein was awarded the Iron Cross , First Class .",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "The engagement demonstrated the shortcomings of the cavalry units in modern mobile warfare , which requires quick redeployments in ever-changing conditions . Fegelein sought to improve this by asking Himmler to combine the 1st and 2nd SS cavalry regiments into a brigade , with additional support units . As a temporary measure , Himmler assigned Fegelein to be in charge of both regiments . Fegeleins unit was one of several that undertook field training and political indoctrination in the coming weeks . Himmler addressed the 1st Cavalry on 5 July , offering the opportunity for any men unwilling to participate",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "in the upcoming special tasks to transfer to another unit . Nobody took advantage of this offer , at least partly because Himmler did not say that the upcoming assignment included the mass shooting of unarmed civilians .",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "On 19 July 1941 , Himmler assigned Fegeleins regiments to the general command of HSSPF Erich von dem Bach-Zelewski for the systematic combing of the Pripyat swamps , an operation designed to round up and exterminate Jews , partisans and civilians in that area of Byelorussian SSR . Himmlers orders for the operation were passed to Fegelein via SS-Brigadefuhrer , who met with him and Bach-Zelewski on 28 July in their new quarters at Liakhovichi in Byelorussia . General instructions were given to cleanse the area of partisans and Jewish collaborators . Jewish women and children were to be driven",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "away . Fegelein interpreted these orders as follows : Enemy soldiers in uniform were to be taken prisoner , and those found out of uniform were to be shot . Jewish males , with the exception of a few skilled workers such as doctors and leather workers , would be shot . Fegelein split the territory to be covered into two sections divided by the Pripyat River , with the 1st Regiment taking the northern half and the 2nd Regiment the south . The regiments worked their way from east to west through their assigned territory , and filed daily",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "reports on the number of people killed and taken prisoner . In a meeting with Bach-Zelewski on 31 July , Himmler announced the amalgamation of the two regiments into the SS Cavalry Brigade . Additional units such as a bicycle reconnaissance detachment were formed and added to the brigades complement . On 5 August Himmler assigned leadership of the brigade to Fegelein .",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "Himmler notified Fegelein by telegram on 1 August that the numbers killed were far too low . A few days later , Himmler issued regimental order no . 42 , which called for all male Jews over the age of 14 to be killed . The women and children were to be driven into the swamps and drowned . Thus Fegeleins units were among the first in the Holocaust to wipe out entire Jewish communities . As the water in the swamps was too shallow and some areas had no swamps , it proved impractical to drown the women and",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "children , so they were shot . Fegeleins final report on the operation , dated 18 September 1941 , states that they killed 14,178 Jews , 1,001 partisans , 699 Red Army soldiers , with 830 prisoners taken and losses of 17 dead , 36 wounded , and 3 missing . The historian Henning Pieper estimates the actual number of Jews killed was closer to 23,700 .",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "Fegelein received the Infantry Assault Badge on 2 October . Four days later , he was again brought before a court for of captured goods . Again the prosecution was halted by Himmler . In mid-October 1941 , the brigade left Byelorussia and moved first to Toropets and then on to Rogachev by train , where they were subordinated to Army Group Centre . The new operational area had more partisan activity than the Pripyat swamps , with guerrillas who were well organised and difficult to find . Fegeleins report for the period between 18 October and 18 November 1941",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "shows 3,018 partisans and Red Army soldiers killed and 122 taken prisoner . However , as fewer than 200 weapons were captured , historians Martin Cüppers and Henning Pieper conclude that the majority of those killed must have been unarmed civilians . Brigade losses were seven dead and nine wounded .",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "Army Group Centre renewed their offensive on Moscow in mid-November . Fegelein and the SS Cavalry Brigade were held back as an operational reserve in the rearward area of the 9th Army . Massive counter-attacks by the Red Army led to a weakening of the entire German line , and the brigade was called in to fight at the front on 28 December . While Fegelein reported that his forces were the equivalent to one or two divisions , in reality he had only 4,428 men in total at this point , of which 1,800 were ready for action .",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "The brigade was deployed at the south-eastern sector of the XXIII Army Corps , where it defended against attacks in the rearward area of the 206th Infantry Division in the Battles of Rzhev . The SS Cavalry Brigade took serious losses , with casualties of up to 60 per cent in some squadrons .",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "On 1 February 1942 , Fegelein was promoted to SS-Standartenführer in the Waffen-SS and transferred from the reserve force to active service . Four days later , on 5 February , Fegelein on his own initiative led an attack on a strong enemy group northwest of Chertolino . The attack , carried out in difficult weather conditions , secured an important road junction and the railway station at Chertolino . In a nocturnal attack on 9 February , the brigade encircled and destroyed enemy forces at Chertolino , killing 1,800 Red Army soldiers . Yershovo was captured on 14 February",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": ", leading to the annihilation of the enemy units in Rzhevsky District . For his leadership in these battles , Fegelein was awarded the Knights Cross of the Iron Cross on 2 March 1942 . Fegelein was then granted home leave and was appointed Inspector of Cavalry and Transportation ( ) in the SS-Führungshauptamt on 1 May 1942 . In this position he was awarded the Eastern Front Medal and the War Merit Cross 2nd Class with Swords , both on 1 September 1942 . The SS Cavalry Brigade was disbanded in March 1942 and the remaining men and equipment",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "were formed into a battalion-strength unit called Kampfgruppe Zehender , commanded by SS-Sturmbannführer August Zehender .",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": " Fegelein returned to the front line on 1 December 1942 and on the same day promoted to SS-Oberführer . He was given command of Kampfgruppe Fegelein , based in the great bend of the Don . He was wounded in action by Soviet snipers on 21 and 22 December 1942 .",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "On 20 April 1943 , he was appointed commander of the 8th SS Cavalry Division Florian Geyer . Fegelein and his division were involved in operations against partisans in May to July 1943 , which included Operation Weichsel , Operation Zeithen , and Operation Seydlitz . On 17 May , they annihilated a partisan group south west of Novoselki . He personally blew up a bunker in the attack . A week later , on 24 May , the division attacked another partisan strongpoint , and no prisoners were taken . During Weichsel ( 27 May – 10 June 1943",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": ") he reported the unit had killed 4,018 persons and deported 18,860 , confiscated 21,000 cattle , and destroyed 61 villages southwest of Gomel . During Zeithen ( 13–16 June 1943 ) they destroyed a further 63 villages and ( under direct orders from Hitler ) killed all suspected partisans . During Seydlitz ( 26 June – 27 July 1943 ) he reported the destruction of 96 additional villages , with 5,016 killed and 9,166 deported and 19,941 cattle confiscated .",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "The division was then deployed in defensive operations against massed Soviet attacks . From 26 August to 15 September , the division repulsed five attacks of divisional strength and a further 85 attacks of battalion strength . The heaviest combat occurred on 26 August near Bespalovka and on 28 August , when the division halted a Soviet breakthrough at Bolshaya Gomolsha . Fegelein led a counterattack on 8 September , recapturing the height 199,0 at Verkhniy Bishkin . On 11 September 1943 , during these defensive battles , he was awarded the Close Combat Clasp in bronze . Fegelein was",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "severely wounded on 30 September 1943 and was hospitalised for a few weeks . He received the German Cross in gold on 1 November 1943 . Following his convalescence he was appointed chief of Amt VI—Office for Rider and Driver Training—in the SS-Führungshauptamt on 1 January 1944 .",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "At the same time , Himmler assigned him to Hitlers headquarters staff as his liaison officer and representative of the SS . He was promoted to the rank of SS-Gruppenführer und Generalleutnant der Waffen-SS on 10 June 1944 . On 20 July 1944 , Fegelein was present at the failed attempt on Hitlers life at the Wolfs Lair headquarters in Rastenburg , East Prussia and received a minor wound to his left thigh from the bomb blast . Fegelein often showed around the photographs of the hanged men who had been executed as a result of this failed assassination attempt",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": ".",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "Fegeleins politically motivated marriage to Gretl Braun , Eva Brauns sister , took place on 3 June 1944 in Salzburg . Historians Kershaw and Shirer believe he courted Braun as a way to advance his career . Hitler , Himmler , and Martin Bormann acted as witnesses at the ceremony . A two-day celebration was then held at Hitlers and Bormanns Obersalzberg mountain homes and the Eagles Nest . Fegelein was a known playboy and had many extramarital affairs . Hitlers secretaries , Christa Schroeder and Traudl Junge , state Fegelein was popular socially , particularly with women . He",
"title": "Marriage"
},
{
"text": "could be funny , amusing , and charming . Eva was glad to have someone in the entourage with whom she could dance and flirt , as Hitler was distant in social situations and refrained from publicly showing affection . Fegelein worked hard to develop a friendship with Hitlers powerful private secretary , Martin Bormann . Fegelein consistently attended Bormanns drinking parties and told Junge that the only things that mattered were his career and a life full of fun .",
"title": "Marriage"
},
{
"text": "By early 1945 , Germanys military situation was on the verge of total collapse . Hitler , presiding over a rapidly disintegrating Third Reich , retreated to his Führerbunker in Berlin on 16 January 1945 . To the Nazi leadership , it was clear that the Battle of Berlin would be the final battle of the war . Berlin was bombarded by Soviet artillery for the first time on 20 April 1945 ( Hitlers birthday ) . By the evening of 21 April , Red Army tanks reached the outskirts of the city . By 27 April , Berlin was",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": "cut off from the rest of Germany .",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": "On 27 April 1945 , Reichssicherheitsdienst ( RSD ) deputy commander SS-Obersturmbannführer Peter Högl was sent out from the Reich Chancellery to find Fegelein , who had abandoned his post at the Führerbunker after deciding he did not want to join a suicide pact . Fegelein was located by the RSD squad in his Berlin apartment , wearing civilian clothes and preparing to flee to Sweden or Switzerland . He was carrying cash—German and foreign—and jewellery , some of which belonged to Braun . Högl found a briefcase containing documents with evidence of Himmlers attempted peace negotiations with the Western",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": "Allies . According to most accounts , Fegelein was intoxicated when arrested and taken back to the Führerbunker . He was kept in a makeshift cell until the evening of 28 April . That night , Hitler was informed of the BBC broadcast of a Reuters news report about Himmlers attempted negotiations with the western Allies via Count Bernadotte . Hitler flew into a rage about this apparent betrayal and ordered Himmlers arrest . Sensing a connection between Fegeleins disappearance and Himmlers betrayal , Hitler ordered SS-Gruppenführer Heinrich Müller to interrogate Fegelein as to what he knew of Himmlers plans",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": ". Thereafter , according to Otto Günsche ( Hitlers personal adjutant ) , Hitler ordered that Fegelein be stripped of all rank and to be transferred to Kampfgruppe Mohnke to prove his loyalty in combat . Günsche and Bormann expressed their concern to Hitler that Fegelein would only desert again . Hitler then ordered Fegelein court-martialed .",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": "Journalist James P . ODonnell , who conducted extensive interviews in the 1970s , provides one account of what happened next . SS-Brigadeführer Wilhelm Mohnke , who presided over the court martial for desertion , told ODonnell that Hitler ordered him to set up a tribunal . Mohnke arranged for a court martial panel , which consisted of generals Wilhelm Burgdorf , Hans Krebs , SS-Gruppenführer Johann Rattenhuber , and himself . Fegelein , still drunk , refused to accept that he had to answer to Hitler , and stated that he was responsible only to Himmler . Fegelein was",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": "so drunk that he was crying and vomiting ; he was unable to stand up , and even urinated on the floor . Mohnke was in a quandary , as German military and civilian law both require a defendant to be of sound mind and to understand the charges against them . Although Mohnke was certain Fegelein was guilty of flagrant desertion , it was the opinion of the judges that he was in no condition to stand trial , so Mohnke closed the proceedings and turned the defendant over to General Rattenhubers security squad . Mohnke never saw Fegelein",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": "again .",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": "An alternative scenario of Fegeleins death is based on the 1948/49 Soviet NKVD dossier of Hitler written for Joseph Stalin . The dossier is based on the interrogation reports of Günsche and Heinz Linge ( Hitlers valet ) . This dossier differs in part from the accounts given by Mohnke and Rattenhuber . After the intoxicated Fegelein was arrested and taken back to the Führerbunker , Hitler at first ordered Fegelein to be transferred to Kampfgruppe Mohnke to prove his loyalty in combat . Günsche and Bormann expressed their concern to Hitler that Fegelein would desert again . Hitler then",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": "ordered Fegelein to be demoted and court-martialed by a court led by Mohnke . At this point the accounts differ , as the NKVD dossier states that Fegelein was court-martialed on the evening of 28 April , by a court headed by Mohnke , SS-Obersturmbannführer Alfred Krause , and SS-Sturmbannführer Herbert Kaschula . Mohnke and his fellow officers sentenced Fegelein to death . That same evening , Fegelein was shot from behind by a member of the Sicherheitsdienst . Based on this stated chain of events , author Veit Scherzer concluded that Fegelein , according to German law , was",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": "deprived of all honours and honorary signs and must therefore be considered a de facto but not de jure recipient of the Knights Cross of the Iron Cross .",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": "Fegeleins wife was then in the late stages of pregnancy ( the baby was born on 5 May ) . Hitler considered releasing him without punishment or assigning him to Mohnkes troops . Junge—an eye-witness to bunker events—stated that Braun pleaded with Hitler to spare her brother-in-law and tried to justify Fegeleins actions . Junge said Fegelein was taken to the garden of the Reich Chancellery on 28 April , and was shot like a dog . Rochus Misch , who was the last survivor from the Führerbunker , disputed aspects of this account in a 2007 interview with Der",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": "Spiegel . According to Misch , Hitler did not order Fegeleins execution , only his demotion . Misch claimed to know the identity of Fegeleins killer , but refused to reveal his name .",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": "Historians William L . Shirer and Ian Kershaw characterise Fegelein as cynical and disreputable ; Albert Speer called him one of the most disgusting people in Hitlers circle . Fegelein was an opportunist who ingratiated himself with Himmler , who in return granted him the best assignments—mostly related to cavalry—and rapid promotion through the ranks . The historian Henning Pieper , who studied the period up until March 1942 , notes Fegeleins lack of formal training as an officer led to deficiencies in the way the SS Cavalry Brigade was prepared for active service . Fegelein repeatedly over-stated the combat",
"title": "Assessment"
},
{
"text": "readiness of his troops and exaggerated their accomplishments , in Piepers opinion in order to be seen as a leader worthy of promotion and honours . Fegeleins faulty analysis of his brigades readiness led to their use in December 1941 through March 1942 in combat situations for which they were unsuitable and untrained ; however , as the military situation was deteriorating , they would eventually have received front-line assignments regardless of their readiness . By the end of March 1942 , the brigade had suffered casualties of 50 per cent , much higher than army units deployed in the",
"title": "Assessment"
},
{
"text": "same area .",
"title": "Assessment"
},
{
"text": " Fegeleins parents and his brother Waldemar survived the war . Gretl , who inherited some of Evas valuable jewellery , also survived the war . She gave birth to a daughter ( named Eva Barbara Fegelein , after her late aunt ) on 5 May 1945 . Eva Fegelein killed herself on 25 April 1971 after her boyfriend died in a car accident . Gretl Braun-Fegelein moved to Munich and remarried in 1954 . She died in 1987 , aged 72 .",
"title": "Assessment"
},
{
"text": " - Olympic Games Decoration ( 1st Class ) - German Equestrian Badge ( gold ) - German Sports Badge ( bronze ) - SA Sports Badge ( bronze ) - Nazi Party Long Service Award ( bronze ) - General Assault Badge ( silver ) - Infantry Assault Badge ( silver ) - Close Combat Clasp ( silver ) - Wound Badge ( silver ) - Wound Badge of 20 July 1944 ( silver ) - Iron Cross ( 1939 ) - 2nd Class ( 15 December 1940 ) - 1st Class ( 28 June 1941 )",
"title": "Awards and decorations"
},
{
"text": "- German Cross in Gold on 1 November 1943 as SS-Brigadeführer and Generalmajor of the Waffen-SS in the SS-Kavallerie-Division",
"title": "Awards and decorations"
},
{
"text": " - Knights Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords - Knights Cross on 2 March 1942 as SS-Standartenführer and commander of the SS-Kavallerie-Brigade - 157th Oak Leaves on 22 December 1942 as SS-Oberführer and commander of a Kampfgruppe - 83rd Swords on 30 July 1944 as SS-Gruppenführer and Generalleutnant of the Waffen-SS and commander of the 8 . SS-Freiwilligen-Kavallerie-Division Florian Geyer The death sentence on 28 April resulted in the loss of all orders , awards , and honorary signs .",
"title": "Awards and decorations"
},
{
"text": " Fegelein held various ranks in both the Allgemeine-SS and Waffen-SS . The following table shows that progression was not synchronous .",
"title": "Dates of rank"
}
] |
/wiki/Hermann_Fegelein#P410#4
|
What was the military rank of Hermann Fegelein between Oct 1938 and Jan 1939?
|
Hermann Fegelein Hans Otto Georg Hermann Fegelein ( 30 October 1906 – 28 April 1945 ) was a high-ranking commander in the Waffen-SS of Nazi Germany . He was a member of Adolf Hitlers entourage and brother-in-law to Eva Braun through his marriage to her sister Gretl . Fegelein joined a cavalry regiment of the Reichswehr in 1925 and transferred to the SS on 10 April 1933 . He became a leader of an SS equestrian group , and was in charge of preparation for the equestrian events of the Berlin Olympic Games in 1936 . He tried out for the Olympic equestrian team himself but was eliminated in the qualifying rounds . In September 1939 , after the Invasion of Poland , Fegelein commanded the SS Totenkopf Reiterstandarte ( Deaths-Head Horse Regiment ) . They were garrisoned in Warsaw until December . In May and June 1940 , he participated in the Battle of Belgium and France as a member of the SS-Verfügungstruppe ( later renamed the Waffen-SS ) . For his service in these campaigns he was awarded the Iron Cross 2nd Class on 15 December 1940 . Units under his command on the Eastern Front in 1941 were responsible for the deaths of over 17,000 civilians during the Pripyat swamps punitive operation in the Byelorussian SSR . As commander of the 8th SS Cavalry Division Florian Geyer in 1943 , he was involved in operations against partisans as well as defensive operations against the Red Army , for which he was awarded the Close Combat Clasp in bronze . After being seriously wounded in September 1943 , Fegelein was reassigned by Heinrich Himmler to Hitlers headquarters staff as his liaison officer and representative of the SS . Fegelein was present at the failed attempt on Hitlers life on 20 July 1944 . He was on duty at Hitlers Führerbunker in Berlin in the closing months of the war , and was shot for desertion on 28 April 1945 , two days before Hitlers suicide . Fegelein was an opportunist who ingratiated himself with Himmler , who granted him the best assignments and rapid promotions . Journalist William L . Shirer and historian Sir Ian Kershaw characterise him as cynical and disreputable . Albert Speer called him one of the most disgusting people in Hitlers circle . Career . Fegelein was born in Ansbach , Bavaria , to the retired Oberleutnant Hans Fegelein . As a boy working at his fathers equestrian school in Munich , he became a proficient rider and participated in jumping events . During this period he met Christian Weber , an original member of the Nazi Party . Weber later sponsored Fegeleins entry into the Schutzstaffel ( SS ) . In 1925 , after studying for two terms at Munich University , Fegelein joined the Reiter-Regiment 17 ( Cavalry Regiment 17 ) . On 20 April 1927 , he joined the Bavarian State Police in Munich as an officer cadet . In 1929 he left the police service when he was caught stealing examination solutions from a teaching superiors office . The official communication at the time was that he resigned for family reasons . Fegelein later stated that he had left the police on his own account to better serve the Nazi Party and SS . His father had started the Reitinstitut Fegelein ( Riding Institute Fegelein ) in 1926 . In Munich , Fegelein came into contact with Nazism and the SS . His father had made the institute available to the SS as a meeting place , and the training facilities and horses were used by equestrian units of the Sturmabteilung ( SA ) and SS . Fegelein joined the Nazi Party ( membership number 1,200,158 ) and the SA in 1930 . He transferred to the SS on 10 April 1933 , with membership number 66,680 . He worked as an instructor at the Reitinstitut Fegelein and became the leader of the SS-Reitersturm , the SS equestrian group based at the facility . By the mid-1930s he took over administration of the school from his father . He was promoted to the Allgemeine-SS rank of SS-Untersturmführer that year and to SS-Obersturmführer on 20 April 1934 and to SS-Hauptsturmführer on 9 November 1934 . Beginning in November 1935 , Fegelein oversaw the preparation of the courses and facilities for the equestrian events of the Berlin Olympic Games . He was promoted to the rank of SS-Sturmbannführer on 30 January 1936 . He tried out for the German equestrian team , but was unable to prevail against the strong competition from the ( cavalry school Hanover ) , who went on to win all the equestrian gold medals . Fegelein won the international tournament in 1937 , as did his brother Waldemar , in 1939 . He was promoted to the rank of SS-Obersturmbannführer on 30 January . On 25 July 1937 , Reichsführer-SS Himmler , by special order of the SS-Oberabschnitt Süd , created the Haupt-Reitschule München ( SS Main Riding School ) in Munich . The school was started from his fathers stud farm . Fegelein was named its commander and promoted to SS-Standartenführer the same day . Funding for the very expensive horses came in part from then SS-Brigadeführer Weber , who supported the school with more than 100,000 Reichsmarks annually . Fegelein won the ( Brown Ribbon of Germany ) , an annual horse race which in 1938 was held on the premises of the riding school in Munich . Fegelein at the time had strong ambitions to participate in the 1940 Summer Olympics . With the help of his friend ( HSSPF ; Higher SS and Police Leader ) Karl von Eberstein , he arranged the transfer of all the Bavarian State Police horses to the SS riding school in case of mobilization . His fear was that the horses would be handed to the Wehrmacht . World War II . In September 1939 , Fegelein commanded the SS Totenkopf Reiterstandarte ( Deaths-Head Horse Regiment ) , which arrived in Poland shortly after the end of the Polish Campaign . The unit was placed under the command of the Ordnungspolizei ( Orpo ; order police ) and was split into small groups assigned to support police activities at posts throughout the Poznan district . On 15 November , Himmler ordered the expansion of the regiment from four to thirteen squadrons and renamed it as 1 . SS-Totenkopf-Reiterstandarte ( 1st Deaths Head Cavalry Regiment ) . Additional men were recruited from ethnic Germans living in the General Government and further afield . As many of the officers , including Fegelein , had never attended officer training school , much of the training provided to new recruits was rudimentary . However , it was rigorous , and the men developed a strong camaraderie . Fegeleins unit was involved alongside the Orpo in the extermination , ordered by Hitler , of members of the Polish elite such as intellectuals , aristocrats , and clergy , in an action called Intelligenzaktion . On 7 December 1939 , Fegeleins unit was involved in the mass shooting of 1,700 such people in the Kampinos Forest . On 15 December , the unit was split into two Standarten ( regiments ) , with Fegelein commanding the 1 . Standarte under the overall command of Höherer SS- und Polizeiführer-Ost Friedrich-Wilhelm Krüger . The unit was short of basic supplies such as weapons , food , and uniforms , which led to deteriorating morale and ill health . Incidents of corruption and theft took place , particularly among members of the regimental staff in Warsaw . On 23 April 1941 , Fegelein faced court-martial charges for an incident in 1940 where he and his unit had been caught stealing money and luxury goods for transportation back to Germany . Fegeleins court-martial was quashed by direct order of Himmler . The allegations brought forward against Fegelein had included murder motivated by greed . Apparently he had ordered arrests and executions in the Gestapo prison in Warsaw . In addition to this , Fegelein was charged with having had an unlawful sexual relationship with a Polish woman . The woman had become pregnant and Fegelein forced her to have an abortion . Reinhard Heydrich tried several times to investigate the accusations against Fegelein , but each time Himmler quashed the attempt . Fegeleins unit took part in anti-partisan fighting against a group of about 100 former Polish soldiers in the area of Kammienna–Konsky–Kielce in March and April 1940 . They killed about half the partisans and the remainder escaped . On 8 April , Fegeleins unit killed 250 Polish men in villages in the area . While in his report he described the behaviour of his troops as clean and decent , there were many incidents in this period where his men behaved in an undisciplined way , killing and robbing civilians without being ordered to do so . In May and June 1940 , Fegelein , who had been promoted to SS-Obersturmbannführer of the Reserves in the Waffen-SS on 1 March 1940 , participated in the Battle of Belgium and France as a member of the SS-Verfügungstruppe . For his service in these campaigns , he was awarded the Iron Cross 2nd Class on 15 December 1940 . In March 1941 , the SS Totenkopf Reiterstandarte 1 was renamed to 1st SS Cavalry Regiment . War against the Soviet Union . With the start of the German invasion of the Soviet Union , which began on 22 June 1941 , Fegelein saw active service on the Eastern Front . His unit was assigned on the 87th Infantry Division on 23 June to cover a gap in the lines of the 9th Army near Białystok . The motorized elements of the 1st SS Cavalry reached the right flank of the operational area on 24 June , but the mounted elements were unable to keep up . The exhausted horses had to be left behind and the men transported to the combat zone in lorries , while the horse-drawn artillery pieces were towed using any available vehicles . The first units to arrive crossed the Narew near Wizna and engaged the Soviets but were unable to break through . They were ordered to retreat and move further north . Infantry elements of the 87th Division captured Osowiec Fortress on 26 June , and Fegeleins cavalry was sent on a reconnaissance mission to the south-east . Himmler , unwilling to have his SS units under Wehrmacht control or used in combat other than as reserves , withdrew the SS cavalry from control of the 87th Division on 27 June . The ambitious Fegelein stressed in his reports that he believed his unit was combat ready and exaggerated its contribution to the operation . Ten of his men received the Iron Cross , Second Class for their efforts , and Fegelein was awarded the Iron Cross , First Class . The engagement demonstrated the shortcomings of the cavalry units in modern mobile warfare , which requires quick redeployments in ever-changing conditions . Fegelein sought to improve this by asking Himmler to combine the 1st and 2nd SS cavalry regiments into a brigade , with additional support units . As a temporary measure , Himmler assigned Fegelein to be in charge of both regiments . Fegeleins unit was one of several that undertook field training and political indoctrination in the coming weeks . Himmler addressed the 1st Cavalry on 5 July , offering the opportunity for any men unwilling to participate in the upcoming special tasks to transfer to another unit . Nobody took advantage of this offer , at least partly because Himmler did not say that the upcoming assignment included the mass shooting of unarmed civilians . On 19 July 1941 , Himmler assigned Fegeleins regiments to the general command of HSSPF Erich von dem Bach-Zelewski for the systematic combing of the Pripyat swamps , an operation designed to round up and exterminate Jews , partisans and civilians in that area of Byelorussian SSR . Himmlers orders for the operation were passed to Fegelein via SS-Brigadefuhrer , who met with him and Bach-Zelewski on 28 July in their new quarters at Liakhovichi in Byelorussia . General instructions were given to cleanse the area of partisans and Jewish collaborators . Jewish women and children were to be driven away . Fegelein interpreted these orders as follows : Enemy soldiers in uniform were to be taken prisoner , and those found out of uniform were to be shot . Jewish males , with the exception of a few skilled workers such as doctors and leather workers , would be shot . Fegelein split the territory to be covered into two sections divided by the Pripyat River , with the 1st Regiment taking the northern half and the 2nd Regiment the south . The regiments worked their way from east to west through their assigned territory , and filed daily reports on the number of people killed and taken prisoner . In a meeting with Bach-Zelewski on 31 July , Himmler announced the amalgamation of the two regiments into the SS Cavalry Brigade . Additional units such as a bicycle reconnaissance detachment were formed and added to the brigades complement . On 5 August Himmler assigned leadership of the brigade to Fegelein . Himmler notified Fegelein by telegram on 1 August that the numbers killed were far too low . A few days later , Himmler issued regimental order no . 42 , which called for all male Jews over the age of 14 to be killed . The women and children were to be driven into the swamps and drowned . Thus Fegeleins units were among the first in the Holocaust to wipe out entire Jewish communities . As the water in the swamps was too shallow and some areas had no swamps , it proved impractical to drown the women and children , so they were shot . Fegeleins final report on the operation , dated 18 September 1941 , states that they killed 14,178 Jews , 1,001 partisans , 699 Red Army soldiers , with 830 prisoners taken and losses of 17 dead , 36 wounded , and 3 missing . The historian Henning Pieper estimates the actual number of Jews killed was closer to 23,700 . Fegelein received the Infantry Assault Badge on 2 October . Four days later , he was again brought before a court for of captured goods . Again the prosecution was halted by Himmler . In mid-October 1941 , the brigade left Byelorussia and moved first to Toropets and then on to Rogachev by train , where they were subordinated to Army Group Centre . The new operational area had more partisan activity than the Pripyat swamps , with guerrillas who were well organised and difficult to find . Fegeleins report for the period between 18 October and 18 November 1941 shows 3,018 partisans and Red Army soldiers killed and 122 taken prisoner . However , as fewer than 200 weapons were captured , historians Martin Cüppers and Henning Pieper conclude that the majority of those killed must have been unarmed civilians . Brigade losses were seven dead and nine wounded . Army Group Centre renewed their offensive on Moscow in mid-November . Fegelein and the SS Cavalry Brigade were held back as an operational reserve in the rearward area of the 9th Army . Massive counter-attacks by the Red Army led to a weakening of the entire German line , and the brigade was called in to fight at the front on 28 December . While Fegelein reported that his forces were the equivalent to one or two divisions , in reality he had only 4,428 men in total at this point , of which 1,800 were ready for action . The brigade was deployed at the south-eastern sector of the XXIII Army Corps , where it defended against attacks in the rearward area of the 206th Infantry Division in the Battles of Rzhev . The SS Cavalry Brigade took serious losses , with casualties of up to 60 per cent in some squadrons . On 1 February 1942 , Fegelein was promoted to SS-Standartenführer in the Waffen-SS and transferred from the reserve force to active service . Four days later , on 5 February , Fegelein on his own initiative led an attack on a strong enemy group northwest of Chertolino . The attack , carried out in difficult weather conditions , secured an important road junction and the railway station at Chertolino . In a nocturnal attack on 9 February , the brigade encircled and destroyed enemy forces at Chertolino , killing 1,800 Red Army soldiers . Yershovo was captured on 14 February , leading to the annihilation of the enemy units in Rzhevsky District . For his leadership in these battles , Fegelein was awarded the Knights Cross of the Iron Cross on 2 March 1942 . Fegelein was then granted home leave and was appointed Inspector of Cavalry and Transportation ( ) in the SS-Führungshauptamt on 1 May 1942 . In this position he was awarded the Eastern Front Medal and the War Merit Cross 2nd Class with Swords , both on 1 September 1942 . The SS Cavalry Brigade was disbanded in March 1942 and the remaining men and equipment were formed into a battalion-strength unit called Kampfgruppe Zehender , commanded by SS-Sturmbannführer August Zehender . Fegelein returned to the front line on 1 December 1942 and on the same day promoted to SS-Oberführer . He was given command of Kampfgruppe Fegelein , based in the great bend of the Don . He was wounded in action by Soviet snipers on 21 and 22 December 1942 . On 20 April 1943 , he was appointed commander of the 8th SS Cavalry Division Florian Geyer . Fegelein and his division were involved in operations against partisans in May to July 1943 , which included Operation Weichsel , Operation Zeithen , and Operation Seydlitz . On 17 May , they annihilated a partisan group south west of Novoselki . He personally blew up a bunker in the attack . A week later , on 24 May , the division attacked another partisan strongpoint , and no prisoners were taken . During Weichsel ( 27 May – 10 June 1943 ) he reported the unit had killed 4,018 persons and deported 18,860 , confiscated 21,000 cattle , and destroyed 61 villages southwest of Gomel . During Zeithen ( 13–16 June 1943 ) they destroyed a further 63 villages and ( under direct orders from Hitler ) killed all suspected partisans . During Seydlitz ( 26 June – 27 July 1943 ) he reported the destruction of 96 additional villages , with 5,016 killed and 9,166 deported and 19,941 cattle confiscated . The division was then deployed in defensive operations against massed Soviet attacks . From 26 August to 15 September , the division repulsed five attacks of divisional strength and a further 85 attacks of battalion strength . The heaviest combat occurred on 26 August near Bespalovka and on 28 August , when the division halted a Soviet breakthrough at Bolshaya Gomolsha . Fegelein led a counterattack on 8 September , recapturing the height 199,0 at Verkhniy Bishkin . On 11 September 1943 , during these defensive battles , he was awarded the Close Combat Clasp in bronze . Fegelein was severely wounded on 30 September 1943 and was hospitalised for a few weeks . He received the German Cross in gold on 1 November 1943 . Following his convalescence he was appointed chief of Amt VI—Office for Rider and Driver Training—in the SS-Führungshauptamt on 1 January 1944 . At the same time , Himmler assigned him to Hitlers headquarters staff as his liaison officer and representative of the SS . He was promoted to the rank of SS-Gruppenführer und Generalleutnant der Waffen-SS on 10 June 1944 . On 20 July 1944 , Fegelein was present at the failed attempt on Hitlers life at the Wolfs Lair headquarters in Rastenburg , East Prussia and received a minor wound to his left thigh from the bomb blast . Fegelein often showed around the photographs of the hanged men who had been executed as a result of this failed assassination attempt . Marriage . Fegeleins politically motivated marriage to Gretl Braun , Eva Brauns sister , took place on 3 June 1944 in Salzburg . Historians Kershaw and Shirer believe he courted Braun as a way to advance his career . Hitler , Himmler , and Martin Bormann acted as witnesses at the ceremony . A two-day celebration was then held at Hitlers and Bormanns Obersalzberg mountain homes and the Eagles Nest . Fegelein was a known playboy and had many extramarital affairs . Hitlers secretaries , Christa Schroeder and Traudl Junge , state Fegelein was popular socially , particularly with women . He could be funny , amusing , and charming . Eva was glad to have someone in the entourage with whom she could dance and flirt , as Hitler was distant in social situations and refrained from publicly showing affection . Fegelein worked hard to develop a friendship with Hitlers powerful private secretary , Martin Bormann . Fegelein consistently attended Bormanns drinking parties and told Junge that the only things that mattered were his career and a life full of fun . Death . By early 1945 , Germanys military situation was on the verge of total collapse . Hitler , presiding over a rapidly disintegrating Third Reich , retreated to his Führerbunker in Berlin on 16 January 1945 . To the Nazi leadership , it was clear that the Battle of Berlin would be the final battle of the war . Berlin was bombarded by Soviet artillery for the first time on 20 April 1945 ( Hitlers birthday ) . By the evening of 21 April , Red Army tanks reached the outskirts of the city . By 27 April , Berlin was cut off from the rest of Germany . On 27 April 1945 , Reichssicherheitsdienst ( RSD ) deputy commander SS-Obersturmbannführer Peter Högl was sent out from the Reich Chancellery to find Fegelein , who had abandoned his post at the Führerbunker after deciding he did not want to join a suicide pact . Fegelein was located by the RSD squad in his Berlin apartment , wearing civilian clothes and preparing to flee to Sweden or Switzerland . He was carrying cash—German and foreign—and jewellery , some of which belonged to Braun . Högl found a briefcase containing documents with evidence of Himmlers attempted peace negotiations with the Western Allies . According to most accounts , Fegelein was intoxicated when arrested and taken back to the Führerbunker . He was kept in a makeshift cell until the evening of 28 April . That night , Hitler was informed of the BBC broadcast of a Reuters news report about Himmlers attempted negotiations with the western Allies via Count Bernadotte . Hitler flew into a rage about this apparent betrayal and ordered Himmlers arrest . Sensing a connection between Fegeleins disappearance and Himmlers betrayal , Hitler ordered SS-Gruppenführer Heinrich Müller to interrogate Fegelein as to what he knew of Himmlers plans . Thereafter , according to Otto Günsche ( Hitlers personal adjutant ) , Hitler ordered that Fegelein be stripped of all rank and to be transferred to Kampfgruppe Mohnke to prove his loyalty in combat . Günsche and Bormann expressed their concern to Hitler that Fegelein would only desert again . Hitler then ordered Fegelein court-martialed . Journalist James P . ODonnell , who conducted extensive interviews in the 1970s , provides one account of what happened next . SS-Brigadeführer Wilhelm Mohnke , who presided over the court martial for desertion , told ODonnell that Hitler ordered him to set up a tribunal . Mohnke arranged for a court martial panel , which consisted of generals Wilhelm Burgdorf , Hans Krebs , SS-Gruppenführer Johann Rattenhuber , and himself . Fegelein , still drunk , refused to accept that he had to answer to Hitler , and stated that he was responsible only to Himmler . Fegelein was so drunk that he was crying and vomiting ; he was unable to stand up , and even urinated on the floor . Mohnke was in a quandary , as German military and civilian law both require a defendant to be of sound mind and to understand the charges against them . Although Mohnke was certain Fegelein was guilty of flagrant desertion , it was the opinion of the judges that he was in no condition to stand trial , so Mohnke closed the proceedings and turned the defendant over to General Rattenhubers security squad . Mohnke never saw Fegelein again . An alternative scenario of Fegeleins death is based on the 1948/49 Soviet NKVD dossier of Hitler written for Joseph Stalin . The dossier is based on the interrogation reports of Günsche and Heinz Linge ( Hitlers valet ) . This dossier differs in part from the accounts given by Mohnke and Rattenhuber . After the intoxicated Fegelein was arrested and taken back to the Führerbunker , Hitler at first ordered Fegelein to be transferred to Kampfgruppe Mohnke to prove his loyalty in combat . Günsche and Bormann expressed their concern to Hitler that Fegelein would desert again . Hitler then ordered Fegelein to be demoted and court-martialed by a court led by Mohnke . At this point the accounts differ , as the NKVD dossier states that Fegelein was court-martialed on the evening of 28 April , by a court headed by Mohnke , SS-Obersturmbannführer Alfred Krause , and SS-Sturmbannführer Herbert Kaschula . Mohnke and his fellow officers sentenced Fegelein to death . That same evening , Fegelein was shot from behind by a member of the Sicherheitsdienst . Based on this stated chain of events , author Veit Scherzer concluded that Fegelein , according to German law , was deprived of all honours and honorary signs and must therefore be considered a de facto but not de jure recipient of the Knights Cross of the Iron Cross . Fegeleins wife was then in the late stages of pregnancy ( the baby was born on 5 May ) . Hitler considered releasing him without punishment or assigning him to Mohnkes troops . Junge—an eye-witness to bunker events—stated that Braun pleaded with Hitler to spare her brother-in-law and tried to justify Fegeleins actions . Junge said Fegelein was taken to the garden of the Reich Chancellery on 28 April , and was shot like a dog . Rochus Misch , who was the last survivor from the Führerbunker , disputed aspects of this account in a 2007 interview with Der Spiegel . According to Misch , Hitler did not order Fegeleins execution , only his demotion . Misch claimed to know the identity of Fegeleins killer , but refused to reveal his name . Assessment . Historians William L . Shirer and Ian Kershaw characterise Fegelein as cynical and disreputable ; Albert Speer called him one of the most disgusting people in Hitlers circle . Fegelein was an opportunist who ingratiated himself with Himmler , who in return granted him the best assignments—mostly related to cavalry—and rapid promotion through the ranks . The historian Henning Pieper , who studied the period up until March 1942 , notes Fegeleins lack of formal training as an officer led to deficiencies in the way the SS Cavalry Brigade was prepared for active service . Fegelein repeatedly over-stated the combat readiness of his troops and exaggerated their accomplishments , in Piepers opinion in order to be seen as a leader worthy of promotion and honours . Fegeleins faulty analysis of his brigades readiness led to their use in December 1941 through March 1942 in combat situations for which they were unsuitable and untrained ; however , as the military situation was deteriorating , they would eventually have received front-line assignments regardless of their readiness . By the end of March 1942 , the brigade had suffered casualties of 50 per cent , much higher than army units deployed in the same area . Fegeleins parents and his brother Waldemar survived the war . Gretl , who inherited some of Evas valuable jewellery , also survived the war . She gave birth to a daughter ( named Eva Barbara Fegelein , after her late aunt ) on 5 May 1945 . Eva Fegelein killed herself on 25 April 1971 after her boyfriend died in a car accident . Gretl Braun-Fegelein moved to Munich and remarried in 1954 . She died in 1987 , aged 72 . Awards and decorations . - Olympic Games Decoration ( 1st Class ) - German Equestrian Badge ( gold ) - German Sports Badge ( bronze ) - SA Sports Badge ( bronze ) - Nazi Party Long Service Award ( bronze ) - General Assault Badge ( silver ) - Infantry Assault Badge ( silver ) - Close Combat Clasp ( silver ) - Wound Badge ( silver ) - Wound Badge of 20 July 1944 ( silver ) - Iron Cross ( 1939 ) - 2nd Class ( 15 December 1940 ) - 1st Class ( 28 June 1941 ) - German Cross in Gold on 1 November 1943 as SS-Brigadeführer and Generalmajor of the Waffen-SS in the SS-Kavallerie-Division - Knights Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords - Knights Cross on 2 March 1942 as SS-Standartenführer and commander of the SS-Kavallerie-Brigade - 157th Oak Leaves on 22 December 1942 as SS-Oberführer and commander of a Kampfgruppe - 83rd Swords on 30 July 1944 as SS-Gruppenführer and Generalleutnant of the Waffen-SS and commander of the 8 . SS-Freiwilligen-Kavallerie-Division Florian Geyer The death sentence on 28 April resulted in the loss of all orders , awards , and honorary signs . Dates of rank . Fegelein held various ranks in both the Allgemeine-SS and Waffen-SS . The following table shows that progression was not synchronous .
