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Helen Clark received which award in 2005?
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Helen Clark Helen Elizabeth Clark ( born 26 February 1950 ) is a New Zealand politician who served as the 37th Prime Minister of New Zealand from 1999 to 2008 , and was the Administrator of the United Nations Development Programme from 2009 to 2017 . She was New Zealands fifth-longest-serving prime minister , and the second woman to hold that office . Clark was brought up on a farm outside Hamilton . She entered the University of Auckland in 1968 to study politics , and became active in the New Zealand Labour Party . After graduating she lectured in political studies at the university . Clark entered local politics in 1974 in Auckland but was not elected to any position . Following one unsuccessful attempt , she was elected to Parliament in as the member for Mount Albert , an electorate she represented until 2009 . Clark held numerous Cabinet positions in the Fourth Labour Government , including Minister of Housing , Minister of Health and Minister of Conservation . She was Deputy Prime Minister from 1989 to 1990 under Prime Ministers Geoffrey Palmer and Mike Moore . After Labours narrow defeat in the , Clark challenged Moore for leadership of the party and won , becoming the Leader of the Opposition . Following the , Labour formed a governing coalition , and Clark was sworn in as Prime Minister on 10 December 1999 . Clark led the Fifth Labour Government , which implemented several major economic initiatives including Kiwibank , the New Zealand Superannuation Fund , the New Zealand Emissions Trading Scheme and KiwiSaver . Her government also introduced the Foreshore and Seabed Act 2004 , which caused major controversy . In foreign affairs , Clark sent troops to the Afghanistan War , but did not contribute combat troops to the Iraq War , and ordered a deployment to the 2006 East Timorese crisis . She advocated a number of free-trade agreements with major trading partners , including becoming the first developed nation to sign such an agreement with China . After three successive electoral victories , her government was defeated in the ; Clark resigned as Prime Minister and party leader on 19 November 2008 . She was succeeded as Prime Minister by John Key of the National Party , and as Leader of the Labour Party by Phil Goff . Clark resigned from Parliament in April 2009 shortly after losing the 2008 general election , to become the first female head of the United Nations Development Programme ( UNDP ) . In 2016 , she stood for the position of Secretary-General of the United Nations , but was unsuccessful . She left her UNDP administrator post on 19 April 2017 at the end of her second four-year term and was succeeded by Achim Steiner . In 2019 , Clark became the patron of The Helen Clark Foundation . Early life . Clark was the eldest of four daughters of a farming family at Te Pahu , west of Hamilton , in the Waikato region . Her mother , Margaret McMurray , of Irish birth , was a primary school teacher . Her father , George , was a farmer . Clark studied at Te Pahu Primary School , at Epsom Girls Grammar School in Auckland and at the University of Auckland , where she majored in politics and graduated with an MA ( Honours ) in 1974 . Her thesis focused on rural political behaviour and representation . As a teenager Clark became politically active , protesting against the Vietnam War and campaigning against foreign military bases in New Zealand . Clark has worked actively in the New Zealand Labour Party for most of her life . In 1971 she assisted Labour candidates to the Auckland City Council , three of whom were elected . Following this , she stood for the Auckland City Council herself in 1974 and 1977 . While generally polling well , she never won a seat , missing out by only 105 votes in the latter . Clark was a junior lecturer in political studies at the University of Auckland from 1973 to 1975 . In 1974 she sought the nomination for the Auckland Central electorate , but lost to Richard Prebble . She instead stood for , a National safe seat . Clark studied abroad on a University Grants Committee post-graduate scholarship in 1976 , and then lectured in political studies at Auckland again while undertaking her PhD ( which she never completed ) from 1977 until her election to Parliament in 1981 . Her father supported National that election . Clark served as a member of Labours national executive committee from 1978 until September 1988 , and again from April 1989 . She chaired the University of Auckland Princes Street branch of the Labour Party during her studies , becoming active alongside future Labour politicians including Richard Prebble , David Caygill , Margaret Wilson and Richard Northey . Clark held the positions of president of the Labour Youth Council , executive member of the partys Auckland Regional Council , secretary of the Labour Womens Council and member of the Policy Council . She represented the New Zealand Labour Party at the congresses of the Socialist International and of the Socialist International Women in 1976 , 1978 , 1983 and 1986 , at an Asia-Pacific Socialist Organisation Conference held in Sydney in 1981 , and at the Socialist International Party Leaders Meeting in Sydney in 1991 . Member of Parliament . Clark did not contest the , but in 1980 she put her name forward to replace long serving MP Warren Freer in the safe Labour seat of Mount Albert . She beat six other contenders including electorate chairman Keith Elliot , former MP Malcolm Douglas and future MP Jack Elder for the nomination . Clark was duly elected to the New Zealand House of Representatives in the 1981 general election , as one of eight female members in the 40th Parliament . In winning the Mount Albert electorate in Auckland , she became the second woman elected to represent an Auckland electorate , and the seventeenth woman elected to the New Zealand Parliament . Her first parliamentary intervention , on taking her seat was on 12 April 1982 to give notice , she would move a motion condemning the US Navys deployment of nuclear cruise missiles in the Pacific Two weeks later in her maiden speech , with unusual emphasis on defence policy and the arms race , Clark again condemned the deployment of cruise , Pershing and SS20 and the global ambitions of both superpowers navies , but claimed the Soviet admirals did not plough New Zealands waters and expressed particular concern about the expansion of the 1965 memo of ANZUS understanding for the resupply of weapons to New Zealand to include nuclear weapon resupply . During her first term in the House ( 1981–1984 ) , Clark became a member of the Statutes Revision Committee . In her second term ( 1984–1987 ) , she chaired the Select committee on Foreign Affairs and the Select Committee on Disarmament and Arms Control , both of which combined with the Defence Select Committee in 1985 to form a single committee . In 1983 she was appointed as Labours spokesperson for Overseas Aid and Disarmament . Cabinet Minister . In 1987 , Clark became a Cabinet minister in the Fourth Labour Government , led by David Lange ( 1984–1989 ) , Geoffrey Palmer ( 1989–1990 ) and Mike Moore ( 1990 ) . She served as Minister of Conservation from August 1987 until January 1989 and as Minister of Housing from August 1987 until August 1989 . She became Minister of Health in January 1989 , and took on additional portfolios as Minister of Labour and Deputy Prime Minister in August 1989 . As Health Minister , Clark introduced a series of legislative changes that allowed midwives to practice autonomously . She also introduced the Smoke-free Environments Act 1990 , a law which restricted smoking in places such as workplaces and schools . As Deputy Prime Minister , Clark chaired the Cabinet Social Equity Committee , and was a member of several other important Cabinet committees , such as the Policy Committee , Economic Development and Employment Committee , and Domestic and External Security Committee . Leader of the Opposition . From October 1990 until December 1993 Clark held the posts of Deputy Leader of the Opposition , Shadow spokesperson for Health and Labour , and member of the Social Services Select Committee and of the Labour Select Committee . After the National Party won the 1993 general election with a majority of one seat , Clark successfully challenged Mike Moore for the leadership of the parliamentary party . She was particularly critical of Moore for delivering blurred messages during the 1993 election campaign , and accused him of failing to re-brand Labour as a centre-left party which had jettisoned Rogernomics . Clark became the Leader of the Opposition on 1 December 1993 . She led the Labour Party in opposition to the National-led government of Jim Bolger ( 1990–1997 ) and Jenny Shipley ( 1997–1999 ) . Clark announced her first shadow cabinet on 13 December 1993 , but the ousted Moore refused any portfolios . There were frequent changes after several party defections took place during the parliamentary term in the lead up to the new MMP voting system . At one reshuffle , in June 1995 , Clark herself took the shadow foreign affairs portfolio . The Labour Party rated poorly in opinion polls in the run-up to the 1996 general election , and Clark suffered from a low personal approval rating . At one point polls suggested that New Zealand First of Winston Peters would even poll 30% and Labour would be beaten into third place . However , she survived an attempted leadership coup by senior members who favoured Phil Goff . Labour lost the election in October 1996 , but Clark remained as Opposition leader . Clark was seen as having convincingly won the election debates which led to Labour doing better than predicted . Shortly before the election she also achieved a rapprochement with Moore ( who was previously thinking of setting up his own party ) who accepted the foreign affairs and overseas trade portfolios , calming internal tensions . During the 1998 Waitangi Day celebrations , Clark was prevented from speaking on the marae by activist Titewhai Harawira in protest over Clarks being allowed to speak in direct contradiction of traditional Māori protocol . The ensuing argument saw Clark being reduced to tears on national television . In 1999 , Clark was involved in a defamation case in the High Court of New Zealand with Auckland orthopaedic surgeon Joe Brownlee , resulting in Clarks making an unreserved apology . The case centered on a press statement issued by Clark criticising Brownlee , triggered by a constituents complaint over the outcome of a hip replacement . Clark admitted the criticism was unjustified in that the complication suffered by her constituent was rare , unforeseen and unavoidable . Prime Minister ( 1999–2008 ) . Under Clarks leadership , Labour became the largest party in parliament from 1999 to 2008 . Clark became the second woman to serve as Prime Minister of New Zealand , and the first to have won office at an election . She also served as the Minister for Arts , Culture and Heritage throughout her premiership . She had additional ministerial responsibility for the New Zealand Security Intelligence Service ( NZSIS ) and for Ministerial Services . During her period in office , women held a number of prominent elected and appointed offices in New Zealand , such as the Governor-General , Speaker of the House of Representatives and Chief Justice—these major offices of state were simultaneously occupied by women between March 2005 and August 2006 . As a female head of government , Clark was a member of the Council of Women World Leaders . Clark entered office just three years after the adoption of the Mixed Member Proportional ( MMP ) voting system , which had produced an unstable National-led government under Bolger and Shipley . Clark negotiated the formation of successive coalition governments . Political scientist Bryce Edwards identified Clarks ability to lead stable governments as her most significant achievement , arguing that her ability to work with a variety of coalition partners—including the Alliance , Jim Andertons Progressive Party , Green , United Future and New Zealand First—consolidated public support for MMP . Clarks particular interests included social policy and international affairs . A strong supporter of nuclear disarmament , Clark pursued a policy of peace-making within the Pacific region . She set herself the task of making New Zealand the first ecologically sustainable nation , describing this as central to New Zealands unique national identity . Her governments major policy achievements include the Working for Families package , increasing the minimum wage 5% a year , interest-free student loans , creation of District Health Boards , the introduction of a number of tax credits , overhauling the secondary school qualifications by introducing NCEA , and the introduction of fourteen weeks’ parental leave . Commentators praised Clark ( along with Michael Cullen , the Minister of Finance ) for overseeing a period of sustained and stable economic growth , with an increase in employment that saw a gradual lowering of the unemployment rate to a record low of 3.6% ( in 2005 ) . Clark made every attempt to make sure that gender was not an issue in politics . However , Bryce Edwards states that others did . Clark was portrayed as bloodsucking , cold , and humourless . Clark says herself that when her male counterparts spoke in the media , they looked strong and determined , whereas when she portrayed the same characteristics , the media made it to look like she was tough and nagging . In 2006 Clark was 20th in Forbes magazines ranking of the worlds 100 most powerful women . By the time she left office in 2008 this had fallen to 56th . First term : 1999–2002 . The 1999 general election produced a historic moment for New Zealand ; for the first time , two women , Clark and Shipley , campaigned against each other as leaders of the countrys two major parties . Clark repeatedly stated her desire to govern alone rather than as part of a coalition . However , in the lead up to the election , Labour made overtures to the left-wing Alliance . Clark addressed the Alliances annual conference in August 1998 . On polling day Labour returned 49 seats , an increase of 12 , ahead of Nationals 39 seats . The first Clark-led Cabinet linked Labour with the Alliance . Alliance leader Jim Anderton served as Deputy Prime Minister under Clark until 2002 . The full ministerial team , and portfolios , was announced on 9 December—12 days after the election—and the new government was sworn in the following day . The coalition partners pioneered agree to disagree procedures to manage policy differences . Such procedures lessened the chances of Cabinet becoming publicly divided and running the risk of losing the confidence of the House of Representatives . In January 2000 , the then Police Commissioner , Peter Doone , resigned after The Sunday Star-Times alleged he had prevented the breath testing of his partner Robyn , who had driven the car they occupied , by telling the officer that wont be necessary . Both Doone and the officer involved denied this happened . Doone sued the Sunday Star-Times for defamation in 2005 , but the paper revealed they had checked the story with Clark . She confirmed this , but denied that she had made attempts to get Doone to resign and defended being the source as by definition I cannot leak . Clark also responded by saying that National supporters had funded Doones defamation-suit . Opinion on the significance of this incident varied . In 2000 , Labour MP Chris Carter investigated the background of one of Clarks Cabinet colleagues , Māori Affairs Minister Dover Samuels , regarding allegations of historic statutory rape . Ex-convict John Yelash claimed that Carter had approached him to help with the investigation ; a claim that Carter denied . Clark backed her MP , referring to Yelash as a murderer when he had in fact been convicted of manslaughter , a less serious offence . Yelash sued Clark for defamation , resulting in an out-of-court settlement . In April 2001 , Clark met with Chinese President Jiang Zemin during an official visit to Beijing . Jiang referred to the Prime Minister as an old friend . He stated that China hoped to establish bilateral long-term and stable overall cooperative relations [ with New Zealand ] . Clark strongly supported Chinas entry into the World Trade Organization . In March 2002 , Clark made her first visit to the United States as Prime Minister . She visited Ground Zero , the former site of the World Trade Center , where the New York City Police Department presented her with a New Zealand flag that had been recovered from the rubble after the September 11 attacks . On 26 March , Clark visited the Pentagon and Washington , D.C. , where she met with American officials , including a private meeting with President George W . Bush . Most of the agenda for Clarks visit focused on the joint counter-terrorism campaign ( dubbed the War on Terror ) . As Opposition Leader in 1998 , Clark signed her name to a canvas that had been painted on by another artist . The painting was subsequently auctioned to charity . After the act came to light in April 2002 , the opposition National Party referred the matter to the Police . A police report found evidence for a prima facie case of forgery , but determined that it was not in the public interest to prosecute Clark . In June 2002 , Clark apologised on behalf of New Zealand for aspects of the countrys treatment of Samoa during the colonial era . Clarks apology was made in Apia during the 40th anniversary of Samoas independence and televised live to New Zealand where Samoans applauded the Prime Ministers gesture . The Alliance split in 2002 over the Governments commitment of New Zealand troops to the War in Afghanistan , leading to the imminent dissolution of Labours coalition with that party . Consequently , Clark called for an early election to be held on 27 July . Political opponents claimed that Clark could have continued to govern , and that a snap election was called to take advantage of Labours strong position in opinion polls . In opinion surveys conducted during the election campaign , Clark scored high approval ratings and was far ahead of other party leaders as preferred Prime Minister . A major issue during the 2002 election campaign was the end of a moratorium on genetic engineering , strongly opposed by the rival Green Party . The debate was reignited when investigative journalist Nicky Hager published a book , Seeds of Distrust , in which he alleged that Clarks government had covered up a contamination of genetically modified corn plants in 2000 . A television interview with John Campbell was terminated by Clark when she was taken by surprise from the allegations , which she claimed to have known nothing about prior to the interview . The affair was dubbed Corngate by the media . Second term : 2002–2005 . Clark won a second term in the 2002 general election—her party increased both its share of the vote and number of seats . Labour subsequently entered into a coalition with Jim Andertons Progressive Party ( a spin-off of the Alliance ) , with parliamentary confidence and supply coming from United Future , and a good-faith agreement with the Green Party . Michael Cullen , who served as Minister of Finance , was appointed Deputy Prime Minister by Clark , replacing Anderton . A republican , Clark stated in 2002 that she thought it was inevitable that New Zealand would become a republic in the near future . Her term in office saw a number of alleged moves in this direction , under her governments policy of building national identity . Examples include the abolition of appeals to the Privy Council in London and the foundation of the Supreme Court of New Zealand , the abolition of titular Knighthood and Damehood honours ( restored in 2009 ) , and the abolition of the title Queens Counsel ( replaced by Senior Counsel , restored in 2012 ) . In 2003 , Clark criticised the Invasion of Iraq without an explicit United Nations mandate , and her government opposed New Zealand military action in the Iraq War . Her government did not send combat troops to Iraq , although some medical and engineering units were sent . Clarks foreign policy reflected the priorities of liberal internationalism , especially the promotion of democracy and human rights ; the strengthening of the role of the United Nations ; the advancement of antimilitarism and disarmament ; and the encouragement of free-trade . In March 2003 , referring to the US-led coalitions actions in Iraq , Clark told the newspaper The Sunday Star-Times that , I dont think that 11 September under a Gore presidency would have had this consequence for Iraq . She later sent a letter to Washington apologising for any offence that her comment may have caused . On 17 July 2004 , a motorcade involving police , Diplomatic Protection Squad , and Ministerial Services staff reached speeds of up to 172 km/h when taking Clark and Cabinet Minister Jim Sutton from Waimate to Christchurch Airport so she could attend a rugby union match in Wellington . The courts subsequently convicted the drivers involved for driving offences , but appeals resulted in the quashing of these convictions in December 2005 and August 2006 . Clark said that she was busy working in the back seat and had no influence or role in the decision to speed and did not realise the speed of her vehicle . In November 2004 , Clark announced that negotiations with China had commenced for a free-trade agreement , eventually signing a comprehensive agreement in July 2008 . It was New Zealands largest trade deal since the 1983 Closer Economic Relations agreement with Australia . Third term : 2005–2008 . In 2005 , following that years general election , Labour and the Progressive Party renewed their coalition , with confidence and supply arrangements with both New Zealand First and United Future in exchange for giving the leaders of those parties ministerial positions outside Cabinet . Clark became first Labour leader to win three consecutive elections . Clark won 66% of her electorates votes , or 20,918 votes with a 14,749 majority . On Armistice Day , 11 November 2006 , Clark attended a service in Hyde Park , London , where a monument commemorating New Zealands war dead was unveiled . During her visit she met Queen Elizabeth , Prince Charles and British Prime Minister Tony Blair . On 26 May 2006 , Clark ordered a military deployment to the 2006 East Timorese crisis alongside international partners . Clarks major overseas visit of her third term was a trip to the United States in March 2007 , where she met with George W . Bush in Washington . Despite her strained relationship with the President , they agreed on many issues , including working cooperatively in foreign affairs , commerce and the need for both nations to work toward energy security . On 8 February 2008 , Clark was recognised as the longest-serving leader of the Labour Party in its history ( although some uncertainty exists over the exact date when Harry Holland became party leader ) , having served for 14 years , 69 days . By 26 October 2008 she had passed Hollands longest possible term and her position as longest-serving Labour leader was put beyond doubt . By the end of her tenure in office , Clark had come to be seen as a divisive figure , going from a Herald-DigiPoll popularity rating of nearly 60% in 2005 to 42% at the time of the 2008 general election . Portrayals of Clark as controlling and manipulative after the 2005 election increased when she abandoned her consensus-managerial approach , such as during the New Zealand foreshore and seabed controversy , and her support of the Crimes ( Substituted Section 59 ) Amendment Act 2007 ( the so-called anti-smacking law ) . She was accused of having a nanny state approach to social issues , a perception captured by the pejorative term Helengrad . Labour had been consistently behind the National Party in opinion polls since 2006 , and the gap widened significantly in early 2007 . On 5 August 2008 the Treasury announced that the New Zealand economy had entered a recession . Clarks personal popularity was eclipsed by John Key soon after the latters election as National Party Leader in November 2006 . In the final media polls prior to the Key was ahead of Clark in preferred prime minister polls by eight points in the Fairfax Media Nielsen poll and four points in the One News Colmar Brunton poll . In the 2008 election campaign , Clark attacked the National Party as insincere in its promise to maintain many of her governments flagship projects , such as KiwiSaver and Kiwibank . National overtook Labour as the largest party following the 2008 election . Labour did not have the numbers to ally with smaller parties and no viable path to government ; Clark conceded defeat to Key and announced that she was standing down as party leader . On 11 November 2008 Clark was succeeded by Phil Goff as Leader of the Labour Party . In the first Labour Party conference after its defeat Phil Goff acknowledged that Clarks government had become identified with nanny-state policies in the public mind , and said that the party wanted to draw a line under the past and say , yes , we made mistakes , we didnt listen . Reputation and legacy . Early in her career Clark gained a reputation as a capable advocate of nuclear disarmament and public health policy . As party leader , Clark denounced Rogernomics as a ghastly period and won the 1999 election by abandoning its legacy . However , biographer Denis Welch has argued that she did not do enough to repudiate the paradigm created by Rogernomics , instead allowing Labour and National to become increasingly hard to tell apart on many issues . Clarks government was pragmatic , managerial , concerned with stability , and focused on incremental changes over grand projects . Political scientist Bryce Edwards argues that Clark was never a conviction politician and set out to be a successful rather than great politician , leaving behind a legacy of incremental reforms of New Zealand and good management of the status quo , but no bold ambitions . Likewise , commentator John Armstrong , while praising Clark , describes her as a technocratic prime minister who will be remembered more for her management abilities than a capacity to inspire . In January 2009 , two months after losing office , Clark was voted Greatest Living New Zealander in an opt-in website poll run by The New Zealand Herald . In a close race she received 25 percent of the vote , ahead of Victoria Cross recipient Willie Apiata at 21 percent . Then Prime Minister John Key said he was not surprised by the poll , saying she is well thought of as a New Zealand Prime Minister . Forbes magazine ranked Clark the 22nd most powerful woman in the world in 2016 , down from 20th in 2006 . Post-premiership . Clark was the first defeated Labour Prime Minister to immediately resign the party leadership rather than lead it in Opposition . She served as the shadow foreign affairs spokesperson in the Shadow Cabinet of Phil Goff for several months before retiring from Parliament in April 2009 to accept a position with the United Nations ( UN ) . United Nations Development Programme . Clark became the Administrator of the United Nations Development Programme ( UNDP ) on 17 April 2009 , and was the first woman to lead the organisation . She was also the Chair of the United Nations Development Group , a committee consisting of the heads of all UN funds , programmes and departments working on development issues . The New Zealand Government strongly supported her nomination , along with Australia , the Pacific Island nations and Prime Minister of the United Kingdom , Gordon Brown . She also received the support of the five countries on the bureau of the UNDP board ( Iran , Haiti , Serbia , The Netherlands and Tanzania ) and was unanimously confirmed by the General Assembly on 31 March . She was sworn in by UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon on 27 April 2009 . In this position , Forbes deemed her the 23rd most powerful woman in the world . In 2013 , Forbes upgraded her position to 21st most powerful woman in the world after she was appointed to administer UNDP for a second term and for her potential future as UN Secretary General . She was the only New Zealander to make the list . Clark was recognised for her managerial style of leadership . During her tenure , she was an advocate of Chinas Belt and Road Initiative . She worked to reform the administration and bureaucracy of UNDP , with an emphasis on greater transparency in the organisation . The Publish What You Fund campaign ranked UNDP as the most transparent aid organisation in the world in 2015 and 2016 , under Clarks administration . In February 2015 , Clark visited Guinea , Liberia and Sierra Leone to express solidarity with those working to prevent the spread of Ebola . During her tenure , the ratio of women to men at UNDP reached 50% , including at the most senior level of the organisation . On 24 May 2016 , a Foreign Policy article alleged that Clarks tenure as Administrator had left a trail of embittered peers and subordinates , and accused her of undercutting the UNs promotion of human rights . The article centred on an allegation that her senior staff retaliated against a critical report of the UNDP by forcing out an official who had participated in the investigation . Both the UNDP and Clark have denied the claims . On 26 January 2017 , Clark announced that she would not seek re-election as UNDP Administrator after the completion of her four-year term . She said it had been an honour and privilege to have served in the role . She left UNDP on 19 April 2017 . United Nations Secretary-General selection . In January 2014 , a Guardian interview with Clark raised the possibility that she could take over as UN Secretary-General after Ban Ki-moons retirement in 2016 . She did not confirm her interest , but commented : There will be interest in whether the UN will have a first woman because theyre looking like the last bastions , as it were . She also said in the same interview that : If theres enough support for the style of leadership that I have , it will be interesting . In response , Prime Minister John Key said the New Zealand Government would support a bid , but cautioned that it would be a tough task to get the job . On 4 April 2016 , Helen Clark officially submitted her nomination as New Zealands candidate for the 2016 UN Secretary-General selection . In an interview on the same day , Clark stressed that she was running as the gender-neutral best candidate and not on the basis of being a woman . The UNs role in the Haiti cholera outbreak has been widely discussed and criticised . There has been indisputable evidence that the UN is the proximate cause for bringing cholera to Haiti . Peacekeepers sent to Haiti from Nepal were carrying asymptomatic cholera and they did not treat their waste properly before dumping it into Haitis water stream . When asked about compensation for victims , Clark has declined to take a position , calling it legal issues . Another issue that received attention during Clarks candidacy was allegations of sexual exploitation and abuse by UN peacekeepers . This gross problem was brought to light after Anders Kompass exposed the sexual assault of children by peacekeepers in the Central African Republic . During the United Nations Secretary General Candidate informal dialogues , Clark said that the UN needed to deal quickly with sexual exploitation and abuse , and gender-based violence by peacekeepers . Straw polls were taken by secret ballot in October 2016 . Clark finished fifth place in the sixth poll ; her candidacy was effectively vetoed when three of the permanent Security Council members voted against her . Clarks bid for Secretary-General is the topic of a documentary film , My Year With Helen , directed by Gaylene Preston , which premiered in February 2018 . World Health Organization . On 9 July 2020 the World Health Organization ( WHO ) appointed Clark as co-chair of a panel reviewing the WHOs handling of the COVID-19 pandemic and the response of governments to the outbreak . The Independent Panel for Pandemic Preparedness and Response ( IPPR ) examined how the outbreak occurred and how future pandemics can be prevented . She served in the role alongside former Liberian President Ellen Johnson Sirleaf , and of her appointment Clark said she hesitated before accepting because she felt the panels task was mission impossible . Clarks appointment to this panel drew criticism from UN Watchs Executive Director Hillel Neuer , who criticised her close ties with the pro-Beijing UN Goodwill Ambassador James Chau and her previous endorsement of Cuba for sending medical personnel abroad . On 11 November , Neuer called on Clark to resign , claiming that her alleged favouritism towards China and the WHO , would affect the investigation into Chinas handling of the COVID-19 pandemic . Clark responded that she had no ties with China . On 19 January , the independent panel concluded that Chinese officials could have moved faster in January 2020 to curb the initial COVID-19 outbreak , and criticised the WHO for not declaring an international emergency until 30 January 2020 . In the final report published in May 2021 , the panel concluded that the pandemic could have been prevented if countries had taken a more proactive approach in February 2020 ; Clark said so many countries chose to wait and see . Personal life . Clark was brought up as a Presbyterian Christian , attending Sunday school weekly . When she was Prime Minister she described herself as an agnostic . She married sociologist Peter Davis , her partner of five years in 1981 , shortly before she was elected to Parliament . Clark had been under pressure from some Labour members to marry for political purposes , despite her personal reservations about marriage . Davis is a professor in medical sociology and was director of COMPASS ( Centre of Methods and Policy Application in the Social Sciences ) at the University of Auckland . Clark , after the 1981 elections was to note : It was a difficult campaign , Clark wrote in an essay for the book Head and Shoulders in 1984 . As a single woman I was really hammered . I was accused of being a lesbian , of living in a commune , having friends who were Trotskyites and gays... . In March 2001 , Clark referred to National MP Wyatt Creech as a scumbag and a sleazeball for having raised the issue of a potential conflict of interest involving Davis , who was leading an academic research team studying government health reforms . Clark is a keen hiker and mountaineer . In August 2008 , an expedition group that included Clark and her husband became stranded on the Two Thumb Range , a spur of the Southern Alps , when their guide ( and Clarks friend ) , Gottlieb Braun-Elwert , collapsed and died from a suspected heart attack . Views and positions . Social media . During her tenure as UNDP administrator and afterwards , Clarks presence on social media and avid use of Twitter has attracted positive attention in news media . She has called for greater regulation of social media platforms , and supports the Christchurch Call . Cannabis reform . During the 2020 New Zealand cannabis referendum , Clark publicly supported the Yes vote campaign to decriminalise recreational cannabis , arguing that prohibition did not work . She also featured in the We Do campaign supporting the proposed Cannabis Legalisation and Control Bill . Awards and honours . - In 1986 , Clark was awarded the annual Peace Prize of the Danish Peace Foundation for her work in promoting peace and nuclear disarmament . - In 1990 , Clark received the New Zealand 1990 Commemoration Medal . - In 1993 , Clark was awarded the New Zealand Suffrage Centennial Medal . - In 2002 , she was presented with the Nuclear-Free Future Award , for installing New Zealand at the forefront of the world political movement to rid the earth of nuclear weapons . - In 2005 , the government of the Solomon Islands awarded Clark ( with John Howard ) the Star of the Solomon Islands in recognition of New Zealands role in restoring law and order in the Solomon Islands . This award allows her to use the post-nominal letters SSI . - In January 2008 , Clark won the United Nations Environment Programme Champions of the Earth award in recognition of the governments promotion of sustainability initiatives . - In April 2009 , she was awarded an honorary Doctor of Laws degree by the University of Auckland , her alma mater . - In the 2010 New Year Honours , Clark was appointed a Member of the Order of New Zealand , New Zealands highest honour , for services to New Zealand . - In September 2017 , she received a Lifetime Achievement Award at the New Zealand Women of Influence Awards - In December 2017 , she was awarded the Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun . Patronage - Clark is the patron for The Helen Clark Foundation . - Clark is an Honorary Member of The International Raoul Wallenberg Foundation . - She was the patron of the New Zealand Rugby League between 2002 and 2011 , and has served as the patron of the Mount Albert Lions rugby league club for over 20 years . In popular culture . In 1996 , Clark guest starred as herself in popular New Zealand soap opera Shortland Street . A satirical book , later adapted as a play , titled On the Conditions and Possibilities of Helen Clark Taking Me as Her Young Lover , by Richard Meros , was published by Lawrence and Gibson in 2005 . Clark has also guest-starred on broTown , the New Zealand animated television series .
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[
"Star of the Solomon Islands"
] |
[
{
"text": " Helen Elizabeth Clark ( born 26 February 1950 ) is a New Zealand politician who served as the 37th Prime Minister of New Zealand from 1999 to 2008 , and was the Administrator of the United Nations Development Programme from 2009 to 2017 . She was New Zealands fifth-longest-serving prime minister , and the second woman to hold that office .",
"title": "Helen Clark"
},
{
"text": "Clark was brought up on a farm outside Hamilton . She entered the University of Auckland in 1968 to study politics , and became active in the New Zealand Labour Party . After graduating she lectured in political studies at the university . Clark entered local politics in 1974 in Auckland but was not elected to any position . Following one unsuccessful attempt , she was elected to Parliament in as the member for Mount Albert , an electorate she represented until 2009 .",
"title": "Helen Clark"
},
{
"text": " Clark held numerous Cabinet positions in the Fourth Labour Government , including Minister of Housing , Minister of Health and Minister of Conservation . She was Deputy Prime Minister from 1989 to 1990 under Prime Ministers Geoffrey Palmer and Mike Moore . After Labours narrow defeat in the , Clark challenged Moore for leadership of the party and won , becoming the Leader of the Opposition . Following the , Labour formed a governing coalition , and Clark was sworn in as Prime Minister on 10 December 1999 .",
"title": "Helen Clark"
},
{
"text": "Clark led the Fifth Labour Government , which implemented several major economic initiatives including Kiwibank , the New Zealand Superannuation Fund , the New Zealand Emissions Trading Scheme and KiwiSaver . Her government also introduced the Foreshore and Seabed Act 2004 , which caused major controversy . In foreign affairs , Clark sent troops to the Afghanistan War , but did not contribute combat troops to the Iraq War , and ordered a deployment to the 2006 East Timorese crisis . She advocated a number of free-trade agreements with major trading partners , including becoming the first developed nation to",
"title": "Helen Clark"
},
{
"text": "sign such an agreement with China . After three successive electoral victories , her government was defeated in the ; Clark resigned as Prime Minister and party leader on 19 November 2008 . She was succeeded as Prime Minister by John Key of the National Party , and as Leader of the Labour Party by Phil Goff .",
"title": "Helen Clark"
},
{
"text": " Clark resigned from Parliament in April 2009 shortly after losing the 2008 general election , to become the first female head of the United Nations Development Programme ( UNDP ) . In 2016 , she stood for the position of Secretary-General of the United Nations , but was unsuccessful . She left her UNDP administrator post on 19 April 2017 at the end of her second four-year term and was succeeded by Achim Steiner . In 2019 , Clark became the patron of The Helen Clark Foundation .",
"title": "Helen Clark"
},
{
"text": "Clark was the eldest of four daughters of a farming family at Te Pahu , west of Hamilton , in the Waikato region . Her mother , Margaret McMurray , of Irish birth , was a primary school teacher . Her father , George , was a farmer . Clark studied at Te Pahu Primary School , at Epsom Girls Grammar School in Auckland and at the University of Auckland , where she majored in politics and graduated with an MA ( Honours ) in 1974 . Her thesis focused on rural political behaviour and representation . As a teenager",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Clark became politically active , protesting against the Vietnam War and campaigning against foreign military bases in New Zealand .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " Clark has worked actively in the New Zealand Labour Party for most of her life . In 1971 she assisted Labour candidates to the Auckland City Council , three of whom were elected . Following this , she stood for the Auckland City Council herself in 1974 and 1977 . While generally polling well , she never won a seat , missing out by only 105 votes in the latter .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Clark was a junior lecturer in political studies at the University of Auckland from 1973 to 1975 . In 1974 she sought the nomination for the Auckland Central electorate , but lost to Richard Prebble . She instead stood for , a National safe seat . Clark studied abroad on a University Grants Committee post-graduate scholarship in 1976 , and then lectured in political studies at Auckland again while undertaking her PhD ( which she never completed ) from 1977 until her election to Parliament in 1981 . Her father supported National that election .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " Clark served as a member of Labours national executive committee from 1978 until September 1988 , and again from April 1989 . She chaired the University of Auckland Princes Street branch of the Labour Party during her studies , becoming active alongside future Labour politicians including Richard Prebble , David Caygill , Margaret Wilson and Richard Northey . Clark held the positions of president of the Labour Youth Council , executive member of the partys Auckland Regional Council , secretary of the Labour Womens Council and member of the Policy Council .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "She represented the New Zealand Labour Party at the congresses of the Socialist International and of the Socialist International Women in 1976 , 1978 , 1983 and 1986 , at an Asia-Pacific Socialist Organisation Conference held in Sydney in 1981 , and at the Socialist International Party Leaders Meeting in Sydney in 1991 .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " Clark did not contest the , but in 1980 she put her name forward to replace long serving MP Warren Freer in the safe Labour seat of Mount Albert . She beat six other contenders including electorate chairman Keith Elliot , former MP Malcolm Douglas and future MP Jack Elder for the nomination .",
"title": "Member of Parliament"
},
{
"text": "Clark was duly elected to the New Zealand House of Representatives in the 1981 general election , as one of eight female members in the 40th Parliament . In winning the Mount Albert electorate in Auckland , she became the second woman elected to represent an Auckland electorate , and the seventeenth woman elected to the New Zealand Parliament . Her first parliamentary intervention , on taking her seat was on 12 April 1982 to give notice , she would move a motion condemning the US Navys deployment of nuclear cruise missiles in the Pacific Two weeks later in her",
"title": "Member of Parliament"
},
{
"text": "maiden speech , with unusual emphasis on defence policy and the arms race , Clark again condemned the deployment of cruise , Pershing and SS20 and the global ambitions of both superpowers navies , but claimed the Soviet admirals did not plough New Zealands waters and expressed particular concern about the expansion of the 1965 memo of ANZUS understanding for the resupply of weapons to New Zealand to include nuclear weapon resupply .",
"title": "Member of Parliament"
},
{
"text": " During her first term in the House ( 1981–1984 ) , Clark became a member of the Statutes Revision Committee . In her second term ( 1984–1987 ) , she chaired the Select committee on Foreign Affairs and the Select Committee on Disarmament and Arms Control , both of which combined with the Defence Select Committee in 1985 to form a single committee . In 1983 she was appointed as Labours spokesperson for Overseas Aid and Disarmament .",
"title": "Member of Parliament"
},
{
"text": "In 1987 , Clark became a Cabinet minister in the Fourth Labour Government , led by David Lange ( 1984–1989 ) , Geoffrey Palmer ( 1989–1990 ) and Mike Moore ( 1990 ) . She served as Minister of Conservation from August 1987 until January 1989 and as Minister of Housing from August 1987 until August 1989 . She became Minister of Health in January 1989 , and took on additional portfolios as Minister of Labour and Deputy Prime Minister in August 1989 . As Health Minister , Clark introduced a series of legislative changes that allowed midwives to practice",
"title": "Cabinet Minister"
},
{
"text": "autonomously . She also introduced the Smoke-free Environments Act 1990 , a law which restricted smoking in places such as workplaces and schools .",
"title": "Cabinet Minister"
},
{
"text": " As Deputy Prime Minister , Clark chaired the Cabinet Social Equity Committee , and was a member of several other important Cabinet committees , such as the Policy Committee , Economic Development and Employment Committee , and Domestic and External Security Committee . Leader of the Opposition .",
"title": "Cabinet Minister"
},
{
"text": "From October 1990 until December 1993 Clark held the posts of Deputy Leader of the Opposition , Shadow spokesperson for Health and Labour , and member of the Social Services Select Committee and of the Labour Select Committee . After the National Party won the 1993 general election with a majority of one seat , Clark successfully challenged Mike Moore for the leadership of the parliamentary party . She was particularly critical of Moore for delivering blurred messages during the 1993 election campaign , and accused him of failing to re-brand Labour as a centre-left party which had jettisoned Rogernomics",
"title": "Cabinet Minister"
},
{
"text": ".",
"title": "Cabinet Minister"
},
{
"text": " Clark became the Leader of the Opposition on 1 December 1993 . She led the Labour Party in opposition to the National-led government of Jim Bolger ( 1990–1997 ) and Jenny Shipley ( 1997–1999 ) . Clark announced her first shadow cabinet on 13 December 1993 , but the ousted Moore refused any portfolios . There were frequent changes after several party defections took place during the parliamentary term in the lead up to the new MMP voting system . At one reshuffle , in June 1995 , Clark herself took the shadow foreign affairs portfolio .",
"title": "Cabinet Minister"
},
{
"text": "The Labour Party rated poorly in opinion polls in the run-up to the 1996 general election , and Clark suffered from a low personal approval rating . At one point polls suggested that New Zealand First of Winston Peters would even poll 30% and Labour would be beaten into third place . However , she survived an attempted leadership coup by senior members who favoured Phil Goff . Labour lost the election in October 1996 , but Clark remained as Opposition leader . Clark was seen as having convincingly won the election debates which led to Labour doing better than",
"title": "Cabinet Minister"
},
{
"text": "predicted . Shortly before the election she also achieved a rapprochement with Moore ( who was previously thinking of setting up his own party ) who accepted the foreign affairs and overseas trade portfolios , calming internal tensions .",
"title": "Cabinet Minister"
},
{
"text": " During the 1998 Waitangi Day celebrations , Clark was prevented from speaking on the marae by activist Titewhai Harawira in protest over Clarks being allowed to speak in direct contradiction of traditional Māori protocol . The ensuing argument saw Clark being reduced to tears on national television .",
"title": "Cabinet Minister"
},
{
"text": "In 1999 , Clark was involved in a defamation case in the High Court of New Zealand with Auckland orthopaedic surgeon Joe Brownlee , resulting in Clarks making an unreserved apology . The case centered on a press statement issued by Clark criticising Brownlee , triggered by a constituents complaint over the outcome of a hip replacement . Clark admitted the criticism was unjustified in that the complication suffered by her constituent was rare , unforeseen and unavoidable .",
"title": "Cabinet Minister"
},
{
"text": "Under Clarks leadership , Labour became the largest party in parliament from 1999 to 2008 . Clark became the second woman to serve as Prime Minister of New Zealand , and the first to have won office at an election . She also served as the Minister for Arts , Culture and Heritage throughout her premiership . She had additional ministerial responsibility for the New Zealand Security Intelligence Service ( NZSIS ) and for Ministerial Services . During her period in office , women held a number of prominent elected and appointed offices in New Zealand , such as the",
"title": "Cabinet Minister"
},
{
"text": "Governor-General , Speaker of the House of Representatives and Chief Justice—these major offices of state were simultaneously occupied by women between March 2005 and August 2006 . As a female head of government , Clark was a member of the Council of Women World Leaders .",
"title": "Cabinet Minister"
},
{
"text": " Clark entered office just three years after the adoption of the Mixed Member Proportional ( MMP ) voting system , which had produced an unstable National-led government under Bolger and Shipley . Clark negotiated the formation of successive coalition governments . Political scientist Bryce Edwards identified Clarks ability to lead stable governments as her most significant achievement , arguing that her ability to work with a variety of coalition partners—including the Alliance , Jim Andertons Progressive Party , Green , United Future and New Zealand First—consolidated public support for MMP .",
"title": "Cabinet Minister"
},
{
"text": "Clarks particular interests included social policy and international affairs . A strong supporter of nuclear disarmament , Clark pursued a policy of peace-making within the Pacific region . She set herself the task of making New Zealand the first ecologically sustainable nation , describing this as central to New Zealands unique national identity . Her governments major policy achievements include the Working for Families package , increasing the minimum wage 5% a year , interest-free student loans , creation of District Health Boards , the introduction of a number of tax credits , overhauling the secondary school qualifications by introducing",
"title": "Cabinet Minister"
},
{
"text": "NCEA , and the introduction of fourteen weeks’ parental leave . Commentators praised Clark ( along with Michael Cullen , the Minister of Finance ) for overseeing a period of sustained and stable economic growth , with an increase in employment that saw a gradual lowering of the unemployment rate to a record low of 3.6% ( in 2005 ) .",
"title": "Cabinet Minister"
},
{
"text": " Clark made every attempt to make sure that gender was not an issue in politics . However , Bryce Edwards states that others did . Clark was portrayed as bloodsucking , cold , and humourless . Clark says herself that when her male counterparts spoke in the media , they looked strong and determined , whereas when she portrayed the same characteristics , the media made it to look like she was tough and nagging .",
"title": "Cabinet Minister"
},
{
"text": "In 2006 Clark was 20th in Forbes magazines ranking of the worlds 100 most powerful women . By the time she left office in 2008 this had fallen to 56th .",
"title": "Cabinet Minister"
},
{
"text": "The 1999 general election produced a historic moment for New Zealand ; for the first time , two women , Clark and Shipley , campaigned against each other as leaders of the countrys two major parties . Clark repeatedly stated her desire to govern alone rather than as part of a coalition . However , in the lead up to the election , Labour made overtures to the left-wing Alliance . Clark addressed the Alliances annual conference in August 1998 . On polling day Labour returned 49 seats , an increase of 12 , ahead of Nationals 39 seats .",
"title": "Cabinet Minister"
},
{
"text": "The first Clark-led Cabinet linked Labour with the Alliance . Alliance leader Jim Anderton served as Deputy Prime Minister under Clark until 2002 . The full ministerial team , and portfolios , was announced on 9 December—12 days after the election—and the new government was sworn in the following day . The coalition partners pioneered agree to disagree procedures to manage policy differences . Such procedures lessened the chances of Cabinet becoming publicly divided and running the risk of losing the confidence of the House of Representatives .",
"title": "Cabinet Minister"
},
{
"text": "In January 2000 , the then Police Commissioner , Peter Doone , resigned after The Sunday Star-Times alleged he had prevented the breath testing of his partner Robyn , who had driven the car they occupied , by telling the officer that wont be necessary . Both Doone and the officer involved denied this happened . Doone sued the Sunday Star-Times for defamation in 2005 , but the paper revealed they had checked the story with Clark . She confirmed this , but denied that she had made attempts to get Doone to resign and defended being the source as",
"title": "Cabinet Minister"
},
{
"text": "by definition I cannot leak . Clark also responded by saying that National supporters had funded Doones defamation-suit . Opinion on the significance of this incident varied .",
"title": "Cabinet Minister"
},
{
"text": " In 2000 , Labour MP Chris Carter investigated the background of one of Clarks Cabinet colleagues , Māori Affairs Minister Dover Samuels , regarding allegations of historic statutory rape . Ex-convict John Yelash claimed that Carter had approached him to help with the investigation ; a claim that Carter denied . Clark backed her MP , referring to Yelash as a murderer when he had in fact been convicted of manslaughter , a less serious offence . Yelash sued Clark for defamation , resulting in an out-of-court settlement .",
"title": "Cabinet Minister"
},
{
"text": "In April 2001 , Clark met with Chinese President Jiang Zemin during an official visit to Beijing . Jiang referred to the Prime Minister as an old friend . He stated that China hoped to establish bilateral long-term and stable overall cooperative relations [ with New Zealand ] . Clark strongly supported Chinas entry into the World Trade Organization .",
"title": "Cabinet Minister"
},
{
"text": "In March 2002 , Clark made her first visit to the United States as Prime Minister . She visited Ground Zero , the former site of the World Trade Center , where the New York City Police Department presented her with a New Zealand flag that had been recovered from the rubble after the September 11 attacks . On 26 March , Clark visited the Pentagon and Washington , D.C. , where she met with American officials , including a private meeting with President George W . Bush . Most of the agenda for Clarks visit focused on the joint",
"title": "Cabinet Minister"
},
{
"text": "counter-terrorism campaign ( dubbed the War on Terror ) .",
"title": "Cabinet Minister"
},
{
"text": " As Opposition Leader in 1998 , Clark signed her name to a canvas that had been painted on by another artist . The painting was subsequently auctioned to charity . After the act came to light in April 2002 , the opposition National Party referred the matter to the Police . A police report found evidence for a prima facie case of forgery , but determined that it was not in the public interest to prosecute Clark .",
"title": "Cabinet Minister"
},
{
"text": "In June 2002 , Clark apologised on behalf of New Zealand for aspects of the countrys treatment of Samoa during the colonial era . Clarks apology was made in Apia during the 40th anniversary of Samoas independence and televised live to New Zealand where Samoans applauded the Prime Ministers gesture .",
"title": "Cabinet Minister"
},
{
"text": "The Alliance split in 2002 over the Governments commitment of New Zealand troops to the War in Afghanistan , leading to the imminent dissolution of Labours coalition with that party . Consequently , Clark called for an early election to be held on 27 July . Political opponents claimed that Clark could have continued to govern , and that a snap election was called to take advantage of Labours strong position in opinion polls . In opinion surveys conducted during the election campaign , Clark scored high approval ratings and was far ahead of other party leaders as preferred Prime",
"title": "Cabinet Minister"
},
{
"text": "Minister .",
"title": "Cabinet Minister"
},
{
"text": "A major issue during the 2002 election campaign was the end of a moratorium on genetic engineering , strongly opposed by the rival Green Party . The debate was reignited when investigative journalist Nicky Hager published a book , Seeds of Distrust , in which he alleged that Clarks government had covered up a contamination of genetically modified corn plants in 2000 . A television interview with John Campbell was terminated by Clark when she was taken by surprise from the allegations , which she claimed to have known nothing about prior to the interview . The affair was dubbed",
"title": "Cabinet Minister"
},
{
"text": "Corngate by the media .",
"title": "Cabinet Minister"
},
{
"text": " Second term : 2002–2005 . Clark won a second term in the 2002 general election—her party increased both its share of the vote and number of seats . Labour subsequently entered into a coalition with Jim Andertons Progressive Party ( a spin-off of the Alliance ) , with parliamentary confidence and supply coming from United Future , and a good-faith agreement with the Green Party . Michael Cullen , who served as Minister of Finance , was appointed Deputy Prime Minister by Clark , replacing Anderton .",
"title": "Cabinet Minister"
},
{
"text": "A republican , Clark stated in 2002 that she thought it was inevitable that New Zealand would become a republic in the near future . Her term in office saw a number of alleged moves in this direction , under her governments policy of building national identity . Examples include the abolition of appeals to the Privy Council in London and the foundation of the Supreme Court of New Zealand , the abolition of titular Knighthood and Damehood honours ( restored in 2009 ) , and the abolition of the title Queens Counsel ( replaced by Senior Counsel , restored",
"title": "Cabinet Minister"
},
{
"text": "in 2012 ) .",
"title": "Cabinet Minister"
},
{
"text": "In 2003 , Clark criticised the Invasion of Iraq without an explicit United Nations mandate , and her government opposed New Zealand military action in the Iraq War . Her government did not send combat troops to Iraq , although some medical and engineering units were sent . Clarks foreign policy reflected the priorities of liberal internationalism , especially the promotion of democracy and human rights ; the strengthening of the role of the United Nations ; the advancement of antimilitarism and disarmament ; and the encouragement of free-trade . In March 2003 , referring to the US-led coalitions actions",
"title": "Cabinet Minister"
},
{
"text": "in Iraq , Clark told the newspaper The Sunday Star-Times that , I dont think that 11 September under a Gore presidency would have had this consequence for Iraq . She later sent a letter to Washington apologising for any offence that her comment may have caused .",
"title": "Cabinet Minister"
},
{
"text": " On 17 July 2004 , a motorcade involving police , Diplomatic Protection Squad , and Ministerial Services staff reached speeds of up to 172 km/h when taking Clark and Cabinet Minister Jim Sutton from Waimate to Christchurch Airport so she could attend a rugby union match in Wellington . The courts subsequently convicted the drivers involved for driving offences , but appeals resulted in the quashing of these convictions in December 2005 and August 2006 .",
"title": "Cabinet Minister"
},
{
"text": "Clark said that she was busy working in the back seat and had no influence or role in the decision to speed and did not realise the speed of her vehicle .",
"title": "Cabinet Minister"
},
{
"text": " In November 2004 , Clark announced that negotiations with China had commenced for a free-trade agreement , eventually signing a comprehensive agreement in July 2008 . It was New Zealands largest trade deal since the 1983 Closer Economic Relations agreement with Australia . Third term : 2005–2008 .",
"title": "Cabinet Minister"
},
{
"text": "In 2005 , following that years general election , Labour and the Progressive Party renewed their coalition , with confidence and supply arrangements with both New Zealand First and United Future in exchange for giving the leaders of those parties ministerial positions outside Cabinet . Clark became first Labour leader to win three consecutive elections . Clark won 66% of her electorates votes , or 20,918 votes with a 14,749 majority .",
"title": "Cabinet Minister"
},
{
"text": " On Armistice Day , 11 November 2006 , Clark attended a service in Hyde Park , London , where a monument commemorating New Zealands war dead was unveiled . During her visit she met Queen Elizabeth , Prince Charles and British Prime Minister Tony Blair . On 26 May 2006 , Clark ordered a military deployment to the 2006 East Timorese crisis alongside international partners .",
"title": "Cabinet Minister"
},
{
"text": "Clarks major overseas visit of her third term was a trip to the United States in March 2007 , where she met with George W . Bush in Washington . Despite her strained relationship with the President , they agreed on many issues , including working cooperatively in foreign affairs , commerce and the need for both nations to work toward energy security .",
"title": "Cabinet Minister"
},
{
"text": " On 8 February 2008 , Clark was recognised as the longest-serving leader of the Labour Party in its history ( although some uncertainty exists over the exact date when Harry Holland became party leader ) , having served for 14 years , 69 days . By 26 October 2008 she had passed Hollands longest possible term and her position as longest-serving Labour leader was put beyond doubt .",
"title": "Cabinet Minister"
},
{
"text": "By the end of her tenure in office , Clark had come to be seen as a divisive figure , going from a Herald-DigiPoll popularity rating of nearly 60% in 2005 to 42% at the time of the 2008 general election . Portrayals of Clark as controlling and manipulative after the 2005 election increased when she abandoned her consensus-managerial approach , such as during the New Zealand foreshore and seabed controversy , and her support of the Crimes ( Substituted Section 59 ) Amendment Act 2007 ( the so-called anti-smacking law ) . She was accused of having a nanny",
"title": "Cabinet Minister"
},
{
"text": "state approach to social issues , a perception captured by the pejorative term Helengrad .",
"title": "Cabinet Minister"
},
{
"text": " Labour had been consistently behind the National Party in opinion polls since 2006 , and the gap widened significantly in early 2007 . On 5 August 2008 the Treasury announced that the New Zealand economy had entered a recession .",
"title": "Cabinet Minister"
},
{
"text": "Clarks personal popularity was eclipsed by John Key soon after the latters election as National Party Leader in November 2006 . In the final media polls prior to the Key was ahead of Clark in preferred prime minister polls by eight points in the Fairfax Media Nielsen poll and four points in the One News Colmar Brunton poll . In the 2008 election campaign , Clark attacked the National Party as insincere in its promise to maintain many of her governments flagship projects , such as KiwiSaver and Kiwibank .",
"title": "Cabinet Minister"
},
{
"text": "National overtook Labour as the largest party following the 2008 election . Labour did not have the numbers to ally with smaller parties and no viable path to government ; Clark conceded defeat to Key and announced that she was standing down as party leader . On 11 November 2008 Clark was succeeded by Phil Goff as Leader of the Labour Party . In the first Labour Party conference after its defeat Phil Goff acknowledged that Clarks government had become identified with nanny-state policies in the public mind , and said that the party wanted to draw a line under",
"title": "Cabinet Minister"
},
{
"text": "the past and say , yes , we made mistakes , we didnt listen .",
"title": "Cabinet Minister"
},
{
"text": " Early in her career Clark gained a reputation as a capable advocate of nuclear disarmament and public health policy . As party leader , Clark denounced Rogernomics as a ghastly period and won the 1999 election by abandoning its legacy . However , biographer Denis Welch has argued that she did not do enough to repudiate the paradigm created by Rogernomics , instead allowing Labour and National to become increasingly hard to tell apart on many issues .",
"title": "Reputation and legacy"
},
{
"text": "Clarks government was pragmatic , managerial , concerned with stability , and focused on incremental changes over grand projects . Political scientist Bryce Edwards argues that Clark was never a conviction politician and set out to be a successful rather than great politician , leaving behind a legacy of incremental reforms of New Zealand and good management of the status quo , but no bold ambitions . Likewise , commentator John Armstrong , while praising Clark , describes her as a technocratic prime minister who will be remembered more for her management abilities than a capacity to inspire .",
"title": "Reputation and legacy"
},
{
"text": " In January 2009 , two months after losing office , Clark was voted Greatest Living New Zealander in an opt-in website poll run by The New Zealand Herald . In a close race she received 25 percent of the vote , ahead of Victoria Cross recipient Willie Apiata at 21 percent . Then Prime Minister John Key said he was not surprised by the poll , saying she is well thought of as a New Zealand Prime Minister .",
"title": "Reputation and legacy"
},
{
"text": "Forbes magazine ranked Clark the 22nd most powerful woman in the world in 2016 , down from 20th in 2006 .",
"title": "Reputation and legacy"
},
{
"text": " Clark was the first defeated Labour Prime Minister to immediately resign the party leadership rather than lead it in Opposition . She served as the shadow foreign affairs spokesperson in the Shadow Cabinet of Phil Goff for several months before retiring from Parliament in April 2009 to accept a position with the United Nations ( UN ) . United Nations Development Programme .",
"title": "Post-premiership"
},
{
"text": "Clark became the Administrator of the United Nations Development Programme ( UNDP ) on 17 April 2009 , and was the first woman to lead the organisation . She was also the Chair of the United Nations Development Group , a committee consisting of the heads of all UN funds , programmes and departments working on development issues . The New Zealand Government strongly supported her nomination , along with Australia , the Pacific Island nations and Prime Minister of the United Kingdom , Gordon Brown . She also received the support of the five countries on the bureau of",
"title": "Post-premiership"
},
{
"text": "the UNDP board ( Iran , Haiti , Serbia , The Netherlands and Tanzania ) and was unanimously confirmed by the General Assembly on 31 March . She was sworn in by UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon on 27 April 2009 . In this position , Forbes deemed her the 23rd most powerful woman in the world .",
"title": "Post-premiership"
},
{
"text": " In 2013 , Forbes upgraded her position to 21st most powerful woman in the world after she was appointed to administer UNDP for a second term and for her potential future as UN Secretary General . She was the only New Zealander to make the list .",
"title": "Post-premiership"
},
{
"text": "Clark was recognised for her managerial style of leadership . During her tenure , she was an advocate of Chinas Belt and Road Initiative . She worked to reform the administration and bureaucracy of UNDP , with an emphasis on greater transparency in the organisation . The Publish What You Fund campaign ranked UNDP as the most transparent aid organisation in the world in 2015 and 2016 , under Clarks administration .",
"title": "Post-premiership"
},
{
"text": " In February 2015 , Clark visited Guinea , Liberia and Sierra Leone to express solidarity with those working to prevent the spread of Ebola . During her tenure , the ratio of women to men at UNDP reached 50% , including at the most senior level of the organisation .",
"title": "Post-premiership"
},
{
"text": "On 24 May 2016 , a Foreign Policy article alleged that Clarks tenure as Administrator had left a trail of embittered peers and subordinates , and accused her of undercutting the UNs promotion of human rights . The article centred on an allegation that her senior staff retaliated against a critical report of the UNDP by forcing out an official who had participated in the investigation . Both the UNDP and Clark have denied the claims .",
"title": "Post-premiership"
},
{
"text": " On 26 January 2017 , Clark announced that she would not seek re-election as UNDP Administrator after the completion of her four-year term . She said it had been an honour and privilege to have served in the role . She left UNDP on 19 April 2017 . United Nations Secretary-General selection .",
"title": "Post-premiership"
},
{
"text": "In January 2014 , a Guardian interview with Clark raised the possibility that she could take over as UN Secretary-General after Ban Ki-moons retirement in 2016 . She did not confirm her interest , but commented : There will be interest in whether the UN will have a first woman because theyre looking like the last bastions , as it were . She also said in the same interview that : If theres enough support for the style of leadership that I have , it will be interesting . In response , Prime Minister John Key said the New Zealand",
"title": "Post-premiership"
},
{
"text": "Government would support a bid , but cautioned that it would be a tough task to get the job .",
"title": "Post-premiership"
},
{
"text": " On 4 April 2016 , Helen Clark officially submitted her nomination as New Zealands candidate for the 2016 UN Secretary-General selection . In an interview on the same day , Clark stressed that she was running as the gender-neutral best candidate and not on the basis of being a woman .",
"title": "Post-premiership"
},
{
"text": "The UNs role in the Haiti cholera outbreak has been widely discussed and criticised . There has been indisputable evidence that the UN is the proximate cause for bringing cholera to Haiti . Peacekeepers sent to Haiti from Nepal were carrying asymptomatic cholera and they did not treat their waste properly before dumping it into Haitis water stream . When asked about compensation for victims , Clark has declined to take a position , calling it legal issues .",
"title": "Post-premiership"
},
{
"text": " Another issue that received attention during Clarks candidacy was allegations of sexual exploitation and abuse by UN peacekeepers . This gross problem was brought to light after Anders Kompass exposed the sexual assault of children by peacekeepers in the Central African Republic . During the United Nations Secretary General Candidate informal dialogues , Clark said that the UN needed to deal quickly with sexual exploitation and abuse , and gender-based violence by peacekeepers .",
"title": "Post-premiership"
},
{
"text": "Straw polls were taken by secret ballot in October 2016 . Clark finished fifth place in the sixth poll ; her candidacy was effectively vetoed when three of the permanent Security Council members voted against her .",
"title": "Post-premiership"
},
{
"text": " Clarks bid for Secretary-General is the topic of a documentary film , My Year With Helen , directed by Gaylene Preston , which premiered in February 2018 .",
"title": "Post-premiership"
},
{
"text": "On 9 July 2020 the World Health Organization ( WHO ) appointed Clark as co-chair of a panel reviewing the WHOs handling of the COVID-19 pandemic and the response of governments to the outbreak . The Independent Panel for Pandemic Preparedness and Response ( IPPR ) examined how the outbreak occurred and how future pandemics can be prevented . She served in the role alongside former Liberian President Ellen Johnson Sirleaf , and of her appointment Clark said she hesitated before accepting because she felt the panels task was mission impossible . Clarks appointment to this panel drew criticism from",
"title": "World Health Organization"
},
{
"text": "UN Watchs Executive Director Hillel Neuer , who criticised her close ties with the pro-Beijing UN Goodwill Ambassador James Chau and her previous endorsement of Cuba for sending medical personnel abroad . On 11 November , Neuer called on Clark to resign , claiming that her alleged favouritism towards China and the WHO , would affect the investigation into Chinas handling of the COVID-19 pandemic . Clark responded that she had no ties with China .",
"title": "World Health Organization"
},
{
"text": " On 19 January , the independent panel concluded that Chinese officials could have moved faster in January 2020 to curb the initial COVID-19 outbreak , and criticised the WHO for not declaring an international emergency until 30 January 2020 . In the final report published in May 2021 , the panel concluded that the pandemic could have been prevented if countries had taken a more proactive approach in February 2020 ; Clark said so many countries chose to wait and see .",
"title": "World Health Organization"
},
{
"text": " Clark was brought up as a Presbyterian Christian , attending Sunday school weekly . When she was Prime Minister she described herself as an agnostic .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "She married sociologist Peter Davis , her partner of five years in 1981 , shortly before she was elected to Parliament . Clark had been under pressure from some Labour members to marry for political purposes , despite her personal reservations about marriage . Davis is a professor in medical sociology and was director of COMPASS ( Centre of Methods and Policy Application in the Social Sciences ) at the University of Auckland .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " Clark , after the 1981 elections was to note : It was a difficult campaign , Clark wrote in an essay for the book Head and Shoulders in 1984 . As a single woman I was really hammered . I was accused of being a lesbian , of living in a commune , having friends who were Trotskyites and gays... .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "In March 2001 , Clark referred to National MP Wyatt Creech as a scumbag and a sleazeball for having raised the issue of a potential conflict of interest involving Davis , who was leading an academic research team studying government health reforms .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " Clark is a keen hiker and mountaineer . In August 2008 , an expedition group that included Clark and her husband became stranded on the Two Thumb Range , a spur of the Southern Alps , when their guide ( and Clarks friend ) , Gottlieb Braun-Elwert , collapsed and died from a suspected heart attack .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " During her tenure as UNDP administrator and afterwards , Clarks presence on social media and avid use of Twitter has attracted positive attention in news media . She has called for greater regulation of social media platforms , and supports the Christchurch Call .",
"title": "Social media"
},
{
"text": " During the 2020 New Zealand cannabis referendum , Clark publicly supported the Yes vote campaign to decriminalise recreational cannabis , arguing that prohibition did not work . She also featured in the We Do campaign supporting the proposed Cannabis Legalisation and Control Bill .",
"title": "Cannabis reform"
},
{
"text": " - In 1986 , Clark was awarded the annual Peace Prize of the Danish Peace Foundation for her work in promoting peace and nuclear disarmament . - In 1990 , Clark received the New Zealand 1990 Commemoration Medal . - In 1993 , Clark was awarded the New Zealand Suffrage Centennial Medal . - In 2002 , she was presented with the Nuclear-Free Future Award , for installing New Zealand at the forefront of the world political movement to rid the earth of nuclear weapons .",
"title": "Awards and honours"
},
{
"text": "- In 2005 , the government of the Solomon Islands awarded Clark ( with John Howard ) the Star of the Solomon Islands in recognition of New Zealands role in restoring law and order in the Solomon Islands . This award allows her to use the post-nominal letters SSI .",
"title": "Awards and honours"
},
{
"text": " - In January 2008 , Clark won the United Nations Environment Programme Champions of the Earth award in recognition of the governments promotion of sustainability initiatives . - In April 2009 , she was awarded an honorary Doctor of Laws degree by the University of Auckland , her alma mater . - In the 2010 New Year Honours , Clark was appointed a Member of the Order of New Zealand , New Zealands highest honour , for services to New Zealand .",
"title": "Awards and honours"
},
{
"text": "- In September 2017 , she received a Lifetime Achievement Award at the New Zealand Women of Influence Awards",
"title": "Awards and honours"
},
{
"text": " - In December 2017 , she was awarded the Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun .",
"title": "Awards and honours"
},
{
"text": " - Clark is the patron for The Helen Clark Foundation . - Clark is an Honorary Member of The International Raoul Wallenberg Foundation . - She was the patron of the New Zealand Rugby League between 2002 and 2011 , and has served as the patron of the Mount Albert Lions rugby league club for over 20 years .",
"title": "Patronage"
}
] |
/wiki/Helen_Clark#P166#2
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Helen Clark received which award in 2008?