|
[
"SS-Standartenführer"
] |
[
{
"text": " Hans Otto Georg Hermann Fegelein ( 30 October 1906 – 28 April 1945 ) was a high-ranking commander in the Waffen-SS of Nazi Germany . He was a member of Adolf Hitlers entourage and brother-in-law to Eva Braun through his marriage to her sister Gretl .",
"title": "Hermann Fegelein"
},
{
"text": "Fegelein joined a cavalry regiment of the Reichswehr in 1925 and transferred to the SS on 10 April 1933 . He became a leader of an SS equestrian group , and was in charge of preparation for the equestrian events of the Berlin Olympic Games in 1936 . He tried out for the Olympic equestrian team himself but was eliminated in the qualifying rounds .",
"title": "Hermann Fegelein"
},
{
"text": "In September 1939 , after the Invasion of Poland , Fegelein commanded the SS Totenkopf Reiterstandarte ( Deaths-Head Horse Regiment ) . They were garrisoned in Warsaw until December . In May and June 1940 , he participated in the Battle of Belgium and France as a member of the SS-Verfügungstruppe ( later renamed the Waffen-SS ) . For his service in these campaigns he was awarded the Iron Cross 2nd Class on 15 December 1940 . Units under his command on the Eastern Front in 1941 were responsible for the deaths of over 17,000 civilians during the Pripyat swamps",
"title": "Hermann Fegelein"
},
{
"text": "punitive operation in the Byelorussian SSR . As commander of the 8th SS Cavalry Division Florian Geyer in 1943 , he was involved in operations against partisans as well as defensive operations against the Red Army , for which he was awarded the Close Combat Clasp in bronze .",
"title": "Hermann Fegelein"
},
{
"text": "After being seriously wounded in September 1943 , Fegelein was reassigned by Heinrich Himmler to Hitlers headquarters staff as his liaison officer and representative of the SS . Fegelein was present at the failed attempt on Hitlers life on 20 July 1944 . He was on duty at Hitlers Führerbunker in Berlin in the closing months of the war , and was shot for desertion on 28 April 1945 , two days before Hitlers suicide . Fegelein was an opportunist who ingratiated himself with Himmler , who granted him the best assignments and rapid promotions . Journalist William L .",
"title": "Hermann Fegelein"
},
{
"text": "Shirer and historian Sir Ian Kershaw characterise him as cynical and disreputable . Albert Speer called him one of the most disgusting people in Hitlers circle .",
"title": "Hermann Fegelein"
},
{
"text": " Fegelein was born in Ansbach , Bavaria , to the retired Oberleutnant Hans Fegelein . As a boy working at his fathers equestrian school in Munich , he became a proficient rider and participated in jumping events . During this period he met Christian Weber , an original member of the Nazi Party . Weber later sponsored Fegeleins entry into the Schutzstaffel ( SS ) .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "In 1925 , after studying for two terms at Munich University , Fegelein joined the Reiter-Regiment 17 ( Cavalry Regiment 17 ) . On 20 April 1927 , he joined the Bavarian State Police in Munich as an officer cadet . In 1929 he left the police service when he was caught stealing examination solutions from a teaching superiors office . The official communication at the time was that he resigned for family reasons . Fegelein later stated that he had left the police on his own account to better serve the Nazi Party and SS . His father had",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "started the Reitinstitut Fegelein ( Riding Institute Fegelein ) in 1926 . In Munich , Fegelein came into contact with Nazism and the SS . His father had made the institute available to the SS as a meeting place , and the training facilities and horses were used by equestrian units of the Sturmabteilung ( SA ) and SS .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Fegelein joined the Nazi Party ( membership number 1,200,158 ) and the SA in 1930 . He transferred to the SS on 10 April 1933 , with membership number 66,680 . He worked as an instructor at the Reitinstitut Fegelein and became the leader of the SS-Reitersturm , the SS equestrian group based at the facility . By the mid-1930s he took over administration of the school from his father . He was promoted to the Allgemeine-SS rank of SS-Untersturmführer that year and to SS-Obersturmführer on 20 April 1934 and to SS-Hauptsturmführer on 9 November 1934 . Beginning in November",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "1935 , Fegelein oversaw the preparation of the courses and facilities for the equestrian events of the Berlin Olympic Games . He was promoted to the rank of SS-Sturmbannführer on 30 January 1936 . He tried out for the German equestrian team , but was unable to prevail against the strong competition from the ( cavalry school Hanover ) , who went on to win all the equestrian gold medals .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Fegelein won the international tournament in 1937 , as did his brother Waldemar , in 1939 . He was promoted to the rank of SS-Obersturmbannführer on 30 January . On 25 July 1937 , Reichsführer-SS Himmler , by special order of the SS-Oberabschnitt Süd , created the Haupt-Reitschule München ( SS Main Riding School ) in Munich . The school was started from his fathers stud farm . Fegelein was named its commander and promoted to SS-Standartenführer the same day . Funding for the very expensive horses came in part from then SS-Brigadeführer Weber , who supported the school with",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "more than 100,000 Reichsmarks annually . Fegelein won the ( Brown Ribbon of Germany ) , an annual horse race which in 1938 was held on the premises of the riding school in Munich . Fegelein at the time had strong ambitions to participate in the 1940 Summer Olympics . With the help of his friend ( HSSPF ; Higher SS and Police Leader ) Karl von Eberstein , he arranged the transfer of all the Bavarian State Police horses to the SS riding school in case of mobilization . His fear was that the horses would be handed to",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "the Wehrmacht .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "In September 1939 , Fegelein commanded the SS Totenkopf Reiterstandarte ( Deaths-Head Horse Regiment ) , which arrived in Poland shortly after the end of the Polish Campaign . The unit was placed under the command of the Ordnungspolizei ( Orpo ; order police ) and was split into small groups assigned to support police activities at posts throughout the Poznan district . On 15 November , Himmler ordered the expansion of the regiment from four to thirteen squadrons and renamed it as 1 . SS-Totenkopf-Reiterstandarte ( 1st Deaths Head Cavalry Regiment ) . Additional men were recruited from ethnic",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "Germans living in the General Government and further afield . As many of the officers , including Fegelein , had never attended officer training school , much of the training provided to new recruits was rudimentary . However , it was rigorous , and the men developed a strong camaraderie . Fegeleins unit was involved alongside the Orpo in the extermination , ordered by Hitler , of members of the Polish elite such as intellectuals , aristocrats , and clergy , in an action called Intelligenzaktion . On 7 December 1939 , Fegeleins unit was involved in the mass shooting",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "of 1,700 such people in the Kampinos Forest .",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "On 15 December , the unit was split into two Standarten ( regiments ) , with Fegelein commanding the 1 . Standarte under the overall command of Höherer SS- und Polizeiführer-Ost Friedrich-Wilhelm Krüger . The unit was short of basic supplies such as weapons , food , and uniforms , which led to deteriorating morale and ill health . Incidents of corruption and theft took place , particularly among members of the regimental staff in Warsaw . On 23 April 1941 , Fegelein faced court-martial charges for an incident in 1940 where he and his unit had been caught stealing",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "money and luxury goods for transportation back to Germany . Fegeleins court-martial was quashed by direct order of Himmler . The allegations brought forward against Fegelein had included murder motivated by greed . Apparently he had ordered arrests and executions in the Gestapo prison in Warsaw . In addition to this , Fegelein was charged with having had an unlawful sexual relationship with a Polish woman . The woman had become pregnant and Fegelein forced her to have an abortion . Reinhard Heydrich tried several times to investigate the accusations against Fegelein , but each time Himmler quashed the attempt",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": ".",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": " Fegeleins unit took part in anti-partisan fighting against a group of about 100 former Polish soldiers in the area of Kammienna–Konsky–Kielce in March and April 1940 . They killed about half the partisans and the remainder escaped . On 8 April , Fegeleins unit killed 250 Polish men in villages in the area . While in his report he described the behaviour of his troops as clean and decent , there were many incidents in this period where his men behaved in an undisciplined way , killing and robbing civilians without being ordered to do so .",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "In May and June 1940 , Fegelein , who had been promoted to SS-Obersturmbannführer of the Reserves in the Waffen-SS on 1 March 1940 , participated in the Battle of Belgium and France as a member of the SS-Verfügungstruppe . For his service in these campaigns , he was awarded the Iron Cross 2nd Class on 15 December 1940 . In March 1941 , the SS Totenkopf Reiterstandarte 1 was renamed to 1st SS Cavalry Regiment .",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "With the start of the German invasion of the Soviet Union , which began on 22 June 1941 , Fegelein saw active service on the Eastern Front . His unit was assigned on the 87th Infantry Division on 23 June to cover a gap in the lines of the 9th Army near Białystok . The motorized elements of the 1st SS Cavalry reached the right flank of the operational area on 24 June , but the mounted elements were unable to keep up . The exhausted horses had to be left behind and the men transported to the combat zone",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "in lorries , while the horse-drawn artillery pieces were towed using any available vehicles . The first units to arrive crossed the Narew near Wizna and engaged the Soviets but were unable to break through . They were ordered to retreat and move further north . Infantry elements of the 87th Division captured Osowiec Fortress on 26 June , and Fegeleins cavalry was sent on a reconnaissance mission to the south-east . Himmler , unwilling to have his SS units under Wehrmacht control or used in combat other than as reserves , withdrew the SS cavalry from control of the",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "87th Division on 27 June . The ambitious Fegelein stressed in his reports that he believed his unit was combat ready and exaggerated its contribution to the operation . Ten of his men received the Iron Cross , Second Class for their efforts , and Fegelein was awarded the Iron Cross , First Class .",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "The engagement demonstrated the shortcomings of the cavalry units in modern mobile warfare , which requires quick redeployments in ever-changing conditions . Fegelein sought to improve this by asking Himmler to combine the 1st and 2nd SS cavalry regiments into a brigade , with additional support units . As a temporary measure , Himmler assigned Fegelein to be in charge of both regiments . Fegeleins unit was one of several that undertook field training and political indoctrination in the coming weeks . Himmler addressed the 1st Cavalry on 5 July , offering the opportunity for any men unwilling to participate",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "in the upcoming special tasks to transfer to another unit . Nobody took advantage of this offer , at least partly because Himmler did not say that the upcoming assignment included the mass shooting of unarmed civilians .",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "On 19 July 1941 , Himmler assigned Fegeleins regiments to the general command of HSSPF Erich von dem Bach-Zelewski for the systematic combing of the Pripyat swamps , an operation designed to round up and exterminate Jews , partisans and civilians in that area of Byelorussian SSR . Himmlers orders for the operation were passed to Fegelein via SS-Brigadefuhrer , who met with him and Bach-Zelewski on 28 July in their new quarters at Liakhovichi in Byelorussia . General instructions were given to cleanse the area of partisans and Jewish collaborators . Jewish women and children were to be driven",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "away . Fegelein interpreted these orders as follows : Enemy soldiers in uniform were to be taken prisoner , and those found out of uniform were to be shot . Jewish males , with the exception of a few skilled workers such as doctors and leather workers , would be shot . Fegelein split the territory to be covered into two sections divided by the Pripyat River , with the 1st Regiment taking the northern half and the 2nd Regiment the south . The regiments worked their way from east to west through their assigned territory , and filed daily",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "reports on the number of people killed and taken prisoner . In a meeting with Bach-Zelewski on 31 July , Himmler announced the amalgamation of the two regiments into the SS Cavalry Brigade . Additional units such as a bicycle reconnaissance detachment were formed and added to the brigades complement . On 5 August Himmler assigned leadership of the brigade to Fegelein .",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "Himmler notified Fegelein by telegram on 1 August that the numbers killed were far too low . A few days later , Himmler issued regimental order no . 42 , which called for all male Jews over the age of 14 to be killed . The women and children were to be driven into the swamps and drowned . Thus Fegeleins units were among the first in the Holocaust to wipe out entire Jewish communities . As the water in the swamps was too shallow and some areas had no swamps , it proved impractical to drown the women and",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "children , so they were shot . Fegeleins final report on the operation , dated 18 September 1941 , states that they killed 14,178 Jews , 1,001 partisans , 699 Red Army soldiers , with 830 prisoners taken and losses of 17 dead , 36 wounded , and 3 missing . The historian Henning Pieper estimates the actual number of Jews killed was closer to 23,700 .",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "Fegelein received the Infantry Assault Badge on 2 October . Four days later , he was again brought before a court for of captured goods . Again the prosecution was halted by Himmler . In mid-October 1941 , the brigade left Byelorussia and moved first to Toropets and then on to Rogachev by train , where they were subordinated to Army Group Centre . The new operational area had more partisan activity than the Pripyat swamps , with guerrillas who were well organised and difficult to find . Fegeleins report for the period between 18 October and 18 November 1941",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "shows 3,018 partisans and Red Army soldiers killed and 122 taken prisoner . However , as fewer than 200 weapons were captured , historians Martin Cüppers and Henning Pieper conclude that the majority of those killed must have been unarmed civilians . Brigade losses were seven dead and nine wounded .",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "Army Group Centre renewed their offensive on Moscow in mid-November . Fegelein and the SS Cavalry Brigade were held back as an operational reserve in the rearward area of the 9th Army . Massive counter-attacks by the Red Army led to a weakening of the entire German line , and the brigade was called in to fight at the front on 28 December . While Fegelein reported that his forces were the equivalent to one or two divisions , in reality he had only 4,428 men in total at this point , of which 1,800 were ready for action .",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "The brigade was deployed at the south-eastern sector of the XXIII Army Corps , where it defended against attacks in the rearward area of the 206th Infantry Division in the Battles of Rzhev . The SS Cavalry Brigade took serious losses , with casualties of up to 60 per cent in some squadrons .",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "On 1 February 1942 , Fegelein was promoted to SS-Standartenführer in the Waffen-SS and transferred from the reserve force to active service . Four days later , on 5 February , Fegelein on his own initiative led an attack on a strong enemy group northwest of Chertolino . The attack , carried out in difficult weather conditions , secured an important road junction and the railway station at Chertolino . In a nocturnal attack on 9 February , the brigade encircled and destroyed enemy forces at Chertolino , killing 1,800 Red Army soldiers . Yershovo was captured on 14 February",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": ", leading to the annihilation of the enemy units in Rzhevsky District . For his leadership in these battles , Fegelein was awarded the Knights Cross of the Iron Cross on 2 March 1942 . Fegelein was then granted home leave and was appointed Inspector of Cavalry and Transportation ( ) in the SS-Führungshauptamt on 1 May 1942 . In this position he was awarded the Eastern Front Medal and the War Merit Cross 2nd Class with Swords , both on 1 September 1942 . The SS Cavalry Brigade was disbanded in March 1942 and the remaining men and equipment",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "were formed into a battalion-strength unit called Kampfgruppe Zehender , commanded by SS-Sturmbannführer August Zehender .",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": " Fegelein returned to the front line on 1 December 1942 and on the same day promoted to SS-Oberführer . He was given command of Kampfgruppe Fegelein , based in the great bend of the Don . He was wounded in action by Soviet snipers on 21 and 22 December 1942 .",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "On 20 April 1943 , he was appointed commander of the 8th SS Cavalry Division Florian Geyer . Fegelein and his division were involved in operations against partisans in May to July 1943 , which included Operation Weichsel , Operation Zeithen , and Operation Seydlitz . On 17 May , they annihilated a partisan group south west of Novoselki . He personally blew up a bunker in the attack . A week later , on 24 May , the division attacked another partisan strongpoint , and no prisoners were taken . During Weichsel ( 27 May – 10 June 1943",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": ") he reported the unit had killed 4,018 persons and deported 18,860 , confiscated 21,000 cattle , and destroyed 61 villages southwest of Gomel . During Zeithen ( 13–16 June 1943 ) they destroyed a further 63 villages and ( under direct orders from Hitler ) killed all suspected partisans . During Seydlitz ( 26 June – 27 July 1943 ) he reported the destruction of 96 additional villages , with 5,016 killed and 9,166 deported and 19,941 cattle confiscated .",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "The division was then deployed in defensive operations against massed Soviet attacks . From 26 August to 15 September , the division repulsed five attacks of divisional strength and a further 85 attacks of battalion strength . The heaviest combat occurred on 26 August near Bespalovka and on 28 August , when the division halted a Soviet breakthrough at Bolshaya Gomolsha . Fegelein led a counterattack on 8 September , recapturing the height 199,0 at Verkhniy Bishkin . On 11 September 1943 , during these defensive battles , he was awarded the Close Combat Clasp in bronze . Fegelein was",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "severely wounded on 30 September 1943 and was hospitalised for a few weeks . He received the German Cross in gold on 1 November 1943 . Following his convalescence he was appointed chief of Amt VI—Office for Rider and Driver Training—in the SS-Führungshauptamt on 1 January 1944 .",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "At the same time , Himmler assigned him to Hitlers headquarters staff as his liaison officer and representative of the SS . He was promoted to the rank of SS-Gruppenführer und Generalleutnant der Waffen-SS on 10 June 1944 . On 20 July 1944 , Fegelein was present at the failed attempt on Hitlers life at the Wolfs Lair headquarters in Rastenburg , East Prussia and received a minor wound to his left thigh from the bomb blast . Fegelein often showed around the photographs of the hanged men who had been executed as a result of this failed assassination attempt",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": ".",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "Fegeleins politically motivated marriage to Gretl Braun , Eva Brauns sister , took place on 3 June 1944 in Salzburg . Historians Kershaw and Shirer believe he courted Braun as a way to advance his career . Hitler , Himmler , and Martin Bormann acted as witnesses at the ceremony . A two-day celebration was then held at Hitlers and Bormanns Obersalzberg mountain homes and the Eagles Nest . Fegelein was a known playboy and had many extramarital affairs . Hitlers secretaries , Christa Schroeder and Traudl Junge , state Fegelein was popular socially , particularly with women . He",
"title": "Marriage"
},
{
"text": "could be funny , amusing , and charming . Eva was glad to have someone in the entourage with whom she could dance and flirt , as Hitler was distant in social situations and refrained from publicly showing affection . Fegelein worked hard to develop a friendship with Hitlers powerful private secretary , Martin Bormann . Fegelein consistently attended Bormanns drinking parties and told Junge that the only things that mattered were his career and a life full of fun .",
"title": "Marriage"
},
{
"text": "By early 1945 , Germanys military situation was on the verge of total collapse . Hitler , presiding over a rapidly disintegrating Third Reich , retreated to his Führerbunker in Berlin on 16 January 1945 . To the Nazi leadership , it was clear that the Battle of Berlin would be the final battle of the war . Berlin was bombarded by Soviet artillery for the first time on 20 April 1945 ( Hitlers birthday ) . By the evening of 21 April , Red Army tanks reached the outskirts of the city . By 27 April , Berlin was",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": "cut off from the rest of Germany .",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": "On 27 April 1945 , Reichssicherheitsdienst ( RSD ) deputy commander SS-Obersturmbannführer Peter Högl was sent out from the Reich Chancellery to find Fegelein , who had abandoned his post at the Führerbunker after deciding he did not want to join a suicide pact . Fegelein was located by the RSD squad in his Berlin apartment , wearing civilian clothes and preparing to flee to Sweden or Switzerland . He was carrying cash—German and foreign—and jewellery , some of which belonged to Braun . Högl found a briefcase containing documents with evidence of Himmlers attempted peace negotiations with the Western",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": "Allies . According to most accounts , Fegelein was intoxicated when arrested and taken back to the Führerbunker . He was kept in a makeshift cell until the evening of 28 April . That night , Hitler was informed of the BBC broadcast of a Reuters news report about Himmlers attempted negotiations with the western Allies via Count Bernadotte . Hitler flew into a rage about this apparent betrayal and ordered Himmlers arrest . Sensing a connection between Fegeleins disappearance and Himmlers betrayal , Hitler ordered SS-Gruppenführer Heinrich Müller to interrogate Fegelein as to what he knew of Himmlers plans",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": ". Thereafter , according to Otto Günsche ( Hitlers personal adjutant ) , Hitler ordered that Fegelein be stripped of all rank and to be transferred to Kampfgruppe Mohnke to prove his loyalty in combat . Günsche and Bormann expressed their concern to Hitler that Fegelein would only desert again . Hitler then ordered Fegelein court-martialed .",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": "Journalist James P . ODonnell , who conducted extensive interviews in the 1970s , provides one account of what happened next . SS-Brigadeführer Wilhelm Mohnke , who presided over the court martial for desertion , told ODonnell that Hitler ordered him to set up a tribunal . Mohnke arranged for a court martial panel , which consisted of generals Wilhelm Burgdorf , Hans Krebs , SS-Gruppenführer Johann Rattenhuber , and himself . Fegelein , still drunk , refused to accept that he had to answer to Hitler , and stated that he was responsible only to Himmler . Fegelein was",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": "so drunk that he was crying and vomiting ; he was unable to stand up , and even urinated on the floor . Mohnke was in a quandary , as German military and civilian law both require a defendant to be of sound mind and to understand the charges against them . Although Mohnke was certain Fegelein was guilty of flagrant desertion , it was the opinion of the judges that he was in no condition to stand trial , so Mohnke closed the proceedings and turned the defendant over to General Rattenhubers security squad . Mohnke never saw Fegelein",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": "again .",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": "An alternative scenario of Fegeleins death is based on the 1948/49 Soviet NKVD dossier of Hitler written for Joseph Stalin . The dossier is based on the interrogation reports of Günsche and Heinz Linge ( Hitlers valet ) . This dossier differs in part from the accounts given by Mohnke and Rattenhuber . After the intoxicated Fegelein was arrested and taken back to the Führerbunker , Hitler at first ordered Fegelein to be transferred to Kampfgruppe Mohnke to prove his loyalty in combat . Günsche and Bormann expressed their concern to Hitler that Fegelein would desert again . Hitler then",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": "ordered Fegelein to be demoted and court-martialed by a court led by Mohnke . At this point the accounts differ , as the NKVD dossier states that Fegelein was court-martialed on the evening of 28 April , by a court headed by Mohnke , SS-Obersturmbannführer Alfred Krause , and SS-Sturmbannführer Herbert Kaschula . Mohnke and his fellow officers sentenced Fegelein to death . That same evening , Fegelein was shot from behind by a member of the Sicherheitsdienst . Based on this stated chain of events , author Veit Scherzer concluded that Fegelein , according to German law , was",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": "deprived of all honours and honorary signs and must therefore be considered a de facto but not de jure recipient of the Knights Cross of the Iron Cross .",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": "Fegeleins wife was then in the late stages of pregnancy ( the baby was born on 5 May ) . Hitler considered releasing him without punishment or assigning him to Mohnkes troops . Junge—an eye-witness to bunker events—stated that Braun pleaded with Hitler to spare her brother-in-law and tried to justify Fegeleins actions . Junge said Fegelein was taken to the garden of the Reich Chancellery on 28 April , and was shot like a dog . Rochus Misch , who was the last survivor from the Führerbunker , disputed aspects of this account in a 2007 interview with Der",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": "Spiegel . According to Misch , Hitler did not order Fegeleins execution , only his demotion . Misch claimed to know the identity of Fegeleins killer , but refused to reveal his name .",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": "Historians William L . Shirer and Ian Kershaw characterise Fegelein as cynical and disreputable ; Albert Speer called him one of the most disgusting people in Hitlers circle . Fegelein was an opportunist who ingratiated himself with Himmler , who in return granted him the best assignments—mostly related to cavalry—and rapid promotion through the ranks . The historian Henning Pieper , who studied the period up until March 1942 , notes Fegeleins lack of formal training as an officer led to deficiencies in the way the SS Cavalry Brigade was prepared for active service . Fegelein repeatedly over-stated the combat",
"title": "Assessment"
},
{
"text": "readiness of his troops and exaggerated their accomplishments , in Piepers opinion in order to be seen as a leader worthy of promotion and honours . Fegeleins faulty analysis of his brigades readiness led to their use in December 1941 through March 1942 in combat situations for which they were unsuitable and untrained ; however , as the military situation was deteriorating , they would eventually have received front-line assignments regardless of their readiness . By the end of March 1942 , the brigade had suffered casualties of 50 per cent , much higher than army units deployed in the",
"title": "Assessment"
},
{
"text": "same area .",
"title": "Assessment"
},
{
"text": " Fegeleins parents and his brother Waldemar survived the war . Gretl , who inherited some of Evas valuable jewellery , also survived the war . She gave birth to a daughter ( named Eva Barbara Fegelein , after her late aunt ) on 5 May 1945 . Eva Fegelein killed herself on 25 April 1971 after her boyfriend died in a car accident . Gretl Braun-Fegelein moved to Munich and remarried in 1954 . She died in 1987 , aged 72 .",
"title": "Assessment"
},
{
"text": " - Olympic Games Decoration ( 1st Class ) - German Equestrian Badge ( gold ) - German Sports Badge ( bronze ) - SA Sports Badge ( bronze ) - Nazi Party Long Service Award ( bronze ) - General Assault Badge ( silver ) - Infantry Assault Badge ( silver ) - Close Combat Clasp ( silver ) - Wound Badge ( silver ) - Wound Badge of 20 July 1944 ( silver ) - Iron Cross ( 1939 ) - 2nd Class ( 15 December 1940 ) - 1st Class ( 28 June 1941 )",
"title": "Awards and decorations"
},
{
"text": "- German Cross in Gold on 1 November 1943 as SS-Brigadeführer and Generalmajor of the Waffen-SS in the SS-Kavallerie-Division",
"title": "Awards and decorations"
},
{
"text": " - Knights Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords - Knights Cross on 2 March 1942 as SS-Standartenführer and commander of the SS-Kavallerie-Brigade - 157th Oak Leaves on 22 December 1942 as SS-Oberführer and commander of a Kampfgruppe - 83rd Swords on 30 July 1944 as SS-Gruppenführer and Generalleutnant of the Waffen-SS and commander of the 8 . SS-Freiwilligen-Kavallerie-Division Florian Geyer The death sentence on 28 April resulted in the loss of all orders , awards , and honorary signs .",
"title": "Awards and decorations"
},
{
"text": " Fegelein held various ranks in both the Allgemeine-SS and Waffen-SS . The following table shows that progression was not synchronous .",
"title": "Dates of rank"
}
] |
/wiki/Hermann_Fegelein#P410#5
|
What was the military rank of Hermann Fegelein between Oct 1943 and Dec 1943?
|
Hermann Fegelein Hans Otto Georg Hermann Fegelein ( 30 October 1906 – 28 April 1945 ) was a high-ranking commander in the Waffen-SS of Nazi Germany . He was a member of Adolf Hitlers entourage and brother-in-law to Eva Braun through his marriage to her sister Gretl . Fegelein joined a cavalry regiment of the Reichswehr in 1925 and transferred to the SS on 10 April 1933 . He became a leader of an SS equestrian group , and was in charge of preparation for the equestrian events of the Berlin Olympic Games in 1936 . He tried out for the Olympic equestrian team himself but was eliminated in the qualifying rounds . In September 1939 , after the Invasion of Poland , Fegelein commanded the SS Totenkopf Reiterstandarte ( Deaths-Head Horse Regiment ) . They were garrisoned in Warsaw until December . In May and June 1940 , he participated in the Battle of Belgium and France as a member of the SS-Verfügungstruppe ( later renamed the Waffen-SS ) . For his service in these campaigns he was awarded the Iron Cross 2nd Class on 15 December 1940 . Units under his command on the Eastern Front in 1941 were responsible for the deaths of over 17,000 civilians during the Pripyat swamps punitive operation in the Byelorussian SSR . As commander of the 8th SS Cavalry Division Florian Geyer in 1943 , he was involved in operations against partisans as well as defensive operations against the Red Army , for which he was awarded the Close Combat Clasp in bronze . After being seriously wounded in September 1943 , Fegelein was reassigned by Heinrich Himmler to Hitlers headquarters staff as his liaison officer and representative of the SS . Fegelein was present at the failed attempt on Hitlers life on 20 July 1944 . He was on duty at Hitlers Führerbunker in Berlin in the closing months of the war , and was shot for desertion on 28 April 1945 , two days before Hitlers suicide . Fegelein was an opportunist who ingratiated himself with Himmler , who granted him the best assignments and rapid promotions . Journalist William L . Shirer and historian Sir Ian Kershaw characterise him as cynical and disreputable . Albert Speer called him one of the most disgusting people in Hitlers circle . Career . Fegelein was born in Ansbach , Bavaria , to the retired Oberleutnant Hans Fegelein . As a boy working at his fathers equestrian school in Munich , he became a proficient rider and participated in jumping events . During this period he met Christian Weber , an original member of the Nazi Party . Weber later sponsored Fegeleins entry into the Schutzstaffel ( SS ) . In 1925 , after studying for two terms at Munich University , Fegelein joined the Reiter-Regiment 17 ( Cavalry Regiment 17 ) . On 20 April 1927 , he joined the Bavarian State Police in Munich as an officer cadet . In 1929 he left the police service when he was caught stealing examination solutions from a teaching superiors office . The official communication at the time was that he resigned for family reasons . Fegelein later stated that he had left the police on his own account to better serve the Nazi Party and SS . His father had started the Reitinstitut Fegelein ( Riding Institute Fegelein ) in 1926 . In Munich , Fegelein came into contact with Nazism and the SS . His father had made the institute available to the SS as a meeting place , and the training facilities and horses were used by equestrian units of the Sturmabteilung ( SA ) and SS . Fegelein joined the Nazi Party ( membership number 1,200,158 ) and the SA in 1930 . He transferred to the SS on 10 April 1933 , with membership number 66,680 . He worked as an instructor at the Reitinstitut Fegelein and became the leader of the SS-Reitersturm , the SS equestrian group based at the facility . By the mid-1930s he took over administration of the school from his father . He was promoted to the Allgemeine-SS rank of SS-Untersturmführer that year and to SS-Obersturmführer on 20 April 1934 and to SS-Hauptsturmführer on 9 November 1934 . Beginning in November 1935 , Fegelein oversaw the preparation of the courses and facilities for the equestrian events of the Berlin Olympic Games . He was promoted to the rank of SS-Sturmbannführer on 30 January 1936 . He tried out for the German equestrian team , but was unable to prevail against the strong competition from the ( cavalry school Hanover ) , who went on to win all the equestrian gold medals . Fegelein won the international tournament in 1937 , as did his brother Waldemar , in 1939 . He was promoted to the rank of SS-Obersturmbannführer on 30 January . On 25 July 1937 , Reichsführer-SS Himmler , by special order of the SS-Oberabschnitt Süd , created the Haupt-Reitschule München ( SS Main Riding School ) in Munich . The school was started from his fathers stud farm . Fegelein was named its commander and promoted to SS-Standartenführer the same day . Funding for the very expensive horses came in part from then SS-Brigadeführer Weber , who supported the school with more than 100,000 Reichsmarks annually . Fegelein won the ( Brown Ribbon of Germany ) , an annual horse race which in 1938 was held on the premises of the riding school in Munich . Fegelein at the time had strong ambitions to participate in the 1940 Summer Olympics . With the help of his friend ( HSSPF ; Higher SS and Police Leader ) Karl von Eberstein , he arranged the transfer of all the Bavarian State Police horses to the SS riding school in case of mobilization . His fear was that the horses would be handed to the Wehrmacht . World War II . In September 1939 , Fegelein commanded the SS Totenkopf Reiterstandarte ( Deaths-Head Horse Regiment ) , which arrived in Poland shortly after the end of the Polish Campaign . The unit was placed under the command of the Ordnungspolizei ( Orpo ; order police ) and was split into small groups assigned to support police activities at posts throughout the Poznan district . On 15 November , Himmler ordered the expansion of the regiment from four to thirteen squadrons and renamed it as 1 . SS-Totenkopf-Reiterstandarte ( 1st Deaths Head Cavalry Regiment ) . Additional men were recruited from ethnic Germans living in the General Government and further afield . As many of the officers , including Fegelein , had never attended officer training school , much of the training provided to new recruits was rudimentary . However , it was rigorous , and the men developed a strong camaraderie . Fegeleins unit was involved alongside the Orpo in the extermination , ordered by Hitler , of members of the Polish elite such as intellectuals , aristocrats , and clergy , in an action called Intelligenzaktion . On 7 December 1939 , Fegeleins unit was involved in the mass shooting of 1,700 such people in the Kampinos Forest . On 15 December , the unit was split into two Standarten ( regiments ) , with Fegelein commanding the 1 . Standarte under the overall command of Höherer SS- und Polizeiführer-Ost Friedrich-Wilhelm Krüger . The unit was short of basic supplies such as weapons , food , and uniforms , which led to deteriorating morale and ill health . Incidents of corruption and theft took place , particularly among members of the regimental staff in Warsaw . On 23 April 1941 , Fegelein faced court-martial charges for an incident in 1940 where he and his unit had been caught stealing money and luxury goods for transportation back to Germany . Fegeleins court-martial was quashed by direct order of Himmler . The allegations brought forward against Fegelein had included murder motivated by greed . Apparently he had ordered arrests and executions in the Gestapo prison in Warsaw . In addition to this , Fegelein was charged with having had an unlawful sexual relationship with a Polish woman . The woman had become pregnant and Fegelein forced her to have an abortion . Reinhard Heydrich tried several times to investigate the accusations against Fegelein , but each time Himmler quashed the attempt . Fegeleins unit took part in anti-partisan fighting against a group of about 100 former Polish soldiers in the area of Kammienna–Konsky–Kielce in March and April 1940 . They killed about half the partisans and the remainder escaped . On 8 April , Fegeleins unit killed 250 Polish men in villages in the area . While in his report he described the behaviour of his troops as clean and decent , there were many incidents in this period where his men behaved in an undisciplined way , killing and robbing civilians without being ordered to do so . In May and June 1940 , Fegelein , who had been promoted to SS-Obersturmbannführer of the Reserves in the Waffen-SS on 1 March 1940 , participated in the Battle of Belgium and France as a member of the SS-Verfügungstruppe . For his service in these campaigns , he was awarded the Iron Cross 2nd Class on 15 December 1940 . In March 1941 , the SS Totenkopf Reiterstandarte 1 was renamed to 1st SS Cavalry Regiment . War against the Soviet Union . With the start of the German invasion of the Soviet Union , which began on 22 June 1941 , Fegelein saw active service on the Eastern Front . His unit was assigned on the 87th Infantry Division on 23 June to cover a gap in the lines of the 9th Army near Białystok . The motorized elements of the 1st SS Cavalry reached the right flank of the operational area on 24 June , but the mounted elements were unable to keep up . The exhausted horses had to be left behind and the men transported to the combat zone in lorries , while the horse-drawn artillery pieces were towed using any available vehicles . The first units to arrive crossed the Narew near Wizna and engaged the Soviets but were unable to break through . They were ordered to retreat and move further north . Infantry elements of the 87th Division captured Osowiec Fortress on 26 June , and Fegeleins cavalry was sent on a reconnaissance mission to the south-east . Himmler , unwilling to have his SS units under Wehrmacht control or used in combat other than as reserves , withdrew the SS cavalry from control of the 87th Division on 27 June . The ambitious Fegelein stressed in his reports that he believed his unit was combat ready and exaggerated its contribution to the operation . Ten of his men received the Iron Cross , Second Class for their efforts , and Fegelein was awarded the Iron Cross , First Class . The engagement demonstrated the shortcomings of the cavalry units in modern mobile warfare , which requires quick redeployments in ever-changing conditions . Fegelein sought to improve this by asking Himmler to combine the 1st and 2nd SS cavalry regiments into a brigade , with additional support units . As a temporary measure , Himmler assigned Fegelein to be in charge of both regiments . Fegeleins unit was one of several that undertook field training and political indoctrination in the coming weeks . Himmler addressed the 1st Cavalry on 5 July , offering the opportunity for any men unwilling to participate in the upcoming special tasks to transfer to another unit . Nobody took advantage of this offer , at least partly because Himmler did not say that the upcoming assignment included the mass shooting of unarmed civilians . On 19 July 1941 , Himmler assigned Fegeleins regiments to the general command of HSSPF Erich von dem Bach-Zelewski for the systematic combing of the Pripyat swamps , an operation designed to round up and exterminate Jews , partisans and civilians in that area of Byelorussian SSR . Himmlers orders for the operation were passed to Fegelein via SS-Brigadefuhrer , who met with him and Bach-Zelewski on 28 July in their new quarters at Liakhovichi in Byelorussia . General instructions were given to cleanse the area of partisans and Jewish collaborators . Jewish women and children were to be driven away . Fegelein interpreted these orders as follows : Enemy soldiers in uniform were to be taken prisoner , and those found out of uniform were to be shot . Jewish males , with the exception of a few skilled workers such as doctors and leather workers , would be shot . Fegelein split the territory to be covered into two sections divided by the Pripyat River , with the 1st Regiment taking the northern half and the 2nd Regiment the south . The regiments worked their way from east to west through their assigned territory , and filed daily reports on the number of people killed and taken prisoner . In a meeting with Bach-Zelewski on 31 July , Himmler announced the amalgamation of the two regiments into the SS Cavalry Brigade . Additional units such as a bicycle reconnaissance detachment were formed and added to the brigades complement . On 5 August Himmler assigned leadership of the brigade to Fegelein . Himmler notified Fegelein by telegram on 1 August that the numbers killed were far too low . A few days later , Himmler issued regimental order no . 42 , which called for all male Jews over the age of 14 to be killed . The women and children were to be driven into the swamps and drowned . Thus Fegeleins units were among the first in the Holocaust to wipe out entire Jewish communities . As the water in the swamps was too shallow and some areas had no swamps , it proved impractical to drown the women and children , so they were shot . Fegeleins final report on the operation , dated 18 September 1941 , states that they killed 14,178 Jews , 1,001 partisans , 699 Red Army soldiers , with 830 prisoners taken and losses of 17 dead , 36 wounded , and 3 missing . The historian Henning Pieper estimates the actual number of Jews killed was closer to 23,700 . Fegelein received the Infantry Assault Badge on 2 October . Four days later , he was again brought before a court for of captured goods . Again the prosecution was halted by Himmler . In mid-October 1941 , the brigade left Byelorussia and moved first to Toropets and then on to Rogachev by train , where they were subordinated to Army Group Centre . The new operational area had more partisan activity than the Pripyat swamps , with guerrillas who were well organised and difficult to find . Fegeleins report for the period between 18 October and 18 November 1941 shows 3,018 partisans and Red Army soldiers killed and 122 taken prisoner . However , as fewer than 200 weapons were captured , historians Martin Cüppers and Henning Pieper conclude that the majority of those killed must have been unarmed civilians . Brigade losses were seven dead and nine wounded . Army Group Centre renewed their offensive on Moscow in mid-November . Fegelein and the SS Cavalry Brigade were held back as an operational reserve in the rearward area of the 9th Army . Massive counter-attacks by the Red Army led to a weakening of the entire German line , and the brigade was called in to fight at the front on 28 December . While Fegelein reported that his forces were the equivalent to one or two divisions , in reality he had only 4,428 men in total at this point , of which 1,800 were ready for action . The brigade was deployed at the south-eastern sector of the XXIII Army Corps , where it defended against attacks in the rearward area of the 206th Infantry Division in the Battles of Rzhev . The SS Cavalry Brigade took serious losses , with casualties of up to 60 per cent in some squadrons . On 1 February 1942 , Fegelein was promoted to SS-Standartenführer in the Waffen-SS and transferred from the reserve force to active service . Four days later , on 5 February , Fegelein on his own initiative led an attack on a strong enemy group northwest of Chertolino . The attack , carried out in difficult weather conditions , secured an important road junction and the railway station at Chertolino . In a nocturnal attack on 9 February , the brigade encircled and destroyed enemy forces at Chertolino , killing 1,800 Red Army soldiers . Yershovo was captured on 14 February , leading to the annihilation of the enemy units in Rzhevsky District . For his leadership in these battles , Fegelein was awarded the Knights Cross of the Iron Cross on 2 March 1942 . Fegelein was then granted home leave and was appointed Inspector of Cavalry and Transportation ( ) in the SS-Führungshauptamt on 1 May 1942 . In this position he was awarded the Eastern Front Medal and the War Merit Cross 2nd Class with Swords , both on 1 September 1942 . The SS Cavalry Brigade was disbanded in March 1942 and the remaining men and equipment were formed into a battalion-strength unit called Kampfgruppe Zehender , commanded by SS-Sturmbannführer August Zehender . Fegelein returned to the front line on 1 December 1942 and on the same day promoted to SS-Oberführer . He was given command of Kampfgruppe Fegelein , based in the great bend of the Don . He was wounded in action by Soviet snipers on 21 and 22 December 1942 . On 20 April 1943 , he was appointed commander of the 8th SS Cavalry Division Florian Geyer . Fegelein and his division were involved in operations against partisans in May to July 1943 , which included Operation Weichsel , Operation Zeithen , and Operation Seydlitz . On 17 May , they annihilated a partisan group south west of Novoselki . He personally blew up a bunker in the attack . A week later , on 24 May , the division attacked another partisan strongpoint , and no prisoners were taken . During Weichsel ( 27 May – 10 June 1943 ) he reported the unit had killed 4,018 persons and deported 18,860 , confiscated 21,000 cattle , and destroyed 61 villages southwest of Gomel . During Zeithen ( 13–16 June 1943 ) they destroyed a further 63 villages and ( under direct orders from Hitler ) killed all suspected partisans . During Seydlitz ( 26 June – 27 July 1943 ) he reported the destruction of 96 additional villages , with 5,016 killed and 9,166 deported and 19,941 cattle confiscated . The division was then deployed in defensive operations against massed Soviet attacks . From 26 August to 15 September , the division repulsed five attacks of divisional strength and a further 85 attacks of battalion strength . The heaviest combat occurred on 26 August near Bespalovka and on 28 August , when the division halted a Soviet breakthrough at Bolshaya Gomolsha . Fegelein led a counterattack on 8 September , recapturing the height 199,0 at Verkhniy Bishkin . On 11 September 1943 , during these defensive battles , he was awarded the Close Combat Clasp in bronze . Fegelein was severely wounded on 30 September 1943 and was hospitalised for a few weeks . He received the German Cross in gold on 1 November 1943 . Following his convalescence he was appointed chief of Amt VI—Office for Rider and Driver Training—in the SS-Führungshauptamt on 1 January 1944 . At the same time , Himmler assigned him to Hitlers headquarters staff as his liaison officer and representative of the SS . He was promoted to the rank of SS-Gruppenführer und Generalleutnant der Waffen-SS on 10 June 1944 . On 20 July 1944 , Fegelein was present at the failed attempt on Hitlers life at the Wolfs Lair headquarters in Rastenburg , East Prussia and received a minor wound to his left thigh from the bomb blast . Fegelein often showed around the photographs of the hanged men who had been executed as a result of this failed assassination attempt . Marriage . Fegeleins politically motivated marriage to Gretl Braun , Eva Brauns sister , took place on 3 June 1944 in Salzburg . Historians Kershaw and Shirer believe he courted Braun as a way to advance his career . Hitler , Himmler , and Martin Bormann acted as witnesses at the ceremony . A two-day celebration was then held at Hitlers and Bormanns Obersalzberg mountain homes and the Eagles Nest . Fegelein was a known playboy and had many extramarital affairs . Hitlers secretaries , Christa Schroeder and Traudl Junge , state Fegelein was popular socially , particularly with women . He could be funny , amusing , and charming . Eva was glad to have someone in the entourage with whom she could dance and flirt , as Hitler was distant in social situations and refrained from publicly showing affection . Fegelein worked hard to develop a friendship with Hitlers powerful private secretary , Martin Bormann . Fegelein consistently attended Bormanns drinking parties and told Junge that the only things that mattered were his career and a life full of fun . Death . By early 1945 , Germanys military situation was on the verge of total collapse . Hitler , presiding over a rapidly disintegrating Third Reich , retreated to his Führerbunker in Berlin on 16 January 1945 . To the Nazi leadership , it was clear that the Battle of Berlin would be the final battle of the war . Berlin was bombarded by Soviet artillery for the first time on 20 April 1945 ( Hitlers birthday ) . By the evening of 21 April , Red Army tanks reached the outskirts of the city . By 27 April , Berlin was cut off from the rest of Germany . On 27 April 1945 , Reichssicherheitsdienst ( RSD ) deputy commander SS-Obersturmbannführer Peter Högl was sent out from the Reich Chancellery to find Fegelein , who had abandoned his post at the Führerbunker after deciding he did not want to join a suicide pact . Fegelein was located by the RSD squad in his Berlin apartment , wearing civilian clothes and preparing to flee to Sweden or Switzerland . He was carrying cash—German and foreign—and jewellery , some of which belonged to Braun . Högl found a briefcase containing documents with evidence of Himmlers attempted peace negotiations with the Western Allies . According to most accounts , Fegelein was intoxicated when arrested and taken back to the Führerbunker . He was kept in a makeshift cell until the evening of 28 April . That night , Hitler was informed of the BBC broadcast of a Reuters news report about Himmlers attempted negotiations with the western Allies via Count Bernadotte . Hitler flew into a rage about this apparent betrayal and ordered Himmlers arrest . Sensing a connection between Fegeleins disappearance and Himmlers betrayal , Hitler ordered SS-Gruppenführer Heinrich Müller to interrogate Fegelein as to what he knew of Himmlers plans . Thereafter , according to Otto Günsche ( Hitlers personal adjutant ) , Hitler ordered that Fegelein be stripped of all rank and to be transferred to Kampfgruppe Mohnke to prove his loyalty in combat . Günsche and Bormann expressed their concern to Hitler that Fegelein would only desert again . Hitler then ordered Fegelein court-martialed . Journalist James P . ODonnell , who conducted extensive interviews in the 1970s , provides one account of what happened next . SS-Brigadeführer Wilhelm Mohnke , who presided over the court martial for desertion , told ODonnell that Hitler ordered him to set up a tribunal . Mohnke arranged for a court martial panel , which consisted of generals Wilhelm Burgdorf , Hans Krebs , SS-Gruppenführer Johann Rattenhuber , and himself . Fegelein , still drunk , refused to accept that he had to answer to Hitler , and stated that he was responsible only to Himmler . Fegelein was so drunk that he was crying and vomiting ; he was unable to stand up , and even urinated on the floor . Mohnke was in a quandary , as German military and civilian law both require a defendant to be of sound mind and to understand the charges against them . Although Mohnke was certain Fegelein was guilty of flagrant desertion , it was the opinion of the judges that he was in no condition to stand trial , so Mohnke closed the proceedings and turned the defendant over to General Rattenhubers security squad . Mohnke never saw Fegelein again . An alternative scenario of Fegeleins death is based on the 1948/49 Soviet NKVD dossier of Hitler written for Joseph Stalin . The dossier is based on the interrogation reports of Günsche and Heinz Linge ( Hitlers valet ) . This dossier differs in part from the accounts given by Mohnke and Rattenhuber . After the intoxicated Fegelein was arrested and taken back to the Führerbunker , Hitler at first ordered Fegelein to be transferred to Kampfgruppe Mohnke to prove his loyalty in combat . Günsche and Bormann expressed their concern to Hitler that Fegelein would desert again . Hitler then ordered Fegelein to be demoted and court-martialed by a court led by Mohnke . At this point the accounts differ , as the NKVD dossier states that Fegelein was court-martialed on the evening of 28 April , by a court headed by Mohnke , SS-Obersturmbannführer Alfred Krause , and SS-Sturmbannführer Herbert Kaschula . Mohnke and his fellow officers sentenced Fegelein to death . That same evening , Fegelein was shot from behind by a member of the Sicherheitsdienst . Based on this stated chain of events , author Veit Scherzer concluded that Fegelein , according to German law , was deprived of all honours and honorary signs and must therefore be considered a de facto but not de jure recipient of the Knights Cross of the Iron Cross . Fegeleins wife was then in the late stages of pregnancy ( the baby was born on 5 May ) . Hitler considered releasing him without punishment or assigning him to Mohnkes troops . Junge—an eye-witness to bunker events—stated that Braun pleaded with Hitler to spare her brother-in-law and tried to justify Fegeleins actions . Junge said Fegelein was taken to the garden of the Reich Chancellery on 28 April , and was shot like a dog . Rochus Misch , who was the last survivor from the Führerbunker , disputed aspects of this account in a 2007 interview with Der Spiegel . According to Misch , Hitler did not order Fegeleins execution , only his demotion . Misch claimed to know the identity of Fegeleins killer , but refused to reveal his name . Assessment . Historians William L . Shirer and Ian Kershaw characterise Fegelein as cynical and disreputable ; Albert Speer called him one of the most disgusting people in Hitlers circle . Fegelein was an opportunist who ingratiated himself with Himmler , who in return granted him the best assignments—mostly related to cavalry—and rapid promotion through the ranks . The historian Henning Pieper , who studied the period up until March 1942 , notes Fegeleins lack of formal training as an officer led to deficiencies in the way the SS Cavalry Brigade was prepared for active service . Fegelein repeatedly over-stated the combat readiness of his troops and exaggerated their accomplishments , in Piepers opinion in order to be seen as a leader worthy of promotion and honours . Fegeleins faulty analysis of his brigades readiness led to their use in December 1941 through March 1942 in combat situations for which they were unsuitable and untrained ; however , as the military situation was deteriorating , they would eventually have received front-line assignments regardless of their readiness . By the end of March 1942 , the brigade had suffered casualties of 50 per cent , much higher than army units deployed in the same area . Fegeleins parents and his brother Waldemar survived the war . Gretl , who inherited some of Evas valuable jewellery , also survived the war . She gave birth to a daughter ( named Eva Barbara Fegelein , after her late aunt ) on 5 May 1945 . Eva Fegelein killed herself on 25 April 1971 after her boyfriend died in a car accident . Gretl Braun-Fegelein moved to Munich and remarried in 1954 . She died in 1987 , aged 72 . Awards and decorations . - Olympic Games Decoration ( 1st Class ) - German Equestrian Badge ( gold ) - German Sports Badge ( bronze ) - SA Sports Badge ( bronze ) - Nazi Party Long Service Award ( bronze ) - General Assault Badge ( silver ) - Infantry Assault Badge ( silver ) - Close Combat Clasp ( silver ) - Wound Badge ( silver ) - Wound Badge of 20 July 1944 ( silver ) - Iron Cross ( 1939 ) - 2nd Class ( 15 December 1940 ) - 1st Class ( 28 June 1941 ) - German Cross in Gold on 1 November 1943 as SS-Brigadeführer and Generalmajor of the Waffen-SS in the SS-Kavallerie-Division - Knights Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords - Knights Cross on 2 March 1942 as SS-Standartenführer and commander of the SS-Kavallerie-Brigade - 157th Oak Leaves on 22 December 1942 as SS-Oberführer and commander of a Kampfgruppe - 83rd Swords on 30 July 1944 as SS-Gruppenführer and Generalleutnant of the Waffen-SS and commander of the 8 . SS-Freiwilligen-Kavallerie-Division Florian Geyer The death sentence on 28 April resulted in the loss of all orders , awards , and honorary signs . Dates of rank . Fegelein held various ranks in both the Allgemeine-SS and Waffen-SS . The following table shows that progression was not synchronous .
|
[
"commander"
] |
[
{
"text": " Hans Otto Georg Hermann Fegelein ( 30 October 1906 – 28 April 1945 ) was a high-ranking commander in the Waffen-SS of Nazi Germany . He was a member of Adolf Hitlers entourage and brother-in-law to Eva Braun through his marriage to her sister Gretl .",
"title": "Hermann Fegelein"
},
{
"text": "Fegelein joined a cavalry regiment of the Reichswehr in 1925 and transferred to the SS on 10 April 1933 . He became a leader of an SS equestrian group , and was in charge of preparation for the equestrian events of the Berlin Olympic Games in 1936 . He tried out for the Olympic equestrian team himself but was eliminated in the qualifying rounds .",
"title": "Hermann Fegelein"
},
{
"text": "In September 1939 , after the Invasion of Poland , Fegelein commanded the SS Totenkopf Reiterstandarte ( Deaths-Head Horse Regiment ) . They were garrisoned in Warsaw until December . In May and June 1940 , he participated in the Battle of Belgium and France as a member of the SS-Verfügungstruppe ( later renamed the Waffen-SS ) . For his service in these campaigns he was awarded the Iron Cross 2nd Class on 15 December 1940 . Units under his command on the Eastern Front in 1941 were responsible for the deaths of over 17,000 civilians during the Pripyat swamps",
"title": "Hermann Fegelein"
},
{
"text": "punitive operation in the Byelorussian SSR . As commander of the 8th SS Cavalry Division Florian Geyer in 1943 , he was involved in operations against partisans as well as defensive operations against the Red Army , for which he was awarded the Close Combat Clasp in bronze .",
"title": "Hermann Fegelein"
},
{
"text": "After being seriously wounded in September 1943 , Fegelein was reassigned by Heinrich Himmler to Hitlers headquarters staff as his liaison officer and representative of the SS . Fegelein was present at the failed attempt on Hitlers life on 20 July 1944 . He was on duty at Hitlers Führerbunker in Berlin in the closing months of the war , and was shot for desertion on 28 April 1945 , two days before Hitlers suicide . Fegelein was an opportunist who ingratiated himself with Himmler , who granted him the best assignments and rapid promotions . Journalist William L .",
"title": "Hermann Fegelein"
},
{
"text": "Shirer and historian Sir Ian Kershaw characterise him as cynical and disreputable . Albert Speer called him one of the most disgusting people in Hitlers circle .",
"title": "Hermann Fegelein"
},
{
"text": " Fegelein was born in Ansbach , Bavaria , to the retired Oberleutnant Hans Fegelein . As a boy working at his fathers equestrian school in Munich , he became a proficient rider and participated in jumping events . During this period he met Christian Weber , an original member of the Nazi Party . Weber later sponsored Fegeleins entry into the Schutzstaffel ( SS ) .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "In 1925 , after studying for two terms at Munich University , Fegelein joined the Reiter-Regiment 17 ( Cavalry Regiment 17 ) . On 20 April 1927 , he joined the Bavarian State Police in Munich as an officer cadet . In 1929 he left the police service when he was caught stealing examination solutions from a teaching superiors office . The official communication at the time was that he resigned for family reasons . Fegelein later stated that he had left the police on his own account to better serve the Nazi Party and SS . His father had",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "started the Reitinstitut Fegelein ( Riding Institute Fegelein ) in 1926 . In Munich , Fegelein came into contact with Nazism and the SS . His father had made the institute available to the SS as a meeting place , and the training facilities and horses were used by equestrian units of the Sturmabteilung ( SA ) and SS .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Fegelein joined the Nazi Party ( membership number 1,200,158 ) and the SA in 1930 . He transferred to the SS on 10 April 1933 , with membership number 66,680 . He worked as an instructor at the Reitinstitut Fegelein and became the leader of the SS-Reitersturm , the SS equestrian group based at the facility . By the mid-1930s he took over administration of the school from his father . He was promoted to the Allgemeine-SS rank of SS-Untersturmführer that year and to SS-Obersturmführer on 20 April 1934 and to SS-Hauptsturmführer on 9 November 1934 . Beginning in November",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "1935 , Fegelein oversaw the preparation of the courses and facilities for the equestrian events of the Berlin Olympic Games . He was promoted to the rank of SS-Sturmbannführer on 30 January 1936 . He tried out for the German equestrian team , but was unable to prevail against the strong competition from the ( cavalry school Hanover ) , who went on to win all the equestrian gold medals .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Fegelein won the international tournament in 1937 , as did his brother Waldemar , in 1939 . He was promoted to the rank of SS-Obersturmbannführer on 30 January . On 25 July 1937 , Reichsführer-SS Himmler , by special order of the SS-Oberabschnitt Süd , created the Haupt-Reitschule München ( SS Main Riding School ) in Munich . The school was started from his fathers stud farm . Fegelein was named its commander and promoted to SS-Standartenführer the same day . Funding for the very expensive horses came in part from then SS-Brigadeführer Weber , who supported the school with",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "more than 100,000 Reichsmarks annually . Fegelein won the ( Brown Ribbon of Germany ) , an annual horse race which in 1938 was held on the premises of the riding school in Munich . Fegelein at the time had strong ambitions to participate in the 1940 Summer Olympics . With the help of his friend ( HSSPF ; Higher SS and Police Leader ) Karl von Eberstein , he arranged the transfer of all the Bavarian State Police horses to the SS riding school in case of mobilization . His fear was that the horses would be handed to",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "the Wehrmacht .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "In September 1939 , Fegelein commanded the SS Totenkopf Reiterstandarte ( Deaths-Head Horse Regiment ) , which arrived in Poland shortly after the end of the Polish Campaign . The unit was placed under the command of the Ordnungspolizei ( Orpo ; order police ) and was split into small groups assigned to support police activities at posts throughout the Poznan district . On 15 November , Himmler ordered the expansion of the regiment from four to thirteen squadrons and renamed it as 1 . SS-Totenkopf-Reiterstandarte ( 1st Deaths Head Cavalry Regiment ) . Additional men were recruited from ethnic",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "Germans living in the General Government and further afield . As many of the officers , including Fegelein , had never attended officer training school , much of the training provided to new recruits was rudimentary . However , it was rigorous , and the men developed a strong camaraderie . Fegeleins unit was involved alongside the Orpo in the extermination , ordered by Hitler , of members of the Polish elite such as intellectuals , aristocrats , and clergy , in an action called Intelligenzaktion . On 7 December 1939 , Fegeleins unit was involved in the mass shooting",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "of 1,700 such people in the Kampinos Forest .",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "On 15 December , the unit was split into two Standarten ( regiments ) , with Fegelein commanding the 1 . Standarte under the overall command of Höherer SS- und Polizeiführer-Ost Friedrich-Wilhelm Krüger . The unit was short of basic supplies such as weapons , food , and uniforms , which led to deteriorating morale and ill health . Incidents of corruption and theft took place , particularly among members of the regimental staff in Warsaw . On 23 April 1941 , Fegelein faced court-martial charges for an incident in 1940 where he and his unit had been caught stealing",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "money and luxury goods for transportation back to Germany . Fegeleins court-martial was quashed by direct order of Himmler . The allegations brought forward against Fegelein had included murder motivated by greed . Apparently he had ordered arrests and executions in the Gestapo prison in Warsaw . In addition to this , Fegelein was charged with having had an unlawful sexual relationship with a Polish woman . The woman had become pregnant and Fegelein forced her to have an abortion . Reinhard Heydrich tried several times to investigate the accusations against Fegelein , but each time Himmler quashed the attempt",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": ".",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": " Fegeleins unit took part in anti-partisan fighting against a group of about 100 former Polish soldiers in the area of Kammienna–Konsky–Kielce in March and April 1940 . They killed about half the partisans and the remainder escaped . On 8 April , Fegeleins unit killed 250 Polish men in villages in the area . While in his report he described the behaviour of his troops as clean and decent , there were many incidents in this period where his men behaved in an undisciplined way , killing and robbing civilians without being ordered to do so .",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "In May and June 1940 , Fegelein , who had been promoted to SS-Obersturmbannführer of the Reserves in the Waffen-SS on 1 March 1940 , participated in the Battle of Belgium and France as a member of the SS-Verfügungstruppe . For his service in these campaigns , he was awarded the Iron Cross 2nd Class on 15 December 1940 . In March 1941 , the SS Totenkopf Reiterstandarte 1 was renamed to 1st SS Cavalry Regiment .",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "With the start of the German invasion of the Soviet Union , which began on 22 June 1941 , Fegelein saw active service on the Eastern Front . His unit was assigned on the 87th Infantry Division on 23 June to cover a gap in the lines of the 9th Army near Białystok . The motorized elements of the 1st SS Cavalry reached the right flank of the operational area on 24 June , but the mounted elements were unable to keep up . The exhausted horses had to be left behind and the men transported to the combat zone",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "in lorries , while the horse-drawn artillery pieces were towed using any available vehicles . The first units to arrive crossed the Narew near Wizna and engaged the Soviets but were unable to break through . They were ordered to retreat and move further north . Infantry elements of the 87th Division captured Osowiec Fortress on 26 June , and Fegeleins cavalry was sent on a reconnaissance mission to the south-east . Himmler , unwilling to have his SS units under Wehrmacht control or used in combat other than as reserves , withdrew the SS cavalry from control of the",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "87th Division on 27 June . The ambitious Fegelein stressed in his reports that he believed his unit was combat ready and exaggerated its contribution to the operation . Ten of his men received the Iron Cross , Second Class for their efforts , and Fegelein was awarded the Iron Cross , First Class .",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "The engagement demonstrated the shortcomings of the cavalry units in modern mobile warfare , which requires quick redeployments in ever-changing conditions . Fegelein sought to improve this by asking Himmler to combine the 1st and 2nd SS cavalry regiments into a brigade , with additional support units . As a temporary measure , Himmler assigned Fegelein to be in charge of both regiments . Fegeleins unit was one of several that undertook field training and political indoctrination in the coming weeks . Himmler addressed the 1st Cavalry on 5 July , offering the opportunity for any men unwilling to participate",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "in the upcoming special tasks to transfer to another unit . Nobody took advantage of this offer , at least partly because Himmler did not say that the upcoming assignment included the mass shooting of unarmed civilians .",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "On 19 July 1941 , Himmler assigned Fegeleins regiments to the general command of HSSPF Erich von dem Bach-Zelewski for the systematic combing of the Pripyat swamps , an operation designed to round up and exterminate Jews , partisans and civilians in that area of Byelorussian SSR . Himmlers orders for the operation were passed to Fegelein via SS-Brigadefuhrer , who met with him and Bach-Zelewski on 28 July in their new quarters at Liakhovichi in Byelorussia . General instructions were given to cleanse the area of partisans and Jewish collaborators . Jewish women and children were to be driven",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "away . Fegelein interpreted these orders as follows : Enemy soldiers in uniform were to be taken prisoner , and those found out of uniform were to be shot . Jewish males , with the exception of a few skilled workers such as doctors and leather workers , would be shot . Fegelein split the territory to be covered into two sections divided by the Pripyat River , with the 1st Regiment taking the northern half and the 2nd Regiment the south . The regiments worked their way from east to west through their assigned territory , and filed daily",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "reports on the number of people killed and taken prisoner . In a meeting with Bach-Zelewski on 31 July , Himmler announced the amalgamation of the two regiments into the SS Cavalry Brigade . Additional units such as a bicycle reconnaissance detachment were formed and added to the brigades complement . On 5 August Himmler assigned leadership of the brigade to Fegelein .",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "Himmler notified Fegelein by telegram on 1 August that the numbers killed were far too low . A few days later , Himmler issued regimental order no . 42 , which called for all male Jews over the age of 14 to be killed . The women and children were to be driven into the swamps and drowned . Thus Fegeleins units were among the first in the Holocaust to wipe out entire Jewish communities . As the water in the swamps was too shallow and some areas had no swamps , it proved impractical to drown the women and",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "children , so they were shot . Fegeleins final report on the operation , dated 18 September 1941 , states that they killed 14,178 Jews , 1,001 partisans , 699 Red Army soldiers , with 830 prisoners taken and losses of 17 dead , 36 wounded , and 3 missing . The historian Henning Pieper estimates the actual number of Jews killed was closer to 23,700 .",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "Fegelein received the Infantry Assault Badge on 2 October . Four days later , he was again brought before a court for of captured goods . Again the prosecution was halted by Himmler . In mid-October 1941 , the brigade left Byelorussia and moved first to Toropets and then on to Rogachev by train , where they were subordinated to Army Group Centre . The new operational area had more partisan activity than the Pripyat swamps , with guerrillas who were well organised and difficult to find . Fegeleins report for the period between 18 October and 18 November 1941",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "shows 3,018 partisans and Red Army soldiers killed and 122 taken prisoner . However , as fewer than 200 weapons were captured , historians Martin Cüppers and Henning Pieper conclude that the majority of those killed must have been unarmed civilians . Brigade losses were seven dead and nine wounded .",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "Army Group Centre renewed their offensive on Moscow in mid-November . Fegelein and the SS Cavalry Brigade were held back as an operational reserve in the rearward area of the 9th Army . Massive counter-attacks by the Red Army led to a weakening of the entire German line , and the brigade was called in to fight at the front on 28 December . While Fegelein reported that his forces were the equivalent to one or two divisions , in reality he had only 4,428 men in total at this point , of which 1,800 were ready for action .",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "The brigade was deployed at the south-eastern sector of the XXIII Army Corps , where it defended against attacks in the rearward area of the 206th Infantry Division in the Battles of Rzhev . The SS Cavalry Brigade took serious losses , with casualties of up to 60 per cent in some squadrons .",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "On 1 February 1942 , Fegelein was promoted to SS-Standartenführer in the Waffen-SS and transferred from the reserve force to active service . Four days later , on 5 February , Fegelein on his own initiative led an attack on a strong enemy group northwest of Chertolino . The attack , carried out in difficult weather conditions , secured an important road junction and the railway station at Chertolino . In a nocturnal attack on 9 February , the brigade encircled and destroyed enemy forces at Chertolino , killing 1,800 Red Army soldiers . Yershovo was captured on 14 February",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": ", leading to the annihilation of the enemy units in Rzhevsky District . For his leadership in these battles , Fegelein was awarded the Knights Cross of the Iron Cross on 2 March 1942 . Fegelein was then granted home leave and was appointed Inspector of Cavalry and Transportation ( ) in the SS-Führungshauptamt on 1 May 1942 . In this position he was awarded the Eastern Front Medal and the War Merit Cross 2nd Class with Swords , both on 1 September 1942 . The SS Cavalry Brigade was disbanded in March 1942 and the remaining men and equipment",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "were formed into a battalion-strength unit called Kampfgruppe Zehender , commanded by SS-Sturmbannführer August Zehender .",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": " Fegelein returned to the front line on 1 December 1942 and on the same day promoted to SS-Oberführer . He was given command of Kampfgruppe Fegelein , based in the great bend of the Don . He was wounded in action by Soviet snipers on 21 and 22 December 1942 .",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "On 20 April 1943 , he was appointed commander of the 8th SS Cavalry Division Florian Geyer . Fegelein and his division were involved in operations against partisans in May to July 1943 , which included Operation Weichsel , Operation Zeithen , and Operation Seydlitz . On 17 May , they annihilated a partisan group south west of Novoselki . He personally blew up a bunker in the attack . A week later , on 24 May , the division attacked another partisan strongpoint , and no prisoners were taken . During Weichsel ( 27 May – 10 June 1943",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": ") he reported the unit had killed 4,018 persons and deported 18,860 , confiscated 21,000 cattle , and destroyed 61 villages southwest of Gomel . During Zeithen ( 13–16 June 1943 ) they destroyed a further 63 villages and ( under direct orders from Hitler ) killed all suspected partisans . During Seydlitz ( 26 June – 27 July 1943 ) he reported the destruction of 96 additional villages , with 5,016 killed and 9,166 deported and 19,941 cattle confiscated .",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "The division was then deployed in defensive operations against massed Soviet attacks . From 26 August to 15 September , the division repulsed five attacks of divisional strength and a further 85 attacks of battalion strength . The heaviest combat occurred on 26 August near Bespalovka and on 28 August , when the division halted a Soviet breakthrough at Bolshaya Gomolsha . Fegelein led a counterattack on 8 September , recapturing the height 199,0 at Verkhniy Bishkin . On 11 September 1943 , during these defensive battles , he was awarded the Close Combat Clasp in bronze . Fegelein was",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "severely wounded on 30 September 1943 and was hospitalised for a few weeks . He received the German Cross in gold on 1 November 1943 . Following his convalescence he was appointed chief of Amt VI—Office for Rider and Driver Training—in the SS-Führungshauptamt on 1 January 1944 .",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "At the same time , Himmler assigned him to Hitlers headquarters staff as his liaison officer and representative of the SS . He was promoted to the rank of SS-Gruppenführer und Generalleutnant der Waffen-SS on 10 June 1944 . On 20 July 1944 , Fegelein was present at the failed attempt on Hitlers life at the Wolfs Lair headquarters in Rastenburg , East Prussia and received a minor wound to his left thigh from the bomb blast . Fegelein often showed around the photographs of the hanged men who had been executed as a result of this failed assassination attempt",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": ".",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "Fegeleins politically motivated marriage to Gretl Braun , Eva Brauns sister , took place on 3 June 1944 in Salzburg . Historians Kershaw and Shirer believe he courted Braun as a way to advance his career . Hitler , Himmler , and Martin Bormann acted as witnesses at the ceremony . A two-day celebration was then held at Hitlers and Bormanns Obersalzberg mountain homes and the Eagles Nest . Fegelein was a known playboy and had many extramarital affairs . Hitlers secretaries , Christa Schroeder and Traudl Junge , state Fegelein was popular socially , particularly with women . He",
"title": "Marriage"
},
{
"text": "could be funny , amusing , and charming . Eva was glad to have someone in the entourage with whom she could dance and flirt , as Hitler was distant in social situations and refrained from publicly showing affection . Fegelein worked hard to develop a friendship with Hitlers powerful private secretary , Martin Bormann . Fegelein consistently attended Bormanns drinking parties and told Junge that the only things that mattered were his career and a life full of fun .",
"title": "Marriage"
},
{
"text": "By early 1945 , Germanys military situation was on the verge of total collapse . Hitler , presiding over a rapidly disintegrating Third Reich , retreated to his Führerbunker in Berlin on 16 January 1945 . To the Nazi leadership , it was clear that the Battle of Berlin would be the final battle of the war . Berlin was bombarded by Soviet artillery for the first time on 20 April 1945 ( Hitlers birthday ) . By the evening of 21 April , Red Army tanks reached the outskirts of the city . By 27 April , Berlin was",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": "cut off from the rest of Germany .",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": "On 27 April 1945 , Reichssicherheitsdienst ( RSD ) deputy commander SS-Obersturmbannführer Peter Högl was sent out from the Reich Chancellery to find Fegelein , who had abandoned his post at the Führerbunker after deciding he did not want to join a suicide pact . Fegelein was located by the RSD squad in his Berlin apartment , wearing civilian clothes and preparing to flee to Sweden or Switzerland . He was carrying cash—German and foreign—and jewellery , some of which belonged to Braun . Högl found a briefcase containing documents with evidence of Himmlers attempted peace negotiations with the Western",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": "Allies . According to most accounts , Fegelein was intoxicated when arrested and taken back to the Führerbunker . He was kept in a makeshift cell until the evening of 28 April . That night , Hitler was informed of the BBC broadcast of a Reuters news report about Himmlers attempted negotiations with the western Allies via Count Bernadotte . Hitler flew into a rage about this apparent betrayal and ordered Himmlers arrest . Sensing a connection between Fegeleins disappearance and Himmlers betrayal , Hitler ordered SS-Gruppenführer Heinrich Müller to interrogate Fegelein as to what he knew of Himmlers plans",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": ". Thereafter , according to Otto Günsche ( Hitlers personal adjutant ) , Hitler ordered that Fegelein be stripped of all rank and to be transferred to Kampfgruppe Mohnke to prove his loyalty in combat . Günsche and Bormann expressed their concern to Hitler that Fegelein would only desert again . Hitler then ordered Fegelein court-martialed .",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": "Journalist James P . ODonnell , who conducted extensive interviews in the 1970s , provides one account of what happened next . SS-Brigadeführer Wilhelm Mohnke , who presided over the court martial for desertion , told ODonnell that Hitler ordered him to set up a tribunal . Mohnke arranged for a court martial panel , which consisted of generals Wilhelm Burgdorf , Hans Krebs , SS-Gruppenführer Johann Rattenhuber , and himself . Fegelein , still drunk , refused to accept that he had to answer to Hitler , and stated that he was responsible only to Himmler . Fegelein was",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": "so drunk that he was crying and vomiting ; he was unable to stand up , and even urinated on the floor . Mohnke was in a quandary , as German military and civilian law both require a defendant to be of sound mind and to understand the charges against them . Although Mohnke was certain Fegelein was guilty of flagrant desertion , it was the opinion of the judges that he was in no condition to stand trial , so Mohnke closed the proceedings and turned the defendant over to General Rattenhubers security squad . Mohnke never saw Fegelein",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": "again .",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": "An alternative scenario of Fegeleins death is based on the 1948/49 Soviet NKVD dossier of Hitler written for Joseph Stalin . The dossier is based on the interrogation reports of Günsche and Heinz Linge ( Hitlers valet ) . This dossier differs in part from the accounts given by Mohnke and Rattenhuber . After the intoxicated Fegelein was arrested and taken back to the Führerbunker , Hitler at first ordered Fegelein to be transferred to Kampfgruppe Mohnke to prove his loyalty in combat . Günsche and Bormann expressed their concern to Hitler that Fegelein would desert again . Hitler then",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": "ordered Fegelein to be demoted and court-martialed by a court led by Mohnke . At this point the accounts differ , as the NKVD dossier states that Fegelein was court-martialed on the evening of 28 April , by a court headed by Mohnke , SS-Obersturmbannführer Alfred Krause , and SS-Sturmbannführer Herbert Kaschula . Mohnke and his fellow officers sentenced Fegelein to death . That same evening , Fegelein was shot from behind by a member of the Sicherheitsdienst . Based on this stated chain of events , author Veit Scherzer concluded that Fegelein , according to German law , was",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": "deprived of all honours and honorary signs and must therefore be considered a de facto but not de jure recipient of the Knights Cross of the Iron Cross .",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": "Fegeleins wife was then in the late stages of pregnancy ( the baby was born on 5 May ) . Hitler considered releasing him without punishment or assigning him to Mohnkes troops . Junge—an eye-witness to bunker events—stated that Braun pleaded with Hitler to spare her brother-in-law and tried to justify Fegeleins actions . Junge said Fegelein was taken to the garden of the Reich Chancellery on 28 April , and was shot like a dog . Rochus Misch , who was the last survivor from the Führerbunker , disputed aspects of this account in a 2007 interview with Der",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": "Spiegel . According to Misch , Hitler did not order Fegeleins execution , only his demotion . Misch claimed to know the identity of Fegeleins killer , but refused to reveal his name .",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": "Historians William L . Shirer and Ian Kershaw characterise Fegelein as cynical and disreputable ; Albert Speer called him one of the most disgusting people in Hitlers circle . Fegelein was an opportunist who ingratiated himself with Himmler , who in return granted him the best assignments—mostly related to cavalry—and rapid promotion through the ranks . The historian Henning Pieper , who studied the period up until March 1942 , notes Fegeleins lack of formal training as an officer led to deficiencies in the way the SS Cavalry Brigade was prepared for active service . Fegelein repeatedly over-stated the combat",
"title": "Assessment"
},
{
"text": "readiness of his troops and exaggerated their accomplishments , in Piepers opinion in order to be seen as a leader worthy of promotion and honours . Fegeleins faulty analysis of his brigades readiness led to their use in December 1941 through March 1942 in combat situations for which they were unsuitable and untrained ; however , as the military situation was deteriorating , they would eventually have received front-line assignments regardless of their readiness . By the end of March 1942 , the brigade had suffered casualties of 50 per cent , much higher than army units deployed in the",
"title": "Assessment"
},
{
"text": "same area .",
"title": "Assessment"
},
{
"text": " Fegeleins parents and his brother Waldemar survived the war . Gretl , who inherited some of Evas valuable jewellery , also survived the war . She gave birth to a daughter ( named Eva Barbara Fegelein , after her late aunt ) on 5 May 1945 . Eva Fegelein killed herself on 25 April 1971 after her boyfriend died in a car accident . Gretl Braun-Fegelein moved to Munich and remarried in 1954 . She died in 1987 , aged 72 .",
"title": "Assessment"
},
{
"text": " - Olympic Games Decoration ( 1st Class ) - German Equestrian Badge ( gold ) - German Sports Badge ( bronze ) - SA Sports Badge ( bronze ) - Nazi Party Long Service Award ( bronze ) - General Assault Badge ( silver ) - Infantry Assault Badge ( silver ) - Close Combat Clasp ( silver ) - Wound Badge ( silver ) - Wound Badge of 20 July 1944 ( silver ) - Iron Cross ( 1939 ) - 2nd Class ( 15 December 1940 ) - 1st Class ( 28 June 1941 )",
"title": "Awards and decorations"
},
{
"text": "- German Cross in Gold on 1 November 1943 as SS-Brigadeführer and Generalmajor of the Waffen-SS in the SS-Kavallerie-Division",
"title": "Awards and decorations"
},
{
"text": " - Knights Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords - Knights Cross on 2 March 1942 as SS-Standartenführer and commander of the SS-Kavallerie-Brigade - 157th Oak Leaves on 22 December 1942 as SS-Oberführer and commander of a Kampfgruppe - 83rd Swords on 30 July 1944 as SS-Gruppenführer and Generalleutnant of the Waffen-SS and commander of the 8 . SS-Freiwilligen-Kavallerie-Division Florian Geyer The death sentence on 28 April resulted in the loss of all orders , awards , and honorary signs .",
"title": "Awards and decorations"
},
{
"text": " Fegelein held various ranks in both the Allgemeine-SS and Waffen-SS . The following table shows that progression was not synchronous .",
"title": "Dates of rank"
}
] |
/wiki/Sheila_Copps#P39#0
|
Sheila Copps took which position before Mar 1983?
|
Sheila Copps Sheila Maureen Copps ( born November 27 , 1952 ) is a former Canadian politician who also served as the sixth deputy prime minister of Canada from November 4 , 1993 , to April 30 , 1996 , and June 19 , 1996 , to June 11 , 1997 . Her father , Victor Copps was once mayor of Hamilton , Ontario . Considered a prominent left-wing member of the Liberal Party of Canada , Copps was an advocate for legal rights of women , marijuana legalization , minority rights , and protection of the environment . Her combative style and reputation for flamboyance were trademarks of her political career . Early life . Copps was born in Hamilton , Ontario . She is a second-generation member of a political family that has dominated Hamilton-area politics on the municipal , provincial and federal levels . Her mother , Geraldine Florence ( Guthro ) Copps , was a Hamilton city councillor . Her father , Victor Kennedy Copps , was one of the most influential mayors of the City of Hamilton . She attended Bishop Ryan Catholic Secondary School . As a child , Copps participated in Girl Guides of Canada youth programs . She is married to Austin Thorne ( her third husband ) , and has one daughter , Danelle ( from her second marriage ) . She was the first sitting Member of Parliament in Canadian history to give birth . Copps earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in French and English from Kings University College at the University of Western Ontario in London , Ontario , and pursued further studies at McMaster University in Hamilton and the University of Rouen in France . She worked as a newspaper journalist with the Hamilton Spectator and the Ottawa Citizen . Political career . Copps entered provincial politics in the 1977 provincial election , running for the Ontario Liberal Party in Hamilton Centre . She lost , finishing 14 votes behind incumbent New Democrat Mike Davison . Copps appeared on the ballot for this election as Sheila Copps Miller , using the surname of her then-husband . In all subsequent campaigns , she would refer to herself as Sheila Copps . After working as a constituency assistant to party leader Stuart Smith for the next four years , Copps again ran in Hamilton Centre for the 1981 election . She defeated Davison by 2,804 votes , and joined thirty-three other Liberals in forming the Official Opposition to Premier William Daviss Progressive Conservative government . Copps ran for the leadership of the Ontario Liberal Party in 1982 following Smiths resignation , and despite her lack of experience finished a strong second against David Peterson . Copps turned to national politics in the 1984 federal election , campaigning for the federal Liberals in the riding of Hamilton East . This election resulted in a landslide victory for Brian Mulroney and his Progressive Conservative Party , which won 211 out of 282 seats . Copps was personally elected , defeating New Democratic Party candidate David Christopherson by 2,661 votes , but had relatively few allies in the House of Commons for the next four years . Copps proved to be an influential member of the small Liberal opposition . She became a prominent member of the Rat Pack , a group of young Liberal MPs who made it their business to bring misery to the Mulroney government . Fully bilingual , she earned both praise and scorn for her spirited attacks on Mulroney and his ministers . She released her autobiography , Nobodys Baby , only two years into her federal career , and was by all accounts a rising star in Canadian politics . The book came after Minister of Justice John Crosbie told Copps to just quieten [ sic ] down , baby during a heated debate . Copps retorted , I am nobodys baby . In 1987 , Copps became the first sitting MP in Canadian history to give birth , when her daughter Danelle was born . Later , Copps commented that she became part of her entourage , making friends across the country . In 1988 , Copps was re-elected without difficulty in the federal election . Copps was a candidate in the 1990 Liberal leadership race to succeed John Turner . She finished third , behind Jean Chrétien and Paul Martin . In 1992 , Copps supported Murray Elstons unsuccessful bid to succeed David Peterson as leader of the Ontario Liberal Party . Federal minister . The Liberals came to power in the 1993 election , defeating Kim Campbells Tories . Chrétien became prime minister following the election , and named Copps as deputy prime minister and minister of the environment . This marked the first time in Canadian history that a woman had been named to the post of deputy prime minister . Following a 1996 cabinet shuffle , she relinquished the Environment portfolio and became Minister of Canadian Heritage . Copps resigned briefly in the spring of 1996 . One of Chrétiens campaign promises had been to abolish Brian Mulroneys highly unpopular Goods and Services Tax , a promise he later reneged on in an effort to avoid decreasing government revenues . During the 1993 election campaign , Copps promised during a Canadian Broadcasting Corporation town hall program that she would resign if the GST was not abolished . Copps , after some pressure , vacated her Hamilton East seat in 1996 , and promptly ran again in the ensuing by-election . During the by-election , Reform put up billboards around her riding , one featuring a pig at a trough with SHEILA marked on it ; and another with her picture and , Promise to cut the GST : It worked last time ! Copps won handily , though with a significantly reduced percentage of the vote from 1993 , and Chrétien reinstated her to her previous cabinet posts . During her victory speech , she noted that the Liberals kicked butt in the by-election ; a controversial editorial cartoon in the right-wing Toronto Sun tabloid the next day portrayed Hamilton East voters as buttheads . Following the 1997 election , Copps was removed from the position of deputy prime minister , which was given to political stalwart Herb Gray . Copps made little upward progress in cabinet after this demotion , and by many accounts came to have relatively little influence over the direction of government policy . Many believe that Anne McLellan surpassed her as the most prominent woman in government during this period . Following Jean Chrétiens announcement of his intent to retire in February 2004 , Copps became the first candidate to officially declare for the party leadership . Despite her efforts to build support among women , minority groups and the partys left-wing , she began and ended the leadership contest well behind the overwhelming favourite , Paul Martin . While her national campaigning saw her sign up over 32,000 new party members , some speculated that she would withdraw prior to the Liberal leadership convention , as John Manley had . Nomination battle before 2004 federal election . Riding redistribution placed Copps in a serious nomination battle with another Liberal MP , Tony Valeri , who was named to Martins cabinet as Minister of Transport . With redistribution , part of Valeris Stoney Creek riding was merged with part of Coppss Hamilton East to create Hamilton East—Stoney Creek , while the remainder was merged with other neighbouring ridings to create Niagara West—Glanbrook . The remaining portion of Hamilton East was merged with parts of Hamilton West to create Hamilton Centre . Of the 115,709 constituents of the riding of Hamilton East—Stoney Creek , a slight majority of constituents ( 58,462 ) were from the old Stoney Creek while a minority ( 57,247 ) were from the old Hamilton East Copps position was that Valeri should have sought the nomination in Niagara West-Glanbrook , where he resided and in which there was a regional airport that would complement his transport portfolio . Valeris position was that the majority of his former Stoney Creek constituents lived in the new Hamilton East—Stoney Creek riding , Copps no longer lived in Hamilton and he resided less than 100 metres from the riding boundary . In a December interview with Hamiltons CHCH-TV , Copps complained that Martin was trying to drive her , other women and other Martin opponents out of the Liberal caucus . Beth Phinney , who represented nearby Hamilton Mountain , offered to stand down in favour of Copps , but Copps turned this offer down . On January 14 , 2004 , she suggested that she could campaign for the New Democratic Party in the upcoming election if Valeri won the Liberal nomination . Copps later retracted this threat . On March 6 , 2004 , Valeri defeated Copps by 2,802 votes to 2,491 . Copps argued that there were improprieties in the nomination process and in the conduct of the vote , and called on various authorities to investigate ( other nomination elections between Chrétien and Martin supporters had similar allegations of tampering ) . She initially appealed the vote results to the Liberal Party of Canada . Her appeal was late as it was filed beyond the 72-hour deadline after the commencement of the nomination meeting , but the Appeals Commission of the Liberal Party waived the deadline . Nevertheless , Copps dropped the appeal on March 29 , alleging a lack of transparency in the process . In July 2005 , Hamilton police announced a formal end to the investigation after finding no evidence to substantiate Copps allegations including tampering of her telephones on the day of the nomination . As the access codes to her phone system were apparently listed on a bulletin board , the police estimated that at least 40 individuals had access to the phone system . Post-political career . On May 14 , 2004 , Copps stood in the House of Commons of Canada and announced she would not run for re-election as an independent . She later suggested in comments to reporters that she might return to politics once Paul Martin was no longer prime minister . In her first public engagement after departing politics , she accepted a role in a Kingston , Ontario dinner theatre production of Steel Magnolias . She also guest-starred on the evening soap opera Train 48 . Her second autobiography , Worth Fighting For , was published by McClelland and Stewart in October 2004 , and resulted in further public controversy with Paul Martin and other members of the Liberal Party . Copps alleged that Martin had put a pledge in his 1995 budget to rescind the outdated Canada Health Act , and further claimed that her intervention had the offending line removed from the document . Her allegations were denied by Martin and David Dodge ( who Copps claims faxed her the draft of the budget ) , Diane Marleau ( who was Health Minister at the time ) , and others . After leaving politics , Copps wrote regular commentary for the National Post . In September 2005 , concurrent with a redesign , she was introduced as a regular columnist for the Toronto Sun which was also published in various Sun papers across Canada . Copps quit her column in December 2007 . She also hosts a weekly syndicated radio talk show , Weekends with Sheila Copps , focusing on lifestyle issues such as health and financial planning . She succeeded Dini Petty as host of the series . She is also employed by Quebecor , a Canadian media distribution company and then-owner of the Sun newspaper chain for which Copps previously wrote . In this capacity , she has been working on a new series for the History Television channel . In March 2006 , the Saint-Jean-Baptiste Society of Montreal , a prominent sovereigntist group , demanded $100,000 from Copps , claiming that she had defamed them in a television interview on January 6 , 2006 . Sovereigntists claim that Options Canada illegally spent $3.5 million to promote federalism in Quebec , while Copps claimed that the St-Jean Baptiste Society spent $4.8 million from the Quebec Government to promote sovereignty , which the group denies . Copps claims that she had been unaware of the groups demands until she was approached for comment by reporters on March 5 , 2006 , and that she has yet to receive any legal notice from the group . In 2006 , subsequent to Paul Martins resignation as prime minister , Copps decided not to seek the Liberal leadership . Following the 2006 election , Liberal MP Paul Zed ( Liberal , New Brunswick ) and former MP Dennis Mills ( Liberal , Ontario ) organized a gala event to pay tribute to Copps and heal wounds caused by party infighting . Held on March 23 , 2006 , the event was attended by a host of prominent Liberals , including former Prime Minister John Turner , and Aline Chrétien . The event also served as a fundraiser for Liberal women in Canadian politics . As the daughter of late Hamilton Mayor Victor Copps , she has long been the object of speculation as to whether or not she would follow in the footsteps of her father , recently stating that , if she were to return to politics , she would do so it would be in my hometown and nowhere else . Copps ran to be president of the Liberal Party of Canada in 2012 but lost to Mike Crawley by 26 votes . Following the defeat , Copps announced her retirement from politics stating that while she would continue to volunteer in political campaigns she would not be running for office again . She was appointed an officer of the Order of Canada on December 30 , 2012 . On November 10 , 2014 , Copps stated that she has been sexually assaulted and raped and one of the incidents happened while she was serving in the Provincial Parliament of Ontario . She said she felt compelled to come forward with the allegations after tweeting support for former Q host Jian Ghomeshi . SNC-Lavalin affair . At the height of the SNC-Lavalin affair during the Premiership of Justin Trudeau , Copps became known for being outspoken and interviewed as an opinion regarding the affair despite no personal involvement in present-day politics . After Jody Wilson-Raybould and Jane Philpott resigned from their posts citing the governments handling of the matter , Copps repeatedly publicly called for their firing in the form of dismissal from the Liberal caucus . Copps argued Wilson-Raybould and Philpotts resignations amounted to a betrayal of Justin Trudeaus leadership and their presence continued to foment internal political divisions within the Liberal caucus . Copps directly pointed the blame on Wilson-Raybould and Philpott for the public mud-dragging that youve taken the prime minister through . Despite not serving in any capacity under Trudeaus government , Copps continued to publicly assail the competencies of Wilson-Raybould and Philpott , alleging while they had policy experience , they lacked political experience and when you don’t have a lot of political experience , the pressure gets too hot for you [ and ] I think that pressure has probably gotten to them , unfortunately . Sought out by CBC News for commentary , she wrote in an email that both are doing their best to destroy their leader . Unprompted , Copps went as far as to say Wilson-Raybould and Philpott had gone rogue and were not wizened political people . She claimed without providing evidence that Wilson-Raybould “doesnt really like to listen to other people , including the prime minister” and argued both she and Philpott were architects of their own victimization narrative being used for personal gain at the expense of the Prime Minister . Copps again disparaged Wilson-Raybould’s working relationship with her colleagues , alleging “ [ she ] was running her own show , and nobody was going to tell her what to do anywhere.” Indigenous leaders argued the criticisms perpetuated colonial-era , sexist stereotypes that Indigenous women could not be powerful , forthright , and steadfast in positions of power , but rather confrontational , meddling and egotistic . In a Twitter exchange with Jonathan Kay , Copps implied Wilson-Raybould’s conduct was one of a “bitch.” When concerns were raised that her diction made Indigenous issues sound menacing , Copps was baffled , since to her [ the aboriginal agenda ] only had positive connotations.” Another tweet saw Copps imply Jody Wilson-Raybould , a member of the We Wai Kai Nation , would have cared more about intervening in SNC-Lavalin’s prosecution had the 9000 jobs reportedly at stake in Quebec instead been 9000 jobs held by Aboriginal people . Copps later denied her implication that Wilson-Raybould was working for Indigenous communities more than the general public . When queried about the racial undertones behind her messaging and reasoning , Copps responded : Anybody who knows me knows Im not a racist…there is a higher test for women , for minorities , for Indigenous people . For sure . Sadly , its not fair . When asked if her comment about Wilson-Raybould perpetuated that double standard , Copps said no , that she was rather simply commenting on the former ministers background informing her choices . Copps’ messages and conduct were condemned by a member of the Haudenosaunee First Nations Confederacy , NDP MP Romeo Saganash , Aboriginal rights activist Cindy Blackstock , and Conservative MP Gérard Deltell , among others . Writings and publications . - Nobodys Baby : A Survival Guide to Politics ( 1986 ) . Toronto ON : Deneau . 192 p . . - Worth fighting for ( 2004 ) . Toronto ON : McClelland & Stewart . 213 p . . - La batailleuse ( 2004 ) . Montreal QC : Boréal . 236 p . . - Chapter contribution - Trish Hennessey and Ed Finn ( editors ) . Fight for equality is far from being won. , in : Speaking Truth to Power : A Reader on Canadian Womens Inequality , Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives , Ottawa , c.2010 . pp . 15–18 . - Articles - Canadas Historic Places Initiative , Heritage/Patrimoine , 6:26 , Spring 2003 . - Canadian Cultural Policy in a Global Economy , Canadian Business Economics , 7 ( 3 ) :40-3 , Oct . 1999 . - Celine Dion : Made in Canada , NPQ : New Perspectives Quarterly . 15 ( 5 ) :17 , Fall 1998 . - Initiative des Endroits Historiques du Canada , Heritage/Patrimoine . 6:26 , Spring 2003 . - Liberal Flogging of the Governments Green Plan , New Environment . pp . 39ff , Annual , 1990 . - Two Grit Guys and a Cutie? , Bulletin Centre for Investigative Journalism . no . 42:9 , Winter 1990 .
|
[
"Member of Parliament"
] |
[
{
"text": " Sheila Maureen Copps ( born November 27 , 1952 ) is a former Canadian politician who also served as the sixth deputy prime minister of Canada from November 4 , 1993 , to April 30 , 1996 , and June 19 , 1996 , to June 11 , 1997 . Her father , Victor Copps was once mayor of Hamilton , Ontario .",
"title": "Sheila Copps"
},
{
"text": "Considered a prominent left-wing member of the Liberal Party of Canada , Copps was an advocate for legal rights of women , marijuana legalization , minority rights , and protection of the environment . Her combative style and reputation for flamboyance were trademarks of her political career .",
"title": "Sheila Copps"
},
{
"text": " Copps was born in Hamilton , Ontario . She is a second-generation member of a political family that has dominated Hamilton-area politics on the municipal , provincial and federal levels . Her mother , Geraldine Florence ( Guthro ) Copps , was a Hamilton city councillor . Her father , Victor Kennedy Copps , was one of the most influential mayors of the City of Hamilton . She attended Bishop Ryan Catholic Secondary School . As a child , Copps participated in Girl Guides of Canada youth programs .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "She is married to Austin Thorne ( her third husband ) , and has one daughter , Danelle ( from her second marriage ) . She was the first sitting Member of Parliament in Canadian history to give birth .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " Copps earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in French and English from Kings University College at the University of Western Ontario in London , Ontario , and pursued further studies at McMaster University in Hamilton and the University of Rouen in France . She worked as a newspaper journalist with the Hamilton Spectator and the Ottawa Citizen .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " Copps entered provincial politics in the 1977 provincial election , running for the Ontario Liberal Party in Hamilton Centre . She lost , finishing 14 votes behind incumbent New Democrat Mike Davison . Copps appeared on the ballot for this election as Sheila Copps Miller , using the surname of her then-husband . In all subsequent campaigns , she would refer to herself as Sheila Copps .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "After working as a constituency assistant to party leader Stuart Smith for the next four years , Copps again ran in Hamilton Centre for the 1981 election . She defeated Davison by 2,804 votes , and joined thirty-three other Liberals in forming the Official Opposition to Premier William Daviss Progressive Conservative government . Copps ran for the leadership of the Ontario Liberal Party in 1982 following Smiths resignation , and despite her lack of experience finished a strong second against David Peterson .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " Copps turned to national politics in the 1984 federal election , campaigning for the federal Liberals in the riding of Hamilton East . This election resulted in a landslide victory for Brian Mulroney and his Progressive Conservative Party , which won 211 out of 282 seats . Copps was personally elected , defeating New Democratic Party candidate David Christopherson by 2,661 votes , but had relatively few allies in the House of Commons for the next four years .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "Copps proved to be an influential member of the small Liberal opposition . She became a prominent member of the Rat Pack , a group of young Liberal MPs who made it their business to bring misery to the Mulroney government . Fully bilingual , she earned both praise and scorn for her spirited attacks on Mulroney and his ministers . She released her autobiography , Nobodys Baby , only two years into her federal career , and was by all accounts a rising star in Canadian politics . The book came after Minister of Justice John Crosbie told Copps",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "to just quieten [ sic ] down , baby during a heated debate . Copps retorted , I am nobodys baby .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " In 1987 , Copps became the first sitting MP in Canadian history to give birth , when her daughter Danelle was born . Later , Copps commented that she became part of her entourage , making friends across the country . In 1988 , Copps was re-elected without difficulty in the federal election . Copps was a candidate in the 1990 Liberal leadership race to succeed John Turner . She finished third , behind Jean Chrétien and Paul Martin .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "In 1992 , Copps supported Murray Elstons unsuccessful bid to succeed David Peterson as leader of the Ontario Liberal Party .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " The Liberals came to power in the 1993 election , defeating Kim Campbells Tories . Chrétien became prime minister following the election , and named Copps as deputy prime minister and minister of the environment . This marked the first time in Canadian history that a woman had been named to the post of deputy prime minister . Following a 1996 cabinet shuffle , she relinquished the Environment portfolio and became Minister of Canadian Heritage .",
"title": "Federal minister"
},
{
"text": "Copps resigned briefly in the spring of 1996 . One of Chrétiens campaign promises had been to abolish Brian Mulroneys highly unpopular Goods and Services Tax , a promise he later reneged on in an effort to avoid decreasing government revenues . During the 1993 election campaign , Copps promised during a Canadian Broadcasting Corporation town hall program that she would resign if the GST was not abolished . Copps , after some pressure , vacated her Hamilton East seat in 1996 , and promptly ran again in the ensuing by-election .",
"title": "Federal minister"
},
{
"text": "During the by-election , Reform put up billboards around her riding , one featuring a pig at a trough with SHEILA marked on it ; and another with her picture and , Promise to cut the GST : It worked last time ! Copps won handily , though with a significantly reduced percentage of the vote from 1993 , and Chrétien reinstated her to her previous cabinet posts . During her victory speech , she noted that the Liberals kicked butt in the by-election ; a controversial editorial cartoon in the right-wing Toronto Sun tabloid the next day portrayed Hamilton",
"title": "Federal minister"
},
{
"text": "East voters as buttheads .",
"title": "Federal minister"
},
{
"text": " Following the 1997 election , Copps was removed from the position of deputy prime minister , which was given to political stalwart Herb Gray . Copps made little upward progress in cabinet after this demotion , and by many accounts came to have relatively little influence over the direction of government policy . Many believe that Anne McLellan surpassed her as the most prominent woman in government during this period .",
"title": "Federal minister"
},
{
"text": "Following Jean Chrétiens announcement of his intent to retire in February 2004 , Copps became the first candidate to officially declare for the party leadership . Despite her efforts to build support among women , minority groups and the partys left-wing , she began and ended the leadership contest well behind the overwhelming favourite , Paul Martin . While her national campaigning saw her sign up over 32,000 new party members , some speculated that she would withdraw prior to the Liberal leadership convention , as John Manley had .",
"title": "Federal minister"
},
{
"text": "Riding redistribution placed Copps in a serious nomination battle with another Liberal MP , Tony Valeri , who was named to Martins cabinet as Minister of Transport . With redistribution , part of Valeris Stoney Creek riding was merged with part of Coppss Hamilton East to create Hamilton East—Stoney Creek , while the remainder was merged with other neighbouring ridings to create Niagara West—Glanbrook . The remaining portion of Hamilton East was merged with parts of Hamilton West to create Hamilton Centre . Of the 115,709 constituents of the riding of Hamilton East—Stoney Creek , a slight majority of constituents",
"title": "Federal minister"
},
{
"text": "( 58,462 ) were from the old Stoney Creek while a minority ( 57,247 ) were from the old Hamilton East",
"title": "Federal minister"
},
{
"text": " Copps position was that Valeri should have sought the nomination in Niagara West-Glanbrook , where he resided and in which there was a regional airport that would complement his transport portfolio . Valeris position was that the majority of his former Stoney Creek constituents lived in the new Hamilton East—Stoney Creek riding , Copps no longer lived in Hamilton and he resided less than 100 metres from the riding boundary .",
"title": "Federal minister"
},
{
"text": "In a December interview with Hamiltons CHCH-TV , Copps complained that Martin was trying to drive her , other women and other Martin opponents out of the Liberal caucus . Beth Phinney , who represented nearby Hamilton Mountain , offered to stand down in favour of Copps , but Copps turned this offer down . On January 14 , 2004 , she suggested that she could campaign for the New Democratic Party in the upcoming election if Valeri won the Liberal nomination . Copps later retracted this threat .",
"title": "Federal minister"
},
{
"text": "On March 6 , 2004 , Valeri defeated Copps by 2,802 votes to 2,491 . Copps argued that there were improprieties in the nomination process and in the conduct of the vote , and called on various authorities to investigate ( other nomination elections between Chrétien and Martin supporters had similar allegations of tampering ) . She initially appealed the vote results to the Liberal Party of Canada . Her appeal was late as it was filed beyond the 72-hour deadline after the commencement of the nomination meeting , but the Appeals Commission of the Liberal Party waived the deadline",
"title": "Federal minister"
},
{
"text": ". Nevertheless , Copps dropped the appeal on March 29 , alleging a lack of transparency in the process .",
"title": "Federal minister"
},
{
"text": " In July 2005 , Hamilton police announced a formal end to the investigation after finding no evidence to substantiate Copps allegations including tampering of her telephones on the day of the nomination . As the access codes to her phone system were apparently listed on a bulletin board , the police estimated that at least 40 individuals had access to the phone system .",
"title": "Federal minister"
},
{
"text": " On May 14 , 2004 , Copps stood in the House of Commons of Canada and announced she would not run for re-election as an independent . She later suggested in comments to reporters that she might return to politics once Paul Martin was no longer prime minister . In her first public engagement after departing politics , she accepted a role in a Kingston , Ontario dinner theatre production of Steel Magnolias . She also guest-starred on the evening soap opera Train 48 .",
"title": "Post-political career"
},
{
"text": "Her second autobiography , Worth Fighting For , was published by McClelland and Stewart in October 2004 , and resulted in further public controversy with Paul Martin and other members of the Liberal Party . Copps alleged that Martin had put a pledge in his 1995 budget to rescind the outdated Canada Health Act , and further claimed that her intervention had the offending line removed from the document . Her allegations were denied by Martin and David Dodge ( who Copps claims faxed her the draft of the budget ) , Diane Marleau ( who was Health Minister at",
"title": "Post-political career"
},
{
"text": "the time ) , and others .",
"title": "Post-political career"
},
{
"text": " After leaving politics , Copps wrote regular commentary for the National Post . In September 2005 , concurrent with a redesign , she was introduced as a regular columnist for the Toronto Sun which was also published in various Sun papers across Canada . Copps quit her column in December 2007 .",
"title": "Post-political career"
},
{
"text": "She also hosts a weekly syndicated radio talk show , Weekends with Sheila Copps , focusing on lifestyle issues such as health and financial planning . She succeeded Dini Petty as host of the series . She is also employed by Quebecor , a Canadian media distribution company and then-owner of the Sun newspaper chain for which Copps previously wrote . In this capacity , she has been working on a new series for the History Television channel .",
"title": "Post-political career"
},
{
"text": "In March 2006 , the Saint-Jean-Baptiste Society of Montreal , a prominent sovereigntist group , demanded $100,000 from Copps , claiming that she had defamed them in a television interview on January 6 , 2006 . Sovereigntists claim that Options Canada illegally spent $3.5 million to promote federalism in Quebec , while Copps claimed that the St-Jean Baptiste Society spent $4.8 million from the Quebec Government to promote sovereignty , which the group denies . Copps claims that she had been unaware of the groups demands until she was approached for comment by reporters on March 5 , 2006 ,",
"title": "Post-political career"
},
{
"text": "and that she has yet to receive any legal notice from the group .",
"title": "Post-political career"
},
{
"text": " In 2006 , subsequent to Paul Martins resignation as prime minister , Copps decided not to seek the Liberal leadership .",
"title": "Post-political career"
},
{
"text": "Following the 2006 election , Liberal MP Paul Zed ( Liberal , New Brunswick ) and former MP Dennis Mills ( Liberal , Ontario ) organized a gala event to pay tribute to Copps and heal wounds caused by party infighting . Held on March 23 , 2006 , the event was attended by a host of prominent Liberals , including former Prime Minister John Turner , and Aline Chrétien . The event also served as a fundraiser for Liberal women in Canadian politics .",
"title": "Post-political career"
},
{
"text": " As the daughter of late Hamilton Mayor Victor Copps , she has long been the object of speculation as to whether or not she would follow in the footsteps of her father , recently stating that , if she were to return to politics , she would do so it would be in my hometown and nowhere else .",
"title": "Post-political career"
},
{
"text": "Copps ran to be president of the Liberal Party of Canada in 2012 but lost to Mike Crawley by 26 votes . Following the defeat , Copps announced her retirement from politics stating that while she would continue to volunteer in political campaigns she would not be running for office again . She was appointed an officer of the Order of Canada on December 30 , 2012 .",
"title": "Post-political career"
},
{
"text": " On November 10 , 2014 , Copps stated that she has been sexually assaulted and raped and one of the incidents happened while she was serving in the Provincial Parliament of Ontario . She said she felt compelled to come forward with the allegations after tweeting support for former Q host Jian Ghomeshi .",
"title": "Post-political career"
},
{
"text": " At the height of the SNC-Lavalin affair during the Premiership of Justin Trudeau , Copps became known for being outspoken and interviewed as an opinion regarding the affair despite no personal involvement in present-day politics .",
"title": "SNC-Lavalin affair"
},
{
"text": "After Jody Wilson-Raybould and Jane Philpott resigned from their posts citing the governments handling of the matter , Copps repeatedly publicly called for their firing in the form of dismissal from the Liberal caucus . Copps argued Wilson-Raybould and Philpotts resignations amounted to a betrayal of Justin Trudeaus leadership and their presence continued to foment internal political divisions within the Liberal caucus . Copps directly pointed the blame on Wilson-Raybould and Philpott for the public mud-dragging that youve taken the prime minister through .",
"title": "SNC-Lavalin affair"
},
{
"text": "Despite not serving in any capacity under Trudeaus government , Copps continued to publicly assail the competencies of Wilson-Raybould and Philpott , alleging while they had policy experience , they lacked political experience and when you don’t have a lot of political experience , the pressure gets too hot for you [ and ] I think that pressure has probably gotten to them , unfortunately . Sought out by CBC News for commentary , she wrote in an email that both are doing their best to destroy their leader . Unprompted , Copps went as far as to say Wilson-Raybould",
"title": "SNC-Lavalin affair"
},
{
"text": "and Philpott had gone rogue and were not wizened political people . She claimed without providing evidence that Wilson-Raybould “doesnt really like to listen to other people , including the prime minister” and argued both she and Philpott were architects of their own victimization narrative being used for personal gain at the expense of the Prime Minister . Copps again disparaged Wilson-Raybould’s working relationship with her colleagues , alleging “ [ she ] was running her own show , and nobody was going to tell her what to do anywhere.” Indigenous leaders argued the criticisms perpetuated colonial-era , sexist stereotypes",
"title": "SNC-Lavalin affair"
},
{
"text": "that Indigenous women could not be powerful , forthright , and steadfast in positions of power , but rather confrontational , meddling and egotistic .",
"title": "SNC-Lavalin affair"
},
{
"text": "In a Twitter exchange with Jonathan Kay , Copps implied Wilson-Raybould’s conduct was one of a “bitch.” When concerns were raised that her diction made Indigenous issues sound menacing , Copps was baffled , since to her [ the aboriginal agenda ] only had positive connotations.” Another tweet saw Copps imply Jody Wilson-Raybould , a member of the We Wai Kai Nation , would have cared more about intervening in SNC-Lavalin’s prosecution had the 9000 jobs reportedly at stake in Quebec instead been 9000 jobs held by Aboriginal people . Copps later denied her implication that Wilson-Raybould was working for",
"title": "SNC-Lavalin affair"
},
{
"text": "Indigenous communities more than the general public . When queried about the racial undertones behind her messaging and reasoning , Copps responded : Anybody who knows me knows Im not a racist…there is a higher test for women , for minorities , for Indigenous people . For sure . Sadly , its not fair . When asked if her comment about Wilson-Raybould perpetuated that double standard , Copps said no , that she was rather simply commenting on the former ministers background informing her choices .",
"title": "SNC-Lavalin affair"
},
{
"text": " Copps’ messages and conduct were condemned by a member of the Haudenosaunee First Nations Confederacy , NDP MP Romeo Saganash , Aboriginal rights activist Cindy Blackstock , and Conservative MP Gérard Deltell , among others .",
"title": "SNC-Lavalin affair"
},
{
"text": " - Nobodys Baby : A Survival Guide to Politics ( 1986 ) . Toronto ON : Deneau . 192 p . . - Worth fighting for ( 2004 ) . Toronto ON : McClelland & Stewart . 213 p . . - La batailleuse ( 2004 ) . Montreal QC : Boréal . 236 p . . - Chapter contribution",
"title": "Writings and publications"
},
{
"text": "- Trish Hennessey and Ed Finn ( editors ) . Fight for equality is far from being won. , in : Speaking Truth to Power : A Reader on Canadian Womens Inequality , Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives , Ottawa , c.2010 . pp . 15–18 .",
"title": "Writings and publications"
},
{
"text": " - Articles - Canadas Historic Places Initiative , Heritage/Patrimoine , 6:26 , Spring 2003 . - Canadian Cultural Policy in a Global Economy , Canadian Business Economics , 7 ( 3 ) :40-3 , Oct . 1999 . - Celine Dion : Made in Canada , NPQ : New Perspectives Quarterly . 15 ( 5 ) :17 , Fall 1998 . - Initiative des Endroits Historiques du Canada , Heritage/Patrimoine . 6:26 , Spring 2003 . - Liberal Flogging of the Governments Green Plan , New Environment . pp . 39ff , Annual , 1990 .",
"title": "Writings and publications"
},
{
"text": "- Two Grit Guys and a Cutie? , Bulletin Centre for Investigative Journalism . no . 42:9 , Winter 1990 .",
"title": "Writings and publications"
}
] |
/wiki/Sheila_Copps#P39#1
|
Sheila Copps took which position in Jun 1993?