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Helen Clark Helen Elizabeth Clark ( born 26 February 1950 ) is a New Zealand politician who served as the 37th Prime Minister of New Zealand from 1999 to 2008 , and was the Administrator of the United Nations Development Programme from 2009 to 2017 . She was New Zealands fifth-longest-serving prime minister , and the second woman to hold that office . Clark was brought up on a farm outside Hamilton . She entered the University of Auckland in 1968 to study politics , and became active in the New Zealand Labour Party . After graduating she lectured in political studies at the university . Clark entered local politics in 1974 in Auckland but was not elected to any position . Following one unsuccessful attempt , she was elected to Parliament in as the member for Mount Albert , an electorate she represented until 2009 . Clark held numerous Cabinet positions in the Fourth Labour Government , including Minister of Housing , Minister of Health and Minister of Conservation . She was Deputy Prime Minister from 1989 to 1990 under Prime Ministers Geoffrey Palmer and Mike Moore . After Labours narrow defeat in the , Clark challenged Moore for leadership of the party and won , becoming the Leader of the Opposition . Following the , Labour formed a governing coalition , and Clark was sworn in as Prime Minister on 10 December 1999 . Clark led the Fifth Labour Government , which implemented several major economic initiatives including Kiwibank , the New Zealand Superannuation Fund , the New Zealand Emissions Trading Scheme and KiwiSaver . Her government also introduced the Foreshore and Seabed Act 2004 , which caused major controversy . In foreign affairs , Clark sent troops to the Afghanistan War , but did not contribute combat troops to the Iraq War , and ordered a deployment to the 2006 East Timorese crisis . She advocated a number of free-trade agreements with major trading partners , including becoming the first developed nation to sign such an agreement with China . After three successive electoral victories , her government was defeated in the ; Clark resigned as Prime Minister and party leader on 19 November 2008 . She was succeeded as Prime Minister by John Key of the National Party , and as Leader of the Labour Party by Phil Goff . Clark resigned from Parliament in April 2009 shortly after losing the 2008 general election , to become the first female head of the United Nations Development Programme ( UNDP ) . In 2016 , she stood for the position of Secretary-General of the United Nations , but was unsuccessful . She left her UNDP administrator post on 19 April 2017 at the end of her second four-year term and was succeeded by Achim Steiner . In 2019 , Clark became the patron of The Helen Clark Foundation . Early life . Clark was the eldest of four daughters of a farming family at Te Pahu , west of Hamilton , in the Waikato region . Her mother , Margaret McMurray , of Irish birth , was a primary school teacher . Her father , George , was a farmer . Clark studied at Te Pahu Primary School , at Epsom Girls Grammar School in Auckland and at the University of Auckland , where she majored in politics and graduated with an MA ( Honours ) in 1974 . Her thesis focused on rural political behaviour and representation . As a teenager Clark became politically active , protesting against the Vietnam War and campaigning against foreign military bases in New Zealand . Clark has worked actively in the New Zealand Labour Party for most of her life . In 1971 she assisted Labour candidates to the Auckland City Council , three of whom were elected . Following this , she stood for the Auckland City Council herself in 1974 and 1977 . While generally polling well , she never won a seat , missing out by only 105 votes in the latter . Clark was a junior lecturer in political studies at the University of Auckland from 1973 to 1975 . In 1974 she sought the nomination for the Auckland Central electorate , but lost to Richard Prebble . She instead stood for , a National safe seat . Clark studied abroad on a University Grants Committee post-graduate scholarship in 1976 , and then lectured in political studies at Auckland again while undertaking her PhD ( which she never completed ) from 1977 until her election to Parliament in 1981 . Her father supported National that election . Clark served as a member of Labours national executive committee from 1978 until September 1988 , and again from April 1989 . She chaired the University of Auckland Princes Street branch of the Labour Party during her studies , becoming active alongside future Labour politicians including Richard Prebble , David Caygill , Margaret Wilson and Richard Northey . Clark held the positions of president of the Labour Youth Council , executive member of the partys Auckland Regional Council , secretary of the Labour Womens Council and member of the Policy Council . She represented the New Zealand Labour Party at the congresses of the Socialist International and of the Socialist International Women in 1976 , 1978 , 1983 and 1986 , at an Asia-Pacific Socialist Organisation Conference held in Sydney in 1981 , and at the Socialist International Party Leaders Meeting in Sydney in 1991 . Member of Parliament . Clark did not contest the , but in 1980 she put her name forward to replace long serving MP Warren Freer in the safe Labour seat of Mount Albert . She beat six other contenders including electorate chairman Keith Elliot , former MP Malcolm Douglas and future MP Jack Elder for the nomination . Clark was duly elected to the New Zealand House of Representatives in the 1981 general election , as one of eight female members in the 40th Parliament . In winning the Mount Albert electorate in Auckland , she became the second woman elected to represent an Auckland electorate , and the seventeenth woman elected to the New Zealand Parliament . Her first parliamentary intervention , on taking her seat was on 12 April 1982 to give notice , she would move a motion condemning the US Navys deployment of nuclear cruise missiles in the Pacific Two weeks later in her maiden speech , with unusual emphasis on defence policy and the arms race , Clark again condemned the deployment of cruise , Pershing and SS20 and the global ambitions of both superpowers navies , but claimed the Soviet admirals did not plough New Zealands waters and expressed particular concern about the expansion of the 1965 memo of ANZUS understanding for the resupply of weapons to New Zealand to include nuclear weapon resupply . During her first term in the House ( 1981–1984 ) , Clark became a member of the Statutes Revision Committee . In her second term ( 1984–1987 ) , she chaired the Select committee on Foreign Affairs and the Select Committee on Disarmament and Arms Control , both of which combined with the Defence Select Committee in 1985 to form a single committee . In 1983 she was appointed as Labours spokesperson for Overseas Aid and Disarmament . Cabinet Minister . In 1987 , Clark became a Cabinet minister in the Fourth Labour Government , led by David Lange ( 1984–1989 ) , Geoffrey Palmer ( 1989–1990 ) and Mike Moore ( 1990 ) . She served as Minister of Conservation from August 1987 until January 1989 and as Minister of Housing from August 1987 until August 1989 . She became Minister of Health in January 1989 , and took on additional portfolios as Minister of Labour and Deputy Prime Minister in August 1989 . As Health Minister , Clark introduced a series of legislative changes that allowed midwives to practice autonomously . She also introduced the Smoke-free Environments Act 1990 , a law which restricted smoking in places such as workplaces and schools . As Deputy Prime Minister , Clark chaired the Cabinet Social Equity Committee , and was a member of several other important Cabinet committees , such as the Policy Committee , Economic Development and Employment Committee , and Domestic and External Security Committee . Leader of the Opposition . From October 1990 until December 1993 Clark held the posts of Deputy Leader of the Opposition , Shadow spokesperson for Health and Labour , and member of the Social Services Select Committee and of the Labour Select Committee . After the National Party won the 1993 general election with a majority of one seat , Clark successfully challenged Mike Moore for the leadership of the parliamentary party . She was particularly critical of Moore for delivering blurred messages during the 1993 election campaign , and accused him of failing to re-brand Labour as a centre-left party which had jettisoned Rogernomics . Clark became the Leader of the Opposition on 1 December 1993 . She led the Labour Party in opposition to the National-led government of Jim Bolger ( 1990–1997 ) and Jenny Shipley ( 1997–1999 ) . Clark announced her first shadow cabinet on 13 December 1993 , but the ousted Moore refused any portfolios . There were frequent changes after several party defections took place during the parliamentary term in the lead up to the new MMP voting system . At one reshuffle , in June 1995 , Clark herself took the shadow foreign affairs portfolio . The Labour Party rated poorly in opinion polls in the run-up to the 1996 general election , and Clark suffered from a low personal approval rating . At one point polls suggested that New Zealand First of Winston Peters would even poll 30% and Labour would be beaten into third place . However , she survived an attempted leadership coup by senior members who favoured Phil Goff . Labour lost the election in October 1996 , but Clark remained as Opposition leader . Clark was seen as having convincingly won the election debates which led to Labour doing better than predicted . Shortly before the election she also achieved a rapprochement with Moore ( who was previously thinking of setting up his own party ) who accepted the foreign affairs and overseas trade portfolios , calming internal tensions . During the 1998 Waitangi Day celebrations , Clark was prevented from speaking on the marae by activist Titewhai Harawira in protest over Clarks being allowed to speak in direct contradiction of traditional Māori protocol . The ensuing argument saw Clark being reduced to tears on national television . In 1999 , Clark was involved in a defamation case in the High Court of New Zealand with Auckland orthopaedic surgeon Joe Brownlee , resulting in Clarks making an unreserved apology . The case centered on a press statement issued by Clark criticising Brownlee , triggered by a constituents complaint over the outcome of a hip replacement . Clark admitted the criticism was unjustified in that the complication suffered by her constituent was rare , unforeseen and unavoidable . Prime Minister ( 1999–2008 ) . Under Clarks leadership , Labour became the largest party in parliament from 1999 to 2008 . Clark became the second woman to serve as Prime Minister of New Zealand , and the first to have won office at an election . She also served as the Minister for Arts , Culture and Heritage throughout her premiership . She had additional ministerial responsibility for the New Zealand Security Intelligence Service ( NZSIS ) and for Ministerial Services . During her period in office , women held a number of prominent elected and appointed offices in New Zealand , such as the Governor-General , Speaker of the House of Representatives and Chief Justice—these major offices of state were simultaneously occupied by women between March 2005 and August 2006 . As a female head of government , Clark was a member of the Council of Women World Leaders . Clark entered office just three years after the adoption of the Mixed Member Proportional ( MMP ) voting system , which had produced an unstable National-led government under Bolger and Shipley . Clark negotiated the formation of successive coalition governments . Political scientist Bryce Edwards identified Clarks ability to lead stable governments as her most significant achievement , arguing that her ability to work with a variety of coalition partners—including the Alliance , Jim Andertons Progressive Party , Green , United Future and New Zealand First—consolidated public support for MMP . Clarks particular interests included social policy and international affairs . A strong supporter of nuclear disarmament , Clark pursued a policy of peace-making within the Pacific region . She set herself the task of making New Zealand the first ecologically sustainable nation , describing this as central to New Zealands unique national identity . Her governments major policy achievements include the Working for Families package , increasing the minimum wage 5% a year , interest-free student loans , creation of District Health Boards , the introduction of a number of tax credits , overhauling the secondary school qualifications by introducing NCEA , and the introduction of fourteen weeks’ parental leave . Commentators praised Clark ( along with Michael Cullen , the Minister of Finance ) for overseeing a period of sustained and stable economic growth , with an increase in employment that saw a gradual lowering of the unemployment rate to a record low of 3.6% ( in 2005 ) . Clark made every attempt to make sure that gender was not an issue in politics . However , Bryce Edwards states that others did . Clark was portrayed as bloodsucking , cold , and humourless . Clark says herself that when her male counterparts spoke in the media , they looked strong and determined , whereas when she portrayed the same characteristics , the media made it to look like she was tough and nagging . In 2006 Clark was 20th in Forbes magazines ranking of the worlds 100 most powerful women . By the time she left office in 2008 this had fallen to 56th . First term : 1999–2002 . The 1999 general election produced a historic moment for New Zealand ; for the first time , two women , Clark and Shipley , campaigned against each other as leaders of the countrys two major parties . Clark repeatedly stated her desire to govern alone rather than as part of a coalition . However , in the lead up to the election , Labour made overtures to the left-wing Alliance . Clark addressed the Alliances annual conference in August 1998 . On polling day Labour returned 49 seats , an increase of 12 , ahead of Nationals 39 seats . The first Clark-led Cabinet linked Labour with the Alliance . Alliance leader Jim Anderton served as Deputy Prime Minister under Clark until 2002 . The full ministerial team , and portfolios , was announced on 9 December—12 days after the election—and the new government was sworn in the following day . The coalition partners pioneered agree to disagree procedures to manage policy differences . Such procedures lessened the chances of Cabinet becoming publicly divided and running the risk of losing the confidence of the House of Representatives . In January 2000 , the then Police Commissioner , Peter Doone , resigned after The Sunday Star-Times alleged he had prevented the breath testing of his partner Robyn , who had driven the car they occupied , by telling the officer that wont be necessary . Both Doone and the officer involved denied this happened . Doone sued the Sunday Star-Times for defamation in 2005 , but the paper revealed they had checked the story with Clark . She confirmed this , but denied that she had made attempts to get Doone to resign and defended being the source as by definition I cannot leak . Clark also responded by saying that National supporters had funded Doones defamation-suit . Opinion on the significance of this incident varied . In 2000 , Labour MP Chris Carter investigated the background of one of Clarks Cabinet colleagues , Māori Affairs Minister Dover Samuels , regarding allegations of historic statutory rape . Ex-convict John Yelash claimed that Carter had approached him to help with the investigation ; a claim that Carter denied . Clark backed her MP , referring to Yelash as a murderer when he had in fact been convicted of manslaughter , a less serious offence . Yelash sued Clark for defamation , resulting in an out-of-court settlement . In April 2001 , Clark met with Chinese President Jiang Zemin during an official visit to Beijing . Jiang referred to the Prime Minister as an old friend . He stated that China hoped to establish bilateral long-term and stable overall cooperative relations [ with New Zealand ] . Clark strongly supported Chinas entry into the World Trade Organization . In March 2002 , Clark made her first visit to the United States as Prime Minister . She visited Ground Zero , the former site of the World Trade Center , where the New York City Police Department presented her with a New Zealand flag that had been recovered from the rubble after the September 11 attacks . On 26 March , Clark visited the Pentagon and Washington , D.C. , where she met with American officials , including a private meeting with President George W . Bush . Most of the agenda for Clarks visit focused on the joint counter-terrorism campaign ( dubbed the War on Terror ) . As Opposition Leader in 1998 , Clark signed her name to a canvas that had been painted on by another artist . The painting was subsequently auctioned to charity . After the act came to light in April 2002 , the opposition National Party referred the matter to the Police . A police report found evidence for a prima facie case of forgery , but determined that it was not in the public interest to prosecute Clark . In June 2002 , Clark apologised on behalf of New Zealand for aspects of the countrys treatment of Samoa during the colonial era . Clarks apology was made in Apia during the 40th anniversary of Samoas independence and televised live to New Zealand where Samoans applauded the Prime Ministers gesture . The Alliance split in 2002 over the Governments commitment of New Zealand troops to the War in Afghanistan , leading to the imminent dissolution of Labours coalition with that party . Consequently , Clark called for an early election to be held on 27 July . Political opponents claimed that Clark could have continued to govern , and that a snap election was called to take advantage of Labours strong position in opinion polls . In opinion surveys conducted during the election campaign , Clark scored high approval ratings and was far ahead of other party leaders as preferred Prime Minister . A major issue during the 2002 election campaign was the end of a moratorium on genetic engineering , strongly opposed by the rival Green Party . The debate was reignited when investigative journalist Nicky Hager published a book , Seeds of Distrust , in which he alleged that Clarks government had covered up a contamination of genetically modified corn plants in 2000 . A television interview with John Campbell was terminated by Clark when she was taken by surprise from the allegations , which she claimed to have known nothing about prior to the interview . The affair was dubbed Corngate by the media . Second term : 2002–2005 . Clark won a second term in the 2002 general election—her party increased both its share of the vote and number of seats . Labour subsequently entered into a coalition with Jim Andertons Progressive Party ( a spin-off of the Alliance ) , with parliamentary confidence and supply coming from United Future , and a good-faith agreement with the Green Party . Michael Cullen , who served as Minister of Finance , was appointed Deputy Prime Minister by Clark , replacing Anderton . A republican , Clark stated in 2002 that she thought it was inevitable that New Zealand would become a republic in the near future . Her term in office saw a number of alleged moves in this direction , under her governments policy of building national identity . Examples include the abolition of appeals to the Privy Council in London and the foundation of the Supreme Court of New Zealand , the abolition of titular Knighthood and Damehood honours ( restored in 2009 ) , and the abolition of the title Queens Counsel ( replaced by Senior Counsel , restored in 2012 ) . In 2003 , Clark criticised the Invasion of Iraq without an explicit United Nations mandate , and her government opposed New Zealand military action in the Iraq War . Her government did not send combat troops to Iraq , although some medical and engineering units were sent . Clarks foreign policy reflected the priorities of liberal internationalism , especially the promotion of democracy and human rights ; the strengthening of the role of the United Nations ; the advancement of antimilitarism and disarmament ; and the encouragement of free-trade . In March 2003 , referring to the US-led coalitions actions in Iraq , Clark told the newspaper The Sunday Star-Times that , I dont think that 11 September under a Gore presidency would have had this consequence for Iraq . She later sent a letter to Washington apologising for any offence that her comment may have caused . On 17 July 2004 , a motorcade involving police , Diplomatic Protection Squad , and Ministerial Services staff reached speeds of up to 172 km/h when taking Clark and Cabinet Minister Jim Sutton from Waimate to Christchurch Airport so she could attend a rugby union match in Wellington . The courts subsequently convicted the drivers involved for driving offences , but appeals resulted in the quashing of these convictions in December 2005 and August 2006 . Clark said that she was busy working in the back seat and had no influence or role in the decision to speed and did not realise the speed of her vehicle . In November 2004 , Clark announced that negotiations with China had commenced for a free-trade agreement , eventually signing a comprehensive agreement in July 2008 . It was New Zealands largest trade deal since the 1983 Closer Economic Relations agreement with Australia . Third term : 2005–2008 . In 2005 , following that years general election , Labour and the Progressive Party renewed their coalition , with confidence and supply arrangements with both New Zealand First and United Future in exchange for giving the leaders of those parties ministerial positions outside Cabinet . Clark became first Labour leader to win three consecutive elections . Clark won 66% of her electorates votes , or 20,918 votes with a 14,749 majority . On Armistice Day , 11 November 2006 , Clark attended a service in Hyde Park , London , where a monument commemorating New Zealands war dead was unveiled . During her visit she met Queen Elizabeth , Prince Charles and British Prime Minister Tony Blair . On 26 May 2006 , Clark ordered a military deployment to the 2006 East Timorese crisis alongside international partners . Clarks major overseas visit of her third term was a trip to the United States in March 2007 , where she met with George W . Bush in Washington . Despite her strained relationship with the President , they agreed on many issues , including working cooperatively in foreign affairs , commerce and the need for both nations to work toward energy security . On 8 February 2008 , Clark was recognised as the longest-serving leader of the Labour Party in its history ( although some uncertainty exists over the exact date when Harry Holland became party leader ) , having served for 14 years , 69 days . By 26 October 2008 she had passed Hollands longest possible term and her position as longest-serving Labour leader was put beyond doubt . By the end of her tenure in office , Clark had come to be seen as a divisive figure , going from a Herald-DigiPoll popularity rating of nearly 60% in 2005 to 42% at the time of the 2008 general election . Portrayals of Clark as controlling and manipulative after the 2005 election increased when she abandoned her consensus-managerial approach , such as during the New Zealand foreshore and seabed controversy , and her support of the Crimes ( Substituted Section 59 ) Amendment Act 2007 ( the so-called anti-smacking law ) . She was accused of having a nanny state approach to social issues , a perception captured by the pejorative term Helengrad . Labour had been consistently behind the National Party in opinion polls since 2006 , and the gap widened significantly in early 2007 . On 5 August 2008 the Treasury announced that the New Zealand economy had entered a recession . Clarks personal popularity was eclipsed by John Key soon after the latters election as National Party Leader in November 2006 . In the final media polls prior to the Key was ahead of Clark in preferred prime minister polls by eight points in the Fairfax Media Nielsen poll and four points in the One News Colmar Brunton poll . In the 2008 election campaign , Clark attacked the National Party as insincere in its promise to maintain many of her governments flagship projects , such as KiwiSaver and Kiwibank . National overtook Labour as the largest party following the 2008 election . Labour did not have the numbers to ally with smaller parties and no viable path to government ; Clark conceded defeat to Key and announced that she was standing down as party leader . On 11 November 2008 Clark was succeeded by Phil Goff as Leader of the Labour Party . In the first Labour Party conference after its defeat Phil Goff acknowledged that Clarks government had become identified with nanny-state policies in the public mind , and said that the party wanted to draw a line under the past and say , yes , we made mistakes , we didnt listen . Reputation and legacy . Early in her career Clark gained a reputation as a capable advocate of nuclear disarmament and public health policy . As party leader , Clark denounced Rogernomics as a ghastly period and won the 1999 election by abandoning its legacy . However , biographer Denis Welch has argued that she did not do enough to repudiate the paradigm created by Rogernomics , instead allowing Labour and National to become increasingly hard to tell apart on many issues . Clarks government was pragmatic , managerial , concerned with stability , and focused on incremental changes over grand projects . Political scientist Bryce Edwards argues that Clark was never a conviction politician and set out to be a successful rather than great politician , leaving behind a legacy of incremental reforms of New Zealand and good management of the status quo , but no bold ambitions . Likewise , commentator John Armstrong , while praising Clark , describes her as a technocratic prime minister who will be remembered more for her management abilities than a capacity to inspire . In January 2009 , two months after losing office , Clark was voted Greatest Living New Zealander in an opt-in website poll run by The New Zealand Herald . In a close race she received 25 percent of the vote , ahead of Victoria Cross recipient Willie Apiata at 21 percent . Then Prime Minister John Key said he was not surprised by the poll , saying she is well thought of as a New Zealand Prime Minister . Forbes magazine ranked Clark the 22nd most powerful woman in the world in 2016 , down from 20th in 2006 . Post-premiership . Clark was the first defeated Labour Prime Minister to immediately resign the party leadership rather than lead it in Opposition . She served as the shadow foreign affairs spokesperson in the Shadow Cabinet of Phil Goff for several months before retiring from Parliament in April 2009 to accept a position with the United Nations ( UN ) . United Nations Development Programme . Clark became the Administrator of the United Nations Development Programme ( UNDP ) on 17 April 2009 , and was the first woman to lead the organisation . She was also the Chair of the United Nations Development Group , a committee consisting of the heads of all UN funds , programmes and departments working on development issues . The New Zealand Government strongly supported her nomination , along with Australia , the Pacific Island nations and Prime Minister of the United Kingdom , Gordon Brown . She also received the support of the five countries on the bureau of the UNDP board ( Iran , Haiti , Serbia , The Netherlands and Tanzania ) and was unanimously confirmed by the General Assembly on 31 March . She was sworn in by UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon on 27 April 2009 . In this position , Forbes deemed her the 23rd most powerful woman in the world . In 2013 , Forbes upgraded her position to 21st most powerful woman in the world after she was appointed to administer UNDP for a second term and for her potential future as UN Secretary General . She was the only New Zealander to make the list . Clark was recognised for her managerial style of leadership . During her tenure , she was an advocate of Chinas Belt and Road Initiative . She worked to reform the administration and bureaucracy of UNDP , with an emphasis on greater transparency in the organisation . The Publish What You Fund campaign ranked UNDP as the most transparent aid organisation in the world in 2015 and 2016 , under Clarks administration . In February 2015 , Clark visited Guinea , Liberia and Sierra Leone to express solidarity with those working to prevent the spread of Ebola . During her tenure , the ratio of women to men at UNDP reached 50% , including at the most senior level of the organisation . On 24 May 2016 , a Foreign Policy article alleged that Clarks tenure as Administrator had left a trail of embittered peers and subordinates , and accused her of undercutting the UNs promotion of human rights . The article centred on an allegation that her senior staff retaliated against a critical report of the UNDP by forcing out an official who had participated in the investigation . Both the UNDP and Clark have denied the claims . On 26 January 2017 , Clark announced that she would not seek re-election as UNDP Administrator after the completion of her four-year term . She said it had been an honour and privilege to have served in the role . She left UNDP on 19 April 2017 . United Nations Secretary-General selection . In January 2014 , a Guardian interview with Clark raised the possibility that she could take over as UN Secretary-General after Ban Ki-moons retirement in 2016 . She did not confirm her interest , but commented : There will be interest in whether the UN will have a first woman because theyre looking like the last bastions , as it were . She also said in the same interview that : If theres enough support for the style of leadership that I have , it will be interesting . In response , Prime Minister John Key said the New Zealand Government would support a bid , but cautioned that it would be a tough task to get the job . On 4 April 2016 , Helen Clark officially submitted her nomination as New Zealands candidate for the 2016 UN Secretary-General selection . In an interview on the same day , Clark stressed that she was running as the gender-neutral best candidate and not on the basis of being a woman . The UNs role in the Haiti cholera outbreak has been widely discussed and criticised . There has been indisputable evidence that the UN is the proximate cause for bringing cholera to Haiti . Peacekeepers sent to Haiti from Nepal were carrying asymptomatic cholera and they did not treat their waste properly before dumping it into Haitis water stream . When asked about compensation for victims , Clark has declined to take a position , calling it legal issues . Another issue that received attention during Clarks candidacy was allegations of sexual exploitation and abuse by UN peacekeepers . This gross problem was brought to light after Anders Kompass exposed the sexual assault of children by peacekeepers in the Central African Republic . During the United Nations Secretary General Candidate informal dialogues , Clark said that the UN needed to deal quickly with sexual exploitation and abuse , and gender-based violence by peacekeepers . Straw polls were taken by secret ballot in October 2016 . Clark finished fifth place in the sixth poll ; her candidacy was effectively vetoed when three of the permanent Security Council members voted against her . Clarks bid for Secretary-General is the topic of a documentary film , My Year With Helen , directed by Gaylene Preston , which premiered in February 2018 . World Health Organization . On 9 July 2020 the World Health Organization ( WHO ) appointed Clark as co-chair of a panel reviewing the WHOs handling of the COVID-19 pandemic and the response of governments to the outbreak . The Independent Panel for Pandemic Preparedness and Response ( IPPR ) examined how the outbreak occurred and how future pandemics can be prevented . She served in the role alongside former Liberian President Ellen Johnson Sirleaf , and of her appointment Clark said she hesitated before accepting because she felt the panels task was mission impossible . Clarks appointment to this panel drew criticism from UN Watchs Executive Director Hillel Neuer , who criticised her close ties with the pro-Beijing UN Goodwill Ambassador James Chau and her previous endorsement of Cuba for sending medical personnel abroad . On 11 November , Neuer called on Clark to resign , claiming that her alleged favouritism towards China and the WHO , would affect the investigation into Chinas handling of the COVID-19 pandemic . Clark responded that she had no ties with China . On 19 January , the independent panel concluded that Chinese officials could have moved faster in January 2020 to curb the initial COVID-19 outbreak , and criticised the WHO for not declaring an international emergency until 30 January 2020 . In the final report published in May 2021 , the panel concluded that the pandemic could have been prevented if countries had taken a more proactive approach in February 2020 ; Clark said so many countries chose to wait and see . Personal life . Clark was brought up as a Presbyterian Christian , attending Sunday school weekly . When she was Prime Minister she described herself as an agnostic . She married sociologist Peter Davis , her partner of five years in 1981 , shortly before she was elected to Parliament . Clark had been under pressure from some Labour members to marry for political purposes , despite her personal reservations about marriage . Davis is a professor in medical sociology and was director of COMPASS ( Centre of Methods and Policy Application in the Social Sciences ) at the University of Auckland . Clark , after the 1981 elections was to note : It was a difficult campaign , Clark wrote in an essay for the book Head and Shoulders in 1984 . As a single woman I was really hammered . I was accused of being a lesbian , of living in a commune , having friends who were Trotskyites and gays... . In March 2001 , Clark referred to National MP Wyatt Creech as a scumbag and a sleazeball for having raised the issue of a potential conflict of interest involving Davis , who was leading an academic research team studying government health reforms . Clark is a keen hiker and mountaineer . In August 2008 , an expedition group that included Clark and her husband became stranded on the Two Thumb Range , a spur of the Southern Alps , when their guide ( and Clarks friend ) , Gottlieb Braun-Elwert , collapsed and died from a suspected heart attack . Views and positions . Social media . During her tenure as UNDP administrator and afterwards , Clarks presence on social media and avid use of Twitter has attracted positive attention in news media . She has called for greater regulation of social media platforms , and supports the Christchurch Call . Cannabis reform . During the 2020 New Zealand cannabis referendum , Clark publicly supported the Yes vote campaign to decriminalise recreational cannabis , arguing that prohibition did not work . She also featured in the We Do campaign supporting the proposed Cannabis Legalisation and Control Bill . Awards and honours . - In 1986 , Clark was awarded the annual Peace Prize of the Danish Peace Foundation for her work in promoting peace and nuclear disarmament . - In 1990 , Clark received the New Zealand 1990 Commemoration Medal . - In 1993 , Clark was awarded the New Zealand Suffrage Centennial Medal . - In 2002 , she was presented with the Nuclear-Free Future Award , for installing New Zealand at the forefront of the world political movement to rid the earth of nuclear weapons . - In 2005 , the government of the Solomon Islands awarded Clark ( with John Howard ) the Star of the Solomon Islands in recognition of New Zealands role in restoring law and order in the Solomon Islands . This award allows her to use the post-nominal letters SSI . - In January 2008 , Clark won the United Nations Environment Programme Champions of the Earth award in recognition of the governments promotion of sustainability initiatives . - In April 2009 , she was awarded an honorary Doctor of Laws degree by the University of Auckland , her alma mater . - In the 2010 New Year Honours , Clark was appointed a Member of the Order of New Zealand , New Zealands highest honour , for services to New Zealand . - In September 2017 , she received a Lifetime Achievement Award at the New Zealand Women of Influence Awards - In December 2017 , she was awarded the Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun . Patronage - Clark is the patron for The Helen Clark Foundation . - Clark is an Honorary Member of The International Raoul Wallenberg Foundation . - She was the patron of the New Zealand Rugby League between 2002 and 2011 , and has served as the patron of the Mount Albert Lions rugby league club for over 20 years . In popular culture . In 1996 , Clark guest starred as herself in popular New Zealand soap opera Shortland Street . A satirical book , later adapted as a play , titled On the Conditions and Possibilities of Helen Clark Taking Me as Her Young Lover , by Richard Meros , was published by Lawrence and Gibson in 2005 . Clark has also guest-starred on broTown , the New Zealand animated television series .
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[
"Champions of the Earth"
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[
{
"text": " Helen Elizabeth Clark ( born 26 February 1950 ) is a New Zealand politician who served as the 37th Prime Minister of New Zealand from 1999 to 2008 , and was the Administrator of the United Nations Development Programme from 2009 to 2017 . She was New Zealands fifth-longest-serving prime minister , and the second woman to hold that office .",
"title": "Helen Clark"
},
{
"text": "Clark was brought up on a farm outside Hamilton . She entered the University of Auckland in 1968 to study politics , and became active in the New Zealand Labour Party . After graduating she lectured in political studies at the university . Clark entered local politics in 1974 in Auckland but was not elected to any position . Following one unsuccessful attempt , she was elected to Parliament in as the member for Mount Albert , an electorate she represented until 2009 .",
"title": "Helen Clark"
},
{
"text": " Clark held numerous Cabinet positions in the Fourth Labour Government , including Minister of Housing , Minister of Health and Minister of Conservation . She was Deputy Prime Minister from 1989 to 1990 under Prime Ministers Geoffrey Palmer and Mike Moore . After Labours narrow defeat in the , Clark challenged Moore for leadership of the party and won , becoming the Leader of the Opposition . Following the , Labour formed a governing coalition , and Clark was sworn in as Prime Minister on 10 December 1999 .",
"title": "Helen Clark"
},
{
"text": "Clark led the Fifth Labour Government , which implemented several major economic initiatives including Kiwibank , the New Zealand Superannuation Fund , the New Zealand Emissions Trading Scheme and KiwiSaver . Her government also introduced the Foreshore and Seabed Act 2004 , which caused major controversy . In foreign affairs , Clark sent troops to the Afghanistan War , but did not contribute combat troops to the Iraq War , and ordered a deployment to the 2006 East Timorese crisis . She advocated a number of free-trade agreements with major trading partners , including becoming the first developed nation to",
"title": "Helen Clark"
},
{
"text": "sign such an agreement with China . After three successive electoral victories , her government was defeated in the ; Clark resigned as Prime Minister and party leader on 19 November 2008 . She was succeeded as Prime Minister by John Key of the National Party , and as Leader of the Labour Party by Phil Goff .",
"title": "Helen Clark"
},
{
"text": " Clark resigned from Parliament in April 2009 shortly after losing the 2008 general election , to become the first female head of the United Nations Development Programme ( UNDP ) . In 2016 , she stood for the position of Secretary-General of the United Nations , but was unsuccessful . She left her UNDP administrator post on 19 April 2017 at the end of her second four-year term and was succeeded by Achim Steiner . In 2019 , Clark became the patron of The Helen Clark Foundation .",
"title": "Helen Clark"
},
{
"text": "Clark was the eldest of four daughters of a farming family at Te Pahu , west of Hamilton , in the Waikato region . Her mother , Margaret McMurray , of Irish birth , was a primary school teacher . Her father , George , was a farmer . Clark studied at Te Pahu Primary School , at Epsom Girls Grammar School in Auckland and at the University of Auckland , where she majored in politics and graduated with an MA ( Honours ) in 1974 . Her thesis focused on rural political behaviour and representation . As a teenager",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Clark became politically active , protesting against the Vietnam War and campaigning against foreign military bases in New Zealand .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " Clark has worked actively in the New Zealand Labour Party for most of her life . In 1971 she assisted Labour candidates to the Auckland City Council , three of whom were elected . Following this , she stood for the Auckland City Council herself in 1974 and 1977 . While generally polling well , she never won a seat , missing out by only 105 votes in the latter .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Clark was a junior lecturer in political studies at the University of Auckland from 1973 to 1975 . In 1974 she sought the nomination for the Auckland Central electorate , but lost to Richard Prebble . She instead stood for , a National safe seat . Clark studied abroad on a University Grants Committee post-graduate scholarship in 1976 , and then lectured in political studies at Auckland again while undertaking her PhD ( which she never completed ) from 1977 until her election to Parliament in 1981 . Her father supported National that election .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " Clark served as a member of Labours national executive committee from 1978 until September 1988 , and again from April 1989 . She chaired the University of Auckland Princes Street branch of the Labour Party during her studies , becoming active alongside future Labour politicians including Richard Prebble , David Caygill , Margaret Wilson and Richard Northey . Clark held the positions of president of the Labour Youth Council , executive member of the partys Auckland Regional Council , secretary of the Labour Womens Council and member of the Policy Council .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "She represented the New Zealand Labour Party at the congresses of the Socialist International and of the Socialist International Women in 1976 , 1978 , 1983 and 1986 , at an Asia-Pacific Socialist Organisation Conference held in Sydney in 1981 , and at the Socialist International Party Leaders Meeting in Sydney in 1991 .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " Clark did not contest the , but in 1980 she put her name forward to replace long serving MP Warren Freer in the safe Labour seat of Mount Albert . She beat six other contenders including electorate chairman Keith Elliot , former MP Malcolm Douglas and future MP Jack Elder for the nomination .",
"title": "Member of Parliament"
},
{
"text": "Clark was duly elected to the New Zealand House of Representatives in the 1981 general election , as one of eight female members in the 40th Parliament . In winning the Mount Albert electorate in Auckland , she became the second woman elected to represent an Auckland electorate , and the seventeenth woman elected to the New Zealand Parliament . Her first parliamentary intervention , on taking her seat was on 12 April 1982 to give notice , she would move a motion condemning the US Navys deployment of nuclear cruise missiles in the Pacific Two weeks later in her",
"title": "Member of Parliament"
},
{
"text": "maiden speech , with unusual emphasis on defence policy and the arms race , Clark again condemned the deployment of cruise , Pershing and SS20 and the global ambitions of both superpowers navies , but claimed the Soviet admirals did not plough New Zealands waters and expressed particular concern about the expansion of the 1965 memo of ANZUS understanding for the resupply of weapons to New Zealand to include nuclear weapon resupply .",
"title": "Member of Parliament"
},
{
"text": " During her first term in the House ( 1981–1984 ) , Clark became a member of the Statutes Revision Committee . In her second term ( 1984–1987 ) , she chaired the Select committee on Foreign Affairs and the Select Committee on Disarmament and Arms Control , both of which combined with the Defence Select Committee in 1985 to form a single committee . In 1983 she was appointed as Labours spokesperson for Overseas Aid and Disarmament .",
"title": "Member of Parliament"
},
{
"text": "In 1987 , Clark became a Cabinet minister in the Fourth Labour Government , led by David Lange ( 1984–1989 ) , Geoffrey Palmer ( 1989–1990 ) and Mike Moore ( 1990 ) . She served as Minister of Conservation from August 1987 until January 1989 and as Minister of Housing from August 1987 until August 1989 . She became Minister of Health in January 1989 , and took on additional portfolios as Minister of Labour and Deputy Prime Minister in August 1989 . As Health Minister , Clark introduced a series of legislative changes that allowed midwives to practice",
"title": "Cabinet Minister"
},
{
"text": "autonomously . She also introduced the Smoke-free Environments Act 1990 , a law which restricted smoking in places such as workplaces and schools .",
"title": "Cabinet Minister"
},
{
"text": " As Deputy Prime Minister , Clark chaired the Cabinet Social Equity Committee , and was a member of several other important Cabinet committees , such as the Policy Committee , Economic Development and Employment Committee , and Domestic and External Security Committee . Leader of the Opposition .",
"title": "Cabinet Minister"
},
{
"text": "From October 1990 until December 1993 Clark held the posts of Deputy Leader of the Opposition , Shadow spokesperson for Health and Labour , and member of the Social Services Select Committee and of the Labour Select Committee . After the National Party won the 1993 general election with a majority of one seat , Clark successfully challenged Mike Moore for the leadership of the parliamentary party . She was particularly critical of Moore for delivering blurred messages during the 1993 election campaign , and accused him of failing to re-brand Labour as a centre-left party which had jettisoned Rogernomics",
"title": "Cabinet Minister"
},
{
"text": ".",
"title": "Cabinet Minister"
},
{
"text": " Clark became the Leader of the Opposition on 1 December 1993 . She led the Labour Party in opposition to the National-led government of Jim Bolger ( 1990–1997 ) and Jenny Shipley ( 1997–1999 ) . Clark announced her first shadow cabinet on 13 December 1993 , but the ousted Moore refused any portfolios . There were frequent changes after several party defections took place during the parliamentary term in the lead up to the new MMP voting system . At one reshuffle , in June 1995 , Clark herself took the shadow foreign affairs portfolio .",
"title": "Cabinet Minister"
},
{
"text": "The Labour Party rated poorly in opinion polls in the run-up to the 1996 general election , and Clark suffered from a low personal approval rating . At one point polls suggested that New Zealand First of Winston Peters would even poll 30% and Labour would be beaten into third place . However , she survived an attempted leadership coup by senior members who favoured Phil Goff . Labour lost the election in October 1996 , but Clark remained as Opposition leader . Clark was seen as having convincingly won the election debates which led to Labour doing better than",
"title": "Cabinet Minister"
},
{
"text": "predicted . Shortly before the election she also achieved a rapprochement with Moore ( who was previously thinking of setting up his own party ) who accepted the foreign affairs and overseas trade portfolios , calming internal tensions .",
"title": "Cabinet Minister"
},
{
"text": " During the 1998 Waitangi Day celebrations , Clark was prevented from speaking on the marae by activist Titewhai Harawira in protest over Clarks being allowed to speak in direct contradiction of traditional Māori protocol . The ensuing argument saw Clark being reduced to tears on national television .",
"title": "Cabinet Minister"
},
{
"text": "In 1999 , Clark was involved in a defamation case in the High Court of New Zealand with Auckland orthopaedic surgeon Joe Brownlee , resulting in Clarks making an unreserved apology . The case centered on a press statement issued by Clark criticising Brownlee , triggered by a constituents complaint over the outcome of a hip replacement . Clark admitted the criticism was unjustified in that the complication suffered by her constituent was rare , unforeseen and unavoidable .",
"title": "Cabinet Minister"
},
{
"text": "Under Clarks leadership , Labour became the largest party in parliament from 1999 to 2008 . Clark became the second woman to serve as Prime Minister of New Zealand , and the first to have won office at an election . She also served as the Minister for Arts , Culture and Heritage throughout her premiership . She had additional ministerial responsibility for the New Zealand Security Intelligence Service ( NZSIS ) and for Ministerial Services . During her period in office , women held a number of prominent elected and appointed offices in New Zealand , such as the",
"title": "Cabinet Minister"
},
{
"text": "Governor-General , Speaker of the House of Representatives and Chief Justice—these major offices of state were simultaneously occupied by women between March 2005 and August 2006 . As a female head of government , Clark was a member of the Council of Women World Leaders .",
"title": "Cabinet Minister"
},
{
"text": " Clark entered office just three years after the adoption of the Mixed Member Proportional ( MMP ) voting system , which had produced an unstable National-led government under Bolger and Shipley . Clark negotiated the formation of successive coalition governments . Political scientist Bryce Edwards identified Clarks ability to lead stable governments as her most significant achievement , arguing that her ability to work with a variety of coalition partners—including the Alliance , Jim Andertons Progressive Party , Green , United Future and New Zealand First—consolidated public support for MMP .",
"title": "Cabinet Minister"
},
{
"text": "Clarks particular interests included social policy and international affairs . A strong supporter of nuclear disarmament , Clark pursued a policy of peace-making within the Pacific region . She set herself the task of making New Zealand the first ecologically sustainable nation , describing this as central to New Zealands unique national identity . Her governments major policy achievements include the Working for Families package , increasing the minimum wage 5% a year , interest-free student loans , creation of District Health Boards , the introduction of a number of tax credits , overhauling the secondary school qualifications by introducing",
"title": "Cabinet Minister"
},
{
"text": "NCEA , and the introduction of fourteen weeks’ parental leave . Commentators praised Clark ( along with Michael Cullen , the Minister of Finance ) for overseeing a period of sustained and stable economic growth , with an increase in employment that saw a gradual lowering of the unemployment rate to a record low of 3.6% ( in 2005 ) .",
"title": "Cabinet Minister"
},
{
"text": " Clark made every attempt to make sure that gender was not an issue in politics . However , Bryce Edwards states that others did . Clark was portrayed as bloodsucking , cold , and humourless . Clark says herself that when her male counterparts spoke in the media , they looked strong and determined , whereas when she portrayed the same characteristics , the media made it to look like she was tough and nagging .",
"title": "Cabinet Minister"
},
{
"text": "In 2006 Clark was 20th in Forbes magazines ranking of the worlds 100 most powerful women . By the time she left office in 2008 this had fallen to 56th .",
"title": "Cabinet Minister"
},
{
"text": "The 1999 general election produced a historic moment for New Zealand ; for the first time , two women , Clark and Shipley , campaigned against each other as leaders of the countrys two major parties . Clark repeatedly stated her desire to govern alone rather than as part of a coalition . However , in the lead up to the election , Labour made overtures to the left-wing Alliance . Clark addressed the Alliances annual conference in August 1998 . On polling day Labour returned 49 seats , an increase of 12 , ahead of Nationals 39 seats .",
"title": "Cabinet Minister"
},
{
"text": "The first Clark-led Cabinet linked Labour with the Alliance . Alliance leader Jim Anderton served as Deputy Prime Minister under Clark until 2002 . The full ministerial team , and portfolios , was announced on 9 December—12 days after the election—and the new government was sworn in the following day . The coalition partners pioneered agree to disagree procedures to manage policy differences . Such procedures lessened the chances of Cabinet becoming publicly divided and running the risk of losing the confidence of the House of Representatives .",
"title": "Cabinet Minister"
},
{
"text": "In January 2000 , the then Police Commissioner , Peter Doone , resigned after The Sunday Star-Times alleged he had prevented the breath testing of his partner Robyn , who had driven the car they occupied , by telling the officer that wont be necessary . Both Doone and the officer involved denied this happened . Doone sued the Sunday Star-Times for defamation in 2005 , but the paper revealed they had checked the story with Clark . She confirmed this , but denied that she had made attempts to get Doone to resign and defended being the source as",
"title": "Cabinet Minister"
},
{
"text": "by definition I cannot leak . Clark also responded by saying that National supporters had funded Doones defamation-suit . Opinion on the significance of this incident varied .",
"title": "Cabinet Minister"
},
{
"text": " In 2000 , Labour MP Chris Carter investigated the background of one of Clarks Cabinet colleagues , Māori Affairs Minister Dover Samuels , regarding allegations of historic statutory rape . Ex-convict John Yelash claimed that Carter had approached him to help with the investigation ; a claim that Carter denied . Clark backed her MP , referring to Yelash as a murderer when he had in fact been convicted of manslaughter , a less serious offence . Yelash sued Clark for defamation , resulting in an out-of-court settlement .",
"title": "Cabinet Minister"
},
{
"text": "In April 2001 , Clark met with Chinese President Jiang Zemin during an official visit to Beijing . Jiang referred to the Prime Minister as an old friend . He stated that China hoped to establish bilateral long-term and stable overall cooperative relations [ with New Zealand ] . Clark strongly supported Chinas entry into the World Trade Organization .",
"title": "Cabinet Minister"
},
{
"text": "In March 2002 , Clark made her first visit to the United States as Prime Minister . She visited Ground Zero , the former site of the World Trade Center , where the New York City Police Department presented her with a New Zealand flag that had been recovered from the rubble after the September 11 attacks . On 26 March , Clark visited the Pentagon and Washington , D.C. , where she met with American officials , including a private meeting with President George W . Bush . Most of the agenda for Clarks visit focused on the joint",
"title": "Cabinet Minister"
},
{
"text": "counter-terrorism campaign ( dubbed the War on Terror ) .",
"title": "Cabinet Minister"
},
{
"text": " As Opposition Leader in 1998 , Clark signed her name to a canvas that had been painted on by another artist . The painting was subsequently auctioned to charity . After the act came to light in April 2002 , the opposition National Party referred the matter to the Police . A police report found evidence for a prima facie case of forgery , but determined that it was not in the public interest to prosecute Clark .",
"title": "Cabinet Minister"
},
{
"text": "In June 2002 , Clark apologised on behalf of New Zealand for aspects of the countrys treatment of Samoa during the colonial era . Clarks apology was made in Apia during the 40th anniversary of Samoas independence and televised live to New Zealand where Samoans applauded the Prime Ministers gesture .",
"title": "Cabinet Minister"
},
{
"text": "The Alliance split in 2002 over the Governments commitment of New Zealand troops to the War in Afghanistan , leading to the imminent dissolution of Labours coalition with that party . Consequently , Clark called for an early election to be held on 27 July . Political opponents claimed that Clark could have continued to govern , and that a snap election was called to take advantage of Labours strong position in opinion polls . In opinion surveys conducted during the election campaign , Clark scored high approval ratings and was far ahead of other party leaders as preferred Prime",
"title": "Cabinet Minister"
},
{
"text": "Minister .",
"title": "Cabinet Minister"
},
{
"text": "A major issue during the 2002 election campaign was the end of a moratorium on genetic engineering , strongly opposed by the rival Green Party . The debate was reignited when investigative journalist Nicky Hager published a book , Seeds of Distrust , in which he alleged that Clarks government had covered up a contamination of genetically modified corn plants in 2000 . A television interview with John Campbell was terminated by Clark when she was taken by surprise from the allegations , which she claimed to have known nothing about prior to the interview . The affair was dubbed",
"title": "Cabinet Minister"
},
{
"text": "Corngate by the media .",
"title": "Cabinet Minister"
},
{
"text": " Second term : 2002–2005 . Clark won a second term in the 2002 general election—her party increased both its share of the vote and number of seats . Labour subsequently entered into a coalition with Jim Andertons Progressive Party ( a spin-off of the Alliance ) , with parliamentary confidence and supply coming from United Future , and a good-faith agreement with the Green Party . Michael Cullen , who served as Minister of Finance , was appointed Deputy Prime Minister by Clark , replacing Anderton .",
"title": "Cabinet Minister"
},
{
"text": "A republican , Clark stated in 2002 that she thought it was inevitable that New Zealand would become a republic in the near future . Her term in office saw a number of alleged moves in this direction , under her governments policy of building national identity . Examples include the abolition of appeals to the Privy Council in London and the foundation of the Supreme Court of New Zealand , the abolition of titular Knighthood and Damehood honours ( restored in 2009 ) , and the abolition of the title Queens Counsel ( replaced by Senior Counsel , restored",
"title": "Cabinet Minister"
},
{
"text": "in 2012 ) .",
"title": "Cabinet Minister"
},
{
"text": "In 2003 , Clark criticised the Invasion of Iraq without an explicit United Nations mandate , and her government opposed New Zealand military action in the Iraq War . Her government did not send combat troops to Iraq , although some medical and engineering units were sent . Clarks foreign policy reflected the priorities of liberal internationalism , especially the promotion of democracy and human rights ; the strengthening of the role of the United Nations ; the advancement of antimilitarism and disarmament ; and the encouragement of free-trade . In March 2003 , referring to the US-led coalitions actions",
"title": "Cabinet Minister"
},
{
"text": "in Iraq , Clark told the newspaper The Sunday Star-Times that , I dont think that 11 September under a Gore presidency would have had this consequence for Iraq . She later sent a letter to Washington apologising for any offence that her comment may have caused .",
"title": "Cabinet Minister"
},
{
"text": " On 17 July 2004 , a motorcade involving police , Diplomatic Protection Squad , and Ministerial Services staff reached speeds of up to 172 km/h when taking Clark and Cabinet Minister Jim Sutton from Waimate to Christchurch Airport so she could attend a rugby union match in Wellington . The courts subsequently convicted the drivers involved for driving offences , but appeals resulted in the quashing of these convictions in December 2005 and August 2006 .",
"title": "Cabinet Minister"
},
{
"text": "Clark said that she was busy working in the back seat and had no influence or role in the decision to speed and did not realise the speed of her vehicle .",
"title": "Cabinet Minister"
},
{
"text": " In November 2004 , Clark announced that negotiations with China had commenced for a free-trade agreement , eventually signing a comprehensive agreement in July 2008 . It was New Zealands largest trade deal since the 1983 Closer Economic Relations agreement with Australia . Third term : 2005–2008 .",
"title": "Cabinet Minister"
},
{
"text": "In 2005 , following that years general election , Labour and the Progressive Party renewed their coalition , with confidence and supply arrangements with both New Zealand First and United Future in exchange for giving the leaders of those parties ministerial positions outside Cabinet . Clark became first Labour leader to win three consecutive elections . Clark won 66% of her electorates votes , or 20,918 votes with a 14,749 majority .",
"title": "Cabinet Minister"
},
{
"text": " On Armistice Day , 11 November 2006 , Clark attended a service in Hyde Park , London , where a monument commemorating New Zealands war dead was unveiled . During her visit she met Queen Elizabeth , Prince Charles and British Prime Minister Tony Blair . On 26 May 2006 , Clark ordered a military deployment to the 2006 East Timorese crisis alongside international partners .",
"title": "Cabinet Minister"
},
{
"text": "Clarks major overseas visit of her third term was a trip to the United States in March 2007 , where she met with George W . Bush in Washington . Despite her strained relationship with the President , they agreed on many issues , including working cooperatively in foreign affairs , commerce and the need for both nations to work toward energy security .",
"title": "Cabinet Minister"
},
{
"text": " On 8 February 2008 , Clark was recognised as the longest-serving leader of the Labour Party in its history ( although some uncertainty exists over the exact date when Harry Holland became party leader ) , having served for 14 years , 69 days . By 26 October 2008 she had passed Hollands longest possible term and her position as longest-serving Labour leader was put beyond doubt .",
"title": "Cabinet Minister"
},
{
"text": "By the end of her tenure in office , Clark had come to be seen as a divisive figure , going from a Herald-DigiPoll popularity rating of nearly 60% in 2005 to 42% at the time of the 2008 general election . Portrayals of Clark as controlling and manipulative after the 2005 election increased when she abandoned her consensus-managerial approach , such as during the New Zealand foreshore and seabed controversy , and her support of the Crimes ( Substituted Section 59 ) Amendment Act 2007 ( the so-called anti-smacking law ) . She was accused of having a nanny",
"title": "Cabinet Minister"
},
{
"text": "state approach to social issues , a perception captured by the pejorative term Helengrad .",
"title": "Cabinet Minister"
},
{
"text": " Labour had been consistently behind the National Party in opinion polls since 2006 , and the gap widened significantly in early 2007 . On 5 August 2008 the Treasury announced that the New Zealand economy had entered a recession .",
"title": "Cabinet Minister"
},
{
"text": "Clarks personal popularity was eclipsed by John Key soon after the latters election as National Party Leader in November 2006 . In the final media polls prior to the Key was ahead of Clark in preferred prime minister polls by eight points in the Fairfax Media Nielsen poll and four points in the One News Colmar Brunton poll . In the 2008 election campaign , Clark attacked the National Party as insincere in its promise to maintain many of her governments flagship projects , such as KiwiSaver and Kiwibank .",
"title": "Cabinet Minister"
},
{
"text": "National overtook Labour as the largest party following the 2008 election . Labour did not have the numbers to ally with smaller parties and no viable path to government ; Clark conceded defeat to Key and announced that she was standing down as party leader . On 11 November 2008 Clark was succeeded by Phil Goff as Leader of the Labour Party . In the first Labour Party conference after its defeat Phil Goff acknowledged that Clarks government had become identified with nanny-state policies in the public mind , and said that the party wanted to draw a line under",
"title": "Cabinet Minister"
},
{
"text": "the past and say , yes , we made mistakes , we didnt listen .",
"title": "Cabinet Minister"
},
{
"text": " Early in her career Clark gained a reputation as a capable advocate of nuclear disarmament and public health policy . As party leader , Clark denounced Rogernomics as a ghastly period and won the 1999 election by abandoning its legacy . However , biographer Denis Welch has argued that she did not do enough to repudiate the paradigm created by Rogernomics , instead allowing Labour and National to become increasingly hard to tell apart on many issues .",
"title": "Reputation and legacy"
},
{
"text": "Clarks government was pragmatic , managerial , concerned with stability , and focused on incremental changes over grand projects . Political scientist Bryce Edwards argues that Clark was never a conviction politician and set out to be a successful rather than great politician , leaving behind a legacy of incremental reforms of New Zealand and good management of the status quo , but no bold ambitions . Likewise , commentator John Armstrong , while praising Clark , describes her as a technocratic prime minister who will be remembered more for her management abilities than a capacity to inspire .",
"title": "Reputation and legacy"
},
{
"text": " In January 2009 , two months after losing office , Clark was voted Greatest Living New Zealander in an opt-in website poll run by The New Zealand Herald . In a close race she received 25 percent of the vote , ahead of Victoria Cross recipient Willie Apiata at 21 percent . Then Prime Minister John Key said he was not surprised by the poll , saying she is well thought of as a New Zealand Prime Minister .",
"title": "Reputation and legacy"
},
{
"text": "Forbes magazine ranked Clark the 22nd most powerful woman in the world in 2016 , down from 20th in 2006 .",
"title": "Reputation and legacy"
},
{
"text": " Clark was the first defeated Labour Prime Minister to immediately resign the party leadership rather than lead it in Opposition . She served as the shadow foreign affairs spokesperson in the Shadow Cabinet of Phil Goff for several months before retiring from Parliament in April 2009 to accept a position with the United Nations ( UN ) . United Nations Development Programme .",
"title": "Post-premiership"
},
{
"text": "Clark became the Administrator of the United Nations Development Programme ( UNDP ) on 17 April 2009 , and was the first woman to lead the organisation . She was also the Chair of the United Nations Development Group , a committee consisting of the heads of all UN funds , programmes and departments working on development issues . The New Zealand Government strongly supported her nomination , along with Australia , the Pacific Island nations and Prime Minister of the United Kingdom , Gordon Brown . She also received the support of the five countries on the bureau of",
"title": "Post-premiership"
},
{
"text": "the UNDP board ( Iran , Haiti , Serbia , The Netherlands and Tanzania ) and was unanimously confirmed by the General Assembly on 31 March . She was sworn in by UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon on 27 April 2009 . In this position , Forbes deemed her the 23rd most powerful woman in the world .",
"title": "Post-premiership"
},
{
"text": " In 2013 , Forbes upgraded her position to 21st most powerful woman in the world after she was appointed to administer UNDP for a second term and for her potential future as UN Secretary General . She was the only New Zealander to make the list .",
"title": "Post-premiership"
},
{
"text": "Clark was recognised for her managerial style of leadership . During her tenure , she was an advocate of Chinas Belt and Road Initiative . She worked to reform the administration and bureaucracy of UNDP , with an emphasis on greater transparency in the organisation . The Publish What You Fund campaign ranked UNDP as the most transparent aid organisation in the world in 2015 and 2016 , under Clarks administration .",
"title": "Post-premiership"
},
{
"text": " In February 2015 , Clark visited Guinea , Liberia and Sierra Leone to express solidarity with those working to prevent the spread of Ebola . During her tenure , the ratio of women to men at UNDP reached 50% , including at the most senior level of the organisation .",
"title": "Post-premiership"
},
{
"text": "On 24 May 2016 , a Foreign Policy article alleged that Clarks tenure as Administrator had left a trail of embittered peers and subordinates , and accused her of undercutting the UNs promotion of human rights . The article centred on an allegation that her senior staff retaliated against a critical report of the UNDP by forcing out an official who had participated in the investigation . Both the UNDP and Clark have denied the claims .",
"title": "Post-premiership"
},
{
"text": " On 26 January 2017 , Clark announced that she would not seek re-election as UNDP Administrator after the completion of her four-year term . She said it had been an honour and privilege to have served in the role . She left UNDP on 19 April 2017 . United Nations Secretary-General selection .",
"title": "Post-premiership"
},
{
"text": "In January 2014 , a Guardian interview with Clark raised the possibility that she could take over as UN Secretary-General after Ban Ki-moons retirement in 2016 . She did not confirm her interest , but commented : There will be interest in whether the UN will have a first woman because theyre looking like the last bastions , as it were . She also said in the same interview that : If theres enough support for the style of leadership that I have , it will be interesting . In response , Prime Minister John Key said the New Zealand",
"title": "Post-premiership"
},
{
"text": "Government would support a bid , but cautioned that it would be a tough task to get the job .",
"title": "Post-premiership"
},
{
"text": " On 4 April 2016 , Helen Clark officially submitted her nomination as New Zealands candidate for the 2016 UN Secretary-General selection . In an interview on the same day , Clark stressed that she was running as the gender-neutral best candidate and not on the basis of being a woman .",
"title": "Post-premiership"
},
{
"text": "The UNs role in the Haiti cholera outbreak has been widely discussed and criticised . There has been indisputable evidence that the UN is the proximate cause for bringing cholera to Haiti . Peacekeepers sent to Haiti from Nepal were carrying asymptomatic cholera and they did not treat their waste properly before dumping it into Haitis water stream . When asked about compensation for victims , Clark has declined to take a position , calling it legal issues .",
"title": "Post-premiership"
},
{
"text": " Another issue that received attention during Clarks candidacy was allegations of sexual exploitation and abuse by UN peacekeepers . This gross problem was brought to light after Anders Kompass exposed the sexual assault of children by peacekeepers in the Central African Republic . During the United Nations Secretary General Candidate informal dialogues , Clark said that the UN needed to deal quickly with sexual exploitation and abuse , and gender-based violence by peacekeepers .",
"title": "Post-premiership"
},
{
"text": "Straw polls were taken by secret ballot in October 2016 . Clark finished fifth place in the sixth poll ; her candidacy was effectively vetoed when three of the permanent Security Council members voted against her .",
"title": "Post-premiership"
},
{
"text": " Clarks bid for Secretary-General is the topic of a documentary film , My Year With Helen , directed by Gaylene Preston , which premiered in February 2018 .",
"title": "Post-premiership"
},
{
"text": "On 9 July 2020 the World Health Organization ( WHO ) appointed Clark as co-chair of a panel reviewing the WHOs handling of the COVID-19 pandemic and the response of governments to the outbreak . The Independent Panel for Pandemic Preparedness and Response ( IPPR ) examined how the outbreak occurred and how future pandemics can be prevented . She served in the role alongside former Liberian President Ellen Johnson Sirleaf , and of her appointment Clark said she hesitated before accepting because she felt the panels task was mission impossible . Clarks appointment to this panel drew criticism from",
"title": "World Health Organization"
},
{
"text": "UN Watchs Executive Director Hillel Neuer , who criticised her close ties with the pro-Beijing UN Goodwill Ambassador James Chau and her previous endorsement of Cuba for sending medical personnel abroad . On 11 November , Neuer called on Clark to resign , claiming that her alleged favouritism towards China and the WHO , would affect the investigation into Chinas handling of the COVID-19 pandemic . Clark responded that she had no ties with China .",
"title": "World Health Organization"
},
{
"text": " On 19 January , the independent panel concluded that Chinese officials could have moved faster in January 2020 to curb the initial COVID-19 outbreak , and criticised the WHO for not declaring an international emergency until 30 January 2020 . In the final report published in May 2021 , the panel concluded that the pandemic could have been prevented if countries had taken a more proactive approach in February 2020 ; Clark said so many countries chose to wait and see .",
"title": "World Health Organization"
},
{
"text": " Clark was brought up as a Presbyterian Christian , attending Sunday school weekly . When she was Prime Minister she described herself as an agnostic .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "She married sociologist Peter Davis , her partner of five years in 1981 , shortly before she was elected to Parliament . Clark had been under pressure from some Labour members to marry for political purposes , despite her personal reservations about marriage . Davis is a professor in medical sociology and was director of COMPASS ( Centre of Methods and Policy Application in the Social Sciences ) at the University of Auckland .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " Clark , after the 1981 elections was to note : It was a difficult campaign , Clark wrote in an essay for the book Head and Shoulders in 1984 . As a single woman I was really hammered . I was accused of being a lesbian , of living in a commune , having friends who were Trotskyites and gays... .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "In March 2001 , Clark referred to National MP Wyatt Creech as a scumbag and a sleazeball for having raised the issue of a potential conflict of interest involving Davis , who was leading an academic research team studying government health reforms .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " Clark is a keen hiker and mountaineer . In August 2008 , an expedition group that included Clark and her husband became stranded on the Two Thumb Range , a spur of the Southern Alps , when their guide ( and Clarks friend ) , Gottlieb Braun-Elwert , collapsed and died from a suspected heart attack .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " During her tenure as UNDP administrator and afterwards , Clarks presence on social media and avid use of Twitter has attracted positive attention in news media . She has called for greater regulation of social media platforms , and supports the Christchurch Call .",
"title": "Social media"
},
{
"text": " During the 2020 New Zealand cannabis referendum , Clark publicly supported the Yes vote campaign to decriminalise recreational cannabis , arguing that prohibition did not work . She also featured in the We Do campaign supporting the proposed Cannabis Legalisation and Control Bill .",
"title": "Cannabis reform"
},
{
"text": " - In 1986 , Clark was awarded the annual Peace Prize of the Danish Peace Foundation for her work in promoting peace and nuclear disarmament . - In 1990 , Clark received the New Zealand 1990 Commemoration Medal . - In 1993 , Clark was awarded the New Zealand Suffrage Centennial Medal . - In 2002 , she was presented with the Nuclear-Free Future Award , for installing New Zealand at the forefront of the world political movement to rid the earth of nuclear weapons .",
"title": "Awards and honours"
},
{
"text": "- In 2005 , the government of the Solomon Islands awarded Clark ( with John Howard ) the Star of the Solomon Islands in recognition of New Zealands role in restoring law and order in the Solomon Islands . This award allows her to use the post-nominal letters SSI .",
"title": "Awards and honours"
},
{
"text": " - In January 2008 , Clark won the United Nations Environment Programme Champions of the Earth award in recognition of the governments promotion of sustainability initiatives . - In April 2009 , she was awarded an honorary Doctor of Laws degree by the University of Auckland , her alma mater . - In the 2010 New Year Honours , Clark was appointed a Member of the Order of New Zealand , New Zealands highest honour , for services to New Zealand .",
"title": "Awards and honours"
},
{
"text": "- In September 2017 , she received a Lifetime Achievement Award at the New Zealand Women of Influence Awards",
"title": "Awards and honours"
},
{
"text": " - In December 2017 , she was awarded the Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun .",
"title": "Awards and honours"
},
{
"text": " - Clark is the patron for The Helen Clark Foundation . - Clark is an Honorary Member of The International Raoul Wallenberg Foundation . - She was the patron of the New Zealand Rugby League between 2002 and 2011 , and has served as the patron of the Mount Albert Lions rugby league club for over 20 years .",
"title": "Patronage"
}
] |
/wiki/Helen_Clark#P166#3
|
Helen Clark received which award in Apr 2009?
|
Helen Clark Helen Elizabeth Clark ( born 26 February 1950 ) is a New Zealand politician who served as the 37th Prime Minister of New Zealand from 1999 to 2008 , and was the Administrator of the United Nations Development Programme from 2009 to 2017 . She was New Zealands fifth-longest-serving prime minister , and the second woman to hold that office . Clark was brought up on a farm outside Hamilton . She entered the University of Auckland in 1968 to study politics , and became active in the New Zealand Labour Party . After graduating she lectured in political studies at the university . Clark entered local politics in 1974 in Auckland but was not elected to any position . Following one unsuccessful attempt , she was elected to Parliament in as the member for Mount Albert , an electorate she represented until 2009 . Clark held numerous Cabinet positions in the Fourth Labour Government , including Minister of Housing , Minister of Health and Minister of Conservation . She was Deputy Prime Minister from 1989 to 1990 under Prime Ministers Geoffrey Palmer and Mike Moore . After Labours narrow defeat in the , Clark challenged Moore for leadership of the party and won , becoming the Leader of the Opposition . Following the , Labour formed a governing coalition , and Clark was sworn in as Prime Minister on 10 December 1999 . Clark led the Fifth Labour Government , which implemented several major economic initiatives including Kiwibank , the New Zealand Superannuation Fund , the New Zealand Emissions Trading Scheme and KiwiSaver . Her government also introduced the Foreshore and Seabed Act 2004 , which caused major controversy . In foreign affairs , Clark sent troops to the Afghanistan War , but did not contribute combat troops to the Iraq War , and ordered a deployment to the 2006 East Timorese crisis . She advocated a number of free-trade agreements with major trading partners , including becoming the first developed nation to sign such an agreement with China . After three successive electoral victories , her government was defeated in the ; Clark resigned as Prime Minister and party leader on 19 November 2008 . She was succeeded as Prime Minister by John Key of the National Party , and as Leader of the Labour Party by Phil Goff . Clark resigned from Parliament in April 2009 shortly after losing the 2008 general election , to become the first female head of the United Nations Development Programme ( UNDP ) . In 2016 , she stood for the position of Secretary-General of the United Nations , but was unsuccessful . She left her UNDP administrator post on 19 April 2017 at the end of her second four-year term and was succeeded by Achim Steiner . In 2019 , Clark became the patron of The Helen Clark Foundation . Early life . Clark was the eldest of four daughters of a farming family at Te Pahu , west of Hamilton , in the Waikato region . Her mother , Margaret McMurray , of Irish birth , was a primary school teacher . Her father , George , was a farmer . Clark studied at Te Pahu Primary School , at Epsom Girls Grammar School in Auckland and at the University of Auckland , where she majored in politics and graduated with an MA ( Honours ) in 1974 . Her thesis focused on rural political behaviour and representation . As a teenager Clark became politically active , protesting against the Vietnam War and campaigning against foreign military bases in New Zealand . Clark has worked actively in the New Zealand Labour Party for most of her life . In 1971 she assisted Labour candidates to the Auckland City Council , three of whom were elected . Following this , she stood for the Auckland City Council herself in 1974 and 1977 . While generally polling well , she never won a seat , missing out by only 105 votes in the latter . Clark was a junior lecturer in political studies at the University of Auckland from 1973 to 1975 . In 1974 she sought the nomination for the Auckland Central electorate , but lost to Richard Prebble . She instead stood for , a National safe seat . Clark studied abroad on a University Grants Committee post-graduate scholarship in 1976 , and then lectured in political studies at Auckland again while undertaking her PhD ( which she never completed ) from 1977 until her election to Parliament in 1981 . Her father supported National that election . Clark served as a member of Labours national executive committee from 1978 until September 1988 , and again from April 1989 . She chaired the University of Auckland Princes Street branch of the Labour Party during her studies , becoming active alongside future Labour politicians including Richard Prebble , David Caygill , Margaret Wilson and Richard Northey . Clark held the positions of president of the Labour Youth Council , executive member of the partys Auckland Regional Council , secretary of the Labour Womens Council and member of the Policy Council . She represented the New Zealand Labour Party at the congresses of the Socialist International and of the Socialist International Women in 1976 , 1978 , 1983 and 1986 , at an Asia-Pacific Socialist Organisation Conference held in Sydney in 1981 , and at the Socialist International Party Leaders Meeting in Sydney in 1991 . Member of Parliament . Clark did not contest the , but in 1980 she put her name forward to replace long serving MP Warren Freer in the safe Labour seat of Mount Albert . She beat six other contenders including electorate chairman Keith Elliot , former MP Malcolm Douglas and future MP Jack Elder for the nomination . Clark was duly elected to the New Zealand House of Representatives in the 1981 general election , as one of eight female members in the 40th Parliament . In winning the Mount Albert electorate in Auckland , she became the second woman elected to represent an Auckland electorate , and the seventeenth woman elected to the New Zealand Parliament . Her first parliamentary intervention , on taking her seat was on 12 April 1982 to give notice , she would move a motion condemning the US Navys deployment of nuclear cruise missiles in the Pacific Two weeks later in her maiden speech , with unusual emphasis on defence policy and the arms race , Clark again condemned the deployment of cruise , Pershing and SS20 and the global ambitions of both superpowers navies , but claimed the Soviet admirals did not plough New Zealands waters and expressed particular concern about the expansion of the 1965 memo of ANZUS understanding for the resupply of weapons to New Zealand to include nuclear weapon resupply . During her first term in the House ( 1981–1984 ) , Clark became a member of the Statutes Revision Committee . In her second term ( 1984–1987 ) , she chaired the Select committee on Foreign Affairs and the Select Committee on Disarmament and Arms Control , both of which combined with the Defence Select Committee in 1985 to form a single committee . In 1983 she was appointed as Labours spokesperson for Overseas Aid and Disarmament . Cabinet Minister . In 1987 , Clark became a Cabinet minister in the Fourth Labour Government , led by David Lange ( 1984–1989 ) , Geoffrey Palmer ( 1989–1990 ) and Mike Moore ( 1990 ) . She served as Minister of Conservation from August 1987 until January 1989 and as Minister of Housing from August 1987 until August 1989 . She became Minister of Health in January 1989 , and took on additional portfolios as Minister of Labour and Deputy Prime Minister in August 1989 . As Health Minister , Clark introduced a series of legislative changes that allowed midwives to practice autonomously . She also introduced the Smoke-free Environments Act 1990 , a law which restricted smoking in places such as workplaces and schools . As Deputy Prime Minister , Clark chaired the Cabinet Social Equity Committee , and was a member of several other important Cabinet committees , such as the Policy Committee , Economic Development and Employment Committee , and Domestic and External Security Committee . Leader of the Opposition . From October 1990 until December 1993 Clark held the posts of Deputy Leader of the Opposition , Shadow spokesperson for Health and Labour , and member of the Social Services Select Committee and of the Labour Select Committee . After the National Party won the 1993 general election with a majority of one seat , Clark successfully challenged Mike Moore for the leadership of the parliamentary party . She was particularly critical of Moore for delivering blurred messages during the 1993 election campaign , and accused him of failing to re-brand Labour as a centre-left party which had jettisoned Rogernomics . Clark became the Leader of the Opposition on 1 December 1993 . She led the Labour Party in opposition to the National-led government of Jim Bolger ( 1990–1997 ) and Jenny Shipley ( 1997–1999 ) . Clark announced her first shadow cabinet on 13 December 1993 , but the ousted Moore refused any portfolios . There were frequent changes after several party defections took place during the parliamentary term in the lead up to the new MMP voting system . At one reshuffle , in June 1995 , Clark herself took the shadow foreign affairs portfolio . The Labour Party rated poorly in opinion polls in the run-up to the 1996 general election , and Clark suffered from a low personal approval rating . At one point polls suggested that New Zealand First of Winston Peters would even poll 30% and Labour would be beaten into third place . However , she survived an attempted leadership coup by senior members who favoured Phil Goff . Labour lost the election in October 1996 , but Clark remained as Opposition leader . Clark was seen as having convincingly won the election debates which led to Labour doing better than predicted . Shortly before the election she also achieved a rapprochement with Moore ( who was previously thinking of setting up his own party ) who accepted the foreign affairs and overseas trade portfolios , calming internal tensions . During the 1998 Waitangi Day celebrations , Clark was prevented from speaking on the marae by activist Titewhai Harawira in protest over Clarks being allowed to speak in direct contradiction of traditional Māori protocol . The ensuing argument saw Clark being reduced to tears on national television . In 1999 , Clark was involved in a defamation case in the High Court of New Zealand with Auckland orthopaedic surgeon Joe Brownlee , resulting in Clarks making an unreserved apology . The case centered on a press statement issued by Clark criticising Brownlee , triggered by a constituents complaint over the outcome of a hip replacement . Clark admitted the criticism was unjustified in that the complication suffered by her constituent was rare , unforeseen and unavoidable . Prime Minister ( 1999–2008 ) . Under Clarks leadership , Labour became the largest party in parliament from 1999 to 2008 . Clark became the second woman to serve as Prime Minister of New Zealand , and the first to have won office at an election . She also served as the Minister for Arts , Culture and Heritage throughout her premiership . She had additional ministerial responsibility for the New Zealand Security Intelligence Service ( NZSIS ) and for Ministerial Services . During her period in office , women held a number of prominent elected and appointed offices in New Zealand , such as the Governor-General , Speaker of the House of Representatives and Chief Justice—these major offices of state were simultaneously occupied by women between March 2005 and August 2006 . As a female head of government , Clark was a member of the Council of Women World Leaders . Clark entered office just three years after the adoption of the Mixed Member Proportional ( MMP ) voting system , which had produced an unstable National-led government under Bolger and Shipley . Clark negotiated the formation of successive coalition governments . Political scientist Bryce Edwards identified Clarks ability to lead stable governments as her most significant achievement , arguing that her ability to work with a variety of coalition partners—including the Alliance , Jim Andertons Progressive Party , Green , United Future and New Zealand First—consolidated public support for MMP . Clarks particular interests included social policy and international affairs . A strong supporter of nuclear disarmament , Clark pursued a policy of peace-making within the Pacific region . She set herself the task of making New Zealand the first ecologically sustainable nation , describing this as central to New Zealands unique national identity . Her governments major policy achievements include the Working for Families package , increasing the minimum wage 5% a year , interest-free student loans , creation of District Health Boards , the introduction of a number of tax credits , overhauling the secondary school qualifications by introducing NCEA , and the introduction of fourteen weeks’ parental leave . Commentators praised Clark ( along with Michael Cullen , the Minister of Finance ) for overseeing a period of sustained and stable economic growth , with an increase in employment that saw a gradual lowering of the unemployment rate to a record low of 3.6% ( in 2005 ) . Clark made every attempt to make sure that gender was not an issue in politics . However , Bryce Edwards states that others did . Clark was portrayed as bloodsucking , cold , and humourless . Clark says herself that when her male counterparts spoke in the media , they looked strong and determined , whereas when she portrayed the same characteristics , the media made it to look like she was tough and nagging . In 2006 Clark was 20th in Forbes magazines ranking of the worlds 100 most powerful women . By the time she left office in 2008 this had fallen to 56th . First term : 1999–2002 . The 1999 general election produced a historic moment for New Zealand ; for the first time , two women , Clark and Shipley , campaigned against each other as leaders of the countrys two major parties . Clark repeatedly stated her desire to govern alone rather than as part of a coalition . However , in the lead up to the election , Labour made overtures to the left-wing Alliance . Clark addressed the Alliances annual conference in August 1998 . On polling day Labour returned 49 seats , an increase of 12 , ahead of Nationals 39 seats . The first Clark-led Cabinet linked Labour with the Alliance . Alliance leader Jim Anderton served as Deputy Prime Minister under Clark until 2002 . The full ministerial team , and portfolios , was announced on 9 December—12 days after the election—and the new government was sworn in the following day . The coalition partners pioneered agree to disagree procedures to manage policy differences . Such procedures lessened the chances of Cabinet becoming publicly divided and running the risk of losing the confidence of the House of Representatives . In January 2000 , the then Police Commissioner , Peter Doone , resigned after The Sunday Star-Times alleged he had prevented the breath testing of his partner Robyn , who had driven the car they occupied , by telling the officer that wont be necessary . Both Doone and the officer involved denied this happened . Doone sued the Sunday Star-Times for defamation in 2005 , but the paper revealed they had checked the story with Clark . She confirmed this , but denied that she had made attempts to get Doone to resign and defended being the source as by definition I cannot leak . Clark also responded by saying that National supporters had funded Doones defamation-suit . Opinion on the significance of this incident varied . In 2000 , Labour MP Chris Carter investigated the background of one of Clarks Cabinet colleagues , Māori Affairs Minister Dover Samuels , regarding allegations of historic statutory rape . Ex-convict John Yelash claimed that Carter had approached him to help with the investigation ; a claim that Carter denied . Clark backed her MP , referring to Yelash as a murderer when he had in fact been convicted of manslaughter , a less serious offence . Yelash sued Clark for defamation , resulting in an out-of-court settlement . In April 2001 , Clark met with Chinese President Jiang Zemin during an official visit to Beijing . Jiang referred to the Prime Minister as an old friend . He stated that China hoped to establish bilateral long-term and stable overall cooperative relations [ with New Zealand ] . Clark strongly supported Chinas entry into the World Trade Organization . In March 2002 , Clark made her first visit to the United States as Prime Minister . She visited Ground Zero , the former site of the World Trade Center , where the New York City Police Department presented her with a New Zealand flag that had been recovered from the rubble after the September 11 attacks . On 26 March , Clark visited the Pentagon and Washington , D.C. , where she met with American officials , including a private meeting with President George W . Bush . Most of the agenda for Clarks visit focused on the joint counter-terrorism campaign ( dubbed the War on Terror ) . As Opposition Leader in 1998 , Clark signed her name to a canvas that had been painted on by another artist . The painting was subsequently auctioned to charity . After the act came to light in April 2002 , the opposition National Party referred the matter to the Police . A police report found evidence for a prima facie case of forgery , but determined that it was not in the public interest to prosecute Clark . In June 2002 , Clark apologised on behalf of New Zealand for aspects of the countrys treatment of Samoa during the colonial era . Clarks apology was made in Apia during the 40th anniversary of Samoas independence and televised live to New Zealand where Samoans applauded the Prime Ministers gesture . The Alliance split in 2002 over the Governments commitment of New Zealand troops to the War in Afghanistan , leading to the imminent dissolution of Labours coalition with that party . Consequently , Clark called for an early election to be held on 27 July . Political opponents claimed that Clark could have continued to govern , and that a snap election was called to take advantage of Labours strong position in opinion polls . In opinion surveys conducted during the election campaign , Clark scored high approval ratings and was far ahead of other party leaders as preferred Prime Minister . A major issue during the 2002 election campaign was the end of a moratorium on genetic engineering , strongly opposed by the rival Green Party . The debate was reignited when investigative journalist Nicky Hager published a book , Seeds of Distrust , in which he alleged that Clarks government had covered up a contamination of genetically modified corn plants in 2000 . A television interview with John Campbell was terminated by Clark when she was taken by surprise from the allegations , which she claimed to have known nothing about prior to the interview . The affair was dubbed Corngate by the media . Second term : 2002–2005 . Clark won a second term in the 2002 general election—her party increased both its share of the vote and number of seats . Labour subsequently entered into a coalition with Jim Andertons Progressive Party ( a spin-off of the Alliance ) , with parliamentary confidence and supply coming from United Future , and a good-faith agreement with the Green Party . Michael Cullen , who served as Minister of Finance , was appointed Deputy Prime Minister by Clark , replacing Anderton . A republican , Clark stated in 2002 that she thought it was inevitable that New Zealand would become a republic in the near future . Her term in office saw a number of alleged moves in this direction , under her governments policy of building national identity . Examples include the abolition of appeals to the Privy Council in London and the foundation of the Supreme Court of New Zealand , the abolition of titular Knighthood and Damehood honours ( restored in 2009 ) , and the abolition of the title Queens Counsel ( replaced by Senior Counsel , restored in 2012 ) . In 2003 , Clark criticised the Invasion of Iraq without an explicit United Nations mandate , and her government opposed New Zealand military action in the Iraq War . Her government did not send combat troops to Iraq , although some medical and engineering units were sent . Clarks foreign policy reflected the priorities of liberal internationalism , especially the promotion of democracy and human rights ; the strengthening of the role of the United Nations ; the advancement of antimilitarism and disarmament ; and the encouragement of free-trade . In March 2003 , referring to the US-led coalitions actions in Iraq , Clark told the newspaper The Sunday Star-Times that , I dont think that 11 September under a Gore presidency would have had this consequence for Iraq . She later sent a letter to Washington apologising for any offence that her comment may have caused . On 17 July 2004 , a motorcade involving police , Diplomatic Protection Squad , and Ministerial Services staff reached speeds of up to 172 km/h when taking Clark and Cabinet Minister Jim Sutton from Waimate to Christchurch Airport so she could attend a rugby union match in Wellington . The courts subsequently convicted the drivers involved for driving offences , but appeals resulted in the quashing of these convictions in December 2005 and August 2006 . Clark said that she was busy working in the back seat and had no influence or role in the decision to speed and did not realise the speed of her vehicle . In November 2004 , Clark announced that negotiations with China had commenced for a free-trade agreement , eventually signing a comprehensive agreement in July 2008 . It was New Zealands largest trade deal since the 1983 Closer Economic Relations agreement with Australia . Third term : 2005–2008 . In 2005 , following that years general election , Labour and the Progressive Party renewed their coalition , with confidence and supply arrangements with both New Zealand First and United Future in exchange for giving the leaders of those parties ministerial positions outside Cabinet . Clark became first Labour leader to win three consecutive elections . Clark won 66% of her electorates votes , or 20,918 votes with a 14,749 majority . On Armistice Day , 11 November 2006 , Clark attended a service in Hyde Park , London , where a monument commemorating New Zealands war dead was unveiled . During her visit she met Queen Elizabeth , Prince Charles and British Prime Minister Tony Blair . On 26 May 2006 , Clark ordered a military deployment to the 2006 East Timorese crisis alongside international partners . Clarks major overseas visit of her third term was a trip to the United States in March 2007 , where she met with George W . Bush in Washington . Despite her strained relationship with the President , they agreed on many issues , including working cooperatively in foreign affairs , commerce and the need for both nations to work toward energy security . On 8 February 2008 , Clark was recognised as the longest-serving leader of the Labour Party in its history ( although some uncertainty exists over the exact date when Harry Holland became party leader ) , having served for 14 years , 69 days . By 26 October 2008 she had passed Hollands longest possible term and her position as longest-serving Labour leader was put beyond doubt . By the end of her tenure in office , Clark had come to be seen as a divisive figure , going from a Herald-DigiPoll popularity rating of nearly 60% in 2005 to 42% at the time of the 2008 general election . Portrayals of Clark as controlling and manipulative after the 2005 election increased when she abandoned her consensus-managerial approach , such as during the New Zealand foreshore and seabed controversy , and her support of the Crimes ( Substituted Section 59 ) Amendment Act 2007 ( the so-called anti-smacking law ) . She was accused of having a nanny state approach to social issues , a perception captured by the pejorative term Helengrad . Labour had been consistently behind the National Party in opinion polls since 2006 , and the gap widened significantly in early 2007 . On 5 August 2008 the Treasury announced that the New Zealand economy had entered a recession . Clarks personal popularity was eclipsed by John Key soon after the latters election as National Party Leader in November 2006 . In the final media polls prior to the Key was ahead of Clark in preferred prime minister polls by eight points in the Fairfax Media Nielsen poll and four points in the One News Colmar Brunton poll . In the 2008 election campaign , Clark attacked the National Party as insincere in its promise to maintain many of her governments flagship projects , such as KiwiSaver and Kiwibank . National overtook Labour as the largest party following the 2008 election . Labour did not have the numbers to ally with smaller parties and no viable path to government ; Clark conceded defeat to Key and announced that she was standing down as party leader . On 11 November 2008 Clark was succeeded by Phil Goff as Leader of the Labour Party . In the first Labour Party conference after its defeat Phil Goff acknowledged that Clarks government had become identified with nanny-state policies in the public mind , and said that the party wanted to draw a line under the past and say , yes , we made mistakes , we didnt listen . Reputation and legacy . Early in her career Clark gained a reputation as a capable advocate of nuclear disarmament and public health policy . As party leader , Clark denounced Rogernomics as a ghastly period and won the 1999 election by abandoning its legacy . However , biographer Denis Welch has argued that she did not do enough to repudiate the paradigm created by Rogernomics , instead allowing Labour and National to become increasingly hard to tell apart on many issues . Clarks government was pragmatic , managerial , concerned with stability , and focused on incremental changes over grand projects . Political scientist Bryce Edwards argues that Clark was never a conviction politician and set out to be a successful rather than great politician , leaving behind a legacy of incremental reforms of New Zealand and good management of the status quo , but no bold ambitions . Likewise , commentator John Armstrong , while praising Clark , describes her as a technocratic prime minister who will be remembered more for her management abilities than a capacity to inspire . In January 2009 , two months after losing office , Clark was voted Greatest Living New Zealander in an opt-in website poll run by The New Zealand Herald . In a close race she received 25 percent of the vote , ahead of Victoria Cross recipient Willie Apiata at 21 percent . Then Prime Minister John Key said he was not surprised by the poll , saying she is well thought of as a New Zealand Prime Minister . Forbes magazine ranked Clark the 22nd most powerful woman in the world in 2016 , down from 20th in 2006 . Post-premiership . Clark was the first defeated Labour Prime Minister to immediately resign the party leadership rather than lead it in Opposition . She served as the shadow foreign affairs spokesperson in the Shadow Cabinet of Phil Goff for several months before retiring from Parliament in April 2009 to accept a position with the United Nations ( UN ) . United Nations Development Programme . Clark became the Administrator of the United Nations Development Programme ( UNDP ) on 17 April 2009 , and was the first woman to lead the organisation . She was also the Chair of the United Nations Development Group , a committee consisting of the heads of all UN funds , programmes and departments working on development issues . The New Zealand Government strongly supported her nomination , along with Australia , the Pacific Island nations and Prime Minister of the United Kingdom , Gordon Brown . She also received the support of the five countries on the bureau of the UNDP board ( Iran , Haiti , Serbia , The Netherlands and Tanzania ) and was unanimously confirmed by the General Assembly on 31 March . She was sworn in by UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon on 27 April 2009 . In this position , Forbes deemed her the 23rd most powerful woman in the world . In 2013 , Forbes upgraded her position to 21st most powerful woman in the world after she was appointed to administer UNDP for a second term and for her potential future as UN Secretary General . She was the only New Zealander to make the list . Clark was recognised for her managerial style of leadership . During her tenure , she was an advocate of Chinas Belt and Road Initiative . She worked to reform the administration and bureaucracy of UNDP , with an emphasis on greater transparency in the organisation . The Publish What You Fund campaign ranked UNDP as the most transparent aid organisation in the world in 2015 and 2016 , under Clarks administration . In February 2015 , Clark visited Guinea , Liberia and Sierra Leone to express solidarity with those working to prevent the spread of Ebola . During her tenure , the ratio of women to men at UNDP reached 50% , including at the most senior level of the organisation . On 24 May 2016 , a Foreign Policy article alleged that Clarks tenure as Administrator had left a trail of embittered peers and subordinates , and accused her of undercutting the UNs promotion of human rights . The article centred on an allegation that her senior staff retaliated against a critical report of the UNDP by forcing out an official who had participated in the investigation . Both the UNDP and Clark have denied the claims . On 26 January 2017 , Clark announced that she would not seek re-election as UNDP Administrator after the completion of her four-year term . She said it had been an honour and privilege to have served in the role . She left UNDP on 19 April 2017 . United Nations Secretary-General selection . In January 2014 , a Guardian interview with Clark raised the possibility that she could take over as UN Secretary-General after Ban Ki-moons retirement in 2016 . She did not confirm her interest , but commented : There will be interest in whether the UN will have a first woman because theyre looking like the last bastions , as it were . She also said in the same interview that : If theres enough support for the style of leadership that I have , it will be interesting . In response , Prime Minister John Key said the New Zealand Government would support a bid , but cautioned that it would be a tough task to get the job . On 4 April 2016 , Helen Clark officially submitted her nomination as New Zealands candidate for the 2016 UN Secretary-General selection . In an interview on the same day , Clark stressed that she was running as the gender-neutral best candidate and not on the basis of being a woman . The UNs role in the Haiti cholera outbreak has been widely discussed and criticised . There has been indisputable evidence that the UN is the proximate cause for bringing cholera to Haiti . Peacekeepers sent to Haiti from Nepal were carrying asymptomatic cholera and they did not treat their waste properly before dumping it into Haitis water stream . When asked about compensation for victims , Clark has declined to take a position , calling it legal issues . Another issue that received attention during Clarks candidacy was allegations of sexual exploitation and abuse by UN peacekeepers . This gross problem was brought to light after Anders Kompass exposed the sexual assault of children by peacekeepers in the Central African Republic . During the United Nations Secretary General Candidate informal dialogues , Clark said that the UN needed to deal quickly with sexual exploitation and abuse , and gender-based violence by peacekeepers . Straw polls were taken by secret ballot in October 2016 . Clark finished fifth place in the sixth poll ; her candidacy was effectively vetoed when three of the permanent Security Council members voted against her . Clarks bid for Secretary-General is the topic of a documentary film , My Year With Helen , directed by Gaylene Preston , which premiered in February 2018 . World Health Organization . On 9 July 2020 the World Health Organization ( WHO ) appointed Clark as co-chair of a panel reviewing the WHOs handling of the COVID-19 pandemic and the response of governments to the outbreak . The Independent Panel for Pandemic Preparedness and Response ( IPPR ) examined how the outbreak occurred and how future pandemics can be prevented . She served in the role alongside former Liberian President Ellen Johnson Sirleaf , and of her appointment Clark said she hesitated before accepting because she felt the panels task was mission impossible . Clarks appointment to this panel drew criticism from UN Watchs Executive Director Hillel Neuer , who criticised her close ties with the pro-Beijing UN Goodwill Ambassador James Chau and her previous endorsement of Cuba for sending medical personnel abroad . On 11 November , Neuer called on Clark to resign , claiming that her alleged favouritism towards China and the WHO , would affect the investigation into Chinas handling of the COVID-19 pandemic . Clark responded that she had no ties with China . On 19 January , the independent panel concluded that Chinese officials could have moved faster in January 2020 to curb the initial COVID-19 outbreak , and criticised the WHO for not declaring an international emergency until 30 January 2020 . In the final report published in May 2021 , the panel concluded that the pandemic could have been prevented if countries had taken a more proactive approach in February 2020 ; Clark said so many countries chose to wait and see . Personal life . Clark was brought up as a Presbyterian Christian , attending Sunday school weekly . When she was Prime Minister she described herself as an agnostic . She married sociologist Peter Davis , her partner of five years in 1981 , shortly before she was elected to Parliament . Clark had been under pressure from some Labour members to marry for political purposes , despite her personal reservations about marriage . Davis is a professor in medical sociology and was director of COMPASS ( Centre of Methods and Policy Application in the Social Sciences ) at the University of Auckland . Clark , after the 1981 elections was to note : It was a difficult campaign , Clark wrote in an essay for the book Head and Shoulders in 1984 . As a single woman I was really hammered . I was accused of being a lesbian , of living in a commune , having friends who were Trotskyites and gays... . In March 2001 , Clark referred to National MP Wyatt Creech as a scumbag and a sleazeball for having raised the issue of a potential conflict of interest involving Davis , who was leading an academic research team studying government health reforms . Clark is a keen hiker and mountaineer . In August 2008 , an expedition group that included Clark and her husband became stranded on the Two Thumb Range , a spur of the Southern Alps , when their guide ( and Clarks friend ) , Gottlieb Braun-Elwert , collapsed and died from a suspected heart attack . Views and positions . Social media . During her tenure as UNDP administrator and afterwards , Clarks presence on social media and avid use of Twitter has attracted positive attention in news media . She has called for greater regulation of social media platforms , and supports the Christchurch Call . Cannabis reform . During the 2020 New Zealand cannabis referendum , Clark publicly supported the Yes vote campaign to decriminalise recreational cannabis , arguing that prohibition did not work . She also featured in the We Do campaign supporting the proposed Cannabis Legalisation and Control Bill . Awards and honours . - In 1986 , Clark was awarded the annual Peace Prize of the Danish Peace Foundation for her work in promoting peace and nuclear disarmament . - In 1990 , Clark received the New Zealand 1990 Commemoration Medal . - In 1993 , Clark was awarded the New Zealand Suffrage Centennial Medal . - In 2002 , she was presented with the Nuclear-Free Future Award , for installing New Zealand at the forefront of the world political movement to rid the earth of nuclear weapons . - In 2005 , the government of the Solomon Islands awarded Clark ( with John Howard ) the Star of the Solomon Islands in recognition of New Zealands role in restoring law and order in the Solomon Islands . This award allows her to use the post-nominal letters SSI . - In January 2008 , Clark won the United Nations Environment Programme Champions of the Earth award in recognition of the governments promotion of sustainability initiatives . - In April 2009 , she was awarded an honorary Doctor of Laws degree by the University of Auckland , her alma mater . - In the 2010 New Year Honours , Clark was appointed a Member of the Order of New Zealand , New Zealands highest honour , for services to New Zealand . - In September 2017 , she received a Lifetime Achievement Award at the New Zealand Women of Influence Awards - In December 2017 , she was awarded the Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun . Patronage - Clark is the patron for The Helen Clark Foundation . - Clark is an Honorary Member of The International Raoul Wallenberg Foundation . - She was the patron of the New Zealand Rugby League between 2002 and 2011 , and has served as the patron of the Mount Albert Lions rugby league club for over 20 years . In popular culture . In 1996 , Clark guest starred as herself in popular New Zealand soap opera Shortland Street . A satirical book , later adapted as a play , titled On the Conditions and Possibilities of Helen Clark Taking Me as Her Young Lover , by Richard Meros , was published by Lawrence and Gibson in 2005 . Clark has also guest-starred on broTown , the New Zealand animated television series .