|
Sheila Copps Sheila Maureen Copps ( born November 27 , 1952 ) is a former Canadian politician who also served as the sixth deputy prime minister of Canada from November 4 , 1993 , to April 30 , 1996 , and June 19 , 1996 , to June 11 , 1997 . Her father , Victor Copps was once mayor of Hamilton , Ontario . Considered a prominent left-wing member of the Liberal Party of Canada , Copps was an advocate for legal rights of women , marijuana legalization , minority rights , and protection of the environment . Her combative style and reputation for flamboyance were trademarks of her political career . Early life . Copps was born in Hamilton , Ontario . She is a second-generation member of a political family that has dominated Hamilton-area politics on the municipal , provincial and federal levels . Her mother , Geraldine Florence ( Guthro ) Copps , was a Hamilton city councillor . Her father , Victor Kennedy Copps , was one of the most influential mayors of the City of Hamilton . She attended Bishop Ryan Catholic Secondary School . As a child , Copps participated in Girl Guides of Canada youth programs . She is married to Austin Thorne ( her third husband ) , and has one daughter , Danelle ( from her second marriage ) . She was the first sitting Member of Parliament in Canadian history to give birth . Copps earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in French and English from Kings University College at the University of Western Ontario in London , Ontario , and pursued further studies at McMaster University in Hamilton and the University of Rouen in France . She worked as a newspaper journalist with the Hamilton Spectator and the Ottawa Citizen . Political career . Copps entered provincial politics in the 1977 provincial election , running for the Ontario Liberal Party in Hamilton Centre . She lost , finishing 14 votes behind incumbent New Democrat Mike Davison . Copps appeared on the ballot for this election as Sheila Copps Miller , using the surname of her then-husband . In all subsequent campaigns , she would refer to herself as Sheila Copps . After working as a constituency assistant to party leader Stuart Smith for the next four years , Copps again ran in Hamilton Centre for the 1981 election . She defeated Davison by 2,804 votes , and joined thirty-three other Liberals in forming the Official Opposition to Premier William Daviss Progressive Conservative government . Copps ran for the leadership of the Ontario Liberal Party in 1982 following Smiths resignation , and despite her lack of experience finished a strong second against David Peterson . Copps turned to national politics in the 1984 federal election , campaigning for the federal Liberals in the riding of Hamilton East . This election resulted in a landslide victory for Brian Mulroney and his Progressive Conservative Party , which won 211 out of 282 seats . Copps was personally elected , defeating New Democratic Party candidate David Christopherson by 2,661 votes , but had relatively few allies in the House of Commons for the next four years . Copps proved to be an influential member of the small Liberal opposition . She became a prominent member of the Rat Pack , a group of young Liberal MPs who made it their business to bring misery to the Mulroney government . Fully bilingual , she earned both praise and scorn for her spirited attacks on Mulroney and his ministers . She released her autobiography , Nobodys Baby , only two years into her federal career , and was by all accounts a rising star in Canadian politics . The book came after Minister of Justice John Crosbie told Copps to just quieten [ sic ] down , baby during a heated debate . Copps retorted , I am nobodys baby . In 1987 , Copps became the first sitting MP in Canadian history to give birth , when her daughter Danelle was born . Later , Copps commented that she became part of her entourage , making friends across the country . In 1988 , Copps was re-elected without difficulty in the federal election . Copps was a candidate in the 1990 Liberal leadership race to succeed John Turner . She finished third , behind Jean Chrétien and Paul Martin . In 1992 , Copps supported Murray Elstons unsuccessful bid to succeed David Peterson as leader of the Ontario Liberal Party . Federal minister . The Liberals came to power in the 1993 election , defeating Kim Campbells Tories . Chrétien became prime minister following the election , and named Copps as deputy prime minister and minister of the environment . This marked the first time in Canadian history that a woman had been named to the post of deputy prime minister . Following a 1996 cabinet shuffle , she relinquished the Environment portfolio and became Minister of Canadian Heritage . Copps resigned briefly in the spring of 1996 . One of Chrétiens campaign promises had been to abolish Brian Mulroneys highly unpopular Goods and Services Tax , a promise he later reneged on in an effort to avoid decreasing government revenues . During the 1993 election campaign , Copps promised during a Canadian Broadcasting Corporation town hall program that she would resign if the GST was not abolished . Copps , after some pressure , vacated her Hamilton East seat in 1996 , and promptly ran again in the ensuing by-election . During the by-election , Reform put up billboards around her riding , one featuring a pig at a trough with SHEILA marked on it ; and another with her picture and , Promise to cut the GST : It worked last time ! Copps won handily , though with a significantly reduced percentage of the vote from 1993 , and Chrétien reinstated her to her previous cabinet posts . During her victory speech , she noted that the Liberals kicked butt in the by-election ; a controversial editorial cartoon in the right-wing Toronto Sun tabloid the next day portrayed Hamilton East voters as buttheads . Following the 1997 election , Copps was removed from the position of deputy prime minister , which was given to political stalwart Herb Gray . Copps made little upward progress in cabinet after this demotion , and by many accounts came to have relatively little influence over the direction of government policy . Many believe that Anne McLellan surpassed her as the most prominent woman in government during this period . Following Jean Chrétiens announcement of his intent to retire in February 2004 , Copps became the first candidate to officially declare for the party leadership . Despite her efforts to build support among women , minority groups and the partys left-wing , she began and ended the leadership contest well behind the overwhelming favourite , Paul Martin . While her national campaigning saw her sign up over 32,000 new party members , some speculated that she would withdraw prior to the Liberal leadership convention , as John Manley had . Nomination battle before 2004 federal election . Riding redistribution placed Copps in a serious nomination battle with another Liberal MP , Tony Valeri , who was named to Martins cabinet as Minister of Transport . With redistribution , part of Valeris Stoney Creek riding was merged with part of Coppss Hamilton East to create Hamilton East—Stoney Creek , while the remainder was merged with other neighbouring ridings to create Niagara West—Glanbrook . The remaining portion of Hamilton East was merged with parts of Hamilton West to create Hamilton Centre . Of the 115,709 constituents of the riding of Hamilton East—Stoney Creek , a slight majority of constituents ( 58,462 ) were from the old Stoney Creek while a minority ( 57,247 ) were from the old Hamilton East Copps position was that Valeri should have sought the nomination in Niagara West-Glanbrook , where he resided and in which there was a regional airport that would complement his transport portfolio . Valeris position was that the majority of his former Stoney Creek constituents lived in the new Hamilton East—Stoney Creek riding , Copps no longer lived in Hamilton and he resided less than 100 metres from the riding boundary . In a December interview with Hamiltons CHCH-TV , Copps complained that Martin was trying to drive her , other women and other Martin opponents out of the Liberal caucus . Beth Phinney , who represented nearby Hamilton Mountain , offered to stand down in favour of Copps , but Copps turned this offer down . On January 14 , 2004 , she suggested that she could campaign for the New Democratic Party in the upcoming election if Valeri won the Liberal nomination . Copps later retracted this threat . On March 6 , 2004 , Valeri defeated Copps by 2,802 votes to 2,491 . Copps argued that there were improprieties in the nomination process and in the conduct of the vote , and called on various authorities to investigate ( other nomination elections between Chrétien and Martin supporters had similar allegations of tampering ) . She initially appealed the vote results to the Liberal Party of Canada . Her appeal was late as it was filed beyond the 72-hour deadline after the commencement of the nomination meeting , but the Appeals Commission of the Liberal Party waived the deadline . Nevertheless , Copps dropped the appeal on March 29 , alleging a lack of transparency in the process . In July 2005 , Hamilton police announced a formal end to the investigation after finding no evidence to substantiate Copps allegations including tampering of her telephones on the day of the nomination . As the access codes to her phone system were apparently listed on a bulletin board , the police estimated that at least 40 individuals had access to the phone system . Post-political career . On May 14 , 2004 , Copps stood in the House of Commons of Canada and announced she would not run for re-election as an independent . She later suggested in comments to reporters that she might return to politics once Paul Martin was no longer prime minister . In her first public engagement after departing politics , she accepted a role in a Kingston , Ontario dinner theatre production of Steel Magnolias . She also guest-starred on the evening soap opera Train 48 . Her second autobiography , Worth Fighting For , was published by McClelland and Stewart in October 2004 , and resulted in further public controversy with Paul Martin and other members of the Liberal Party . Copps alleged that Martin had put a pledge in his 1995 budget to rescind the outdated Canada Health Act , and further claimed that her intervention had the offending line removed from the document . Her allegations were denied by Martin and David Dodge ( who Copps claims faxed her the draft of the budget ) , Diane Marleau ( who was Health Minister at the time ) , and others . After leaving politics , Copps wrote regular commentary for the National Post . In September 2005 , concurrent with a redesign , she was introduced as a regular columnist for the Toronto Sun which was also published in various Sun papers across Canada . Copps quit her column in December 2007 . She also hosts a weekly syndicated radio talk show , Weekends with Sheila Copps , focusing on lifestyle issues such as health and financial planning . She succeeded Dini Petty as host of the series . She is also employed by Quebecor , a Canadian media distribution company and then-owner of the Sun newspaper chain for which Copps previously wrote . In this capacity , she has been working on a new series for the History Television channel . In March 2006 , the Saint-Jean-Baptiste Society of Montreal , a prominent sovereigntist group , demanded $100,000 from Copps , claiming that she had defamed them in a television interview on January 6 , 2006 . Sovereigntists claim that Options Canada illegally spent $3.5 million to promote federalism in Quebec , while Copps claimed that the St-Jean Baptiste Society spent $4.8 million from the Quebec Government to promote sovereignty , which the group denies . Copps claims that she had been unaware of the groups demands until she was approached for comment by reporters on March 5 , 2006 , and that she has yet to receive any legal notice from the group . In 2006 , subsequent to Paul Martins resignation as prime minister , Copps decided not to seek the Liberal leadership . Following the 2006 election , Liberal MP Paul Zed ( Liberal , New Brunswick ) and former MP Dennis Mills ( Liberal , Ontario ) organized a gala event to pay tribute to Copps and heal wounds caused by party infighting . Held on March 23 , 2006 , the event was attended by a host of prominent Liberals , including former Prime Minister John Turner , and Aline Chrétien . The event also served as a fundraiser for Liberal women in Canadian politics . As the daughter of late Hamilton Mayor Victor Copps , she has long been the object of speculation as to whether or not she would follow in the footsteps of her father , recently stating that , if she were to return to politics , she would do so it would be in my hometown and nowhere else . Copps ran to be president of the Liberal Party of Canada in 2012 but lost to Mike Crawley by 26 votes . Following the defeat , Copps announced her retirement from politics stating that while she would continue to volunteer in political campaigns she would not be running for office again . She was appointed an officer of the Order of Canada on December 30 , 2012 . On November 10 , 2014 , Copps stated that she has been sexually assaulted and raped and one of the incidents happened while she was serving in the Provincial Parliament of Ontario . She said she felt compelled to come forward with the allegations after tweeting support for former Q host Jian Ghomeshi . SNC-Lavalin affair . At the height of the SNC-Lavalin affair during the Premiership of Justin Trudeau , Copps became known for being outspoken and interviewed as an opinion regarding the affair despite no personal involvement in present-day politics . After Jody Wilson-Raybould and Jane Philpott resigned from their posts citing the governments handling of the matter , Copps repeatedly publicly called for their firing in the form of dismissal from the Liberal caucus . Copps argued Wilson-Raybould and Philpotts resignations amounted to a betrayal of Justin Trudeaus leadership and their presence continued to foment internal political divisions within the Liberal caucus . Copps directly pointed the blame on Wilson-Raybould and Philpott for the public mud-dragging that youve taken the prime minister through . Despite not serving in any capacity under Trudeaus government , Copps continued to publicly assail the competencies of Wilson-Raybould and Philpott , alleging while they had policy experience , they lacked political experience and when you don’t have a lot of political experience , the pressure gets too hot for you [ and ] I think that pressure has probably gotten to them , unfortunately . Sought out by CBC News for commentary , she wrote in an email that both are doing their best to destroy their leader . Unprompted , Copps went as far as to say Wilson-Raybould and Philpott had gone rogue and were not wizened political people . She claimed without providing evidence that Wilson-Raybould “doesnt really like to listen to other people , including the prime minister” and argued both she and Philpott were architects of their own victimization narrative being used for personal gain at the expense of the Prime Minister . Copps again disparaged Wilson-Raybould’s working relationship with her colleagues , alleging “ [ she ] was running her own show , and nobody was going to tell her what to do anywhere.” Indigenous leaders argued the criticisms perpetuated colonial-era , sexist stereotypes that Indigenous women could not be powerful , forthright , and steadfast in positions of power , but rather confrontational , meddling and egotistic . In a Twitter exchange with Jonathan Kay , Copps implied Wilson-Raybould’s conduct was one of a “bitch.” When concerns were raised that her diction made Indigenous issues sound menacing , Copps was baffled , since to her [ the aboriginal agenda ] only had positive connotations.” Another tweet saw Copps imply Jody Wilson-Raybould , a member of the We Wai Kai Nation , would have cared more about intervening in SNC-Lavalin’s prosecution had the 9000 jobs reportedly at stake in Quebec instead been 9000 jobs held by Aboriginal people . Copps later denied her implication that Wilson-Raybould was working for Indigenous communities more than the general public . When queried about the racial undertones behind her messaging and reasoning , Copps responded : Anybody who knows me knows Im not a racist…there is a higher test for women , for minorities , for Indigenous people . For sure . Sadly , its not fair . When asked if her comment about Wilson-Raybould perpetuated that double standard , Copps said no , that she was rather simply commenting on the former ministers background informing her choices . Copps’ messages and conduct were condemned by a member of the Haudenosaunee First Nations Confederacy , NDP MP Romeo Saganash , Aboriginal rights activist Cindy Blackstock , and Conservative MP Gérard Deltell , among others . Writings and publications . - Nobodys Baby : A Survival Guide to Politics ( 1986 ) . Toronto ON : Deneau . 192 p . . - Worth fighting for ( 2004 ) . Toronto ON : McClelland & Stewart . 213 p . . - La batailleuse ( 2004 ) . Montreal QC : Boréal . 236 p . . - Chapter contribution - Trish Hennessey and Ed Finn ( editors ) . Fight for equality is far from being won. , in : Speaking Truth to Power : A Reader on Canadian Womens Inequality , Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives , Ottawa , c.2010 . pp . 15–18 . - Articles - Canadas Historic Places Initiative , Heritage/Patrimoine , 6:26 , Spring 2003 . - Canadian Cultural Policy in a Global Economy , Canadian Business Economics , 7 ( 3 ) :40-3 , Oct . 1999 . - Celine Dion : Made in Canada , NPQ : New Perspectives Quarterly . 15 ( 5 ) :17 , Fall 1998 . - Initiative des Endroits Historiques du Canada , Heritage/Patrimoine . 6:26 , Spring 2003 . - Liberal Flogging of the Governments Green Plan , New Environment . pp . 39ff , Annual , 1990 . - Two Grit Guys and a Cutie? , Bulletin Centre for Investigative Journalism . no . 42:9 , Winter 1990 .
|
[
""
] |
[
{
"text": " Sheila Maureen Copps ( born November 27 , 1952 ) is a former Canadian politician who also served as the sixth deputy prime minister of Canada from November 4 , 1993 , to April 30 , 1996 , and June 19 , 1996 , to June 11 , 1997 . Her father , Victor Copps was once mayor of Hamilton , Ontario .",
"title": "Sheila Copps"
},
{
"text": "Considered a prominent left-wing member of the Liberal Party of Canada , Copps was an advocate for legal rights of women , marijuana legalization , minority rights , and protection of the environment . Her combative style and reputation for flamboyance were trademarks of her political career .",
"title": "Sheila Copps"
},
{
"text": " Copps was born in Hamilton , Ontario . She is a second-generation member of a political family that has dominated Hamilton-area politics on the municipal , provincial and federal levels . Her mother , Geraldine Florence ( Guthro ) Copps , was a Hamilton city councillor . Her father , Victor Kennedy Copps , was one of the most influential mayors of the City of Hamilton . She attended Bishop Ryan Catholic Secondary School . As a child , Copps participated in Girl Guides of Canada youth programs .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "She is married to Austin Thorne ( her third husband ) , and has one daughter , Danelle ( from her second marriage ) . She was the first sitting Member of Parliament in Canadian history to give birth .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " Copps earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in French and English from Kings University College at the University of Western Ontario in London , Ontario , and pursued further studies at McMaster University in Hamilton and the University of Rouen in France . She worked as a newspaper journalist with the Hamilton Spectator and the Ottawa Citizen .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " Copps entered provincial politics in the 1977 provincial election , running for the Ontario Liberal Party in Hamilton Centre . She lost , finishing 14 votes behind incumbent New Democrat Mike Davison . Copps appeared on the ballot for this election as Sheila Copps Miller , using the surname of her then-husband . In all subsequent campaigns , she would refer to herself as Sheila Copps .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "After working as a constituency assistant to party leader Stuart Smith for the next four years , Copps again ran in Hamilton Centre for the 1981 election . She defeated Davison by 2,804 votes , and joined thirty-three other Liberals in forming the Official Opposition to Premier William Daviss Progressive Conservative government . Copps ran for the leadership of the Ontario Liberal Party in 1982 following Smiths resignation , and despite her lack of experience finished a strong second against David Peterson .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " Copps turned to national politics in the 1984 federal election , campaigning for the federal Liberals in the riding of Hamilton East . This election resulted in a landslide victory for Brian Mulroney and his Progressive Conservative Party , which won 211 out of 282 seats . Copps was personally elected , defeating New Democratic Party candidate David Christopherson by 2,661 votes , but had relatively few allies in the House of Commons for the next four years .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "Copps proved to be an influential member of the small Liberal opposition . She became a prominent member of the Rat Pack , a group of young Liberal MPs who made it their business to bring misery to the Mulroney government . Fully bilingual , she earned both praise and scorn for her spirited attacks on Mulroney and his ministers . She released her autobiography , Nobodys Baby , only two years into her federal career , and was by all accounts a rising star in Canadian politics . The book came after Minister of Justice John Crosbie told Copps",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "to just quieten [ sic ] down , baby during a heated debate . Copps retorted , I am nobodys baby .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " In 1987 , Copps became the first sitting MP in Canadian history to give birth , when her daughter Danelle was born . Later , Copps commented that she became part of her entourage , making friends across the country . In 1988 , Copps was re-elected without difficulty in the federal election . Copps was a candidate in the 1990 Liberal leadership race to succeed John Turner . She finished third , behind Jean Chrétien and Paul Martin .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "In 1992 , Copps supported Murray Elstons unsuccessful bid to succeed David Peterson as leader of the Ontario Liberal Party .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " The Liberals came to power in the 1993 election , defeating Kim Campbells Tories . Chrétien became prime minister following the election , and named Copps as deputy prime minister and minister of the environment . This marked the first time in Canadian history that a woman had been named to the post of deputy prime minister . Following a 1996 cabinet shuffle , she relinquished the Environment portfolio and became Minister of Canadian Heritage .",
"title": "Federal minister"
},
{
"text": "Copps resigned briefly in the spring of 1996 . One of Chrétiens campaign promises had been to abolish Brian Mulroneys highly unpopular Goods and Services Tax , a promise he later reneged on in an effort to avoid decreasing government revenues . During the 1993 election campaign , Copps promised during a Canadian Broadcasting Corporation town hall program that she would resign if the GST was not abolished . Copps , after some pressure , vacated her Hamilton East seat in 1996 , and promptly ran again in the ensuing by-election .",
"title": "Federal minister"
},
{
"text": "During the by-election , Reform put up billboards around her riding , one featuring a pig at a trough with SHEILA marked on it ; and another with her picture and , Promise to cut the GST : It worked last time ! Copps won handily , though with a significantly reduced percentage of the vote from 1993 , and Chrétien reinstated her to her previous cabinet posts . During her victory speech , she noted that the Liberals kicked butt in the by-election ; a controversial editorial cartoon in the right-wing Toronto Sun tabloid the next day portrayed Hamilton",
"title": "Federal minister"
},
{
"text": "East voters as buttheads .",
"title": "Federal minister"
},
{
"text": " Following the 1997 election , Copps was removed from the position of deputy prime minister , which was given to political stalwart Herb Gray . Copps made little upward progress in cabinet after this demotion , and by many accounts came to have relatively little influence over the direction of government policy . Many believe that Anne McLellan surpassed her as the most prominent woman in government during this period .",
"title": "Federal minister"
},
{
"text": "Following Jean Chrétiens announcement of his intent to retire in February 2004 , Copps became the first candidate to officially declare for the party leadership . Despite her efforts to build support among women , minority groups and the partys left-wing , she began and ended the leadership contest well behind the overwhelming favourite , Paul Martin . While her national campaigning saw her sign up over 32,000 new party members , some speculated that she would withdraw prior to the Liberal leadership convention , as John Manley had .",
"title": "Federal minister"
},
{
"text": "Riding redistribution placed Copps in a serious nomination battle with another Liberal MP , Tony Valeri , who was named to Martins cabinet as Minister of Transport . With redistribution , part of Valeris Stoney Creek riding was merged with part of Coppss Hamilton East to create Hamilton East—Stoney Creek , while the remainder was merged with other neighbouring ridings to create Niagara West—Glanbrook . The remaining portion of Hamilton East was merged with parts of Hamilton West to create Hamilton Centre . Of the 115,709 constituents of the riding of Hamilton East—Stoney Creek , a slight majority of constituents",
"title": "Federal minister"
},
{
"text": "( 58,462 ) were from the old Stoney Creek while a minority ( 57,247 ) were from the old Hamilton East",
"title": "Federal minister"
},
{
"text": " Copps position was that Valeri should have sought the nomination in Niagara West-Glanbrook , where he resided and in which there was a regional airport that would complement his transport portfolio . Valeris position was that the majority of his former Stoney Creek constituents lived in the new Hamilton East—Stoney Creek riding , Copps no longer lived in Hamilton and he resided less than 100 metres from the riding boundary .",
"title": "Federal minister"
},
{
"text": "In a December interview with Hamiltons CHCH-TV , Copps complained that Martin was trying to drive her , other women and other Martin opponents out of the Liberal caucus . Beth Phinney , who represented nearby Hamilton Mountain , offered to stand down in favour of Copps , but Copps turned this offer down . On January 14 , 2004 , she suggested that she could campaign for the New Democratic Party in the upcoming election if Valeri won the Liberal nomination . Copps later retracted this threat .",
"title": "Federal minister"
},
{
"text": "On March 6 , 2004 , Valeri defeated Copps by 2,802 votes to 2,491 . Copps argued that there were improprieties in the nomination process and in the conduct of the vote , and called on various authorities to investigate ( other nomination elections between Chrétien and Martin supporters had similar allegations of tampering ) . She initially appealed the vote results to the Liberal Party of Canada . Her appeal was late as it was filed beyond the 72-hour deadline after the commencement of the nomination meeting , but the Appeals Commission of the Liberal Party waived the deadline",
"title": "Federal minister"
},
{
"text": ". Nevertheless , Copps dropped the appeal on March 29 , alleging a lack of transparency in the process .",
"title": "Federal minister"
},
{
"text": " In July 2005 , Hamilton police announced a formal end to the investigation after finding no evidence to substantiate Copps allegations including tampering of her telephones on the day of the nomination . As the access codes to her phone system were apparently listed on a bulletin board , the police estimated that at least 40 individuals had access to the phone system .",
"title": "Federal minister"
},
{
"text": " On May 14 , 2004 , Copps stood in the House of Commons of Canada and announced she would not run for re-election as an independent . She later suggested in comments to reporters that she might return to politics once Paul Martin was no longer prime minister . In her first public engagement after departing politics , she accepted a role in a Kingston , Ontario dinner theatre production of Steel Magnolias . She also guest-starred on the evening soap opera Train 48 .",
"title": "Post-political career"
},
{
"text": "Her second autobiography , Worth Fighting For , was published by McClelland and Stewart in October 2004 , and resulted in further public controversy with Paul Martin and other members of the Liberal Party . Copps alleged that Martin had put a pledge in his 1995 budget to rescind the outdated Canada Health Act , and further claimed that her intervention had the offending line removed from the document . Her allegations were denied by Martin and David Dodge ( who Copps claims faxed her the draft of the budget ) , Diane Marleau ( who was Health Minister at",
"title": "Post-political career"
},
{
"text": "the time ) , and others .",
"title": "Post-political career"
},
{
"text": " After leaving politics , Copps wrote regular commentary for the National Post . In September 2005 , concurrent with a redesign , she was introduced as a regular columnist for the Toronto Sun which was also published in various Sun papers across Canada . Copps quit her column in December 2007 .",
"title": "Post-political career"
},
{
"text": "She also hosts a weekly syndicated radio talk show , Weekends with Sheila Copps , focusing on lifestyle issues such as health and financial planning . She succeeded Dini Petty as host of the series . She is also employed by Quebecor , a Canadian media distribution company and then-owner of the Sun newspaper chain for which Copps previously wrote . In this capacity , she has been working on a new series for the History Television channel .",
"title": "Post-political career"
},
{
"text": "In March 2006 , the Saint-Jean-Baptiste Society of Montreal , a prominent sovereigntist group , demanded $100,000 from Copps , claiming that she had defamed them in a television interview on January 6 , 2006 . Sovereigntists claim that Options Canada illegally spent $3.5 million to promote federalism in Quebec , while Copps claimed that the St-Jean Baptiste Society spent $4.8 million from the Quebec Government to promote sovereignty , which the group denies . Copps claims that she had been unaware of the groups demands until she was approached for comment by reporters on March 5 , 2006 ,",
"title": "Post-political career"
},
{
"text": "and that she has yet to receive any legal notice from the group .",
"title": "Post-political career"
},
{
"text": " In 2006 , subsequent to Paul Martins resignation as prime minister , Copps decided not to seek the Liberal leadership .",
"title": "Post-political career"
},
{
"text": "Following the 2006 election , Liberal MP Paul Zed ( Liberal , New Brunswick ) and former MP Dennis Mills ( Liberal , Ontario ) organized a gala event to pay tribute to Copps and heal wounds caused by party infighting . Held on March 23 , 2006 , the event was attended by a host of prominent Liberals , including former Prime Minister John Turner , and Aline Chrétien . The event also served as a fundraiser for Liberal women in Canadian politics .",
"title": "Post-political career"
},
{
"text": " As the daughter of late Hamilton Mayor Victor Copps , she has long been the object of speculation as to whether or not she would follow in the footsteps of her father , recently stating that , if she were to return to politics , she would do so it would be in my hometown and nowhere else .",
"title": "Post-political career"
},
{
"text": "Copps ran to be president of the Liberal Party of Canada in 2012 but lost to Mike Crawley by 26 votes . Following the defeat , Copps announced her retirement from politics stating that while she would continue to volunteer in political campaigns she would not be running for office again . She was appointed an officer of the Order of Canada on December 30 , 2012 .",
"title": "Post-political career"
},
{
"text": " On November 10 , 2014 , Copps stated that she has been sexually assaulted and raped and one of the incidents happened while she was serving in the Provincial Parliament of Ontario . She said she felt compelled to come forward with the allegations after tweeting support for former Q host Jian Ghomeshi .",
"title": "Post-political career"
},
{
"text": " At the height of the SNC-Lavalin affair during the Premiership of Justin Trudeau , Copps became known for being outspoken and interviewed as an opinion regarding the affair despite no personal involvement in present-day politics .",
"title": "SNC-Lavalin affair"
},
{
"text": "After Jody Wilson-Raybould and Jane Philpott resigned from their posts citing the governments handling of the matter , Copps repeatedly publicly called for their firing in the form of dismissal from the Liberal caucus . Copps argued Wilson-Raybould and Philpotts resignations amounted to a betrayal of Justin Trudeaus leadership and their presence continued to foment internal political divisions within the Liberal caucus . Copps directly pointed the blame on Wilson-Raybould and Philpott for the public mud-dragging that youve taken the prime minister through .",
"title": "SNC-Lavalin affair"
},
{
"text": "Despite not serving in any capacity under Trudeaus government , Copps continued to publicly assail the competencies of Wilson-Raybould and Philpott , alleging while they had policy experience , they lacked political experience and when you don’t have a lot of political experience , the pressure gets too hot for you [ and ] I think that pressure has probably gotten to them , unfortunately . Sought out by CBC News for commentary , she wrote in an email that both are doing their best to destroy their leader . Unprompted , Copps went as far as to say Wilson-Raybould",
"title": "SNC-Lavalin affair"
},
{
"text": "and Philpott had gone rogue and were not wizened political people . She claimed without providing evidence that Wilson-Raybould “doesnt really like to listen to other people , including the prime minister” and argued both she and Philpott were architects of their own victimization narrative being used for personal gain at the expense of the Prime Minister . Copps again disparaged Wilson-Raybould’s working relationship with her colleagues , alleging “ [ she ] was running her own show , and nobody was going to tell her what to do anywhere.” Indigenous leaders argued the criticisms perpetuated colonial-era , sexist stereotypes",
"title": "SNC-Lavalin affair"
},
{
"text": "that Indigenous women could not be powerful , forthright , and steadfast in positions of power , but rather confrontational , meddling and egotistic .",
"title": "SNC-Lavalin affair"
},
{
"text": "In a Twitter exchange with Jonathan Kay , Copps implied Wilson-Raybould’s conduct was one of a “bitch.” When concerns were raised that her diction made Indigenous issues sound menacing , Copps was baffled , since to her [ the aboriginal agenda ] only had positive connotations.” Another tweet saw Copps imply Jody Wilson-Raybould , a member of the We Wai Kai Nation , would have cared more about intervening in SNC-Lavalin’s prosecution had the 9000 jobs reportedly at stake in Quebec instead been 9000 jobs held by Aboriginal people . Copps later denied her implication that Wilson-Raybould was working for",
"title": "SNC-Lavalin affair"
},
{
"text": "Indigenous communities more than the general public . When queried about the racial undertones behind her messaging and reasoning , Copps responded : Anybody who knows me knows Im not a racist…there is a higher test for women , for minorities , for Indigenous people . For sure . Sadly , its not fair . When asked if her comment about Wilson-Raybould perpetuated that double standard , Copps said no , that she was rather simply commenting on the former ministers background informing her choices .",
"title": "SNC-Lavalin affair"
},
{
"text": " Copps’ messages and conduct were condemned by a member of the Haudenosaunee First Nations Confederacy , NDP MP Romeo Saganash , Aboriginal rights activist Cindy Blackstock , and Conservative MP Gérard Deltell , among others .",
"title": "SNC-Lavalin affair"
},
{
"text": " - Nobodys Baby : A Survival Guide to Politics ( 1986 ) . Toronto ON : Deneau . 192 p . . - Worth fighting for ( 2004 ) . Toronto ON : McClelland & Stewart . 213 p . . - La batailleuse ( 2004 ) . Montreal QC : Boréal . 236 p . . - Chapter contribution",
"title": "Writings and publications"
},
{
"text": "- Trish Hennessey and Ed Finn ( editors ) . Fight for equality is far from being won. , in : Speaking Truth to Power : A Reader on Canadian Womens Inequality , Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives , Ottawa , c.2010 . pp . 15–18 .",
"title": "Writings and publications"
},
{
"text": " - Articles - Canadas Historic Places Initiative , Heritage/Patrimoine , 6:26 , Spring 2003 . - Canadian Cultural Policy in a Global Economy , Canadian Business Economics , 7 ( 3 ) :40-3 , Oct . 1999 . - Celine Dion : Made in Canada , NPQ : New Perspectives Quarterly . 15 ( 5 ) :17 , Fall 1998 . - Initiative des Endroits Historiques du Canada , Heritage/Patrimoine . 6:26 , Spring 2003 . - Liberal Flogging of the Governments Green Plan , New Environment . pp . 39ff , Annual , 1990 .",
"title": "Writings and publications"
},
{
"text": "- Two Grit Guys and a Cutie? , Bulletin Centre for Investigative Journalism . no . 42:9 , Winter 1990 .",
"title": "Writings and publications"
}
] |
/wiki/Sheila_Copps#P39#2
|
Sheila Copps took which position in Oct 1995?
|
Sheila Copps Sheila Maureen Copps ( born November 27 , 1952 ) is a former Canadian politician who also served as the sixth deputy prime minister of Canada from November 4 , 1993 , to April 30 , 1996 , and June 19 , 1996 , to June 11 , 1997 . Her father , Victor Copps was once mayor of Hamilton , Ontario . Considered a prominent left-wing member of the Liberal Party of Canada , Copps was an advocate for legal rights of women , marijuana legalization , minority rights , and protection of the environment . Her combative style and reputation for flamboyance were trademarks of her political career . Early life . Copps was born in Hamilton , Ontario . She is a second-generation member of a political family that has dominated Hamilton-area politics on the municipal , provincial and federal levels . Her mother , Geraldine Florence ( Guthro ) Copps , was a Hamilton city councillor . Her father , Victor Kennedy Copps , was one of the most influential mayors of the City of Hamilton . She attended Bishop Ryan Catholic Secondary School . As a child , Copps participated in Girl Guides of Canada youth programs . She is married to Austin Thorne ( her third husband ) , and has one daughter , Danelle ( from her second marriage ) . She was the first sitting Member of Parliament in Canadian history to give birth . Copps earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in French and English from Kings University College at the University of Western Ontario in London , Ontario , and pursued further studies at McMaster University in Hamilton and the University of Rouen in France . She worked as a newspaper journalist with the Hamilton Spectator and the Ottawa Citizen . Political career . Copps entered provincial politics in the 1977 provincial election , running for the Ontario Liberal Party in Hamilton Centre . She lost , finishing 14 votes behind incumbent New Democrat Mike Davison . Copps appeared on the ballot for this election as Sheila Copps Miller , using the surname of her then-husband . In all subsequent campaigns , she would refer to herself as Sheila Copps . After working as a constituency assistant to party leader Stuart Smith for the next four years , Copps again ran in Hamilton Centre for the 1981 election . She defeated Davison by 2,804 votes , and joined thirty-three other Liberals in forming the Official Opposition to Premier William Daviss Progressive Conservative government . Copps ran for the leadership of the Ontario Liberal Party in 1982 following Smiths resignation , and despite her lack of experience finished a strong second against David Peterson . Copps turned to national politics in the 1984 federal election , campaigning for the federal Liberals in the riding of Hamilton East . This election resulted in a landslide victory for Brian Mulroney and his Progressive Conservative Party , which won 211 out of 282 seats . Copps was personally elected , defeating New Democratic Party candidate David Christopherson by 2,661 votes , but had relatively few allies in the House of Commons for the next four years . Copps proved to be an influential member of the small Liberal opposition . She became a prominent member of the Rat Pack , a group of young Liberal MPs who made it their business to bring misery to the Mulroney government . Fully bilingual , she earned both praise and scorn for her spirited attacks on Mulroney and his ministers . She released her autobiography , Nobodys Baby , only two years into her federal career , and was by all accounts a rising star in Canadian politics . The book came after Minister of Justice John Crosbie told Copps to just quieten [ sic ] down , baby during a heated debate . Copps retorted , I am nobodys baby . In 1987 , Copps became the first sitting MP in Canadian history to give birth , when her daughter Danelle was born . Later , Copps commented that she became part of her entourage , making friends across the country . In 1988 , Copps was re-elected without difficulty in the federal election . Copps was a candidate in the 1990 Liberal leadership race to succeed John Turner . She finished third , behind Jean Chrétien and Paul Martin . In 1992 , Copps supported Murray Elstons unsuccessful bid to succeed David Peterson as leader of the Ontario Liberal Party . Federal minister . The Liberals came to power in the 1993 election , defeating Kim Campbells Tories . Chrétien became prime minister following the election , and named Copps as deputy prime minister and minister of the environment . This marked the first time in Canadian history that a woman had been named to the post of deputy prime minister . Following a 1996 cabinet shuffle , she relinquished the Environment portfolio and became Minister of Canadian Heritage . Copps resigned briefly in the spring of 1996 . One of Chrétiens campaign promises had been to abolish Brian Mulroneys highly unpopular Goods and Services Tax , a promise he later reneged on in an effort to avoid decreasing government revenues . During the 1993 election campaign , Copps promised during a Canadian Broadcasting Corporation town hall program that she would resign if the GST was not abolished . Copps , after some pressure , vacated her Hamilton East seat in 1996 , and promptly ran again in the ensuing by-election . During the by-election , Reform put up billboards around her riding , one featuring a pig at a trough with SHEILA marked on it ; and another with her picture and , Promise to cut the GST : It worked last time ! Copps won handily , though with a significantly reduced percentage of the vote from 1993 , and Chrétien reinstated her to her previous cabinet posts . During her victory speech , she noted that the Liberals kicked butt in the by-election ; a controversial editorial cartoon in the right-wing Toronto Sun tabloid the next day portrayed Hamilton East voters as buttheads . Following the 1997 election , Copps was removed from the position of deputy prime minister , which was given to political stalwart Herb Gray . Copps made little upward progress in cabinet after this demotion , and by many accounts came to have relatively little influence over the direction of government policy . Many believe that Anne McLellan surpassed her as the most prominent woman in government during this period . Following Jean Chrétiens announcement of his intent to retire in February 2004 , Copps became the first candidate to officially declare for the party leadership . Despite her efforts to build support among women , minority groups and the partys left-wing , she began and ended the leadership contest well behind the overwhelming favourite , Paul Martin . While her national campaigning saw her sign up over 32,000 new party members , some speculated that she would withdraw prior to the Liberal leadership convention , as John Manley had . Nomination battle before 2004 federal election . Riding redistribution placed Copps in a serious nomination battle with another Liberal MP , Tony Valeri , who was named to Martins cabinet as Minister of Transport . With redistribution , part of Valeris Stoney Creek riding was merged with part of Coppss Hamilton East to create Hamilton East—Stoney Creek , while the remainder was merged with other neighbouring ridings to create Niagara West—Glanbrook . The remaining portion of Hamilton East was merged with parts of Hamilton West to create Hamilton Centre . Of the 115,709 constituents of the riding of Hamilton East—Stoney Creek , a slight majority of constituents ( 58,462 ) were from the old Stoney Creek while a minority ( 57,247 ) were from the old Hamilton East Copps position was that Valeri should have sought the nomination in Niagara West-Glanbrook , where he resided and in which there was a regional airport that would complement his transport portfolio . Valeris position was that the majority of his former Stoney Creek constituents lived in the new Hamilton East—Stoney Creek riding , Copps no longer lived in Hamilton and he resided less than 100 metres from the riding boundary . In a December interview with Hamiltons CHCH-TV , Copps complained that Martin was trying to drive her , other women and other Martin opponents out of the Liberal caucus . Beth Phinney , who represented nearby Hamilton Mountain , offered to stand down in favour of Copps , but Copps turned this offer down . On January 14 , 2004 , she suggested that she could campaign for the New Democratic Party in the upcoming election if Valeri won the Liberal nomination . Copps later retracted this threat . On March 6 , 2004 , Valeri defeated Copps by 2,802 votes to 2,491 . Copps argued that there were improprieties in the nomination process and in the conduct of the vote , and called on various authorities to investigate ( other nomination elections between Chrétien and Martin supporters had similar allegations of tampering ) . She initially appealed the vote results to the Liberal Party of Canada . Her appeal was late as it was filed beyond the 72-hour deadline after the commencement of the nomination meeting , but the Appeals Commission of the Liberal Party waived the deadline . Nevertheless , Copps dropped the appeal on March 29 , alleging a lack of transparency in the process . In July 2005 , Hamilton police announced a formal end to the investigation after finding no evidence to substantiate Copps allegations including tampering of her telephones on the day of the nomination . As the access codes to her phone system were apparently listed on a bulletin board , the police estimated that at least 40 individuals had access to the phone system . Post-political career . On May 14 , 2004 , Copps stood in the House of Commons of Canada and announced she would not run for re-election as an independent . She later suggested in comments to reporters that she might return to politics once Paul Martin was no longer prime minister . In her first public engagement after departing politics , she accepted a role in a Kingston , Ontario dinner theatre production of Steel Magnolias . She also guest-starred on the evening soap opera Train 48 . Her second autobiography , Worth Fighting For , was published by McClelland and Stewart in October 2004 , and resulted in further public controversy with Paul Martin and other members of the Liberal Party . Copps alleged that Martin had put a pledge in his 1995 budget to rescind the outdated Canada Health Act , and further claimed that her intervention had the offending line removed from the document . Her allegations were denied by Martin and David Dodge ( who Copps claims faxed her the draft of the budget ) , Diane Marleau ( who was Health Minister at the time ) , and others . After leaving politics , Copps wrote regular commentary for the National Post . In September 2005 , concurrent with a redesign , she was introduced as a regular columnist for the Toronto Sun which was also published in various Sun papers across Canada . Copps quit her column in December 2007 . She also hosts a weekly syndicated radio talk show , Weekends with Sheila Copps , focusing on lifestyle issues such as health and financial planning . She succeeded Dini Petty as host of the series . She is also employed by Quebecor , a Canadian media distribution company and then-owner of the Sun newspaper chain for which Copps previously wrote . In this capacity , she has been working on a new series for the History Television channel . In March 2006 , the Saint-Jean-Baptiste Society of Montreal , a prominent sovereigntist group , demanded $100,000 from Copps , claiming that she had defamed them in a television interview on January 6 , 2006 . Sovereigntists claim that Options Canada illegally spent $3.5 million to promote federalism in Quebec , while Copps claimed that the St-Jean Baptiste Society spent $4.8 million from the Quebec Government to promote sovereignty , which the group denies . Copps claims that she had been unaware of the groups demands until she was approached for comment by reporters on March 5 , 2006 , and that she has yet to receive any legal notice from the group . In 2006 , subsequent to Paul Martins resignation as prime minister , Copps decided not to seek the Liberal leadership . Following the 2006 election , Liberal MP Paul Zed ( Liberal , New Brunswick ) and former MP Dennis Mills ( Liberal , Ontario ) organized a gala event to pay tribute to Copps and heal wounds caused by party infighting . Held on March 23 , 2006 , the event was attended by a host of prominent Liberals , including former Prime Minister John Turner , and Aline Chrétien . The event also served as a fundraiser for Liberal women in Canadian politics . As the daughter of late Hamilton Mayor Victor Copps , she has long been the object of speculation as to whether or not she would follow in the footsteps of her father , recently stating that , if she were to return to politics , she would do so it would be in my hometown and nowhere else . Copps ran to be president of the Liberal Party of Canada in 2012 but lost to Mike Crawley by 26 votes . Following the defeat , Copps announced her retirement from politics stating that while she would continue to volunteer in political campaigns she would not be running for office again . She was appointed an officer of the Order of Canada on December 30 , 2012 . On November 10 , 2014 , Copps stated that she has been sexually assaulted and raped and one of the incidents happened while she was serving in the Provincial Parliament of Ontario . She said she felt compelled to come forward with the allegations after tweeting support for former Q host Jian Ghomeshi . SNC-Lavalin affair . At the height of the SNC-Lavalin affair during the Premiership of Justin Trudeau , Copps became known for being outspoken and interviewed as an opinion regarding the affair despite no personal involvement in present-day politics . After Jody Wilson-Raybould and Jane Philpott resigned from their posts citing the governments handling of the matter , Copps repeatedly publicly called for their firing in the form of dismissal from the Liberal caucus . Copps argued Wilson-Raybould and Philpotts resignations amounted to a betrayal of Justin Trudeaus leadership and their presence continued to foment internal political divisions within the Liberal caucus . Copps directly pointed the blame on Wilson-Raybould and Philpott for the public mud-dragging that youve taken the prime minister through . Despite not serving in any capacity under Trudeaus government , Copps continued to publicly assail the competencies of Wilson-Raybould and Philpott , alleging while they had policy experience , they lacked political experience and when you don’t have a lot of political experience , the pressure gets too hot for you [ and ] I think that pressure has probably gotten to them , unfortunately . Sought out by CBC News for commentary , she wrote in an email that both are doing their best to destroy their leader . Unprompted , Copps went as far as to say Wilson-Raybould and Philpott had gone rogue and were not wizened political people . She claimed without providing evidence that Wilson-Raybould “doesnt really like to listen to other people , including the prime minister” and argued both she and Philpott were architects of their own victimization narrative being used for personal gain at the expense of the Prime Minister . Copps again disparaged Wilson-Raybould’s working relationship with her colleagues , alleging “ [ she ] was running her own show , and nobody was going to tell her what to do anywhere.” Indigenous leaders argued the criticisms perpetuated colonial-era , sexist stereotypes that Indigenous women could not be powerful , forthright , and steadfast in positions of power , but rather confrontational , meddling and egotistic . In a Twitter exchange with Jonathan Kay , Copps implied Wilson-Raybould’s conduct was one of a “bitch.” When concerns were raised that her diction made Indigenous issues sound menacing , Copps was baffled , since to her [ the aboriginal agenda ] only had positive connotations.” Another tweet saw Copps imply Jody Wilson-Raybould , a member of the We Wai Kai Nation , would have cared more about intervening in SNC-Lavalin’s prosecution had the 9000 jobs reportedly at stake in Quebec instead been 9000 jobs held by Aboriginal people . Copps later denied her implication that Wilson-Raybould was working for Indigenous communities more than the general public . When queried about the racial undertones behind her messaging and reasoning , Copps responded : Anybody who knows me knows Im not a racist…there is a higher test for women , for minorities , for Indigenous people . For sure . Sadly , its not fair . When asked if her comment about Wilson-Raybould perpetuated that double standard , Copps said no , that she was rather simply commenting on the former ministers background informing her choices . Copps’ messages and conduct were condemned by a member of the Haudenosaunee First Nations Confederacy , NDP MP Romeo Saganash , Aboriginal rights activist Cindy Blackstock , and Conservative MP Gérard Deltell , among others . Writings and publications . - Nobodys Baby : A Survival Guide to Politics ( 1986 ) . Toronto ON : Deneau . 192 p . . - Worth fighting for ( 2004 ) . Toronto ON : McClelland & Stewart . 213 p . . - La batailleuse ( 2004 ) . Montreal QC : Boréal . 236 p . . - Chapter contribution - Trish Hennessey and Ed Finn ( editors ) . Fight for equality is far from being won. , in : Speaking Truth to Power : A Reader on Canadian Womens Inequality , Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives , Ottawa , c.2010 . pp . 15–18 . - Articles - Canadas Historic Places Initiative , Heritage/Patrimoine , 6:26 , Spring 2003 . - Canadian Cultural Policy in a Global Economy , Canadian Business Economics , 7 ( 3 ) :40-3 , Oct . 1999 . - Celine Dion : Made in Canada , NPQ : New Perspectives Quarterly . 15 ( 5 ) :17 , Fall 1998 . - Initiative des Endroits Historiques du Canada , Heritage/Patrimoine . 6:26 , Spring 2003 . - Liberal Flogging of the Governments Green Plan , New Environment . pp . 39ff , Annual , 1990 . - Two Grit Guys and a Cutie? , Bulletin Centre for Investigative Journalism . no . 42:9 , Winter 1990 .
|
[
"prime minister of Canada"
] |
[
{
"text": " Sheila Maureen Copps ( born November 27 , 1952 ) is a former Canadian politician who also served as the sixth deputy prime minister of Canada from November 4 , 1993 , to April 30 , 1996 , and June 19 , 1996 , to June 11 , 1997 . Her father , Victor Copps was once mayor of Hamilton , Ontario .",
"title": "Sheila Copps"
},
{
"text": "Considered a prominent left-wing member of the Liberal Party of Canada , Copps was an advocate for legal rights of women , marijuana legalization , minority rights , and protection of the environment . Her combative style and reputation for flamboyance were trademarks of her political career .",
"title": "Sheila Copps"
},
{
"text": " Copps was born in Hamilton , Ontario . She is a second-generation member of a political family that has dominated Hamilton-area politics on the municipal , provincial and federal levels . Her mother , Geraldine Florence ( Guthro ) Copps , was a Hamilton city councillor . Her father , Victor Kennedy Copps , was one of the most influential mayors of the City of Hamilton . She attended Bishop Ryan Catholic Secondary School . As a child , Copps participated in Girl Guides of Canada youth programs .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "She is married to Austin Thorne ( her third husband ) , and has one daughter , Danelle ( from her second marriage ) . She was the first sitting Member of Parliament in Canadian history to give birth .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " Copps earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in French and English from Kings University College at the University of Western Ontario in London , Ontario , and pursued further studies at McMaster University in Hamilton and the University of Rouen in France . She worked as a newspaper journalist with the Hamilton Spectator and the Ottawa Citizen .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " Copps entered provincial politics in the 1977 provincial election , running for the Ontario Liberal Party in Hamilton Centre . She lost , finishing 14 votes behind incumbent New Democrat Mike Davison . Copps appeared on the ballot for this election as Sheila Copps Miller , using the surname of her then-husband . In all subsequent campaigns , she would refer to herself as Sheila Copps .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "After working as a constituency assistant to party leader Stuart Smith for the next four years , Copps again ran in Hamilton Centre for the 1981 election . She defeated Davison by 2,804 votes , and joined thirty-three other Liberals in forming the Official Opposition to Premier William Daviss Progressive Conservative government . Copps ran for the leadership of the Ontario Liberal Party in 1982 following Smiths resignation , and despite her lack of experience finished a strong second against David Peterson .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " Copps turned to national politics in the 1984 federal election , campaigning for the federal Liberals in the riding of Hamilton East . This election resulted in a landslide victory for Brian Mulroney and his Progressive Conservative Party , which won 211 out of 282 seats . Copps was personally elected , defeating New Democratic Party candidate David Christopherson by 2,661 votes , but had relatively few allies in the House of Commons for the next four years .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "Copps proved to be an influential member of the small Liberal opposition . She became a prominent member of the Rat Pack , a group of young Liberal MPs who made it their business to bring misery to the Mulroney government . Fully bilingual , she earned both praise and scorn for her spirited attacks on Mulroney and his ministers . She released her autobiography , Nobodys Baby , only two years into her federal career , and was by all accounts a rising star in Canadian politics . The book came after Minister of Justice John Crosbie told Copps",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "to just quieten [ sic ] down , baby during a heated debate . Copps retorted , I am nobodys baby .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " In 1987 , Copps became the first sitting MP in Canadian history to give birth , when her daughter Danelle was born . Later , Copps commented that she became part of her entourage , making friends across the country . In 1988 , Copps was re-elected without difficulty in the federal election . Copps was a candidate in the 1990 Liberal leadership race to succeed John Turner . She finished third , behind Jean Chrétien and Paul Martin .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "In 1992 , Copps supported Murray Elstons unsuccessful bid to succeed David Peterson as leader of the Ontario Liberal Party .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " The Liberals came to power in the 1993 election , defeating Kim Campbells Tories . Chrétien became prime minister following the election , and named Copps as deputy prime minister and minister of the environment . This marked the first time in Canadian history that a woman had been named to the post of deputy prime minister . Following a 1996 cabinet shuffle , she relinquished the Environment portfolio and became Minister of Canadian Heritage .",
"title": "Federal minister"
},
{
"text": "Copps resigned briefly in the spring of 1996 . One of Chrétiens campaign promises had been to abolish Brian Mulroneys highly unpopular Goods and Services Tax , a promise he later reneged on in an effort to avoid decreasing government revenues . During the 1993 election campaign , Copps promised during a Canadian Broadcasting Corporation town hall program that she would resign if the GST was not abolished . Copps , after some pressure , vacated her Hamilton East seat in 1996 , and promptly ran again in the ensuing by-election .",
"title": "Federal minister"
},
{
"text": "During the by-election , Reform put up billboards around her riding , one featuring a pig at a trough with SHEILA marked on it ; and another with her picture and , Promise to cut the GST : It worked last time ! Copps won handily , though with a significantly reduced percentage of the vote from 1993 , and Chrétien reinstated her to her previous cabinet posts . During her victory speech , she noted that the Liberals kicked butt in the by-election ; a controversial editorial cartoon in the right-wing Toronto Sun tabloid the next day portrayed Hamilton",
"title": "Federal minister"
},
{
"text": "East voters as buttheads .",
"title": "Federal minister"
},
{
"text": " Following the 1997 election , Copps was removed from the position of deputy prime minister , which was given to political stalwart Herb Gray . Copps made little upward progress in cabinet after this demotion , and by many accounts came to have relatively little influence over the direction of government policy . Many believe that Anne McLellan surpassed her as the most prominent woman in government during this period .",
"title": "Federal minister"
},
{
"text": "Following Jean Chrétiens announcement of his intent to retire in February 2004 , Copps became the first candidate to officially declare for the party leadership . Despite her efforts to build support among women , minority groups and the partys left-wing , she began and ended the leadership contest well behind the overwhelming favourite , Paul Martin . While her national campaigning saw her sign up over 32,000 new party members , some speculated that she would withdraw prior to the Liberal leadership convention , as John Manley had .",
"title": "Federal minister"
},
{
"text": "Riding redistribution placed Copps in a serious nomination battle with another Liberal MP , Tony Valeri , who was named to Martins cabinet as Minister of Transport . With redistribution , part of Valeris Stoney Creek riding was merged with part of Coppss Hamilton East to create Hamilton East—Stoney Creek , while the remainder was merged with other neighbouring ridings to create Niagara West—Glanbrook . The remaining portion of Hamilton East was merged with parts of Hamilton West to create Hamilton Centre . Of the 115,709 constituents of the riding of Hamilton East—Stoney Creek , a slight majority of constituents",
"title": "Federal minister"
},
{
"text": "( 58,462 ) were from the old Stoney Creek while a minority ( 57,247 ) were from the old Hamilton East",
"title": "Federal minister"
},
{
"text": " Copps position was that Valeri should have sought the nomination in Niagara West-Glanbrook , where he resided and in which there was a regional airport that would complement his transport portfolio . Valeris position was that the majority of his former Stoney Creek constituents lived in the new Hamilton East—Stoney Creek riding , Copps no longer lived in Hamilton and he resided less than 100 metres from the riding boundary .",
"title": "Federal minister"
},
{
"text": "In a December interview with Hamiltons CHCH-TV , Copps complained that Martin was trying to drive her , other women and other Martin opponents out of the Liberal caucus . Beth Phinney , who represented nearby Hamilton Mountain , offered to stand down in favour of Copps , but Copps turned this offer down . On January 14 , 2004 , she suggested that she could campaign for the New Democratic Party in the upcoming election if Valeri won the Liberal nomination . Copps later retracted this threat .",
"title": "Federal minister"
},
{
"text": "On March 6 , 2004 , Valeri defeated Copps by 2,802 votes to 2,491 . Copps argued that there were improprieties in the nomination process and in the conduct of the vote , and called on various authorities to investigate ( other nomination elections between Chrétien and Martin supporters had similar allegations of tampering ) . She initially appealed the vote results to the Liberal Party of Canada . Her appeal was late as it was filed beyond the 72-hour deadline after the commencement of the nomination meeting , but the Appeals Commission of the Liberal Party waived the deadline",
"title": "Federal minister"
},
{
"text": ". Nevertheless , Copps dropped the appeal on March 29 , alleging a lack of transparency in the process .",
"title": "Federal minister"
},
{
"text": " In July 2005 , Hamilton police announced a formal end to the investigation after finding no evidence to substantiate Copps allegations including tampering of her telephones on the day of the nomination . As the access codes to her phone system were apparently listed on a bulletin board , the police estimated that at least 40 individuals had access to the phone system .",
"title": "Federal minister"
},
{
"text": " On May 14 , 2004 , Copps stood in the House of Commons of Canada and announced she would not run for re-election as an independent . She later suggested in comments to reporters that she might return to politics once Paul Martin was no longer prime minister . In her first public engagement after departing politics , she accepted a role in a Kingston , Ontario dinner theatre production of Steel Magnolias . She also guest-starred on the evening soap opera Train 48 .",
"title": "Post-political career"
},
{
"text": "Her second autobiography , Worth Fighting For , was published by McClelland and Stewart in October 2004 , and resulted in further public controversy with Paul Martin and other members of the Liberal Party . Copps alleged that Martin had put a pledge in his 1995 budget to rescind the outdated Canada Health Act , and further claimed that her intervention had the offending line removed from the document . Her allegations were denied by Martin and David Dodge ( who Copps claims faxed her the draft of the budget ) , Diane Marleau ( who was Health Minister at",
"title": "Post-political career"
},
{
"text": "the time ) , and others .",
"title": "Post-political career"
},
{
"text": " After leaving politics , Copps wrote regular commentary for the National Post . In September 2005 , concurrent with a redesign , she was introduced as a regular columnist for the Toronto Sun which was also published in various Sun papers across Canada . Copps quit her column in December 2007 .",
"title": "Post-political career"
},
{
"text": "She also hosts a weekly syndicated radio talk show , Weekends with Sheila Copps , focusing on lifestyle issues such as health and financial planning . She succeeded Dini Petty as host of the series . She is also employed by Quebecor , a Canadian media distribution company and then-owner of the Sun newspaper chain for which Copps previously wrote . In this capacity , she has been working on a new series for the History Television channel .",
"title": "Post-political career"
},
{
"text": "In March 2006 , the Saint-Jean-Baptiste Society of Montreal , a prominent sovereigntist group , demanded $100,000 from Copps , claiming that she had defamed them in a television interview on January 6 , 2006 . Sovereigntists claim that Options Canada illegally spent $3.5 million to promote federalism in Quebec , while Copps claimed that the St-Jean Baptiste Society spent $4.8 million from the Quebec Government to promote sovereignty , which the group denies . Copps claims that she had been unaware of the groups demands until she was approached for comment by reporters on March 5 , 2006 ,",
"title": "Post-political career"
},
{
"text": "and that she has yet to receive any legal notice from the group .",
"title": "Post-political career"
},
{
"text": " In 2006 , subsequent to Paul Martins resignation as prime minister , Copps decided not to seek the Liberal leadership .",
"title": "Post-political career"
},
{
"text": "Following the 2006 election , Liberal MP Paul Zed ( Liberal , New Brunswick ) and former MP Dennis Mills ( Liberal , Ontario ) organized a gala event to pay tribute to Copps and heal wounds caused by party infighting . Held on March 23 , 2006 , the event was attended by a host of prominent Liberals , including former Prime Minister John Turner , and Aline Chrétien . The event also served as a fundraiser for Liberal women in Canadian politics .",
"title": "Post-political career"
},
{
"text": " As the daughter of late Hamilton Mayor Victor Copps , she has long been the object of speculation as to whether or not she would follow in the footsteps of her father , recently stating that , if she were to return to politics , she would do so it would be in my hometown and nowhere else .",
"title": "Post-political career"
},
{
"text": "Copps ran to be president of the Liberal Party of Canada in 2012 but lost to Mike Crawley by 26 votes . Following the defeat , Copps announced her retirement from politics stating that while she would continue to volunteer in political campaigns she would not be running for office again . She was appointed an officer of the Order of Canada on December 30 , 2012 .",
"title": "Post-political career"
},
{
"text": " On November 10 , 2014 , Copps stated that she has been sexually assaulted and raped and one of the incidents happened while she was serving in the Provincial Parliament of Ontario . She said she felt compelled to come forward with the allegations after tweeting support for former Q host Jian Ghomeshi .",
"title": "Post-political career"
},
{
"text": " At the height of the SNC-Lavalin affair during the Premiership of Justin Trudeau , Copps became known for being outspoken and interviewed as an opinion regarding the affair despite no personal involvement in present-day politics .",
"title": "SNC-Lavalin affair"
},
{
"text": "After Jody Wilson-Raybould and Jane Philpott resigned from their posts citing the governments handling of the matter , Copps repeatedly publicly called for their firing in the form of dismissal from the Liberal caucus . Copps argued Wilson-Raybould and Philpotts resignations amounted to a betrayal of Justin Trudeaus leadership and their presence continued to foment internal political divisions within the Liberal caucus . Copps directly pointed the blame on Wilson-Raybould and Philpott for the public mud-dragging that youve taken the prime minister through .",
"title": "SNC-Lavalin affair"
},
{
"text": "Despite not serving in any capacity under Trudeaus government , Copps continued to publicly assail the competencies of Wilson-Raybould and Philpott , alleging while they had policy experience , they lacked political experience and when you don’t have a lot of political experience , the pressure gets too hot for you [ and ] I think that pressure has probably gotten to them , unfortunately . Sought out by CBC News for commentary , she wrote in an email that both are doing their best to destroy their leader . Unprompted , Copps went as far as to say Wilson-Raybould",
"title": "SNC-Lavalin affair"
},
{
"text": "and Philpott had gone rogue and were not wizened political people . She claimed without providing evidence that Wilson-Raybould “doesnt really like to listen to other people , including the prime minister” and argued both she and Philpott were architects of their own victimization narrative being used for personal gain at the expense of the Prime Minister . Copps again disparaged Wilson-Raybould’s working relationship with her colleagues , alleging “ [ she ] was running her own show , and nobody was going to tell her what to do anywhere.” Indigenous leaders argued the criticisms perpetuated colonial-era , sexist stereotypes",
"title": "SNC-Lavalin affair"
},
{
"text": "that Indigenous women could not be powerful , forthright , and steadfast in positions of power , but rather confrontational , meddling and egotistic .",
"title": "SNC-Lavalin affair"
},
{
"text": "In a Twitter exchange with Jonathan Kay , Copps implied Wilson-Raybould’s conduct was one of a “bitch.” When concerns were raised that her diction made Indigenous issues sound menacing , Copps was baffled , since to her [ the aboriginal agenda ] only had positive connotations.” Another tweet saw Copps imply Jody Wilson-Raybould , a member of the We Wai Kai Nation , would have cared more about intervening in SNC-Lavalin’s prosecution had the 9000 jobs reportedly at stake in Quebec instead been 9000 jobs held by Aboriginal people . Copps later denied her implication that Wilson-Raybould was working for",
"title": "SNC-Lavalin affair"
},
{
"text": "Indigenous communities more than the general public . When queried about the racial undertones behind her messaging and reasoning , Copps responded : Anybody who knows me knows Im not a racist…there is a higher test for women , for minorities , for Indigenous people . For sure . Sadly , its not fair . When asked if her comment about Wilson-Raybould perpetuated that double standard , Copps said no , that she was rather simply commenting on the former ministers background informing her choices .",
"title": "SNC-Lavalin affair"
},
{
"text": " Copps’ messages and conduct were condemned by a member of the Haudenosaunee First Nations Confederacy , NDP MP Romeo Saganash , Aboriginal rights activist Cindy Blackstock , and Conservative MP Gérard Deltell , among others .",
"title": "SNC-Lavalin affair"
},
{
"text": " - Nobodys Baby : A Survival Guide to Politics ( 1986 ) . Toronto ON : Deneau . 192 p . . - Worth fighting for ( 2004 ) . Toronto ON : McClelland & Stewart . 213 p . . - La batailleuse ( 2004 ) . Montreal QC : Boréal . 236 p . . - Chapter contribution",
"title": "Writings and publications"
},
{
"text": "- Trish Hennessey and Ed Finn ( editors ) . Fight for equality is far from being won. , in : Speaking Truth to Power : A Reader on Canadian Womens Inequality , Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives , Ottawa , c.2010 . pp . 15–18 .",
"title": "Writings and publications"
},
{
"text": " - Articles - Canadas Historic Places Initiative , Heritage/Patrimoine , 6:26 , Spring 2003 . - Canadian Cultural Policy in a Global Economy , Canadian Business Economics , 7 ( 3 ) :40-3 , Oct . 1999 . - Celine Dion : Made in Canada , NPQ : New Perspectives Quarterly . 15 ( 5 ) :17 , Fall 1998 . - Initiative des Endroits Historiques du Canada , Heritage/Patrimoine . 6:26 , Spring 2003 . - Liberal Flogging of the Governments Green Plan , New Environment . pp . 39ff , Annual , 1990 .",
"title": "Writings and publications"
},
{
"text": "- Two Grit Guys and a Cutie? , Bulletin Centre for Investigative Journalism . no . 42:9 , Winter 1990 .",
"title": "Writings and publications"
}
] |
/wiki/Gianni_Berengo_Gardin#P937#0
|
Gianni Berengo Gardin worked in which location between Feb 1953 and Sep 1953?
|
Gianni Berengo Gardin Gianni Berengo Gardin ( born 1930 ) is an Italian photographer who has concentrated on reportage and editorial work , but whose career as a photographer has encompassed book illustration and advertising . Undoubtedly the most important photographer in Italy in the latter part of the 20th century , [ f ] or more than fifty years Gianni Berengo Gardin has been taking photographs with the humility and passion of a great craftsman . Life and career . Born in Santa Margherita Ligure on 10 October 1930 , Berengo Gardin lived in Switzerland , Rome , Paris and Venice before starting as an amateur photographer in 1954 . As a photographer , he was self-taught , learning photography from two years he spent in Paris working with other photographers . In Berengo Gardins first year as a photographer , 1954 , his first photographs were published in Il Mondo . This magazine , edited by Mario Pannunzio , was one to which both amateurs and professionals liked to submit their work , although until 1959 the photographs were not attributed to particular photographers . It pursued a photographic aesthetic that privileged street scenes and odd , ironic or bizarre encounters in both town and country , and more than a third of the photographs published in Il Mondo were by [ Berengo Gardin ] . His rare capacity for capturing simultaneous actions and objects within the same frame positioned him as an excellent candidate for that street life Pannunzio was after . Berengo Gardin would later have photo essays published in Domus , Epoca , lEspresso , Stern , Time , Vogue Italia ; Réalités ; Le Figaro ; and La Repubblica . He turned professional in 1962 and two years later moved to Milan , where he has lived since 1975 . From 1966 to 1983 Berengo Gardin worked with Touring Club Italiano , providing much or all of the photography for books about regions of Italy and other European countries or their cities : he once identified the high point of his career as The work I did in Great Britain , for the Touring Club in 1978 ( adding that I loved the cars : I had an Austin and an MG ) . He did similar work for the publisher Istituto Geografico De Agostini ( later De Agostini Publishing ) . In 1979 Berengo Gardin started to work with Renzo Piano , photographing the process of designing his buildings . Berengo Gardin also worked with major Italian firms – Alfa Romeo , Fiat , Italsider ( later Ilva ) , Olivetti and others – showing the working life of employees , rather than the products . In the early 1990s , Berengo Gardin spent time living among the Romani people ( Zingari ) of Italy , hoping to show their lives from the inside . This resulted in two highly regarded books , La disperata allegria ( Florence ) and Zingari a Palermo ( 1994 and 1997 ) . Since 1990 Berengo Gardin has been represented by Contrasto . Berengo Gardin remains active in his eighties . A recent assignment , from la Repubblica , was to photograph the giant cruise ships that threaten the ecosystem of Venice . Berengo Gardin has a large archive , with over 1.5 million negatives . The FORMA Foundation ( Fondazione FORMA per la Fotografia , an offshoot of Contrasto ) , in Milan , will be managing this archive , including negatives , prints , documents and cameras . ( Other material is at the Museum of Modern Art , New York. ) Berengo Gardin has named as influences on him the French photographers Henri Cartier-Bresson , Willy Ronis , Édouard Boubat and Robert Doisneau ; others have identified the Italian group La Gondola and the American photographer W . Eugene Smith . Gianni Berengo Gardin is one of the great generation of poetic documentarists who like to compose with an idea in mind [ ... ] [ H ] is sympathies have always been with those whose day-to-day activities support the fabric of society : workers , doctors , priests and even itinerant musicians . Vaporetto , Venice , 1960 . Berengo Gardins most renowned image of Venice , often referred to as Vaporetto , Venice , 1960 : was taken in 1960 , on a vaporetto with mirrored doors so that the passengers are trapped in a mosaic of reflections . Simultaneously mundane – the travellers are ordinary commuters – and exotic , it captures the paradox of a city trapped in an excess of representation . Berengo Gardin describes how it came about : I was 30 , living on the Lido in Venice , and every morning I took the vaporetto , or water bus , across to where I worked in San Marco . [ ... ] It was a matter of pure luck , really . I was doing a lot of architectural photography , and this was a spontaneous shot : I only took one picture . In the centre there is a reflection in the glass door of the vaporetto , behind which stands a man all dressed in black . If hed been wearing white , the shot wouldnt have worked . The photograph was included in Berengo Gardins book Venise des saisons ( 1965 ) . It was warmly received ; Henri Cartier-Bresson : ranked [ this photograph ] among the 80 most important photographs ever taken . The co-presence of gazes and of frames within a frame makes it an exceptional in-camera montage of different spaces and human figures , reminiscent of Velasquezs illusions , and suggestive of this photographers multiple artistic influences : the French school of reportage ( Doisneau , Boubat , Ronis ) and a group of Venetian photographers called La Gondola [ ... ] and Eugene Smiths powerful renditions of black and white . At the end of the 1950s this new kind of reportage seemed to reconcile social documentary with the photographers subjective exploration of the world , thus putting an end to the dispute about form and content that had divided many postwar image makers . Books . Berengo Gardin has been the sole contributor or a major contributor to a large number of photobooks : the exact number up to any time depends on various definitions – what a separate book is ( as opposed to a mere new edition ) , what a major contribution is , and more – but one estimate in 2014 put the number at 250 ( and added that only 10 are in colour ) . Morire di classe ( 1969 ) is probably the most celebrated among Berengo Gardins books . Other award-winning books ( see Awards ) include India dei villaggi ( 1981 , about the villages of India ) and La disperata allegria and Zingari a Palermo ( 1994 and 1997 , about the Romani people of Florence and Palermo respectively ) . Books such as Dentro le case and Dentro il lavoro are some of the best journalistic records of how people worked and lived in post-WWII Italy . Exhibitions . Berengo Gardin has had many exhibitions : the number was described in 2008 as around 200 . A small sample are listed below . - Architectural Association , London , 1961 - Le Guilde du Livre , Lausanne , 1965 - Il nuovo impegno . Il Diaframma , Milan , November 1968 . Exhibition by Berengo Gardin , and Toni Nicolini . - Napoli 81 . Sette fotografi per una nuova immagine . Naples , December 1981 – January 1982 . Photographs of Naples by Berengo Gardin , Mario Cresci , Roberto Salbitani , Franco Fontana , Luigi Ghirri , Mimmo Jodice , and Antonia Mulas . - Fotografie di Gianni Berengo Gardin per Il Mondo dal 1954 al 1965 . Palazzo Dugani , Milan , January–February 1985 . - Trouver Trieste . Eiffel tower , November 1985 – June 1986 . Photographs of Trieste by various photographers . - Bologna Museum of Modern Art , 1987 - Rencontres internationales de la photographie dArles , July–August 1987 . - Refettorio delle , Milan , 1988 - Photographs of women . Rome , 1989 . - Milan , 1990 . - Paris , 1990 - Musée de lÉlysée , Lausanne , 1991 - Fotografi italiani , Accademia Carrara , Bergamo , 1993 - Gianni Berengo Gardin , un nomade fotografo . Giardino delle Oblate , Florence , October 1994 . About Romani people in Florence . - Ring . Galleria darte moderna , Bologna , 1994 . Photographs by Berengo Gardin and Gabriele Basilico . - Artelaguna 95 : opere darte per la laguna di Venezia . June–July 1995 . - The Italian Metamorphosis , 1943–1968 ( group exhibition ) . Solomon R . Guggenheim Museum , New York , October 1994 – January 1995 . - Leica Gallery , New York , 1999 . - Gianni Berengo Gardin , Maison de la photographie Robert Doisneau , Paris , 1997 ; Museo civico del Santo , Padua , 2001 ; Palazzo delle Esposizioni , Rome , 2001 ; Biblioteca Panizzi , Reggio Emilia , 2002 ; Auditorium , Rome , 2004 ; La Triennale di Milano , 2004 - Pagine di fotografia italiana 1900–1998 , Fondazione Galleria Gottardo , Lugano , 1998 - Memorie di un dilettante : Vintage prints 1952–1960 . Galleria Minima Peliti Associati , June–July 1998 . - Exhibition related to Giò Pomodoro . International Cairo Biennale , in Cairo , December 1998 – February 1999 . - Palazzo delle Esposizioni , Rome , 2001 - Retrospective . Museo Civico di Padova , Padua , June–October 2001 . - Les Choix dHenri Cartier-Bresson ( group exhibition ) . Henri Cartier-Bresson Foundation , Paris , 2003 . - Toscana , gente e territorio . About the people and land of Tuscany . Fondazione Ragghianti ( Lucca ) , July–October 2004 . - Miracolo a Pisogne . Pisogne , 2004 . About the sculptor and the painter Girolamo Romanino . - Piazza Lucretius , 2005 . - Cesare Zavattini . Tra letteratura , cinema , pittura . Pinacoteca Civica di Latina , October–December 2005 . About Cesare Zavattini . - Gianni Berengo Gardin . Maison européenne de la photographie , Paris , February–May 2005 . - Laltro sguardo = Mit anderen Augen = A distinct regard . Bolzano , July–October 2005 . About Gustav Mahler Jugendorchester and European Union Youth Orchestra . - Travelling exhibition about the Hera Group . - Andrea Martinelli : il volto e lombra . , Milan , November–December 2005 ; Rustin Foundation , Antwerp , March–June 2006 ; Frisia Museum , Spanbroek-Amsterdam , July–October 2006 . About the works of the painter Andrea Martinelli . - Leopardi : la biblioteca , la casa , linfinito . Palazzo Ducale , Urbino , September–October 2006 . On the house and library of Giacomo Leopardi . - Exhibition about Carlo Scarpa . Museo Palladio , Vicenza , June–July 2006 . - Un paesaggio italiano . Travelling exhibition about Giovo . - Exhibition of photographs of the studio of Andrea Martinelli . Casa Cavalier Pellanda , Biasca , December 2007 – February 2008 . - Exhibition about Andrea Martinelli . Milan , 2008 . - Mimmo Paladino : ortissima . , Orta San Giulio , July–November 2009 . - Peggy Guggenheim , la casa , gli amici , Venezia . Arca , , Vercelli , October–December 2009 . About Peggy Guggenheim . - Exhibition about Camogli . Fondazione Pier Luigi e Natalina Remotti , Camogli , Italy , October 2009 – January 2010 . - Reportrait : incursioni di un reporter nel mondo della cultura = Incursions of a reporter into the world of culture . , Orta San Giulio , May–October 2009 . Portraits . - Nei luoghi di Piero della Francesca ; Arezzo , Anghiari , Sansepolcro = In Piero della Francesca places . Photographs by Berengo Gardin and Elliott Erwitt . Palazzo Pichi Sforza , Sansepolcro , March–June 2010 . - Terra da vivere . , Figline Valdarno , February–May 2011 . - Gianni Berengo Gardin . Storie di un fotografo . Casa dei Tre Oci , Venice , February–May 2013 . - Gianni Berengo Gardin . Storie di un fotografo . Palazzo Reale , June–September 2013 . - Caffè Florian , September–October 2013 . - Gianni Berengo Gardin : Storie di un fotografo . Curated by Denis Curti . Palazzo Ducale , Genoa , February–June 2014 . - Mostri a Venezia ( Monsters of Venice ) . , Milan , 2014 . Concerning the problems of large cruise ships in Venice . - The Sense of a Moment : Gianni Berengo Gardin . Prahlad Bubbar Gallery , London , April–May 2014 . ( It is the first time Berengo Gardin has shown in Britain since 1975 , when Bill Brandt included him in his seminal landscape show at the Victoria and Albert Museum. ) - Venezia e le grandi navi . Negozio Olivetti , Venice , – January 2016 . - Vera fotografia : Reportage , immagini , incontri . Palazzo delle Esposizioni , Rome , May–August 2016 . Curated by Alessandra Mammì and Alessandra Mauro . Awards . - World Press Photo award ( 1963 ) - Scanno prize ( 1981 ) for the book India dei villaggi ( about the villages of India ) - Brassaï prize at the in Paris ( 1990 ) - Leica Oskar Barnack Award ( 1995 ) at Rencontres internationales de la photographie dArles for the book La disperata allegria : vivere da zingari a Firenze ( about the Romani people of Florence ) - Oscar Goldoni prize ( 1998 ) for the book Zingari a Palermo ( about the Romani people of Palermo ) - Lucie Awards Lifetime Achievement ( 2008 ) - Honorary degree , University of Milan ( 2009 ) . Collections . - Calcografia Nazionale , Rome ; since 1975 Istituto Nazionale per la Grafica - Archive of the photography group La Gondola , Venice - , University of Parma - Centro per la Fotografia San Marino Immagine , San Marino - Fondazione Antonio Mazzotta , Milan - Galleria Civica di Modena - Istituto di Storia dellArte , University of Pisa - , Brescia - Bibliothèque nationale de France , Paris . 76 photographs . - Maison européenne de la photographie , Paris - FNAC , Paris - Musée de lÉlysée , Lausanne - Fondation Select , Lausanne - Museum of Modern Art , New York - United Nations headquarters , New York - Eastman House , Rochester , NY ( now George Eastman Museum ) Further viewing . - Gianni Berengo Gardin . Rome : GIART/Contrasto , 2009 . In the series Fotografia italiana : 5 film , 5 grandi fotografi .
|
[
"Paris"
] |
[
{
"text": " Gianni Berengo Gardin ( born 1930 ) is an Italian photographer who has concentrated on reportage and editorial work , but whose career as a photographer has encompassed book illustration and advertising . Undoubtedly the most important photographer in Italy in the latter part of the 20th century , [ f ] or more than fifty years Gianni Berengo Gardin has been taking photographs with the humility and passion of a great craftsman .",
"title": "Gianni Berengo Gardin"
},
{
"text": " Born in Santa Margherita Ligure on 10 October 1930 , Berengo Gardin lived in Switzerland , Rome , Paris and Venice before starting as an amateur photographer in 1954 . As a photographer , he was self-taught , learning photography from two years he spent in Paris working with other photographers .",
"title": "Life and career"
},
{
"text": "In Berengo Gardins first year as a photographer , 1954 , his first photographs were published in Il Mondo . This magazine , edited by Mario Pannunzio , was one to which both amateurs and professionals liked to submit their work , although until 1959 the photographs were not attributed to particular photographers . It pursued a photographic aesthetic that privileged street scenes and odd , ironic or bizarre encounters in both town and country , and more than a third of the photographs published in Il Mondo were by [ Berengo Gardin ] . His rare capacity for capturing",
"title": "Life and career"
},
{
"text": "simultaneous actions and objects within the same frame positioned him as an excellent candidate for that street life Pannunzio was after . Berengo Gardin would later have photo essays published in Domus , Epoca , lEspresso , Stern , Time , Vogue Italia ; Réalités ; Le Figaro ; and La Repubblica .",
"title": "Life and career"
},
{
"text": " He turned professional in 1962 and two years later moved to Milan , where he has lived since 1975 .",
"title": "Life and career"
},
{
"text": "From 1966 to 1983 Berengo Gardin worked with Touring Club Italiano , providing much or all of the photography for books about regions of Italy and other European countries or their cities : he once identified the high point of his career as The work I did in Great Britain , for the Touring Club in 1978 ( adding that I loved the cars : I had an Austin and an MG ) . He did similar work for the publisher Istituto Geografico De Agostini ( later De Agostini Publishing ) . In 1979 Berengo Gardin started to work with",
"title": "Life and career"
},
{
"text": "Renzo Piano , photographing the process of designing his buildings . Berengo Gardin also worked with major Italian firms – Alfa Romeo , Fiat , Italsider ( later Ilva ) , Olivetti and others – showing the working life of employees , rather than the products .",
"title": "Life and career"
},
{
"text": " In the early 1990s , Berengo Gardin spent time living among the Romani people ( Zingari ) of Italy , hoping to show their lives from the inside . This resulted in two highly regarded books , La disperata allegria ( Florence ) and Zingari a Palermo ( 1994 and 1997 ) . Since 1990 Berengo Gardin has been represented by Contrasto . Berengo Gardin remains active in his eighties . A recent assignment , from la Repubblica , was to photograph the giant cruise ships that threaten the ecosystem of Venice .",
"title": "Life and career"
},
{
"text": "Berengo Gardin has a large archive , with over 1.5 million negatives . The FORMA Foundation ( Fondazione FORMA per la Fotografia , an offshoot of Contrasto ) , in Milan , will be managing this archive , including negatives , prints , documents and cameras . ( Other material is at the Museum of Modern Art , New York. )",
"title": "Life and career"
},
{
"text": " Berengo Gardin has named as influences on him the French photographers Henri Cartier-Bresson , Willy Ronis , Édouard Boubat and Robert Doisneau ; others have identified the Italian group La Gondola and the American photographer W . Eugene Smith . Gianni Berengo Gardin is one of the great generation of poetic documentarists who like to compose with an idea in mind [ ... ] [ H ] is sympathies have always been with those whose day-to-day activities support the fabric of society : workers , doctors , priests and even itinerant musicians . Vaporetto , Venice , 1960 .",
"title": "Life and career"
},
{
"text": "Berengo Gardins most renowned image of Venice , often referred to as Vaporetto , Venice , 1960 :",
"title": "Life and career"
},
{
"text": " was taken in 1960 , on a vaporetto with mirrored doors so that the passengers are trapped in a mosaic of reflections . Simultaneously mundane – the travellers are ordinary commuters – and exotic , it captures the paradox of a city trapped in an excess of representation . Berengo Gardin describes how it came about :",
"title": "Life and career"
},
{
"text": "I was 30 , living on the Lido in Venice , and every morning I took the vaporetto , or water bus , across to where I worked in San Marco . [ ... ] It was a matter of pure luck , really . I was doing a lot of architectural photography , and this was a spontaneous shot : I only took one picture . In the centre there is a reflection in the glass door of the vaporetto , behind which stands a man all dressed in black . If hed been wearing white , the shot",
"title": "Life and career"
},
{
"text": "wouldnt have worked .",
"title": "Life and career"
},
{
"text": " The photograph was included in Berengo Gardins book Venise des saisons ( 1965 ) . It was warmly received ; Henri Cartier-Bresson :",
"title": "Life and career"
},
{
"text": "ranked [ this photograph ] among the 80 most important photographs ever taken . The co-presence of gazes and of frames within a frame makes it an exceptional in-camera montage of different spaces and human figures , reminiscent of Velasquezs illusions , and suggestive of this photographers multiple artistic influences : the French school of reportage ( Doisneau , Boubat , Ronis ) and a group of Venetian photographers called La Gondola [ ... ] and Eugene Smiths powerful renditions of black and white . At the end of the 1950s this new kind of reportage seemed to reconcile social",
"title": "Life and career"
},
{
"text": "documentary with the photographers subjective exploration of the world , thus putting an end to the dispute about form and content that had divided many postwar image makers .",
"title": "Life and career"
},
{
"text": " Berengo Gardin has been the sole contributor or a major contributor to a large number of photobooks : the exact number up to any time depends on various definitions – what a separate book is ( as opposed to a mere new edition ) , what a major contribution is , and more – but one estimate in 2014 put the number at 250 ( and added that only 10 are in colour ) .",
"title": "Books"
},
{
"text": "Morire di classe ( 1969 ) is probably the most celebrated among Berengo Gardins books . Other award-winning books ( see Awards ) include India dei villaggi ( 1981 , about the villages of India ) and La disperata allegria and Zingari a Palermo ( 1994 and 1997 , about the Romani people of Florence and Palermo respectively ) .",
"title": "Books"
},
{
"text": " Books such as Dentro le case and Dentro il lavoro are some of the best journalistic records of how people worked and lived in post-WWII Italy .",
"title": "Books"
},
{
"text": " Berengo Gardin has had many exhibitions : the number was described in 2008 as around 200 . A small sample are listed below . - Architectural Association , London , 1961 - Le Guilde du Livre , Lausanne , 1965 - Il nuovo impegno . Il Diaframma , Milan , November 1968 . Exhibition by Berengo Gardin , and Toni Nicolini .",
"title": "Exhibitions"
},
{
"text": "- Napoli 81 . Sette fotografi per una nuova immagine . Naples , December 1981 – January 1982 . Photographs of Naples by Berengo Gardin , Mario Cresci , Roberto Salbitani , Franco Fontana , Luigi Ghirri , Mimmo Jodice , and Antonia Mulas .",
"title": "Exhibitions"
},
{
"text": " - Fotografie di Gianni Berengo Gardin per Il Mondo dal 1954 al 1965 . Palazzo Dugani , Milan , January–February 1985 . - Trouver Trieste . Eiffel tower , November 1985 – June 1986 . Photographs of Trieste by various photographers . - Bologna Museum of Modern Art , 1987 - Rencontres internationales de la photographie dArles , July–August 1987 . - Refettorio delle , Milan , 1988 - Photographs of women . Rome , 1989 . - Milan , 1990 . - Paris , 1990 - Musée de lÉlysée , Lausanne , 1991",
"title": "Exhibitions"
},
{
"text": "- Fotografi italiani , Accademia Carrara , Bergamo , 1993",
"title": "Exhibitions"
},
{
"text": " - Gianni Berengo Gardin , un nomade fotografo . Giardino delle Oblate , Florence , October 1994 . About Romani people in Florence . - Ring . Galleria darte moderna , Bologna , 1994 . Photographs by Berengo Gardin and Gabriele Basilico . - Artelaguna 95 : opere darte per la laguna di Venezia . June–July 1995 . - The Italian Metamorphosis , 1943–1968 ( group exhibition ) . Solomon R . Guggenheim Museum , New York , October 1994 – January 1995 . - Leica Gallery , New York , 1999 .",
"title": "Exhibitions"
},
{
"text": "- Gianni Berengo Gardin , Maison de la photographie Robert Doisneau , Paris , 1997 ; Museo civico del Santo , Padua , 2001 ; Palazzo delle Esposizioni , Rome , 2001 ; Biblioteca Panizzi , Reggio Emilia , 2002 ; Auditorium , Rome , 2004 ; La Triennale di Milano , 2004",
"title": "Exhibitions"
},
{
"text": " - Pagine di fotografia italiana 1900–1998 , Fondazione Galleria Gottardo , Lugano , 1998 - Memorie di un dilettante : Vintage prints 1952–1960 . Galleria Minima Peliti Associati , June–July 1998 . - Exhibition related to Giò Pomodoro . International Cairo Biennale , in Cairo , December 1998 – February 1999 . - Palazzo delle Esposizioni , Rome , 2001 - Retrospective . Museo Civico di Padova , Padua , June–October 2001 . - Les Choix dHenri Cartier-Bresson ( group exhibition ) . Henri Cartier-Bresson Foundation , Paris , 2003 .",
"title": "Exhibitions"
},
{
"text": "- Toscana , gente e territorio . About the people and land of Tuscany . Fondazione Ragghianti ( Lucca ) , July–October 2004 .",
"title": "Exhibitions"
},
{
"text": " - Miracolo a Pisogne . Pisogne , 2004 . About the sculptor and the painter Girolamo Romanino . - Piazza Lucretius , 2005 . - Cesare Zavattini . Tra letteratura , cinema , pittura . Pinacoteca Civica di Latina , October–December 2005 . About Cesare Zavattini . - Gianni Berengo Gardin . Maison européenne de la photographie , Paris , February–May 2005 . - Laltro sguardo = Mit anderen Augen = A distinct regard . Bolzano , July–October 2005 . About Gustav Mahler Jugendorchester and European Union Youth Orchestra . - Travelling exhibition about the Hera Group .",
"title": "Exhibitions"
},
{
"text": "- Andrea Martinelli : il volto e lombra . , Milan , November–December 2005 ; Rustin Foundation , Antwerp , March–June 2006 ; Frisia Museum , Spanbroek-Amsterdam , July–October 2006 . About the works of the painter Andrea Martinelli .",
"title": "Exhibitions"
},
{
"text": " - Leopardi : la biblioteca , la casa , linfinito . Palazzo Ducale , Urbino , September–October 2006 . On the house and library of Giacomo Leopardi . - Exhibition about Carlo Scarpa . Museo Palladio , Vicenza , June–July 2006 . - Un paesaggio italiano . Travelling exhibition about Giovo . - Exhibition of photographs of the studio of Andrea Martinelli . Casa Cavalier Pellanda , Biasca , December 2007 – February 2008 . - Exhibition about Andrea Martinelli . Milan , 2008 . - Mimmo Paladino : ortissima . , Orta San Giulio , July–November 2009 .",
"title": "Exhibitions"
},
{
"text": "- Peggy Guggenheim , la casa , gli amici , Venezia . Arca , , Vercelli , October–December 2009 . About Peggy Guggenheim .",
"title": "Exhibitions"
},
{
"text": " - Exhibition about Camogli . Fondazione Pier Luigi e Natalina Remotti , Camogli , Italy , October 2009 – January 2010 . - Reportrait : incursioni di un reporter nel mondo della cultura = Incursions of a reporter into the world of culture . , Orta San Giulio , May–October 2009 . Portraits . - Nei luoghi di Piero della Francesca ; Arezzo , Anghiari , Sansepolcro = In Piero della Francesca places . Photographs by Berengo Gardin and Elliott Erwitt . Palazzo Pichi Sforza , Sansepolcro , March–June 2010 .",
"title": "Exhibitions"
},
{
"text": "- Terra da vivere . , Figline Valdarno , February–May 2011 .",
"title": "Exhibitions"
},
{
"text": " - Gianni Berengo Gardin . Storie di un fotografo . Casa dei Tre Oci , Venice , February–May 2013 . - Gianni Berengo Gardin . Storie di un fotografo . Palazzo Reale , June–September 2013 . - Caffè Florian , September–October 2013 . - Gianni Berengo Gardin : Storie di un fotografo . Curated by Denis Curti . Palazzo Ducale , Genoa , February–June 2014 . - Mostri a Venezia ( Monsters of Venice ) . , Milan , 2014 . Concerning the problems of large cruise ships in Venice .",
"title": "Exhibitions"
},
{
"text": "- The Sense of a Moment : Gianni Berengo Gardin . Prahlad Bubbar Gallery , London , April–May 2014 . ( It is the first time Berengo Gardin has shown in Britain since 1975 , when Bill Brandt included him in his seminal landscape show at the Victoria and Albert Museum. )",
"title": "Exhibitions"
},
{
"text": " - Venezia e le grandi navi . Negozio Olivetti , Venice , – January 2016 . - Vera fotografia : Reportage , immagini , incontri . Palazzo delle Esposizioni , Rome , May–August 2016 . Curated by Alessandra Mammì and Alessandra Mauro .",
"title": "Exhibitions"
},
{
"text": " - World Press Photo award ( 1963 ) - Scanno prize ( 1981 ) for the book India dei villaggi ( about the villages of India ) - Brassaï prize at the in Paris ( 1990 ) - Leica Oskar Barnack Award ( 1995 ) at Rencontres internationales de la photographie dArles for the book La disperata allegria : vivere da zingari a Firenze ( about the Romani people of Florence ) - Oscar Goldoni prize ( 1998 ) for the book Zingari a Palermo ( about the Romani people of Palermo )",
"title": "Awards"
},
{
"text": "- Lucie Awards Lifetime Achievement ( 2008 )",
"title": "Awards"
},
{
"text": " - Calcografia Nazionale , Rome ; since 1975 Istituto Nazionale per la Grafica - Archive of the photography group La Gondola , Venice - , University of Parma - Centro per la Fotografia San Marino Immagine , San Marino - Fondazione Antonio Mazzotta , Milan - Galleria Civica di Modena - Istituto di Storia dellArte , University of Pisa - , Brescia - Bibliothèque nationale de France , Paris . 76 photographs . - Maison européenne de la photographie , Paris - FNAC , Paris - Musée de lÉlysée , Lausanne - Fondation Select , Lausanne",
"title": "Collections"
},
{
"text": "- Museum of Modern Art , New York",
"title": "Collections"
},
{
"text": " - United Nations headquarters , New York - Eastman House , Rochester , NY ( now George Eastman Museum )",
"title": "Collections"
},
{
"text": " - Gianni Berengo Gardin . Rome : GIART/Contrasto , 2009 . In the series Fotografia italiana : 5 film , 5 grandi fotografi .",
"title": "Further viewing"
}
] |
/wiki/Gianni_Berengo_Gardin#P937#1
|
Gianni Berengo Gardin worked in which location between Jan 1954 and Apr 1963?
|
Gianni Berengo Gardin Gianni Berengo Gardin ( born 1930 ) is an Italian photographer who has concentrated on reportage and editorial work , but whose career as a photographer has encompassed book illustration and advertising . Undoubtedly the most important photographer in Italy in the latter part of the 20th century , [ f ] or more than fifty years Gianni Berengo Gardin has been taking photographs with the humility and passion of a great craftsman . Life and career . Born in Santa Margherita Ligure on 10 October 1930 , Berengo Gardin lived in Switzerland , Rome , Paris and Venice before starting as an amateur photographer in 1954 . As a photographer , he was self-taught , learning photography from two years he spent in Paris working with other photographers . In Berengo Gardins first year as a photographer , 1954 , his first photographs were published in Il Mondo . This magazine , edited by Mario Pannunzio , was one to which both amateurs and professionals liked to submit their work , although until 1959 the photographs were not attributed to particular photographers . It pursued a photographic aesthetic that privileged street scenes and odd , ironic or bizarre encounters in both town and country , and more than a third of the photographs published in Il Mondo were by [ Berengo Gardin ] . His rare capacity for capturing simultaneous actions and objects within the same frame positioned him as an excellent candidate for that street life Pannunzio was after . Berengo Gardin would later have photo essays published in Domus , Epoca , lEspresso , Stern , Time , Vogue Italia ; Réalités ; Le Figaro ; and La Repubblica . He turned professional in 1962 and two years later moved to Milan , where he has lived since 1975 . From 1966 to 1983 Berengo Gardin worked with Touring Club Italiano , providing much or all of the photography for books about regions of Italy and other European countries or their cities : he once identified the high point of his career as The work I did in Great Britain , for the Touring Club in 1978 ( adding that I loved the cars : I had an Austin and an MG ) . He did similar work for the publisher Istituto Geografico De Agostini ( later De Agostini Publishing ) . In 1979 Berengo Gardin started to work with Renzo Piano , photographing the process of designing his buildings . Berengo Gardin also worked with major Italian firms – Alfa Romeo , Fiat , Italsider ( later Ilva ) , Olivetti and others – showing the working life of employees , rather than the products . In the early 1990s , Berengo Gardin spent time living among the Romani people ( Zingari ) of Italy , hoping to show their lives from the inside . This resulted in two highly regarded books , La disperata allegria ( Florence ) and Zingari a Palermo ( 1994 and 1997 ) . Since 1990 Berengo Gardin has been represented by Contrasto . Berengo Gardin remains active in his eighties . A recent assignment , from la Repubblica , was to photograph the giant cruise ships that threaten the ecosystem of Venice . Berengo Gardin has a large archive , with over 1.5 million negatives . The FORMA Foundation ( Fondazione FORMA per la Fotografia , an offshoot of Contrasto ) , in Milan , will be managing this archive , including negatives , prints , documents and cameras . ( Other material is at the Museum of Modern Art , New York. ) Berengo Gardin has named as influences on him the French photographers Henri Cartier-Bresson , Willy Ronis , Édouard Boubat and Robert Doisneau ; others have identified the Italian group La Gondola and the American photographer W . Eugene Smith . Gianni Berengo Gardin is one of the great generation of poetic documentarists who like to compose with an idea in mind [ ... ] [ H ] is sympathies have always been with those whose day-to-day activities support the fabric of society : workers , doctors , priests and even itinerant musicians . Vaporetto , Venice , 1960 . Berengo Gardins most renowned image of Venice , often referred to as Vaporetto , Venice , 1960 : was taken in 1960 , on a vaporetto with mirrored doors so that the passengers are trapped in a mosaic of reflections . Simultaneously mundane – the travellers are ordinary commuters – and exotic , it captures the paradox of a city trapped in an excess of representation . Berengo Gardin describes how it came about : I was 30 , living on the Lido in Venice , and every morning I took the vaporetto , or water bus , across to where I worked in San Marco . [ ... ] It was a matter of pure luck , really . I was doing a lot of architectural photography , and this was a spontaneous shot : I only took one picture . In the centre there is a reflection in the glass door of the vaporetto , behind which stands a man all dressed in black . If hed been wearing white , the shot wouldnt have worked . The photograph was included in Berengo Gardins book Venise des saisons ( 1965 ) . It was warmly received ; Henri Cartier-Bresson : ranked [ this photograph ] among the 80 most important photographs ever taken . The co-presence of gazes and of frames within a frame makes it an exceptional in-camera montage of different spaces and human figures , reminiscent of Velasquezs illusions , and suggestive of this photographers multiple artistic influences : the French school of reportage ( Doisneau , Boubat , Ronis ) and a group of Venetian photographers called La Gondola [ ... ] and Eugene Smiths powerful renditions of black and white . At the end of the 1950s this new kind of reportage seemed to reconcile social documentary with the photographers subjective exploration of the world , thus putting an end to the dispute about form and content that had divided many postwar image makers . Books . Berengo Gardin has been the sole contributor or a major contributor to a large number of photobooks : the exact number up to any time depends on various definitions – what a separate book is ( as opposed to a mere new edition ) , what a major contribution is , and more – but one estimate in 2014 put the number at 250 ( and added that only 10 are in colour ) . Morire di classe ( 1969 ) is probably the most celebrated among Berengo Gardins books . Other award-winning books ( see Awards ) include India dei villaggi ( 1981 , about the villages of India ) and La disperata allegria and Zingari a Palermo ( 1994 and 1997 , about the Romani people of Florence and Palermo respectively ) . Books such as Dentro le case and Dentro il lavoro are some of the best journalistic records of how people worked and lived in post-WWII Italy . Exhibitions . Berengo Gardin has had many exhibitions : the number was described in 2008 as around 200 . A small sample are listed below . - Architectural Association , London , 1961 - Le Guilde du Livre , Lausanne , 1965 - Il nuovo impegno . Il Diaframma , Milan , November 1968 . Exhibition by Berengo Gardin , and Toni Nicolini . - Napoli 81 . Sette fotografi per una nuova immagine . Naples , December 1981 – January 1982 . Photographs of Naples by Berengo Gardin , Mario Cresci , Roberto Salbitani , Franco Fontana , Luigi Ghirri , Mimmo Jodice , and Antonia Mulas . - Fotografie di Gianni Berengo Gardin per Il Mondo dal 1954 al 1965 . Palazzo Dugani , Milan , January–February 1985 . - Trouver Trieste . Eiffel tower , November 1985 – June 1986 . Photographs of Trieste by various photographers . - Bologna Museum of Modern Art , 1987 - Rencontres internationales de la photographie dArles , July–August 1987 . - Refettorio delle , Milan , 1988 - Photographs of women . Rome , 1989 . - Milan , 1990 . - Paris , 1990 - Musée de lÉlysée , Lausanne , 1991 - Fotografi italiani , Accademia Carrara , Bergamo , 1993 - Gianni Berengo Gardin , un nomade fotografo . Giardino delle Oblate , Florence , October 1994 . About Romani people in Florence . - Ring . Galleria darte moderna , Bologna , 1994 . Photographs by Berengo Gardin and Gabriele Basilico . - Artelaguna 95 : opere darte per la laguna di Venezia . June–July 1995 . - The Italian Metamorphosis , 1943–1968 ( group exhibition ) . Solomon R . Guggenheim Museum , New York , October 1994 – January 1995 . - Leica Gallery , New York , 1999 . - Gianni Berengo Gardin , Maison de la photographie Robert Doisneau , Paris , 1997 ; Museo civico del Santo , Padua , 2001 ; Palazzo delle Esposizioni , Rome , 2001 ; Biblioteca Panizzi , Reggio Emilia , 2002 ; Auditorium , Rome , 2004 ; La Triennale di Milano , 2004 - Pagine di fotografia italiana 1900–1998 , Fondazione Galleria Gottardo , Lugano , 1998 - Memorie di un dilettante : Vintage prints 1952–1960 . Galleria Minima Peliti Associati , June–July 1998 . - Exhibition related to Giò Pomodoro . International Cairo Biennale , in Cairo , December 1998 – February 1999 . - Palazzo delle Esposizioni , Rome , 2001 - Retrospective . Museo Civico di Padova , Padua , June–October 2001 . - Les Choix dHenri Cartier-Bresson ( group exhibition ) . Henri Cartier-Bresson Foundation , Paris , 2003 . - Toscana , gente e territorio . About the people and land of Tuscany . Fondazione Ragghianti ( Lucca ) , July–October 2004 . - Miracolo a Pisogne . Pisogne , 2004 . About the sculptor and the painter Girolamo Romanino . - Piazza Lucretius , 2005 . - Cesare Zavattini . Tra letteratura , cinema , pittura . Pinacoteca Civica di Latina , October–December 2005 . About Cesare Zavattini . - Gianni Berengo Gardin . Maison européenne de la photographie , Paris , February–May 2005 . - Laltro sguardo = Mit anderen Augen = A distinct regard . Bolzano , July–October 2005 . About Gustav Mahler Jugendorchester and European Union Youth Orchestra . - Travelling exhibition about the Hera Group . - Andrea Martinelli : il volto e lombra . , Milan , November–December 2005 ; Rustin Foundation , Antwerp , March–June 2006 ; Frisia Museum , Spanbroek-Amsterdam , July–October 2006 . About the works of the painter Andrea Martinelli . - Leopardi : la biblioteca , la casa , linfinito . Palazzo Ducale , Urbino , September–October 2006 . On the house and library of Giacomo Leopardi . - Exhibition about Carlo Scarpa . Museo Palladio , Vicenza , June–July 2006 . - Un paesaggio italiano . Travelling exhibition about Giovo . - Exhibition of photographs of the studio of Andrea Martinelli . Casa Cavalier Pellanda , Biasca , December 2007 – February 2008 . - Exhibition about Andrea Martinelli . Milan , 2008 . - Mimmo Paladino : ortissima . , Orta San Giulio , July–November 2009 . - Peggy Guggenheim , la casa , gli amici , Venezia . Arca , , Vercelli , October–December 2009 . About Peggy Guggenheim . - Exhibition about Camogli . Fondazione Pier Luigi e Natalina Remotti , Camogli , Italy , October 2009 – January 2010 . - Reportrait : incursioni di un reporter nel mondo della cultura = Incursions of a reporter into the world of culture . , Orta San Giulio , May–October 2009 . Portraits . - Nei luoghi di Piero della Francesca ; Arezzo , Anghiari , Sansepolcro = In Piero della Francesca places . Photographs by Berengo Gardin and Elliott Erwitt . Palazzo Pichi Sforza , Sansepolcro , March–June 2010 . - Terra da vivere . , Figline Valdarno , February–May 2011 . - Gianni Berengo Gardin . Storie di un fotografo . Casa dei Tre Oci , Venice , February–May 2013 . - Gianni Berengo Gardin . Storie di un fotografo . Palazzo Reale , June–September 2013 . - Caffè Florian , September–October 2013 . - Gianni Berengo Gardin : Storie di un fotografo . Curated by Denis Curti . Palazzo Ducale , Genoa , February–June 2014 . - Mostri a Venezia ( Monsters of Venice ) . , Milan , 2014 . Concerning the problems of large cruise ships in Venice . - The Sense of a Moment : Gianni Berengo Gardin . Prahlad Bubbar Gallery , London , April–May 2014 . ( It is the first time Berengo Gardin has shown in Britain since 1975 , when Bill Brandt included him in his seminal landscape show at the Victoria and Albert Museum. ) - Venezia e le grandi navi . Negozio Olivetti , Venice , – January 2016 . - Vera fotografia : Reportage , immagini , incontri . Palazzo delle Esposizioni , Rome , May–August 2016 . Curated by Alessandra Mammì and Alessandra Mauro . Awards . - World Press Photo award ( 1963 ) - Scanno prize ( 1981 ) for the book India dei villaggi ( about the villages of India ) - Brassaï prize at the in Paris ( 1990 ) - Leica Oskar Barnack Award ( 1995 ) at Rencontres internationales de la photographie dArles for the book La disperata allegria : vivere da zingari a Firenze ( about the Romani people of Florence ) - Oscar Goldoni prize ( 1998 ) for the book Zingari a Palermo ( about the Romani people of Palermo ) - Lucie Awards Lifetime Achievement ( 2008 ) - Honorary degree , University of Milan ( 2009 ) . Collections . - Calcografia Nazionale , Rome ; since 1975 Istituto Nazionale per la Grafica - Archive of the photography group La Gondola , Venice - , University of Parma - Centro per la Fotografia San Marino Immagine , San Marino - Fondazione Antonio Mazzotta , Milan - Galleria Civica di Modena - Istituto di Storia dellArte , University of Pisa - , Brescia - Bibliothèque nationale de France , Paris . 76 photographs . - Maison européenne de la photographie , Paris - FNAC , Paris - Musée de lÉlysée , Lausanne - Fondation Select , Lausanne - Museum of Modern Art , New York - United Nations headquarters , New York - Eastman House , Rochester , NY ( now George Eastman Museum ) Further viewing . - Gianni Berengo Gardin . Rome : GIART/Contrasto , 2009 . In the series Fotografia italiana : 5 film , 5 grandi fotografi .