|
[
"honorary Doctor of Laws"
] |
[
{
"text": " Helen Elizabeth Clark ( born 26 February 1950 ) is a New Zealand politician who served as the 37th Prime Minister of New Zealand from 1999 to 2008 , and was the Administrator of the United Nations Development Programme from 2009 to 2017 . She was New Zealands fifth-longest-serving prime minister , and the second woman to hold that office .",
"title": "Helen Clark"
},
{
"text": "Clark was brought up on a farm outside Hamilton . She entered the University of Auckland in 1968 to study politics , and became active in the New Zealand Labour Party . After graduating she lectured in political studies at the university . Clark entered local politics in 1974 in Auckland but was not elected to any position . Following one unsuccessful attempt , she was elected to Parliament in as the member for Mount Albert , an electorate she represented until 2009 .",
"title": "Helen Clark"
},
{
"text": " Clark held numerous Cabinet positions in the Fourth Labour Government , including Minister of Housing , Minister of Health and Minister of Conservation . She was Deputy Prime Minister from 1989 to 1990 under Prime Ministers Geoffrey Palmer and Mike Moore . After Labours narrow defeat in the , Clark challenged Moore for leadership of the party and won , becoming the Leader of the Opposition . Following the , Labour formed a governing coalition , and Clark was sworn in as Prime Minister on 10 December 1999 .",
"title": "Helen Clark"
},
{
"text": "Clark led the Fifth Labour Government , which implemented several major economic initiatives including Kiwibank , the New Zealand Superannuation Fund , the New Zealand Emissions Trading Scheme and KiwiSaver . Her government also introduced the Foreshore and Seabed Act 2004 , which caused major controversy . In foreign affairs , Clark sent troops to the Afghanistan War , but did not contribute combat troops to the Iraq War , and ordered a deployment to the 2006 East Timorese crisis . She advocated a number of free-trade agreements with major trading partners , including becoming the first developed nation to",
"title": "Helen Clark"
},
{
"text": "sign such an agreement with China . After three successive electoral victories , her government was defeated in the ; Clark resigned as Prime Minister and party leader on 19 November 2008 . She was succeeded as Prime Minister by John Key of the National Party , and as Leader of the Labour Party by Phil Goff .",
"title": "Helen Clark"
},
{
"text": " Clark resigned from Parliament in April 2009 shortly after losing the 2008 general election , to become the first female head of the United Nations Development Programme ( UNDP ) . In 2016 , she stood for the position of Secretary-General of the United Nations , but was unsuccessful . She left her UNDP administrator post on 19 April 2017 at the end of her second four-year term and was succeeded by Achim Steiner . In 2019 , Clark became the patron of The Helen Clark Foundation .",
"title": "Helen Clark"
},
{
"text": "Clark was the eldest of four daughters of a farming family at Te Pahu , west of Hamilton , in the Waikato region . Her mother , Margaret McMurray , of Irish birth , was a primary school teacher . Her father , George , was a farmer . Clark studied at Te Pahu Primary School , at Epsom Girls Grammar School in Auckland and at the University of Auckland , where she majored in politics and graduated with an MA ( Honours ) in 1974 . Her thesis focused on rural political behaviour and representation . As a teenager",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Clark became politically active , protesting against the Vietnam War and campaigning against foreign military bases in New Zealand .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " Clark has worked actively in the New Zealand Labour Party for most of her life . In 1971 she assisted Labour candidates to the Auckland City Council , three of whom were elected . Following this , she stood for the Auckland City Council herself in 1974 and 1977 . While generally polling well , she never won a seat , missing out by only 105 votes in the latter .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Clark was a junior lecturer in political studies at the University of Auckland from 1973 to 1975 . In 1974 she sought the nomination for the Auckland Central electorate , but lost to Richard Prebble . She instead stood for , a National safe seat . Clark studied abroad on a University Grants Committee post-graduate scholarship in 1976 , and then lectured in political studies at Auckland again while undertaking her PhD ( which she never completed ) from 1977 until her election to Parliament in 1981 . Her father supported National that election .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " Clark served as a member of Labours national executive committee from 1978 until September 1988 , and again from April 1989 . She chaired the University of Auckland Princes Street branch of the Labour Party during her studies , becoming active alongside future Labour politicians including Richard Prebble , David Caygill , Margaret Wilson and Richard Northey . Clark held the positions of president of the Labour Youth Council , executive member of the partys Auckland Regional Council , secretary of the Labour Womens Council and member of the Policy Council .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "She represented the New Zealand Labour Party at the congresses of the Socialist International and of the Socialist International Women in 1976 , 1978 , 1983 and 1986 , at an Asia-Pacific Socialist Organisation Conference held in Sydney in 1981 , and at the Socialist International Party Leaders Meeting in Sydney in 1991 .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " Clark did not contest the , but in 1980 she put her name forward to replace long serving MP Warren Freer in the safe Labour seat of Mount Albert . She beat six other contenders including electorate chairman Keith Elliot , former MP Malcolm Douglas and future MP Jack Elder for the nomination .",
"title": "Member of Parliament"
},
{
"text": "Clark was duly elected to the New Zealand House of Representatives in the 1981 general election , as one of eight female members in the 40th Parliament . In winning the Mount Albert electorate in Auckland , she became the second woman elected to represent an Auckland electorate , and the seventeenth woman elected to the New Zealand Parliament . Her first parliamentary intervention , on taking her seat was on 12 April 1982 to give notice , she would move a motion condemning the US Navys deployment of nuclear cruise missiles in the Pacific Two weeks later in her",
"title": "Member of Parliament"
},
{
"text": "maiden speech , with unusual emphasis on defence policy and the arms race , Clark again condemned the deployment of cruise , Pershing and SS20 and the global ambitions of both superpowers navies , but claimed the Soviet admirals did not plough New Zealands waters and expressed particular concern about the expansion of the 1965 memo of ANZUS understanding for the resupply of weapons to New Zealand to include nuclear weapon resupply .",
"title": "Member of Parliament"
},
{
"text": " During her first term in the House ( 1981–1984 ) , Clark became a member of the Statutes Revision Committee . In her second term ( 1984–1987 ) , she chaired the Select committee on Foreign Affairs and the Select Committee on Disarmament and Arms Control , both of which combined with the Defence Select Committee in 1985 to form a single committee . In 1983 she was appointed as Labours spokesperson for Overseas Aid and Disarmament .",
"title": "Member of Parliament"
},
{
"text": "In 1987 , Clark became a Cabinet minister in the Fourth Labour Government , led by David Lange ( 1984–1989 ) , Geoffrey Palmer ( 1989–1990 ) and Mike Moore ( 1990 ) . She served as Minister of Conservation from August 1987 until January 1989 and as Minister of Housing from August 1987 until August 1989 . She became Minister of Health in January 1989 , and took on additional portfolios as Minister of Labour and Deputy Prime Minister in August 1989 . As Health Minister , Clark introduced a series of legislative changes that allowed midwives to practice",
"title": "Cabinet Minister"
},
{
"text": "autonomously . She also introduced the Smoke-free Environments Act 1990 , a law which restricted smoking in places such as workplaces and schools .",
"title": "Cabinet Minister"
},
{
"text": " As Deputy Prime Minister , Clark chaired the Cabinet Social Equity Committee , and was a member of several other important Cabinet committees , such as the Policy Committee , Economic Development and Employment Committee , and Domestic and External Security Committee . Leader of the Opposition .",
"title": "Cabinet Minister"
},
{
"text": "From October 1990 until December 1993 Clark held the posts of Deputy Leader of the Opposition , Shadow spokesperson for Health and Labour , and member of the Social Services Select Committee and of the Labour Select Committee . After the National Party won the 1993 general election with a majority of one seat , Clark successfully challenged Mike Moore for the leadership of the parliamentary party . She was particularly critical of Moore for delivering blurred messages during the 1993 election campaign , and accused him of failing to re-brand Labour as a centre-left party which had jettisoned Rogernomics",
"title": "Cabinet Minister"
},
{
"text": ".",
"title": "Cabinet Minister"
},
{
"text": " Clark became the Leader of the Opposition on 1 December 1993 . She led the Labour Party in opposition to the National-led government of Jim Bolger ( 1990–1997 ) and Jenny Shipley ( 1997–1999 ) . Clark announced her first shadow cabinet on 13 December 1993 , but the ousted Moore refused any portfolios . There were frequent changes after several party defections took place during the parliamentary term in the lead up to the new MMP voting system . At one reshuffle , in June 1995 , Clark herself took the shadow foreign affairs portfolio .",
"title": "Cabinet Minister"
},
{
"text": "The Labour Party rated poorly in opinion polls in the run-up to the 1996 general election , and Clark suffered from a low personal approval rating . At one point polls suggested that New Zealand First of Winston Peters would even poll 30% and Labour would be beaten into third place . However , she survived an attempted leadership coup by senior members who favoured Phil Goff . Labour lost the election in October 1996 , but Clark remained as Opposition leader . Clark was seen as having convincingly won the election debates which led to Labour doing better than",
"title": "Cabinet Minister"
},
{
"text": "predicted . Shortly before the election she also achieved a rapprochement with Moore ( who was previously thinking of setting up his own party ) who accepted the foreign affairs and overseas trade portfolios , calming internal tensions .",
"title": "Cabinet Minister"
},
{
"text": " During the 1998 Waitangi Day celebrations , Clark was prevented from speaking on the marae by activist Titewhai Harawira in protest over Clarks being allowed to speak in direct contradiction of traditional Māori protocol . The ensuing argument saw Clark being reduced to tears on national television .",
"title": "Cabinet Minister"
},
{
"text": "In 1999 , Clark was involved in a defamation case in the High Court of New Zealand with Auckland orthopaedic surgeon Joe Brownlee , resulting in Clarks making an unreserved apology . The case centered on a press statement issued by Clark criticising Brownlee , triggered by a constituents complaint over the outcome of a hip replacement . Clark admitted the criticism was unjustified in that the complication suffered by her constituent was rare , unforeseen and unavoidable .",
"title": "Cabinet Minister"
},
{
"text": "Under Clarks leadership , Labour became the largest party in parliament from 1999 to 2008 . Clark became the second woman to serve as Prime Minister of New Zealand , and the first to have won office at an election . She also served as the Minister for Arts , Culture and Heritage throughout her premiership . She had additional ministerial responsibility for the New Zealand Security Intelligence Service ( NZSIS ) and for Ministerial Services . During her period in office , women held a number of prominent elected and appointed offices in New Zealand , such as the",
"title": "Cabinet Minister"
},
{
"text": "Governor-General , Speaker of the House of Representatives and Chief Justice—these major offices of state were simultaneously occupied by women between March 2005 and August 2006 . As a female head of government , Clark was a member of the Council of Women World Leaders .",
"title": "Cabinet Minister"
},
{
"text": " Clark entered office just three years after the adoption of the Mixed Member Proportional ( MMP ) voting system , which had produced an unstable National-led government under Bolger and Shipley . Clark negotiated the formation of successive coalition governments . Political scientist Bryce Edwards identified Clarks ability to lead stable governments as her most significant achievement , arguing that her ability to work with a variety of coalition partners—including the Alliance , Jim Andertons Progressive Party , Green , United Future and New Zealand First—consolidated public support for MMP .",
"title": "Cabinet Minister"
},
{
"text": "Clarks particular interests included social policy and international affairs . A strong supporter of nuclear disarmament , Clark pursued a policy of peace-making within the Pacific region . She set herself the task of making New Zealand the first ecologically sustainable nation , describing this as central to New Zealands unique national identity . Her governments major policy achievements include the Working for Families package , increasing the minimum wage 5% a year , interest-free student loans , creation of District Health Boards , the introduction of a number of tax credits , overhauling the secondary school qualifications by introducing",
"title": "Cabinet Minister"
},
{
"text": "NCEA , and the introduction of fourteen weeks’ parental leave . Commentators praised Clark ( along with Michael Cullen , the Minister of Finance ) for overseeing a period of sustained and stable economic growth , with an increase in employment that saw a gradual lowering of the unemployment rate to a record low of 3.6% ( in 2005 ) .",
"title": "Cabinet Minister"
},
{
"text": " Clark made every attempt to make sure that gender was not an issue in politics . However , Bryce Edwards states that others did . Clark was portrayed as bloodsucking , cold , and humourless . Clark says herself that when her male counterparts spoke in the media , they looked strong and determined , whereas when she portrayed the same characteristics , the media made it to look like she was tough and nagging .",
"title": "Cabinet Minister"
},
{
"text": "In 2006 Clark was 20th in Forbes magazines ranking of the worlds 100 most powerful women . By the time she left office in 2008 this had fallen to 56th .",
"title": "Cabinet Minister"
},
{
"text": "The 1999 general election produced a historic moment for New Zealand ; for the first time , two women , Clark and Shipley , campaigned against each other as leaders of the countrys two major parties . Clark repeatedly stated her desire to govern alone rather than as part of a coalition . However , in the lead up to the election , Labour made overtures to the left-wing Alliance . Clark addressed the Alliances annual conference in August 1998 . On polling day Labour returned 49 seats , an increase of 12 , ahead of Nationals 39 seats .",
"title": "Cabinet Minister"
},
{
"text": "The first Clark-led Cabinet linked Labour with the Alliance . Alliance leader Jim Anderton served as Deputy Prime Minister under Clark until 2002 . The full ministerial team , and portfolios , was announced on 9 December—12 days after the election—and the new government was sworn in the following day . The coalition partners pioneered agree to disagree procedures to manage policy differences . Such procedures lessened the chances of Cabinet becoming publicly divided and running the risk of losing the confidence of the House of Representatives .",
"title": "Cabinet Minister"
},
{
"text": "In January 2000 , the then Police Commissioner , Peter Doone , resigned after The Sunday Star-Times alleged he had prevented the breath testing of his partner Robyn , who had driven the car they occupied , by telling the officer that wont be necessary . Both Doone and the officer involved denied this happened . Doone sued the Sunday Star-Times for defamation in 2005 , but the paper revealed they had checked the story with Clark . She confirmed this , but denied that she had made attempts to get Doone to resign and defended being the source as",
"title": "Cabinet Minister"
},
{
"text": "by definition I cannot leak . Clark also responded by saying that National supporters had funded Doones defamation-suit . Opinion on the significance of this incident varied .",
"title": "Cabinet Minister"
},
{
"text": " In 2000 , Labour MP Chris Carter investigated the background of one of Clarks Cabinet colleagues , Māori Affairs Minister Dover Samuels , regarding allegations of historic statutory rape . Ex-convict John Yelash claimed that Carter had approached him to help with the investigation ; a claim that Carter denied . Clark backed her MP , referring to Yelash as a murderer when he had in fact been convicted of manslaughter , a less serious offence . Yelash sued Clark for defamation , resulting in an out-of-court settlement .",
"title": "Cabinet Minister"
},
{
"text": "In April 2001 , Clark met with Chinese President Jiang Zemin during an official visit to Beijing . Jiang referred to the Prime Minister as an old friend . He stated that China hoped to establish bilateral long-term and stable overall cooperative relations [ with New Zealand ] . Clark strongly supported Chinas entry into the World Trade Organization .",
"title": "Cabinet Minister"
},
{
"text": "In March 2002 , Clark made her first visit to the United States as Prime Minister . She visited Ground Zero , the former site of the World Trade Center , where the New York City Police Department presented her with a New Zealand flag that had been recovered from the rubble after the September 11 attacks . On 26 March , Clark visited the Pentagon and Washington , D.C. , where she met with American officials , including a private meeting with President George W . Bush . Most of the agenda for Clarks visit focused on the joint",
"title": "Cabinet Minister"
},
{
"text": "counter-terrorism campaign ( dubbed the War on Terror ) .",
"title": "Cabinet Minister"
},
{
"text": " As Opposition Leader in 1998 , Clark signed her name to a canvas that had been painted on by another artist . The painting was subsequently auctioned to charity . After the act came to light in April 2002 , the opposition National Party referred the matter to the Police . A police report found evidence for a prima facie case of forgery , but determined that it was not in the public interest to prosecute Clark .",
"title": "Cabinet Minister"
},
{
"text": "In June 2002 , Clark apologised on behalf of New Zealand for aspects of the countrys treatment of Samoa during the colonial era . Clarks apology was made in Apia during the 40th anniversary of Samoas independence and televised live to New Zealand where Samoans applauded the Prime Ministers gesture .",
"title": "Cabinet Minister"
},
{
"text": "The Alliance split in 2002 over the Governments commitment of New Zealand troops to the War in Afghanistan , leading to the imminent dissolution of Labours coalition with that party . Consequently , Clark called for an early election to be held on 27 July . Political opponents claimed that Clark could have continued to govern , and that a snap election was called to take advantage of Labours strong position in opinion polls . In opinion surveys conducted during the election campaign , Clark scored high approval ratings and was far ahead of other party leaders as preferred Prime",
"title": "Cabinet Minister"
},
{
"text": "Minister .",
"title": "Cabinet Minister"
},
{
"text": "A major issue during the 2002 election campaign was the end of a moratorium on genetic engineering , strongly opposed by the rival Green Party . The debate was reignited when investigative journalist Nicky Hager published a book , Seeds of Distrust , in which he alleged that Clarks government had covered up a contamination of genetically modified corn plants in 2000 . A television interview with John Campbell was terminated by Clark when she was taken by surprise from the allegations , which she claimed to have known nothing about prior to the interview . The affair was dubbed",
"title": "Cabinet Minister"
},
{
"text": "Corngate by the media .",
"title": "Cabinet Minister"
},
{
"text": " Second term : 2002–2005 . Clark won a second term in the 2002 general election—her party increased both its share of the vote and number of seats . Labour subsequently entered into a coalition with Jim Andertons Progressive Party ( a spin-off of the Alliance ) , with parliamentary confidence and supply coming from United Future , and a good-faith agreement with the Green Party . Michael Cullen , who served as Minister of Finance , was appointed Deputy Prime Minister by Clark , replacing Anderton .",
"title": "Cabinet Minister"
},
{
"text": "A republican , Clark stated in 2002 that she thought it was inevitable that New Zealand would become a republic in the near future . Her term in office saw a number of alleged moves in this direction , under her governments policy of building national identity . Examples include the abolition of appeals to the Privy Council in London and the foundation of the Supreme Court of New Zealand , the abolition of titular Knighthood and Damehood honours ( restored in 2009 ) , and the abolition of the title Queens Counsel ( replaced by Senior Counsel , restored",
"title": "Cabinet Minister"
},
{
"text": "in 2012 ) .",
"title": "Cabinet Minister"
},
{
"text": "In 2003 , Clark criticised the Invasion of Iraq without an explicit United Nations mandate , and her government opposed New Zealand military action in the Iraq War . Her government did not send combat troops to Iraq , although some medical and engineering units were sent . Clarks foreign policy reflected the priorities of liberal internationalism , especially the promotion of democracy and human rights ; the strengthening of the role of the United Nations ; the advancement of antimilitarism and disarmament ; and the encouragement of free-trade . In March 2003 , referring to the US-led coalitions actions",
"title": "Cabinet Minister"
},
{
"text": "in Iraq , Clark told the newspaper The Sunday Star-Times that , I dont think that 11 September under a Gore presidency would have had this consequence for Iraq . She later sent a letter to Washington apologising for any offence that her comment may have caused .",
"title": "Cabinet Minister"
},
{
"text": " On 17 July 2004 , a motorcade involving police , Diplomatic Protection Squad , and Ministerial Services staff reached speeds of up to 172 km/h when taking Clark and Cabinet Minister Jim Sutton from Waimate to Christchurch Airport so she could attend a rugby union match in Wellington . The courts subsequently convicted the drivers involved for driving offences , but appeals resulted in the quashing of these convictions in December 2005 and August 2006 .",
"title": "Cabinet Minister"
},
{
"text": "Clark said that she was busy working in the back seat and had no influence or role in the decision to speed and did not realise the speed of her vehicle .",
"title": "Cabinet Minister"
},
{
"text": " In November 2004 , Clark announced that negotiations with China had commenced for a free-trade agreement , eventually signing a comprehensive agreement in July 2008 . It was New Zealands largest trade deal since the 1983 Closer Economic Relations agreement with Australia . Third term : 2005–2008 .",
"title": "Cabinet Minister"
},
{
"text": "In 2005 , following that years general election , Labour and the Progressive Party renewed their coalition , with confidence and supply arrangements with both New Zealand First and United Future in exchange for giving the leaders of those parties ministerial positions outside Cabinet . Clark became first Labour leader to win three consecutive elections . Clark won 66% of her electorates votes , or 20,918 votes with a 14,749 majority .",
"title": "Cabinet Minister"
},
{
"text": " On Armistice Day , 11 November 2006 , Clark attended a service in Hyde Park , London , where a monument commemorating New Zealands war dead was unveiled . During her visit she met Queen Elizabeth , Prince Charles and British Prime Minister Tony Blair . On 26 May 2006 , Clark ordered a military deployment to the 2006 East Timorese crisis alongside international partners .",
"title": "Cabinet Minister"
},
{
"text": "Clarks major overseas visit of her third term was a trip to the United States in March 2007 , where she met with George W . Bush in Washington . Despite her strained relationship with the President , they agreed on many issues , including working cooperatively in foreign affairs , commerce and the need for both nations to work toward energy security .",
"title": "Cabinet Minister"
},
{
"text": " On 8 February 2008 , Clark was recognised as the longest-serving leader of the Labour Party in its history ( although some uncertainty exists over the exact date when Harry Holland became party leader ) , having served for 14 years , 69 days . By 26 October 2008 she had passed Hollands longest possible term and her position as longest-serving Labour leader was put beyond doubt .",
"title": "Cabinet Minister"
},
{
"text": "By the end of her tenure in office , Clark had come to be seen as a divisive figure , going from a Herald-DigiPoll popularity rating of nearly 60% in 2005 to 42% at the time of the 2008 general election . Portrayals of Clark as controlling and manipulative after the 2005 election increased when she abandoned her consensus-managerial approach , such as during the New Zealand foreshore and seabed controversy , and her support of the Crimes ( Substituted Section 59 ) Amendment Act 2007 ( the so-called anti-smacking law ) . She was accused of having a nanny",
"title": "Cabinet Minister"
},
{
"text": "state approach to social issues , a perception captured by the pejorative term Helengrad .",
"title": "Cabinet Minister"
},
{
"text": " Labour had been consistently behind the National Party in opinion polls since 2006 , and the gap widened significantly in early 2007 . On 5 August 2008 the Treasury announced that the New Zealand economy had entered a recession .",
"title": "Cabinet Minister"
},
{
"text": "Clarks personal popularity was eclipsed by John Key soon after the latters election as National Party Leader in November 2006 . In the final media polls prior to the Key was ahead of Clark in preferred prime minister polls by eight points in the Fairfax Media Nielsen poll and four points in the One News Colmar Brunton poll . In the 2008 election campaign , Clark attacked the National Party as insincere in its promise to maintain many of her governments flagship projects , such as KiwiSaver and Kiwibank .",
"title": "Cabinet Minister"
},
{
"text": "National overtook Labour as the largest party following the 2008 election . Labour did not have the numbers to ally with smaller parties and no viable path to government ; Clark conceded defeat to Key and announced that she was standing down as party leader . On 11 November 2008 Clark was succeeded by Phil Goff as Leader of the Labour Party . In the first Labour Party conference after its defeat Phil Goff acknowledged that Clarks government had become identified with nanny-state policies in the public mind , and said that the party wanted to draw a line under",
"title": "Cabinet Minister"
},
{
"text": "the past and say , yes , we made mistakes , we didnt listen .",
"title": "Cabinet Minister"
},
{
"text": " Early in her career Clark gained a reputation as a capable advocate of nuclear disarmament and public health policy . As party leader , Clark denounced Rogernomics as a ghastly period and won the 1999 election by abandoning its legacy . However , biographer Denis Welch has argued that she did not do enough to repudiate the paradigm created by Rogernomics , instead allowing Labour and National to become increasingly hard to tell apart on many issues .",
"title": "Reputation and legacy"
},
{
"text": "Clarks government was pragmatic , managerial , concerned with stability , and focused on incremental changes over grand projects . Political scientist Bryce Edwards argues that Clark was never a conviction politician and set out to be a successful rather than great politician , leaving behind a legacy of incremental reforms of New Zealand and good management of the status quo , but no bold ambitions . Likewise , commentator John Armstrong , while praising Clark , describes her as a technocratic prime minister who will be remembered more for her management abilities than a capacity to inspire .",
"title": "Reputation and legacy"
},
{
"text": " In January 2009 , two months after losing office , Clark was voted Greatest Living New Zealander in an opt-in website poll run by The New Zealand Herald . In a close race she received 25 percent of the vote , ahead of Victoria Cross recipient Willie Apiata at 21 percent . Then Prime Minister John Key said he was not surprised by the poll , saying she is well thought of as a New Zealand Prime Minister .",
"title": "Reputation and legacy"
},
{
"text": "Forbes magazine ranked Clark the 22nd most powerful woman in the world in 2016 , down from 20th in 2006 .",
"title": "Reputation and legacy"
},
{
"text": " Clark was the first defeated Labour Prime Minister to immediately resign the party leadership rather than lead it in Opposition . She served as the shadow foreign affairs spokesperson in the Shadow Cabinet of Phil Goff for several months before retiring from Parliament in April 2009 to accept a position with the United Nations ( UN ) . United Nations Development Programme .",
"title": "Post-premiership"
},
{
"text": "Clark became the Administrator of the United Nations Development Programme ( UNDP ) on 17 April 2009 , and was the first woman to lead the organisation . She was also the Chair of the United Nations Development Group , a committee consisting of the heads of all UN funds , programmes and departments working on development issues . The New Zealand Government strongly supported her nomination , along with Australia , the Pacific Island nations and Prime Minister of the United Kingdom , Gordon Brown . She also received the support of the five countries on the bureau of",
"title": "Post-premiership"
},
{
"text": "the UNDP board ( Iran , Haiti , Serbia , The Netherlands and Tanzania ) and was unanimously confirmed by the General Assembly on 31 March . She was sworn in by UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon on 27 April 2009 . In this position , Forbes deemed her the 23rd most powerful woman in the world .",
"title": "Post-premiership"
},
{
"text": " In 2013 , Forbes upgraded her position to 21st most powerful woman in the world after she was appointed to administer UNDP for a second term and for her potential future as UN Secretary General . She was the only New Zealander to make the list .",
"title": "Post-premiership"
},
{
"text": "Clark was recognised for her managerial style of leadership . During her tenure , she was an advocate of Chinas Belt and Road Initiative . She worked to reform the administration and bureaucracy of UNDP , with an emphasis on greater transparency in the organisation . The Publish What You Fund campaign ranked UNDP as the most transparent aid organisation in the world in 2015 and 2016 , under Clarks administration .",
"title": "Post-premiership"
},
{
"text": " In February 2015 , Clark visited Guinea , Liberia and Sierra Leone to express solidarity with those working to prevent the spread of Ebola . During her tenure , the ratio of women to men at UNDP reached 50% , including at the most senior level of the organisation .",
"title": "Post-premiership"
},
{
"text": "On 24 May 2016 , a Foreign Policy article alleged that Clarks tenure as Administrator had left a trail of embittered peers and subordinates , and accused her of undercutting the UNs promotion of human rights . The article centred on an allegation that her senior staff retaliated against a critical report of the UNDP by forcing out an official who had participated in the investigation . Both the UNDP and Clark have denied the claims .",
"title": "Post-premiership"
},
{
"text": " On 26 January 2017 , Clark announced that she would not seek re-election as UNDP Administrator after the completion of her four-year term . She said it had been an honour and privilege to have served in the role . She left UNDP on 19 April 2017 . United Nations Secretary-General selection .",
"title": "Post-premiership"
},
{
"text": "In January 2014 , a Guardian interview with Clark raised the possibility that she could take over as UN Secretary-General after Ban Ki-moons retirement in 2016 . She did not confirm her interest , but commented : There will be interest in whether the UN will have a first woman because theyre looking like the last bastions , as it were . She also said in the same interview that : If theres enough support for the style of leadership that I have , it will be interesting . In response , Prime Minister John Key said the New Zealand",
"title": "Post-premiership"
},
{
"text": "Government would support a bid , but cautioned that it would be a tough task to get the job .",
"title": "Post-premiership"
},
{
"text": " On 4 April 2016 , Helen Clark officially submitted her nomination as New Zealands candidate for the 2016 UN Secretary-General selection . In an interview on the same day , Clark stressed that she was running as the gender-neutral best candidate and not on the basis of being a woman .",
"title": "Post-premiership"
},
{
"text": "The UNs role in the Haiti cholera outbreak has been widely discussed and criticised . There has been indisputable evidence that the UN is the proximate cause for bringing cholera to Haiti . Peacekeepers sent to Haiti from Nepal were carrying asymptomatic cholera and they did not treat their waste properly before dumping it into Haitis water stream . When asked about compensation for victims , Clark has declined to take a position , calling it legal issues .",
"title": "Post-premiership"
},
{
"text": " Another issue that received attention during Clarks candidacy was allegations of sexual exploitation and abuse by UN peacekeepers . This gross problem was brought to light after Anders Kompass exposed the sexual assault of children by peacekeepers in the Central African Republic . During the United Nations Secretary General Candidate informal dialogues , Clark said that the UN needed to deal quickly with sexual exploitation and abuse , and gender-based violence by peacekeepers .",
"title": "Post-premiership"
},
{
"text": "Straw polls were taken by secret ballot in October 2016 . Clark finished fifth place in the sixth poll ; her candidacy was effectively vetoed when three of the permanent Security Council members voted against her .",
"title": "Post-premiership"
},
{
"text": " Clarks bid for Secretary-General is the topic of a documentary film , My Year With Helen , directed by Gaylene Preston , which premiered in February 2018 .",
"title": "Post-premiership"
},
{
"text": "On 9 July 2020 the World Health Organization ( WHO ) appointed Clark as co-chair of a panel reviewing the WHOs handling of the COVID-19 pandemic and the response of governments to the outbreak . The Independent Panel for Pandemic Preparedness and Response ( IPPR ) examined how the outbreak occurred and how future pandemics can be prevented . She served in the role alongside former Liberian President Ellen Johnson Sirleaf , and of her appointment Clark said she hesitated before accepting because she felt the panels task was mission impossible . Clarks appointment to this panel drew criticism from",
"title": "World Health Organization"
},
{
"text": "UN Watchs Executive Director Hillel Neuer , who criticised her close ties with the pro-Beijing UN Goodwill Ambassador James Chau and her previous endorsement of Cuba for sending medical personnel abroad . On 11 November , Neuer called on Clark to resign , claiming that her alleged favouritism towards China and the WHO , would affect the investigation into Chinas handling of the COVID-19 pandemic . Clark responded that she had no ties with China .",
"title": "World Health Organization"
},
{
"text": " On 19 January , the independent panel concluded that Chinese officials could have moved faster in January 2020 to curb the initial COVID-19 outbreak , and criticised the WHO for not declaring an international emergency until 30 January 2020 . In the final report published in May 2021 , the panel concluded that the pandemic could have been prevented if countries had taken a more proactive approach in February 2020 ; Clark said so many countries chose to wait and see .",
"title": "World Health Organization"
},
{
"text": " Clark was brought up as a Presbyterian Christian , attending Sunday school weekly . When she was Prime Minister she described herself as an agnostic .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "She married sociologist Peter Davis , her partner of five years in 1981 , shortly before she was elected to Parliament . Clark had been under pressure from some Labour members to marry for political purposes , despite her personal reservations about marriage . Davis is a professor in medical sociology and was director of COMPASS ( Centre of Methods and Policy Application in the Social Sciences ) at the University of Auckland .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " Clark , after the 1981 elections was to note : It was a difficult campaign , Clark wrote in an essay for the book Head and Shoulders in 1984 . As a single woman I was really hammered . I was accused of being a lesbian , of living in a commune , having friends who were Trotskyites and gays... .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "In March 2001 , Clark referred to National MP Wyatt Creech as a scumbag and a sleazeball for having raised the issue of a potential conflict of interest involving Davis , who was leading an academic research team studying government health reforms .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " Clark is a keen hiker and mountaineer . In August 2008 , an expedition group that included Clark and her husband became stranded on the Two Thumb Range , a spur of the Southern Alps , when their guide ( and Clarks friend ) , Gottlieb Braun-Elwert , collapsed and died from a suspected heart attack .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " During her tenure as UNDP administrator and afterwards , Clarks presence on social media and avid use of Twitter has attracted positive attention in news media . She has called for greater regulation of social media platforms , and supports the Christchurch Call .",
"title": "Social media"
},
{
"text": " During the 2020 New Zealand cannabis referendum , Clark publicly supported the Yes vote campaign to decriminalise recreational cannabis , arguing that prohibition did not work . She also featured in the We Do campaign supporting the proposed Cannabis Legalisation and Control Bill .",
"title": "Cannabis reform"
},
{
"text": " - In 1986 , Clark was awarded the annual Peace Prize of the Danish Peace Foundation for her work in promoting peace and nuclear disarmament . - In 1990 , Clark received the New Zealand 1990 Commemoration Medal . - In 1993 , Clark was awarded the New Zealand Suffrage Centennial Medal . - In 2002 , she was presented with the Nuclear-Free Future Award , for installing New Zealand at the forefront of the world political movement to rid the earth of nuclear weapons .",
"title": "Awards and honours"
},
{
"text": "- In 2005 , the government of the Solomon Islands awarded Clark ( with John Howard ) the Star of the Solomon Islands in recognition of New Zealands role in restoring law and order in the Solomon Islands . This award allows her to use the post-nominal letters SSI .",
"title": "Awards and honours"
},
{
"text": " - In January 2008 , Clark won the United Nations Environment Programme Champions of the Earth award in recognition of the governments promotion of sustainability initiatives . - In April 2009 , she was awarded an honorary Doctor of Laws degree by the University of Auckland , her alma mater . - In the 2010 New Year Honours , Clark was appointed a Member of the Order of New Zealand , New Zealands highest honour , for services to New Zealand .",
"title": "Awards and honours"
},
{
"text": "- In September 2017 , she received a Lifetime Achievement Award at the New Zealand Women of Influence Awards",
"title": "Awards and honours"
},
{
"text": " - In December 2017 , she was awarded the Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun .",
"title": "Awards and honours"
},
{
"text": " - Clark is the patron for The Helen Clark Foundation . - Clark is an Honorary Member of The International Raoul Wallenberg Foundation . - She was the patron of the New Zealand Rugby League between 2002 and 2011 , and has served as the patron of the Mount Albert Lions rugby league club for over 20 years .",
"title": "Patronage"
}
] |
/wiki/Boris_Gulko#P2962#0
|
Which title was conferred to Boris Gulko in 1976?
|
Boris Gulko Boris Franzevich Gulko ( ; born February 9 , 1947 ) is a Soviet-American Grandmaster in chess . His peak Elo rating was 2644 in 2000 . Gulko is noted to be the only person to win both the Soviet Chess Championship and the U.S . Chess Championship , and for having a positive score against Garry Kasparov . Life and career . Boris Gulko was born in 1947 to a Jewish family . His father was a soldier of the Red Army and was stationed in East Germany . His family returned to the Soviet Union after a few years . Gulko became an International Master in 1975 , and a Grandmaster in 1976 . He won the USSR Chess Championship at Leningrad in 1977 along with Iosif Dorfman . The Soviets usually would break ties for the title of Soviet Champion with a multi-game match , and 1977 was no exception . However , Gulko and Dorfman were even after the six game playoff , so they shared the title and prestige of Soviet Champion . They finished half a point ahead of a field that included three former World Champions . Shortly after , Gulko applied to leave the country , but permission was refused . He and his wife , Anna Akhsharumova , who is a Woman Grandmaster of chess , became prominent Soviet Refuseniks . As a vehement anti-Communist , he was once arrested and beaten by KGB agents . They werent allowed in top-level chess competition until the period of glasnost arrived , and Gulko was finally allowed to immigrate to the United States in 1986 . Thirty-nine is too old to start playing and training to reach the highest achievement in chess , said Boris , those seven years were a serious blow for my chess career , but I don’t regret them . After moving to the U.S . he won the U.S . Chess Championship in 1994 and 1999 . He is the only chess player ever to have held both the American and Soviet championship titles . Gulko also holds an amazing positive score against Garry Kasparov , with three victories , four draws , and only one defeat , in games played from 1978 to 2001 ( according to ChessGames.com ) . Gulko was subject to anti-semitic discrimination 20 years later . He qualified to play at the 2004 World Chess Championship in Libya . The president of the Libyan Organizing Committee , dictator Gaddafi’s son , announced : “We did not and will not invite the Zionist enemies to this championship.” Gulko and several other Jewish players withdrew from the tournament , and Gulko said in a letter to Kirsan Ilyumzhinov , the president of FIDE : “I implore you not to be the first president of FIDE to preside over the first world chess championship from which Jews are excluded . Our magnificent and noble game does not deserve such a disgrace.” Gulko played for Soviet Union in the Chess Olympiad of 1978 and for the United States in the Chess Olympiads of 1988–2004 . He is still playing chess , although he does not participate in a large number of tournaments . After living in Fair Lawn , NJ for many years , the Gulkos moved to Jerusalem in 2019 . Notable games . Gulko has a plus record against Garry Kasparov He even beat Kasparov with the black pieces in Russia in 1982 : Kasparov vs . Gulko , Russia 1982 1.d4 d5 2.c4 dxc4 3.e3 Nf6 4.Bxc4 e6 5.Nf3 c5 6.0-0 a6 7.e4 b5 8.Bd3 Bb7 9.Bg5 cxd4 10.Nxd4 Nbd7 11.Nc3 Ne5 12.Ncxb5 Nxd3 13.Qxd3 axb5 14.Rfd1 Be7 15.Qxb5+ Qd7 16.Qb3 Bxe4 17.Nf5 Bd5 18.Nxg7+ Kf8 19.Qh3 h5 20.Qg3 Kxg7 21.Bxf6+ Kxf6 22.Rd4 Bd6 23.Qc3 Kg6 24.h3 Bc7 0–1 External links . - US Chess bio - An Open Letter to the President of FIDE , Mr . Kirsan Ilyumzhinov , from Grandmaster Boris Gulko , from gmsquare.com - Interview With GM Boris Gulko
|
[
"Grandmaster"
] |
[
{
"text": " Boris Franzevich Gulko ( ; born February 9 , 1947 ) is a Soviet-American Grandmaster in chess . His peak Elo rating was 2644 in 2000 . Gulko is noted to be the only person to win both the Soviet Chess Championship and the U.S . Chess Championship , and for having a positive score against Garry Kasparov .",
"title": "Boris Gulko"
},
{
"text": "Boris Gulko was born in 1947 to a Jewish family . His father was a soldier of the Red Army and was stationed in East Germany . His family returned to the Soviet Union after a few years . Gulko became an International Master in 1975 , and a Grandmaster in 1976 . He won the USSR Chess Championship at Leningrad in 1977 along with Iosif Dorfman . The Soviets usually would break ties for the title of Soviet Champion with a multi-game match , and 1977 was no exception . However , Gulko and Dorfman were even after the",
"title": "Life and career"
},
{
"text": "six game playoff , so they shared the title and prestige of Soviet Champion . They finished half a point ahead of a field that included three former World Champions . Shortly after , Gulko applied to leave the country , but permission was refused . He and his wife , Anna Akhsharumova , who is a Woman Grandmaster of chess , became prominent Soviet Refuseniks . As a vehement anti-Communist , he was once arrested and beaten by KGB agents .",
"title": "Life and career"
},
{
"text": " They werent allowed in top-level chess competition until the period of glasnost arrived , and Gulko was finally allowed to immigrate to the United States in 1986 . Thirty-nine is too old to start playing and training to reach the highest achievement in chess , said Boris , those seven years were a serious blow for my chess career , but I don’t regret them .",
"title": "Life and career"
},
{
"text": "After moving to the U.S . he won the U.S . Chess Championship in 1994 and 1999 . He is the only chess player ever to have held both the American and Soviet championship titles . Gulko also holds an amazing positive score against Garry Kasparov , with three victories , four draws , and only one defeat , in games played from 1978 to 2001 ( according to ChessGames.com ) .",
"title": "Life and career"
},
{
"text": "Gulko was subject to anti-semitic discrimination 20 years later . He qualified to play at the 2004 World Chess Championship in Libya . The president of the Libyan Organizing Committee , dictator Gaddafi’s son , announced : “We did not and will not invite the Zionist enemies to this championship.” Gulko and several other Jewish players withdrew from the tournament , and Gulko said in a letter to Kirsan Ilyumzhinov , the president of FIDE : “I implore you not to be the first president of FIDE to preside over the first world chess championship from which Jews are excluded",
"title": "Life and career"
},
{
"text": ". Our magnificent and noble game does not deserve such a disgrace.”",
"title": "Life and career"
},
{
"text": " Gulko played for Soviet Union in the Chess Olympiad of 1978 and for the United States in the Chess Olympiads of 1988–2004 . He is still playing chess , although he does not participate in a large number of tournaments . After living in Fair Lawn , NJ for many years , the Gulkos moved to Jerusalem in 2019 .",
"title": "Life and career"
},
{
"text": " Gulko has a plus record against Garry Kasparov He even beat Kasparov with the black pieces in Russia in 1982 : Kasparov vs . Gulko , Russia 1982 1.d4 d5 2.c4 dxc4 3.e3 Nf6 4.Bxc4 e6 5.Nf3 c5 6.0-0 a6 7.e4 b5 8.Bd3 Bb7 9.Bg5 cxd4 10.Nxd4 Nbd7 11.Nc3 Ne5 12.Ncxb5 Nxd3 13.Qxd3 axb5 14.Rfd1 Be7 15.Qxb5+ Qd7 16.Qb3 Bxe4 17.Nf5 Bd5 18.Nxg7+ Kf8 19.Qh3 h5 20.Qg3 Kxg7 21.Bxf6+ Kxf6 22.Rd4 Bd6 23.Qc3 Kg6 24.h3 Bc7 0–1",
"title": "Notable games"
},
{
"text": " - US Chess bio - An Open Letter to the President of FIDE , Mr . Kirsan Ilyumzhinov , from Grandmaster Boris Gulko , from gmsquare.com - Interview With GM Boris Gulko",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Boris_Gulko#P2962#1
|
Which title was conferred to Boris Gulko in 1975?
|
Boris Gulko Boris Franzevich Gulko ( ; born February 9 , 1947 ) is a Soviet-American Grandmaster in chess . His peak Elo rating was 2644 in 2000 . Gulko is noted to be the only person to win both the Soviet Chess Championship and the U.S . Chess Championship , and for having a positive score against Garry Kasparov . Life and career . Boris Gulko was born in 1947 to a Jewish family . His father was a soldier of the Red Army and was stationed in East Germany . His family returned to the Soviet Union after a few years . Gulko became an International Master in 1975 , and a Grandmaster in 1976 . He won the USSR Chess Championship at Leningrad in 1977 along with Iosif Dorfman . The Soviets usually would break ties for the title of Soviet Champion with a multi-game match , and 1977 was no exception . However , Gulko and Dorfman were even after the six game playoff , so they shared the title and prestige of Soviet Champion . They finished half a point ahead of a field that included three former World Champions . Shortly after , Gulko applied to leave the country , but permission was refused . He and his wife , Anna Akhsharumova , who is a Woman Grandmaster of chess , became prominent Soviet Refuseniks . As a vehement anti-Communist , he was once arrested and beaten by KGB agents . They werent allowed in top-level chess competition until the period of glasnost arrived , and Gulko was finally allowed to immigrate to the United States in 1986 . Thirty-nine is too old to start playing and training to reach the highest achievement in chess , said Boris , those seven years were a serious blow for my chess career , but I don’t regret them . After moving to the U.S . he won the U.S . Chess Championship in 1994 and 1999 . He is the only chess player ever to have held both the American and Soviet championship titles . Gulko also holds an amazing positive score against Garry Kasparov , with three victories , four draws , and only one defeat , in games played from 1978 to 2001 ( according to ChessGames.com ) . Gulko was subject to anti-semitic discrimination 20 years later . He qualified to play at the 2004 World Chess Championship in Libya . The president of the Libyan Organizing Committee , dictator Gaddafi’s son , announced : “We did not and will not invite the Zionist enemies to this championship.” Gulko and several other Jewish players withdrew from the tournament , and Gulko said in a letter to Kirsan Ilyumzhinov , the president of FIDE : “I implore you not to be the first president of FIDE to preside over the first world chess championship from which Jews are excluded . Our magnificent and noble game does not deserve such a disgrace.” Gulko played for Soviet Union in the Chess Olympiad of 1978 and for the United States in the Chess Olympiads of 1988–2004 . He is still playing chess , although he does not participate in a large number of tournaments . After living in Fair Lawn , NJ for many years , the Gulkos moved to Jerusalem in 2019 . Notable games . Gulko has a plus record against Garry Kasparov He even beat Kasparov with the black pieces in Russia in 1982 : Kasparov vs . Gulko , Russia 1982 1.d4 d5 2.c4 dxc4 3.e3 Nf6 4.Bxc4 e6 5.Nf3 c5 6.0-0 a6 7.e4 b5 8.Bd3 Bb7 9.Bg5 cxd4 10.Nxd4 Nbd7 11.Nc3 Ne5 12.Ncxb5 Nxd3 13.Qxd3 axb5 14.Rfd1 Be7 15.Qxb5+ Qd7 16.Qb3 Bxe4 17.Nf5 Bd5 18.Nxg7+ Kf8 19.Qh3 h5 20.Qg3 Kxg7 21.Bxf6+ Kxf6 22.Rd4 Bd6 23.Qc3 Kg6 24.h3 Bc7 0–1 External links . - US Chess bio - An Open Letter to the President of FIDE , Mr . Kirsan Ilyumzhinov , from Grandmaster Boris Gulko , from gmsquare.com - Interview With GM Boris Gulko
|
[
"International Master"
] |
[
{
"text": " Boris Franzevich Gulko ( ; born February 9 , 1947 ) is a Soviet-American Grandmaster in chess . His peak Elo rating was 2644 in 2000 . Gulko is noted to be the only person to win both the Soviet Chess Championship and the U.S . Chess Championship , and for having a positive score against Garry Kasparov .",
"title": "Boris Gulko"
},
{
"text": "Boris Gulko was born in 1947 to a Jewish family . His father was a soldier of the Red Army and was stationed in East Germany . His family returned to the Soviet Union after a few years . Gulko became an International Master in 1975 , and a Grandmaster in 1976 . He won the USSR Chess Championship at Leningrad in 1977 along with Iosif Dorfman . The Soviets usually would break ties for the title of Soviet Champion with a multi-game match , and 1977 was no exception . However , Gulko and Dorfman were even after the",
"title": "Life and career"
},
{
"text": "six game playoff , so they shared the title and prestige of Soviet Champion . They finished half a point ahead of a field that included three former World Champions . Shortly after , Gulko applied to leave the country , but permission was refused . He and his wife , Anna Akhsharumova , who is a Woman Grandmaster of chess , became prominent Soviet Refuseniks . As a vehement anti-Communist , he was once arrested and beaten by KGB agents .",
"title": "Life and career"
},
{
"text": " They werent allowed in top-level chess competition until the period of glasnost arrived , and Gulko was finally allowed to immigrate to the United States in 1986 . Thirty-nine is too old to start playing and training to reach the highest achievement in chess , said Boris , those seven years were a serious blow for my chess career , but I don’t regret them .",
"title": "Life and career"
},
{
"text": "After moving to the U.S . he won the U.S . Chess Championship in 1994 and 1999 . He is the only chess player ever to have held both the American and Soviet championship titles . Gulko also holds an amazing positive score against Garry Kasparov , with three victories , four draws , and only one defeat , in games played from 1978 to 2001 ( according to ChessGames.com ) .",
"title": "Life and career"
},
{
"text": "Gulko was subject to anti-semitic discrimination 20 years later . He qualified to play at the 2004 World Chess Championship in Libya . The president of the Libyan Organizing Committee , dictator Gaddafi’s son , announced : “We did not and will not invite the Zionist enemies to this championship.” Gulko and several other Jewish players withdrew from the tournament , and Gulko said in a letter to Kirsan Ilyumzhinov , the president of FIDE : “I implore you not to be the first president of FIDE to preside over the first world chess championship from which Jews are excluded",
"title": "Life and career"
},
{
"text": ". Our magnificent and noble game does not deserve such a disgrace.”",
"title": "Life and career"
},
{
"text": " Gulko played for Soviet Union in the Chess Olympiad of 1978 and for the United States in the Chess Olympiads of 1988–2004 . He is still playing chess , although he does not participate in a large number of tournaments . After living in Fair Lawn , NJ for many years , the Gulkos moved to Jerusalem in 2019 .",
"title": "Life and career"
},
{
"text": " Gulko has a plus record against Garry Kasparov He even beat Kasparov with the black pieces in Russia in 1982 : Kasparov vs . Gulko , Russia 1982 1.d4 d5 2.c4 dxc4 3.e3 Nf6 4.Bxc4 e6 5.Nf3 c5 6.0-0 a6 7.e4 b5 8.Bd3 Bb7 9.Bg5 cxd4 10.Nxd4 Nbd7 11.Nc3 Ne5 12.Ncxb5 Nxd3 13.Qxd3 axb5 14.Rfd1 Be7 15.Qxb5+ Qd7 16.Qb3 Bxe4 17.Nf5 Bd5 18.Nxg7+ Kf8 19.Qh3 h5 20.Qg3 Kxg7 21.Bxf6+ Kxf6 22.Rd4 Bd6 23.Qc3 Kg6 24.h3 Bc7 0–1",
"title": "Notable games"
},
{
"text": " - US Chess bio - An Open Letter to the President of FIDE , Mr . Kirsan Ilyumzhinov , from Grandmaster Boris Gulko , from gmsquare.com - Interview With GM Boris Gulko",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Boris_Gulko#P2962#2
|
Which title was conferred to Boris Gulko in 2004?
|
Boris Gulko Boris Franzevich Gulko ( ; born February 9 , 1947 ) is a Soviet-American Grandmaster in chess . His peak Elo rating was 2644 in 2000 . Gulko is noted to be the only person to win both the Soviet Chess Championship and the U.S . Chess Championship , and for having a positive score against Garry Kasparov . Life and career . Boris Gulko was born in 1947 to a Jewish family . His father was a soldier of the Red Army and was stationed in East Germany . His family returned to the Soviet Union after a few years . Gulko became an International Master in 1975 , and a Grandmaster in 1976 . He won the USSR Chess Championship at Leningrad in 1977 along with Iosif Dorfman . The Soviets usually would break ties for the title of Soviet Champion with a multi-game match , and 1977 was no exception . However , Gulko and Dorfman were even after the six game playoff , so they shared the title and prestige of Soviet Champion . They finished half a point ahead of a field that included three former World Champions . Shortly after , Gulko applied to leave the country , but permission was refused . He and his wife , Anna Akhsharumova , who is a Woman Grandmaster of chess , became prominent Soviet Refuseniks . As a vehement anti-Communist , he was once arrested and beaten by KGB agents . They werent allowed in top-level chess competition until the period of glasnost arrived , and Gulko was finally allowed to immigrate to the United States in 1986 . Thirty-nine is too old to start playing and training to reach the highest achievement in chess , said Boris , those seven years were a serious blow for my chess career , but I don’t regret them . After moving to the U.S . he won the U.S . Chess Championship in 1994 and 1999 . He is the only chess player ever to have held both the American and Soviet championship titles . Gulko also holds an amazing positive score against Garry Kasparov , with three victories , four draws , and only one defeat , in games played from 1978 to 2001 ( according to ChessGames.com ) . Gulko was subject to anti-semitic discrimination 20 years later . He qualified to play at the 2004 World Chess Championship in Libya . The president of the Libyan Organizing Committee , dictator Gaddafi’s son , announced : “We did not and will not invite the Zionist enemies to this championship.” Gulko and several other Jewish players withdrew from the tournament , and Gulko said in a letter to Kirsan Ilyumzhinov , the president of FIDE : “I implore you not to be the first president of FIDE to preside over the first world chess championship from which Jews are excluded . Our magnificent and noble game does not deserve such a disgrace.” Gulko played for Soviet Union in the Chess Olympiad of 1978 and for the United States in the Chess Olympiads of 1988–2004 . He is still playing chess , although he does not participate in a large number of tournaments . After living in Fair Lawn , NJ for many years , the Gulkos moved to Jerusalem in 2019 . Notable games . Gulko has a plus record against Garry Kasparov He even beat Kasparov with the black pieces in Russia in 1982 : Kasparov vs . Gulko , Russia 1982 1.d4 d5 2.c4 dxc4 3.e3 Nf6 4.Bxc4 e6 5.Nf3 c5 6.0-0 a6 7.e4 b5 8.Bd3 Bb7 9.Bg5 cxd4 10.Nxd4 Nbd7 11.Nc3 Ne5 12.Ncxb5 Nxd3 13.Qxd3 axb5 14.Rfd1 Be7 15.Qxb5+ Qd7 16.Qb3 Bxe4 17.Nf5 Bd5 18.Nxg7+ Kf8 19.Qh3 h5 20.Qg3 Kxg7 21.Bxf6+ Kxf6 22.Rd4 Bd6 23.Qc3 Kg6 24.h3 Bc7 0–1 External links . - US Chess bio - An Open Letter to the President of FIDE , Mr . Kirsan Ilyumzhinov , from Grandmaster Boris Gulko , from gmsquare.com - Interview With GM Boris Gulko
|
[
""
] |
[
{
"text": " Boris Franzevich Gulko ( ; born February 9 , 1947 ) is a Soviet-American Grandmaster in chess . His peak Elo rating was 2644 in 2000 . Gulko is noted to be the only person to win both the Soviet Chess Championship and the U.S . Chess Championship , and for having a positive score against Garry Kasparov .",
"title": "Boris Gulko"
},
{
"text": "Boris Gulko was born in 1947 to a Jewish family . His father was a soldier of the Red Army and was stationed in East Germany . His family returned to the Soviet Union after a few years . Gulko became an International Master in 1975 , and a Grandmaster in 1976 . He won the USSR Chess Championship at Leningrad in 1977 along with Iosif Dorfman . The Soviets usually would break ties for the title of Soviet Champion with a multi-game match , and 1977 was no exception . However , Gulko and Dorfman were even after the",
"title": "Life and career"
},
{
"text": "six game playoff , so they shared the title and prestige of Soviet Champion . They finished half a point ahead of a field that included three former World Champions . Shortly after , Gulko applied to leave the country , but permission was refused . He and his wife , Anna Akhsharumova , who is a Woman Grandmaster of chess , became prominent Soviet Refuseniks . As a vehement anti-Communist , he was once arrested and beaten by KGB agents .",
"title": "Life and career"
},
{
"text": " They werent allowed in top-level chess competition until the period of glasnost arrived , and Gulko was finally allowed to immigrate to the United States in 1986 . Thirty-nine is too old to start playing and training to reach the highest achievement in chess , said Boris , those seven years were a serious blow for my chess career , but I don’t regret them .",
"title": "Life and career"
},
{
"text": "After moving to the U.S . he won the U.S . Chess Championship in 1994 and 1999 . He is the only chess player ever to have held both the American and Soviet championship titles . Gulko also holds an amazing positive score against Garry Kasparov , with three victories , four draws , and only one defeat , in games played from 1978 to 2001 ( according to ChessGames.com ) .",
"title": "Life and career"
},
{
"text": "Gulko was subject to anti-semitic discrimination 20 years later . He qualified to play at the 2004 World Chess Championship in Libya . The president of the Libyan Organizing Committee , dictator Gaddafi’s son , announced : “We did not and will not invite the Zionist enemies to this championship.” Gulko and several other Jewish players withdrew from the tournament , and Gulko said in a letter to Kirsan Ilyumzhinov , the president of FIDE : “I implore you not to be the first president of FIDE to preside over the first world chess championship from which Jews are excluded",
"title": "Life and career"
},
{
"text": ". Our magnificent and noble game does not deserve such a disgrace.”",
"title": "Life and career"
},
{
"text": " Gulko played for Soviet Union in the Chess Olympiad of 1978 and for the United States in the Chess Olympiads of 1988–2004 . He is still playing chess , although he does not participate in a large number of tournaments . After living in Fair Lawn , NJ for many years , the Gulkos moved to Jerusalem in 2019 .",
"title": "Life and career"
},
{
"text": " Gulko has a plus record against Garry Kasparov He even beat Kasparov with the black pieces in Russia in 1982 : Kasparov vs . Gulko , Russia 1982 1.d4 d5 2.c4 dxc4 3.e3 Nf6 4.Bxc4 e6 5.Nf3 c5 6.0-0 a6 7.e4 b5 8.Bd3 Bb7 9.Bg5 cxd4 10.Nxd4 Nbd7 11.Nc3 Ne5 12.Ncxb5 Nxd3 13.Qxd3 axb5 14.Rfd1 Be7 15.Qxb5+ Qd7 16.Qb3 Bxe4 17.Nf5 Bd5 18.Nxg7+ Kf8 19.Qh3 h5 20.Qg3 Kxg7 21.Bxf6+ Kxf6 22.Rd4 Bd6 23.Qc3 Kg6 24.h3 Bc7 0–1",
"title": "Notable games"
},
{
"text": " - US Chess bio - An Open Letter to the President of FIDE , Mr . Kirsan Ilyumzhinov , from Grandmaster Boris Gulko , from gmsquare.com - Interview With GM Boris Gulko",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Barry_McElduff#P39#0
|
What position did Barry McElduff take between Jan 2002 and Feb 2003?
|
Barry McElduff Columba Barry McElduff ( ; born 16 August 1966 ) is an Irish Sinn Féin politician . He was the Member of Parliament ( MP ) for the West Tyrone UK parliament constituency . He was also a Member of the Legislative Assembly in the Northern Ireland Assembly from its creation in 1998 until his election as MP in 2017 . He resigned his seat on 16 January 2018 after publishing a video which was seen to be mocking the Kingsmill massacre . Early life . McElduff was born on 16 August 1966 in County Tyrone , Northern Ireland , and was raised in the Aghagogan townland . He was educated at the Christian Brothers Grammar School in Omagh , before attending Queens University Belfast . He became an Irish republican activist for Sinn Féin . Career . In 1992 McElduff was given an 18-month suspended sentence for assisting the Provisional Irish Republican Army ( IRA ) in the false imprisonment of a suspected police informer . At the 1992 general election , he unsuccessfully contested Mid Ulster . He was elected to the Northern Ireland Forum for the West Tyrone constituency in 1996 , and has since held this seat on the Northern Ireland Assembly . McElduff has chaired the Culture , Arts and Leisure Committee of the Assembly and has served previously on other committees , including Office of the First Minister and deputy First Minister , Education and Employment and Learning . In 2000 , McElduff was elected to Omagh District Council . In 2012 , McElduff and Lord Laird visited Scotland to learn more about potential Scottish independence . At the snap general election held on 8 June 2017 , he became MP for West Tyrone . McElduff is known for performing comedy sets at Sinn Féin events , and in 2015 performed a stand-up gig in Omagh . He is also known for posting comedic videos on social media . McElduff has published two books : Keep er Lit ( 2012 ) contains short stories and anecdotes from his experiences of republicanism , Gaelic games and community activism , while Sustain the Flame ( 2015 ) looks back at his forays into social media . Resignation . On 5 January 2018 , McElduff tweeted a video of himself in a shop with a loaf of Kingsmill bread on his head , asking where the shop kept its bread . As it coincided with the 42nd anniversary of the Kingsmill massacre—where republicans murdered ten Protestant civilians—unionists accused him of mocking the massacre and the video was widely criticised , including by nationalists . Democratic Unionist Party leader Arlene Foster said mocking is depraved and called the video inhuman . McElduff deleted it and apologised , saying he was not alluding to the massacre and offering to meet the victims families . On 8 January , Sinn Féin apologised for McElduffs actions , condemned the video , and suspended him from Sinn Féin for three months . McElduff announced on 15 January that he was resigning his seat . On 16 January the Chancellor of the Exchequer appointed Barry McElduff as the Steward and Bailiff of the Three Hundreds of Chiltern , an office of profit under the Crown which causes the holders parliamentary seat to be vacated .
|
[
"Member of the Legislative Assembly in the Northern Ireland Assembly"
] |
[
{
"text": " ( ; born 16 August 1966 ) is an Irish Sinn Féin politician . He was the Member of Parliament ( MP ) for the West Tyrone UK parliament constituency . He was also a Member of the Legislative Assembly in the Northern Ireland Assembly from its creation in 1998 until his election as MP in 2017 . He resigned his seat on 16 January 2018 after publishing a video which was seen to be mocking the Kingsmill massacre .",
"title": "Columba Barry McElduff"
},
{
"text": " McElduff was born on 16 August 1966 in County Tyrone , Northern Ireland , and was raised in the Aghagogan townland . He was educated at the Christian Brothers Grammar School in Omagh , before attending Queens University Belfast . He became an Irish republican activist for Sinn Féin .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " In 1992 McElduff was given an 18-month suspended sentence for assisting the Provisional Irish Republican Army ( IRA ) in the false imprisonment of a suspected police informer . At the 1992 general election , he unsuccessfully contested Mid Ulster . He was elected to the Northern Ireland Forum for the West Tyrone constituency in 1996 , and has since held this seat on the Northern Ireland Assembly .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "McElduff has chaired the Culture , Arts and Leisure Committee of the Assembly and has served previously on other committees , including Office of the First Minister and deputy First Minister , Education and Employment and Learning .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " In 2000 , McElduff was elected to Omagh District Council . In 2012 , McElduff and Lord Laird visited Scotland to learn more about potential Scottish independence . At the snap general election held on 8 June 2017 , he became MP for West Tyrone . McElduff is known for performing comedy sets at Sinn Féin events , and in 2015 performed a stand-up gig in Omagh . He is also known for posting comedic videos on social media .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "McElduff has published two books : Keep er Lit ( 2012 ) contains short stories and anecdotes from his experiences of republicanism , Gaelic games and community activism , while Sustain the Flame ( 2015 ) looks back at his forays into social media .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "On 5 January 2018 , McElduff tweeted a video of himself in a shop with a loaf of Kingsmill bread on his head , asking where the shop kept its bread . As it coincided with the 42nd anniversary of the Kingsmill massacre—where republicans murdered ten Protestant civilians—unionists accused him of mocking the massacre and the video was widely criticised , including by nationalists . Democratic Unionist Party leader Arlene Foster said mocking is depraved and called the video inhuman . McElduff deleted it and apologised , saying he was not alluding to the massacre and offering to meet the",
"title": "Resignation"
},
{
"text": "victims families . On 8 January , Sinn Féin apologised for McElduffs actions , condemned the video , and suspended him from Sinn Féin for three months . McElduff announced on 15 January that he was resigning his seat . On 16 January the Chancellor of the Exchequer appointed Barry McElduff as the Steward and Bailiff of the Three Hundreds of Chiltern , an office of profit under the Crown which causes the holders parliamentary seat to be vacated .",
"title": "Resignation"
}
] |
/wiki/Barry_McElduff#P39#1
|
What position did Barry McElduff take in Mar 2004?