|
[
"Venice"
] |
[
{
"text": " Gianni Berengo Gardin ( born 1930 ) is an Italian photographer who has concentrated on reportage and editorial work , but whose career as a photographer has encompassed book illustration and advertising . Undoubtedly the most important photographer in Italy in the latter part of the 20th century , [ f ] or more than fifty years Gianni Berengo Gardin has been taking photographs with the humility and passion of a great craftsman .",
"title": "Gianni Berengo Gardin"
},
{
"text": " Born in Santa Margherita Ligure on 10 October 1930 , Berengo Gardin lived in Switzerland , Rome , Paris and Venice before starting as an amateur photographer in 1954 . As a photographer , he was self-taught , learning photography from two years he spent in Paris working with other photographers .",
"title": "Life and career"
},
{
"text": "In Berengo Gardins first year as a photographer , 1954 , his first photographs were published in Il Mondo . This magazine , edited by Mario Pannunzio , was one to which both amateurs and professionals liked to submit their work , although until 1959 the photographs were not attributed to particular photographers . It pursued a photographic aesthetic that privileged street scenes and odd , ironic or bizarre encounters in both town and country , and more than a third of the photographs published in Il Mondo were by [ Berengo Gardin ] . His rare capacity for capturing",
"title": "Life and career"
},
{
"text": "simultaneous actions and objects within the same frame positioned him as an excellent candidate for that street life Pannunzio was after . Berengo Gardin would later have photo essays published in Domus , Epoca , lEspresso , Stern , Time , Vogue Italia ; Réalités ; Le Figaro ; and La Repubblica .",
"title": "Life and career"
},
{
"text": " He turned professional in 1962 and two years later moved to Milan , where he has lived since 1975 .",
"title": "Life and career"
},
{
"text": "From 1966 to 1983 Berengo Gardin worked with Touring Club Italiano , providing much or all of the photography for books about regions of Italy and other European countries or their cities : he once identified the high point of his career as The work I did in Great Britain , for the Touring Club in 1978 ( adding that I loved the cars : I had an Austin and an MG ) . He did similar work for the publisher Istituto Geografico De Agostini ( later De Agostini Publishing ) . In 1979 Berengo Gardin started to work with",
"title": "Life and career"
},
{
"text": "Renzo Piano , photographing the process of designing his buildings . Berengo Gardin also worked with major Italian firms – Alfa Romeo , Fiat , Italsider ( later Ilva ) , Olivetti and others – showing the working life of employees , rather than the products .",
"title": "Life and career"
},
{
"text": " In the early 1990s , Berengo Gardin spent time living among the Romani people ( Zingari ) of Italy , hoping to show their lives from the inside . This resulted in two highly regarded books , La disperata allegria ( Florence ) and Zingari a Palermo ( 1994 and 1997 ) . Since 1990 Berengo Gardin has been represented by Contrasto . Berengo Gardin remains active in his eighties . A recent assignment , from la Repubblica , was to photograph the giant cruise ships that threaten the ecosystem of Venice .",
"title": "Life and career"
},
{
"text": "Berengo Gardin has a large archive , with over 1.5 million negatives . The FORMA Foundation ( Fondazione FORMA per la Fotografia , an offshoot of Contrasto ) , in Milan , will be managing this archive , including negatives , prints , documents and cameras . ( Other material is at the Museum of Modern Art , New York. )",
"title": "Life and career"
},
{
"text": " Berengo Gardin has named as influences on him the French photographers Henri Cartier-Bresson , Willy Ronis , Édouard Boubat and Robert Doisneau ; others have identified the Italian group La Gondola and the American photographer W . Eugene Smith . Gianni Berengo Gardin is one of the great generation of poetic documentarists who like to compose with an idea in mind [ ... ] [ H ] is sympathies have always been with those whose day-to-day activities support the fabric of society : workers , doctors , priests and even itinerant musicians . Vaporetto , Venice , 1960 .",
"title": "Life and career"
},
{
"text": "Berengo Gardins most renowned image of Venice , often referred to as Vaporetto , Venice , 1960 :",
"title": "Life and career"
},
{
"text": " was taken in 1960 , on a vaporetto with mirrored doors so that the passengers are trapped in a mosaic of reflections . Simultaneously mundane – the travellers are ordinary commuters – and exotic , it captures the paradox of a city trapped in an excess of representation . Berengo Gardin describes how it came about :",
"title": "Life and career"
},
{
"text": "I was 30 , living on the Lido in Venice , and every morning I took the vaporetto , or water bus , across to where I worked in San Marco . [ ... ] It was a matter of pure luck , really . I was doing a lot of architectural photography , and this was a spontaneous shot : I only took one picture . In the centre there is a reflection in the glass door of the vaporetto , behind which stands a man all dressed in black . If hed been wearing white , the shot",
"title": "Life and career"
},
{
"text": "wouldnt have worked .",
"title": "Life and career"
},
{
"text": " The photograph was included in Berengo Gardins book Venise des saisons ( 1965 ) . It was warmly received ; Henri Cartier-Bresson :",
"title": "Life and career"
},
{
"text": "ranked [ this photograph ] among the 80 most important photographs ever taken . The co-presence of gazes and of frames within a frame makes it an exceptional in-camera montage of different spaces and human figures , reminiscent of Velasquezs illusions , and suggestive of this photographers multiple artistic influences : the French school of reportage ( Doisneau , Boubat , Ronis ) and a group of Venetian photographers called La Gondola [ ... ] and Eugene Smiths powerful renditions of black and white . At the end of the 1950s this new kind of reportage seemed to reconcile social",
"title": "Life and career"
},
{
"text": "documentary with the photographers subjective exploration of the world , thus putting an end to the dispute about form and content that had divided many postwar image makers .",
"title": "Life and career"
},
{
"text": " Berengo Gardin has been the sole contributor or a major contributor to a large number of photobooks : the exact number up to any time depends on various definitions – what a separate book is ( as opposed to a mere new edition ) , what a major contribution is , and more – but one estimate in 2014 put the number at 250 ( and added that only 10 are in colour ) .",
"title": "Books"
},
{
"text": "Morire di classe ( 1969 ) is probably the most celebrated among Berengo Gardins books . Other award-winning books ( see Awards ) include India dei villaggi ( 1981 , about the villages of India ) and La disperata allegria and Zingari a Palermo ( 1994 and 1997 , about the Romani people of Florence and Palermo respectively ) .",
"title": "Books"
},
{
"text": " Books such as Dentro le case and Dentro il lavoro are some of the best journalistic records of how people worked and lived in post-WWII Italy .",
"title": "Books"
},
{
"text": " Berengo Gardin has had many exhibitions : the number was described in 2008 as around 200 . A small sample are listed below . - Architectural Association , London , 1961 - Le Guilde du Livre , Lausanne , 1965 - Il nuovo impegno . Il Diaframma , Milan , November 1968 . Exhibition by Berengo Gardin , and Toni Nicolini .",
"title": "Exhibitions"
},
{
"text": "- Napoli 81 . Sette fotografi per una nuova immagine . Naples , December 1981 – January 1982 . Photographs of Naples by Berengo Gardin , Mario Cresci , Roberto Salbitani , Franco Fontana , Luigi Ghirri , Mimmo Jodice , and Antonia Mulas .",
"title": "Exhibitions"
},
{
"text": " - Fotografie di Gianni Berengo Gardin per Il Mondo dal 1954 al 1965 . Palazzo Dugani , Milan , January–February 1985 . - Trouver Trieste . Eiffel tower , November 1985 – June 1986 . Photographs of Trieste by various photographers . - Bologna Museum of Modern Art , 1987 - Rencontres internationales de la photographie dArles , July–August 1987 . - Refettorio delle , Milan , 1988 - Photographs of women . Rome , 1989 . - Milan , 1990 . - Paris , 1990 - Musée de lÉlysée , Lausanne , 1991",
"title": "Exhibitions"
},
{
"text": "- Fotografi italiani , Accademia Carrara , Bergamo , 1993",
"title": "Exhibitions"
},
{
"text": " - Gianni Berengo Gardin , un nomade fotografo . Giardino delle Oblate , Florence , October 1994 . About Romani people in Florence . - Ring . Galleria darte moderna , Bologna , 1994 . Photographs by Berengo Gardin and Gabriele Basilico . - Artelaguna 95 : opere darte per la laguna di Venezia . June–July 1995 . - The Italian Metamorphosis , 1943–1968 ( group exhibition ) . Solomon R . Guggenheim Museum , New York , October 1994 – January 1995 . - Leica Gallery , New York , 1999 .",
"title": "Exhibitions"
},
{
"text": "- Gianni Berengo Gardin , Maison de la photographie Robert Doisneau , Paris , 1997 ; Museo civico del Santo , Padua , 2001 ; Palazzo delle Esposizioni , Rome , 2001 ; Biblioteca Panizzi , Reggio Emilia , 2002 ; Auditorium , Rome , 2004 ; La Triennale di Milano , 2004",
"title": "Exhibitions"
},
{
"text": " - Pagine di fotografia italiana 1900–1998 , Fondazione Galleria Gottardo , Lugano , 1998 - Memorie di un dilettante : Vintage prints 1952–1960 . Galleria Minima Peliti Associati , June–July 1998 . - Exhibition related to Giò Pomodoro . International Cairo Biennale , in Cairo , December 1998 – February 1999 . - Palazzo delle Esposizioni , Rome , 2001 - Retrospective . Museo Civico di Padova , Padua , June–October 2001 . - Les Choix dHenri Cartier-Bresson ( group exhibition ) . Henri Cartier-Bresson Foundation , Paris , 2003 .",
"title": "Exhibitions"
},
{
"text": "- Toscana , gente e territorio . About the people and land of Tuscany . Fondazione Ragghianti ( Lucca ) , July–October 2004 .",
"title": "Exhibitions"
},
{
"text": " - Miracolo a Pisogne . Pisogne , 2004 . About the sculptor and the painter Girolamo Romanino . - Piazza Lucretius , 2005 . - Cesare Zavattini . Tra letteratura , cinema , pittura . Pinacoteca Civica di Latina , October–December 2005 . About Cesare Zavattini . - Gianni Berengo Gardin . Maison européenne de la photographie , Paris , February–May 2005 . - Laltro sguardo = Mit anderen Augen = A distinct regard . Bolzano , July–October 2005 . About Gustav Mahler Jugendorchester and European Union Youth Orchestra . - Travelling exhibition about the Hera Group .",
"title": "Exhibitions"
},
{
"text": "- Andrea Martinelli : il volto e lombra . , Milan , November–December 2005 ; Rustin Foundation , Antwerp , March–June 2006 ; Frisia Museum , Spanbroek-Amsterdam , July–October 2006 . About the works of the painter Andrea Martinelli .",
"title": "Exhibitions"
},
{
"text": " - Leopardi : la biblioteca , la casa , linfinito . Palazzo Ducale , Urbino , September–October 2006 . On the house and library of Giacomo Leopardi . - Exhibition about Carlo Scarpa . Museo Palladio , Vicenza , June–July 2006 . - Un paesaggio italiano . Travelling exhibition about Giovo . - Exhibition of photographs of the studio of Andrea Martinelli . Casa Cavalier Pellanda , Biasca , December 2007 – February 2008 . - Exhibition about Andrea Martinelli . Milan , 2008 . - Mimmo Paladino : ortissima . , Orta San Giulio , July–November 2009 .",
"title": "Exhibitions"
},
{
"text": "- Peggy Guggenheim , la casa , gli amici , Venezia . Arca , , Vercelli , October–December 2009 . About Peggy Guggenheim .",
"title": "Exhibitions"
},
{
"text": " - Exhibition about Camogli . Fondazione Pier Luigi e Natalina Remotti , Camogli , Italy , October 2009 – January 2010 . - Reportrait : incursioni di un reporter nel mondo della cultura = Incursions of a reporter into the world of culture . , Orta San Giulio , May–October 2009 . Portraits . - Nei luoghi di Piero della Francesca ; Arezzo , Anghiari , Sansepolcro = In Piero della Francesca places . Photographs by Berengo Gardin and Elliott Erwitt . Palazzo Pichi Sforza , Sansepolcro , March–June 2010 .",
"title": "Exhibitions"
},
{
"text": "- Terra da vivere . , Figline Valdarno , February–May 2011 .",
"title": "Exhibitions"
},
{
"text": " - Gianni Berengo Gardin . Storie di un fotografo . Casa dei Tre Oci , Venice , February–May 2013 . - Gianni Berengo Gardin . Storie di un fotografo . Palazzo Reale , June–September 2013 . - Caffè Florian , September–October 2013 . - Gianni Berengo Gardin : Storie di un fotografo . Curated by Denis Curti . Palazzo Ducale , Genoa , February–June 2014 . - Mostri a Venezia ( Monsters of Venice ) . , Milan , 2014 . Concerning the problems of large cruise ships in Venice .",
"title": "Exhibitions"
},
{
"text": "- The Sense of a Moment : Gianni Berengo Gardin . Prahlad Bubbar Gallery , London , April–May 2014 . ( It is the first time Berengo Gardin has shown in Britain since 1975 , when Bill Brandt included him in his seminal landscape show at the Victoria and Albert Museum. )",
"title": "Exhibitions"
},
{
"text": " - Venezia e le grandi navi . Negozio Olivetti , Venice , – January 2016 . - Vera fotografia : Reportage , immagini , incontri . Palazzo delle Esposizioni , Rome , May–August 2016 . Curated by Alessandra Mammì and Alessandra Mauro .",
"title": "Exhibitions"
},
{
"text": " - World Press Photo award ( 1963 ) - Scanno prize ( 1981 ) for the book India dei villaggi ( about the villages of India ) - Brassaï prize at the in Paris ( 1990 ) - Leica Oskar Barnack Award ( 1995 ) at Rencontres internationales de la photographie dArles for the book La disperata allegria : vivere da zingari a Firenze ( about the Romani people of Florence ) - Oscar Goldoni prize ( 1998 ) for the book Zingari a Palermo ( about the Romani people of Palermo )",
"title": "Awards"
},
{
"text": "- Lucie Awards Lifetime Achievement ( 2008 )",
"title": "Awards"
},
{
"text": " - Calcografia Nazionale , Rome ; since 1975 Istituto Nazionale per la Grafica - Archive of the photography group La Gondola , Venice - , University of Parma - Centro per la Fotografia San Marino Immagine , San Marino - Fondazione Antonio Mazzotta , Milan - Galleria Civica di Modena - Istituto di Storia dellArte , University of Pisa - , Brescia - Bibliothèque nationale de France , Paris . 76 photographs . - Maison européenne de la photographie , Paris - FNAC , Paris - Musée de lÉlysée , Lausanne - Fondation Select , Lausanne",
"title": "Collections"
},
{
"text": "- Museum of Modern Art , New York",
"title": "Collections"
},
{
"text": " - United Nations headquarters , New York - Eastman House , Rochester , NY ( now George Eastman Museum )",
"title": "Collections"
},
{
"text": " - Gianni Berengo Gardin . Rome : GIART/Contrasto , 2009 . In the series Fotografia italiana : 5 film , 5 grandi fotografi .",
"title": "Further viewing"
}
] |
/wiki/Gianni_Berengo_Gardin#P937#2
|
Gianni Berengo Gardin worked in which location between Dec 1999 and Feb 2001?
|
Gianni Berengo Gardin Gianni Berengo Gardin ( born 1930 ) is an Italian photographer who has concentrated on reportage and editorial work , but whose career as a photographer has encompassed book illustration and advertising . Undoubtedly the most important photographer in Italy in the latter part of the 20th century , [ f ] or more than fifty years Gianni Berengo Gardin has been taking photographs with the humility and passion of a great craftsman . Life and career . Born in Santa Margherita Ligure on 10 October 1930 , Berengo Gardin lived in Switzerland , Rome , Paris and Venice before starting as an amateur photographer in 1954 . As a photographer , he was self-taught , learning photography from two years he spent in Paris working with other photographers . In Berengo Gardins first year as a photographer , 1954 , his first photographs were published in Il Mondo . This magazine , edited by Mario Pannunzio , was one to which both amateurs and professionals liked to submit their work , although until 1959 the photographs were not attributed to particular photographers . It pursued a photographic aesthetic that privileged street scenes and odd , ironic or bizarre encounters in both town and country , and more than a third of the photographs published in Il Mondo were by [ Berengo Gardin ] . His rare capacity for capturing simultaneous actions and objects within the same frame positioned him as an excellent candidate for that street life Pannunzio was after . Berengo Gardin would later have photo essays published in Domus , Epoca , lEspresso , Stern , Time , Vogue Italia ; Réalités ; Le Figaro ; and La Repubblica . He turned professional in 1962 and two years later moved to Milan , where he has lived since 1975 . From 1966 to 1983 Berengo Gardin worked with Touring Club Italiano , providing much or all of the photography for books about regions of Italy and other European countries or their cities : he once identified the high point of his career as The work I did in Great Britain , for the Touring Club in 1978 ( adding that I loved the cars : I had an Austin and an MG ) . He did similar work for the publisher Istituto Geografico De Agostini ( later De Agostini Publishing ) . In 1979 Berengo Gardin started to work with Renzo Piano , photographing the process of designing his buildings . Berengo Gardin also worked with major Italian firms – Alfa Romeo , Fiat , Italsider ( later Ilva ) , Olivetti and others – showing the working life of employees , rather than the products . In the early 1990s , Berengo Gardin spent time living among the Romani people ( Zingari ) of Italy , hoping to show their lives from the inside . This resulted in two highly regarded books , La disperata allegria ( Florence ) and Zingari a Palermo ( 1994 and 1997 ) . Since 1990 Berengo Gardin has been represented by Contrasto . Berengo Gardin remains active in his eighties . A recent assignment , from la Repubblica , was to photograph the giant cruise ships that threaten the ecosystem of Venice . Berengo Gardin has a large archive , with over 1.5 million negatives . The FORMA Foundation ( Fondazione FORMA per la Fotografia , an offshoot of Contrasto ) , in Milan , will be managing this archive , including negatives , prints , documents and cameras . ( Other material is at the Museum of Modern Art , New York. ) Berengo Gardin has named as influences on him the French photographers Henri Cartier-Bresson , Willy Ronis , Édouard Boubat and Robert Doisneau ; others have identified the Italian group La Gondola and the American photographer W . Eugene Smith . Gianni Berengo Gardin is one of the great generation of poetic documentarists who like to compose with an idea in mind [ ... ] [ H ] is sympathies have always been with those whose day-to-day activities support the fabric of society : workers , doctors , priests and even itinerant musicians . Vaporetto , Venice , 1960 . Berengo Gardins most renowned image of Venice , often referred to as Vaporetto , Venice , 1960 : was taken in 1960 , on a vaporetto with mirrored doors so that the passengers are trapped in a mosaic of reflections . Simultaneously mundane – the travellers are ordinary commuters – and exotic , it captures the paradox of a city trapped in an excess of representation . Berengo Gardin describes how it came about : I was 30 , living on the Lido in Venice , and every morning I took the vaporetto , or water bus , across to where I worked in San Marco . [ ... ] It was a matter of pure luck , really . I was doing a lot of architectural photography , and this was a spontaneous shot : I only took one picture . In the centre there is a reflection in the glass door of the vaporetto , behind which stands a man all dressed in black . If hed been wearing white , the shot wouldnt have worked . The photograph was included in Berengo Gardins book Venise des saisons ( 1965 ) . It was warmly received ; Henri Cartier-Bresson : ranked [ this photograph ] among the 80 most important photographs ever taken . The co-presence of gazes and of frames within a frame makes it an exceptional in-camera montage of different spaces and human figures , reminiscent of Velasquezs illusions , and suggestive of this photographers multiple artistic influences : the French school of reportage ( Doisneau , Boubat , Ronis ) and a group of Venetian photographers called La Gondola [ ... ] and Eugene Smiths powerful renditions of black and white . At the end of the 1950s this new kind of reportage seemed to reconcile social documentary with the photographers subjective exploration of the world , thus putting an end to the dispute about form and content that had divided many postwar image makers . Books . Berengo Gardin has been the sole contributor or a major contributor to a large number of photobooks : the exact number up to any time depends on various definitions – what a separate book is ( as opposed to a mere new edition ) , what a major contribution is , and more – but one estimate in 2014 put the number at 250 ( and added that only 10 are in colour ) . Morire di classe ( 1969 ) is probably the most celebrated among Berengo Gardins books . Other award-winning books ( see Awards ) include India dei villaggi ( 1981 , about the villages of India ) and La disperata allegria and Zingari a Palermo ( 1994 and 1997 , about the Romani people of Florence and Palermo respectively ) . Books such as Dentro le case and Dentro il lavoro are some of the best journalistic records of how people worked and lived in post-WWII Italy . Exhibitions . Berengo Gardin has had many exhibitions : the number was described in 2008 as around 200 . A small sample are listed below . - Architectural Association , London , 1961 - Le Guilde du Livre , Lausanne , 1965 - Il nuovo impegno . Il Diaframma , Milan , November 1968 . Exhibition by Berengo Gardin , and Toni Nicolini . - Napoli 81 . Sette fotografi per una nuova immagine . Naples , December 1981 – January 1982 . Photographs of Naples by Berengo Gardin , Mario Cresci , Roberto Salbitani , Franco Fontana , Luigi Ghirri , Mimmo Jodice , and Antonia Mulas . - Fotografie di Gianni Berengo Gardin per Il Mondo dal 1954 al 1965 . Palazzo Dugani , Milan , January–February 1985 . - Trouver Trieste . Eiffel tower , November 1985 – June 1986 . Photographs of Trieste by various photographers . - Bologna Museum of Modern Art , 1987 - Rencontres internationales de la photographie dArles , July–August 1987 . - Refettorio delle , Milan , 1988 - Photographs of women . Rome , 1989 . - Milan , 1990 . - Paris , 1990 - Musée de lÉlysée , Lausanne , 1991 - Fotografi italiani , Accademia Carrara , Bergamo , 1993 - Gianni Berengo Gardin , un nomade fotografo . Giardino delle Oblate , Florence , October 1994 . About Romani people in Florence . - Ring . Galleria darte moderna , Bologna , 1994 . Photographs by Berengo Gardin and Gabriele Basilico . - Artelaguna 95 : opere darte per la laguna di Venezia . June–July 1995 . - The Italian Metamorphosis , 1943–1968 ( group exhibition ) . Solomon R . Guggenheim Museum , New York , October 1994 – January 1995 . - Leica Gallery , New York , 1999 . - Gianni Berengo Gardin , Maison de la photographie Robert Doisneau , Paris , 1997 ; Museo civico del Santo , Padua , 2001 ; Palazzo delle Esposizioni , Rome , 2001 ; Biblioteca Panizzi , Reggio Emilia , 2002 ; Auditorium , Rome , 2004 ; La Triennale di Milano , 2004 - Pagine di fotografia italiana 1900–1998 , Fondazione Galleria Gottardo , Lugano , 1998 - Memorie di un dilettante : Vintage prints 1952–1960 . Galleria Minima Peliti Associati , June–July 1998 . - Exhibition related to Giò Pomodoro . International Cairo Biennale , in Cairo , December 1998 – February 1999 . - Palazzo delle Esposizioni , Rome , 2001 - Retrospective . Museo Civico di Padova , Padua , June–October 2001 . - Les Choix dHenri Cartier-Bresson ( group exhibition ) . Henri Cartier-Bresson Foundation , Paris , 2003 . - Toscana , gente e territorio . About the people and land of Tuscany . Fondazione Ragghianti ( Lucca ) , July–October 2004 . - Miracolo a Pisogne . Pisogne , 2004 . About the sculptor and the painter Girolamo Romanino . - Piazza Lucretius , 2005 . - Cesare Zavattini . Tra letteratura , cinema , pittura . Pinacoteca Civica di Latina , October–December 2005 . About Cesare Zavattini . - Gianni Berengo Gardin . Maison européenne de la photographie , Paris , February–May 2005 . - Laltro sguardo = Mit anderen Augen = A distinct regard . Bolzano , July–October 2005 . About Gustav Mahler Jugendorchester and European Union Youth Orchestra . - Travelling exhibition about the Hera Group . - Andrea Martinelli : il volto e lombra . , Milan , November–December 2005 ; Rustin Foundation , Antwerp , March–June 2006 ; Frisia Museum , Spanbroek-Amsterdam , July–October 2006 . About the works of the painter Andrea Martinelli . - Leopardi : la biblioteca , la casa , linfinito . Palazzo Ducale , Urbino , September–October 2006 . On the house and library of Giacomo Leopardi . - Exhibition about Carlo Scarpa . Museo Palladio , Vicenza , June–July 2006 . - Un paesaggio italiano . Travelling exhibition about Giovo . - Exhibition of photographs of the studio of Andrea Martinelli . Casa Cavalier Pellanda , Biasca , December 2007 – February 2008 . - Exhibition about Andrea Martinelli . Milan , 2008 . - Mimmo Paladino : ortissima . , Orta San Giulio , July–November 2009 . - Peggy Guggenheim , la casa , gli amici , Venezia . Arca , , Vercelli , October–December 2009 . About Peggy Guggenheim . - Exhibition about Camogli . Fondazione Pier Luigi e Natalina Remotti , Camogli , Italy , October 2009 – January 2010 . - Reportrait : incursioni di un reporter nel mondo della cultura = Incursions of a reporter into the world of culture . , Orta San Giulio , May–October 2009 . Portraits . - Nei luoghi di Piero della Francesca ; Arezzo , Anghiari , Sansepolcro = In Piero della Francesca places . Photographs by Berengo Gardin and Elliott Erwitt . Palazzo Pichi Sforza , Sansepolcro , March–June 2010 . - Terra da vivere . , Figline Valdarno , February–May 2011 . - Gianni Berengo Gardin . Storie di un fotografo . Casa dei Tre Oci , Venice , February–May 2013 . - Gianni Berengo Gardin . Storie di un fotografo . Palazzo Reale , June–September 2013 . - Caffè Florian , September–October 2013 . - Gianni Berengo Gardin : Storie di un fotografo . Curated by Denis Curti . Palazzo Ducale , Genoa , February–June 2014 . - Mostri a Venezia ( Monsters of Venice ) . , Milan , 2014 . Concerning the problems of large cruise ships in Venice . - The Sense of a Moment : Gianni Berengo Gardin . Prahlad Bubbar Gallery , London , April–May 2014 . ( It is the first time Berengo Gardin has shown in Britain since 1975 , when Bill Brandt included him in his seminal landscape show at the Victoria and Albert Museum. ) - Venezia e le grandi navi . Negozio Olivetti , Venice , – January 2016 . - Vera fotografia : Reportage , immagini , incontri . Palazzo delle Esposizioni , Rome , May–August 2016 . Curated by Alessandra Mammì and Alessandra Mauro . Awards . - World Press Photo award ( 1963 ) - Scanno prize ( 1981 ) for the book India dei villaggi ( about the villages of India ) - Brassaï prize at the in Paris ( 1990 ) - Leica Oskar Barnack Award ( 1995 ) at Rencontres internationales de la photographie dArles for the book La disperata allegria : vivere da zingari a Firenze ( about the Romani people of Florence ) - Oscar Goldoni prize ( 1998 ) for the book Zingari a Palermo ( about the Romani people of Palermo ) - Lucie Awards Lifetime Achievement ( 2008 ) - Honorary degree , University of Milan ( 2009 ) . Collections . - Calcografia Nazionale , Rome ; since 1975 Istituto Nazionale per la Grafica - Archive of the photography group La Gondola , Venice - , University of Parma - Centro per la Fotografia San Marino Immagine , San Marino - Fondazione Antonio Mazzotta , Milan - Galleria Civica di Modena - Istituto di Storia dellArte , University of Pisa - , Brescia - Bibliothèque nationale de France , Paris . 76 photographs . - Maison européenne de la photographie , Paris - FNAC , Paris - Musée de lÉlysée , Lausanne - Fondation Select , Lausanne - Museum of Modern Art , New York - United Nations headquarters , New York - Eastman House , Rochester , NY ( now George Eastman Museum ) Further viewing . - Gianni Berengo Gardin . Rome : GIART/Contrasto , 2009 . In the series Fotografia italiana : 5 film , 5 grandi fotografi .
|
[
"Milan"
] |
[
{
"text": " Gianni Berengo Gardin ( born 1930 ) is an Italian photographer who has concentrated on reportage and editorial work , but whose career as a photographer has encompassed book illustration and advertising . Undoubtedly the most important photographer in Italy in the latter part of the 20th century , [ f ] or more than fifty years Gianni Berengo Gardin has been taking photographs with the humility and passion of a great craftsman .",
"title": "Gianni Berengo Gardin"
},
{
"text": " Born in Santa Margherita Ligure on 10 October 1930 , Berengo Gardin lived in Switzerland , Rome , Paris and Venice before starting as an amateur photographer in 1954 . As a photographer , he was self-taught , learning photography from two years he spent in Paris working with other photographers .",
"title": "Life and career"
},
{
"text": "In Berengo Gardins first year as a photographer , 1954 , his first photographs were published in Il Mondo . This magazine , edited by Mario Pannunzio , was one to which both amateurs and professionals liked to submit their work , although until 1959 the photographs were not attributed to particular photographers . It pursued a photographic aesthetic that privileged street scenes and odd , ironic or bizarre encounters in both town and country , and more than a third of the photographs published in Il Mondo were by [ Berengo Gardin ] . His rare capacity for capturing",
"title": "Life and career"
},
{
"text": "simultaneous actions and objects within the same frame positioned him as an excellent candidate for that street life Pannunzio was after . Berengo Gardin would later have photo essays published in Domus , Epoca , lEspresso , Stern , Time , Vogue Italia ; Réalités ; Le Figaro ; and La Repubblica .",
"title": "Life and career"
},
{
"text": " He turned professional in 1962 and two years later moved to Milan , where he has lived since 1975 .",
"title": "Life and career"
},
{
"text": "From 1966 to 1983 Berengo Gardin worked with Touring Club Italiano , providing much or all of the photography for books about regions of Italy and other European countries or their cities : he once identified the high point of his career as The work I did in Great Britain , for the Touring Club in 1978 ( adding that I loved the cars : I had an Austin and an MG ) . He did similar work for the publisher Istituto Geografico De Agostini ( later De Agostini Publishing ) . In 1979 Berengo Gardin started to work with",
"title": "Life and career"
},
{
"text": "Renzo Piano , photographing the process of designing his buildings . Berengo Gardin also worked with major Italian firms – Alfa Romeo , Fiat , Italsider ( later Ilva ) , Olivetti and others – showing the working life of employees , rather than the products .",
"title": "Life and career"
},
{
"text": " In the early 1990s , Berengo Gardin spent time living among the Romani people ( Zingari ) of Italy , hoping to show their lives from the inside . This resulted in two highly regarded books , La disperata allegria ( Florence ) and Zingari a Palermo ( 1994 and 1997 ) . Since 1990 Berengo Gardin has been represented by Contrasto . Berengo Gardin remains active in his eighties . A recent assignment , from la Repubblica , was to photograph the giant cruise ships that threaten the ecosystem of Venice .",
"title": "Life and career"
},
{
"text": "Berengo Gardin has a large archive , with over 1.5 million negatives . The FORMA Foundation ( Fondazione FORMA per la Fotografia , an offshoot of Contrasto ) , in Milan , will be managing this archive , including negatives , prints , documents and cameras . ( Other material is at the Museum of Modern Art , New York. )",
"title": "Life and career"
},
{
"text": " Berengo Gardin has named as influences on him the French photographers Henri Cartier-Bresson , Willy Ronis , Édouard Boubat and Robert Doisneau ; others have identified the Italian group La Gondola and the American photographer W . Eugene Smith . Gianni Berengo Gardin is one of the great generation of poetic documentarists who like to compose with an idea in mind [ ... ] [ H ] is sympathies have always been with those whose day-to-day activities support the fabric of society : workers , doctors , priests and even itinerant musicians . Vaporetto , Venice , 1960 .",
"title": "Life and career"
},
{
"text": "Berengo Gardins most renowned image of Venice , often referred to as Vaporetto , Venice , 1960 :",
"title": "Life and career"
},
{
"text": " was taken in 1960 , on a vaporetto with mirrored doors so that the passengers are trapped in a mosaic of reflections . Simultaneously mundane – the travellers are ordinary commuters – and exotic , it captures the paradox of a city trapped in an excess of representation . Berengo Gardin describes how it came about :",
"title": "Life and career"
},
{
"text": "I was 30 , living on the Lido in Venice , and every morning I took the vaporetto , or water bus , across to where I worked in San Marco . [ ... ] It was a matter of pure luck , really . I was doing a lot of architectural photography , and this was a spontaneous shot : I only took one picture . In the centre there is a reflection in the glass door of the vaporetto , behind which stands a man all dressed in black . If hed been wearing white , the shot",
"title": "Life and career"
},
{
"text": "wouldnt have worked .",
"title": "Life and career"
},
{
"text": " The photograph was included in Berengo Gardins book Venise des saisons ( 1965 ) . It was warmly received ; Henri Cartier-Bresson :",
"title": "Life and career"
},
{
"text": "ranked [ this photograph ] among the 80 most important photographs ever taken . The co-presence of gazes and of frames within a frame makes it an exceptional in-camera montage of different spaces and human figures , reminiscent of Velasquezs illusions , and suggestive of this photographers multiple artistic influences : the French school of reportage ( Doisneau , Boubat , Ronis ) and a group of Venetian photographers called La Gondola [ ... ] and Eugene Smiths powerful renditions of black and white . At the end of the 1950s this new kind of reportage seemed to reconcile social",
"title": "Life and career"
},
{
"text": "documentary with the photographers subjective exploration of the world , thus putting an end to the dispute about form and content that had divided many postwar image makers .",
"title": "Life and career"
},
{
"text": " Berengo Gardin has been the sole contributor or a major contributor to a large number of photobooks : the exact number up to any time depends on various definitions – what a separate book is ( as opposed to a mere new edition ) , what a major contribution is , and more – but one estimate in 2014 put the number at 250 ( and added that only 10 are in colour ) .",
"title": "Books"
},
{
"text": "Morire di classe ( 1969 ) is probably the most celebrated among Berengo Gardins books . Other award-winning books ( see Awards ) include India dei villaggi ( 1981 , about the villages of India ) and La disperata allegria and Zingari a Palermo ( 1994 and 1997 , about the Romani people of Florence and Palermo respectively ) .",
"title": "Books"
},
{
"text": " Books such as Dentro le case and Dentro il lavoro are some of the best journalistic records of how people worked and lived in post-WWII Italy .",
"title": "Books"
},
{
"text": " Berengo Gardin has had many exhibitions : the number was described in 2008 as around 200 . A small sample are listed below . - Architectural Association , London , 1961 - Le Guilde du Livre , Lausanne , 1965 - Il nuovo impegno . Il Diaframma , Milan , November 1968 . Exhibition by Berengo Gardin , and Toni Nicolini .",
"title": "Exhibitions"
},
{
"text": "- Napoli 81 . Sette fotografi per una nuova immagine . Naples , December 1981 – January 1982 . Photographs of Naples by Berengo Gardin , Mario Cresci , Roberto Salbitani , Franco Fontana , Luigi Ghirri , Mimmo Jodice , and Antonia Mulas .",
"title": "Exhibitions"
},
{
"text": " - Fotografie di Gianni Berengo Gardin per Il Mondo dal 1954 al 1965 . Palazzo Dugani , Milan , January–February 1985 . - Trouver Trieste . Eiffel tower , November 1985 – June 1986 . Photographs of Trieste by various photographers . - Bologna Museum of Modern Art , 1987 - Rencontres internationales de la photographie dArles , July–August 1987 . - Refettorio delle , Milan , 1988 - Photographs of women . Rome , 1989 . - Milan , 1990 . - Paris , 1990 - Musée de lÉlysée , Lausanne , 1991",
"title": "Exhibitions"
},
{
"text": "- Fotografi italiani , Accademia Carrara , Bergamo , 1993",
"title": "Exhibitions"
},
{
"text": " - Gianni Berengo Gardin , un nomade fotografo . Giardino delle Oblate , Florence , October 1994 . About Romani people in Florence . - Ring . Galleria darte moderna , Bologna , 1994 . Photographs by Berengo Gardin and Gabriele Basilico . - Artelaguna 95 : opere darte per la laguna di Venezia . June–July 1995 . - The Italian Metamorphosis , 1943–1968 ( group exhibition ) . Solomon R . Guggenheim Museum , New York , October 1994 – January 1995 . - Leica Gallery , New York , 1999 .",
"title": "Exhibitions"
},
{
"text": "- Gianni Berengo Gardin , Maison de la photographie Robert Doisneau , Paris , 1997 ; Museo civico del Santo , Padua , 2001 ; Palazzo delle Esposizioni , Rome , 2001 ; Biblioteca Panizzi , Reggio Emilia , 2002 ; Auditorium , Rome , 2004 ; La Triennale di Milano , 2004",
"title": "Exhibitions"
},
{
"text": " - Pagine di fotografia italiana 1900–1998 , Fondazione Galleria Gottardo , Lugano , 1998 - Memorie di un dilettante : Vintage prints 1952–1960 . Galleria Minima Peliti Associati , June–July 1998 . - Exhibition related to Giò Pomodoro . International Cairo Biennale , in Cairo , December 1998 – February 1999 . - Palazzo delle Esposizioni , Rome , 2001 - Retrospective . Museo Civico di Padova , Padua , June–October 2001 . - Les Choix dHenri Cartier-Bresson ( group exhibition ) . Henri Cartier-Bresson Foundation , Paris , 2003 .",
"title": "Exhibitions"
},
{
"text": "- Toscana , gente e territorio . About the people and land of Tuscany . Fondazione Ragghianti ( Lucca ) , July–October 2004 .",
"title": "Exhibitions"
},
{
"text": " - Miracolo a Pisogne . Pisogne , 2004 . About the sculptor and the painter Girolamo Romanino . - Piazza Lucretius , 2005 . - Cesare Zavattini . Tra letteratura , cinema , pittura . Pinacoteca Civica di Latina , October–December 2005 . About Cesare Zavattini . - Gianni Berengo Gardin . Maison européenne de la photographie , Paris , February–May 2005 . - Laltro sguardo = Mit anderen Augen = A distinct regard . Bolzano , July–October 2005 . About Gustav Mahler Jugendorchester and European Union Youth Orchestra . - Travelling exhibition about the Hera Group .",
"title": "Exhibitions"
},
{
"text": "- Andrea Martinelli : il volto e lombra . , Milan , November–December 2005 ; Rustin Foundation , Antwerp , March–June 2006 ; Frisia Museum , Spanbroek-Amsterdam , July–October 2006 . About the works of the painter Andrea Martinelli .",
"title": "Exhibitions"
},
{
"text": " - Leopardi : la biblioteca , la casa , linfinito . Palazzo Ducale , Urbino , September–October 2006 . On the house and library of Giacomo Leopardi . - Exhibition about Carlo Scarpa . Museo Palladio , Vicenza , June–July 2006 . - Un paesaggio italiano . Travelling exhibition about Giovo . - Exhibition of photographs of the studio of Andrea Martinelli . Casa Cavalier Pellanda , Biasca , December 2007 – February 2008 . - Exhibition about Andrea Martinelli . Milan , 2008 . - Mimmo Paladino : ortissima . , Orta San Giulio , July–November 2009 .",
"title": "Exhibitions"
},
{
"text": "- Peggy Guggenheim , la casa , gli amici , Venezia . Arca , , Vercelli , October–December 2009 . About Peggy Guggenheim .",
"title": "Exhibitions"
},
{
"text": " - Exhibition about Camogli . Fondazione Pier Luigi e Natalina Remotti , Camogli , Italy , October 2009 – January 2010 . - Reportrait : incursioni di un reporter nel mondo della cultura = Incursions of a reporter into the world of culture . , Orta San Giulio , May–October 2009 . Portraits . - Nei luoghi di Piero della Francesca ; Arezzo , Anghiari , Sansepolcro = In Piero della Francesca places . Photographs by Berengo Gardin and Elliott Erwitt . Palazzo Pichi Sforza , Sansepolcro , March–June 2010 .",
"title": "Exhibitions"
},
{
"text": "- Terra da vivere . , Figline Valdarno , February–May 2011 .",
"title": "Exhibitions"
},
{
"text": " - Gianni Berengo Gardin . Storie di un fotografo . Casa dei Tre Oci , Venice , February–May 2013 . - Gianni Berengo Gardin . Storie di un fotografo . Palazzo Reale , June–September 2013 . - Caffè Florian , September–October 2013 . - Gianni Berengo Gardin : Storie di un fotografo . Curated by Denis Curti . Palazzo Ducale , Genoa , February–June 2014 . - Mostri a Venezia ( Monsters of Venice ) . , Milan , 2014 . Concerning the problems of large cruise ships in Venice .",
"title": "Exhibitions"
},
{
"text": "- The Sense of a Moment : Gianni Berengo Gardin . Prahlad Bubbar Gallery , London , April–May 2014 . ( It is the first time Berengo Gardin has shown in Britain since 1975 , when Bill Brandt included him in his seminal landscape show at the Victoria and Albert Museum. )",
"title": "Exhibitions"
},
{
"text": " - Venezia e le grandi navi . Negozio Olivetti , Venice , – January 2016 . - Vera fotografia : Reportage , immagini , incontri . Palazzo delle Esposizioni , Rome , May–August 2016 . Curated by Alessandra Mammì and Alessandra Mauro .",
"title": "Exhibitions"
},
{
"text": " - World Press Photo award ( 1963 ) - Scanno prize ( 1981 ) for the book India dei villaggi ( about the villages of India ) - Brassaï prize at the in Paris ( 1990 ) - Leica Oskar Barnack Award ( 1995 ) at Rencontres internationales de la photographie dArles for the book La disperata allegria : vivere da zingari a Firenze ( about the Romani people of Florence ) - Oscar Goldoni prize ( 1998 ) for the book Zingari a Palermo ( about the Romani people of Palermo )",
"title": "Awards"
},
{
"text": "- Lucie Awards Lifetime Achievement ( 2008 )",
"title": "Awards"
},
{
"text": " - Calcografia Nazionale , Rome ; since 1975 Istituto Nazionale per la Grafica - Archive of the photography group La Gondola , Venice - , University of Parma - Centro per la Fotografia San Marino Immagine , San Marino - Fondazione Antonio Mazzotta , Milan - Galleria Civica di Modena - Istituto di Storia dellArte , University of Pisa - , Brescia - Bibliothèque nationale de France , Paris . 76 photographs . - Maison européenne de la photographie , Paris - FNAC , Paris - Musée de lÉlysée , Lausanne - Fondation Select , Lausanne",
"title": "Collections"
},
{
"text": "- Museum of Modern Art , New York",
"title": "Collections"
},
{
"text": " - United Nations headquarters , New York - Eastman House , Rochester , NY ( now George Eastman Museum )",
"title": "Collections"
},
{
"text": " - Gianni Berengo Gardin . Rome : GIART/Contrasto , 2009 . In the series Fotografia italiana : 5 film , 5 grandi fotografi .",
"title": "Further viewing"
}
] |
/wiki/Fulgencio_Batista#P102#0
|
Which party was Fulgencio Batista a member of between Dec 1943 and Dec 1943?
|
Fulgencio Batista Fulgencio Batista y Zaldívar ( ; ; born Rubén Zaldívar , January 16 , 1901 – August 6 , 1973 ) was a Cuban military officer and politician who served as the elected president of Cuba from 1940 to 1944 and as its U.S.-backed military dictator from 1952 to 1959 before being overthrown during the Cuban Revolution . Batista initially rose to power as part of the 1933 Revolt of the Sergeants , which overthrew the provisional government of Carlos Manuel de Céspedes y Quesada . He then appointed himself chief of the armed forces , with the rank of colonel and effectively controlled the five-member pentarchy that functioned as the collective head of state . He maintained this control through a string of puppet presidents until 1940 , when he was himself elected President of Cuba on a populist platform . He then instated the 1940 Constitution of Cuba and served until 1944 . After finishing his term , Batista moved to Florida , returning to Cuba to run for president in 1952 . Facing certain electoral defeat , he led a military coup against President Carlos Prío Socarrás that pre-empted the election . Back in power and receiving financial , military and logistical support from the United States government , Batista suspended the 1940 Constitution and revoked most political liberties , including the right to strike . He then aligned with the wealthiest landowners who owned the largest sugar plantations , and presided over a stagnating economy that widened the gap between rich and poor Cubans . Eventually it reached the point where most of the sugar industry was in U.S . hands , and foreigners owned 70% of the arable land . As such , Batistas repressive government then began to systematically profit from the exploitation of Cubas commercial interests , by negotiating lucrative relationships both with the American Mafia , who controlled the drug , gambling , and prostitution businesses in Havana , and with large U.S.-based multinational companies who were awarded lucrative contracts . To quell the growing discontent amongst the populace—which was subsequently displayed through frequent student riots and demonstrations—Batista established tighter censorship of the media , while also utilizing his Bureau for the Repression of Communist Activities secret police to carry out wide-scale violence , torture and public executions . These murders mounted in 1957 , as socialist ideas became more influential . Many people were killed , with estimates ranging from hundreds to about 20,000 people killed . Catalyzing the resistance to such tactics , for two years ( December 1956 – December 1958 ) Fidel Castros 26th of July Movement and other rebelling elements led an urban- and rural-based guerrilla uprising against Batistas government , which culminated in his eventual defeat by rebels under the command of Che Guevara at the Battle of Santa Clara on New Years Day 1959 . Batista immediately fled the island with an amassed personal fortune to the Dominican Republic , where strongman and previous military ally Rafael Trujillo held power . Batista eventually found political asylum in Oliveira Salazars Portugal , where he first lived on the island of Madeira and then in Estoril . He was involved in business activities in Spain and was staying there in Guadalmina at the time of his death from a heart attack on August 6 , 1973 . Early life . Batista was born in the town of Veguita , located in the municipality of Banes , Cuba in 1901 to Belisario Batista Palermo and Carmela Zaldívar González , who had fought in the Cuban War of Independence . He was of Spanish , African , Chinese , and possibly some Taíno descent . His mother named him Rubén and gave him her last name , Zaldívar . His father did not want to register him as a Batista . In the registration records of the Banes courthouse , he was legally Rubén Zaldívar until 1939 , when , as Fulgencio Batista , he became a presidential candidate and it was discovered that this name did not exist in the birth certificates ; he thus had to postpone the presentation of his candidacy and pay 15,000 pesos to the local judge . Both Batistas parents are believed to have been of mixed race and one may have had Indigenous Caribbean blood . Batista was initially educated at a public school in Banes and later attended night classes at an American Quaker school . He left home at age 14 , after the death of his mother . Coming from a humble background , he earned a living as a laborer in the cane fields , docks , and railroads . He was a tailor , mechanic , charcoal vendor and fruit peddler . In 1921 , he traveled to Havana , and in April joined the army as a private . After learning shorthand and typing , Batista left the army in 1923 , working briefly as a teacher of stenography before enlisting in the Guardia Rural ( rural police ) . He transferred back to the army as a corporal , becoming secretary to a regimental colonel . In September 1933 , he held the rank of sergeant stenographer and as such acted as the secretary of a group of non-commissioned officers who led a sergeants conspiracy for better conditions and improved prospects of promotion . 1933 coup . In 1933 , Batista led an uprising called the Sergeants Revolt , as part of the coup that overthrew the government of Gerardo Machado . Machado was succeeded by Carlos Manuel de Céspedes y Quesada , who lacked a political coalition that could sustain him and was soon replaced . A short-lived five-member presidency , known as the Pentarchy of 1933 , was established . The Pentarchy included a representative from each anti-Machado faction . Batista was not a member , but controlled Cubas armed forces . Within days , the representative for the students and professors of the University of Havana , Ramón Grau San Martín , was made president—and Batista became the Army Chief of Staff , with the rank of colonel , effectively putting him in control of the presidency . The majority of the commissioned officer corps were forced to retire or , some speculate , were killed . Grau remained president for just over 100 days before Batista , conspiring with the U.S . envoy Sumner Welles , forced him to resign in January 1934 . Grau was replaced by Carlos Mendieta , and within five days the U.S . recognized Cubas new government , which lasted eleven months . Batista then became the strongman behind a succession of puppet presidents until he was elected president in 1940 . After Mendieta , succeeding governments were led by José Agripino Barnet ( five months ) and Miguel Mariano Gómez ( seven months ) before Federico Laredo Brú ruled from December 1936 to October 1940 . First presidency ( 1940–1944 ) . Batista , supported by the Democratic Socialist Coalition which included Julio Antonio Mellas Communist Party , defeated Grau in the first presidential election under the new Cuban constitution in the 1940 election , and served a four-year term as President of Cuba , the first and to this day only , non-white Cuban in that office . Batista was endorsed by the old Communist Party of Cuba , which at the time had little significance and no probability of an electoral victory . This support was primarily due to Batistas labor laws and his support for labor unions , with which the Communists had close ties . In fact , Communists attacked the anti-Batista opposition , saying Grau and others were fascists and reactionaries . During this term in office , Batista carried out major social reforms and established numerous economic regulations and pro-union policies . Cuba entered World War II on the side of the Allies on December 9 , 1941 , declaring war on Japan two days after the attack on Pearl Harbor . On December 11 , the Batista government declared war on Germany and Italy . In December 1942 , after a friendly visit to Washington , Batista said Latin America would applaud if the Declaration by United Nations called for war with Francisco Francos Spain , calling the regime fascist . Post-presidency . In 1944 , Batistas handpicked successor , Carlos Saladrigas Zayas , was defeated by Grau . In the final months of his presidency , Batista sought to handicap the incoming Grau administration . In a July 17 , 1944 , dispatch to the U.S . Secretary of State , U.S . Ambassador Spruille Braden wrote : Shortly after , Batista left Cuba for the United States . I just felt safer there , he said . He divorced his wife , Elisa , and married Marta Fernández Batista in 1945 . Two of their four children were born in the United States . For the next eight years , Batista remained in the background , spending time in the Waldorf-Astoria in New York City and a home in Daytona Beach , Florida . He continued to participate in Cuban politics , and was elected to the Cuban Senate in absentia in 1948 . Returning to Cuba , he decided to run for president and received permission from President Grau , whereupon he formed the United Action Party . On taking power he founded the Progressive Action Party , but he never regained his former popular support , though the unions supported him until the end . Military coup and second presidency ( 1952–1959 ) . In 1952 , Batista again ran for president . In a three-way race , Roberto Agramonte of the Orthodox Party led in all the polls , followed by Carlos Hevia of the Authentic Party . Batistas United Action coalition was running a distant third . On March 10 , 1952 , three months before the elections , Batista , with army backing , staged a coup and seized power . He ousted outgoing President Carlos Prío Socarrás , canceled the elections and took control of the government as a provisional president . The United States recognized his government on March 27 . When asked by the U.S . government to analyze Batistas Cuba , Arthur M . Schlesinger , Jr . said The corruption of the Government , the brutality of the police , the governments indifference to the needs of the people for education , medical care , housing , for social justice and economic justice .. . is an open invitation to revolution . Economy of Cuba . Upon his seizure of power , Batista inherited a country that was relatively prosperous for Latin America . According to Batistas government , although a third of Cubans still lived in poverty , Cuba was one of the five most developed countries in the region . In the 1950s , Cubas gross domestic product ( GDP ) per capita was roughly equal to that of Italy at the time , although Cubas per-capita GDP was still only a sixth of that of the United States . Moreover , although corruption and inequality were rife under Batista , Cuban industrial workers wages rose significantly . According to the International Labour Organization , the average industrial salary in Cuba was the worlds eighth-highest in 1958 , and the average agricultural wage was higher than some European nations . However , despite an array of positive indicators , in 1953 , the average Cuban family only had an income of $6.00 a week , 15% to 20% of the labor force was chronically unemployed , and only a third of the homes had running water . Relationship with organized crime . Throughout the 1950s , Havana served as a hedonistic playground for the worlds elite , producing sizable gambling , prostitution and drug profits for the American mafia , corrupt law-enforcement officials , and their politically elected cronies . In the assessment of the Cuban-American historian Louis Perez , Havana was then what Las Vegas has become . Relatedly , it is estimated that by the end of the 1950s the city of Havana had 270 brothels . In addition , drugs , be it marijuana or cocaine , were so plentiful at the time that one American magazine in 1950 proclaimed Narcotics are hardly more difficult to obtain in Cuba than a shot of rum . And only slightly more expensive . As a result , the playwright Arthur Miller described Batistas Cuba in The Nation as hopelessly corrupt , a Mafia playground , ( and ) a bordello for Americans and other foreigners . In a bid to profit from such an environment , Batista established lasting relationships with organized crime , notably with American mobsters Meyer Lansky and Lucky Luciano , and under his rule Havana became known as the Latin . Batista and Lansky formed a friendship and business relationship that flourished for a decade . During a stay at the Waldorf-Astoria in New York in the late 1940s , it was mutually agreed that , in return for kickbacks , Batista would give Lansky and the Mafia control of Havanas racetracks and casinos . After World War II , Luciano was paroled from prison on the condition that he permanently return to Sicily . Luciano secretly moved to Cuba , where he worked to resume control over American Mafia operations . Luciano also ran a number of casinos in Cuba with the sanction of Batista , though the American government eventually succeeded in pressuring the Batista government to deport him . Batista encouraged large-scale gambling in Havana . In 1955 , he announced that Cuba would grant a gaming license to anyone who invested US$1 million in a hotel or $200,000 in a new nightclub—and that the government would provide matching public funds for construction , a 10-year tax exemption , and waive duties on imported equipment and furnishings for new hotels . Each casino would pay the government $250,000 for the license , plus a percentage of the profits . The policy omitted background checks , as required for casino operations in the United States , which opened the door for casino investors with illegally obtained funds . Cuban contractors with the right connections made windfalls by importing , duty-free , more materials than needed for new hotels and selling the surplus to others . It was rumored that , besides the $250,000 to obtain a license , an additional under the table fee was sometimes required . Lansky became a prominent figure in Cubas gambling operations , and exerted influence over Batistas casino policies . The Mafias Havana Conference was held on December 22 , 1946 , at the Hotel Nacional de Cuba ; this was the first full-scale meeting of American underworld leaders since the Chicago meeting in 1932 . Lansky set about cleaning up the games at the Montmartre Club , which soon became the place to be in Havana . He also wanted to open a casino in the Hotel Nacional , the most elegant hotel in Havana . Batista endorsed Lanskys idea over the objections of American expatriates such as Ernest Hemingway , and the renovated casino wing opened for business in 1955 with a show by Eartha Kitt . The casino was an immediate success . As the new hotels , nightclubs , and casinos opened , Batista collected his share of the profits . Nightly , the bagman for his wife collected 10% of the profits at Santo Trafficantes casinos , the Sans Souci cabaret , and the casinos in the hotels Sevilla-Biltmore , Commodoro , Deauville , and Capri ( partly owned by the actor George Raft ) . His take from the Lansky casinos—his prized Habana Riviera , the Hotel Nacional , the Montmartre Club , and others—was said to be 30% . Lansky was said to have personally contributed millions of dollars per year to Batistas Swiss bank accounts . Support of U.S . business and government . In a manner that antagonized the Cuban people , the U.S . government used its influence to advance the interests of and increase the profits of the private American companies , which dominated the islands economy . By the late 1950s , U.S . financial interests owned 90% of Cuban mines , 80% of its public utilities , 50% of its railways , 40% of its sugar production and 25% of its bank deposits—some $1 billion in total . According to historian Louis Perez , author of the book On Becoming Cuban , Daily life had developed into a relentless degradation , with the complicity of political leaders and public officials who operated at the behest of American interests . As a symbol of this relationship , ITT Corporation , an American-owned multinational telephone company , presented Batista with a Golden Telephone , as an expression of gratitude for the excessive telephone rate increase , at least according to Senator John F . Kennedy , that Batista granted at the urging of the U.S . government . Earl E.T . Smith , former U.S . Ambassador to Cuba , testified to the U.S . Senate in 1960 that , Until Castro , the U.S . was so overwhelmingly influential in Cuba that the American ambassador was the second most important man , sometimes even more important than the Cuban president . In addition , nearly all aid from the U.S . to Batistas government was in the form of weapons assistance , which merely strengthened the Batista dictatorship and completely failed to advance the economic welfare of the Cuban people . Such actions later enabled Castro and the Communists to encourage the growing belief that America was indifferent to Cuban aspirations for a decent life . According to historian and author James S . Olson , the U.S . government essentially became a co-conspirator in the arrangement because of Batistas strong opposition to communism , which , in the rhetoric of the Cold War , seemed to maintain business stability and a pro-U.S . posture on the island . Thus , in the view of Olson , The U.S . government had no difficulty in dealing with him , even if he was a hopeless despot . On October 6 , 1960 Senator John F . Kennedy , in the midst of his campaign for the U.S . Presidency , decried Batistas relationship with the U.S . government and criticized the Eisenhower administration for supporting him : Fulgencio Batista murdered 20,000 Cubans in seven years .. . and he turned Democratic Cuba into a complete police state—destroying every individual liberty . Yet our aid to his regime , and the ineptness of our policies , enabled Batista to invoke the name of the United States in support of his reign of terror . Administration spokesmen publicly praised Batista—hailed him as a staunch ally and a good friend—at a time when Batista was murdering thousands , destroying the last vestiges of freedom , and stealing hundreds of millions of dollars from the Cuban people , and we failed to press for free elections . Batista , Fidel Castro and the Cuban Revolution . On July 26 , 1953 , just over a year after Batistas second coup , a small group of revolutionaries attacked the Moncada Barracks in Santiago . Government forces easily defeated the assault and jailed its leaders , while many others fled the country . The primary leader of the attack , Fidel Castro , was a young attorney who had run for parliament in the canceled 1952 elections . Although Castro was never officially nominated , he felt that Batistas coup had sidetracked what would have been a promising political career for him . In the wake of the Moncada assault , Batista suspended constitutional guarantees and increasingly relied on police tactics in an attempt to frighten the population through open displays of brutality . Batista held an election in 1954 , running as the candidate of a political coalition that included the Progressive Action Party , the Radical Union Party and the Liberal Party . The opposition divided into abstentionists and electoralists . The abstentionists favored boycotting the elections regardless of the circumstances in which they were held , whereas the electoralists sought certain rights and guarantees to participate . The CIA had predicted that Batista would use any means necessary to ensure he won the election . Batista lived up to their expectations , utilizing fraud and intimidation to secure his presidency . This led most of the other parties to boycott the elections . Former President Ramón Grau San Martín , leading the electoralist factions of the Cuban Revolutionary Party , participated through the political campaign but withdrew from the campaign days before election day , charging that his supporters had been terrorized . Thus Batista was elected president with the support of 45.6% of registered voters . Despite the boycott , Grau received the support of 6.8% of those who voted . The remaining voters abstained . By late 1955 , student riots and anti-Batista demonstrations had become frequent , and unemployment became a problem as graduates entering the workforce could not find jobs . These were dealt with through increasing repression . All youth were seen as suspected revolutionaries . Due to its continued opposition to Batista and the large amount of revolutionary activity taking place on its campus , the University of Havana was temporarily closed on November 30 , 1956 ( it did not reopen until 1959 under the first revolutionary government ) . On March 13 , 1957 , student leader José Antonio Echeverría was killed by police outside Radio Reloj in Havana after announcing that Batista had been killed in a student attack on the Presidential Palace . In reality , Batista survived , and the students of the Federation of University Students ( FEU ) and the Directorio ( DR ) who led the attack were killed in the response by the military and police . Castro quickly condemned the attack , since July 26 Movement had not participated in it . In April 1956 , Batista called popular military leader Col . Ramón Barquín back to Cuba from his post as military attaché to the United States . Believing Barquín would support his rule , Batista promoted him to General . However , Barquíns Conspiración de los Puros ( Conspiracy of the Pure ) was already underway and had already progressed too far . On April 6 , 1956 , Barquín led hundreds of career officers in a coup attempt , but was frustrated by Lieutenant Ríos Morejón , who betrayed the plan . Barquín was sentenced to solitary confinement for eight years on the Isle of Pines , while some officers were sentenced to death for treason . Many others were allowed to remain in the military without reprimand . The purge of the officer corps contributed to the inability of the Cuban army to successfully combat Castro and his guerrillas . Batistas police responded to increasing popular unrest by torturing and killing young men in the cities . However , his army was ineffective against the rebels based in the Sierra Maestra and Escambray Mountains . Another possible explanation for the failure to crush the rebellion was offered by author Carlos Alberto Montaner : Batista does not finish Fidel out of greed .. . His is a government of thieves . To have this small guerrilla band in the mountains is to his advantage , so that he can order special defense expenditures that they can steal . Batistas rule became increasingly unpopular among the population , and the Soviet Union began to secretly support Castro . Some of Batistas generals also criticized him in later years , saying that Batistas excessive interference in his generals military plans to defeat the rebels hampered Army morale and rendered all operations ineffective . In an effort to gather information about Castros army , Batistas secret police pulled in people for questioning . Many innocent people were tortured by Batistas police , while suspects , including youth , were publicly executed as a warning to others who were considering joining the insurgency . Additionally , Hundreds of mangled bodies were left hanging from lamp posts or dumped in the streets in a grotesque variation of the Spanish colonial practice of public executions . The brutal behavior backfired and increased support for the guerrillas . In 1958 , 45 organizations signed an open letter supporting July 26 Movement , among them national bodies representing lawyers , architects , dentists , accountants , and social workers . Castro , who had originally relied on the support of the poor , was now gaining the backing of the influential middle classes . The United States supplied Batista with planes , ships , tanks and the latest technology , such as napalm , which he used against the insurgency . However , in March 1958 , the U.S . announced it would stop selling arms to the Cuban government . Soon after , the U.S . imposed an arms embargo , further weakening the governments position , although land owners and others who benefited from the government continued to support Batista . Elections were scheduled for June 1958 , as required by the Constitution , but were delayed until November 1958 , when Castro and the revolutionaries called for a general strike and placed several bombs in civilian areas of the country . Three main candidates ran in the elections : Carlos Márquez Sterling of the Party of the Free People , former President Ramón Grau San Martín of the Cuban Revolutionary Party-Authentic , and Andrés Rivero Agüero of the government coalition . According to Carlos Márquez Sterling , all three were threatened by Castro , and several assassination attempts were made on both Ramón Grau San Martín and Carlos Márquez Sterling . On Election Day , estimates on the turnout range from 30–50% in the areas where voting took place , which did not include parts of Las Villas and Oriente , which were controlled by Castro . Márquez Sterling also stated that the initial results were favorable to him , but the military ordered the counting to stop as they changed the actual ballots for fraudulent ones . However , Grau San Martín , as he had previously done in the 1954 elections , withdrew his candidacy within a few hours of the election day . Batista declared Rivero Agüero the winner . On December 11 , 1958 , U.S . Ambassador Earl Smith visited Batista at his hacienda , Kuquine . There , Smith informed him that the United States could no longer support his government . Batista asked if he could go to his house in Daytona Beach . The ambassador denied the request and suggested that he seek asylum in Spain instead . On December 31 , 1958 , at a New Years Eve party , Batista told his cabinet and top officials that he was leaving the country . After seven years , Batista knew his presidency was over , and he fled the island in the early morning . At 3:00 a.m . on January 1 , 1959 , Batista boarded a plane at Camp Columbia with 40 of his supporters and immediate family members and flew to Ciudad Trujillo in the Dominican Republic . A second plane flew out of Havana later in the night , carrying ministers , officers and the Governor of Havana . Batista took along a personal fortune of more than $300 million that he had amassed through graft and payoffs . Critics accused Batista and his supporters of taking as much as $700 million in fine art and cash with them as they fled into exile . As news of the fall of Batistas government spread through Havana , The New York Times described jubilant crowds pouring into the streets and automobile horns honking . The black and red flag of July 26 Movement waved on cars and buildings . The atmosphere was chaotic . On January 8 , 1959 , Castro and his army rolled victoriously into Havana . Already denied entry to the United States , Batista sought asylum in Mexico , which also refused him . Portugals leader António Salazar allowed him to settle there on the condition that he completely abstain from politics . At the time , it was claimed that as many as 20,000 Cubans had been killed under Batista , but most modern historians agree that the true figure is probably closer to 3,000–4,000 . Personal life . Marriages and children . Batista married Elisa Godínez y Gómez ( 1900–1993 ) on July 10 , 1926 . They had three children : Mirta Caridad ( 1927–2010 ) , Elisa Aleida ( born 1933 ) , and Fulgencio Rubén Batista Godínez ( 1933–2007 ) . By all accounts , she was devoted to him and their children throughout their marriage , and their daughter remembered them as a happy , young couple until their sudden divorce . Much to her surprise , he divorced her in October 1945 against her will in order to marry his longtime mistress Marta Fernandez Miranda . He married Marta Fernández Miranda ( 1923–2006 ) on November 28 , 1945 , shortly after his divorce became final , and they had five children : Jorge Luis ( born 1942 ) , Roberto Francisco ( born 1947 ) , Carlos Manuel ( 1950–1969 ) , Fulgencio José ( born 1953 ) and Marta María Batista Fernández ( born 1957 ) . Extramarital affairs . Batista was an inveterate philanderer who engaged in numerous extramarital affairs throughout his first marriage . He cheated on his first wife with multiple women , and his children eventually became aware of his relationships . His first wife , who supported her husband throughout his political career and found his philandering humiliating , never considered divorce and tolerated his multiple affairs . However , Batista became enamored with a teenage schoolgirl Marta Fernandez Miranda , who became his longtime mistress . He filed divorce papers shortly before his first grandchild was born . His first wife and their children were astounded and devastated by the divorce . In 1935 , he fathered an illegitimate daughter , Fermina Lázara Batista Estévez , whom he supported financially . Biographers suggest that Batista may have fathered several more children out of wedlock . Death . After he fled to Portugal , Batista lived in Madeira , then later in Estoril . He died of a heart attack on August 6 , 1973 at Guadalmina , Spain , two days before a team of assassins from Castros Cuba allegedly were planning to assassinate him . Marta Fernández Miranda de Batista , Batistas widow , died on October 2 , 2006 . Roberto Batista , her son , says that she died at her home in West Palm Beach , Florida . She had suffered from Alzheimers disease . She was buried with her husband and son in the Cementerio Sacramental de San Isidro in Madrid . In popular culture . Actors who have portrayed Batista in film include Tito Alba in The Godfather Part II ( 1974 ) , Wolfe Morris in Cuba ( 1979 ) and Juan Fernandez in The Lost City ( 2005 ) . In literature and movies , Batistas regime is commonly referred to as the greens ( opposite the Communist reds ) , because of the green uniforms his soldiers wore . In Cuban post-revolution books , documentaries and movies Batistas troops were are also referred to as the helmets or casquitos ( in Spanish ) , because of the helmets they used . Books written by Batista . - Estoy con el Pueblo ( I am With the People ) , Havana , 1939 - Respuesta , Manuel León Sánchez S.C.L. , Mexico City , 1960 - Piedras y leyes ( Stones and Laws ) , Mexico City , 1961 - Cuba Betrayed , Vantage Press , New York , 1961 - To Rule is to Foresee , 1962 - The Growth and Decline of the Cuban Republic , Devin-Adair Company , New York , 1964 External links . - Fulgencio Batista from The History of Cuba - Fulgencio Batista from The Latin American Studies Organization - What Castro Found by Ana Simo , The Gully ( magazine ) - January 1 , 1959 : Cuban Dictator Batista Falls From Power by The History Channel
|
[
"Democratic Socialist Coalition"
] |
[
{
"text": "Fulgencio Batista y Zaldívar ( ; ; born Rubén Zaldívar , January 16 , 1901 – August 6 , 1973 ) was a Cuban military officer and politician who served as the elected president of Cuba from 1940 to 1944 and as its U.S.-backed military dictator from 1952 to 1959 before being overthrown during the Cuban Revolution . Batista initially rose to power as part of the 1933 Revolt of the Sergeants , which overthrew the provisional government of Carlos Manuel de Céspedes y Quesada . He then appointed himself chief of the armed forces , with the rank of",
"title": "Fulgencio Batista"
},
{
"text": "colonel and effectively controlled the five-member pentarchy that functioned as the collective head of state . He maintained this control through a string of puppet presidents until 1940 , when he was himself elected President of Cuba on a populist platform . He then instated the 1940 Constitution of Cuba and served until 1944 . After finishing his term , Batista moved to Florida , returning to Cuba to run for president in 1952 . Facing certain electoral defeat , he led a military coup against President Carlos Prío Socarrás that pre-empted the election .",
"title": "Fulgencio Batista"
},
{
"text": "Back in power and receiving financial , military and logistical support from the United States government , Batista suspended the 1940 Constitution and revoked most political liberties , including the right to strike . He then aligned with the wealthiest landowners who owned the largest sugar plantations , and presided over a stagnating economy that widened the gap between rich and poor Cubans . Eventually it reached the point where most of the sugar industry was in U.S . hands , and foreigners owned 70% of the arable land . As such , Batistas repressive government then began to systematically",
"title": "Fulgencio Batista"
},
{
"text": "profit from the exploitation of Cubas commercial interests , by negotiating lucrative relationships both with the American Mafia , who controlled the drug , gambling , and prostitution businesses in Havana , and with large U.S.-based multinational companies who were awarded lucrative contracts . To quell the growing discontent amongst the populace—which was subsequently displayed through frequent student riots and demonstrations—Batista established tighter censorship of the media , while also utilizing his Bureau for the Repression of Communist Activities secret police to carry out wide-scale violence , torture and public executions . These murders mounted in 1957 , as socialist",
"title": "Fulgencio Batista"
},
{
"text": "ideas became more influential . Many people were killed , with estimates ranging from hundreds to about 20,000 people killed .",
"title": "Fulgencio Batista"
},
{
"text": "Catalyzing the resistance to such tactics , for two years ( December 1956 – December 1958 ) Fidel Castros 26th of July Movement and other rebelling elements led an urban- and rural-based guerrilla uprising against Batistas government , which culminated in his eventual defeat by rebels under the command of Che Guevara at the Battle of Santa Clara on New Years Day 1959 . Batista immediately fled the island with an amassed personal fortune to the Dominican Republic , where strongman and previous military ally Rafael Trujillo held power . Batista eventually found political asylum in Oliveira Salazars Portugal ,",
"title": "Fulgencio Batista"
},
{
"text": "where he first lived on the island of Madeira and then in Estoril . He was involved in business activities in Spain and was staying there in Guadalmina at the time of his death from a heart attack on August 6 , 1973 .",
"title": "Fulgencio Batista"
},
{
"text": "Batista was born in the town of Veguita , located in the municipality of Banes , Cuba in 1901 to Belisario Batista Palermo and Carmela Zaldívar González , who had fought in the Cuban War of Independence . He was of Spanish , African , Chinese , and possibly some Taíno descent . His mother named him Rubén and gave him her last name , Zaldívar . His father did not want to register him as a Batista . In the registration records of the Banes courthouse , he was legally Rubén Zaldívar until 1939 , when , as Fulgencio",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Batista , he became a presidential candidate and it was discovered that this name did not exist in the birth certificates ; he thus had to postpone the presentation of his candidacy and pay 15,000 pesos to the local judge .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Both Batistas parents are believed to have been of mixed race and one may have had Indigenous Caribbean blood . Batista was initially educated at a public school in Banes and later attended night classes at an American Quaker school . He left home at age 14 , after the death of his mother . Coming from a humble background , he earned a living as a laborer in the cane fields , docks , and railroads . He was a tailor , mechanic , charcoal vendor and fruit peddler . In 1921 , he traveled to Havana , and",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "in April joined the army as a private . After learning shorthand and typing , Batista left the army in 1923 , working briefly as a teacher of stenography before enlisting in the Guardia Rural ( rural police ) . He transferred back to the army as a corporal , becoming secretary to a regimental colonel . In September 1933 , he held the rank of sergeant stenographer and as such acted as the secretary of a group of non-commissioned officers who led a sergeants conspiracy for better conditions and improved prospects of promotion .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " 1933 coup . In 1933 , Batista led an uprising called the Sergeants Revolt , as part of the coup that overthrew the government of Gerardo Machado . Machado was succeeded by Carlos Manuel de Céspedes y Quesada , who lacked a political coalition that could sustain him and was soon replaced .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "A short-lived five-member presidency , known as the Pentarchy of 1933 , was established . The Pentarchy included a representative from each anti-Machado faction . Batista was not a member , but controlled Cubas armed forces . Within days , the representative for the students and professors of the University of Havana , Ramón Grau San Martín , was made president—and Batista became the Army Chief of Staff , with the rank of colonel , effectively putting him in control of the presidency . The majority of the commissioned officer corps were forced to retire or , some speculate ,",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "were killed .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Grau remained president for just over 100 days before Batista , conspiring with the U.S . envoy Sumner Welles , forced him to resign in January 1934 . Grau was replaced by Carlos Mendieta , and within five days the U.S . recognized Cubas new government , which lasted eleven months . Batista then became the strongman behind a succession of puppet presidents until he was elected president in 1940 . After Mendieta , succeeding governments were led by José Agripino Barnet ( five months ) and Miguel Mariano Gómez ( seven months ) before Federico Laredo Brú ruled from",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "December 1936 to October 1940 .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Batista , supported by the Democratic Socialist Coalition which included Julio Antonio Mellas Communist Party , defeated Grau in the first presidential election under the new Cuban constitution in the 1940 election , and served a four-year term as President of Cuba , the first and to this day only , non-white Cuban in that office . Batista was endorsed by the old Communist Party of Cuba , which at the time had little significance and no probability of an electoral victory . This support was primarily due to Batistas labor laws and his support for labor unions , with",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "which the Communists had close ties . In fact , Communists attacked the anti-Batista opposition , saying Grau and others were fascists and reactionaries . During this term in office , Batista carried out major social reforms and established numerous economic regulations and pro-union policies .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " Cuba entered World War II on the side of the Allies on December 9 , 1941 , declaring war on Japan two days after the attack on Pearl Harbor . On December 11 , the Batista government declared war on Germany and Italy . In December 1942 , after a friendly visit to Washington , Batista said Latin America would applaud if the Declaration by United Nations called for war with Francisco Francos Spain , calling the regime fascist .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " In 1944 , Batistas handpicked successor , Carlos Saladrigas Zayas , was defeated by Grau . In the final months of his presidency , Batista sought to handicap the incoming Grau administration . In a July 17 , 1944 , dispatch to the U.S . Secretary of State , U.S . Ambassador Spruille Braden wrote :",
"title": "Post-presidency"
},
{
"text": "Shortly after , Batista left Cuba for the United States . I just felt safer there , he said . He divorced his wife , Elisa , and married Marta Fernández Batista in 1945 . Two of their four children were born in the United States .",
"title": "Post-presidency"
},
{
"text": " For the next eight years , Batista remained in the background , spending time in the Waldorf-Astoria in New York City and a home in Daytona Beach , Florida .",
"title": "Post-presidency"
},
{
"text": "He continued to participate in Cuban politics , and was elected to the Cuban Senate in absentia in 1948 . Returning to Cuba , he decided to run for president and received permission from President Grau , whereupon he formed the United Action Party . On taking power he founded the Progressive Action Party , but he never regained his former popular support , though the unions supported him until the end .",
"title": "Post-presidency"
},
{
"text": " Military coup and second presidency ( 1952–1959 ) . In 1952 , Batista again ran for president . In a three-way race , Roberto Agramonte of the Orthodox Party led in all the polls , followed by Carlos Hevia of the Authentic Party . Batistas United Action coalition was running a distant third .",
"title": "Post-presidency"
},
{
"text": "On March 10 , 1952 , three months before the elections , Batista , with army backing , staged a coup and seized power . He ousted outgoing President Carlos Prío Socarrás , canceled the elections and took control of the government as a provisional president . The United States recognized his government on March 27 . When asked by the U.S . government to analyze Batistas Cuba , Arthur M . Schlesinger , Jr . said",
"title": "Post-presidency"
},
{
"text": " The corruption of the Government , the brutality of the police , the governments indifference to the needs of the people for education , medical care , housing , for social justice and economic justice .. . is an open invitation to revolution .",
"title": "Post-presidency"
},
{
"text": "Upon his seizure of power , Batista inherited a country that was relatively prosperous for Latin America . According to Batistas government , although a third of Cubans still lived in poverty , Cuba was one of the five most developed countries in the region . In the 1950s , Cubas gross domestic product ( GDP ) per capita was roughly equal to that of Italy at the time , although Cubas per-capita GDP was still only a sixth of that of the United States . Moreover , although corruption and inequality were rife under Batista , Cuban industrial workers",
"title": "Economy of Cuba"
},
{
"text": "wages rose significantly . According to the International Labour Organization , the average industrial salary in Cuba was the worlds eighth-highest in 1958 , and the average agricultural wage was higher than some European nations . However , despite an array of positive indicators , in 1953 , the average Cuban family only had an income of $6.00 a week , 15% to 20% of the labor force was chronically unemployed , and only a third of the homes had running water .",
"title": "Economy of Cuba"
},
{
"text": "Throughout the 1950s , Havana served as a hedonistic playground for the worlds elite , producing sizable gambling , prostitution and drug profits for the American mafia , corrupt law-enforcement officials , and their politically elected cronies . In the assessment of the Cuban-American historian Louis Perez , Havana was then what Las Vegas has become . Relatedly , it is estimated that by the end of the 1950s the city of Havana had 270 brothels . In addition , drugs , be it marijuana or cocaine , were so plentiful at the time that one American magazine in 1950",
"title": "Economy of Cuba"
},
{
"text": "proclaimed Narcotics are hardly more difficult to obtain in Cuba than a shot of rum . And only slightly more expensive . As a result , the playwright Arthur Miller described Batistas Cuba in The Nation as hopelessly corrupt , a Mafia playground , ( and ) a bordello for Americans and other foreigners .",
"title": "Economy of Cuba"
},
{
"text": "In a bid to profit from such an environment , Batista established lasting relationships with organized crime , notably with American mobsters Meyer Lansky and Lucky Luciano , and under his rule Havana became known as the Latin . Batista and Lansky formed a friendship and business relationship that flourished for a decade . During a stay at the Waldorf-Astoria in New York in the late 1940s , it was mutually agreed that , in return for kickbacks , Batista would give Lansky and the Mafia control of Havanas racetracks and casinos . After World War II , Luciano was",
"title": "Economy of Cuba"
},
{
"text": "paroled from prison on the condition that he permanently return to Sicily . Luciano secretly moved to Cuba , where he worked to resume control over American Mafia operations . Luciano also ran a number of casinos in Cuba with the sanction of Batista , though the American government eventually succeeded in pressuring the Batista government to deport him .",
"title": "Economy of Cuba"
},
{
"text": "Batista encouraged large-scale gambling in Havana . In 1955 , he announced that Cuba would grant a gaming license to anyone who invested US$1 million in a hotel or $200,000 in a new nightclub—and that the government would provide matching public funds for construction , a 10-year tax exemption , and waive duties on imported equipment and furnishings for new hotels . Each casino would pay the government $250,000 for the license , plus a percentage of the profits . The policy omitted background checks , as required for casino operations in the United States , which opened the door",
"title": "Economy of Cuba"
},
{
"text": "for casino investors with illegally obtained funds . Cuban contractors with the right connections made windfalls by importing , duty-free , more materials than needed for new hotels and selling the surplus to others . It was rumored that , besides the $250,000 to obtain a license , an additional under the table fee was sometimes required .",
"title": "Economy of Cuba"
},
{
"text": "Lansky became a prominent figure in Cubas gambling operations , and exerted influence over Batistas casino policies . The Mafias Havana Conference was held on December 22 , 1946 , at the Hotel Nacional de Cuba ; this was the first full-scale meeting of American underworld leaders since the Chicago meeting in 1932 . Lansky set about cleaning up the games at the Montmartre Club , which soon became the place to be in Havana . He also wanted to open a casino in the Hotel Nacional , the most elegant hotel in Havana . Batista endorsed Lanskys idea over",
"title": "Economy of Cuba"
},
{
"text": "the objections of American expatriates such as Ernest Hemingway , and the renovated casino wing opened for business in 1955 with a show by Eartha Kitt . The casino was an immediate success .",
"title": "Economy of Cuba"
},
{
"text": "As the new hotels , nightclubs , and casinos opened , Batista collected his share of the profits . Nightly , the bagman for his wife collected 10% of the profits at Santo Trafficantes casinos , the Sans Souci cabaret , and the casinos in the hotels Sevilla-Biltmore , Commodoro , Deauville , and Capri ( partly owned by the actor George Raft ) . His take from the Lansky casinos—his prized Habana Riviera , the Hotel Nacional , the Montmartre Club , and others—was said to be 30% . Lansky was said to have personally contributed millions of dollars",
"title": "Economy of Cuba"
},
{
"text": "per year to Batistas Swiss bank accounts .",
"title": "Economy of Cuba"
},
{
"text": "In a manner that antagonized the Cuban people , the U.S . government used its influence to advance the interests of and increase the profits of the private American companies , which dominated the islands economy . By the late 1950s , U.S . financial interests owned 90% of Cuban mines , 80% of its public utilities , 50% of its railways , 40% of its sugar production and 25% of its bank deposits—some $1 billion in total . According to historian Louis Perez , author of the book On Becoming Cuban , Daily life had developed into a relentless",
"title": "Economy of Cuba"
},
{
"text": "degradation , with the complicity of political leaders and public officials who operated at the behest of American interests . As a symbol of this relationship , ITT Corporation , an American-owned multinational telephone company , presented Batista with a Golden Telephone , as an expression of gratitude for the excessive telephone rate increase , at least according to Senator John F . Kennedy , that Batista granted at the urging of the U.S . government .",
"title": "Economy of Cuba"
},
{
"text": "Earl E.T . Smith , former U.S . Ambassador to Cuba , testified to the U.S . Senate in 1960 that , Until Castro , the U.S . was so overwhelmingly influential in Cuba that the American ambassador was the second most important man , sometimes even more important than the Cuban president . In addition , nearly all aid from the U.S . to Batistas government was in the form of weapons assistance , which merely strengthened the Batista dictatorship and completely failed to advance the economic welfare of the Cuban people . Such actions later enabled Castro and",
"title": "Economy of Cuba"
},
{
"text": "the Communists to encourage the growing belief that America was indifferent to Cuban aspirations for a decent life .",
"title": "Economy of Cuba"
},
{
"text": "According to historian and author James S . Olson , the U.S . government essentially became a co-conspirator in the arrangement because of Batistas strong opposition to communism , which , in the rhetoric of the Cold War , seemed to maintain business stability and a pro-U.S . posture on the island . Thus , in the view of Olson , The U.S . government had no difficulty in dealing with him , even if he was a hopeless despot . On October 6 , 1960 Senator John F . Kennedy , in the midst of his campaign for the",
"title": "Economy of Cuba"
},
{
"text": "U.S . Presidency , decried Batistas relationship with the U.S . government and criticized the Eisenhower administration for supporting him :",
"title": "Economy of Cuba"
},
{
"text": "Fulgencio Batista murdered 20,000 Cubans in seven years .. . and he turned Democratic Cuba into a complete police state—destroying every individual liberty . Yet our aid to his regime , and the ineptness of our policies , enabled Batista to invoke the name of the United States in support of his reign of terror . Administration spokesmen publicly praised Batista—hailed him as a staunch ally and a good friend—at a time when Batista was murdering thousands , destroying the last vestiges of freedom , and stealing hundreds of millions of dollars from the Cuban people , and we failed",
"title": "Economy of Cuba"
},
{
"text": "to press for free elections .",
"title": "Economy of Cuba"
},
{
"text": "On July 26 , 1953 , just over a year after Batistas second coup , a small group of revolutionaries attacked the Moncada Barracks in Santiago . Government forces easily defeated the assault and jailed its leaders , while many others fled the country . The primary leader of the attack , Fidel Castro , was a young attorney who had run for parliament in the canceled 1952 elections . Although Castro was never officially nominated , he felt that Batistas coup had sidetracked what would have been a promising political career for him . In the wake of the",
"title": "Economy of Cuba"
},
{
"text": "Moncada assault , Batista suspended constitutional guarantees and increasingly relied on police tactics in an attempt to frighten the population through open displays of brutality .",
"title": "Economy of Cuba"
},
{
"text": "Batista held an election in 1954 , running as the candidate of a political coalition that included the Progressive Action Party , the Radical Union Party and the Liberal Party . The opposition divided into abstentionists and electoralists . The abstentionists favored boycotting the elections regardless of the circumstances in which they were held , whereas the electoralists sought certain rights and guarantees to participate . The CIA had predicted that Batista would use any means necessary to ensure he won the election . Batista lived up to their expectations , utilizing fraud and intimidation to secure his presidency .",
"title": "Economy of Cuba"
},
{
"text": "This led most of the other parties to boycott the elections . Former President Ramón Grau San Martín , leading the electoralist factions of the Cuban Revolutionary Party , participated through the political campaign but withdrew from the campaign days before election day , charging that his supporters had been terrorized . Thus Batista was elected president with the support of 45.6% of registered voters . Despite the boycott , Grau received the support of 6.8% of those who voted . The remaining voters abstained .",
"title": "Economy of Cuba"
},
{
"text": "By late 1955 , student riots and anti-Batista demonstrations had become frequent , and unemployment became a problem as graduates entering the workforce could not find jobs . These were dealt with through increasing repression . All youth were seen as suspected revolutionaries . Due to its continued opposition to Batista and the large amount of revolutionary activity taking place on its campus , the University of Havana was temporarily closed on November 30 , 1956 ( it did not reopen until 1959 under the first revolutionary government ) . On March 13 , 1957 , student leader José Antonio",
"title": "Economy of Cuba"
},
{
"text": "Echeverría was killed by police outside Radio Reloj in Havana after announcing that Batista had been killed in a student attack on the Presidential Palace . In reality , Batista survived , and the students of the Federation of University Students ( FEU ) and the Directorio ( DR ) who led the attack were killed in the response by the military and police . Castro quickly condemned the attack , since July 26 Movement had not participated in it .",
"title": "Economy of Cuba"
},
{
"text": "In April 1956 , Batista called popular military leader Col . Ramón Barquín back to Cuba from his post as military attaché to the United States . Believing Barquín would support his rule , Batista promoted him to General . However , Barquíns Conspiración de los Puros ( Conspiracy of the Pure ) was already underway and had already progressed too far . On April 6 , 1956 , Barquín led hundreds of career officers in a coup attempt , but was frustrated by Lieutenant Ríos Morejón , who betrayed the plan . Barquín was sentenced to solitary confinement for",
"title": "Economy of Cuba"
},
{
"text": "eight years on the Isle of Pines , while some officers were sentenced to death for treason . Many others were allowed to remain in the military without reprimand .",
"title": "Economy of Cuba"
},
{
"text": "The purge of the officer corps contributed to the inability of the Cuban army to successfully combat Castro and his guerrillas . Batistas police responded to increasing popular unrest by torturing and killing young men in the cities . However , his army was ineffective against the rebels based in the Sierra Maestra and Escambray Mountains . Another possible explanation for the failure to crush the rebellion was offered by author Carlos Alberto Montaner : Batista does not finish Fidel out of greed .. . His is a government of thieves . To have this small guerrilla band in the",
"title": "Economy of Cuba"
},
{
"text": "mountains is to his advantage , so that he can order special defense expenditures that they can steal . Batistas rule became increasingly unpopular among the population , and the Soviet Union began to secretly support Castro . Some of Batistas generals also criticized him in later years , saying that Batistas excessive interference in his generals military plans to defeat the rebels hampered Army morale and rendered all operations ineffective .",
"title": "Economy of Cuba"
},
{
"text": "In an effort to gather information about Castros army , Batistas secret police pulled in people for questioning . Many innocent people were tortured by Batistas police , while suspects , including youth , were publicly executed as a warning to others who were considering joining the insurgency . Additionally , Hundreds of mangled bodies were left hanging from lamp posts or dumped in the streets in a grotesque variation of the Spanish colonial practice of public executions . The brutal behavior backfired and increased support for the guerrillas . In 1958 , 45 organizations signed an open letter supporting",
"title": "Economy of Cuba"
},
{
"text": "July 26 Movement , among them national bodies representing lawyers , architects , dentists , accountants , and social workers . Castro , who had originally relied on the support of the poor , was now gaining the backing of the influential middle classes .",
"title": "Economy of Cuba"
},
{
"text": " The United States supplied Batista with planes , ships , tanks and the latest technology , such as napalm , which he used against the insurgency . However , in March 1958 , the U.S . announced it would stop selling arms to the Cuban government . Soon after , the U.S . imposed an arms embargo , further weakening the governments position , although land owners and others who benefited from the government continued to support Batista .",
"title": "Economy of Cuba"
},
{
"text": "Elections were scheduled for June 1958 , as required by the Constitution , but were delayed until November 1958 , when Castro and the revolutionaries called for a general strike and placed several bombs in civilian areas of the country . Three main candidates ran in the elections : Carlos Márquez Sterling of the Party of the Free People , former President Ramón Grau San Martín of the Cuban Revolutionary Party-Authentic , and Andrés Rivero Agüero of the government coalition . According to Carlos Márquez Sterling , all three were threatened by Castro , and several assassination attempts were made",
"title": "Economy of Cuba"
},
{
"text": "on both Ramón Grau San Martín and Carlos Márquez Sterling . On Election Day , estimates on the turnout range from 30–50% in the areas where voting took place , which did not include parts of Las Villas and Oriente , which were controlled by Castro . Márquez Sterling also stated that the initial results were favorable to him , but the military ordered the counting to stop as they changed the actual ballots for fraudulent ones . However , Grau San Martín , as he had previously done in the 1954 elections , withdrew his candidacy within a few",
"title": "Economy of Cuba"
},
{
"text": "hours of the election day . Batista declared Rivero Agüero the winner . On December 11 , 1958 , U.S . Ambassador Earl Smith visited Batista at his hacienda , Kuquine . There , Smith informed him that the United States could no longer support his government . Batista asked if he could go to his house in Daytona Beach . The ambassador denied the request and suggested that he seek asylum in Spain instead .",
"title": "Economy of Cuba"
},
{
"text": "On December 31 , 1958 , at a New Years Eve party , Batista told his cabinet and top officials that he was leaving the country . After seven years , Batista knew his presidency was over , and he fled the island in the early morning . At 3:00 a.m . on January 1 , 1959 , Batista boarded a plane at Camp Columbia with 40 of his supporters and immediate family members and flew to Ciudad Trujillo in the Dominican Republic . A second plane flew out of Havana later in the night , carrying ministers , officers",
"title": "Economy of Cuba"
},
{
"text": "and the Governor of Havana . Batista took along a personal fortune of more than $300 million that he had amassed through graft and payoffs . Critics accused Batista and his supporters of taking as much as $700 million in fine art and cash with them as they fled into exile .",
"title": "Economy of Cuba"
},
{
"text": "As news of the fall of Batistas government spread through Havana , The New York Times described jubilant crowds pouring into the streets and automobile horns honking . The black and red flag of July 26 Movement waved on cars and buildings . The atmosphere was chaotic . On January 8 , 1959 , Castro and his army rolled victoriously into Havana . Already denied entry to the United States , Batista sought asylum in Mexico , which also refused him . Portugals leader António Salazar allowed him to settle there on the condition that he completely abstain from politics",
"title": "Economy of Cuba"
},
{
"text": ".",
"title": "Economy of Cuba"
},
{
"text": " At the time , it was claimed that as many as 20,000 Cubans had been killed under Batista , but most modern historians agree that the true figure is probably closer to 3,000–4,000 .",
"title": "Economy of Cuba"
},
{
"text": " Batista married Elisa Godínez y Gómez ( 1900–1993 ) on July 10 , 1926 . They had three children : Mirta Caridad ( 1927–2010 ) , Elisa Aleida ( born 1933 ) , and Fulgencio Rubén Batista Godínez ( 1933–2007 ) . By all accounts , she was devoted to him and their children throughout their marriage , and their daughter remembered them as a happy , young couple until their sudden divorce . Much to her surprise , he divorced her in October 1945 against her will in order to marry his longtime mistress Marta Fernandez Miranda .",
"title": "Marriages and children"
},
{
"text": "He married Marta Fernández Miranda ( 1923–2006 ) on November 28 , 1945 , shortly after his divorce became final , and they had five children : Jorge Luis ( born 1942 ) , Roberto Francisco ( born 1947 ) , Carlos Manuel ( 1950–1969 ) , Fulgencio José ( born 1953 ) and Marta María Batista Fernández ( born 1957 ) .",
"title": "Marriages and children"
},
{
"text": "Batista was an inveterate philanderer who engaged in numerous extramarital affairs throughout his first marriage . He cheated on his first wife with multiple women , and his children eventually became aware of his relationships . His first wife , who supported her husband throughout his political career and found his philandering humiliating , never considered divorce and tolerated his multiple affairs . However , Batista became enamored with a teenage schoolgirl Marta Fernandez Miranda , who became his longtime mistress . He filed divorce papers shortly before his first grandchild was born . His first wife and their children",
"title": "Extramarital affairs"
},
{
"text": "were astounded and devastated by the divorce .",
"title": "Extramarital affairs"
},
{
"text": " In 1935 , he fathered an illegitimate daughter , Fermina Lázara Batista Estévez , whom he supported financially . Biographers suggest that Batista may have fathered several more children out of wedlock .",
"title": "Extramarital affairs"
},
{
"text": " After he fled to Portugal , Batista lived in Madeira , then later in Estoril . He died of a heart attack on August 6 , 1973 at Guadalmina , Spain , two days before a team of assassins from Castros Cuba allegedly were planning to assassinate him .",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": "Marta Fernández Miranda de Batista , Batistas widow , died on October 2 , 2006 . Roberto Batista , her son , says that she died at her home in West Palm Beach , Florida . She had suffered from Alzheimers disease . She was buried with her husband and son in the Cementerio Sacramental de San Isidro in Madrid .",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": " Actors who have portrayed Batista in film include Tito Alba in The Godfather Part II ( 1974 ) , Wolfe Morris in Cuba ( 1979 ) and Juan Fernandez in The Lost City ( 2005 ) . In literature and movies , Batistas regime is commonly referred to as the greens ( opposite the Communist reds ) , because of the green uniforms his soldiers wore . In Cuban post-revolution books , documentaries and movies Batistas troops were are also referred to as the helmets or casquitos ( in Spanish ) , because of the helmets they used .",
"title": "In popular culture"
},
{
"text": "Books written by Batista .",
"title": "In popular culture"
},
{
"text": " - Estoy con el Pueblo ( I am With the People ) , Havana , 1939 - Respuesta , Manuel León Sánchez S.C.L. , Mexico City , 1960 - Piedras y leyes ( Stones and Laws ) , Mexico City , 1961 - Cuba Betrayed , Vantage Press , New York , 1961 - To Rule is to Foresee , 1962 - The Growth and Decline of the Cuban Republic , Devin-Adair Company , New York , 1964",
"title": "In popular culture"
},
{
"text": " - Fulgencio Batista from The History of Cuba - Fulgencio Batista from The Latin American Studies Organization - What Castro Found by Ana Simo , The Gully ( magazine ) - January 1 , 1959 : Cuban Dictator Batista Falls From Power by The History Channel",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Fulgencio_Batista#P102#1
|
Which party was Fulgencio Batista a member of in Feb 1949?