|
Barry McElduff Columba Barry McElduff ( ; born 16 August 1966 ) is an Irish Sinn Féin politician . He was the Member of Parliament ( MP ) for the West Tyrone UK parliament constituency . He was also a Member of the Legislative Assembly in the Northern Ireland Assembly from its creation in 1998 until his election as MP in 2017 . He resigned his seat on 16 January 2018 after publishing a video which was seen to be mocking the Kingsmill massacre . Early life . McElduff was born on 16 August 1966 in County Tyrone , Northern Ireland , and was raised in the Aghagogan townland . He was educated at the Christian Brothers Grammar School in Omagh , before attending Queens University Belfast . He became an Irish republican activist for Sinn Féin . Career . In 1992 McElduff was given an 18-month suspended sentence for assisting the Provisional Irish Republican Army ( IRA ) in the false imprisonment of a suspected police informer . At the 1992 general election , he unsuccessfully contested Mid Ulster . He was elected to the Northern Ireland Forum for the West Tyrone constituency in 1996 , and has since held this seat on the Northern Ireland Assembly . McElduff has chaired the Culture , Arts and Leisure Committee of the Assembly and has served previously on other committees , including Office of the First Minister and deputy First Minister , Education and Employment and Learning . In 2000 , McElduff was elected to Omagh District Council . In 2012 , McElduff and Lord Laird visited Scotland to learn more about potential Scottish independence . At the snap general election held on 8 June 2017 , he became MP for West Tyrone . McElduff is known for performing comedy sets at Sinn Féin events , and in 2015 performed a stand-up gig in Omagh . He is also known for posting comedic videos on social media . McElduff has published two books : Keep er Lit ( 2012 ) contains short stories and anecdotes from his experiences of republicanism , Gaelic games and community activism , while Sustain the Flame ( 2015 ) looks back at his forays into social media . Resignation . On 5 January 2018 , McElduff tweeted a video of himself in a shop with a loaf of Kingsmill bread on his head , asking where the shop kept its bread . As it coincided with the 42nd anniversary of the Kingsmill massacre—where republicans murdered ten Protestant civilians—unionists accused him of mocking the massacre and the video was widely criticised , including by nationalists . Democratic Unionist Party leader Arlene Foster said mocking is depraved and called the video inhuman . McElduff deleted it and apologised , saying he was not alluding to the massacre and offering to meet the victims families . On 8 January , Sinn Féin apologised for McElduffs actions , condemned the video , and suspended him from Sinn Féin for three months . McElduff announced on 15 January that he was resigning his seat . On 16 January the Chancellor of the Exchequer appointed Barry McElduff as the Steward and Bailiff of the Three Hundreds of Chiltern , an office of profit under the Crown which causes the holders parliamentary seat to be vacated .
|
[
"Member of the Legislative Assembly in the Northern Ireland Assembly"
] |
[
{
"text": " ( ; born 16 August 1966 ) is an Irish Sinn Féin politician . He was the Member of Parliament ( MP ) for the West Tyrone UK parliament constituency . He was also a Member of the Legislative Assembly in the Northern Ireland Assembly from its creation in 1998 until his election as MP in 2017 . He resigned his seat on 16 January 2018 after publishing a video which was seen to be mocking the Kingsmill massacre .",
"title": "Columba Barry McElduff"
},
{
"text": " McElduff was born on 16 August 1966 in County Tyrone , Northern Ireland , and was raised in the Aghagogan townland . He was educated at the Christian Brothers Grammar School in Omagh , before attending Queens University Belfast . He became an Irish republican activist for Sinn Féin .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " In 1992 McElduff was given an 18-month suspended sentence for assisting the Provisional Irish Republican Army ( IRA ) in the false imprisonment of a suspected police informer . At the 1992 general election , he unsuccessfully contested Mid Ulster . He was elected to the Northern Ireland Forum for the West Tyrone constituency in 1996 , and has since held this seat on the Northern Ireland Assembly .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "McElduff has chaired the Culture , Arts and Leisure Committee of the Assembly and has served previously on other committees , including Office of the First Minister and deputy First Minister , Education and Employment and Learning .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " In 2000 , McElduff was elected to Omagh District Council . In 2012 , McElduff and Lord Laird visited Scotland to learn more about potential Scottish independence . At the snap general election held on 8 June 2017 , he became MP for West Tyrone . McElduff is known for performing comedy sets at Sinn Féin events , and in 2015 performed a stand-up gig in Omagh . He is also known for posting comedic videos on social media .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "McElduff has published two books : Keep er Lit ( 2012 ) contains short stories and anecdotes from his experiences of republicanism , Gaelic games and community activism , while Sustain the Flame ( 2015 ) looks back at his forays into social media .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "On 5 January 2018 , McElduff tweeted a video of himself in a shop with a loaf of Kingsmill bread on his head , asking where the shop kept its bread . As it coincided with the 42nd anniversary of the Kingsmill massacre—where republicans murdered ten Protestant civilians—unionists accused him of mocking the massacre and the video was widely criticised , including by nationalists . Democratic Unionist Party leader Arlene Foster said mocking is depraved and called the video inhuman . McElduff deleted it and apologised , saying he was not alluding to the massacre and offering to meet the",
"title": "Resignation"
},
{
"text": "victims families . On 8 January , Sinn Féin apologised for McElduffs actions , condemned the video , and suspended him from Sinn Féin for three months . McElduff announced on 15 January that he was resigning his seat . On 16 January the Chancellor of the Exchequer appointed Barry McElduff as the Steward and Bailiff of the Three Hundreds of Chiltern , an office of profit under the Crown which causes the holders parliamentary seat to be vacated .",
"title": "Resignation"
}
] |
/wiki/Barry_McElduff#P39#2
|
What position did Barry McElduff take between Jan 2008 and Nov 2008?
|
Barry McElduff Columba Barry McElduff ( ; born 16 August 1966 ) is an Irish Sinn Féin politician . He was the Member of Parliament ( MP ) for the West Tyrone UK parliament constituency . He was also a Member of the Legislative Assembly in the Northern Ireland Assembly from its creation in 1998 until his election as MP in 2017 . He resigned his seat on 16 January 2018 after publishing a video which was seen to be mocking the Kingsmill massacre . Early life . McElduff was born on 16 August 1966 in County Tyrone , Northern Ireland , and was raised in the Aghagogan townland . He was educated at the Christian Brothers Grammar School in Omagh , before attending Queens University Belfast . He became an Irish republican activist for Sinn Féin . Career . In 1992 McElduff was given an 18-month suspended sentence for assisting the Provisional Irish Republican Army ( IRA ) in the false imprisonment of a suspected police informer . At the 1992 general election , he unsuccessfully contested Mid Ulster . He was elected to the Northern Ireland Forum for the West Tyrone constituency in 1996 , and has since held this seat on the Northern Ireland Assembly . McElduff has chaired the Culture , Arts and Leisure Committee of the Assembly and has served previously on other committees , including Office of the First Minister and deputy First Minister , Education and Employment and Learning . In 2000 , McElduff was elected to Omagh District Council . In 2012 , McElduff and Lord Laird visited Scotland to learn more about potential Scottish independence . At the snap general election held on 8 June 2017 , he became MP for West Tyrone . McElduff is known for performing comedy sets at Sinn Féin events , and in 2015 performed a stand-up gig in Omagh . He is also known for posting comedic videos on social media . McElduff has published two books : Keep er Lit ( 2012 ) contains short stories and anecdotes from his experiences of republicanism , Gaelic games and community activism , while Sustain the Flame ( 2015 ) looks back at his forays into social media . Resignation . On 5 January 2018 , McElduff tweeted a video of himself in a shop with a loaf of Kingsmill bread on his head , asking where the shop kept its bread . As it coincided with the 42nd anniversary of the Kingsmill massacre—where republicans murdered ten Protestant civilians—unionists accused him of mocking the massacre and the video was widely criticised , including by nationalists . Democratic Unionist Party leader Arlene Foster said mocking is depraved and called the video inhuman . McElduff deleted it and apologised , saying he was not alluding to the massacre and offering to meet the victims families . On 8 January , Sinn Féin apologised for McElduffs actions , condemned the video , and suspended him from Sinn Féin for three months . McElduff announced on 15 January that he was resigning his seat . On 16 January the Chancellor of the Exchequer appointed Barry McElduff as the Steward and Bailiff of the Three Hundreds of Chiltern , an office of profit under the Crown which causes the holders parliamentary seat to be vacated .
|
[
"Member of the Legislative Assembly in the Northern Ireland Assembly"
] |
[
{
"text": " ( ; born 16 August 1966 ) is an Irish Sinn Féin politician . He was the Member of Parliament ( MP ) for the West Tyrone UK parliament constituency . He was also a Member of the Legislative Assembly in the Northern Ireland Assembly from its creation in 1998 until his election as MP in 2017 . He resigned his seat on 16 January 2018 after publishing a video which was seen to be mocking the Kingsmill massacre .",
"title": "Columba Barry McElduff"
},
{
"text": " McElduff was born on 16 August 1966 in County Tyrone , Northern Ireland , and was raised in the Aghagogan townland . He was educated at the Christian Brothers Grammar School in Omagh , before attending Queens University Belfast . He became an Irish republican activist for Sinn Féin .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " In 1992 McElduff was given an 18-month suspended sentence for assisting the Provisional Irish Republican Army ( IRA ) in the false imprisonment of a suspected police informer . At the 1992 general election , he unsuccessfully contested Mid Ulster . He was elected to the Northern Ireland Forum for the West Tyrone constituency in 1996 , and has since held this seat on the Northern Ireland Assembly .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "McElduff has chaired the Culture , Arts and Leisure Committee of the Assembly and has served previously on other committees , including Office of the First Minister and deputy First Minister , Education and Employment and Learning .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " In 2000 , McElduff was elected to Omagh District Council . In 2012 , McElduff and Lord Laird visited Scotland to learn more about potential Scottish independence . At the snap general election held on 8 June 2017 , he became MP for West Tyrone . McElduff is known for performing comedy sets at Sinn Féin events , and in 2015 performed a stand-up gig in Omagh . He is also known for posting comedic videos on social media .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "McElduff has published two books : Keep er Lit ( 2012 ) contains short stories and anecdotes from his experiences of republicanism , Gaelic games and community activism , while Sustain the Flame ( 2015 ) looks back at his forays into social media .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "On 5 January 2018 , McElduff tweeted a video of himself in a shop with a loaf of Kingsmill bread on his head , asking where the shop kept its bread . As it coincided with the 42nd anniversary of the Kingsmill massacre—where republicans murdered ten Protestant civilians—unionists accused him of mocking the massacre and the video was widely criticised , including by nationalists . Democratic Unionist Party leader Arlene Foster said mocking is depraved and called the video inhuman . McElduff deleted it and apologised , saying he was not alluding to the massacre and offering to meet the",
"title": "Resignation"
},
{
"text": "victims families . On 8 January , Sinn Féin apologised for McElduffs actions , condemned the video , and suspended him from Sinn Féin for three months . McElduff announced on 15 January that he was resigning his seat . On 16 January the Chancellor of the Exchequer appointed Barry McElduff as the Steward and Bailiff of the Three Hundreds of Chiltern , an office of profit under the Crown which causes the holders parliamentary seat to be vacated .",
"title": "Resignation"
}
] |
/wiki/Barry_McElduff#P39#3
|
What position did Barry McElduff take between Mar 2016 and Mar 2016?
|
Barry McElduff Columba Barry McElduff ( ; born 16 August 1966 ) is an Irish Sinn Féin politician . He was the Member of Parliament ( MP ) for the West Tyrone UK parliament constituency . He was also a Member of the Legislative Assembly in the Northern Ireland Assembly from its creation in 1998 until his election as MP in 2017 . He resigned his seat on 16 January 2018 after publishing a video which was seen to be mocking the Kingsmill massacre . Early life . McElduff was born on 16 August 1966 in County Tyrone , Northern Ireland , and was raised in the Aghagogan townland . He was educated at the Christian Brothers Grammar School in Omagh , before attending Queens University Belfast . He became an Irish republican activist for Sinn Féin . Career . In 1992 McElduff was given an 18-month suspended sentence for assisting the Provisional Irish Republican Army ( IRA ) in the false imprisonment of a suspected police informer . At the 1992 general election , he unsuccessfully contested Mid Ulster . He was elected to the Northern Ireland Forum for the West Tyrone constituency in 1996 , and has since held this seat on the Northern Ireland Assembly . McElduff has chaired the Culture , Arts and Leisure Committee of the Assembly and has served previously on other committees , including Office of the First Minister and deputy First Minister , Education and Employment and Learning . In 2000 , McElduff was elected to Omagh District Council . In 2012 , McElduff and Lord Laird visited Scotland to learn more about potential Scottish independence . At the snap general election held on 8 June 2017 , he became MP for West Tyrone . McElduff is known for performing comedy sets at Sinn Féin events , and in 2015 performed a stand-up gig in Omagh . He is also known for posting comedic videos on social media . McElduff has published two books : Keep er Lit ( 2012 ) contains short stories and anecdotes from his experiences of republicanism , Gaelic games and community activism , while Sustain the Flame ( 2015 ) looks back at his forays into social media . Resignation . On 5 January 2018 , McElduff tweeted a video of himself in a shop with a loaf of Kingsmill bread on his head , asking where the shop kept its bread . As it coincided with the 42nd anniversary of the Kingsmill massacre—where republicans murdered ten Protestant civilians—unionists accused him of mocking the massacre and the video was widely criticised , including by nationalists . Democratic Unionist Party leader Arlene Foster said mocking is depraved and called the video inhuman . McElduff deleted it and apologised , saying he was not alluding to the massacre and offering to meet the victims families . On 8 January , Sinn Féin apologised for McElduffs actions , condemned the video , and suspended him from Sinn Féin for three months . McElduff announced on 15 January that he was resigning his seat . On 16 January the Chancellor of the Exchequer appointed Barry McElduff as the Steward and Bailiff of the Three Hundreds of Chiltern , an office of profit under the Crown which causes the holders parliamentary seat to be vacated .
|
[
"Member of the Legislative Assembly in the Northern Ireland Assembly"
] |
[
{
"text": " ( ; born 16 August 1966 ) is an Irish Sinn Féin politician . He was the Member of Parliament ( MP ) for the West Tyrone UK parliament constituency . He was also a Member of the Legislative Assembly in the Northern Ireland Assembly from its creation in 1998 until his election as MP in 2017 . He resigned his seat on 16 January 2018 after publishing a video which was seen to be mocking the Kingsmill massacre .",
"title": "Columba Barry McElduff"
},
{
"text": " McElduff was born on 16 August 1966 in County Tyrone , Northern Ireland , and was raised in the Aghagogan townland . He was educated at the Christian Brothers Grammar School in Omagh , before attending Queens University Belfast . He became an Irish republican activist for Sinn Féin .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " In 1992 McElduff was given an 18-month suspended sentence for assisting the Provisional Irish Republican Army ( IRA ) in the false imprisonment of a suspected police informer . At the 1992 general election , he unsuccessfully contested Mid Ulster . He was elected to the Northern Ireland Forum for the West Tyrone constituency in 1996 , and has since held this seat on the Northern Ireland Assembly .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "McElduff has chaired the Culture , Arts and Leisure Committee of the Assembly and has served previously on other committees , including Office of the First Minister and deputy First Minister , Education and Employment and Learning .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " In 2000 , McElduff was elected to Omagh District Council . In 2012 , McElduff and Lord Laird visited Scotland to learn more about potential Scottish independence . At the snap general election held on 8 June 2017 , he became MP for West Tyrone . McElduff is known for performing comedy sets at Sinn Féin events , and in 2015 performed a stand-up gig in Omagh . He is also known for posting comedic videos on social media .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "McElduff has published two books : Keep er Lit ( 2012 ) contains short stories and anecdotes from his experiences of republicanism , Gaelic games and community activism , while Sustain the Flame ( 2015 ) looks back at his forays into social media .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "On 5 January 2018 , McElduff tweeted a video of himself in a shop with a loaf of Kingsmill bread on his head , asking where the shop kept its bread . As it coincided with the 42nd anniversary of the Kingsmill massacre—where republicans murdered ten Protestant civilians—unionists accused him of mocking the massacre and the video was widely criticised , including by nationalists . Democratic Unionist Party leader Arlene Foster said mocking is depraved and called the video inhuman . McElduff deleted it and apologised , saying he was not alluding to the massacre and offering to meet the",
"title": "Resignation"
},
{
"text": "victims families . On 8 January , Sinn Féin apologised for McElduffs actions , condemned the video , and suspended him from Sinn Féin for three months . McElduff announced on 15 January that he was resigning his seat . On 16 January the Chancellor of the Exchequer appointed Barry McElduff as the Steward and Bailiff of the Three Hundreds of Chiltern , an office of profit under the Crown which causes the holders parliamentary seat to be vacated .",
"title": "Resignation"
}
] |
/wiki/Barry_McElduff#P39#4
|
What position did Barry McElduff take in Dec 2016?
|
Barry McElduff Columba Barry McElduff ( ; born 16 August 1966 ) is an Irish Sinn Féin politician . He was the Member of Parliament ( MP ) for the West Tyrone UK parliament constituency . He was also a Member of the Legislative Assembly in the Northern Ireland Assembly from its creation in 1998 until his election as MP in 2017 . He resigned his seat on 16 January 2018 after publishing a video which was seen to be mocking the Kingsmill massacre . Early life . McElduff was born on 16 August 1966 in County Tyrone , Northern Ireland , and was raised in the Aghagogan townland . He was educated at the Christian Brothers Grammar School in Omagh , before attending Queens University Belfast . He became an Irish republican activist for Sinn Féin . Career . In 1992 McElduff was given an 18-month suspended sentence for assisting the Provisional Irish Republican Army ( IRA ) in the false imprisonment of a suspected police informer . At the 1992 general election , he unsuccessfully contested Mid Ulster . He was elected to the Northern Ireland Forum for the West Tyrone constituency in 1996 , and has since held this seat on the Northern Ireland Assembly . McElduff has chaired the Culture , Arts and Leisure Committee of the Assembly and has served previously on other committees , including Office of the First Minister and deputy First Minister , Education and Employment and Learning . In 2000 , McElduff was elected to Omagh District Council . In 2012 , McElduff and Lord Laird visited Scotland to learn more about potential Scottish independence . At the snap general election held on 8 June 2017 , he became MP for West Tyrone . McElduff is known for performing comedy sets at Sinn Féin events , and in 2015 performed a stand-up gig in Omagh . He is also known for posting comedic videos on social media . McElduff has published two books : Keep er Lit ( 2012 ) contains short stories and anecdotes from his experiences of republicanism , Gaelic games and community activism , while Sustain the Flame ( 2015 ) looks back at his forays into social media . Resignation . On 5 January 2018 , McElduff tweeted a video of himself in a shop with a loaf of Kingsmill bread on his head , asking where the shop kept its bread . As it coincided with the 42nd anniversary of the Kingsmill massacre—where republicans murdered ten Protestant civilians—unionists accused him of mocking the massacre and the video was widely criticised , including by nationalists . Democratic Unionist Party leader Arlene Foster said mocking is depraved and called the video inhuman . McElduff deleted it and apologised , saying he was not alluding to the massacre and offering to meet the victims families . On 8 January , Sinn Féin apologised for McElduffs actions , condemned the video , and suspended him from Sinn Féin for three months . McElduff announced on 15 January that he was resigning his seat . On 16 January the Chancellor of the Exchequer appointed Barry McElduff as the Steward and Bailiff of the Three Hundreds of Chiltern , an office of profit under the Crown which causes the holders parliamentary seat to be vacated .
|
[
"Member of the Legislative Assembly in the Northern Ireland Assembly"
] |
[
{
"text": " ( ; born 16 August 1966 ) is an Irish Sinn Féin politician . He was the Member of Parliament ( MP ) for the West Tyrone UK parliament constituency . He was also a Member of the Legislative Assembly in the Northern Ireland Assembly from its creation in 1998 until his election as MP in 2017 . He resigned his seat on 16 January 2018 after publishing a video which was seen to be mocking the Kingsmill massacre .",
"title": "Columba Barry McElduff"
},
{
"text": " McElduff was born on 16 August 1966 in County Tyrone , Northern Ireland , and was raised in the Aghagogan townland . He was educated at the Christian Brothers Grammar School in Omagh , before attending Queens University Belfast . He became an Irish republican activist for Sinn Féin .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " In 1992 McElduff was given an 18-month suspended sentence for assisting the Provisional Irish Republican Army ( IRA ) in the false imprisonment of a suspected police informer . At the 1992 general election , he unsuccessfully contested Mid Ulster . He was elected to the Northern Ireland Forum for the West Tyrone constituency in 1996 , and has since held this seat on the Northern Ireland Assembly .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "McElduff has chaired the Culture , Arts and Leisure Committee of the Assembly and has served previously on other committees , including Office of the First Minister and deputy First Minister , Education and Employment and Learning .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " In 2000 , McElduff was elected to Omagh District Council . In 2012 , McElduff and Lord Laird visited Scotland to learn more about potential Scottish independence . At the snap general election held on 8 June 2017 , he became MP for West Tyrone . McElduff is known for performing comedy sets at Sinn Féin events , and in 2015 performed a stand-up gig in Omagh . He is also known for posting comedic videos on social media .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "McElduff has published two books : Keep er Lit ( 2012 ) contains short stories and anecdotes from his experiences of republicanism , Gaelic games and community activism , while Sustain the Flame ( 2015 ) looks back at his forays into social media .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "On 5 January 2018 , McElduff tweeted a video of himself in a shop with a loaf of Kingsmill bread on his head , asking where the shop kept its bread . As it coincided with the 42nd anniversary of the Kingsmill massacre—where republicans murdered ten Protestant civilians—unionists accused him of mocking the massacre and the video was widely criticised , including by nationalists . Democratic Unionist Party leader Arlene Foster said mocking is depraved and called the video inhuman . McElduff deleted it and apologised , saying he was not alluding to the massacre and offering to meet the",
"title": "Resignation"
},
{
"text": "victims families . On 8 January , Sinn Féin apologised for McElduffs actions , condemned the video , and suspended him from Sinn Féin for three months . McElduff announced on 15 January that he was resigning his seat . On 16 January the Chancellor of the Exchequer appointed Barry McElduff as the Steward and Bailiff of the Three Hundreds of Chiltern , an office of profit under the Crown which causes the holders parliamentary seat to be vacated .",
"title": "Resignation"
}
] |
/wiki/Barry_McElduff#P39#5
|
What position did Barry McElduff take in Apr 2017?
|
Barry McElduff Columba Barry McElduff ( ; born 16 August 1966 ) is an Irish Sinn Féin politician . He was the Member of Parliament ( MP ) for the West Tyrone UK parliament constituency . He was also a Member of the Legislative Assembly in the Northern Ireland Assembly from its creation in 1998 until his election as MP in 2017 . He resigned his seat on 16 January 2018 after publishing a video which was seen to be mocking the Kingsmill massacre . Early life . McElduff was born on 16 August 1966 in County Tyrone , Northern Ireland , and was raised in the Aghagogan townland . He was educated at the Christian Brothers Grammar School in Omagh , before attending Queens University Belfast . He became an Irish republican activist for Sinn Féin . Career . In 1992 McElduff was given an 18-month suspended sentence for assisting the Provisional Irish Republican Army ( IRA ) in the false imprisonment of a suspected police informer . At the 1992 general election , he unsuccessfully contested Mid Ulster . He was elected to the Northern Ireland Forum for the West Tyrone constituency in 1996 , and has since held this seat on the Northern Ireland Assembly . McElduff has chaired the Culture , Arts and Leisure Committee of the Assembly and has served previously on other committees , including Office of the First Minister and deputy First Minister , Education and Employment and Learning . In 2000 , McElduff was elected to Omagh District Council . In 2012 , McElduff and Lord Laird visited Scotland to learn more about potential Scottish independence . At the snap general election held on 8 June 2017 , he became MP for West Tyrone . McElduff is known for performing comedy sets at Sinn Féin events , and in 2015 performed a stand-up gig in Omagh . He is also known for posting comedic videos on social media . McElduff has published two books : Keep er Lit ( 2012 ) contains short stories and anecdotes from his experiences of republicanism , Gaelic games and community activism , while Sustain the Flame ( 2015 ) looks back at his forays into social media . Resignation . On 5 January 2018 , McElduff tweeted a video of himself in a shop with a loaf of Kingsmill bread on his head , asking where the shop kept its bread . As it coincided with the 42nd anniversary of the Kingsmill massacre—where republicans murdered ten Protestant civilians—unionists accused him of mocking the massacre and the video was widely criticised , including by nationalists . Democratic Unionist Party leader Arlene Foster said mocking is depraved and called the video inhuman . McElduff deleted it and apologised , saying he was not alluding to the massacre and offering to meet the victims families . On 8 January , Sinn Féin apologised for McElduffs actions , condemned the video , and suspended him from Sinn Féin for three months . McElduff announced on 15 January that he was resigning his seat . On 16 January the Chancellor of the Exchequer appointed Barry McElduff as the Steward and Bailiff of the Three Hundreds of Chiltern , an office of profit under the Crown which causes the holders parliamentary seat to be vacated .
|
[
"Member of the Legislative Assembly in the Northern Ireland Assembly"
] |
[
{
"text": " ( ; born 16 August 1966 ) is an Irish Sinn Féin politician . He was the Member of Parliament ( MP ) for the West Tyrone UK parliament constituency . He was also a Member of the Legislative Assembly in the Northern Ireland Assembly from its creation in 1998 until his election as MP in 2017 . He resigned his seat on 16 January 2018 after publishing a video which was seen to be mocking the Kingsmill massacre .",
"title": "Columba Barry McElduff"
},
{
"text": " McElduff was born on 16 August 1966 in County Tyrone , Northern Ireland , and was raised in the Aghagogan townland . He was educated at the Christian Brothers Grammar School in Omagh , before attending Queens University Belfast . He became an Irish republican activist for Sinn Féin .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " In 1992 McElduff was given an 18-month suspended sentence for assisting the Provisional Irish Republican Army ( IRA ) in the false imprisonment of a suspected police informer . At the 1992 general election , he unsuccessfully contested Mid Ulster . He was elected to the Northern Ireland Forum for the West Tyrone constituency in 1996 , and has since held this seat on the Northern Ireland Assembly .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "McElduff has chaired the Culture , Arts and Leisure Committee of the Assembly and has served previously on other committees , including Office of the First Minister and deputy First Minister , Education and Employment and Learning .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " In 2000 , McElduff was elected to Omagh District Council . In 2012 , McElduff and Lord Laird visited Scotland to learn more about potential Scottish independence . At the snap general election held on 8 June 2017 , he became MP for West Tyrone . McElduff is known for performing comedy sets at Sinn Féin events , and in 2015 performed a stand-up gig in Omagh . He is also known for posting comedic videos on social media .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "McElduff has published two books : Keep er Lit ( 2012 ) contains short stories and anecdotes from his experiences of republicanism , Gaelic games and community activism , while Sustain the Flame ( 2015 ) looks back at his forays into social media .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "On 5 January 2018 , McElduff tweeted a video of himself in a shop with a loaf of Kingsmill bread on his head , asking where the shop kept its bread . As it coincided with the 42nd anniversary of the Kingsmill massacre—where republicans murdered ten Protestant civilians—unionists accused him of mocking the massacre and the video was widely criticised , including by nationalists . Democratic Unionist Party leader Arlene Foster said mocking is depraved and called the video inhuman . McElduff deleted it and apologised , saying he was not alluding to the massacre and offering to meet the",
"title": "Resignation"
},
{
"text": "victims families . On 8 January , Sinn Féin apologised for McElduffs actions , condemned the video , and suspended him from Sinn Féin for three months . McElduff announced on 15 January that he was resigning his seat . On 16 January the Chancellor of the Exchequer appointed Barry McElduff as the Steward and Bailiff of the Three Hundreds of Chiltern , an office of profit under the Crown which causes the holders parliamentary seat to be vacated .",
"title": "Resignation"
}
] |
/wiki/Niko_Kovač#P6087#0
|
Niko Kovač was the coach of which team in Jun 2013?
|
Niko Kovač Niko Kovač ( ; born 15 October 1971 ) is a Croatian professional football coach and former player who is the manager of Ligue 1 club Monaco . Kovač was the long-standing captain of the Croatia national team until his retirement from international football in January 2009 . A defensive midfielder who was known for his excellent passing and tackling skills , Kovač was , at the time of his retirement , the oldest player in the Croatian squad and had captained them at the 2006 FIFA World Cup and UEFA Euro 2008 . He has also enjoyed a high level of top club action , having spent most of his club career in the German Bundesliga , including spells with Hertha BSC , Bayer Leverkusen , Hamburger SV and Bayern Munich . He ended his playing career with Austrian club Red Bull Salzburg , where he then took the non-playing role of the reserve team coach and eventually became assistant manager under team manager Ricardo Moniz . In January 2013 , Kovač took over the Croatia national under-21 team and in October 2013 he took over the Croatia senior team following the dismissal of Igor Štimac . Kovač managed Croatia at the 2014 FIFA World Cup , then became head coach of Eintracht Frankfurt in 2016 , winning the 2018 DFB-Pokal Final with the club . At Bayern , Kovač won the domestic double in 2019 after a strong ending to the season , but lost his job later in that same autumn . In the summer of 2020 , Kovač took charge of Monaco for his first club manager job outside of Germany . Club career . Early career ( 1987–1996 ) . Kovač started training football as an eight-year old with Rapide Wedding in Berlin . After that he joined Hertha Zehlendorf and soon became a member of the first team . He moved to Hertha BSC in 1991 and started his professional career with the club that competed in the 2 . Bundesliga at the time . During his youth , Kovač in parallel with football practised judo , earning the blue belt . After finishing high school ( gymnasium ) he continued his education at Free University of Berlin . He pursued a degree in business studies while playing for Hertha BSC . After eight semesters , he left university when he secured a contract with Bayer Leverkusen . Bayer Leverkusen ( 1996–1999 ) . In the summer of 1996 , Kovač left Hertha , still a 2 . Bundesliga side at the time , for Bundesliga side Bayer Leverkusen . He made his Bundesliga debut on 17 August 1996 , appearing as a half-time substitute in the clubs opening match of the 1996–97 season , a 4–2 home victory over Borussia Dortmund . He appeared in 32 Bundesliga matches in his first season with Leverkusen , also scoring three goals . However , he mostly played as a substitute in the following two seasons and missed several matches in the 1997–98 season after sustaining an injury in the clubs home match against VfB Stuttgart in December 1997 . In three seasons with Bayer Leverkusen , Kovač made 77 Bundesliga appearances and scored eight goals in league competition . At the club , he was teammates with his younger brother Robert for the first time in his professional career . Hamburger SV ( 1999–2001 ) . Kovač joined Hamburger SV in the summer of 1999 and spent two seasons with the club , making 55 Bundesliga appearances and scoring 12 goals in the Bundesliga . Bayern Munich ( 2001–2003 ) . In July 2001 , Kovač signed for then Bundesliga and UEFA Champions League winners , Bayern Munich . Kovač joined the club along with his brother , Robert . However , Kovač did not manage to establish himself as a regular at the club and left Bayern for a second stint with Hertha BSC after two seasons in the summer of 2003 . He appeared in 34 Bundesliga matches and scored three goals for Bayern in the league . Hertha BSC ( 2003–2006 ) . Kovač then signed for Hertha again . He made 75 Bundesliga appearances for the club and scored eight goals in the league . Red Bull Salzburg ( 2006–2009 ) . After the 2006 FIFA World Cup , Kovač left Hertha after three seasons for Austrian Bundesliga side Red Bull Salzburg . He was a regular in the Salzburg team and also appeared in all of their four UEFA Champions League qualifiers in the summer of 2006 . On 26 August 2006 , he scored his first goal for Red Bull Salzburg in the Bundesliga , netting the second goal in their 4–0 home victory over Wacker Tirol . He signed one more year until summer 2009 in May 2008 . On 29 May 2009 , Kovač left after three years with Red Bull and retired from professional football . He played his last match for Red Bull in a friendly against former club Bayern Munich ; he was substituted off after the first 15 minutes . International career . Kovač made his senior international debut in Croatias friendly match against Morocco on 11 December 1996 in Casablanca . He subsequently also appeared in three qualifying matches for the 1998 FIFA World Cup , but missed the finals in France because he did not fully recover from injury until the beginning of the preparations for the tournament . He was subsequently not part of the national team for two years before making his comeback in a friendly match against France in November 1999 . At international level , Kovač played for Croatia in five qualifying matches for the 2002 World Cup and scored one goal in Croatias 4–0 victory away against San Marino . At the final tournament , he appeared as a starting player in all three group matches before Croatia was eliminated from the tournament with a third-place finish in their group . He was also a regular in UEFA Euro 2004 qualifying , making seven appearances and scoring two goals in away matches , the 1–0 winner against Estonia and the opening goal in the teams 3–0 victory over Andorra . He also played the entire three group matches played by the Croatian team at the final Euro 2004 tournament in Portugal and scored the opening goal in the final group match against England . However , Croatia lost the match 4–2 and was once again eliminated from the tournament as the third-placed nation in its group . After Euro 2004 , Kovač became the Croatia national teams captain and led the team through the qualifying campaign for the 2006 FIFA World Cup finals in Germany . He appeared in nine of ten qualifying matches and scored two goals , both in Croatias 4–0 victory over Iceland at home in Zagreb . At the final tournament , he appeared in all three of Croatias group matches , despite sustaining an injury which forced him to leave the pitch after 40 minutes of the teams opening match against Brazil . Kovač scored the goal that put Croatia 2–1 up in the final group match against Australia . However , the match ended in a 2–2 draw and Croatia was eliminated by virtue of finishing third in the group . This was the third consecutive time this had happened in a major tournament . Euro 2008 was a bittersweet campaign for captain Kovač . His sterling performances against Germany and Turkey ultimately unrewarded in what could prove to be his last major tournament . Against Germany , he was peerless , producing a man of the match display alongside Luka Modrić whilst against Turkey , he reduced his opponents to pot shots from distance as they rarely broke through his screening protection of the back four . Before and after that game , Kovač reiterated his intention to retire from international football at the end of Euro 2008 , however , after conversation with Slaven Bilić , it would seem he feels there is unfinished business to take care of . Kovač finally announced his international retirement on 7 January 2009 , stating a desire that younger players should be given experience in the Croatia side . Managerial career . Red Bull Salzburg ( 2009–2011 ) . After his retirement from professional football , Kovač became coach of the second squad of FC Red Bull Salzburg , Red Bull Juniors , from 16 June 2009 to 7 April 2011.<ref Salzburg ( A ) /FC Anif » Manager history></ref> In the 2009–10 season , he finished in sixth place and were knocked out in the Austrian Cup in the second round in a shootout . He was with the second team until 7 April 2011 . His final match was a 1–1 draw against SV Seekirchen . In 2011 , he was promoted to being assistant coach of the first squad together with Ricardo Moniz as head coach . After Moniz resigned as a first-team coach in June 2012 , Kovač was one of the favourites for taking his position . However , the position went to Roger Schmidt and Kovač subsequently left Salzburg . Croatia ( 2013–2015 ) . Under-21 . On 21 January 2013 , Igor Štimac , head coach of the Croatia national team , announced that Kovač , alongside his brother Robert as assistant coach , would take over as the under-21 team head coach . His task was to qualify for the 2015 UEFA European Under-21 Championship . Croatia were drawn in Group 5 of the qualifying competition , together with Switzerland , Ukraine , Latvia and Liechtenstein . In the first four games Croatia got the maximum of 12 points with a goal difference of 13–0 . He debuted with a 5–0 away win against Liechtenstein , before he brought two away wins against the group favourites Ukraine and Switzerland . Senior . On 16 October 2013 , Davor Šuker , president of the Croatian Football Federation ( HNS ) , announced that Niko Kovač would take over as caretaker manager of the Croatia senior team . He replaced Štimac , who was sacked after Croatia scraped into the World Cup play-offs having taken only one point from their last four qualifiers . However , one day later , in an inaugural press conference , Šuker stated HNS signed a two-year contract with Kovač and his staff including his brother Robert Kovač , Vatroslav Mihačić and Goran Lacković , until the end of Croatias UEFA Euro 2016 campaign . His first two matches for Croatia were in the World Cup play-offs against Iceland . Croatia managed to qualify for the 2014 FIFA World Cup in Brazil after winning the play-off tie against Iceland 2–0 on aggregate . At the World Cup , Croatia won 4–0 against Cameroon and lost 3–1 against Brazil and Mexico . Croatia did not qualify from their group . On 9 September 2015 , HNS terminated Kovačs contract after Croatia lost 2–0 to Norway in the UEFA Euro 2016 qualifying . Eintracht Frankfurt ( 2016–2018 ) . Kovač was appointed as head coach of Eintracht Frankfurt on 8 March 2016 . He made his managerial debut for Frankfurt in a 3–0 loss to Borussia Mönchengladbach . The club was only able to finish the season in 16th place , requiring them to play in the relegation play-offs against 1 . FC Nürnberg . After drawing the first leg 1–1 at home , Kovač ensured Eintrachts survival in the Bundesliga after Haris Seferovićs goal won the second leg 1–0 . Kovač received a Fair Play Prize from the DOSB for his gesture of comforting Nürnbergs players after their defeat . In the 2016–17 season , Frankfurt managed to finish mid-table in 11th position , as well as notably reaching the 2017 DFB-Pokal Final , clubs first final since 2006 , where Frankfurt lost 1–2 against Borussia Dortmund . In the 2017–18 season , Frankfurt competed for a place in European competition for the following season . Kovač has typically used a 3–4–2–1 formation with emphasis on defensive stability and wing play . He took Frankfurt to the 2018 DFB-Pokal Final , the second in succession for the club , where he beat his future employer , Bayern Munich . With that win , Kovač led Frankfurt to its first trophy since 1988 . He finished with a record of 38 wins , 20 draws , and 33 losses in 91 matches . Adi Hütter became his successor . Bayern Munich ( 2018–2019 ) . On 13 April 2018 , Bayern Munich announced that Kovač would succeed Jupp Heynckes as manager of the club for the 2018–19 season , with a three-year contract lasting until 30 June 2021 . Kovačs brother , Robert , would follow him to Munich to be his assistant coach . Kovač had a contract with Frankfurt until 30 June 2018 and Bayern had to pay a release clause in his contract reported to be around €2.2 million . Kovač is just the fourth former player to manage Bayern Munich after Søren Lerby , Franz Beckenbauer and Jürgen Klinsmann . Kovač was the third Croat to manage Bayern after Zlatko Čajkovski and Branko Zebec . Kovač officially took over on 1 July 2018 and was presented as the new manager of Bayern Munich on 2 July 2018 . On 12 August , Kovač won his first match as manager of Bayern 5–0 in the German Super Cup against Eintracht Frankfurt . He won his first Bundesliga game in charge as Bayern defeated 1899 Hoffenheim 3–1 at home on 25 August . On 19 May 2019 , he led Bayern to their seventh consecutive Bundesliga title after a 5–1 home win against his former club , Eintracht Frankfurt , beating nearest rivals Borussia Dortmund by two points . This was Kovačs first Bundesliga title as a coach . On 25 May 2019 , Kovač led Bayern to a league and cup double when Bayern defeated RB Leipzig 3–0 in the 2019 DFB-Pokal Final . It was Kovačs second consecutive cup win as he became the first coach since Felix Magath in 2005 and 2006 to win back-to-back cup titles . Kovač also became the first person to win a league and cup double both as a player and coach in German football . On 1 October , Bayern defeated Tottenham Hotspur 7–2 in the Champions League , with Serge Gnabry scoring four goals . It was Bayerns second highest victory in European competitions , only behind their 7–1 victory over Roma in October 2014 . On 3 November , Kovač left by mutual agreement after a 5–1 loss to Eintracht Frankfurt . Monaco ( 2020–present ) . On 19 July 2020 , Kovač was appointed as head coach at Ligue 1 club Monaco . In his first game as Monaco coach on 23 August , Kovač secured a 2–2 draw after being two goals down against Reims . On 20 November , he managed to beat French champions and Champions League finalists Paris Saint-Germain 3–2 after falling behind 0–2 . On 21 February 2021 , he defeated Paris Saint-Germain once again , this time 2–0 . It was the first time since March 2016 that Monaco managed to win at Parc des Princes . Kovač was subsequently widely praised by French sports media . On 19 May , Monaco lost 2–0 to Paris Saint-Germain in the Coupe de France Final . Personal life . Kovač was born on 15 October 1971 in Berlin-Wedding , West Berlin , to a Croatian family hailing from Livno , Bosnia and Herzegovina . His parents Mato and Ivka emigrated from SFR Yugoslavia in 1970 . He has two younger siblings , brother Robert and sister Nikolina . Kovač is also a German national and therefore he was eligible to represent Germany , Croatia , and Bosnia and Herzegovina at international level . He opted for Croatia . Kovač married his primary school sweetheart in 1999 . They have a daughter named Laura . Kovač is a Roman Catholic . He generally lives a quiet family life , and considers a family of great value and tries to convey that to his players . In 2007 , Kovač appeared in Croatian Democratic Union ( HDZ ) s campaign video for that years parliamentary election . The video focuses on Croatian diasporas right to vote despite not living in the country , and depicts Kovač talking about his connection with his homeland . One of the lines from the video , ( My brother Robert , as well ) , entered Croatian popular culture and is frequently quoted by the people and the media in the country when referring to the brothers . Honours . Player . Bayern Munich - Bundesliga : 2002–03 - DFB-Pokal : 2002–03 - Intercontinental Cup : 2001 Red Bull Salzburg - Austrian Bundesliga : 2006–07 Manager . Eintracht Frankfurt - DFB-Pokal : 2017–18 ; runner-up : 2016–17 Bayern Munich - Bundesliga : 2018–19 - DFB-Pokal : 2018–19 - DFL-Supercup : 2018 Monaco - Coupe de France runner-up : 2020–21 External links . - Niko Kovač at Leverkusen Whos Who
|
[
"under-21 team"
] |
[
{
"text": " Niko Kovač ( ; born 15 October 1971 ) is a Croatian professional football coach and former player who is the manager of Ligue 1 club Monaco .",
"title": "Niko Kovač"
},
{
"text": "Kovač was the long-standing captain of the Croatia national team until his retirement from international football in January 2009 . A defensive midfielder who was known for his excellent passing and tackling skills , Kovač was , at the time of his retirement , the oldest player in the Croatian squad and had captained them at the 2006 FIFA World Cup and UEFA Euro 2008 . He has also enjoyed a high level of top club action , having spent most of his club career in the German Bundesliga , including spells with Hertha BSC , Bayer Leverkusen , Hamburger",
"title": "Niko Kovač"
},
{
"text": "SV and Bayern Munich .",
"title": "Niko Kovač"
},
{
"text": "He ended his playing career with Austrian club Red Bull Salzburg , where he then took the non-playing role of the reserve team coach and eventually became assistant manager under team manager Ricardo Moniz . In January 2013 , Kovač took over the Croatia national under-21 team and in October 2013 he took over the Croatia senior team following the dismissal of Igor Štimac . Kovač managed Croatia at the 2014 FIFA World Cup , then became head coach of Eintracht Frankfurt in 2016 , winning the 2018 DFB-Pokal Final with the club . At Bayern , Kovač won the",
"title": "Niko Kovač"
},
{
"text": "domestic double in 2019 after a strong ending to the season , but lost his job later in that same autumn . In the summer of 2020 , Kovač took charge of Monaco for his first club manager job outside of Germany .",
"title": "Niko Kovač"
},
{
"text": " Early career ( 1987–1996 ) . Kovač started training football as an eight-year old with Rapide Wedding in Berlin . After that he joined Hertha Zehlendorf and soon became a member of the first team . He moved to Hertha BSC in 1991 and started his professional career with the club that competed in the 2 . Bundesliga at the time .",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"text": "During his youth , Kovač in parallel with football practised judo , earning the blue belt . After finishing high school ( gymnasium ) he continued his education at Free University of Berlin . He pursued a degree in business studies while playing for Hertha BSC . After eight semesters , he left university when he secured a contract with Bayer Leverkusen .",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"text": "In the summer of 1996 , Kovač left Hertha , still a 2 . Bundesliga side at the time , for Bundesliga side Bayer Leverkusen . He made his Bundesliga debut on 17 August 1996 , appearing as a half-time substitute in the clubs opening match of the 1996–97 season , a 4–2 home victory over Borussia Dortmund . He appeared in 32 Bundesliga matches in his first season with Leverkusen , also scoring three goals . However , he mostly played as a substitute in the following two seasons and missed several matches in the 1997–98 season after sustaining",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"text": "an injury in the clubs home match against VfB Stuttgart in December 1997 . In three seasons with Bayer Leverkusen , Kovač made 77 Bundesliga appearances and scored eight goals in league competition . At the club , he was teammates with his younger brother Robert for the first time in his professional career .",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"text": " Hamburger SV ( 1999–2001 ) . Kovač joined Hamburger SV in the summer of 1999 and spent two seasons with the club , making 55 Bundesliga appearances and scoring 12 goals in the Bundesliga . Bayern Munich ( 2001–2003 ) .",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"text": "In July 2001 , Kovač signed for then Bundesliga and UEFA Champions League winners , Bayern Munich . Kovač joined the club along with his brother , Robert . However , Kovač did not manage to establish himself as a regular at the club and left Bayern for a second stint with Hertha BSC after two seasons in the summer of 2003 . He appeared in 34 Bundesliga matches and scored three goals for Bayern in the league .",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"text": " Hertha BSC ( 2003–2006 ) . Kovač then signed for Hertha again . He made 75 Bundesliga appearances for the club and scored eight goals in the league . Red Bull Salzburg ( 2006–2009 ) .",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"text": "After the 2006 FIFA World Cup , Kovač left Hertha after three seasons for Austrian Bundesliga side Red Bull Salzburg . He was a regular in the Salzburg team and also appeared in all of their four UEFA Champions League qualifiers in the summer of 2006 . On 26 August 2006 , he scored his first goal for Red Bull Salzburg in the Bundesliga , netting the second goal in their 4–0 home victory over Wacker Tirol . He signed one more year until summer 2009 in May 2008 . On 29 May 2009 , Kovač left after three years",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"text": "with Red Bull and retired from professional football . He played his last match for Red Bull in a friendly against former club Bayern Munich ; he was substituted off after the first 15 minutes .",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"text": " Kovač made his senior international debut in Croatias friendly match against Morocco on 11 December 1996 in Casablanca . He subsequently also appeared in three qualifying matches for the 1998 FIFA World Cup , but missed the finals in France because he did not fully recover from injury until the beginning of the preparations for the tournament . He was subsequently not part of the national team for two years before making his comeback in a friendly match against France in November 1999 .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "At international level , Kovač played for Croatia in five qualifying matches for the 2002 World Cup and scored one goal in Croatias 4–0 victory away against San Marino . At the final tournament , he appeared as a starting player in all three group matches before Croatia was eliminated from the tournament with a third-place finish in their group . He was also a regular in UEFA Euro 2004 qualifying , making seven appearances and scoring two goals in away matches , the 1–0 winner against Estonia and the opening goal in the teams 3–0 victory over Andorra .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "He also played the entire three group matches played by the Croatian team at the final Euro 2004 tournament in Portugal and scored the opening goal in the final group match against England . However , Croatia lost the match 4–2 and was once again eliminated from the tournament as the third-placed nation in its group .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "After Euro 2004 , Kovač became the Croatia national teams captain and led the team through the qualifying campaign for the 2006 FIFA World Cup finals in Germany . He appeared in nine of ten qualifying matches and scored two goals , both in Croatias 4–0 victory over Iceland at home in Zagreb . At the final tournament , he appeared in all three of Croatias group matches , despite sustaining an injury which forced him to leave the pitch after 40 minutes of the teams opening match against Brazil . Kovač scored the goal that put Croatia 2–1 up",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "in the final group match against Australia . However , the match ended in a 2–2 draw and Croatia was eliminated by virtue of finishing third in the group . This was the third consecutive time this had happened in a major tournament .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "Euro 2008 was a bittersweet campaign for captain Kovač . His sterling performances against Germany and Turkey ultimately unrewarded in what could prove to be his last major tournament . Against Germany , he was peerless , producing a man of the match display alongside Luka Modrić whilst against Turkey , he reduced his opponents to pot shots from distance as they rarely broke through his screening protection of the back four . Before and after that game , Kovač reiterated his intention to retire from international football at the end of Euro 2008 , however , after conversation with",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "Slaven Bilić , it would seem he feels there is unfinished business to take care of .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " Kovač finally announced his international retirement on 7 January 2009 , stating a desire that younger players should be given experience in the Croatia side .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "After his retirement from professional football , Kovač became coach of the second squad of FC Red Bull Salzburg , Red Bull Juniors , from 16 June 2009 to 7 April 2011.<ref Salzburg ( A ) /FC Anif » Manager history></ref> In the 2009–10 season , he finished in sixth place and were knocked out in the Austrian Cup in the second round in a shootout . He was with the second team until 7 April 2011 . His final match was a 1–1 draw against SV Seekirchen . In 2011 , he was promoted to being assistant coach of",
"title": "Managerial career"
},
{
"text": "the first squad together with Ricardo Moniz as head coach . After Moniz resigned as a first-team coach in June 2012 , Kovač was one of the favourites for taking his position . However , the position went to Roger Schmidt and Kovač subsequently left Salzburg .",
"title": "Managerial career"
},
{
"text": "On 21 January 2013 , Igor Štimac , head coach of the Croatia national team , announced that Kovač , alongside his brother Robert as assistant coach , would take over as the under-21 team head coach . His task was to qualify for the 2015 UEFA European Under-21 Championship . Croatia were drawn in Group 5 of the qualifying competition , together with Switzerland , Ukraine , Latvia and Liechtenstein . In the first four games Croatia got the maximum of 12 points with a goal difference of 13–0 . He debuted with a 5–0 away win against Liechtenstein",
"title": "Under-21"
},
{
"text": ", before he brought two away wins against the group favourites Ukraine and Switzerland .",
"title": "Under-21"
},
{
"text": "On 16 October 2013 , Davor Šuker , president of the Croatian Football Federation ( HNS ) , announced that Niko Kovač would take over as caretaker manager of the Croatia senior team . He replaced Štimac , who was sacked after Croatia scraped into the World Cup play-offs having taken only one point from their last four qualifiers . However , one day later , in an inaugural press conference , Šuker stated HNS signed a two-year contract with Kovač and his staff including his brother Robert Kovač , Vatroslav Mihačić and Goran Lacković , until the end of",
"title": "Senior"
},
{
"text": "Croatias UEFA Euro 2016 campaign . His first two matches for Croatia were in the World Cup play-offs against Iceland . Croatia managed to qualify for the 2014 FIFA World Cup in Brazil after winning the play-off tie against Iceland 2–0 on aggregate . At the World Cup , Croatia won 4–0 against Cameroon and lost 3–1 against Brazil and Mexico . Croatia did not qualify from their group . On 9 September 2015 , HNS terminated Kovačs contract after Croatia lost 2–0 to Norway in the UEFA Euro 2016 qualifying .",
"title": "Senior"
},
{
"text": "Kovač was appointed as head coach of Eintracht Frankfurt on 8 March 2016 . He made his managerial debut for Frankfurt in a 3–0 loss to Borussia Mönchengladbach . The club was only able to finish the season in 16th place , requiring them to play in the relegation play-offs against 1 . FC Nürnberg . After drawing the first leg 1–1 at home , Kovač ensured Eintrachts survival in the Bundesliga after Haris Seferovićs goal won the second leg 1–0 . Kovač received a Fair Play Prize from the DOSB for his gesture of comforting Nürnbergs players after their",
"title": "Senior"
},
{
"text": "defeat .",
"title": "Senior"
},
{
"text": "In the 2016–17 season , Frankfurt managed to finish mid-table in 11th position , as well as notably reaching the 2017 DFB-Pokal Final , clubs first final since 2006 , where Frankfurt lost 1–2 against Borussia Dortmund . In the 2017–18 season , Frankfurt competed for a place in European competition for the following season . Kovač has typically used a 3–4–2–1 formation with emphasis on defensive stability and wing play . He took Frankfurt to the 2018 DFB-Pokal Final , the second in succession for the club , where he beat his future employer , Bayern Munich . With",
"title": "Senior"
},
{
"text": "that win , Kovač led Frankfurt to its first trophy since 1988 . He finished with a record of 38 wins , 20 draws , and 33 losses in 91 matches . Adi Hütter became his successor .",
"title": "Senior"
},
{
"text": "On 13 April 2018 , Bayern Munich announced that Kovač would succeed Jupp Heynckes as manager of the club for the 2018–19 season , with a three-year contract lasting until 30 June 2021 . Kovačs brother , Robert , would follow him to Munich to be his assistant coach . Kovač had a contract with Frankfurt until 30 June 2018 and Bayern had to pay a release clause in his contract reported to be around €2.2 million . Kovač is just the fourth former player to manage Bayern Munich after Søren Lerby , Franz Beckenbauer and Jürgen Klinsmann . Kovač",
"title": "Senior"
},
{
"text": "was the third Croat to manage Bayern after Zlatko Čajkovski and Branko Zebec . Kovač officially took over on 1 July 2018 and was presented as the new manager of Bayern Munich on 2 July 2018 .",
"title": "Senior"
},
{
"text": " On 12 August , Kovač won his first match as manager of Bayern 5–0 in the German Super Cup against Eintracht Frankfurt . He won his first Bundesliga game in charge as Bayern defeated 1899 Hoffenheim 3–1 at home on 25 August . On 19 May 2019 , he led Bayern to their seventh consecutive Bundesliga title after a 5–1 home win against his former club , Eintracht Frankfurt , beating nearest rivals Borussia Dortmund by two points . This was Kovačs first Bundesliga title as a coach .",
"title": "Senior"
},
{
"text": "On 25 May 2019 , Kovač led Bayern to a league and cup double when Bayern defeated RB Leipzig 3–0 in the 2019 DFB-Pokal Final . It was Kovačs second consecutive cup win as he became the first coach since Felix Magath in 2005 and 2006 to win back-to-back cup titles . Kovač also became the first person to win a league and cup double both as a player and coach in German football . On 1 October , Bayern defeated Tottenham Hotspur 7–2 in the Champions League , with Serge Gnabry scoring four goals . It was Bayerns second",
"title": "Senior"
},
{
"text": "highest victory in European competitions , only behind their 7–1 victory over Roma in October 2014 . On 3 November , Kovač left by mutual agreement after a 5–1 loss to Eintracht Frankfurt .",
"title": "Senior"
},
{
"text": "On 19 July 2020 , Kovač was appointed as head coach at Ligue 1 club Monaco . In his first game as Monaco coach on 23 August , Kovač secured a 2–2 draw after being two goals down against Reims . On 20 November , he managed to beat French champions and Champions League finalists Paris Saint-Germain 3–2 after falling behind 0–2 . On 21 February 2021 , he defeated Paris Saint-Germain once again , this time 2–0 . It was the first time since March 2016 that Monaco managed to win at Parc des Princes . Kovač was subsequently",
"title": "Senior"
},
{
"text": "widely praised by French sports media . On 19 May , Monaco lost 2–0 to Paris Saint-Germain in the Coupe de France Final .",
"title": "Senior"
},
{
"text": " Kovač was born on 15 October 1971 in Berlin-Wedding , West Berlin , to a Croatian family hailing from Livno , Bosnia and Herzegovina . His parents Mato and Ivka emigrated from SFR Yugoslavia in 1970 . He has two younger siblings , brother Robert and sister Nikolina . Kovač is also a German national and therefore he was eligible to represent Germany , Croatia , and Bosnia and Herzegovina at international level . He opted for Croatia .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "Kovač married his primary school sweetheart in 1999 . They have a daughter named Laura . Kovač is a Roman Catholic . He generally lives a quiet family life , and considers a family of great value and tries to convey that to his players .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " In 2007 , Kovač appeared in Croatian Democratic Union ( HDZ ) s campaign video for that years parliamentary election . The video focuses on Croatian diasporas right to vote despite not living in the country , and depicts Kovač talking about his connection with his homeland . One of the lines from the video , ( My brother Robert , as well ) , entered Croatian popular culture and is frequently quoted by the people and the media in the country when referring to the brothers .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " - Niko Kovač at Leverkusen Whos Who",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Niko_Kovač#P6087#1
|
Niko Kovač was the coach of which team in Nov 2013?