|
Fulgencio Batista Fulgencio Batista y Zaldívar ( ; ; born Rubén Zaldívar , January 16 , 1901 – August 6 , 1973 ) was a Cuban military officer and politician who served as the elected president of Cuba from 1940 to 1944 and as its U.S.-backed military dictator from 1952 to 1959 before being overthrown during the Cuban Revolution . Batista initially rose to power as part of the 1933 Revolt of the Sergeants , which overthrew the provisional government of Carlos Manuel de Céspedes y Quesada . He then appointed himself chief of the armed forces , with the rank of colonel and effectively controlled the five-member pentarchy that functioned as the collective head of state . He maintained this control through a string of puppet presidents until 1940 , when he was himself elected President of Cuba on a populist platform . He then instated the 1940 Constitution of Cuba and served until 1944 . After finishing his term , Batista moved to Florida , returning to Cuba to run for president in 1952 . Facing certain electoral defeat , he led a military coup against President Carlos Prío Socarrás that pre-empted the election . Back in power and receiving financial , military and logistical support from the United States government , Batista suspended the 1940 Constitution and revoked most political liberties , including the right to strike . He then aligned with the wealthiest landowners who owned the largest sugar plantations , and presided over a stagnating economy that widened the gap between rich and poor Cubans . Eventually it reached the point where most of the sugar industry was in U.S . hands , and foreigners owned 70% of the arable land . As such , Batistas repressive government then began to systematically profit from the exploitation of Cubas commercial interests , by negotiating lucrative relationships both with the American Mafia , who controlled the drug , gambling , and prostitution businesses in Havana , and with large U.S.-based multinational companies who were awarded lucrative contracts . To quell the growing discontent amongst the populace—which was subsequently displayed through frequent student riots and demonstrations—Batista established tighter censorship of the media , while also utilizing his Bureau for the Repression of Communist Activities secret police to carry out wide-scale violence , torture and public executions . These murders mounted in 1957 , as socialist ideas became more influential . Many people were killed , with estimates ranging from hundreds to about 20,000 people killed . Catalyzing the resistance to such tactics , for two years ( December 1956 – December 1958 ) Fidel Castros 26th of July Movement and other rebelling elements led an urban- and rural-based guerrilla uprising against Batistas government , which culminated in his eventual defeat by rebels under the command of Che Guevara at the Battle of Santa Clara on New Years Day 1959 . Batista immediately fled the island with an amassed personal fortune to the Dominican Republic , where strongman and previous military ally Rafael Trujillo held power . Batista eventually found political asylum in Oliveira Salazars Portugal , where he first lived on the island of Madeira and then in Estoril . He was involved in business activities in Spain and was staying there in Guadalmina at the time of his death from a heart attack on August 6 , 1973 . Early life . Batista was born in the town of Veguita , located in the municipality of Banes , Cuba in 1901 to Belisario Batista Palermo and Carmela Zaldívar González , who had fought in the Cuban War of Independence . He was of Spanish , African , Chinese , and possibly some Taíno descent . His mother named him Rubén and gave him her last name , Zaldívar . His father did not want to register him as a Batista . In the registration records of the Banes courthouse , he was legally Rubén Zaldívar until 1939 , when , as Fulgencio Batista , he became a presidential candidate and it was discovered that this name did not exist in the birth certificates ; he thus had to postpone the presentation of his candidacy and pay 15,000 pesos to the local judge . Both Batistas parents are believed to have been of mixed race and one may have had Indigenous Caribbean blood . Batista was initially educated at a public school in Banes and later attended night classes at an American Quaker school . He left home at age 14 , after the death of his mother . Coming from a humble background , he earned a living as a laborer in the cane fields , docks , and railroads . He was a tailor , mechanic , charcoal vendor and fruit peddler . In 1921 , he traveled to Havana , and in April joined the army as a private . After learning shorthand and typing , Batista left the army in 1923 , working briefly as a teacher of stenography before enlisting in the Guardia Rural ( rural police ) . He transferred back to the army as a corporal , becoming secretary to a regimental colonel . In September 1933 , he held the rank of sergeant stenographer and as such acted as the secretary of a group of non-commissioned officers who led a sergeants conspiracy for better conditions and improved prospects of promotion . 1933 coup . In 1933 , Batista led an uprising called the Sergeants Revolt , as part of the coup that overthrew the government of Gerardo Machado . Machado was succeeded by Carlos Manuel de Céspedes y Quesada , who lacked a political coalition that could sustain him and was soon replaced . A short-lived five-member presidency , known as the Pentarchy of 1933 , was established . The Pentarchy included a representative from each anti-Machado faction . Batista was not a member , but controlled Cubas armed forces . Within days , the representative for the students and professors of the University of Havana , Ramón Grau San Martín , was made president—and Batista became the Army Chief of Staff , with the rank of colonel , effectively putting him in control of the presidency . The majority of the commissioned officer corps were forced to retire or , some speculate , were killed . Grau remained president for just over 100 days before Batista , conspiring with the U.S . envoy Sumner Welles , forced him to resign in January 1934 . Grau was replaced by Carlos Mendieta , and within five days the U.S . recognized Cubas new government , which lasted eleven months . Batista then became the strongman behind a succession of puppet presidents until he was elected president in 1940 . After Mendieta , succeeding governments were led by José Agripino Barnet ( five months ) and Miguel Mariano Gómez ( seven months ) before Federico Laredo Brú ruled from December 1936 to October 1940 . First presidency ( 1940–1944 ) . Batista , supported by the Democratic Socialist Coalition which included Julio Antonio Mellas Communist Party , defeated Grau in the first presidential election under the new Cuban constitution in the 1940 election , and served a four-year term as President of Cuba , the first and to this day only , non-white Cuban in that office . Batista was endorsed by the old Communist Party of Cuba , which at the time had little significance and no probability of an electoral victory . This support was primarily due to Batistas labor laws and his support for labor unions , with which the Communists had close ties . In fact , Communists attacked the anti-Batista opposition , saying Grau and others were fascists and reactionaries . During this term in office , Batista carried out major social reforms and established numerous economic regulations and pro-union policies . Cuba entered World War II on the side of the Allies on December 9 , 1941 , declaring war on Japan two days after the attack on Pearl Harbor . On December 11 , the Batista government declared war on Germany and Italy . In December 1942 , after a friendly visit to Washington , Batista said Latin America would applaud if the Declaration by United Nations called for war with Francisco Francos Spain , calling the regime fascist . Post-presidency . In 1944 , Batistas handpicked successor , Carlos Saladrigas Zayas , was defeated by Grau . In the final months of his presidency , Batista sought to handicap the incoming Grau administration . In a July 17 , 1944 , dispatch to the U.S . Secretary of State , U.S . Ambassador Spruille Braden wrote : Shortly after , Batista left Cuba for the United States . I just felt safer there , he said . He divorced his wife , Elisa , and married Marta Fernández Batista in 1945 . Two of their four children were born in the United States . For the next eight years , Batista remained in the background , spending time in the Waldorf-Astoria in New York City and a home in Daytona Beach , Florida . He continued to participate in Cuban politics , and was elected to the Cuban Senate in absentia in 1948 . Returning to Cuba , he decided to run for president and received permission from President Grau , whereupon he formed the United Action Party . On taking power he founded the Progressive Action Party , but he never regained his former popular support , though the unions supported him until the end . Military coup and second presidency ( 1952–1959 ) . In 1952 , Batista again ran for president . In a three-way race , Roberto Agramonte of the Orthodox Party led in all the polls , followed by Carlos Hevia of the Authentic Party . Batistas United Action coalition was running a distant third . On March 10 , 1952 , three months before the elections , Batista , with army backing , staged a coup and seized power . He ousted outgoing President Carlos Prío Socarrás , canceled the elections and took control of the government as a provisional president . The United States recognized his government on March 27 . When asked by the U.S . government to analyze Batistas Cuba , Arthur M . Schlesinger , Jr . said The corruption of the Government , the brutality of the police , the governments indifference to the needs of the people for education , medical care , housing , for social justice and economic justice .. . is an open invitation to revolution . Economy of Cuba . Upon his seizure of power , Batista inherited a country that was relatively prosperous for Latin America . According to Batistas government , although a third of Cubans still lived in poverty , Cuba was one of the five most developed countries in the region . In the 1950s , Cubas gross domestic product ( GDP ) per capita was roughly equal to that of Italy at the time , although Cubas per-capita GDP was still only a sixth of that of the United States . Moreover , although corruption and inequality were rife under Batista , Cuban industrial workers wages rose significantly . According to the International Labour Organization , the average industrial salary in Cuba was the worlds eighth-highest in 1958 , and the average agricultural wage was higher than some European nations . However , despite an array of positive indicators , in 1953 , the average Cuban family only had an income of $6.00 a week , 15% to 20% of the labor force was chronically unemployed , and only a third of the homes had running water . Relationship with organized crime . Throughout the 1950s , Havana served as a hedonistic playground for the worlds elite , producing sizable gambling , prostitution and drug profits for the American mafia , corrupt law-enforcement officials , and their politically elected cronies . In the assessment of the Cuban-American historian Louis Perez , Havana was then what Las Vegas has become . Relatedly , it is estimated that by the end of the 1950s the city of Havana had 270 brothels . In addition , drugs , be it marijuana or cocaine , were so plentiful at the time that one American magazine in 1950 proclaimed Narcotics are hardly more difficult to obtain in Cuba than a shot of rum . And only slightly more expensive . As a result , the playwright Arthur Miller described Batistas Cuba in The Nation as hopelessly corrupt , a Mafia playground , ( and ) a bordello for Americans and other foreigners . In a bid to profit from such an environment , Batista established lasting relationships with organized crime , notably with American mobsters Meyer Lansky and Lucky Luciano , and under his rule Havana became known as the Latin . Batista and Lansky formed a friendship and business relationship that flourished for a decade . During a stay at the Waldorf-Astoria in New York in the late 1940s , it was mutually agreed that , in return for kickbacks , Batista would give Lansky and the Mafia control of Havanas racetracks and casinos . After World War II , Luciano was paroled from prison on the condition that he permanently return to Sicily . Luciano secretly moved to Cuba , where he worked to resume control over American Mafia operations . Luciano also ran a number of casinos in Cuba with the sanction of Batista , though the American government eventually succeeded in pressuring the Batista government to deport him . Batista encouraged large-scale gambling in Havana . In 1955 , he announced that Cuba would grant a gaming license to anyone who invested US$1 million in a hotel or $200,000 in a new nightclub—and that the government would provide matching public funds for construction , a 10-year tax exemption , and waive duties on imported equipment and furnishings for new hotels . Each casino would pay the government $250,000 for the license , plus a percentage of the profits . The policy omitted background checks , as required for casino operations in the United States , which opened the door for casino investors with illegally obtained funds . Cuban contractors with the right connections made windfalls by importing , duty-free , more materials than needed for new hotels and selling the surplus to others . It was rumored that , besides the $250,000 to obtain a license , an additional under the table fee was sometimes required . Lansky became a prominent figure in Cubas gambling operations , and exerted influence over Batistas casino policies . The Mafias Havana Conference was held on December 22 , 1946 , at the Hotel Nacional de Cuba ; this was the first full-scale meeting of American underworld leaders since the Chicago meeting in 1932 . Lansky set about cleaning up the games at the Montmartre Club , which soon became the place to be in Havana . He also wanted to open a casino in the Hotel Nacional , the most elegant hotel in Havana . Batista endorsed Lanskys idea over the objections of American expatriates such as Ernest Hemingway , and the renovated casino wing opened for business in 1955 with a show by Eartha Kitt . The casino was an immediate success . As the new hotels , nightclubs , and casinos opened , Batista collected his share of the profits . Nightly , the bagman for his wife collected 10% of the profits at Santo Trafficantes casinos , the Sans Souci cabaret , and the casinos in the hotels Sevilla-Biltmore , Commodoro , Deauville , and Capri ( partly owned by the actor George Raft ) . His take from the Lansky casinos—his prized Habana Riviera , the Hotel Nacional , the Montmartre Club , and others—was said to be 30% . Lansky was said to have personally contributed millions of dollars per year to Batistas Swiss bank accounts . Support of U.S . business and government . In a manner that antagonized the Cuban people , the U.S . government used its influence to advance the interests of and increase the profits of the private American companies , which dominated the islands economy . By the late 1950s , U.S . financial interests owned 90% of Cuban mines , 80% of its public utilities , 50% of its railways , 40% of its sugar production and 25% of its bank deposits—some $1 billion in total . According to historian Louis Perez , author of the book On Becoming Cuban , Daily life had developed into a relentless degradation , with the complicity of political leaders and public officials who operated at the behest of American interests . As a symbol of this relationship , ITT Corporation , an American-owned multinational telephone company , presented Batista with a Golden Telephone , as an expression of gratitude for the excessive telephone rate increase , at least according to Senator John F . Kennedy , that Batista granted at the urging of the U.S . government . Earl E.T . Smith , former U.S . Ambassador to Cuba , testified to the U.S . Senate in 1960 that , Until Castro , the U.S . was so overwhelmingly influential in Cuba that the American ambassador was the second most important man , sometimes even more important than the Cuban president . In addition , nearly all aid from the U.S . to Batistas government was in the form of weapons assistance , which merely strengthened the Batista dictatorship and completely failed to advance the economic welfare of the Cuban people . Such actions later enabled Castro and the Communists to encourage the growing belief that America was indifferent to Cuban aspirations for a decent life . According to historian and author James S . Olson , the U.S . government essentially became a co-conspirator in the arrangement because of Batistas strong opposition to communism , which , in the rhetoric of the Cold War , seemed to maintain business stability and a pro-U.S . posture on the island . Thus , in the view of Olson , The U.S . government had no difficulty in dealing with him , even if he was a hopeless despot . On October 6 , 1960 Senator John F . Kennedy , in the midst of his campaign for the U.S . Presidency , decried Batistas relationship with the U.S . government and criticized the Eisenhower administration for supporting him : Fulgencio Batista murdered 20,000 Cubans in seven years .. . and he turned Democratic Cuba into a complete police state—destroying every individual liberty . Yet our aid to his regime , and the ineptness of our policies , enabled Batista to invoke the name of the United States in support of his reign of terror . Administration spokesmen publicly praised Batista—hailed him as a staunch ally and a good friend—at a time when Batista was murdering thousands , destroying the last vestiges of freedom , and stealing hundreds of millions of dollars from the Cuban people , and we failed to press for free elections . Batista , Fidel Castro and the Cuban Revolution . On July 26 , 1953 , just over a year after Batistas second coup , a small group of revolutionaries attacked the Moncada Barracks in Santiago . Government forces easily defeated the assault and jailed its leaders , while many others fled the country . The primary leader of the attack , Fidel Castro , was a young attorney who had run for parliament in the canceled 1952 elections . Although Castro was never officially nominated , he felt that Batistas coup had sidetracked what would have been a promising political career for him . In the wake of the Moncada assault , Batista suspended constitutional guarantees and increasingly relied on police tactics in an attempt to frighten the population through open displays of brutality . Batista held an election in 1954 , running as the candidate of a political coalition that included the Progressive Action Party , the Radical Union Party and the Liberal Party . The opposition divided into abstentionists and electoralists . The abstentionists favored boycotting the elections regardless of the circumstances in which they were held , whereas the electoralists sought certain rights and guarantees to participate . The CIA had predicted that Batista would use any means necessary to ensure he won the election . Batista lived up to their expectations , utilizing fraud and intimidation to secure his presidency . This led most of the other parties to boycott the elections . Former President Ramón Grau San Martín , leading the electoralist factions of the Cuban Revolutionary Party , participated through the political campaign but withdrew from the campaign days before election day , charging that his supporters had been terrorized . Thus Batista was elected president with the support of 45.6% of registered voters . Despite the boycott , Grau received the support of 6.8% of those who voted . The remaining voters abstained . By late 1955 , student riots and anti-Batista demonstrations had become frequent , and unemployment became a problem as graduates entering the workforce could not find jobs . These were dealt with through increasing repression . All youth were seen as suspected revolutionaries . Due to its continued opposition to Batista and the large amount of revolutionary activity taking place on its campus , the University of Havana was temporarily closed on November 30 , 1956 ( it did not reopen until 1959 under the first revolutionary government ) . On March 13 , 1957 , student leader José Antonio Echeverría was killed by police outside Radio Reloj in Havana after announcing that Batista had been killed in a student attack on the Presidential Palace . In reality , Batista survived , and the students of the Federation of University Students ( FEU ) and the Directorio ( DR ) who led the attack were killed in the response by the military and police . Castro quickly condemned the attack , since July 26 Movement had not participated in it . In April 1956 , Batista called popular military leader Col . Ramón Barquín back to Cuba from his post as military attaché to the United States . Believing Barquín would support his rule , Batista promoted him to General . However , Barquíns Conspiración de los Puros ( Conspiracy of the Pure ) was already underway and had already progressed too far . On April 6 , 1956 , Barquín led hundreds of career officers in a coup attempt , but was frustrated by Lieutenant Ríos Morejón , who betrayed the plan . Barquín was sentenced to solitary confinement for eight years on the Isle of Pines , while some officers were sentenced to death for treason . Many others were allowed to remain in the military without reprimand . The purge of the officer corps contributed to the inability of the Cuban army to successfully combat Castro and his guerrillas . Batistas police responded to increasing popular unrest by torturing and killing young men in the cities . However , his army was ineffective against the rebels based in the Sierra Maestra and Escambray Mountains . Another possible explanation for the failure to crush the rebellion was offered by author Carlos Alberto Montaner : Batista does not finish Fidel out of greed .. . His is a government of thieves . To have this small guerrilla band in the mountains is to his advantage , so that he can order special defense expenditures that they can steal . Batistas rule became increasingly unpopular among the population , and the Soviet Union began to secretly support Castro . Some of Batistas generals also criticized him in later years , saying that Batistas excessive interference in his generals military plans to defeat the rebels hampered Army morale and rendered all operations ineffective . In an effort to gather information about Castros army , Batistas secret police pulled in people for questioning . Many innocent people were tortured by Batistas police , while suspects , including youth , were publicly executed as a warning to others who were considering joining the insurgency . Additionally , Hundreds of mangled bodies were left hanging from lamp posts or dumped in the streets in a grotesque variation of the Spanish colonial practice of public executions . The brutal behavior backfired and increased support for the guerrillas . In 1958 , 45 organizations signed an open letter supporting July 26 Movement , among them national bodies representing lawyers , architects , dentists , accountants , and social workers . Castro , who had originally relied on the support of the poor , was now gaining the backing of the influential middle classes . The United States supplied Batista with planes , ships , tanks and the latest technology , such as napalm , which he used against the insurgency . However , in March 1958 , the U.S . announced it would stop selling arms to the Cuban government . Soon after , the U.S . imposed an arms embargo , further weakening the governments position , although land owners and others who benefited from the government continued to support Batista . Elections were scheduled for June 1958 , as required by the Constitution , but were delayed until November 1958 , when Castro and the revolutionaries called for a general strike and placed several bombs in civilian areas of the country . Three main candidates ran in the elections : Carlos Márquez Sterling of the Party of the Free People , former President Ramón Grau San Martín of the Cuban Revolutionary Party-Authentic , and Andrés Rivero Agüero of the government coalition . According to Carlos Márquez Sterling , all three were threatened by Castro , and several assassination attempts were made on both Ramón Grau San Martín and Carlos Márquez Sterling . On Election Day , estimates on the turnout range from 30–50% in the areas where voting took place , which did not include parts of Las Villas and Oriente , which were controlled by Castro . Márquez Sterling also stated that the initial results were favorable to him , but the military ordered the counting to stop as they changed the actual ballots for fraudulent ones . However , Grau San Martín , as he had previously done in the 1954 elections , withdrew his candidacy within a few hours of the election day . Batista declared Rivero Agüero the winner . On December 11 , 1958 , U.S . Ambassador Earl Smith visited Batista at his hacienda , Kuquine . There , Smith informed him that the United States could no longer support his government . Batista asked if he could go to his house in Daytona Beach . The ambassador denied the request and suggested that he seek asylum in Spain instead . On December 31 , 1958 , at a New Years Eve party , Batista told his cabinet and top officials that he was leaving the country . After seven years , Batista knew his presidency was over , and he fled the island in the early morning . At 3:00 a.m . on January 1 , 1959 , Batista boarded a plane at Camp Columbia with 40 of his supporters and immediate family members and flew to Ciudad Trujillo in the Dominican Republic . A second plane flew out of Havana later in the night , carrying ministers , officers and the Governor of Havana . Batista took along a personal fortune of more than $300 million that he had amassed through graft and payoffs . Critics accused Batista and his supporters of taking as much as $700 million in fine art and cash with them as they fled into exile . As news of the fall of Batistas government spread through Havana , The New York Times described jubilant crowds pouring into the streets and automobile horns honking . The black and red flag of July 26 Movement waved on cars and buildings . The atmosphere was chaotic . On January 8 , 1959 , Castro and his army rolled victoriously into Havana . Already denied entry to the United States , Batista sought asylum in Mexico , which also refused him . Portugals leader António Salazar allowed him to settle there on the condition that he completely abstain from politics . At the time , it was claimed that as many as 20,000 Cubans had been killed under Batista , but most modern historians agree that the true figure is probably closer to 3,000–4,000 . Personal life . Marriages and children . Batista married Elisa Godínez y Gómez ( 1900–1993 ) on July 10 , 1926 . They had three children : Mirta Caridad ( 1927–2010 ) , Elisa Aleida ( born 1933 ) , and Fulgencio Rubén Batista Godínez ( 1933–2007 ) . By all accounts , she was devoted to him and their children throughout their marriage , and their daughter remembered them as a happy , young couple until their sudden divorce . Much to her surprise , he divorced her in October 1945 against her will in order to marry his longtime mistress Marta Fernandez Miranda . He married Marta Fernández Miranda ( 1923–2006 ) on November 28 , 1945 , shortly after his divorce became final , and they had five children : Jorge Luis ( born 1942 ) , Roberto Francisco ( born 1947 ) , Carlos Manuel ( 1950–1969 ) , Fulgencio José ( born 1953 ) and Marta María Batista Fernández ( born 1957 ) . Extramarital affairs . Batista was an inveterate philanderer who engaged in numerous extramarital affairs throughout his first marriage . He cheated on his first wife with multiple women , and his children eventually became aware of his relationships . His first wife , who supported her husband throughout his political career and found his philandering humiliating , never considered divorce and tolerated his multiple affairs . However , Batista became enamored with a teenage schoolgirl Marta Fernandez Miranda , who became his longtime mistress . He filed divorce papers shortly before his first grandchild was born . His first wife and their children were astounded and devastated by the divorce . In 1935 , he fathered an illegitimate daughter , Fermina Lázara Batista Estévez , whom he supported financially . Biographers suggest that Batista may have fathered several more children out of wedlock . Death . After he fled to Portugal , Batista lived in Madeira , then later in Estoril . He died of a heart attack on August 6 , 1973 at Guadalmina , Spain , two days before a team of assassins from Castros Cuba allegedly were planning to assassinate him . Marta Fernández Miranda de Batista , Batistas widow , died on October 2 , 2006 . Roberto Batista , her son , says that she died at her home in West Palm Beach , Florida . She had suffered from Alzheimers disease . She was buried with her husband and son in the Cementerio Sacramental de San Isidro in Madrid . In popular culture . Actors who have portrayed Batista in film include Tito Alba in The Godfather Part II ( 1974 ) , Wolfe Morris in Cuba ( 1979 ) and Juan Fernandez in The Lost City ( 2005 ) . In literature and movies , Batistas regime is commonly referred to as the greens ( opposite the Communist reds ) , because of the green uniforms his soldiers wore . In Cuban post-revolution books , documentaries and movies Batistas troops were are also referred to as the helmets or casquitos ( in Spanish ) , because of the helmets they used . Books written by Batista . - Estoy con el Pueblo ( I am With the People ) , Havana , 1939 - Respuesta , Manuel León Sánchez S.C.L. , Mexico City , 1960 - Piedras y leyes ( Stones and Laws ) , Mexico City , 1961 - Cuba Betrayed , Vantage Press , New York , 1961 - To Rule is to Foresee , 1962 - The Growth and Decline of the Cuban Republic , Devin-Adair Company , New York , 1964 External links . - Fulgencio Batista from The History of Cuba - Fulgencio Batista from The Latin American Studies Organization - What Castro Found by Ana Simo , The Gully ( magazine ) - January 1 , 1959 : Cuban Dictator Batista Falls From Power by The History Channel
|
[
"United Action Party"
] |
[
{
"text": "Fulgencio Batista y Zaldívar ( ; ; born Rubén Zaldívar , January 16 , 1901 – August 6 , 1973 ) was a Cuban military officer and politician who served as the elected president of Cuba from 1940 to 1944 and as its U.S.-backed military dictator from 1952 to 1959 before being overthrown during the Cuban Revolution . Batista initially rose to power as part of the 1933 Revolt of the Sergeants , which overthrew the provisional government of Carlos Manuel de Céspedes y Quesada . He then appointed himself chief of the armed forces , with the rank of",
"title": "Fulgencio Batista"
},
{
"text": "colonel and effectively controlled the five-member pentarchy that functioned as the collective head of state . He maintained this control through a string of puppet presidents until 1940 , when he was himself elected President of Cuba on a populist platform . He then instated the 1940 Constitution of Cuba and served until 1944 . After finishing his term , Batista moved to Florida , returning to Cuba to run for president in 1952 . Facing certain electoral defeat , he led a military coup against President Carlos Prío Socarrás that pre-empted the election .",
"title": "Fulgencio Batista"
},
{
"text": "Back in power and receiving financial , military and logistical support from the United States government , Batista suspended the 1940 Constitution and revoked most political liberties , including the right to strike . He then aligned with the wealthiest landowners who owned the largest sugar plantations , and presided over a stagnating economy that widened the gap between rich and poor Cubans . Eventually it reached the point where most of the sugar industry was in U.S . hands , and foreigners owned 70% of the arable land . As such , Batistas repressive government then began to systematically",
"title": "Fulgencio Batista"
},
{
"text": "profit from the exploitation of Cubas commercial interests , by negotiating lucrative relationships both with the American Mafia , who controlled the drug , gambling , and prostitution businesses in Havana , and with large U.S.-based multinational companies who were awarded lucrative contracts . To quell the growing discontent amongst the populace—which was subsequently displayed through frequent student riots and demonstrations—Batista established tighter censorship of the media , while also utilizing his Bureau for the Repression of Communist Activities secret police to carry out wide-scale violence , torture and public executions . These murders mounted in 1957 , as socialist",
"title": "Fulgencio Batista"
},
{
"text": "ideas became more influential . Many people were killed , with estimates ranging from hundreds to about 20,000 people killed .",
"title": "Fulgencio Batista"
},
{
"text": "Catalyzing the resistance to such tactics , for two years ( December 1956 – December 1958 ) Fidel Castros 26th of July Movement and other rebelling elements led an urban- and rural-based guerrilla uprising against Batistas government , which culminated in his eventual defeat by rebels under the command of Che Guevara at the Battle of Santa Clara on New Years Day 1959 . Batista immediately fled the island with an amassed personal fortune to the Dominican Republic , where strongman and previous military ally Rafael Trujillo held power . Batista eventually found political asylum in Oliveira Salazars Portugal ,",
"title": "Fulgencio Batista"
},
{
"text": "where he first lived on the island of Madeira and then in Estoril . He was involved in business activities in Spain and was staying there in Guadalmina at the time of his death from a heart attack on August 6 , 1973 .",
"title": "Fulgencio Batista"
},
{
"text": "Batista was born in the town of Veguita , located in the municipality of Banes , Cuba in 1901 to Belisario Batista Palermo and Carmela Zaldívar González , who had fought in the Cuban War of Independence . He was of Spanish , African , Chinese , and possibly some Taíno descent . His mother named him Rubén and gave him her last name , Zaldívar . His father did not want to register him as a Batista . In the registration records of the Banes courthouse , he was legally Rubén Zaldívar until 1939 , when , as Fulgencio",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Batista , he became a presidential candidate and it was discovered that this name did not exist in the birth certificates ; he thus had to postpone the presentation of his candidacy and pay 15,000 pesos to the local judge .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Both Batistas parents are believed to have been of mixed race and one may have had Indigenous Caribbean blood . Batista was initially educated at a public school in Banes and later attended night classes at an American Quaker school . He left home at age 14 , after the death of his mother . Coming from a humble background , he earned a living as a laborer in the cane fields , docks , and railroads . He was a tailor , mechanic , charcoal vendor and fruit peddler . In 1921 , he traveled to Havana , and",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "in April joined the army as a private . After learning shorthand and typing , Batista left the army in 1923 , working briefly as a teacher of stenography before enlisting in the Guardia Rural ( rural police ) . He transferred back to the army as a corporal , becoming secretary to a regimental colonel . In September 1933 , he held the rank of sergeant stenographer and as such acted as the secretary of a group of non-commissioned officers who led a sergeants conspiracy for better conditions and improved prospects of promotion .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " 1933 coup . In 1933 , Batista led an uprising called the Sergeants Revolt , as part of the coup that overthrew the government of Gerardo Machado . Machado was succeeded by Carlos Manuel de Céspedes y Quesada , who lacked a political coalition that could sustain him and was soon replaced .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "A short-lived five-member presidency , known as the Pentarchy of 1933 , was established . The Pentarchy included a representative from each anti-Machado faction . Batista was not a member , but controlled Cubas armed forces . Within days , the representative for the students and professors of the University of Havana , Ramón Grau San Martín , was made president—and Batista became the Army Chief of Staff , with the rank of colonel , effectively putting him in control of the presidency . The majority of the commissioned officer corps were forced to retire or , some speculate ,",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "were killed .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Grau remained president for just over 100 days before Batista , conspiring with the U.S . envoy Sumner Welles , forced him to resign in January 1934 . Grau was replaced by Carlos Mendieta , and within five days the U.S . recognized Cubas new government , which lasted eleven months . Batista then became the strongman behind a succession of puppet presidents until he was elected president in 1940 . After Mendieta , succeeding governments were led by José Agripino Barnet ( five months ) and Miguel Mariano Gómez ( seven months ) before Federico Laredo Brú ruled from",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "December 1936 to October 1940 .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Batista , supported by the Democratic Socialist Coalition which included Julio Antonio Mellas Communist Party , defeated Grau in the first presidential election under the new Cuban constitution in the 1940 election , and served a four-year term as President of Cuba , the first and to this day only , non-white Cuban in that office . Batista was endorsed by the old Communist Party of Cuba , which at the time had little significance and no probability of an electoral victory . This support was primarily due to Batistas labor laws and his support for labor unions , with",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "which the Communists had close ties . In fact , Communists attacked the anti-Batista opposition , saying Grau and others were fascists and reactionaries . During this term in office , Batista carried out major social reforms and established numerous economic regulations and pro-union policies .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " Cuba entered World War II on the side of the Allies on December 9 , 1941 , declaring war on Japan two days after the attack on Pearl Harbor . On December 11 , the Batista government declared war on Germany and Italy . In December 1942 , after a friendly visit to Washington , Batista said Latin America would applaud if the Declaration by United Nations called for war with Francisco Francos Spain , calling the regime fascist .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " In 1944 , Batistas handpicked successor , Carlos Saladrigas Zayas , was defeated by Grau . In the final months of his presidency , Batista sought to handicap the incoming Grau administration . In a July 17 , 1944 , dispatch to the U.S . Secretary of State , U.S . Ambassador Spruille Braden wrote :",
"title": "Post-presidency"
},
{
"text": "Shortly after , Batista left Cuba for the United States . I just felt safer there , he said . He divorced his wife , Elisa , and married Marta Fernández Batista in 1945 . Two of their four children were born in the United States .",
"title": "Post-presidency"
},
{
"text": " For the next eight years , Batista remained in the background , spending time in the Waldorf-Astoria in New York City and a home in Daytona Beach , Florida .",
"title": "Post-presidency"
},
{
"text": "He continued to participate in Cuban politics , and was elected to the Cuban Senate in absentia in 1948 . Returning to Cuba , he decided to run for president and received permission from President Grau , whereupon he formed the United Action Party . On taking power he founded the Progressive Action Party , but he never regained his former popular support , though the unions supported him until the end .",
"title": "Post-presidency"
},
{
"text": " Military coup and second presidency ( 1952–1959 ) . In 1952 , Batista again ran for president . In a three-way race , Roberto Agramonte of the Orthodox Party led in all the polls , followed by Carlos Hevia of the Authentic Party . Batistas United Action coalition was running a distant third .",
"title": "Post-presidency"
},
{
"text": "On March 10 , 1952 , three months before the elections , Batista , with army backing , staged a coup and seized power . He ousted outgoing President Carlos Prío Socarrás , canceled the elections and took control of the government as a provisional president . The United States recognized his government on March 27 . When asked by the U.S . government to analyze Batistas Cuba , Arthur M . Schlesinger , Jr . said",
"title": "Post-presidency"
},
{
"text": " The corruption of the Government , the brutality of the police , the governments indifference to the needs of the people for education , medical care , housing , for social justice and economic justice .. . is an open invitation to revolution .",
"title": "Post-presidency"
},
{
"text": "Upon his seizure of power , Batista inherited a country that was relatively prosperous for Latin America . According to Batistas government , although a third of Cubans still lived in poverty , Cuba was one of the five most developed countries in the region . In the 1950s , Cubas gross domestic product ( GDP ) per capita was roughly equal to that of Italy at the time , although Cubas per-capita GDP was still only a sixth of that of the United States . Moreover , although corruption and inequality were rife under Batista , Cuban industrial workers",
"title": "Economy of Cuba"
},
{
"text": "wages rose significantly . According to the International Labour Organization , the average industrial salary in Cuba was the worlds eighth-highest in 1958 , and the average agricultural wage was higher than some European nations . However , despite an array of positive indicators , in 1953 , the average Cuban family only had an income of $6.00 a week , 15% to 20% of the labor force was chronically unemployed , and only a third of the homes had running water .",
"title": "Economy of Cuba"
},
{
"text": "Throughout the 1950s , Havana served as a hedonistic playground for the worlds elite , producing sizable gambling , prostitution and drug profits for the American mafia , corrupt law-enforcement officials , and their politically elected cronies . In the assessment of the Cuban-American historian Louis Perez , Havana was then what Las Vegas has become . Relatedly , it is estimated that by the end of the 1950s the city of Havana had 270 brothels . In addition , drugs , be it marijuana or cocaine , were so plentiful at the time that one American magazine in 1950",
"title": "Economy of Cuba"
},
{
"text": "proclaimed Narcotics are hardly more difficult to obtain in Cuba than a shot of rum . And only slightly more expensive . As a result , the playwright Arthur Miller described Batistas Cuba in The Nation as hopelessly corrupt , a Mafia playground , ( and ) a bordello for Americans and other foreigners .",
"title": "Economy of Cuba"
},
{
"text": "In a bid to profit from such an environment , Batista established lasting relationships with organized crime , notably with American mobsters Meyer Lansky and Lucky Luciano , and under his rule Havana became known as the Latin . Batista and Lansky formed a friendship and business relationship that flourished for a decade . During a stay at the Waldorf-Astoria in New York in the late 1940s , it was mutually agreed that , in return for kickbacks , Batista would give Lansky and the Mafia control of Havanas racetracks and casinos . After World War II , Luciano was",
"title": "Economy of Cuba"
},
{
"text": "paroled from prison on the condition that he permanently return to Sicily . Luciano secretly moved to Cuba , where he worked to resume control over American Mafia operations . Luciano also ran a number of casinos in Cuba with the sanction of Batista , though the American government eventually succeeded in pressuring the Batista government to deport him .",
"title": "Economy of Cuba"
},
{
"text": "Batista encouraged large-scale gambling in Havana . In 1955 , he announced that Cuba would grant a gaming license to anyone who invested US$1 million in a hotel or $200,000 in a new nightclub—and that the government would provide matching public funds for construction , a 10-year tax exemption , and waive duties on imported equipment and furnishings for new hotels . Each casino would pay the government $250,000 for the license , plus a percentage of the profits . The policy omitted background checks , as required for casino operations in the United States , which opened the door",
"title": "Economy of Cuba"
},
{
"text": "for casino investors with illegally obtained funds . Cuban contractors with the right connections made windfalls by importing , duty-free , more materials than needed for new hotels and selling the surplus to others . It was rumored that , besides the $250,000 to obtain a license , an additional under the table fee was sometimes required .",
"title": "Economy of Cuba"
},
{
"text": "Lansky became a prominent figure in Cubas gambling operations , and exerted influence over Batistas casino policies . The Mafias Havana Conference was held on December 22 , 1946 , at the Hotel Nacional de Cuba ; this was the first full-scale meeting of American underworld leaders since the Chicago meeting in 1932 . Lansky set about cleaning up the games at the Montmartre Club , which soon became the place to be in Havana . He also wanted to open a casino in the Hotel Nacional , the most elegant hotel in Havana . Batista endorsed Lanskys idea over",
"title": "Economy of Cuba"
},
{
"text": "the objections of American expatriates such as Ernest Hemingway , and the renovated casino wing opened for business in 1955 with a show by Eartha Kitt . The casino was an immediate success .",
"title": "Economy of Cuba"
},
{
"text": "As the new hotels , nightclubs , and casinos opened , Batista collected his share of the profits . Nightly , the bagman for his wife collected 10% of the profits at Santo Trafficantes casinos , the Sans Souci cabaret , and the casinos in the hotels Sevilla-Biltmore , Commodoro , Deauville , and Capri ( partly owned by the actor George Raft ) . His take from the Lansky casinos—his prized Habana Riviera , the Hotel Nacional , the Montmartre Club , and others—was said to be 30% . Lansky was said to have personally contributed millions of dollars",
"title": "Economy of Cuba"
},
{
"text": "per year to Batistas Swiss bank accounts .",
"title": "Economy of Cuba"
},
{
"text": "In a manner that antagonized the Cuban people , the U.S . government used its influence to advance the interests of and increase the profits of the private American companies , which dominated the islands economy . By the late 1950s , U.S . financial interests owned 90% of Cuban mines , 80% of its public utilities , 50% of its railways , 40% of its sugar production and 25% of its bank deposits—some $1 billion in total . According to historian Louis Perez , author of the book On Becoming Cuban , Daily life had developed into a relentless",
"title": "Economy of Cuba"
},
{
"text": "degradation , with the complicity of political leaders and public officials who operated at the behest of American interests . As a symbol of this relationship , ITT Corporation , an American-owned multinational telephone company , presented Batista with a Golden Telephone , as an expression of gratitude for the excessive telephone rate increase , at least according to Senator John F . Kennedy , that Batista granted at the urging of the U.S . government .",
"title": "Economy of Cuba"
},
{
"text": "Earl E.T . Smith , former U.S . Ambassador to Cuba , testified to the U.S . Senate in 1960 that , Until Castro , the U.S . was so overwhelmingly influential in Cuba that the American ambassador was the second most important man , sometimes even more important than the Cuban president . In addition , nearly all aid from the U.S . to Batistas government was in the form of weapons assistance , which merely strengthened the Batista dictatorship and completely failed to advance the economic welfare of the Cuban people . Such actions later enabled Castro and",
"title": "Economy of Cuba"
},
{
"text": "the Communists to encourage the growing belief that America was indifferent to Cuban aspirations for a decent life .",
"title": "Economy of Cuba"
},
{
"text": "According to historian and author James S . Olson , the U.S . government essentially became a co-conspirator in the arrangement because of Batistas strong opposition to communism , which , in the rhetoric of the Cold War , seemed to maintain business stability and a pro-U.S . posture on the island . Thus , in the view of Olson , The U.S . government had no difficulty in dealing with him , even if he was a hopeless despot . On October 6 , 1960 Senator John F . Kennedy , in the midst of his campaign for the",
"title": "Economy of Cuba"
},
{
"text": "U.S . Presidency , decried Batistas relationship with the U.S . government and criticized the Eisenhower administration for supporting him :",
"title": "Economy of Cuba"
},
{
"text": "Fulgencio Batista murdered 20,000 Cubans in seven years .. . and he turned Democratic Cuba into a complete police state—destroying every individual liberty . Yet our aid to his regime , and the ineptness of our policies , enabled Batista to invoke the name of the United States in support of his reign of terror . Administration spokesmen publicly praised Batista—hailed him as a staunch ally and a good friend—at a time when Batista was murdering thousands , destroying the last vestiges of freedom , and stealing hundreds of millions of dollars from the Cuban people , and we failed",
"title": "Economy of Cuba"
},
{
"text": "to press for free elections .",
"title": "Economy of Cuba"
},
{
"text": "On July 26 , 1953 , just over a year after Batistas second coup , a small group of revolutionaries attacked the Moncada Barracks in Santiago . Government forces easily defeated the assault and jailed its leaders , while many others fled the country . The primary leader of the attack , Fidel Castro , was a young attorney who had run for parliament in the canceled 1952 elections . Although Castro was never officially nominated , he felt that Batistas coup had sidetracked what would have been a promising political career for him . In the wake of the",
"title": "Economy of Cuba"
},
{
"text": "Moncada assault , Batista suspended constitutional guarantees and increasingly relied on police tactics in an attempt to frighten the population through open displays of brutality .",
"title": "Economy of Cuba"
},
{
"text": "Batista held an election in 1954 , running as the candidate of a political coalition that included the Progressive Action Party , the Radical Union Party and the Liberal Party . The opposition divided into abstentionists and electoralists . The abstentionists favored boycotting the elections regardless of the circumstances in which they were held , whereas the electoralists sought certain rights and guarantees to participate . The CIA had predicted that Batista would use any means necessary to ensure he won the election . Batista lived up to their expectations , utilizing fraud and intimidation to secure his presidency .",
"title": "Economy of Cuba"
},
{
"text": "This led most of the other parties to boycott the elections . Former President Ramón Grau San Martín , leading the electoralist factions of the Cuban Revolutionary Party , participated through the political campaign but withdrew from the campaign days before election day , charging that his supporters had been terrorized . Thus Batista was elected president with the support of 45.6% of registered voters . Despite the boycott , Grau received the support of 6.8% of those who voted . The remaining voters abstained .",
"title": "Economy of Cuba"
},
{
"text": "By late 1955 , student riots and anti-Batista demonstrations had become frequent , and unemployment became a problem as graduates entering the workforce could not find jobs . These were dealt with through increasing repression . All youth were seen as suspected revolutionaries . Due to its continued opposition to Batista and the large amount of revolutionary activity taking place on its campus , the University of Havana was temporarily closed on November 30 , 1956 ( it did not reopen until 1959 under the first revolutionary government ) . On March 13 , 1957 , student leader José Antonio",
"title": "Economy of Cuba"
},
{
"text": "Echeverría was killed by police outside Radio Reloj in Havana after announcing that Batista had been killed in a student attack on the Presidential Palace . In reality , Batista survived , and the students of the Federation of University Students ( FEU ) and the Directorio ( DR ) who led the attack were killed in the response by the military and police . Castro quickly condemned the attack , since July 26 Movement had not participated in it .",
"title": "Economy of Cuba"
},
{
"text": "In April 1956 , Batista called popular military leader Col . Ramón Barquín back to Cuba from his post as military attaché to the United States . Believing Barquín would support his rule , Batista promoted him to General . However , Barquíns Conspiración de los Puros ( Conspiracy of the Pure ) was already underway and had already progressed too far . On April 6 , 1956 , Barquín led hundreds of career officers in a coup attempt , but was frustrated by Lieutenant Ríos Morejón , who betrayed the plan . Barquín was sentenced to solitary confinement for",
"title": "Economy of Cuba"
},
{
"text": "eight years on the Isle of Pines , while some officers were sentenced to death for treason . Many others were allowed to remain in the military without reprimand .",
"title": "Economy of Cuba"
},
{
"text": "The purge of the officer corps contributed to the inability of the Cuban army to successfully combat Castro and his guerrillas . Batistas police responded to increasing popular unrest by torturing and killing young men in the cities . However , his army was ineffective against the rebels based in the Sierra Maestra and Escambray Mountains . Another possible explanation for the failure to crush the rebellion was offered by author Carlos Alberto Montaner : Batista does not finish Fidel out of greed .. . His is a government of thieves . To have this small guerrilla band in the",
"title": "Economy of Cuba"
},
{
"text": "mountains is to his advantage , so that he can order special defense expenditures that they can steal . Batistas rule became increasingly unpopular among the population , and the Soviet Union began to secretly support Castro . Some of Batistas generals also criticized him in later years , saying that Batistas excessive interference in his generals military plans to defeat the rebels hampered Army morale and rendered all operations ineffective .",
"title": "Economy of Cuba"
},
{
"text": "In an effort to gather information about Castros army , Batistas secret police pulled in people for questioning . Many innocent people were tortured by Batistas police , while suspects , including youth , were publicly executed as a warning to others who were considering joining the insurgency . Additionally , Hundreds of mangled bodies were left hanging from lamp posts or dumped in the streets in a grotesque variation of the Spanish colonial practice of public executions . The brutal behavior backfired and increased support for the guerrillas . In 1958 , 45 organizations signed an open letter supporting",
"title": "Economy of Cuba"
},
{
"text": "July 26 Movement , among them national bodies representing lawyers , architects , dentists , accountants , and social workers . Castro , who had originally relied on the support of the poor , was now gaining the backing of the influential middle classes .",
"title": "Economy of Cuba"
},
{
"text": " The United States supplied Batista with planes , ships , tanks and the latest technology , such as napalm , which he used against the insurgency . However , in March 1958 , the U.S . announced it would stop selling arms to the Cuban government . Soon after , the U.S . imposed an arms embargo , further weakening the governments position , although land owners and others who benefited from the government continued to support Batista .",
"title": "Economy of Cuba"
},
{
"text": "Elections were scheduled for June 1958 , as required by the Constitution , but were delayed until November 1958 , when Castro and the revolutionaries called for a general strike and placed several bombs in civilian areas of the country . Three main candidates ran in the elections : Carlos Márquez Sterling of the Party of the Free People , former President Ramón Grau San Martín of the Cuban Revolutionary Party-Authentic , and Andrés Rivero Agüero of the government coalition . According to Carlos Márquez Sterling , all three were threatened by Castro , and several assassination attempts were made",
"title": "Economy of Cuba"
},
{
"text": "on both Ramón Grau San Martín and Carlos Márquez Sterling . On Election Day , estimates on the turnout range from 30–50% in the areas where voting took place , which did not include parts of Las Villas and Oriente , which were controlled by Castro . Márquez Sterling also stated that the initial results were favorable to him , but the military ordered the counting to stop as they changed the actual ballots for fraudulent ones . However , Grau San Martín , as he had previously done in the 1954 elections , withdrew his candidacy within a few",
"title": "Economy of Cuba"
},
{
"text": "hours of the election day . Batista declared Rivero Agüero the winner . On December 11 , 1958 , U.S . Ambassador Earl Smith visited Batista at his hacienda , Kuquine . There , Smith informed him that the United States could no longer support his government . Batista asked if he could go to his house in Daytona Beach . The ambassador denied the request and suggested that he seek asylum in Spain instead .",
"title": "Economy of Cuba"
},
{
"text": "On December 31 , 1958 , at a New Years Eve party , Batista told his cabinet and top officials that he was leaving the country . After seven years , Batista knew his presidency was over , and he fled the island in the early morning . At 3:00 a.m . on January 1 , 1959 , Batista boarded a plane at Camp Columbia with 40 of his supporters and immediate family members and flew to Ciudad Trujillo in the Dominican Republic . A second plane flew out of Havana later in the night , carrying ministers , officers",
"title": "Economy of Cuba"
},
{
"text": "and the Governor of Havana . Batista took along a personal fortune of more than $300 million that he had amassed through graft and payoffs . Critics accused Batista and his supporters of taking as much as $700 million in fine art and cash with them as they fled into exile .",
"title": "Economy of Cuba"
},
{
"text": "As news of the fall of Batistas government spread through Havana , The New York Times described jubilant crowds pouring into the streets and automobile horns honking . The black and red flag of July 26 Movement waved on cars and buildings . The atmosphere was chaotic . On January 8 , 1959 , Castro and his army rolled victoriously into Havana . Already denied entry to the United States , Batista sought asylum in Mexico , which also refused him . Portugals leader António Salazar allowed him to settle there on the condition that he completely abstain from politics",
"title": "Economy of Cuba"
},
{
"text": ".",
"title": "Economy of Cuba"
},
{
"text": " At the time , it was claimed that as many as 20,000 Cubans had been killed under Batista , but most modern historians agree that the true figure is probably closer to 3,000–4,000 .",
"title": "Economy of Cuba"
},
{
"text": " Batista married Elisa Godínez y Gómez ( 1900–1993 ) on July 10 , 1926 . They had three children : Mirta Caridad ( 1927–2010 ) , Elisa Aleida ( born 1933 ) , and Fulgencio Rubén Batista Godínez ( 1933–2007 ) . By all accounts , she was devoted to him and their children throughout their marriage , and their daughter remembered them as a happy , young couple until their sudden divorce . Much to her surprise , he divorced her in October 1945 against her will in order to marry his longtime mistress Marta Fernandez Miranda .",
"title": "Marriages and children"
},
{
"text": "He married Marta Fernández Miranda ( 1923–2006 ) on November 28 , 1945 , shortly after his divorce became final , and they had five children : Jorge Luis ( born 1942 ) , Roberto Francisco ( born 1947 ) , Carlos Manuel ( 1950–1969 ) , Fulgencio José ( born 1953 ) and Marta María Batista Fernández ( born 1957 ) .",
"title": "Marriages and children"
},
{
"text": "Batista was an inveterate philanderer who engaged in numerous extramarital affairs throughout his first marriage . He cheated on his first wife with multiple women , and his children eventually became aware of his relationships . His first wife , who supported her husband throughout his political career and found his philandering humiliating , never considered divorce and tolerated his multiple affairs . However , Batista became enamored with a teenage schoolgirl Marta Fernandez Miranda , who became his longtime mistress . He filed divorce papers shortly before his first grandchild was born . His first wife and their children",
"title": "Extramarital affairs"
},
{
"text": "were astounded and devastated by the divorce .",
"title": "Extramarital affairs"
},
{
"text": " In 1935 , he fathered an illegitimate daughter , Fermina Lázara Batista Estévez , whom he supported financially . Biographers suggest that Batista may have fathered several more children out of wedlock .",
"title": "Extramarital affairs"
},
{
"text": " After he fled to Portugal , Batista lived in Madeira , then later in Estoril . He died of a heart attack on August 6 , 1973 at Guadalmina , Spain , two days before a team of assassins from Castros Cuba allegedly were planning to assassinate him .",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": "Marta Fernández Miranda de Batista , Batistas widow , died on October 2 , 2006 . Roberto Batista , her son , says that she died at her home in West Palm Beach , Florida . She had suffered from Alzheimers disease . She was buried with her husband and son in the Cementerio Sacramental de San Isidro in Madrid .",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": " Actors who have portrayed Batista in film include Tito Alba in The Godfather Part II ( 1974 ) , Wolfe Morris in Cuba ( 1979 ) and Juan Fernandez in The Lost City ( 2005 ) . In literature and movies , Batistas regime is commonly referred to as the greens ( opposite the Communist reds ) , because of the green uniforms his soldiers wore . In Cuban post-revolution books , documentaries and movies Batistas troops were are also referred to as the helmets or casquitos ( in Spanish ) , because of the helmets they used .",
"title": "In popular culture"
},
{
"text": "Books written by Batista .",
"title": "In popular culture"
},
{
"text": " - Estoy con el Pueblo ( I am With the People ) , Havana , 1939 - Respuesta , Manuel León Sánchez S.C.L. , Mexico City , 1960 - Piedras y leyes ( Stones and Laws ) , Mexico City , 1961 - Cuba Betrayed , Vantage Press , New York , 1961 - To Rule is to Foresee , 1962 - The Growth and Decline of the Cuban Republic , Devin-Adair Company , New York , 1964",
"title": "In popular culture"
},
{
"text": " - Fulgencio Batista from The History of Cuba - Fulgencio Batista from The Latin American Studies Organization - What Castro Found by Ana Simo , The Gully ( magazine ) - January 1 , 1959 : Cuban Dictator Batista Falls From Power by The History Channel",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
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