|
Niko Kovač Niko Kovač ( ; born 15 October 1971 ) is a Croatian professional football coach and former player who is the manager of Ligue 1 club Monaco . Kovač was the long-standing captain of the Croatia national team until his retirement from international football in January 2009 . A defensive midfielder who was known for his excellent passing and tackling skills , Kovač was , at the time of his retirement , the oldest player in the Croatian squad and had captained them at the 2006 FIFA World Cup and UEFA Euro 2008 . He has also enjoyed a high level of top club action , having spent most of his club career in the German Bundesliga , including spells with Hertha BSC , Bayer Leverkusen , Hamburger SV and Bayern Munich . He ended his playing career with Austrian club Red Bull Salzburg , where he then took the non-playing role of the reserve team coach and eventually became assistant manager under team manager Ricardo Moniz . In January 2013 , Kovač took over the Croatia national under-21 team and in October 2013 he took over the Croatia senior team following the dismissal of Igor Štimac . Kovač managed Croatia at the 2014 FIFA World Cup , then became head coach of Eintracht Frankfurt in 2016 , winning the 2018 DFB-Pokal Final with the club . At Bayern , Kovač won the domestic double in 2019 after a strong ending to the season , but lost his job later in that same autumn . In the summer of 2020 , Kovač took charge of Monaco for his first club manager job outside of Germany . Club career . Early career ( 1987–1996 ) . Kovač started training football as an eight-year old with Rapide Wedding in Berlin . After that he joined Hertha Zehlendorf and soon became a member of the first team . He moved to Hertha BSC in 1991 and started his professional career with the club that competed in the 2 . Bundesliga at the time . During his youth , Kovač in parallel with football practised judo , earning the blue belt . After finishing high school ( gymnasium ) he continued his education at Free University of Berlin . He pursued a degree in business studies while playing for Hertha BSC . After eight semesters , he left university when he secured a contract with Bayer Leverkusen . Bayer Leverkusen ( 1996–1999 ) . In the summer of 1996 , Kovač left Hertha , still a 2 . Bundesliga side at the time , for Bundesliga side Bayer Leverkusen . He made his Bundesliga debut on 17 August 1996 , appearing as a half-time substitute in the clubs opening match of the 1996–97 season , a 4–2 home victory over Borussia Dortmund . He appeared in 32 Bundesliga matches in his first season with Leverkusen , also scoring three goals . However , he mostly played as a substitute in the following two seasons and missed several matches in the 1997–98 season after sustaining an injury in the clubs home match against VfB Stuttgart in December 1997 . In three seasons with Bayer Leverkusen , Kovač made 77 Bundesliga appearances and scored eight goals in league competition . At the club , he was teammates with his younger brother Robert for the first time in his professional career . Hamburger SV ( 1999–2001 ) . Kovač joined Hamburger SV in the summer of 1999 and spent two seasons with the club , making 55 Bundesliga appearances and scoring 12 goals in the Bundesliga . Bayern Munich ( 2001–2003 ) . In July 2001 , Kovač signed for then Bundesliga and UEFA Champions League winners , Bayern Munich . Kovač joined the club along with his brother , Robert . However , Kovač did not manage to establish himself as a regular at the club and left Bayern for a second stint with Hertha BSC after two seasons in the summer of 2003 . He appeared in 34 Bundesliga matches and scored three goals for Bayern in the league . Hertha BSC ( 2003–2006 ) . Kovač then signed for Hertha again . He made 75 Bundesliga appearances for the club and scored eight goals in the league . Red Bull Salzburg ( 2006–2009 ) . After the 2006 FIFA World Cup , Kovač left Hertha after three seasons for Austrian Bundesliga side Red Bull Salzburg . He was a regular in the Salzburg team and also appeared in all of their four UEFA Champions League qualifiers in the summer of 2006 . On 26 August 2006 , he scored his first goal for Red Bull Salzburg in the Bundesliga , netting the second goal in their 4–0 home victory over Wacker Tirol . He signed one more year until summer 2009 in May 2008 . On 29 May 2009 , Kovač left after three years with Red Bull and retired from professional football . He played his last match for Red Bull in a friendly against former club Bayern Munich ; he was substituted off after the first 15 minutes . International career . Kovač made his senior international debut in Croatias friendly match against Morocco on 11 December 1996 in Casablanca . He subsequently also appeared in three qualifying matches for the 1998 FIFA World Cup , but missed the finals in France because he did not fully recover from injury until the beginning of the preparations for the tournament . He was subsequently not part of the national team for two years before making his comeback in a friendly match against France in November 1999 . At international level , Kovač played for Croatia in five qualifying matches for the 2002 World Cup and scored one goal in Croatias 4–0 victory away against San Marino . At the final tournament , he appeared as a starting player in all three group matches before Croatia was eliminated from the tournament with a third-place finish in their group . He was also a regular in UEFA Euro 2004 qualifying , making seven appearances and scoring two goals in away matches , the 1–0 winner against Estonia and the opening goal in the teams 3–0 victory over Andorra . He also played the entire three group matches played by the Croatian team at the final Euro 2004 tournament in Portugal and scored the opening goal in the final group match against England . However , Croatia lost the match 4–2 and was once again eliminated from the tournament as the third-placed nation in its group . After Euro 2004 , Kovač became the Croatia national teams captain and led the team through the qualifying campaign for the 2006 FIFA World Cup finals in Germany . He appeared in nine of ten qualifying matches and scored two goals , both in Croatias 4–0 victory over Iceland at home in Zagreb . At the final tournament , he appeared in all three of Croatias group matches , despite sustaining an injury which forced him to leave the pitch after 40 minutes of the teams opening match against Brazil . Kovač scored the goal that put Croatia 2–1 up in the final group match against Australia . However , the match ended in a 2–2 draw and Croatia was eliminated by virtue of finishing third in the group . This was the third consecutive time this had happened in a major tournament . Euro 2008 was a bittersweet campaign for captain Kovač . His sterling performances against Germany and Turkey ultimately unrewarded in what could prove to be his last major tournament . Against Germany , he was peerless , producing a man of the match display alongside Luka Modrić whilst against Turkey , he reduced his opponents to pot shots from distance as they rarely broke through his screening protection of the back four . Before and after that game , Kovač reiterated his intention to retire from international football at the end of Euro 2008 , however , after conversation with Slaven Bilić , it would seem he feels there is unfinished business to take care of . Kovač finally announced his international retirement on 7 January 2009 , stating a desire that younger players should be given experience in the Croatia side . Managerial career . Red Bull Salzburg ( 2009–2011 ) . After his retirement from professional football , Kovač became coach of the second squad of FC Red Bull Salzburg , Red Bull Juniors , from 16 June 2009 to 7 April 2011.<ref Salzburg ( A ) /FC Anif » Manager history></ref> In the 2009–10 season , he finished in sixth place and were knocked out in the Austrian Cup in the second round in a shootout . He was with the second team until 7 April 2011 . His final match was a 1–1 draw against SV Seekirchen . In 2011 , he was promoted to being assistant coach of the first squad together with Ricardo Moniz as head coach . After Moniz resigned as a first-team coach in June 2012 , Kovač was one of the favourites for taking his position . However , the position went to Roger Schmidt and Kovač subsequently left Salzburg . Croatia ( 2013–2015 ) . Under-21 . On 21 January 2013 , Igor Štimac , head coach of the Croatia national team , announced that Kovač , alongside his brother Robert as assistant coach , would take over as the under-21 team head coach . His task was to qualify for the 2015 UEFA European Under-21 Championship . Croatia were drawn in Group 5 of the qualifying competition , together with Switzerland , Ukraine , Latvia and Liechtenstein . In the first four games Croatia got the maximum of 12 points with a goal difference of 13–0 . He debuted with a 5–0 away win against Liechtenstein , before he brought two away wins against the group favourites Ukraine and Switzerland . Senior . On 16 October 2013 , Davor Šuker , president of the Croatian Football Federation ( HNS ) , announced that Niko Kovač would take over as caretaker manager of the Croatia senior team . He replaced Štimac , who was sacked after Croatia scraped into the World Cup play-offs having taken only one point from their last four qualifiers . However , one day later , in an inaugural press conference , Šuker stated HNS signed a two-year contract with Kovač and his staff including his brother Robert Kovač , Vatroslav Mihačić and Goran Lacković , until the end of Croatias UEFA Euro 2016 campaign . His first two matches for Croatia were in the World Cup play-offs against Iceland . Croatia managed to qualify for the 2014 FIFA World Cup in Brazil after winning the play-off tie against Iceland 2–0 on aggregate . At the World Cup , Croatia won 4–0 against Cameroon and lost 3–1 against Brazil and Mexico . Croatia did not qualify from their group . On 9 September 2015 , HNS terminated Kovačs contract after Croatia lost 2–0 to Norway in the UEFA Euro 2016 qualifying . Eintracht Frankfurt ( 2016–2018 ) . Kovač was appointed as head coach of Eintracht Frankfurt on 8 March 2016 . He made his managerial debut for Frankfurt in a 3–0 loss to Borussia Mönchengladbach . The club was only able to finish the season in 16th place , requiring them to play in the relegation play-offs against 1 . FC Nürnberg . After drawing the first leg 1–1 at home , Kovač ensured Eintrachts survival in the Bundesliga after Haris Seferovićs goal won the second leg 1–0 . Kovač received a Fair Play Prize from the DOSB for his gesture of comforting Nürnbergs players after their defeat . In the 2016–17 season , Frankfurt managed to finish mid-table in 11th position , as well as notably reaching the 2017 DFB-Pokal Final , clubs first final since 2006 , where Frankfurt lost 1–2 against Borussia Dortmund . In the 2017–18 season , Frankfurt competed for a place in European competition for the following season . Kovač has typically used a 3–4–2–1 formation with emphasis on defensive stability and wing play . He took Frankfurt to the 2018 DFB-Pokal Final , the second in succession for the club , where he beat his future employer , Bayern Munich . With that win , Kovač led Frankfurt to its first trophy since 1988 . He finished with a record of 38 wins , 20 draws , and 33 losses in 91 matches . Adi Hütter became his successor . Bayern Munich ( 2018–2019 ) . On 13 April 2018 , Bayern Munich announced that Kovač would succeed Jupp Heynckes as manager of the club for the 2018–19 season , with a three-year contract lasting until 30 June 2021 . Kovačs brother , Robert , would follow him to Munich to be his assistant coach . Kovač had a contract with Frankfurt until 30 June 2018 and Bayern had to pay a release clause in his contract reported to be around €2.2 million . Kovač is just the fourth former player to manage Bayern Munich after Søren Lerby , Franz Beckenbauer and Jürgen Klinsmann . Kovač was the third Croat to manage Bayern after Zlatko Čajkovski and Branko Zebec . Kovač officially took over on 1 July 2018 and was presented as the new manager of Bayern Munich on 2 July 2018 . On 12 August , Kovač won his first match as manager of Bayern 5–0 in the German Super Cup against Eintracht Frankfurt . He won his first Bundesliga game in charge as Bayern defeated 1899 Hoffenheim 3–1 at home on 25 August . On 19 May 2019 , he led Bayern to their seventh consecutive Bundesliga title after a 5–1 home win against his former club , Eintracht Frankfurt , beating nearest rivals Borussia Dortmund by two points . This was Kovačs first Bundesliga title as a coach . On 25 May 2019 , Kovač led Bayern to a league and cup double when Bayern defeated RB Leipzig 3–0 in the 2019 DFB-Pokal Final . It was Kovačs second consecutive cup win as he became the first coach since Felix Magath in 2005 and 2006 to win back-to-back cup titles . Kovač also became the first person to win a league and cup double both as a player and coach in German football . On 1 October , Bayern defeated Tottenham Hotspur 7–2 in the Champions League , with Serge Gnabry scoring four goals . It was Bayerns second highest victory in European competitions , only behind their 7–1 victory over Roma in October 2014 . On 3 November , Kovač left by mutual agreement after a 5–1 loss to Eintracht Frankfurt . Monaco ( 2020–present ) . On 19 July 2020 , Kovač was appointed as head coach at Ligue 1 club Monaco . In his first game as Monaco coach on 23 August , Kovač secured a 2–2 draw after being two goals down against Reims . On 20 November , he managed to beat French champions and Champions League finalists Paris Saint-Germain 3–2 after falling behind 0–2 . On 21 February 2021 , he defeated Paris Saint-Germain once again , this time 2–0 . It was the first time since March 2016 that Monaco managed to win at Parc des Princes . Kovač was subsequently widely praised by French sports media . On 19 May , Monaco lost 2–0 to Paris Saint-Germain in the Coupe de France Final . Personal life . Kovač was born on 15 October 1971 in Berlin-Wedding , West Berlin , to a Croatian family hailing from Livno , Bosnia and Herzegovina . His parents Mato and Ivka emigrated from SFR Yugoslavia in 1970 . He has two younger siblings , brother Robert and sister Nikolina . Kovač is also a German national and therefore he was eligible to represent Germany , Croatia , and Bosnia and Herzegovina at international level . He opted for Croatia . Kovač married his primary school sweetheart in 1999 . They have a daughter named Laura . Kovač is a Roman Catholic . He generally lives a quiet family life , and considers a family of great value and tries to convey that to his players . In 2007 , Kovač appeared in Croatian Democratic Union ( HDZ ) s campaign video for that years parliamentary election . The video focuses on Croatian diasporas right to vote despite not living in the country , and depicts Kovač talking about his connection with his homeland . One of the lines from the video , ( My brother Robert , as well ) , entered Croatian popular culture and is frequently quoted by the people and the media in the country when referring to the brothers . Honours . Player . Bayern Munich - Bundesliga : 2002–03 - DFB-Pokal : 2002–03 - Intercontinental Cup : 2001 Red Bull Salzburg - Austrian Bundesliga : 2006–07 Manager . Eintracht Frankfurt - DFB-Pokal : 2017–18 ; runner-up : 2016–17 Bayern Munich - Bundesliga : 2018–19 - DFB-Pokal : 2018–19 - DFL-Supercup : 2018 Monaco - Coupe de France runner-up : 2020–21 External links . - Niko Kovač at Leverkusen Whos Who
|
[
""
] |
[
{
"text": " Niko Kovač ( ; born 15 October 1971 ) is a Croatian professional football coach and former player who is the manager of Ligue 1 club Monaco .",
"title": "Niko Kovač"
},
{
"text": "Kovač was the long-standing captain of the Croatia national team until his retirement from international football in January 2009 . A defensive midfielder who was known for his excellent passing and tackling skills , Kovač was , at the time of his retirement , the oldest player in the Croatian squad and had captained them at the 2006 FIFA World Cup and UEFA Euro 2008 . He has also enjoyed a high level of top club action , having spent most of his club career in the German Bundesliga , including spells with Hertha BSC , Bayer Leverkusen , Hamburger",
"title": "Niko Kovač"
},
{
"text": "SV and Bayern Munich .",
"title": "Niko Kovač"
},
{
"text": "He ended his playing career with Austrian club Red Bull Salzburg , where he then took the non-playing role of the reserve team coach and eventually became assistant manager under team manager Ricardo Moniz . In January 2013 , Kovač took over the Croatia national under-21 team and in October 2013 he took over the Croatia senior team following the dismissal of Igor Štimac . Kovač managed Croatia at the 2014 FIFA World Cup , then became head coach of Eintracht Frankfurt in 2016 , winning the 2018 DFB-Pokal Final with the club . At Bayern , Kovač won the",
"title": "Niko Kovač"
},
{
"text": "domestic double in 2019 after a strong ending to the season , but lost his job later in that same autumn . In the summer of 2020 , Kovač took charge of Monaco for his first club manager job outside of Germany .",
"title": "Niko Kovač"
},
{
"text": " Early career ( 1987–1996 ) . Kovač started training football as an eight-year old with Rapide Wedding in Berlin . After that he joined Hertha Zehlendorf and soon became a member of the first team . He moved to Hertha BSC in 1991 and started his professional career with the club that competed in the 2 . Bundesliga at the time .",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"text": "During his youth , Kovač in parallel with football practised judo , earning the blue belt . After finishing high school ( gymnasium ) he continued his education at Free University of Berlin . He pursued a degree in business studies while playing for Hertha BSC . After eight semesters , he left university when he secured a contract with Bayer Leverkusen .",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"text": "In the summer of 1996 , Kovač left Hertha , still a 2 . Bundesliga side at the time , for Bundesliga side Bayer Leverkusen . He made his Bundesliga debut on 17 August 1996 , appearing as a half-time substitute in the clubs opening match of the 1996–97 season , a 4–2 home victory over Borussia Dortmund . He appeared in 32 Bundesliga matches in his first season with Leverkusen , also scoring three goals . However , he mostly played as a substitute in the following two seasons and missed several matches in the 1997–98 season after sustaining",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"text": "an injury in the clubs home match against VfB Stuttgart in December 1997 . In three seasons with Bayer Leverkusen , Kovač made 77 Bundesliga appearances and scored eight goals in league competition . At the club , he was teammates with his younger brother Robert for the first time in his professional career .",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"text": " Hamburger SV ( 1999–2001 ) . Kovač joined Hamburger SV in the summer of 1999 and spent two seasons with the club , making 55 Bundesliga appearances and scoring 12 goals in the Bundesliga . Bayern Munich ( 2001–2003 ) .",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"text": "In July 2001 , Kovač signed for then Bundesliga and UEFA Champions League winners , Bayern Munich . Kovač joined the club along with his brother , Robert . However , Kovač did not manage to establish himself as a regular at the club and left Bayern for a second stint with Hertha BSC after two seasons in the summer of 2003 . He appeared in 34 Bundesliga matches and scored three goals for Bayern in the league .",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"text": " Hertha BSC ( 2003–2006 ) . Kovač then signed for Hertha again . He made 75 Bundesliga appearances for the club and scored eight goals in the league . Red Bull Salzburg ( 2006–2009 ) .",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"text": "After the 2006 FIFA World Cup , Kovač left Hertha after three seasons for Austrian Bundesliga side Red Bull Salzburg . He was a regular in the Salzburg team and also appeared in all of their four UEFA Champions League qualifiers in the summer of 2006 . On 26 August 2006 , he scored his first goal for Red Bull Salzburg in the Bundesliga , netting the second goal in their 4–0 home victory over Wacker Tirol . He signed one more year until summer 2009 in May 2008 . On 29 May 2009 , Kovač left after three years",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"text": "with Red Bull and retired from professional football . He played his last match for Red Bull in a friendly against former club Bayern Munich ; he was substituted off after the first 15 minutes .",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"text": " Kovač made his senior international debut in Croatias friendly match against Morocco on 11 December 1996 in Casablanca . He subsequently also appeared in three qualifying matches for the 1998 FIFA World Cup , but missed the finals in France because he did not fully recover from injury until the beginning of the preparations for the tournament . He was subsequently not part of the national team for two years before making his comeback in a friendly match against France in November 1999 .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "At international level , Kovač played for Croatia in five qualifying matches for the 2002 World Cup and scored one goal in Croatias 4–0 victory away against San Marino . At the final tournament , he appeared as a starting player in all three group matches before Croatia was eliminated from the tournament with a third-place finish in their group . He was also a regular in UEFA Euro 2004 qualifying , making seven appearances and scoring two goals in away matches , the 1–0 winner against Estonia and the opening goal in the teams 3–0 victory over Andorra .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "He also played the entire three group matches played by the Croatian team at the final Euro 2004 tournament in Portugal and scored the opening goal in the final group match against England . However , Croatia lost the match 4–2 and was once again eliminated from the tournament as the third-placed nation in its group .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "After Euro 2004 , Kovač became the Croatia national teams captain and led the team through the qualifying campaign for the 2006 FIFA World Cup finals in Germany . He appeared in nine of ten qualifying matches and scored two goals , both in Croatias 4–0 victory over Iceland at home in Zagreb . At the final tournament , he appeared in all three of Croatias group matches , despite sustaining an injury which forced him to leave the pitch after 40 minutes of the teams opening match against Brazil . Kovač scored the goal that put Croatia 2–1 up",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "in the final group match against Australia . However , the match ended in a 2–2 draw and Croatia was eliminated by virtue of finishing third in the group . This was the third consecutive time this had happened in a major tournament .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "Euro 2008 was a bittersweet campaign for captain Kovač . His sterling performances against Germany and Turkey ultimately unrewarded in what could prove to be his last major tournament . Against Germany , he was peerless , producing a man of the match display alongside Luka Modrić whilst against Turkey , he reduced his opponents to pot shots from distance as they rarely broke through his screening protection of the back four . Before and after that game , Kovač reiterated his intention to retire from international football at the end of Euro 2008 , however , after conversation with",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "Slaven Bilić , it would seem he feels there is unfinished business to take care of .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " Kovač finally announced his international retirement on 7 January 2009 , stating a desire that younger players should be given experience in the Croatia side .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "After his retirement from professional football , Kovač became coach of the second squad of FC Red Bull Salzburg , Red Bull Juniors , from 16 June 2009 to 7 April 2011.<ref Salzburg ( A ) /FC Anif » Manager history></ref> In the 2009–10 season , he finished in sixth place and were knocked out in the Austrian Cup in the second round in a shootout . He was with the second team until 7 April 2011 . His final match was a 1–1 draw against SV Seekirchen . In 2011 , he was promoted to being assistant coach of",
"title": "Managerial career"
},
{
"text": "the first squad together with Ricardo Moniz as head coach . After Moniz resigned as a first-team coach in June 2012 , Kovač was one of the favourites for taking his position . However , the position went to Roger Schmidt and Kovač subsequently left Salzburg .",
"title": "Managerial career"
},
{
"text": "On 21 January 2013 , Igor Štimac , head coach of the Croatia national team , announced that Kovač , alongside his brother Robert as assistant coach , would take over as the under-21 team head coach . His task was to qualify for the 2015 UEFA European Under-21 Championship . Croatia were drawn in Group 5 of the qualifying competition , together with Switzerland , Ukraine , Latvia and Liechtenstein . In the first four games Croatia got the maximum of 12 points with a goal difference of 13–0 . He debuted with a 5–0 away win against Liechtenstein",
"title": "Under-21"
},
{
"text": ", before he brought two away wins against the group favourites Ukraine and Switzerland .",
"title": "Under-21"
},
{
"text": "On 16 October 2013 , Davor Šuker , president of the Croatian Football Federation ( HNS ) , announced that Niko Kovač would take over as caretaker manager of the Croatia senior team . He replaced Štimac , who was sacked after Croatia scraped into the World Cup play-offs having taken only one point from their last four qualifiers . However , one day later , in an inaugural press conference , Šuker stated HNS signed a two-year contract with Kovač and his staff including his brother Robert Kovač , Vatroslav Mihačić and Goran Lacković , until the end of",
"title": "Senior"
},
{
"text": "Croatias UEFA Euro 2016 campaign . His first two matches for Croatia were in the World Cup play-offs against Iceland . Croatia managed to qualify for the 2014 FIFA World Cup in Brazil after winning the play-off tie against Iceland 2–0 on aggregate . At the World Cup , Croatia won 4–0 against Cameroon and lost 3–1 against Brazil and Mexico . Croatia did not qualify from their group . On 9 September 2015 , HNS terminated Kovačs contract after Croatia lost 2–0 to Norway in the UEFA Euro 2016 qualifying .",
"title": "Senior"
},
{
"text": "Kovač was appointed as head coach of Eintracht Frankfurt on 8 March 2016 . He made his managerial debut for Frankfurt in a 3–0 loss to Borussia Mönchengladbach . The club was only able to finish the season in 16th place , requiring them to play in the relegation play-offs against 1 . FC Nürnberg . After drawing the first leg 1–1 at home , Kovač ensured Eintrachts survival in the Bundesliga after Haris Seferovićs goal won the second leg 1–0 . Kovač received a Fair Play Prize from the DOSB for his gesture of comforting Nürnbergs players after their",
"title": "Senior"
},
{
"text": "defeat .",
"title": "Senior"
},
{
"text": "In the 2016–17 season , Frankfurt managed to finish mid-table in 11th position , as well as notably reaching the 2017 DFB-Pokal Final , clubs first final since 2006 , where Frankfurt lost 1–2 against Borussia Dortmund . In the 2017–18 season , Frankfurt competed for a place in European competition for the following season . Kovač has typically used a 3–4–2–1 formation with emphasis on defensive stability and wing play . He took Frankfurt to the 2018 DFB-Pokal Final , the second in succession for the club , where he beat his future employer , Bayern Munich . With",
"title": "Senior"
},
{
"text": "that win , Kovač led Frankfurt to its first trophy since 1988 . He finished with a record of 38 wins , 20 draws , and 33 losses in 91 matches . Adi Hütter became his successor .",
"title": "Senior"
},
{
"text": "On 13 April 2018 , Bayern Munich announced that Kovač would succeed Jupp Heynckes as manager of the club for the 2018–19 season , with a three-year contract lasting until 30 June 2021 . Kovačs brother , Robert , would follow him to Munich to be his assistant coach . Kovač had a contract with Frankfurt until 30 June 2018 and Bayern had to pay a release clause in his contract reported to be around €2.2 million . Kovač is just the fourth former player to manage Bayern Munich after Søren Lerby , Franz Beckenbauer and Jürgen Klinsmann . Kovač",
"title": "Senior"
},
{
"text": "was the third Croat to manage Bayern after Zlatko Čajkovski and Branko Zebec . Kovač officially took over on 1 July 2018 and was presented as the new manager of Bayern Munich on 2 July 2018 .",
"title": "Senior"
},
{
"text": " On 12 August , Kovač won his first match as manager of Bayern 5–0 in the German Super Cup against Eintracht Frankfurt . He won his first Bundesliga game in charge as Bayern defeated 1899 Hoffenheim 3–1 at home on 25 August . On 19 May 2019 , he led Bayern to their seventh consecutive Bundesliga title after a 5–1 home win against his former club , Eintracht Frankfurt , beating nearest rivals Borussia Dortmund by two points . This was Kovačs first Bundesliga title as a coach .",
"title": "Senior"
},
{
"text": "On 25 May 2019 , Kovač led Bayern to a league and cup double when Bayern defeated RB Leipzig 3–0 in the 2019 DFB-Pokal Final . It was Kovačs second consecutive cup win as he became the first coach since Felix Magath in 2005 and 2006 to win back-to-back cup titles . Kovač also became the first person to win a league and cup double both as a player and coach in German football . On 1 October , Bayern defeated Tottenham Hotspur 7–2 in the Champions League , with Serge Gnabry scoring four goals . It was Bayerns second",
"title": "Senior"
},
{
"text": "highest victory in European competitions , only behind their 7–1 victory over Roma in October 2014 . On 3 November , Kovač left by mutual agreement after a 5–1 loss to Eintracht Frankfurt .",
"title": "Senior"
},
{
"text": "On 19 July 2020 , Kovač was appointed as head coach at Ligue 1 club Monaco . In his first game as Monaco coach on 23 August , Kovač secured a 2–2 draw after being two goals down against Reims . On 20 November , he managed to beat French champions and Champions League finalists Paris Saint-Germain 3–2 after falling behind 0–2 . On 21 February 2021 , he defeated Paris Saint-Germain once again , this time 2–0 . It was the first time since March 2016 that Monaco managed to win at Parc des Princes . Kovač was subsequently",
"title": "Senior"
},
{
"text": "widely praised by French sports media . On 19 May , Monaco lost 2–0 to Paris Saint-Germain in the Coupe de France Final .",
"title": "Senior"
},
{
"text": " Kovač was born on 15 October 1971 in Berlin-Wedding , West Berlin , to a Croatian family hailing from Livno , Bosnia and Herzegovina . His parents Mato and Ivka emigrated from SFR Yugoslavia in 1970 . He has two younger siblings , brother Robert and sister Nikolina . Kovač is also a German national and therefore he was eligible to represent Germany , Croatia , and Bosnia and Herzegovina at international level . He opted for Croatia .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "Kovač married his primary school sweetheart in 1999 . They have a daughter named Laura . Kovač is a Roman Catholic . He generally lives a quiet family life , and considers a family of great value and tries to convey that to his players .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " In 2007 , Kovač appeared in Croatian Democratic Union ( HDZ ) s campaign video for that years parliamentary election . The video focuses on Croatian diasporas right to vote despite not living in the country , and depicts Kovač talking about his connection with his homeland . One of the lines from the video , ( My brother Robert , as well ) , entered Croatian popular culture and is frequently quoted by the people and the media in the country when referring to the brothers .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " - Niko Kovač at Leverkusen Whos Who",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Niko_Kovač#P6087#2
|
Niko Kovač was the coach of which team in May 2017?
|
Niko Kovač Niko Kovač ( ; born 15 October 1971 ) is a Croatian professional football coach and former player who is the manager of Ligue 1 club Monaco . Kovač was the long-standing captain of the Croatia national team until his retirement from international football in January 2009 . A defensive midfielder who was known for his excellent passing and tackling skills , Kovač was , at the time of his retirement , the oldest player in the Croatian squad and had captained them at the 2006 FIFA World Cup and UEFA Euro 2008 . He has also enjoyed a high level of top club action , having spent most of his club career in the German Bundesliga , including spells with Hertha BSC , Bayer Leverkusen , Hamburger SV and Bayern Munich . He ended his playing career with Austrian club Red Bull Salzburg , where he then took the non-playing role of the reserve team coach and eventually became assistant manager under team manager Ricardo Moniz . In January 2013 , Kovač took over the Croatia national under-21 team and in October 2013 he took over the Croatia senior team following the dismissal of Igor Štimac . Kovač managed Croatia at the 2014 FIFA World Cup , then became head coach of Eintracht Frankfurt in 2016 , winning the 2018 DFB-Pokal Final with the club . At Bayern , Kovač won the domestic double in 2019 after a strong ending to the season , but lost his job later in that same autumn . In the summer of 2020 , Kovač took charge of Monaco for his first club manager job outside of Germany . Club career . Early career ( 1987–1996 ) . Kovač started training football as an eight-year old with Rapide Wedding in Berlin . After that he joined Hertha Zehlendorf and soon became a member of the first team . He moved to Hertha BSC in 1991 and started his professional career with the club that competed in the 2 . Bundesliga at the time . During his youth , Kovač in parallel with football practised judo , earning the blue belt . After finishing high school ( gymnasium ) he continued his education at Free University of Berlin . He pursued a degree in business studies while playing for Hertha BSC . After eight semesters , he left university when he secured a contract with Bayer Leverkusen . Bayer Leverkusen ( 1996–1999 ) . In the summer of 1996 , Kovač left Hertha , still a 2 . Bundesliga side at the time , for Bundesliga side Bayer Leverkusen . He made his Bundesliga debut on 17 August 1996 , appearing as a half-time substitute in the clubs opening match of the 1996–97 season , a 4–2 home victory over Borussia Dortmund . He appeared in 32 Bundesliga matches in his first season with Leverkusen , also scoring three goals . However , he mostly played as a substitute in the following two seasons and missed several matches in the 1997–98 season after sustaining an injury in the clubs home match against VfB Stuttgart in December 1997 . In three seasons with Bayer Leverkusen , Kovač made 77 Bundesliga appearances and scored eight goals in league competition . At the club , he was teammates with his younger brother Robert for the first time in his professional career . Hamburger SV ( 1999–2001 ) . Kovač joined Hamburger SV in the summer of 1999 and spent two seasons with the club , making 55 Bundesliga appearances and scoring 12 goals in the Bundesliga . Bayern Munich ( 2001–2003 ) . In July 2001 , Kovač signed for then Bundesliga and UEFA Champions League winners , Bayern Munich . Kovač joined the club along with his brother , Robert . However , Kovač did not manage to establish himself as a regular at the club and left Bayern for a second stint with Hertha BSC after two seasons in the summer of 2003 . He appeared in 34 Bundesliga matches and scored three goals for Bayern in the league . Hertha BSC ( 2003–2006 ) . Kovač then signed for Hertha again . He made 75 Bundesliga appearances for the club and scored eight goals in the league . Red Bull Salzburg ( 2006–2009 ) . After the 2006 FIFA World Cup , Kovač left Hertha after three seasons for Austrian Bundesliga side Red Bull Salzburg . He was a regular in the Salzburg team and also appeared in all of their four UEFA Champions League qualifiers in the summer of 2006 . On 26 August 2006 , he scored his first goal for Red Bull Salzburg in the Bundesliga , netting the second goal in their 4–0 home victory over Wacker Tirol . He signed one more year until summer 2009 in May 2008 . On 29 May 2009 , Kovač left after three years with Red Bull and retired from professional football . He played his last match for Red Bull in a friendly against former club Bayern Munich ; he was substituted off after the first 15 minutes . International career . Kovač made his senior international debut in Croatias friendly match against Morocco on 11 December 1996 in Casablanca . He subsequently also appeared in three qualifying matches for the 1998 FIFA World Cup , but missed the finals in France because he did not fully recover from injury until the beginning of the preparations for the tournament . He was subsequently not part of the national team for two years before making his comeback in a friendly match against France in November 1999 . At international level , Kovač played for Croatia in five qualifying matches for the 2002 World Cup and scored one goal in Croatias 4–0 victory away against San Marino . At the final tournament , he appeared as a starting player in all three group matches before Croatia was eliminated from the tournament with a third-place finish in their group . He was also a regular in UEFA Euro 2004 qualifying , making seven appearances and scoring two goals in away matches , the 1–0 winner against Estonia and the opening goal in the teams 3–0 victory over Andorra . He also played the entire three group matches played by the Croatian team at the final Euro 2004 tournament in Portugal and scored the opening goal in the final group match against England . However , Croatia lost the match 4–2 and was once again eliminated from the tournament as the third-placed nation in its group . After Euro 2004 , Kovač became the Croatia national teams captain and led the team through the qualifying campaign for the 2006 FIFA World Cup finals in Germany . He appeared in nine of ten qualifying matches and scored two goals , both in Croatias 4–0 victory over Iceland at home in Zagreb . At the final tournament , he appeared in all three of Croatias group matches , despite sustaining an injury which forced him to leave the pitch after 40 minutes of the teams opening match against Brazil . Kovač scored the goal that put Croatia 2–1 up in the final group match against Australia . However , the match ended in a 2–2 draw and Croatia was eliminated by virtue of finishing third in the group . This was the third consecutive time this had happened in a major tournament . Euro 2008 was a bittersweet campaign for captain Kovač . His sterling performances against Germany and Turkey ultimately unrewarded in what could prove to be his last major tournament . Against Germany , he was peerless , producing a man of the match display alongside Luka Modrić whilst against Turkey , he reduced his opponents to pot shots from distance as they rarely broke through his screening protection of the back four . Before and after that game , Kovač reiterated his intention to retire from international football at the end of Euro 2008 , however , after conversation with Slaven Bilić , it would seem he feels there is unfinished business to take care of . Kovač finally announced his international retirement on 7 January 2009 , stating a desire that younger players should be given experience in the Croatia side . Managerial career . Red Bull Salzburg ( 2009–2011 ) . After his retirement from professional football , Kovač became coach of the second squad of FC Red Bull Salzburg , Red Bull Juniors , from 16 June 2009 to 7 April 2011.<ref Salzburg ( A ) /FC Anif » Manager history></ref> In the 2009–10 season , he finished in sixth place and were knocked out in the Austrian Cup in the second round in a shootout . He was with the second team until 7 April 2011 . His final match was a 1–1 draw against SV Seekirchen . In 2011 , he was promoted to being assistant coach of the first squad together with Ricardo Moniz as head coach . After Moniz resigned as a first-team coach in June 2012 , Kovač was one of the favourites for taking his position . However , the position went to Roger Schmidt and Kovač subsequently left Salzburg . Croatia ( 2013–2015 ) . Under-21 . On 21 January 2013 , Igor Štimac , head coach of the Croatia national team , announced that Kovač , alongside his brother Robert as assistant coach , would take over as the under-21 team head coach . His task was to qualify for the 2015 UEFA European Under-21 Championship . Croatia were drawn in Group 5 of the qualifying competition , together with Switzerland , Ukraine , Latvia and Liechtenstein . In the first four games Croatia got the maximum of 12 points with a goal difference of 13–0 . He debuted with a 5–0 away win against Liechtenstein , before he brought two away wins against the group favourites Ukraine and Switzerland . Senior . On 16 October 2013 , Davor Šuker , president of the Croatian Football Federation ( HNS ) , announced that Niko Kovač would take over as caretaker manager of the Croatia senior team . He replaced Štimac , who was sacked after Croatia scraped into the World Cup play-offs having taken only one point from their last four qualifiers . However , one day later , in an inaugural press conference , Šuker stated HNS signed a two-year contract with Kovač and his staff including his brother Robert Kovač , Vatroslav Mihačić and Goran Lacković , until the end of Croatias UEFA Euro 2016 campaign . His first two matches for Croatia were in the World Cup play-offs against Iceland . Croatia managed to qualify for the 2014 FIFA World Cup in Brazil after winning the play-off tie against Iceland 2–0 on aggregate . At the World Cup , Croatia won 4–0 against Cameroon and lost 3–1 against Brazil and Mexico . Croatia did not qualify from their group . On 9 September 2015 , HNS terminated Kovačs contract after Croatia lost 2–0 to Norway in the UEFA Euro 2016 qualifying . Eintracht Frankfurt ( 2016–2018 ) . Kovač was appointed as head coach of Eintracht Frankfurt on 8 March 2016 . He made his managerial debut for Frankfurt in a 3–0 loss to Borussia Mönchengladbach . The club was only able to finish the season in 16th place , requiring them to play in the relegation play-offs against 1 . FC Nürnberg . After drawing the first leg 1–1 at home , Kovač ensured Eintrachts survival in the Bundesliga after Haris Seferovićs goal won the second leg 1–0 . Kovač received a Fair Play Prize from the DOSB for his gesture of comforting Nürnbergs players after their defeat . In the 2016–17 season , Frankfurt managed to finish mid-table in 11th position , as well as notably reaching the 2017 DFB-Pokal Final , clubs first final since 2006 , where Frankfurt lost 1–2 against Borussia Dortmund . In the 2017–18 season , Frankfurt competed for a place in European competition for the following season . Kovač has typically used a 3–4–2–1 formation with emphasis on defensive stability and wing play . He took Frankfurt to the 2018 DFB-Pokal Final , the second in succession for the club , where he beat his future employer , Bayern Munich . With that win , Kovač led Frankfurt to its first trophy since 1988 . He finished with a record of 38 wins , 20 draws , and 33 losses in 91 matches . Adi Hütter became his successor . Bayern Munich ( 2018–2019 ) . On 13 April 2018 , Bayern Munich announced that Kovač would succeed Jupp Heynckes as manager of the club for the 2018–19 season , with a three-year contract lasting until 30 June 2021 . Kovačs brother , Robert , would follow him to Munich to be his assistant coach . Kovač had a contract with Frankfurt until 30 June 2018 and Bayern had to pay a release clause in his contract reported to be around €2.2 million . Kovač is just the fourth former player to manage Bayern Munich after Søren Lerby , Franz Beckenbauer and Jürgen Klinsmann . Kovač was the third Croat to manage Bayern after Zlatko Čajkovski and Branko Zebec . Kovač officially took over on 1 July 2018 and was presented as the new manager of Bayern Munich on 2 July 2018 . On 12 August , Kovač won his first match as manager of Bayern 5–0 in the German Super Cup against Eintracht Frankfurt . He won his first Bundesliga game in charge as Bayern defeated 1899 Hoffenheim 3–1 at home on 25 August . On 19 May 2019 , he led Bayern to their seventh consecutive Bundesliga title after a 5–1 home win against his former club , Eintracht Frankfurt , beating nearest rivals Borussia Dortmund by two points . This was Kovačs first Bundesliga title as a coach . On 25 May 2019 , Kovač led Bayern to a league and cup double when Bayern defeated RB Leipzig 3–0 in the 2019 DFB-Pokal Final . It was Kovačs second consecutive cup win as he became the first coach since Felix Magath in 2005 and 2006 to win back-to-back cup titles . Kovač also became the first person to win a league and cup double both as a player and coach in German football . On 1 October , Bayern defeated Tottenham Hotspur 7–2 in the Champions League , with Serge Gnabry scoring four goals . It was Bayerns second highest victory in European competitions , only behind their 7–1 victory over Roma in October 2014 . On 3 November , Kovač left by mutual agreement after a 5–1 loss to Eintracht Frankfurt . Monaco ( 2020–present ) . On 19 July 2020 , Kovač was appointed as head coach at Ligue 1 club Monaco . In his first game as Monaco coach on 23 August , Kovač secured a 2–2 draw after being two goals down against Reims . On 20 November , he managed to beat French champions and Champions League finalists Paris Saint-Germain 3–2 after falling behind 0–2 . On 21 February 2021 , he defeated Paris Saint-Germain once again , this time 2–0 . It was the first time since March 2016 that Monaco managed to win at Parc des Princes . Kovač was subsequently widely praised by French sports media . On 19 May , Monaco lost 2–0 to Paris Saint-Germain in the Coupe de France Final . Personal life . Kovač was born on 15 October 1971 in Berlin-Wedding , West Berlin , to a Croatian family hailing from Livno , Bosnia and Herzegovina . His parents Mato and Ivka emigrated from SFR Yugoslavia in 1970 . He has two younger siblings , brother Robert and sister Nikolina . Kovač is also a German national and therefore he was eligible to represent Germany , Croatia , and Bosnia and Herzegovina at international level . He opted for Croatia . Kovač married his primary school sweetheart in 1999 . They have a daughter named Laura . Kovač is a Roman Catholic . He generally lives a quiet family life , and considers a family of great value and tries to convey that to his players . In 2007 , Kovač appeared in Croatian Democratic Union ( HDZ ) s campaign video for that years parliamentary election . The video focuses on Croatian diasporas right to vote despite not living in the country , and depicts Kovač talking about his connection with his homeland . One of the lines from the video , ( My brother Robert , as well ) , entered Croatian popular culture and is frequently quoted by the people and the media in the country when referring to the brothers . Honours . Player . Bayern Munich - Bundesliga : 2002–03 - DFB-Pokal : 2002–03 - Intercontinental Cup : 2001 Red Bull Salzburg - Austrian Bundesliga : 2006–07 Manager . Eintracht Frankfurt - DFB-Pokal : 2017–18 ; runner-up : 2016–17 Bayern Munich - Bundesliga : 2018–19 - DFB-Pokal : 2018–19 - DFL-Supercup : 2018 Monaco - Coupe de France runner-up : 2020–21 External links . - Niko Kovač at Leverkusen Whos Who
|
[
"Eintracht Frankfurt"
] |
[
{
"text": " Niko Kovač ( ; born 15 October 1971 ) is a Croatian professional football coach and former player who is the manager of Ligue 1 club Monaco .",
"title": "Niko Kovač"
},
{
"text": "Kovač was the long-standing captain of the Croatia national team until his retirement from international football in January 2009 . A defensive midfielder who was known for his excellent passing and tackling skills , Kovač was , at the time of his retirement , the oldest player in the Croatian squad and had captained them at the 2006 FIFA World Cup and UEFA Euro 2008 . He has also enjoyed a high level of top club action , having spent most of his club career in the German Bundesliga , including spells with Hertha BSC , Bayer Leverkusen , Hamburger",
"title": "Niko Kovač"
},
{
"text": "SV and Bayern Munich .",
"title": "Niko Kovač"
},
{
"text": "He ended his playing career with Austrian club Red Bull Salzburg , where he then took the non-playing role of the reserve team coach and eventually became assistant manager under team manager Ricardo Moniz . In January 2013 , Kovač took over the Croatia national under-21 team and in October 2013 he took over the Croatia senior team following the dismissal of Igor Štimac . Kovač managed Croatia at the 2014 FIFA World Cup , then became head coach of Eintracht Frankfurt in 2016 , winning the 2018 DFB-Pokal Final with the club . At Bayern , Kovač won the",
"title": "Niko Kovač"
},
{
"text": "domestic double in 2019 after a strong ending to the season , but lost his job later in that same autumn . In the summer of 2020 , Kovač took charge of Monaco for his first club manager job outside of Germany .",
"title": "Niko Kovač"
},
{
"text": " Early career ( 1987–1996 ) . Kovač started training football as an eight-year old with Rapide Wedding in Berlin . After that he joined Hertha Zehlendorf and soon became a member of the first team . He moved to Hertha BSC in 1991 and started his professional career with the club that competed in the 2 . Bundesliga at the time .",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"text": "During his youth , Kovač in parallel with football practised judo , earning the blue belt . After finishing high school ( gymnasium ) he continued his education at Free University of Berlin . He pursued a degree in business studies while playing for Hertha BSC . After eight semesters , he left university when he secured a contract with Bayer Leverkusen .",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"text": "In the summer of 1996 , Kovač left Hertha , still a 2 . Bundesliga side at the time , for Bundesliga side Bayer Leverkusen . He made his Bundesliga debut on 17 August 1996 , appearing as a half-time substitute in the clubs opening match of the 1996–97 season , a 4–2 home victory over Borussia Dortmund . He appeared in 32 Bundesliga matches in his first season with Leverkusen , also scoring three goals . However , he mostly played as a substitute in the following two seasons and missed several matches in the 1997–98 season after sustaining",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"text": "an injury in the clubs home match against VfB Stuttgart in December 1997 . In three seasons with Bayer Leverkusen , Kovač made 77 Bundesliga appearances and scored eight goals in league competition . At the club , he was teammates with his younger brother Robert for the first time in his professional career .",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"text": " Hamburger SV ( 1999–2001 ) . Kovač joined Hamburger SV in the summer of 1999 and spent two seasons with the club , making 55 Bundesliga appearances and scoring 12 goals in the Bundesliga . Bayern Munich ( 2001–2003 ) .",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"text": "In July 2001 , Kovač signed for then Bundesliga and UEFA Champions League winners , Bayern Munich . Kovač joined the club along with his brother , Robert . However , Kovač did not manage to establish himself as a regular at the club and left Bayern for a second stint with Hertha BSC after two seasons in the summer of 2003 . He appeared in 34 Bundesliga matches and scored three goals for Bayern in the league .",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"text": " Hertha BSC ( 2003–2006 ) . Kovač then signed for Hertha again . He made 75 Bundesliga appearances for the club and scored eight goals in the league . Red Bull Salzburg ( 2006–2009 ) .",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"text": "After the 2006 FIFA World Cup , Kovač left Hertha after three seasons for Austrian Bundesliga side Red Bull Salzburg . He was a regular in the Salzburg team and also appeared in all of their four UEFA Champions League qualifiers in the summer of 2006 . On 26 August 2006 , he scored his first goal for Red Bull Salzburg in the Bundesliga , netting the second goal in their 4–0 home victory over Wacker Tirol . He signed one more year until summer 2009 in May 2008 . On 29 May 2009 , Kovač left after three years",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"text": "with Red Bull and retired from professional football . He played his last match for Red Bull in a friendly against former club Bayern Munich ; he was substituted off after the first 15 minutes .",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"text": " Kovač made his senior international debut in Croatias friendly match against Morocco on 11 December 1996 in Casablanca . He subsequently also appeared in three qualifying matches for the 1998 FIFA World Cup , but missed the finals in France because he did not fully recover from injury until the beginning of the preparations for the tournament . He was subsequently not part of the national team for two years before making his comeback in a friendly match against France in November 1999 .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "At international level , Kovač played for Croatia in five qualifying matches for the 2002 World Cup and scored one goal in Croatias 4–0 victory away against San Marino . At the final tournament , he appeared as a starting player in all three group matches before Croatia was eliminated from the tournament with a third-place finish in their group . He was also a regular in UEFA Euro 2004 qualifying , making seven appearances and scoring two goals in away matches , the 1–0 winner against Estonia and the opening goal in the teams 3–0 victory over Andorra .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "He also played the entire three group matches played by the Croatian team at the final Euro 2004 tournament in Portugal and scored the opening goal in the final group match against England . However , Croatia lost the match 4–2 and was once again eliminated from the tournament as the third-placed nation in its group .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "After Euro 2004 , Kovač became the Croatia national teams captain and led the team through the qualifying campaign for the 2006 FIFA World Cup finals in Germany . He appeared in nine of ten qualifying matches and scored two goals , both in Croatias 4–0 victory over Iceland at home in Zagreb . At the final tournament , he appeared in all three of Croatias group matches , despite sustaining an injury which forced him to leave the pitch after 40 minutes of the teams opening match against Brazil . Kovač scored the goal that put Croatia 2–1 up",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "in the final group match against Australia . However , the match ended in a 2–2 draw and Croatia was eliminated by virtue of finishing third in the group . This was the third consecutive time this had happened in a major tournament .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "Euro 2008 was a bittersweet campaign for captain Kovač . His sterling performances against Germany and Turkey ultimately unrewarded in what could prove to be his last major tournament . Against Germany , he was peerless , producing a man of the match display alongside Luka Modrić whilst against Turkey , he reduced his opponents to pot shots from distance as they rarely broke through his screening protection of the back four . Before and after that game , Kovač reiterated his intention to retire from international football at the end of Euro 2008 , however , after conversation with",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "Slaven Bilić , it would seem he feels there is unfinished business to take care of .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " Kovač finally announced his international retirement on 7 January 2009 , stating a desire that younger players should be given experience in the Croatia side .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "After his retirement from professional football , Kovač became coach of the second squad of FC Red Bull Salzburg , Red Bull Juniors , from 16 June 2009 to 7 April 2011.<ref Salzburg ( A ) /FC Anif » Manager history></ref> In the 2009–10 season , he finished in sixth place and were knocked out in the Austrian Cup in the second round in a shootout . He was with the second team until 7 April 2011 . His final match was a 1–1 draw against SV Seekirchen . In 2011 , he was promoted to being assistant coach of",
"title": "Managerial career"
},
{
"text": "the first squad together with Ricardo Moniz as head coach . After Moniz resigned as a first-team coach in June 2012 , Kovač was one of the favourites for taking his position . However , the position went to Roger Schmidt and Kovač subsequently left Salzburg .",
"title": "Managerial career"
},
{
"text": "On 21 January 2013 , Igor Štimac , head coach of the Croatia national team , announced that Kovač , alongside his brother Robert as assistant coach , would take over as the under-21 team head coach . His task was to qualify for the 2015 UEFA European Under-21 Championship . Croatia were drawn in Group 5 of the qualifying competition , together with Switzerland , Ukraine , Latvia and Liechtenstein . In the first four games Croatia got the maximum of 12 points with a goal difference of 13–0 . He debuted with a 5–0 away win against Liechtenstein",
"title": "Under-21"
},
{
"text": ", before he brought two away wins against the group favourites Ukraine and Switzerland .",
"title": "Under-21"
},
{
"text": "On 16 October 2013 , Davor Šuker , president of the Croatian Football Federation ( HNS ) , announced that Niko Kovač would take over as caretaker manager of the Croatia senior team . He replaced Štimac , who was sacked after Croatia scraped into the World Cup play-offs having taken only one point from their last four qualifiers . However , one day later , in an inaugural press conference , Šuker stated HNS signed a two-year contract with Kovač and his staff including his brother Robert Kovač , Vatroslav Mihačić and Goran Lacković , until the end of",
"title": "Senior"
},
{
"text": "Croatias UEFA Euro 2016 campaign . His first two matches for Croatia were in the World Cup play-offs against Iceland . Croatia managed to qualify for the 2014 FIFA World Cup in Brazil after winning the play-off tie against Iceland 2–0 on aggregate . At the World Cup , Croatia won 4–0 against Cameroon and lost 3–1 against Brazil and Mexico . Croatia did not qualify from their group . On 9 September 2015 , HNS terminated Kovačs contract after Croatia lost 2–0 to Norway in the UEFA Euro 2016 qualifying .",
"title": "Senior"
},
{
"text": "Kovač was appointed as head coach of Eintracht Frankfurt on 8 March 2016 . He made his managerial debut for Frankfurt in a 3–0 loss to Borussia Mönchengladbach . The club was only able to finish the season in 16th place , requiring them to play in the relegation play-offs against 1 . FC Nürnberg . After drawing the first leg 1–1 at home , Kovač ensured Eintrachts survival in the Bundesliga after Haris Seferovićs goal won the second leg 1–0 . Kovač received a Fair Play Prize from the DOSB for his gesture of comforting Nürnbergs players after their",
"title": "Senior"
},
{
"text": "defeat .",
"title": "Senior"
},
{
"text": "In the 2016–17 season , Frankfurt managed to finish mid-table in 11th position , as well as notably reaching the 2017 DFB-Pokal Final , clubs first final since 2006 , where Frankfurt lost 1–2 against Borussia Dortmund . In the 2017–18 season , Frankfurt competed for a place in European competition for the following season . Kovač has typically used a 3–4–2–1 formation with emphasis on defensive stability and wing play . He took Frankfurt to the 2018 DFB-Pokal Final , the second in succession for the club , where he beat his future employer , Bayern Munich . With",
"title": "Senior"
},
{
"text": "that win , Kovač led Frankfurt to its first trophy since 1988 . He finished with a record of 38 wins , 20 draws , and 33 losses in 91 matches . Adi Hütter became his successor .",
"title": "Senior"
},
{
"text": "On 13 April 2018 , Bayern Munich announced that Kovač would succeed Jupp Heynckes as manager of the club for the 2018–19 season , with a three-year contract lasting until 30 June 2021 . Kovačs brother , Robert , would follow him to Munich to be his assistant coach . Kovač had a contract with Frankfurt until 30 June 2018 and Bayern had to pay a release clause in his contract reported to be around €2.2 million . Kovač is just the fourth former player to manage Bayern Munich after Søren Lerby , Franz Beckenbauer and Jürgen Klinsmann . Kovač",
"title": "Senior"
},
{
"text": "was the third Croat to manage Bayern after Zlatko Čajkovski and Branko Zebec . Kovač officially took over on 1 July 2018 and was presented as the new manager of Bayern Munich on 2 July 2018 .",
"title": "Senior"
},
{
"text": " On 12 August , Kovač won his first match as manager of Bayern 5–0 in the German Super Cup against Eintracht Frankfurt . He won his first Bundesliga game in charge as Bayern defeated 1899 Hoffenheim 3–1 at home on 25 August . On 19 May 2019 , he led Bayern to their seventh consecutive Bundesliga title after a 5–1 home win against his former club , Eintracht Frankfurt , beating nearest rivals Borussia Dortmund by two points . This was Kovačs first Bundesliga title as a coach .",
"title": "Senior"
},
{
"text": "On 25 May 2019 , Kovač led Bayern to a league and cup double when Bayern defeated RB Leipzig 3–0 in the 2019 DFB-Pokal Final . It was Kovačs second consecutive cup win as he became the first coach since Felix Magath in 2005 and 2006 to win back-to-back cup titles . Kovač also became the first person to win a league and cup double both as a player and coach in German football . On 1 October , Bayern defeated Tottenham Hotspur 7–2 in the Champions League , with Serge Gnabry scoring four goals . It was Bayerns second",
"title": "Senior"
},
{
"text": "highest victory in European competitions , only behind their 7–1 victory over Roma in October 2014 . On 3 November , Kovač left by mutual agreement after a 5–1 loss to Eintracht Frankfurt .",
"title": "Senior"
},
{
"text": "On 19 July 2020 , Kovač was appointed as head coach at Ligue 1 club Monaco . In his first game as Monaco coach on 23 August , Kovač secured a 2–2 draw after being two goals down against Reims . On 20 November , he managed to beat French champions and Champions League finalists Paris Saint-Germain 3–2 after falling behind 0–2 . On 21 February 2021 , he defeated Paris Saint-Germain once again , this time 2–0 . It was the first time since March 2016 that Monaco managed to win at Parc des Princes . Kovač was subsequently",
"title": "Senior"
},
{
"text": "widely praised by French sports media . On 19 May , Monaco lost 2–0 to Paris Saint-Germain in the Coupe de France Final .",
"title": "Senior"
},
{
"text": " Kovač was born on 15 October 1971 in Berlin-Wedding , West Berlin , to a Croatian family hailing from Livno , Bosnia and Herzegovina . His parents Mato and Ivka emigrated from SFR Yugoslavia in 1970 . He has two younger siblings , brother Robert and sister Nikolina . Kovač is also a German national and therefore he was eligible to represent Germany , Croatia , and Bosnia and Herzegovina at international level . He opted for Croatia .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "Kovač married his primary school sweetheart in 1999 . They have a daughter named Laura . Kovač is a Roman Catholic . He generally lives a quiet family life , and considers a family of great value and tries to convey that to his players .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " In 2007 , Kovač appeared in Croatian Democratic Union ( HDZ ) s campaign video for that years parliamentary election . The video focuses on Croatian diasporas right to vote despite not living in the country , and depicts Kovač talking about his connection with his homeland . One of the lines from the video , ( My brother Robert , as well ) , entered Croatian popular culture and is frequently quoted by the people and the media in the country when referring to the brothers .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " - Niko Kovač at Leverkusen Whos Who",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Niko_Kovač#P6087#3
|
Niko Kovač was the coach of which team after Jan 2019?
|
Niko Kovač Niko Kovač ( ; born 15 October 1971 ) is a Croatian professional football coach and former player who is the manager of Ligue 1 club Monaco . Kovač was the long-standing captain of the Croatia national team until his retirement from international football in January 2009 . A defensive midfielder who was known for his excellent passing and tackling skills , Kovač was , at the time of his retirement , the oldest player in the Croatian squad and had captained them at the 2006 FIFA World Cup and UEFA Euro 2008 . He has also enjoyed a high level of top club action , having spent most of his club career in the German Bundesliga , including spells with Hertha BSC , Bayer Leverkusen , Hamburger SV and Bayern Munich . He ended his playing career with Austrian club Red Bull Salzburg , where he then took the non-playing role of the reserve team coach and eventually became assistant manager under team manager Ricardo Moniz . In January 2013 , Kovač took over the Croatia national under-21 team and in October 2013 he took over the Croatia senior team following the dismissal of Igor Štimac . Kovač managed Croatia at the 2014 FIFA World Cup , then became head coach of Eintracht Frankfurt in 2016 , winning the 2018 DFB-Pokal Final with the club . At Bayern , Kovač won the domestic double in 2019 after a strong ending to the season , but lost his job later in that same autumn . In the summer of 2020 , Kovač took charge of Monaco for his first club manager job outside of Germany . Club career . Early career ( 1987–1996 ) . Kovač started training football as an eight-year old with Rapide Wedding in Berlin . After that he joined Hertha Zehlendorf and soon became a member of the first team . He moved to Hertha BSC in 1991 and started his professional career with the club that competed in the 2 . Bundesliga at the time . During his youth , Kovač in parallel with football practised judo , earning the blue belt . After finishing high school ( gymnasium ) he continued his education at Free University of Berlin . He pursued a degree in business studies while playing for Hertha BSC . After eight semesters , he left university when he secured a contract with Bayer Leverkusen . Bayer Leverkusen ( 1996–1999 ) . In the summer of 1996 , Kovač left Hertha , still a 2 . Bundesliga side at the time , for Bundesliga side Bayer Leverkusen . He made his Bundesliga debut on 17 August 1996 , appearing as a half-time substitute in the clubs opening match of the 1996–97 season , a 4–2 home victory over Borussia Dortmund . He appeared in 32 Bundesliga matches in his first season with Leverkusen , also scoring three goals . However , he mostly played as a substitute in the following two seasons and missed several matches in the 1997–98 season after sustaining an injury in the clubs home match against VfB Stuttgart in December 1997 . In three seasons with Bayer Leverkusen , Kovač made 77 Bundesliga appearances and scored eight goals in league competition . At the club , he was teammates with his younger brother Robert for the first time in his professional career . Hamburger SV ( 1999–2001 ) . Kovač joined Hamburger SV in the summer of 1999 and spent two seasons with the club , making 55 Bundesliga appearances and scoring 12 goals in the Bundesliga . Bayern Munich ( 2001–2003 ) . In July 2001 , Kovač signed for then Bundesliga and UEFA Champions League winners , Bayern Munich . Kovač joined the club along with his brother , Robert . However , Kovač did not manage to establish himself as a regular at the club and left Bayern for a second stint with Hertha BSC after two seasons in the summer of 2003 . He appeared in 34 Bundesliga matches and scored three goals for Bayern in the league . Hertha BSC ( 2003–2006 ) . Kovač then signed for Hertha again . He made 75 Bundesliga appearances for the club and scored eight goals in the league . Red Bull Salzburg ( 2006–2009 ) . After the 2006 FIFA World Cup , Kovač left Hertha after three seasons for Austrian Bundesliga side Red Bull Salzburg . He was a regular in the Salzburg team and also appeared in all of their four UEFA Champions League qualifiers in the summer of 2006 . On 26 August 2006 , he scored his first goal for Red Bull Salzburg in the Bundesliga , netting the second goal in their 4–0 home victory over Wacker Tirol . He signed one more year until summer 2009 in May 2008 . On 29 May 2009 , Kovač left after three years with Red Bull and retired from professional football . He played his last match for Red Bull in a friendly against former club Bayern Munich ; he was substituted off after the first 15 minutes . International career . Kovač made his senior international debut in Croatias friendly match against Morocco on 11 December 1996 in Casablanca . He subsequently also appeared in three qualifying matches for the 1998 FIFA World Cup , but missed the finals in France because he did not fully recover from injury until the beginning of the preparations for the tournament . He was subsequently not part of the national team for two years before making his comeback in a friendly match against France in November 1999 . At international level , Kovač played for Croatia in five qualifying matches for the 2002 World Cup and scored one goal in Croatias 4–0 victory away against San Marino . At the final tournament , he appeared as a starting player in all three group matches before Croatia was eliminated from the tournament with a third-place finish in their group . He was also a regular in UEFA Euro 2004 qualifying , making seven appearances and scoring two goals in away matches , the 1–0 winner against Estonia and the opening goal in the teams 3–0 victory over Andorra . He also played the entire three group matches played by the Croatian team at the final Euro 2004 tournament in Portugal and scored the opening goal in the final group match against England . However , Croatia lost the match 4–2 and was once again eliminated from the tournament as the third-placed nation in its group . After Euro 2004 , Kovač became the Croatia national teams captain and led the team through the qualifying campaign for the 2006 FIFA World Cup finals in Germany . He appeared in nine of ten qualifying matches and scored two goals , both in Croatias 4–0 victory over Iceland at home in Zagreb . At the final tournament , he appeared in all three of Croatias group matches , despite sustaining an injury which forced him to leave the pitch after 40 minutes of the teams opening match against Brazil . Kovač scored the goal that put Croatia 2–1 up in the final group match against Australia . However , the match ended in a 2–2 draw and Croatia was eliminated by virtue of finishing third in the group . This was the third consecutive time this had happened in a major tournament . Euro 2008 was a bittersweet campaign for captain Kovač . His sterling performances against Germany and Turkey ultimately unrewarded in what could prove to be his last major tournament . Against Germany , he was peerless , producing a man of the match display alongside Luka Modrić whilst against Turkey , he reduced his opponents to pot shots from distance as they rarely broke through his screening protection of the back four . Before and after that game , Kovač reiterated his intention to retire from international football at the end of Euro 2008 , however , after conversation with Slaven Bilić , it would seem he feels there is unfinished business to take care of . Kovač finally announced his international retirement on 7 January 2009 , stating a desire that younger players should be given experience in the Croatia side . Managerial career . Red Bull Salzburg ( 2009–2011 ) . After his retirement from professional football , Kovač became coach of the second squad of FC Red Bull Salzburg , Red Bull Juniors , from 16 June 2009 to 7 April 2011.<ref Salzburg ( A ) /FC Anif » Manager history></ref> In the 2009–10 season , he finished in sixth place and were knocked out in the Austrian Cup in the second round in a shootout . He was with the second team until 7 April 2011 . His final match was a 1–1 draw against SV Seekirchen . In 2011 , he was promoted to being assistant coach of the first squad together with Ricardo Moniz as head coach . After Moniz resigned as a first-team coach in June 2012 , Kovač was one of the favourites for taking his position . However , the position went to Roger Schmidt and Kovač subsequently left Salzburg . Croatia ( 2013–2015 ) . Under-21 . On 21 January 2013 , Igor Štimac , head coach of the Croatia national team , announced that Kovač , alongside his brother Robert as assistant coach , would take over as the under-21 team head coach . His task was to qualify for the 2015 UEFA European Under-21 Championship . Croatia were drawn in Group 5 of the qualifying competition , together with Switzerland , Ukraine , Latvia and Liechtenstein . In the first four games Croatia got the maximum of 12 points with a goal difference of 13–0 . He debuted with a 5–0 away win against Liechtenstein , before he brought two away wins against the group favourites Ukraine and Switzerland . Senior . On 16 October 2013 , Davor Šuker , president of the Croatian Football Federation ( HNS ) , announced that Niko Kovač would take over as caretaker manager of the Croatia senior team . He replaced Štimac , who was sacked after Croatia scraped into the World Cup play-offs having taken only one point from their last four qualifiers . However , one day later , in an inaugural press conference , Šuker stated HNS signed a two-year contract with Kovač and his staff including his brother Robert Kovač , Vatroslav Mihačić and Goran Lacković , until the end of Croatias UEFA Euro 2016 campaign . His first two matches for Croatia were in the World Cup play-offs against Iceland . Croatia managed to qualify for the 2014 FIFA World Cup in Brazil after winning the play-off tie against Iceland 2–0 on aggregate . At the World Cup , Croatia won 4–0 against Cameroon and lost 3–1 against Brazil and Mexico . Croatia did not qualify from their group . On 9 September 2015 , HNS terminated Kovačs contract after Croatia lost 2–0 to Norway in the UEFA Euro 2016 qualifying . Eintracht Frankfurt ( 2016–2018 ) . Kovač was appointed as head coach of Eintracht Frankfurt on 8 March 2016 . He made his managerial debut for Frankfurt in a 3–0 loss to Borussia Mönchengladbach . The club was only able to finish the season in 16th place , requiring them to play in the relegation play-offs against 1 . FC Nürnberg . After drawing the first leg 1–1 at home , Kovač ensured Eintrachts survival in the Bundesliga after Haris Seferovićs goal won the second leg 1–0 . Kovač received a Fair Play Prize from the DOSB for his gesture of comforting Nürnbergs players after their defeat . In the 2016–17 season , Frankfurt managed to finish mid-table in 11th position , as well as notably reaching the 2017 DFB-Pokal Final , clubs first final since 2006 , where Frankfurt lost 1–2 against Borussia Dortmund . In the 2017–18 season , Frankfurt competed for a place in European competition for the following season . Kovač has typically used a 3–4–2–1 formation with emphasis on defensive stability and wing play . He took Frankfurt to the 2018 DFB-Pokal Final , the second in succession for the club , where he beat his future employer , Bayern Munich . With that win , Kovač led Frankfurt to its first trophy since 1988 . He finished with a record of 38 wins , 20 draws , and 33 losses in 91 matches . Adi Hütter became his successor . Bayern Munich ( 2018–2019 ) . On 13 April 2018 , Bayern Munich announced that Kovač would succeed Jupp Heynckes as manager of the club for the 2018–19 season , with a three-year contract lasting until 30 June 2021 . Kovačs brother , Robert , would follow him to Munich to be his assistant coach . Kovač had a contract with Frankfurt until 30 June 2018 and Bayern had to pay a release clause in his contract reported to be around €2.2 million . Kovač is just the fourth former player to manage Bayern Munich after Søren Lerby , Franz Beckenbauer and Jürgen Klinsmann . Kovač was the third Croat to manage Bayern after Zlatko Čajkovski and Branko Zebec . Kovač officially took over on 1 July 2018 and was presented as the new manager of Bayern Munich on 2 July 2018 . On 12 August , Kovač won his first match as manager of Bayern 5–0 in the German Super Cup against Eintracht Frankfurt . He won his first Bundesliga game in charge as Bayern defeated 1899 Hoffenheim 3–1 at home on 25 August . On 19 May 2019 , he led Bayern to their seventh consecutive Bundesliga title after a 5–1 home win against his former club , Eintracht Frankfurt , beating nearest rivals Borussia Dortmund by two points . This was Kovačs first Bundesliga title as a coach . On 25 May 2019 , Kovač led Bayern to a league and cup double when Bayern defeated RB Leipzig 3–0 in the 2019 DFB-Pokal Final . It was Kovačs second consecutive cup win as he became the first coach since Felix Magath in 2005 and 2006 to win back-to-back cup titles . Kovač also became the first person to win a league and cup double both as a player and coach in German football . On 1 October , Bayern defeated Tottenham Hotspur 7–2 in the Champions League , with Serge Gnabry scoring four goals . It was Bayerns second highest victory in European competitions , only behind their 7–1 victory over Roma in October 2014 . On 3 November , Kovač left by mutual agreement after a 5–1 loss to Eintracht Frankfurt . Monaco ( 2020–present ) . On 19 July 2020 , Kovač was appointed as head coach at Ligue 1 club Monaco . In his first game as Monaco coach on 23 August , Kovač secured a 2–2 draw after being two goals down against Reims . On 20 November , he managed to beat French champions and Champions League finalists Paris Saint-Germain 3–2 after falling behind 0–2 . On 21 February 2021 , he defeated Paris Saint-Germain once again , this time 2–0 . It was the first time since March 2016 that Monaco managed to win at Parc des Princes . Kovač was subsequently widely praised by French sports media . On 19 May , Monaco lost 2–0 to Paris Saint-Germain in the Coupe de France Final . Personal life . Kovač was born on 15 October 1971 in Berlin-Wedding , West Berlin , to a Croatian family hailing from Livno , Bosnia and Herzegovina . His parents Mato and Ivka emigrated from SFR Yugoslavia in 1970 . He has two younger siblings , brother Robert and sister Nikolina . Kovač is also a German national and therefore he was eligible to represent Germany , Croatia , and Bosnia and Herzegovina at international level . He opted for Croatia . Kovač married his primary school sweetheart in 1999 . They have a daughter named Laura . Kovač is a Roman Catholic . He generally lives a quiet family life , and considers a family of great value and tries to convey that to his players . In 2007 , Kovač appeared in Croatian Democratic Union ( HDZ ) s campaign video for that years parliamentary election . The video focuses on Croatian diasporas right to vote despite not living in the country , and depicts Kovač talking about his connection with his homeland . One of the lines from the video , ( My brother Robert , as well ) , entered Croatian popular culture and is frequently quoted by the people and the media in the country when referring to the brothers . Honours . Player . Bayern Munich - Bundesliga : 2002–03 - DFB-Pokal : 2002–03 - Intercontinental Cup : 2001 Red Bull Salzburg - Austrian Bundesliga : 2006–07 Manager . Eintracht Frankfurt - DFB-Pokal : 2017–18 ; runner-up : 2016–17 Bayern Munich - Bundesliga : 2018–19 - DFB-Pokal : 2018–19 - DFL-Supercup : 2018 Monaco - Coupe de France runner-up : 2020–21 External links . - Niko Kovač at Leverkusen Whos Who
|
[
"Bayern Munich"
] |
[
{
"text": " Niko Kovač ( ; born 15 October 1971 ) is a Croatian professional football coach and former player who is the manager of Ligue 1 club Monaco .",
"title": "Niko Kovač"
},
{
"text": "Kovač was the long-standing captain of the Croatia national team until his retirement from international football in January 2009 . A defensive midfielder who was known for his excellent passing and tackling skills , Kovač was , at the time of his retirement , the oldest player in the Croatian squad and had captained them at the 2006 FIFA World Cup and UEFA Euro 2008 . He has also enjoyed a high level of top club action , having spent most of his club career in the German Bundesliga , including spells with Hertha BSC , Bayer Leverkusen , Hamburger",
"title": "Niko Kovač"
},
{
"text": "SV and Bayern Munich .",
"title": "Niko Kovač"
},
{
"text": "He ended his playing career with Austrian club Red Bull Salzburg , where he then took the non-playing role of the reserve team coach and eventually became assistant manager under team manager Ricardo Moniz . In January 2013 , Kovač took over the Croatia national under-21 team and in October 2013 he took over the Croatia senior team following the dismissal of Igor Štimac . Kovač managed Croatia at the 2014 FIFA World Cup , then became head coach of Eintracht Frankfurt in 2016 , winning the 2018 DFB-Pokal Final with the club . At Bayern , Kovač won the",
"title": "Niko Kovač"
},
{
"text": "domestic double in 2019 after a strong ending to the season , but lost his job later in that same autumn . In the summer of 2020 , Kovač took charge of Monaco for his first club manager job outside of Germany .",
"title": "Niko Kovač"
},
{
"text": " Early career ( 1987–1996 ) . Kovač started training football as an eight-year old with Rapide Wedding in Berlin . After that he joined Hertha Zehlendorf and soon became a member of the first team . He moved to Hertha BSC in 1991 and started his professional career with the club that competed in the 2 . Bundesliga at the time .",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"text": "During his youth , Kovač in parallel with football practised judo , earning the blue belt . After finishing high school ( gymnasium ) he continued his education at Free University of Berlin . He pursued a degree in business studies while playing for Hertha BSC . After eight semesters , he left university when he secured a contract with Bayer Leverkusen .",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"text": "In the summer of 1996 , Kovač left Hertha , still a 2 . Bundesliga side at the time , for Bundesliga side Bayer Leverkusen . He made his Bundesliga debut on 17 August 1996 , appearing as a half-time substitute in the clubs opening match of the 1996–97 season , a 4–2 home victory over Borussia Dortmund . He appeared in 32 Bundesliga matches in his first season with Leverkusen , also scoring three goals . However , he mostly played as a substitute in the following two seasons and missed several matches in the 1997–98 season after sustaining",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"text": "an injury in the clubs home match against VfB Stuttgart in December 1997 . In three seasons with Bayer Leverkusen , Kovač made 77 Bundesliga appearances and scored eight goals in league competition . At the club , he was teammates with his younger brother Robert for the first time in his professional career .",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"text": " Hamburger SV ( 1999–2001 ) . Kovač joined Hamburger SV in the summer of 1999 and spent two seasons with the club , making 55 Bundesliga appearances and scoring 12 goals in the Bundesliga . Bayern Munich ( 2001–2003 ) .",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"text": "In July 2001 , Kovač signed for then Bundesliga and UEFA Champions League winners , Bayern Munich . Kovač joined the club along with his brother , Robert . However , Kovač did not manage to establish himself as a regular at the club and left Bayern for a second stint with Hertha BSC after two seasons in the summer of 2003 . He appeared in 34 Bundesliga matches and scored three goals for Bayern in the league .",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"text": " Hertha BSC ( 2003–2006 ) . Kovač then signed for Hertha again . He made 75 Bundesliga appearances for the club and scored eight goals in the league . Red Bull Salzburg ( 2006–2009 ) .",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"text": "After the 2006 FIFA World Cup , Kovač left Hertha after three seasons for Austrian Bundesliga side Red Bull Salzburg . He was a regular in the Salzburg team and also appeared in all of their four UEFA Champions League qualifiers in the summer of 2006 . On 26 August 2006 , he scored his first goal for Red Bull Salzburg in the Bundesliga , netting the second goal in their 4–0 home victory over Wacker Tirol . He signed one more year until summer 2009 in May 2008 . On 29 May 2009 , Kovač left after three years",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"text": "with Red Bull and retired from professional football . He played his last match for Red Bull in a friendly against former club Bayern Munich ; he was substituted off after the first 15 minutes .",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"text": " Kovač made his senior international debut in Croatias friendly match against Morocco on 11 December 1996 in Casablanca . He subsequently also appeared in three qualifying matches for the 1998 FIFA World Cup , but missed the finals in France because he did not fully recover from injury until the beginning of the preparations for the tournament . He was subsequently not part of the national team for two years before making his comeback in a friendly match against France in November 1999 .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "At international level , Kovač played for Croatia in five qualifying matches for the 2002 World Cup and scored one goal in Croatias 4–0 victory away against San Marino . At the final tournament , he appeared as a starting player in all three group matches before Croatia was eliminated from the tournament with a third-place finish in their group . He was also a regular in UEFA Euro 2004 qualifying , making seven appearances and scoring two goals in away matches , the 1–0 winner against Estonia and the opening goal in the teams 3–0 victory over Andorra .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "He also played the entire three group matches played by the Croatian team at the final Euro 2004 tournament in Portugal and scored the opening goal in the final group match against England . However , Croatia lost the match 4–2 and was once again eliminated from the tournament as the third-placed nation in its group .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "After Euro 2004 , Kovač became the Croatia national teams captain and led the team through the qualifying campaign for the 2006 FIFA World Cup finals in Germany . He appeared in nine of ten qualifying matches and scored two goals , both in Croatias 4–0 victory over Iceland at home in Zagreb . At the final tournament , he appeared in all three of Croatias group matches , despite sustaining an injury which forced him to leave the pitch after 40 minutes of the teams opening match against Brazil . Kovač scored the goal that put Croatia 2–1 up",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "in the final group match against Australia . However , the match ended in a 2–2 draw and Croatia was eliminated by virtue of finishing third in the group . This was the third consecutive time this had happened in a major tournament .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "Euro 2008 was a bittersweet campaign for captain Kovač . His sterling performances against Germany and Turkey ultimately unrewarded in what could prove to be his last major tournament . Against Germany , he was peerless , producing a man of the match display alongside Luka Modrić whilst against Turkey , he reduced his opponents to pot shots from distance as they rarely broke through his screening protection of the back four . Before and after that game , Kovač reiterated his intention to retire from international football at the end of Euro 2008 , however , after conversation with",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "Slaven Bilić , it would seem he feels there is unfinished business to take care of .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " Kovač finally announced his international retirement on 7 January 2009 , stating a desire that younger players should be given experience in the Croatia side .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "After his retirement from professional football , Kovač became coach of the second squad of FC Red Bull Salzburg , Red Bull Juniors , from 16 June 2009 to 7 April 2011.<ref Salzburg ( A ) /FC Anif » Manager history></ref> In the 2009–10 season , he finished in sixth place and were knocked out in the Austrian Cup in the second round in a shootout . He was with the second team until 7 April 2011 . His final match was a 1–1 draw against SV Seekirchen . In 2011 , he was promoted to being assistant coach of",
"title": "Managerial career"
},
{
"text": "the first squad together with Ricardo Moniz as head coach . After Moniz resigned as a first-team coach in June 2012 , Kovač was one of the favourites for taking his position . However , the position went to Roger Schmidt and Kovač subsequently left Salzburg .",
"title": "Managerial career"
},
{
"text": "On 21 January 2013 , Igor Štimac , head coach of the Croatia national team , announced that Kovač , alongside his brother Robert as assistant coach , would take over as the under-21 team head coach . His task was to qualify for the 2015 UEFA European Under-21 Championship . Croatia were drawn in Group 5 of the qualifying competition , together with Switzerland , Ukraine , Latvia and Liechtenstein . In the first four games Croatia got the maximum of 12 points with a goal difference of 13–0 . He debuted with a 5–0 away win against Liechtenstein",
"title": "Under-21"
},
{
"text": ", before he brought two away wins against the group favourites Ukraine and Switzerland .",
"title": "Under-21"
},
{
"text": "On 16 October 2013 , Davor Šuker , president of the Croatian Football Federation ( HNS ) , announced that Niko Kovač would take over as caretaker manager of the Croatia senior team . He replaced Štimac , who was sacked after Croatia scraped into the World Cup play-offs having taken only one point from their last four qualifiers . However , one day later , in an inaugural press conference , Šuker stated HNS signed a two-year contract with Kovač and his staff including his brother Robert Kovač , Vatroslav Mihačić and Goran Lacković , until the end of",
"title": "Senior"
},
{
"text": "Croatias UEFA Euro 2016 campaign . His first two matches for Croatia were in the World Cup play-offs against Iceland . Croatia managed to qualify for the 2014 FIFA World Cup in Brazil after winning the play-off tie against Iceland 2–0 on aggregate . At the World Cup , Croatia won 4–0 against Cameroon and lost 3–1 against Brazil and Mexico . Croatia did not qualify from their group . On 9 September 2015 , HNS terminated Kovačs contract after Croatia lost 2–0 to Norway in the UEFA Euro 2016 qualifying .",
"title": "Senior"
},
{
"text": "Kovač was appointed as head coach of Eintracht Frankfurt on 8 March 2016 . He made his managerial debut for Frankfurt in a 3–0 loss to Borussia Mönchengladbach . The club was only able to finish the season in 16th place , requiring them to play in the relegation play-offs against 1 . FC Nürnberg . After drawing the first leg 1–1 at home , Kovač ensured Eintrachts survival in the Bundesliga after Haris Seferovićs goal won the second leg 1–0 . Kovač received a Fair Play Prize from the DOSB for his gesture of comforting Nürnbergs players after their",
"title": "Senior"
},
{
"text": "defeat .",
"title": "Senior"
},
{
"text": "In the 2016–17 season , Frankfurt managed to finish mid-table in 11th position , as well as notably reaching the 2017 DFB-Pokal Final , clubs first final since 2006 , where Frankfurt lost 1–2 against Borussia Dortmund . In the 2017–18 season , Frankfurt competed for a place in European competition for the following season . Kovač has typically used a 3–4–2–1 formation with emphasis on defensive stability and wing play . He took Frankfurt to the 2018 DFB-Pokal Final , the second in succession for the club , where he beat his future employer , Bayern Munich . With",
"title": "Senior"
},
{
"text": "that win , Kovač led Frankfurt to its first trophy since 1988 . He finished with a record of 38 wins , 20 draws , and 33 losses in 91 matches . Adi Hütter became his successor .",
"title": "Senior"
},
{
"text": "On 13 April 2018 , Bayern Munich announced that Kovač would succeed Jupp Heynckes as manager of the club for the 2018–19 season , with a three-year contract lasting until 30 June 2021 . Kovačs brother , Robert , would follow him to Munich to be his assistant coach . Kovač had a contract with Frankfurt until 30 June 2018 and Bayern had to pay a release clause in his contract reported to be around €2.2 million . Kovač is just the fourth former player to manage Bayern Munich after Søren Lerby , Franz Beckenbauer and Jürgen Klinsmann . Kovač",
"title": "Senior"
},
{
"text": "was the third Croat to manage Bayern after Zlatko Čajkovski and Branko Zebec . Kovač officially took over on 1 July 2018 and was presented as the new manager of Bayern Munich on 2 July 2018 .",
"title": "Senior"
},
{
"text": " On 12 August , Kovač won his first match as manager of Bayern 5–0 in the German Super Cup against Eintracht Frankfurt . He won his first Bundesliga game in charge as Bayern defeated 1899 Hoffenheim 3–1 at home on 25 August . On 19 May 2019 , he led Bayern to their seventh consecutive Bundesliga title after a 5–1 home win against his former club , Eintracht Frankfurt , beating nearest rivals Borussia Dortmund by two points . This was Kovačs first Bundesliga title as a coach .",
"title": "Senior"
},
{
"text": "On 25 May 2019 , Kovač led Bayern to a league and cup double when Bayern defeated RB Leipzig 3–0 in the 2019 DFB-Pokal Final . It was Kovačs second consecutive cup win as he became the first coach since Felix Magath in 2005 and 2006 to win back-to-back cup titles . Kovač also became the first person to win a league and cup double both as a player and coach in German football . On 1 October , Bayern defeated Tottenham Hotspur 7–2 in the Champions League , with Serge Gnabry scoring four goals . It was Bayerns second",
"title": "Senior"
},
{
"text": "highest victory in European competitions , only behind their 7–1 victory over Roma in October 2014 . On 3 November , Kovač left by mutual agreement after a 5–1 loss to Eintracht Frankfurt .",
"title": "Senior"
},
{
"text": "On 19 July 2020 , Kovač was appointed as head coach at Ligue 1 club Monaco . In his first game as Monaco coach on 23 August , Kovač secured a 2–2 draw after being two goals down against Reims . On 20 November , he managed to beat French champions and Champions League finalists Paris Saint-Germain 3–2 after falling behind 0–2 . On 21 February 2021 , he defeated Paris Saint-Germain once again , this time 2–0 . It was the first time since March 2016 that Monaco managed to win at Parc des Princes . Kovač was subsequently",
"title": "Senior"
},
{
"text": "widely praised by French sports media . On 19 May , Monaco lost 2–0 to Paris Saint-Germain in the Coupe de France Final .",
"title": "Senior"
},
{
"text": " Kovač was born on 15 October 1971 in Berlin-Wedding , West Berlin , to a Croatian family hailing from Livno , Bosnia and Herzegovina . His parents Mato and Ivka emigrated from SFR Yugoslavia in 1970 . He has two younger siblings , brother Robert and sister Nikolina . Kovač is also a German national and therefore he was eligible to represent Germany , Croatia , and Bosnia and Herzegovina at international level . He opted for Croatia .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "Kovač married his primary school sweetheart in 1999 . They have a daughter named Laura . Kovač is a Roman Catholic . He generally lives a quiet family life , and considers a family of great value and tries to convey that to his players .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " In 2007 , Kovač appeared in Croatian Democratic Union ( HDZ ) s campaign video for that years parliamentary election . The video focuses on Croatian diasporas right to vote despite not living in the country , and depicts Kovač talking about his connection with his homeland . One of the lines from the video , ( My brother Robert , as well ) , entered Croatian popular culture and is frequently quoted by the people and the media in the country when referring to the brothers .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " - Niko Kovač at Leverkusen Whos Who",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Ralph_W._Hood#P108#0
|
What was the name of the employer Ralph W. Hood work for in Apr 1968?
|
Ralph W . Hood Ralph Wilbur Hood Jr . ( born 1942 ) is an American psychologist . He serves as Leroy A . Martin Distinguished Professor of Religious Studies at the University of Tennessee at Chattanooga , where he specializes in the psychology of religion . Life and career . Hood was born on July 12 , 1942 , in Denver , Colorado . He married his wife , Betsy , in 1960 . Hood received his Bachelor of Science degree at University of California , Los Angeles ( 1964 ) , a Master of Science degree at California State College at Los Angeles ( 1966 ) , and a Doctor of Philosophy degree at University of Nevada , Reno ( 1968 ) . Hood is a former editor of the Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion ( 1995–1999 ) , and has been coeditor of The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion ( 1992–1995 ) and Archiv für Religionpsychologie ( 2005– ) . Since 2014 he has been a member of the advisory board of Open Theology . Hood was named a fellow of division 36 of the American Psychological Association ( APA ) in 1980 and served as its president in 1992 . He was awarded the Mentor Award by the division in 1996 . Hood received the William James Award from the APA in 1995 for sustained and distinguished research in the psychology of religion . He was named a fellow of the Society for the Scientific Study of Religion in 1994 and was awarded the societys Distinguished Service Award in 2000 . Research topics . Hoods mysticism scale ( M-scale ) , based on Walter Staces distinction between introverted and extroverted mysticism , was developed in the 1970s , and is a well-known research instrument for mystical experiences . Hood is also well-known for studying snake handling churches in the Appalachian Mountains . In 2008 , he co-authored a highly-cited book with W . Paul Williamson covering this area of research in-depth . Criticism . Staces work in mystical experience has received strong criticisms for its lack of methodological rigor and its perennialist pre-assumptions . Major criticism came from Steven T . Katz in his influential series of publications on mysticism and philosophy and from Wayne Proudfoot in his Religious Experience ( 1985 ) . In defense of Stace , Hood ( 2001 ) cites Robert K . C . Forman , who argues that introverted mysticism is correctly conceptualized as a common core , since it lacks all content , and is the correct basis for a perennial philosophy . Hood notes that Staces work is a conceptual approach , based on textual studies . He posits his own work as a parallel approach , based on an empirical approach , thereby placing the conceptual claims in an empirical framework , assuming that Stace is correct in his approach . Jacob van Belzen criticized Hood , noting that Hood validated the existence of a common core in mystical experiences , but based on a conceptual framework which presupposes the existence of such a common core : [ T ] he instrument used to verify Staces conceptualization of Stace is not independent of Stace , but based on him . Belzen also notes that religion does not stand on its own , but is embedded in a cultural context , which should be taken into account . To this criticism Hood et al . answer that universalistic tendencies in religious research are rooted first in inductive generalizations from cross-cultural consideration of either faith or mysticism , stating that Stace sought out texts which he recognized as an expression of mystical expression , from which he created his universal core . Hood therefore concludes that Belzen is incorrect when he claims that items were presupposed . Publications . Articles . Hood has published numerous articles on the psychology of religion and spirituality in professional journals . Books ( author ) . - , coauthored with Peter C . Hill and W . Paul Williamson . The book covers fundamentalism in different Christian sects , varying from Amish to Pentecostal and also investigates Islam . The authors seek to provide an experientially-based but empirically-minded psychological viewpoint on the concept of religious fundamentalism . - . Jimmy Morrow , a church leader and serpent handler for more than 25 years , explores his lifetime of experiences from this unique form of Christian worship and reveals its history , previously unknown outside of the small communities where these rites are practiced . Hood shares insights into the social power of these practices and explains them from within a social psychological framework . - . Hood has spent 15 years , along with W . Paul Williams , with snake handlers in Appalachia , learning about their belief systems , and has used this research to help build a psychological viewpoint on the phenomena of fundamentalism in religion .
|
[
""
] |
[
{
"text": " Ralph Wilbur Hood Jr . ( born 1942 ) is an American psychologist . He serves as Leroy A . Martin Distinguished Professor of Religious Studies at the University of Tennessee at Chattanooga , where he specializes in the psychology of religion .",
"title": "Ralph W . Hood"
},
{
"text": " Hood was born on July 12 , 1942 , in Denver , Colorado . He married his wife , Betsy , in 1960 . Hood received his Bachelor of Science degree at University of California , Los Angeles ( 1964 ) , a Master of Science degree at California State College at Los Angeles ( 1966 ) , and a Doctor of Philosophy degree at University of Nevada , Reno ( 1968 ) .",
"title": "Life and career"
},
{
"text": "Hood is a former editor of the Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion ( 1995–1999 ) , and has been coeditor of The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion ( 1992–1995 ) and Archiv für Religionpsychologie ( 2005– ) . Since 2014 he has been a member of the advisory board of Open Theology .",
"title": "Life and career"
},
{
"text": " Hood was named a fellow of division 36 of the American Psychological Association ( APA ) in 1980 and served as its president in 1992 . He was awarded the Mentor Award by the division in 1996 . Hood received the William James Award from the APA in 1995 for sustained and distinguished research in the psychology of religion . He was named a fellow of the Society for the Scientific Study of Religion in 1994 and was awarded the societys Distinguished Service Award in 2000 .",
"title": "Life and career"
},
{
"text": " Hoods mysticism scale ( M-scale ) , based on Walter Staces distinction between introverted and extroverted mysticism , was developed in the 1970s , and is a well-known research instrument for mystical experiences . Hood is also well-known for studying snake handling churches in the Appalachian Mountains . In 2008 , he co-authored a highly-cited book with W . Paul Williamson covering this area of research in-depth .",
"title": "Research topics"
},
{
"text": "Staces work in mystical experience has received strong criticisms for its lack of methodological rigor and its perennialist pre-assumptions . Major criticism came from Steven T . Katz in his influential series of publications on mysticism and philosophy and from Wayne Proudfoot in his Religious Experience ( 1985 ) . In defense of Stace , Hood ( 2001 ) cites Robert K . C . Forman , who argues that introverted mysticism is correctly conceptualized as a common core , since it lacks all content , and is the correct basis for a perennial philosophy . Hood notes that Staces",
"title": "Criticism"
},
{
"text": "work is a conceptual approach , based on textual studies . He posits his own work as a parallel approach , based on an empirical approach , thereby placing the conceptual claims in an empirical framework , assuming that Stace is correct in his approach .",
"title": "Criticism"
},
{
"text": "Jacob van Belzen criticized Hood , noting that Hood validated the existence of a common core in mystical experiences , but based on a conceptual framework which presupposes the existence of such a common core : [ T ] he instrument used to verify Staces conceptualization of Stace is not independent of Stace , but based on him . Belzen also notes that religion does not stand on its own , but is embedded in a cultural context , which should be taken into account . To this criticism Hood et al . answer that universalistic tendencies in religious research",
"title": "Criticism"
},
{
"text": "are rooted first in inductive generalizations from cross-cultural consideration of either faith or mysticism , stating that Stace sought out texts which he recognized as an expression of mystical expression , from which he created his universal core . Hood therefore concludes that Belzen is incorrect when he claims that items were presupposed .",
"title": "Criticism"
},
{
"text": " Hood has published numerous articles on the psychology of religion and spirituality in professional journals . Books ( author ) . - , coauthored with Peter C . Hill and W . Paul Williamson . The book covers fundamentalism in different Christian sects , varying from Amish to Pentecostal and also investigates Islam . The authors seek to provide an experientially-based but empirically-minded psychological viewpoint on the concept of religious fundamentalism .",
"title": "Articles"
},
{
"text": "- . Jimmy Morrow , a church leader and serpent handler for more than 25 years , explores his lifetime of experiences from this unique form of Christian worship and reveals its history , previously unknown outside of the small communities where these rites are practiced . Hood shares insights into the social power of these practices and explains them from within a social psychological framework .",
"title": "Articles"
},
{
"text": " - . Hood has spent 15 years , along with W . Paul Williams , with snake handlers in Appalachia , learning about their belief systems , and has used this research to help build a psychological viewpoint on the phenomena of fundamentalism in religion .",
"title": "Articles"
}
] |
/wiki/Ralph_W._Hood#P108#1
|
What was the name of the employer Ralph W. Hood work for after Sep 1970?
|
Ralph W . Hood Ralph Wilbur Hood Jr . ( born 1942 ) is an American psychologist . He serves as Leroy A . Martin Distinguished Professor of Religious Studies at the University of Tennessee at Chattanooga , where he specializes in the psychology of religion . Life and career . Hood was born on July 12 , 1942 , in Denver , Colorado . He married his wife , Betsy , in 1960 . Hood received his Bachelor of Science degree at University of California , Los Angeles ( 1964 ) , a Master of Science degree at California State College at Los Angeles ( 1966 ) , and a Doctor of Philosophy degree at University of Nevada , Reno ( 1968 ) . Hood is a former editor of the Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion ( 1995–1999 ) , and has been coeditor of The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion ( 1992–1995 ) and Archiv für Religionpsychologie ( 2005– ) . Since 2014 he has been a member of the advisory board of Open Theology . Hood was named a fellow of division 36 of the American Psychological Association ( APA ) in 1980 and served as its president in 1992 . He was awarded the Mentor Award by the division in 1996 . Hood received the William James Award from the APA in 1995 for sustained and distinguished research in the psychology of religion . He was named a fellow of the Society for the Scientific Study of Religion in 1994 and was awarded the societys Distinguished Service Award in 2000 . Research topics . Hoods mysticism scale ( M-scale ) , based on Walter Staces distinction between introverted and extroverted mysticism , was developed in the 1970s , and is a well-known research instrument for mystical experiences . Hood is also well-known for studying snake handling churches in the Appalachian Mountains . In 2008 , he co-authored a highly-cited book with W . Paul Williamson covering this area of research in-depth . Criticism . Staces work in mystical experience has received strong criticisms for its lack of methodological rigor and its perennialist pre-assumptions . Major criticism came from Steven T . Katz in his influential series of publications on mysticism and philosophy and from Wayne Proudfoot in his Religious Experience ( 1985 ) . In defense of Stace , Hood ( 2001 ) cites Robert K . C . Forman , who argues that introverted mysticism is correctly conceptualized as a common core , since it lacks all content , and is the correct basis for a perennial philosophy . Hood notes that Staces work is a conceptual approach , based on textual studies . He posits his own work as a parallel approach , based on an empirical approach , thereby placing the conceptual claims in an empirical framework , assuming that Stace is correct in his approach . Jacob van Belzen criticized Hood , noting that Hood validated the existence of a common core in mystical experiences , but based on a conceptual framework which presupposes the existence of such a common core : [ T ] he instrument used to verify Staces conceptualization of Stace is not independent of Stace , but based on him . Belzen also notes that religion does not stand on its own , but is embedded in a cultural context , which should be taken into account . To this criticism Hood et al . answer that universalistic tendencies in religious research are rooted first in inductive generalizations from cross-cultural consideration of either faith or mysticism , stating that Stace sought out texts which he recognized as an expression of mystical expression , from which he created his universal core . Hood therefore concludes that Belzen is incorrect when he claims that items were presupposed . Publications . Articles . Hood has published numerous articles on the psychology of religion and spirituality in professional journals . Books ( author ) . - , coauthored with Peter C . Hill and W . Paul Williamson . The book covers fundamentalism in different Christian sects , varying from Amish to Pentecostal and also investigates Islam . The authors seek to provide an experientially-based but empirically-minded psychological viewpoint on the concept of religious fundamentalism . - . Jimmy Morrow , a church leader and serpent handler for more than 25 years , explores his lifetime of experiences from this unique form of Christian worship and reveals its history , previously unknown outside of the small communities where these rites are practiced . Hood shares insights into the social power of these practices and explains them from within a social psychological framework . - . Hood has spent 15 years , along with W . Paul Williams , with snake handlers in Appalachia , learning about their belief systems , and has used this research to help build a psychological viewpoint on the phenomena of fundamentalism in religion .
|
[
""
] |
[
{
"text": " Ralph Wilbur Hood Jr . ( born 1942 ) is an American psychologist . He serves as Leroy A . Martin Distinguished Professor of Religious Studies at the University of Tennessee at Chattanooga , where he specializes in the psychology of religion .",
"title": "Ralph W . Hood"
},
{
"text": " Hood was born on July 12 , 1942 , in Denver , Colorado . He married his wife , Betsy , in 1960 . Hood received his Bachelor of Science degree at University of California , Los Angeles ( 1964 ) , a Master of Science degree at California State College at Los Angeles ( 1966 ) , and a Doctor of Philosophy degree at University of Nevada , Reno ( 1968 ) .",
"title": "Life and career"
},
{
"text": "Hood is a former editor of the Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion ( 1995–1999 ) , and has been coeditor of The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion ( 1992–1995 ) and Archiv für Religionpsychologie ( 2005– ) . Since 2014 he has been a member of the advisory board of Open Theology .",
"title": "Life and career"
},
{
"text": " Hood was named a fellow of division 36 of the American Psychological Association ( APA ) in 1980 and served as its president in 1992 . He was awarded the Mentor Award by the division in 1996 . Hood received the William James Award from the APA in 1995 for sustained and distinguished research in the psychology of religion . He was named a fellow of the Society for the Scientific Study of Religion in 1994 and was awarded the societys Distinguished Service Award in 2000 .",
"title": "Life and career"
},
{
"text": " Hoods mysticism scale ( M-scale ) , based on Walter Staces distinction between introverted and extroverted mysticism , was developed in the 1970s , and is a well-known research instrument for mystical experiences . Hood is also well-known for studying snake handling churches in the Appalachian Mountains . In 2008 , he co-authored a highly-cited book with W . Paul Williamson covering this area of research in-depth .",
"title": "Research topics"
},
{
"text": "Staces work in mystical experience has received strong criticisms for its lack of methodological rigor and its perennialist pre-assumptions . Major criticism came from Steven T . Katz in his influential series of publications on mysticism and philosophy and from Wayne Proudfoot in his Religious Experience ( 1985 ) . In defense of Stace , Hood ( 2001 ) cites Robert K . C . Forman , who argues that introverted mysticism is correctly conceptualized as a common core , since it lacks all content , and is the correct basis for a perennial philosophy . Hood notes that Staces",
"title": "Criticism"
},
{
"text": "work is a conceptual approach , based on textual studies . He posits his own work as a parallel approach , based on an empirical approach , thereby placing the conceptual claims in an empirical framework , assuming that Stace is correct in his approach .",
"title": "Criticism"
},
{
"text": "Jacob van Belzen criticized Hood , noting that Hood validated the existence of a common core in mystical experiences , but based on a conceptual framework which presupposes the existence of such a common core : [ T ] he instrument used to verify Staces conceptualization of Stace is not independent of Stace , but based on him . Belzen also notes that religion does not stand on its own , but is embedded in a cultural context , which should be taken into account . To this criticism Hood et al . answer that universalistic tendencies in religious research",
"title": "Criticism"
},
{
"text": "are rooted first in inductive generalizations from cross-cultural consideration of either faith or mysticism , stating that Stace sought out texts which he recognized as an expression of mystical expression , from which he created his universal core . Hood therefore concludes that Belzen is incorrect when he claims that items were presupposed .",
"title": "Criticism"
},
{
"text": " Hood has published numerous articles on the psychology of religion and spirituality in professional journals . Books ( author ) . - , coauthored with Peter C . Hill and W . Paul Williamson . The book covers fundamentalism in different Christian sects , varying from Amish to Pentecostal and also investigates Islam . The authors seek to provide an experientially-based but empirically-minded psychological viewpoint on the concept of religious fundamentalism .",
"title": "Articles"
},
{
"text": "- . Jimmy Morrow , a church leader and serpent handler for more than 25 years , explores his lifetime of experiences from this unique form of Christian worship and reveals its history , previously unknown outside of the small communities where these rites are practiced . Hood shares insights into the social power of these practices and explains them from within a social psychological framework .",
"title": "Articles"
},
{
"text": " - . Hood has spent 15 years , along with W . Paul Williams , with snake handlers in Appalachia , learning about their belief systems , and has used this research to help build a psychological viewpoint on the phenomena of fundamentalism in religion .",
"title": "Articles"
}
] |
/wiki/Ralph_W._Hood#P108#2
|
What was the name of the employer Ralph W. Hood work for between Jun 1964 and Jul 1964?
|
Ralph W . Hood Ralph Wilbur Hood Jr . ( born 1942 ) is an American psychologist . He serves as Leroy A . Martin Distinguished Professor of Religious Studies at the University of Tennessee at Chattanooga , where he specializes in the psychology of religion . Life and career . Hood was born on July 12 , 1942 , in Denver , Colorado . He married his wife , Betsy , in 1960 . Hood received his Bachelor of Science degree at University of California , Los Angeles ( 1964 ) , a Master of Science degree at California State College at Los Angeles ( 1966 ) , and a Doctor of Philosophy degree at University of Nevada , Reno ( 1968 ) . Hood is a former editor of the Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion ( 1995–1999 ) , and has been coeditor of The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion ( 1992–1995 ) and Archiv für Religionpsychologie ( 2005– ) . Since 2014 he has been a member of the advisory board of Open Theology . Hood was named a fellow of division 36 of the American Psychological Association ( APA ) in 1980 and served as its president in 1992 . He was awarded the Mentor Award by the division in 1996 . Hood received the William James Award from the APA in 1995 for sustained and distinguished research in the psychology of religion . He was named a fellow of the Society for the Scientific Study of Religion in 1994 and was awarded the societys Distinguished Service Award in 2000 . Research topics . Hoods mysticism scale ( M-scale ) , based on Walter Staces distinction between introverted and extroverted mysticism , was developed in the 1970s , and is a well-known research instrument for mystical experiences . Hood is also well-known for studying snake handling churches in the Appalachian Mountains . In 2008 , he co-authored a highly-cited book with W . Paul Williamson covering this area of research in-depth . Criticism . Staces work in mystical experience has received strong criticisms for its lack of methodological rigor and its perennialist pre-assumptions . Major criticism came from Steven T . Katz in his influential series of publications on mysticism and philosophy and from Wayne Proudfoot in his Religious Experience ( 1985 ) . In defense of Stace , Hood ( 2001 ) cites Robert K . C . Forman , who argues that introverted mysticism is correctly conceptualized as a common core , since it lacks all content , and is the correct basis for a perennial philosophy . Hood notes that Staces work is a conceptual approach , based on textual studies . He posits his own work as a parallel approach , based on an empirical approach , thereby placing the conceptual claims in an empirical framework , assuming that Stace is correct in his approach . Jacob van Belzen criticized Hood , noting that Hood validated the existence of a common core in mystical experiences , but based on a conceptual framework which presupposes the existence of such a common core : [ T ] he instrument used to verify Staces conceptualization of Stace is not independent of Stace , but based on him . Belzen also notes that religion does not stand on its own , but is embedded in a cultural context , which should be taken into account . To this criticism Hood et al . answer that universalistic tendencies in religious research are rooted first in inductive generalizations from cross-cultural consideration of either faith or mysticism , stating that Stace sought out texts which he recognized as an expression of mystical expression , from which he created his universal core . Hood therefore concludes that Belzen is incorrect when he claims that items were presupposed . Publications . Articles . Hood has published numerous articles on the psychology of religion and spirituality in professional journals . Books ( author ) . - , coauthored with Peter C . Hill and W . Paul Williamson . The book covers fundamentalism in different Christian sects , varying from Amish to Pentecostal and also investigates Islam . The authors seek to provide an experientially-based but empirically-minded psychological viewpoint on the concept of religious fundamentalism . - . Jimmy Morrow , a church leader and serpent handler for more than 25 years , explores his lifetime of experiences from this unique form of Christian worship and reveals its history , previously unknown outside of the small communities where these rites are practiced . Hood shares insights into the social power of these practices and explains them from within a social psychological framework . - . Hood has spent 15 years , along with W . Paul Williams , with snake handlers in Appalachia , learning about their belief systems , and has used this research to help build a psychological viewpoint on the phenomena of fundamentalism in religion .
|
[
""
] |
[
{
"text": " Ralph Wilbur Hood Jr . ( born 1942 ) is an American psychologist . He serves as Leroy A . Martin Distinguished Professor of Religious Studies at the University of Tennessee at Chattanooga , where he specializes in the psychology of religion .",
"title": "Ralph W . Hood"
},
{
"text": " Hood was born on July 12 , 1942 , in Denver , Colorado . He married his wife , Betsy , in 1960 . Hood received his Bachelor of Science degree at University of California , Los Angeles ( 1964 ) , a Master of Science degree at California State College at Los Angeles ( 1966 ) , and a Doctor of Philosophy degree at University of Nevada , Reno ( 1968 ) .",
"title": "Life and career"
},
{
"text": "Hood is a former editor of the Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion ( 1995–1999 ) , and has been coeditor of The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion ( 1992–1995 ) and Archiv für Religionpsychologie ( 2005– ) . Since 2014 he has been a member of the advisory board of Open Theology .",
"title": "Life and career"
},
{
"text": " Hood was named a fellow of division 36 of the American Psychological Association ( APA ) in 1980 and served as its president in 1992 . He was awarded the Mentor Award by the division in 1996 . Hood received the William James Award from the APA in 1995 for sustained and distinguished research in the psychology of religion . He was named a fellow of the Society for the Scientific Study of Religion in 1994 and was awarded the societys Distinguished Service Award in 2000 .",
"title": "Life and career"
},
{
"text": " Hoods mysticism scale ( M-scale ) , based on Walter Staces distinction between introverted and extroverted mysticism , was developed in the 1970s , and is a well-known research instrument for mystical experiences . Hood is also well-known for studying snake handling churches in the Appalachian Mountains . In 2008 , he co-authored a highly-cited book with W . Paul Williamson covering this area of research in-depth .",
"title": "Research topics"
},
{
"text": "Staces work in mystical experience has received strong criticisms for its lack of methodological rigor and its perennialist pre-assumptions . Major criticism came from Steven T . Katz in his influential series of publications on mysticism and philosophy and from Wayne Proudfoot in his Religious Experience ( 1985 ) . In defense of Stace , Hood ( 2001 ) cites Robert K . C . Forman , who argues that introverted mysticism is correctly conceptualized as a common core , since it lacks all content , and is the correct basis for a perennial philosophy . Hood notes that Staces",
"title": "Criticism"
},
{
"text": "work is a conceptual approach , based on textual studies . He posits his own work as a parallel approach , based on an empirical approach , thereby placing the conceptual claims in an empirical framework , assuming that Stace is correct in his approach .",
"title": "Criticism"
},
{
"text": "Jacob van Belzen criticized Hood , noting that Hood validated the existence of a common core in mystical experiences , but based on a conceptual framework which presupposes the existence of such a common core : [ T ] he instrument used to verify Staces conceptualization of Stace is not independent of Stace , but based on him . Belzen also notes that religion does not stand on its own , but is embedded in a cultural context , which should be taken into account . To this criticism Hood et al . answer that universalistic tendencies in religious research",
"title": "Criticism"
},
{
"text": "are rooted first in inductive generalizations from cross-cultural consideration of either faith or mysticism , stating that Stace sought out texts which he recognized as an expression of mystical expression , from which he created his universal core . Hood therefore concludes that Belzen is incorrect when he claims that items were presupposed .",
"title": "Criticism"
},
{
"text": " Hood has published numerous articles on the psychology of religion and spirituality in professional journals . Books ( author ) . - , coauthored with Peter C . Hill and W . Paul Williamson . The book covers fundamentalism in different Christian sects , varying from Amish to Pentecostal and also investigates Islam . The authors seek to provide an experientially-based but empirically-minded psychological viewpoint on the concept of religious fundamentalism .",
"title": "Articles"
},
{
"text": "- . Jimmy Morrow , a church leader and serpent handler for more than 25 years , explores his lifetime of experiences from this unique form of Christian worship and reveals its history , previously unknown outside of the small communities where these rites are practiced . Hood shares insights into the social power of these practices and explains them from within a social psychological framework .",
"title": "Articles"
},
{
"text": " - . Hood has spent 15 years , along with W . Paul Williams , with snake handlers in Appalachia , learning about their belief systems , and has used this research to help build a psychological viewpoint on the phenomena of fundamentalism in religion .",
"title": "Articles"
}
] |
/wiki/Marina_Silva#P102#0
|
Which political party did Marina Silva belong to in Jun 2008?
|
Marina Silva Maria Osmarina da Silva Vaz de Lima ( born 8 February 1958 ) is a Brazilian politician and environmentalist . She is currently the spokeswoman for the Sustainability Party ( REDE ) . During her political career , Silva served as a Senator of the state of Acre between 1995 and 2011 and Minister of the Environment from 2003 to 2008 . She ran for president in 2010 , 2014 and 2018 . Born in a rubber plantation in Acre , Marina moved to the state capital Rio Branco as a teenager , where she became literate . After graduating high school , she completed her undergraduate degree in History from the Federal University of Acre at 26 . She developed an interest in politics and joined the Revolutionary Communist Party , a Marxist organization that was housed in the Workers Party ( PT ) , later helping to found the Unified Workers Central of Acre . She helped Chico Mendes to lead the trade union movement , being elected as councillor of Rio Branco in 1988 for her first mandate in a public office . Silva was a member of the PT until 2009 , and served as a Senator before becoming Minister of the Environment in 2003 . She ran for president in the 2010 Brazilian elections as the candidate for the Green Party ( PV ) , coming in 3rd with 19% of the first-round vote . In April 2014 , Eduardo Campos announced his candidacy for the fall 2014 presidential election , naming Marina Silva as his vice presidential candidate . After Camposs death in a plane crash on August , she was selected to run as the Socialist Partys candidate for the Presidency . In the first round of the October 2014 election , she won 21% of the vote ( less than many of the opinion polls had predicted ) , coming in 3rd and failing to advance to the run-off . In the second round , she supported PSDB candidate Aécio Neves over PT incumbent Dilma Rousseff . She again ran for president in the 2018 election , this time as the nominee for the Sustainability Network , and finished 8th place with 1% of the vote . Silva has won a number of awards from US and international organizations in recognition of her environmental activism . In 1996 , Silva won the Goldman Environmental Prize for South & Central America . In 2007 , the United Nations Environment Program named her one of the Champions of the Earth and the 2009 Sophie Prize . In December 2014 , Marina Silva was elected by the British Financial Times newspaper as one of its Women of the Year . Silva is also a member of Washington , D.C.-based think tank , the Inter-American Dialogue . In 2010 , she , along with Cécile Duflot , Monica Frassoni , Elizabeth May and Renate Künast , were named by Foreign Policy magazine to its list of top global thinkers , for taking Green mainstream . In 2012 she was one of eight people chosen to carry the flag for the opening ceremonies of the 2012 London Summer Olympics . Early life . Marina Silva was born Maria Osmarina da Silva in the small village of Breu Velho , 70 km outside Rio Branco , Acre . Silva is a descendant of Portuguese and black African ancestors in both her maternal and paternal lines . She was one of eleven children in a community of rubber tappers on the Bagaço rubber tree plantation ( Portuguese Seringal Bagaço ) , in the western state of Acre . Growing up , she survived five bouts of malaria in addition to cases of hepatitis and metal poisoning . Orphaned at age 16 , young Marina moved to the state capital , Rio Branco , to study and receive treatment for hepatitis . She was taken in by nuns in a convent and received a Catholic education . There , she became the first person in her family to learn to read and write . After leaving the convent , she went to work as a housemaid in exchange for lodging . She completed her undergraduate degree in History from the Federal University of Acre at 26 and became increasingly politically active . In 1984 Silva helped create Acres first workers union . She led demonstrations called empates with Chico Mendes to warn against deforestation and the outplacement of forest communities from their traditional locations . Silva as a Senator . In 1994 , Silva was the first rubber tapper ever elected to the Federal Senate . As a native Amazonian and a senator , she built support for environmental protection of the reserves as well as for social justice and sustainable development in the Amazon region . Deforestation decreased by 59% from 2004 to 2007 , during which she implemented an integrated government policy . It simultaneously fostered sustainable development , favored territorial zoning , and attached greater value to standing forests . It also incorporated elements from international conventions and documents . All of this demonstrates that , when there is integrated planning and effort , it is truly possible to change the picture , Silva said in a statement to the Embassy of Brazil in London . Lulas minister . A member of the Workers Party , Marina Silva was appointed Environment Minister by Lula in his first term ( 2003 ) . She remained in office until 2008 and received several criticisms from entrepreneurs ( mainly related to agribusiness ) on account of delays in granting permits for projects with large environmental impact . In early 2005 , however , she stated that she would not give up upon facing challenges even if they were imposed by the government to which she belonged , like the controversy over the São Francisco River Diversion Project , and the building of the BR-163 highway through the rainforest : I dont admit defeat , just challenges that must be overcome . Also in 2005 , Silva established her main lines of action for the next two years : social participation , sustainable development , creation of a National Environmental System , and an Integrated Environmental Policy . As she said , Our ministry is new . Its only 13 years old , and it needs to be rebuilt . In the same year , Silva was confronted by Paulo Adário , coordinator of Greenpeace Brazil , over her environmental actions during her tenure in the ministry . Since her tenure began , Silva , together with the Federal Police , the Brazilian Army and the Federal Highway Police , performed 32 operations against illegal deforestation in the Amazon . However , Adário claims that his organization monitors the Amazon region and that only one such operation was conducted in October 2004 , in the town of Itaituba , Pará . According to him , even if the 32 operations had actually been carried out , they would represent only half of what was anticipated in the National Plan to Combat Deforestation . Resignation . Silva resigned from the Lula government in May 2008 . She was replaced by Carlos Minc . Silva cited the growing resistance found by our team in important sectors of the government and society as the reason for her resignation . Tension between her and the rest of the Lula administration increased when President Lula da Silva chose Minister of Strategic Affairs Roberto Mangabeira Unger to coordinate a sustainable development plan for the Amazon , instead of her . She had become increasingly isolated in Lula da Silvas government due to her views against hydroelectric dams , biofuels , and genetically modified crops . Party switch and 2010 presidential bid . On 19 August 2009 , Silva announced her switch from the Workers Party to the Green Party , primarily in protest against the environmental policies endorsed by the PT . Confirming the expectations , Marina Silva launched her candidacy to the 2010 election under the Green Party ticket on 16 May 2010 in the city of Nova Iguaçu , state of Rio de Janeiro . Silva said she wanted to be the first black woman of poor origin to become president of Brazil . She has also become a Pentecostal Christian in the Assemblies of God , the second largest Christian denomination in Brazil after the declining but still mainstream Roman Catholic Church . Nevertheless , during her election campaign , she was criticized by one of the main leaders of the Brazilian Assemblies of God , Pastor Silas Malafaia , after having proposed a referendum on abortion and decriminalization of marijuana . According to Malafaia , Marina Silva should be more courageous and consistent in defense of her religious convictions . In her campaign , Silva defended the exercise of citizen-based political principles and values , education for the knowledge society , economy applied to a sustainable society , social protection , health , welfare and 3rd generation of social programs , quality of life and safety for all Brazilians , and strengthening of culture and diversity . With her speech against the endemic corruption in Brazil ( see A Privataria Tucana and Mensalão scandal ) , and in favor of sustainable development ( with a due consideration to environmental issues ) , Silva managed to attract the middle class sectors disillusioned with the government of the Fernando Henrique Cardosos PSDB and dissatisfied with the compensatory social policies of Lula da Silvas administration . As a result , she came to be seen as an alternative . Marina Silva received strong support among young and highly educated voters . Running on a small-party ticket , she had about 1/20 of the TV time compared to the other two biggest party coalitions . Opinion polls notwithstanding , she received 19.4% of the votes cast . This number far exceeded earlier estimates ( more than double ) , but not enough to join the runoff against Dilma Rousseff or José Serra . Silva at the 2012 London Summer Olympics . The participation of Marina Silva as one of the eight invited flag-bearers to carry the Olympic flag at the opening of the 2012 London Summer Olympics , took by surprise the Brazilian government representatives present at the ceremony . In the Brazilian press headlines like Marina steals Dilmas attention appeared . Commenting on the event , Aldo Rebelo , Brazilian Sports Minister from the PT , which realised it would likely lose votes to Marina in a presidential contest , said that Silva always had good relations with the European aristocracy and that it was the responsibility of the Royal House to choose who would participate in the event . The Olympic Committee said it was aware of Silvas work as an activist in defense of the rainforest , but denied any political motivations regarding the choice . About her participation in the ceremony , Silva compared it to the feeling she got when passing , aged 16 , her literacy course : it was the same kind of happiness . Sustainability Network . On 16 February 2013 a new party , Rede Sustentabilidade ( Sustainability Network ) , was officially launched in Brasilia . According to its founders , the name to be used at the polls would be simply REDE ( NETWORK ) . On 4 October 2013 , the Superior Electoral Court blocked the partys creation , there being insufficient signatures to register it . The following day , Marina announced her affiliation to the Brazilian Socialist Party . 2014 presidential bid . In April 2014 , Eduardo Campos announced his name for the October 2014 presidential election , naming Marina Silva as his candidate for vice president . On Wednesday , 13 August 2014 , Campos private jet , with six others on board , crashed in bad weather as it was preparing to land in the coastal city of Santos , just south of São Paulo . After his death , Silva became the Brazilian Socialist Partys candidate for President of Brazil . Soon after taking the place of Campos in the bid , Marina polled 20% of the votes , 10% more than Campos was polling . She enjoys strong support among young voters and evangelicals , but because of her pro-environmental stance she is largely distrusted by Brazils powerful agribusiness sector . As an Evangelical Christian , she opposes abortion . On 30 August 2014 , Silva generated considerable controversy when she renounced the partys support for same-sex marriage , which was supported by Campos and had been included in the partys manifesto , published a day earlier . On Sunday , 5 October 2014 , Silva received 21% of the vote in the first round of the election , to Rousseffs 41% and Nevess 34% . Although many observers had expected Silva to advance to a second round against Rousseff , Silva ultimately received a much lower share of the vote than most opinion polls had indicated in the lead-up to the election , and did not advance to 26 October run-off . Some days after the election she endorsed Aecio Neves in the run-off against Dilma Rousseff . 2018 Presidential bid . On 4 August 2018 , Marina Silva was officially nominated as the Sustainability Networks presidential candidate in the 2018 elections . Silvas running mate is Eduardo Jorge of the Green Party . Until August 2018 , Silva came in third in opinion polls for the presidency , behind Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva ( whose candidacy was later barred ) and Jair Bolsonaro . However , she has later been overtaken by Ciro Gomes , Fernando Haddad , and Geraldo Alckmin , and was later polling fifth on average . In the last few days before the election , her poll numbers dropped significantly , and in the end she polled around a single percentage point . She came out eight with 1.0% and 1,066,893 votes . Political views . Marina Silva is generally considered to be a centrist and an environmentalist . She is running on an anti-corruption platform . She opposes Brazils nuclear energy program , and wants to redistribute the nuclear energy funds in order to allocate more money towards solar and wind power . Furthermore , she wants to initiate a national plebiscite on investments in nuclear energy . She is in favor of imposing presidential term limits .
|
[
"Workers Party"
] |
[
{
"text": " Maria Osmarina da Silva Vaz de Lima ( born 8 February 1958 ) is a Brazilian politician and environmentalist . She is currently the spokeswoman for the Sustainability Party ( REDE ) . During her political career , Silva served as a Senator of the state of Acre between 1995 and 2011 and Minister of the Environment from 2003 to 2008 . She ran for president in 2010 , 2014 and 2018 .",
"title": "Marina Silva"
},
{
"text": "Born in a rubber plantation in Acre , Marina moved to the state capital Rio Branco as a teenager , where she became literate . After graduating high school , she completed her undergraduate degree in History from the Federal University of Acre at 26 . She developed an interest in politics and joined the Revolutionary Communist Party , a Marxist organization that was housed in the Workers Party ( PT ) , later helping to found the Unified Workers Central of Acre . She helped Chico Mendes to lead the trade union movement , being elected as councillor of",
"title": "Marina Silva"
},
{
"text": "Rio Branco in 1988 for her first mandate in a public office .",
"title": "Marina Silva"
},
{
"text": "Silva was a member of the PT until 2009 , and served as a Senator before becoming Minister of the Environment in 2003 . She ran for president in the 2010 Brazilian elections as the candidate for the Green Party ( PV ) , coming in 3rd with 19% of the first-round vote . In April 2014 , Eduardo Campos announced his candidacy for the fall 2014 presidential election , naming Marina Silva as his vice presidential candidate . After Camposs death in a plane crash on August , she was selected to run as the Socialist Partys candidate for",
"title": "Marina Silva"
},
{
"text": "the Presidency . In the first round of the October 2014 election , she won 21% of the vote ( less than many of the opinion polls had predicted ) , coming in 3rd and failing to advance to the run-off . In the second round , she supported PSDB candidate Aécio Neves over PT incumbent Dilma Rousseff . She again ran for president in the 2018 election , this time as the nominee for the Sustainability Network , and finished 8th place with 1% of the vote .",
"title": "Marina Silva"
},
{
"text": "Silva has won a number of awards from US and international organizations in recognition of her environmental activism . In 1996 , Silva won the Goldman Environmental Prize for South & Central America . In 2007 , the United Nations Environment Program named her one of the Champions of the Earth and the 2009 Sophie Prize . In December 2014 , Marina Silva was elected by the British Financial Times newspaper as one of its Women of the Year . Silva is also a member of Washington , D.C.-based think tank , the Inter-American Dialogue . In 2010 , she",
"title": "Marina Silva"
},
{
"text": ", along with Cécile Duflot , Monica Frassoni , Elizabeth May and Renate Künast , were named by Foreign Policy magazine to its list of top global thinkers , for taking Green mainstream . In 2012 she was one of eight people chosen to carry the flag for the opening ceremonies of the 2012 London Summer Olympics .",
"title": "Marina Silva"
},
{
"text": " Marina Silva was born Maria Osmarina da Silva in the small village of Breu Velho , 70 km outside Rio Branco , Acre . Silva is a descendant of Portuguese and black African ancestors in both her maternal and paternal lines . She was one of eleven children in a community of rubber tappers on the Bagaço rubber tree plantation ( Portuguese Seringal Bagaço ) , in the western state of Acre . Growing up , she survived five bouts of malaria in addition to cases of hepatitis and metal poisoning .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Orphaned at age 16 , young Marina moved to the state capital , Rio Branco , to study and receive treatment for hepatitis . She was taken in by nuns in a convent and received a Catholic education . There , she became the first person in her family to learn to read and write . After leaving the convent , she went to work as a housemaid in exchange for lodging . She completed her undergraduate degree in History from the Federal University of Acre at 26 and became increasingly politically active . In 1984 Silva helped create Acres",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "first workers union .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " She led demonstrations called empates with Chico Mendes to warn against deforestation and the outplacement of forest communities from their traditional locations . Silva as a Senator . In 1994 , Silva was the first rubber tapper ever elected to the Federal Senate . As a native Amazonian and a senator , she built support for environmental protection of the reserves as well as for social justice and sustainable development in the Amazon region .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Deforestation decreased by 59% from 2004 to 2007 , during which she implemented an integrated government policy . It simultaneously fostered sustainable development , favored territorial zoning , and attached greater value to standing forests . It also incorporated elements from international conventions and documents . All of this demonstrates that , when there is integrated planning and effort , it is truly possible to change the picture , Silva said in a statement to the Embassy of Brazil in London .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "A member of the Workers Party , Marina Silva was appointed Environment Minister by Lula in his first term ( 2003 ) . She remained in office until 2008 and received several criticisms from entrepreneurs ( mainly related to agribusiness ) on account of delays in granting permits for projects with large environmental impact . In early 2005 , however , she stated that she would not give up upon facing challenges even if they were imposed by the government to which she belonged , like the controversy over the São Francisco River Diversion Project , and the building of",
"title": "Lulas minister"
},
{
"text": "the BR-163 highway through the rainforest : I dont admit defeat , just challenges that must be overcome .",
"title": "Lulas minister"
},
{
"text": " Also in 2005 , Silva established her main lines of action for the next two years : social participation , sustainable development , creation of a National Environmental System , and an Integrated Environmental Policy . As she said , Our ministry is new . Its only 13 years old , and it needs to be rebuilt .",
"title": "Lulas minister"
},
{
"text": "In the same year , Silva was confronted by Paulo Adário , coordinator of Greenpeace Brazil , over her environmental actions during her tenure in the ministry . Since her tenure began , Silva , together with the Federal Police , the Brazilian Army and the Federal Highway Police , performed 32 operations against illegal deforestation in the Amazon . However , Adário claims that his organization monitors the Amazon region and that only one such operation was conducted in October 2004 , in the town of Itaituba , Pará . According to him , even if the 32 operations",
"title": "Lulas minister"
},
{
"text": "had actually been carried out , they would represent only half of what was anticipated in the National Plan to Combat Deforestation .",
"title": "Lulas minister"
},
{
"text": "Silva resigned from the Lula government in May 2008 . She was replaced by Carlos Minc . Silva cited the growing resistance found by our team in important sectors of the government and society as the reason for her resignation . Tension between her and the rest of the Lula administration increased when President Lula da Silva chose Minister of Strategic Affairs Roberto Mangabeira Unger to coordinate a sustainable development plan for the Amazon , instead of her . She had become increasingly isolated in Lula da Silvas government due to her views against hydroelectric dams , biofuels , and",
"title": "Resignation"
},
{
"text": "genetically modified crops .",
"title": "Resignation"
},
{
"text": " Party switch and 2010 presidential bid . On 19 August 2009 , Silva announced her switch from the Workers Party to the Green Party , primarily in protest against the environmental policies endorsed by the PT . Confirming the expectations , Marina Silva launched her candidacy to the 2010 election under the Green Party ticket on 16 May 2010 in the city of Nova Iguaçu , state of Rio de Janeiro . Silva said she wanted to be the first black woman of poor origin to become president of Brazil .",
"title": "Resignation"
},
{
"text": "She has also become a Pentecostal Christian in the Assemblies of God , the second largest Christian denomination in Brazil after the declining but still mainstream Roman Catholic Church . Nevertheless , during her election campaign , she was criticized by one of the main leaders of the Brazilian Assemblies of God , Pastor Silas Malafaia , after having proposed a referendum on abortion and decriminalization of marijuana . According to Malafaia , Marina Silva should be more courageous and consistent in defense of her religious convictions .",
"title": "Resignation"
},
{
"text": " In her campaign , Silva defended the exercise of citizen-based political principles and values , education for the knowledge society , economy applied to a sustainable society , social protection , health , welfare and 3rd generation of social programs , quality of life and safety for all Brazilians , and strengthening of culture and diversity .",
"title": "Resignation"
},
{
"text": "With her speech against the endemic corruption in Brazil ( see A Privataria Tucana and Mensalão scandal ) , and in favor of sustainable development ( with a due consideration to environmental issues ) , Silva managed to attract the middle class sectors disillusioned with the government of the Fernando Henrique Cardosos PSDB and dissatisfied with the compensatory social policies of Lula da Silvas administration . As a result , she came to be seen as an alternative .",
"title": "Resignation"
},
{
"text": " Marina Silva received strong support among young and highly educated voters . Running on a small-party ticket , she had about 1/20 of the TV time compared to the other two biggest party coalitions . Opinion polls notwithstanding , she received 19.4% of the votes cast . This number far exceeded earlier estimates ( more than double ) , but not enough to join the runoff against Dilma Rousseff or José Serra . Silva at the 2012 London Summer Olympics .",
"title": "Resignation"
},
{
"text": "The participation of Marina Silva as one of the eight invited flag-bearers to carry the Olympic flag at the opening of the 2012 London Summer Olympics , took by surprise the Brazilian government representatives present at the ceremony . In the Brazilian press headlines like Marina steals Dilmas attention appeared . Commenting on the event , Aldo Rebelo , Brazilian Sports Minister from the PT , which realised it would likely lose votes to Marina in a presidential contest , said that Silva always had good relations with the European aristocracy and that it was the responsibility of the Royal",
"title": "Resignation"
},
{
"text": "House to choose who would participate in the event . The Olympic Committee said it was aware of Silvas work as an activist in defense of the rainforest , but denied any political motivations regarding the choice . About her participation in the ceremony , Silva compared it to the feeling she got when passing , aged 16 , her literacy course : it was the same kind of happiness .",
"title": "Resignation"
},
{
"text": " On 16 February 2013 a new party , Rede Sustentabilidade ( Sustainability Network ) , was officially launched in Brasilia . According to its founders , the name to be used at the polls would be simply REDE ( NETWORK ) . On 4 October 2013 , the Superior Electoral Court blocked the partys creation , there being insufficient signatures to register it . The following day , Marina announced her affiliation to the Brazilian Socialist Party . 2014 presidential bid .",
"title": "Sustainability Network"
},
{
"text": "In April 2014 , Eduardo Campos announced his name for the October 2014 presidential election , naming Marina Silva as his candidate for vice president .",
"title": "Sustainability Network"
},
{
"text": "On Wednesday , 13 August 2014 , Campos private jet , with six others on board , crashed in bad weather as it was preparing to land in the coastal city of Santos , just south of São Paulo . After his death , Silva became the Brazilian Socialist Partys candidate for President of Brazil . Soon after taking the place of Campos in the bid , Marina polled 20% of the votes , 10% more than Campos was polling . She enjoys strong support among young voters and evangelicals , but because of her pro-environmental stance she is largely",
"title": "Sustainability Network"
},
{
"text": "distrusted by Brazils powerful agribusiness sector . As an Evangelical Christian , she opposes abortion . On 30 August 2014 , Silva generated considerable controversy when she renounced the partys support for same-sex marriage , which was supported by Campos and had been included in the partys manifesto , published a day earlier .",
"title": "Sustainability Network"
},
{
"text": " On Sunday , 5 October 2014 , Silva received 21% of the vote in the first round of the election , to Rousseffs 41% and Nevess 34% . Although many observers had expected Silva to advance to a second round against Rousseff , Silva ultimately received a much lower share of the vote than most opinion polls had indicated in the lead-up to the election , and did not advance to 26 October run-off . Some days after the election she endorsed Aecio Neves in the run-off against Dilma Rousseff . 2018 Presidential bid .",
"title": "Sustainability Network"
},
{
"text": "On 4 August 2018 , Marina Silva was officially nominated as the Sustainability Networks presidential candidate in the 2018 elections . Silvas running mate is Eduardo Jorge of the Green Party .",
"title": "Sustainability Network"
},
{
"text": " Until August 2018 , Silva came in third in opinion polls for the presidency , behind Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva ( whose candidacy was later barred ) and Jair Bolsonaro . However , she has later been overtaken by Ciro Gomes , Fernando Haddad , and Geraldo Alckmin , and was later polling fifth on average . In the last few days before the election , her poll numbers dropped significantly , and in the end she polled around a single percentage point . She came out eight with 1.0% and 1,066,893 votes .",
"title": "Sustainability Network"
},
{
"text": " Marina Silva is generally considered to be a centrist and an environmentalist . She is running on an anti-corruption platform . She opposes Brazils nuclear energy program , and wants to redistribute the nuclear energy funds in order to allocate more money towards solar and wind power . Furthermore , she wants to initiate a national plebiscite on investments in nuclear energy . She is in favor of imposing presidential term limits .",
"title": "Political views"
}
] |
/wiki/Marina_Silva#P102#1
|
Which political party did Marina Silva belong to in 2009?
|
Marina Silva Maria Osmarina da Silva Vaz de Lima ( born 8 February 1958 ) is a Brazilian politician and environmentalist . She is currently the spokeswoman for the Sustainability Party ( REDE ) . During her political career , Silva served as a Senator of the state of Acre between 1995 and 2011 and Minister of the Environment from 2003 to 2008 . She ran for president in 2010 , 2014 and 2018 . Born in a rubber plantation in Acre , Marina moved to the state capital Rio Branco as a teenager , where she became literate . After graduating high school , she completed her undergraduate degree in History from the Federal University of Acre at 26 . She developed an interest in politics and joined the Revolutionary Communist Party , a Marxist organization that was housed in the Workers Party ( PT ) , later helping to found the Unified Workers Central of Acre . She helped Chico Mendes to lead the trade union movement , being elected as councillor of Rio Branco in 1988 for her first mandate in a public office . Silva was a member of the PT until 2009 , and served as a Senator before becoming Minister of the Environment in 2003 . She ran for president in the 2010 Brazilian elections as the candidate for the Green Party ( PV ) , coming in 3rd with 19% of the first-round vote . In April 2014 , Eduardo Campos announced his candidacy for the fall 2014 presidential election , naming Marina Silva as his vice presidential candidate . After Camposs death in a plane crash on August , she was selected to run as the Socialist Partys candidate for the Presidency . In the first round of the October 2014 election , she won 21% of the vote ( less than many of the opinion polls had predicted ) , coming in 3rd and failing to advance to the run-off . In the second round , she supported PSDB candidate Aécio Neves over PT incumbent Dilma Rousseff . She again ran for president in the 2018 election , this time as the nominee for the Sustainability Network , and finished 8th place with 1% of the vote . Silva has won a number of awards from US and international organizations in recognition of her environmental activism . In 1996 , Silva won the Goldman Environmental Prize for South & Central America . In 2007 , the United Nations Environment Program named her one of the Champions of the Earth and the 2009 Sophie Prize . In December 2014 , Marina Silva was elected by the British Financial Times newspaper as one of its Women of the Year . Silva is also a member of Washington , D.C.-based think tank , the Inter-American Dialogue . In 2010 , she , along with Cécile Duflot , Monica Frassoni , Elizabeth May and Renate Künast , were named by Foreign Policy magazine to its list of top global thinkers , for taking Green mainstream . In 2012 she was one of eight people chosen to carry the flag for the opening ceremonies of the 2012 London Summer Olympics . Early life . Marina Silva was born Maria Osmarina da Silva in the small village of Breu Velho , 70 km outside Rio Branco , Acre . Silva is a descendant of Portuguese and black African ancestors in both her maternal and paternal lines . She was one of eleven children in a community of rubber tappers on the Bagaço rubber tree plantation ( Portuguese Seringal Bagaço ) , in the western state of Acre . Growing up , she survived five bouts of malaria in addition to cases of hepatitis and metal poisoning . Orphaned at age 16 , young Marina moved to the state capital , Rio Branco , to study and receive treatment for hepatitis . She was taken in by nuns in a convent and received a Catholic education . There , she became the first person in her family to learn to read and write . After leaving the convent , she went to work as a housemaid in exchange for lodging . She completed her undergraduate degree in History from the Federal University of Acre at 26 and became increasingly politically active . In 1984 Silva helped create Acres first workers union . She led demonstrations called empates with Chico Mendes to warn against deforestation and the outplacement of forest communities from their traditional locations . Silva as a Senator . In 1994 , Silva was the first rubber tapper ever elected to the Federal Senate . As a native Amazonian and a senator , she built support for environmental protection of the reserves as well as for social justice and sustainable development in the Amazon region . Deforestation decreased by 59% from 2004 to 2007 , during which she implemented an integrated government policy . It simultaneously fostered sustainable development , favored territorial zoning , and attached greater value to standing forests . It also incorporated elements from international conventions and documents . All of this demonstrates that , when there is integrated planning and effort , it is truly possible to change the picture , Silva said in a statement to the Embassy of Brazil in London . Lulas minister . A member of the Workers Party , Marina Silva was appointed Environment Minister by Lula in his first term ( 2003 ) . She remained in office until 2008 and received several criticisms from entrepreneurs ( mainly related to agribusiness ) on account of delays in granting permits for projects with large environmental impact . In early 2005 , however , she stated that she would not give up upon facing challenges even if they were imposed by the government to which she belonged , like the controversy over the São Francisco River Diversion Project , and the building of the BR-163 highway through the rainforest : I dont admit defeat , just challenges that must be overcome . Also in 2005 , Silva established her main lines of action for the next two years : social participation , sustainable development , creation of a National Environmental System , and an Integrated Environmental Policy . As she said , Our ministry is new . Its only 13 years old , and it needs to be rebuilt . In the same year , Silva was confronted by Paulo Adário , coordinator of Greenpeace Brazil , over her environmental actions during her tenure in the ministry . Since her tenure began , Silva , together with the Federal Police , the Brazilian Army and the Federal Highway Police , performed 32 operations against illegal deforestation in the Amazon . However , Adário claims that his organization monitors the Amazon region and that only one such operation was conducted in October 2004 , in the town of Itaituba , Pará . According to him , even if the 32 operations had actually been carried out , they would represent only half of what was anticipated in the National Plan to Combat Deforestation . Resignation . Silva resigned from the Lula government in May 2008 . She was replaced by Carlos Minc . Silva cited the growing resistance found by our team in important sectors of the government and society as the reason for her resignation . Tension between her and the rest of the Lula administration increased when President Lula da Silva chose Minister of Strategic Affairs Roberto Mangabeira Unger to coordinate a sustainable development plan for the Amazon , instead of her . She had become increasingly isolated in Lula da Silvas government due to her views against hydroelectric dams , biofuels , and genetically modified crops . Party switch and 2010 presidential bid . On 19 August 2009 , Silva announced her switch from the Workers Party to the Green Party , primarily in protest against the environmental policies endorsed by the PT . Confirming the expectations , Marina Silva launched her candidacy to the 2010 election under the Green Party ticket on 16 May 2010 in the city of Nova Iguaçu , state of Rio de Janeiro . Silva said she wanted to be the first black woman of poor origin to become president of Brazil . She has also become a Pentecostal Christian in the Assemblies of God , the second largest Christian denomination in Brazil after the declining but still mainstream Roman Catholic Church . Nevertheless , during her election campaign , she was criticized by one of the main leaders of the Brazilian Assemblies of God , Pastor Silas Malafaia , after having proposed a referendum on abortion and decriminalization of marijuana . According to Malafaia , Marina Silva should be more courageous and consistent in defense of her religious convictions . In her campaign , Silva defended the exercise of citizen-based political principles and values , education for the knowledge society , economy applied to a sustainable society , social protection , health , welfare and 3rd generation of social programs , quality of life and safety for all Brazilians , and strengthening of culture and diversity . With her speech against the endemic corruption in Brazil ( see A Privataria Tucana and Mensalão scandal ) , and in favor of sustainable development ( with a due consideration to environmental issues ) , Silva managed to attract the middle class sectors disillusioned with the government of the Fernando Henrique Cardosos PSDB and dissatisfied with the compensatory social policies of Lula da Silvas administration . As a result , she came to be seen as an alternative . Marina Silva received strong support among young and highly educated voters . Running on a small-party ticket , she had about 1/20 of the TV time compared to the other two biggest party coalitions . Opinion polls notwithstanding , she received 19.4% of the votes cast . This number far exceeded earlier estimates ( more than double ) , but not enough to join the runoff against Dilma Rousseff or José Serra . Silva at the 2012 London Summer Olympics . The participation of Marina Silva as one of the eight invited flag-bearers to carry the Olympic flag at the opening of the 2012 London Summer Olympics , took by surprise the Brazilian government representatives present at the ceremony . In the Brazilian press headlines like Marina steals Dilmas attention appeared . Commenting on the event , Aldo Rebelo , Brazilian Sports Minister from the PT , which realised it would likely lose votes to Marina in a presidential contest , said that Silva always had good relations with the European aristocracy and that it was the responsibility of the Royal House to choose who would participate in the event . The Olympic Committee said it was aware of Silvas work as an activist in defense of the rainforest , but denied any political motivations regarding the choice . About her participation in the ceremony , Silva compared it to the feeling she got when passing , aged 16 , her literacy course : it was the same kind of happiness . Sustainability Network . On 16 February 2013 a new party , Rede Sustentabilidade ( Sustainability Network ) , was officially launched in Brasilia . According to its founders , the name to be used at the polls would be simply REDE ( NETWORK ) . On 4 October 2013 , the Superior Electoral Court blocked the partys creation , there being insufficient signatures to register it . The following day , Marina announced her affiliation to the Brazilian Socialist Party . 2014 presidential bid . In April 2014 , Eduardo Campos announced his name for the October 2014 presidential election , naming Marina Silva as his candidate for vice president . On Wednesday , 13 August 2014 , Campos private jet , with six others on board , crashed in bad weather as it was preparing to land in the coastal city of Santos , just south of São Paulo . After his death , Silva became the Brazilian Socialist Partys candidate for President of Brazil . Soon after taking the place of Campos in the bid , Marina polled 20% of the votes , 10% more than Campos was polling . She enjoys strong support among young voters and evangelicals , but because of her pro-environmental stance she is largely distrusted by Brazils powerful agribusiness sector . As an Evangelical Christian , she opposes abortion . On 30 August 2014 , Silva generated considerable controversy when she renounced the partys support for same-sex marriage , which was supported by Campos and had been included in the partys manifesto , published a day earlier . On Sunday , 5 October 2014 , Silva received 21% of the vote in the first round of the election , to Rousseffs 41% and Nevess 34% . Although many observers had expected Silva to advance to a second round against Rousseff , Silva ultimately received a much lower share of the vote than most opinion polls had indicated in the lead-up to the election , and did not advance to 26 October run-off . Some days after the election she endorsed Aecio Neves in the run-off against Dilma Rousseff . 2018 Presidential bid . On 4 August 2018 , Marina Silva was officially nominated as the Sustainability Networks presidential candidate in the 2018 elections . Silvas running mate is Eduardo Jorge of the Green Party . Until August 2018 , Silva came in third in opinion polls for the presidency , behind Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva ( whose candidacy was later barred ) and Jair Bolsonaro . However , she has later been overtaken by Ciro Gomes , Fernando Haddad , and Geraldo Alckmin , and was later polling fifth on average . In the last few days before the election , her poll numbers dropped significantly , and in the end she polled around a single percentage point . She came out eight with 1.0% and 1,066,893 votes . Political views . Marina Silva is generally considered to be a centrist and an environmentalist . She is running on an anti-corruption platform . She opposes Brazils nuclear energy program , and wants to redistribute the nuclear energy funds in order to allocate more money towards solar and wind power . Furthermore , she wants to initiate a national plebiscite on investments in nuclear energy . She is in favor of imposing presidential term limits .
|
[
"Green Party"
] |
[
{
"text": " Maria Osmarina da Silva Vaz de Lima ( born 8 February 1958 ) is a Brazilian politician and environmentalist . She is currently the spokeswoman for the Sustainability Party ( REDE ) . During her political career , Silva served as a Senator of the state of Acre between 1995 and 2011 and Minister of the Environment from 2003 to 2008 . She ran for president in 2010 , 2014 and 2018 .",
"title": "Marina Silva"
},
{
"text": "Born in a rubber plantation in Acre , Marina moved to the state capital Rio Branco as a teenager , where she became literate . After graduating high school , she completed her undergraduate degree in History from the Federal University of Acre at 26 . She developed an interest in politics and joined the Revolutionary Communist Party , a Marxist organization that was housed in the Workers Party ( PT ) , later helping to found the Unified Workers Central of Acre . She helped Chico Mendes to lead the trade union movement , being elected as councillor of",
"title": "Marina Silva"
},
{
"text": "Rio Branco in 1988 for her first mandate in a public office .",
"title": "Marina Silva"
},
{
"text": "Silva was a member of the PT until 2009 , and served as a Senator before becoming Minister of the Environment in 2003 . She ran for president in the 2010 Brazilian elections as the candidate for the Green Party ( PV ) , coming in 3rd with 19% of the first-round vote . In April 2014 , Eduardo Campos announced his candidacy for the fall 2014 presidential election , naming Marina Silva as his vice presidential candidate . After Camposs death in a plane crash on August , she was selected to run as the Socialist Partys candidate for",
"title": "Marina Silva"
},
{
"text": "the Presidency . In the first round of the October 2014 election , she won 21% of the vote ( less than many of the opinion polls had predicted ) , coming in 3rd and failing to advance to the run-off . In the second round , she supported PSDB candidate Aécio Neves over PT incumbent Dilma Rousseff . She again ran for president in the 2018 election , this time as the nominee for the Sustainability Network , and finished 8th place with 1% of the vote .",
"title": "Marina Silva"
},
{
"text": "Silva has won a number of awards from US and international organizations in recognition of her environmental activism . In 1996 , Silva won the Goldman Environmental Prize for South & Central America . In 2007 , the United Nations Environment Program named her one of the Champions of the Earth and the 2009 Sophie Prize . In December 2014 , Marina Silva was elected by the British Financial Times newspaper as one of its Women of the Year . Silva is also a member of Washington , D.C.-based think tank , the Inter-American Dialogue . In 2010 , she",
"title": "Marina Silva"
},
{
"text": ", along with Cécile Duflot , Monica Frassoni , Elizabeth May and Renate Künast , were named by Foreign Policy magazine to its list of top global thinkers , for taking Green mainstream . In 2012 she was one of eight people chosen to carry the flag for the opening ceremonies of the 2012 London Summer Olympics .",
"title": "Marina Silva"
},
{
"text": " Marina Silva was born Maria Osmarina da Silva in the small village of Breu Velho , 70 km outside Rio Branco , Acre . Silva is a descendant of Portuguese and black African ancestors in both her maternal and paternal lines . She was one of eleven children in a community of rubber tappers on the Bagaço rubber tree plantation ( Portuguese Seringal Bagaço ) , in the western state of Acre . Growing up , she survived five bouts of malaria in addition to cases of hepatitis and metal poisoning .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Orphaned at age 16 , young Marina moved to the state capital , Rio Branco , to study and receive treatment for hepatitis . She was taken in by nuns in a convent and received a Catholic education . There , she became the first person in her family to learn to read and write . After leaving the convent , she went to work as a housemaid in exchange for lodging . She completed her undergraduate degree in History from the Federal University of Acre at 26 and became increasingly politically active . In 1984 Silva helped create Acres",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "first workers union .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " She led demonstrations called empates with Chico Mendes to warn against deforestation and the outplacement of forest communities from their traditional locations . Silva as a Senator . In 1994 , Silva was the first rubber tapper ever elected to the Federal Senate . As a native Amazonian and a senator , she built support for environmental protection of the reserves as well as for social justice and sustainable development in the Amazon region .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Deforestation decreased by 59% from 2004 to 2007 , during which she implemented an integrated government policy . It simultaneously fostered sustainable development , favored territorial zoning , and attached greater value to standing forests . It also incorporated elements from international conventions and documents . All of this demonstrates that , when there is integrated planning and effort , it is truly possible to change the picture , Silva said in a statement to the Embassy of Brazil in London .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "A member of the Workers Party , Marina Silva was appointed Environment Minister by Lula in his first term ( 2003 ) . She remained in office until 2008 and received several criticisms from entrepreneurs ( mainly related to agribusiness ) on account of delays in granting permits for projects with large environmental impact . In early 2005 , however , she stated that she would not give up upon facing challenges even if they were imposed by the government to which she belonged , like the controversy over the São Francisco River Diversion Project , and the building of",
"title": "Lulas minister"
},
{
"text": "the BR-163 highway through the rainforest : I dont admit defeat , just challenges that must be overcome .",
"title": "Lulas minister"
},
{
"text": " Also in 2005 , Silva established her main lines of action for the next two years : social participation , sustainable development , creation of a National Environmental System , and an Integrated Environmental Policy . As she said , Our ministry is new . Its only 13 years old , and it needs to be rebuilt .",
"title": "Lulas minister"
},
{
"text": "In the same year , Silva was confronted by Paulo Adário , coordinator of Greenpeace Brazil , over her environmental actions during her tenure in the ministry . Since her tenure began , Silva , together with the Federal Police , the Brazilian Army and the Federal Highway Police , performed 32 operations against illegal deforestation in the Amazon . However , Adário claims that his organization monitors the Amazon region and that only one such operation was conducted in October 2004 , in the town of Itaituba , Pará . According to him , even if the 32 operations",
"title": "Lulas minister"
},
{
"text": "had actually been carried out , they would represent only half of what was anticipated in the National Plan to Combat Deforestation .",
"title": "Lulas minister"
},
{
"text": "Silva resigned from the Lula government in May 2008 . She was replaced by Carlos Minc . Silva cited the growing resistance found by our team in important sectors of the government and society as the reason for her resignation . Tension between her and the rest of the Lula administration increased when President Lula da Silva chose Minister of Strategic Affairs Roberto Mangabeira Unger to coordinate a sustainable development plan for the Amazon , instead of her . She had become increasingly isolated in Lula da Silvas government due to her views against hydroelectric dams , biofuels , and",
"title": "Resignation"
},
{
"text": "genetically modified crops .",
"title": "Resignation"
},
{
"text": " Party switch and 2010 presidential bid . On 19 August 2009 , Silva announced her switch from the Workers Party to the Green Party , primarily in protest against the environmental policies endorsed by the PT . Confirming the expectations , Marina Silva launched her candidacy to the 2010 election under the Green Party ticket on 16 May 2010 in the city of Nova Iguaçu , state of Rio de Janeiro . Silva said she wanted to be the first black woman of poor origin to become president of Brazil .",
"title": "Resignation"
},
{
"text": "She has also become a Pentecostal Christian in the Assemblies of God , the second largest Christian denomination in Brazil after the declining but still mainstream Roman Catholic Church . Nevertheless , during her election campaign , she was criticized by one of the main leaders of the Brazilian Assemblies of God , Pastor Silas Malafaia , after having proposed a referendum on abortion and decriminalization of marijuana . According to Malafaia , Marina Silva should be more courageous and consistent in defense of her religious convictions .",
"title": "Resignation"
},
{
"text": " In her campaign , Silva defended the exercise of citizen-based political principles and values , education for the knowledge society , economy applied to a sustainable society , social protection , health , welfare and 3rd generation of social programs , quality of life and safety for all Brazilians , and strengthening of culture and diversity .",
"title": "Resignation"
},
{
"text": "With her speech against the endemic corruption in Brazil ( see A Privataria Tucana and Mensalão scandal ) , and in favor of sustainable development ( with a due consideration to environmental issues ) , Silva managed to attract the middle class sectors disillusioned with the government of the Fernando Henrique Cardosos PSDB and dissatisfied with the compensatory social policies of Lula da Silvas administration . As a result , she came to be seen as an alternative .",
"title": "Resignation"
},
{
"text": " Marina Silva received strong support among young and highly educated voters . Running on a small-party ticket , she had about 1/20 of the TV time compared to the other two biggest party coalitions . Opinion polls notwithstanding , she received 19.4% of the votes cast . This number far exceeded earlier estimates ( more than double ) , but not enough to join the runoff against Dilma Rousseff or José Serra . Silva at the 2012 London Summer Olympics .",
"title": "Resignation"
},
{
"text": "The participation of Marina Silva as one of the eight invited flag-bearers to carry the Olympic flag at the opening of the 2012 London Summer Olympics , took by surprise the Brazilian government representatives present at the ceremony . In the Brazilian press headlines like Marina steals Dilmas attention appeared . Commenting on the event , Aldo Rebelo , Brazilian Sports Minister from the PT , which realised it would likely lose votes to Marina in a presidential contest , said that Silva always had good relations with the European aristocracy and that it was the responsibility of the Royal",
"title": "Resignation"
},
{
"text": "House to choose who would participate in the event . The Olympic Committee said it was aware of Silvas work as an activist in defense of the rainforest , but denied any political motivations regarding the choice . About her participation in the ceremony , Silva compared it to the feeling she got when passing , aged 16 , her literacy course : it was the same kind of happiness .",
"title": "Resignation"
},
{
"text": " On 16 February 2013 a new party , Rede Sustentabilidade ( Sustainability Network ) , was officially launched in Brasilia . According to its founders , the name to be used at the polls would be simply REDE ( NETWORK ) . On 4 October 2013 , the Superior Electoral Court blocked the partys creation , there being insufficient signatures to register it . The following day , Marina announced her affiliation to the Brazilian Socialist Party . 2014 presidential bid .",
"title": "Sustainability Network"
},
{
"text": "In April 2014 , Eduardo Campos announced his name for the October 2014 presidential election , naming Marina Silva as his candidate for vice president .",
"title": "Sustainability Network"
},
{
"text": "On Wednesday , 13 August 2014 , Campos private jet , with six others on board , crashed in bad weather as it was preparing to land in the coastal city of Santos , just south of São Paulo . After his death , Silva became the Brazilian Socialist Partys candidate for President of Brazil . Soon after taking the place of Campos in the bid , Marina polled 20% of the votes , 10% more than Campos was polling . She enjoys strong support among young voters and evangelicals , but because of her pro-environmental stance she is largely",
"title": "Sustainability Network"
},
{
"text": "distrusted by Brazils powerful agribusiness sector . As an Evangelical Christian , she opposes abortion . On 30 August 2014 , Silva generated considerable controversy when she renounced the partys support for same-sex marriage , which was supported by Campos and had been included in the partys manifesto , published a day earlier .",
"title": "Sustainability Network"
},
{
"text": " On Sunday , 5 October 2014 , Silva received 21% of the vote in the first round of the election , to Rousseffs 41% and Nevess 34% . Although many observers had expected Silva to advance to a second round against Rousseff , Silva ultimately received a much lower share of the vote than most opinion polls had indicated in the lead-up to the election , and did not advance to 26 October run-off . Some days after the election she endorsed Aecio Neves in the run-off against Dilma Rousseff . 2018 Presidential bid .",
"title": "Sustainability Network"
},
{
"text": "On 4 August 2018 , Marina Silva was officially nominated as the Sustainability Networks presidential candidate in the 2018 elections . Silvas running mate is Eduardo Jorge of the Green Party .",
"title": "Sustainability Network"
},
{
"text": " Until August 2018 , Silva came in third in opinion polls for the presidency , behind Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva ( whose candidacy was later barred ) and Jair Bolsonaro . However , she has later been overtaken by Ciro Gomes , Fernando Haddad , and Geraldo Alckmin , and was later polling fifth on average . In the last few days before the election , her poll numbers dropped significantly , and in the end she polled around a single percentage point . She came out eight with 1.0% and 1,066,893 votes .",
"title": "Sustainability Network"
},
{
"text": " Marina Silva is generally considered to be a centrist and an environmentalist . She is running on an anti-corruption platform . She opposes Brazils nuclear energy program , and wants to redistribute the nuclear energy funds in order to allocate more money towards solar and wind power . Furthermore , she wants to initiate a national plebiscite on investments in nuclear energy . She is in favor of imposing presidential term limits .",
"title": "Political views"
}
] |
/wiki/Marina_Silva#P102#2
|
Which political party did Marina Silva belong to between Aug 2014 and Nov 2014?
|
Marina Silva Maria Osmarina da Silva Vaz de Lima ( born 8 February 1958 ) is a Brazilian politician and environmentalist . She is currently the spokeswoman for the Sustainability Party ( REDE ) . During her political career , Silva served as a Senator of the state of Acre between 1995 and 2011 and Minister of the Environment from 2003 to 2008 . She ran for president in 2010 , 2014 and 2018 . Born in a rubber plantation in Acre , Marina moved to the state capital Rio Branco as a teenager , where she became literate . After graduating high school , she completed her undergraduate degree in History from the Federal University of Acre at 26 . She developed an interest in politics and joined the Revolutionary Communist Party , a Marxist organization that was housed in the Workers Party ( PT ) , later helping to found the Unified Workers Central of Acre . She helped Chico Mendes to lead the trade union movement , being elected as councillor of Rio Branco in 1988 for her first mandate in a public office . Silva was a member of the PT until 2009 , and served as a Senator before becoming Minister of the Environment in 2003 . She ran for president in the 2010 Brazilian elections as the candidate for the Green Party ( PV ) , coming in 3rd with 19% of the first-round vote . In April 2014 , Eduardo Campos announced his candidacy for the fall 2014 presidential election , naming Marina Silva as his vice presidential candidate . After Camposs death in a plane crash on August , she was selected to run as the Socialist Partys candidate for the Presidency . In the first round of the October 2014 election , she won 21% of the vote ( less than many of the opinion polls had predicted ) , coming in 3rd and failing to advance to the run-off . In the second round , she supported PSDB candidate Aécio Neves over PT incumbent Dilma Rousseff . She again ran for president in the 2018 election , this time as the nominee for the Sustainability Network , and finished 8th place with 1% of the vote . Silva has won a number of awards from US and international organizations in recognition of her environmental activism . In 1996 , Silva won the Goldman Environmental Prize for South & Central America . In 2007 , the United Nations Environment Program named her one of the Champions of the Earth and the 2009 Sophie Prize . In December 2014 , Marina Silva was elected by the British Financial Times newspaper as one of its Women of the Year . Silva is also a member of Washington , D.C.-based think tank , the Inter-American Dialogue . In 2010 , she , along with Cécile Duflot , Monica Frassoni , Elizabeth May and Renate Künast , were named by Foreign Policy magazine to its list of top global thinkers , for taking Green mainstream . In 2012 she was one of eight people chosen to carry the flag for the opening ceremonies of the 2012 London Summer Olympics . Early life . Marina Silva was born Maria Osmarina da Silva in the small village of Breu Velho , 70 km outside Rio Branco , Acre . Silva is a descendant of Portuguese and black African ancestors in both her maternal and paternal lines . She was one of eleven children in a community of rubber tappers on the Bagaço rubber tree plantation ( Portuguese Seringal Bagaço ) , in the western state of Acre . Growing up , she survived five bouts of malaria in addition to cases of hepatitis and metal poisoning . Orphaned at age 16 , young Marina moved to the state capital , Rio Branco , to study and receive treatment for hepatitis . She was taken in by nuns in a convent and received a Catholic education . There , she became the first person in her family to learn to read and write . After leaving the convent , she went to work as a housemaid in exchange for lodging . She completed her undergraduate degree in History from the Federal University of Acre at 26 and became increasingly politically active . In 1984 Silva helped create Acres first workers union . She led demonstrations called empates with Chico Mendes to warn against deforestation and the outplacement of forest communities from their traditional locations . Silva as a Senator . In 1994 , Silva was the first rubber tapper ever elected to the Federal Senate . As a native Amazonian and a senator , she built support for environmental protection of the reserves as well as for social justice and sustainable development in the Amazon region . Deforestation decreased by 59% from 2004 to 2007 , during which she implemented an integrated government policy . It simultaneously fostered sustainable development , favored territorial zoning , and attached greater value to standing forests . It also incorporated elements from international conventions and documents . All of this demonstrates that , when there is integrated planning and effort , it is truly possible to change the picture , Silva said in a statement to the Embassy of Brazil in London . Lulas minister . A member of the Workers Party , Marina Silva was appointed Environment Minister by Lula in his first term ( 2003 ) . She remained in office until 2008 and received several criticisms from entrepreneurs ( mainly related to agribusiness ) on account of delays in granting permits for projects with large environmental impact . In early 2005 , however , she stated that she would not give up upon facing challenges even if they were imposed by the government to which she belonged , like the controversy over the São Francisco River Diversion Project , and the building of the BR-163 highway through the rainforest : I dont admit defeat , just challenges that must be overcome . Also in 2005 , Silva established her main lines of action for the next two years : social participation , sustainable development , creation of a National Environmental System , and an Integrated Environmental Policy . As she said , Our ministry is new . Its only 13 years old , and it needs to be rebuilt . In the same year , Silva was confronted by Paulo Adário , coordinator of Greenpeace Brazil , over her environmental actions during her tenure in the ministry . Since her tenure began , Silva , together with the Federal Police , the Brazilian Army and the Federal Highway Police , performed 32 operations against illegal deforestation in the Amazon . However , Adário claims that his organization monitors the Amazon region and that only one such operation was conducted in October 2004 , in the town of Itaituba , Pará . According to him , even if the 32 operations had actually been carried out , they would represent only half of what was anticipated in the National Plan to Combat Deforestation . Resignation . Silva resigned from the Lula government in May 2008 . She was replaced by Carlos Minc . Silva cited the growing resistance found by our team in important sectors of the government and society as the reason for her resignation . Tension between her and the rest of the Lula administration increased when President Lula da Silva chose Minister of Strategic Affairs Roberto Mangabeira Unger to coordinate a sustainable development plan for the Amazon , instead of her . She had become increasingly isolated in Lula da Silvas government due to her views against hydroelectric dams , biofuels , and genetically modified crops . Party switch and 2010 presidential bid . On 19 August 2009 , Silva announced her switch from the Workers Party to the Green Party , primarily in protest against the environmental policies endorsed by the PT . Confirming the expectations , Marina Silva launched her candidacy to the 2010 election under the Green Party ticket on 16 May 2010 in the city of Nova Iguaçu , state of Rio de Janeiro . Silva said she wanted to be the first black woman of poor origin to become president of Brazil . She has also become a Pentecostal Christian in the Assemblies of God , the second largest Christian denomination in Brazil after the declining but still mainstream Roman Catholic Church . Nevertheless , during her election campaign , she was criticized by one of the main leaders of the Brazilian Assemblies of God , Pastor Silas Malafaia , after having proposed a referendum on abortion and decriminalization of marijuana . According to Malafaia , Marina Silva should be more courageous and consistent in defense of her religious convictions . In her campaign , Silva defended the exercise of citizen-based political principles and values , education for the knowledge society , economy applied to a sustainable society , social protection , health , welfare and 3rd generation of social programs , quality of life and safety for all Brazilians , and strengthening of culture and diversity . With her speech against the endemic corruption in Brazil ( see A Privataria Tucana and Mensalão scandal ) , and in favor of sustainable development ( with a due consideration to environmental issues ) , Silva managed to attract the middle class sectors disillusioned with the government of the Fernando Henrique Cardosos PSDB and dissatisfied with the compensatory social policies of Lula da Silvas administration . As a result , she came to be seen as an alternative . Marina Silva received strong support among young and highly educated voters . Running on a small-party ticket , she had about 1/20 of the TV time compared to the other two biggest party coalitions . Opinion polls notwithstanding , she received 19.4% of the votes cast . This number far exceeded earlier estimates ( more than double ) , but not enough to join the runoff against Dilma Rousseff or José Serra . Silva at the 2012 London Summer Olympics . The participation of Marina Silva as one of the eight invited flag-bearers to carry the Olympic flag at the opening of the 2012 London Summer Olympics , took by surprise the Brazilian government representatives present at the ceremony . In the Brazilian press headlines like Marina steals Dilmas attention appeared . Commenting on the event , Aldo Rebelo , Brazilian Sports Minister from the PT , which realised it would likely lose votes to Marina in a presidential contest , said that Silva always had good relations with the European aristocracy and that it was the responsibility of the Royal House to choose who would participate in the event . The Olympic Committee said it was aware of Silvas work as an activist in defense of the rainforest , but denied any political motivations regarding the choice . About her participation in the ceremony , Silva compared it to the feeling she got when passing , aged 16 , her literacy course : it was the same kind of happiness . Sustainability Network . On 16 February 2013 a new party , Rede Sustentabilidade ( Sustainability Network ) , was officially launched in Brasilia . According to its founders , the name to be used at the polls would be simply REDE ( NETWORK ) . On 4 October 2013 , the Superior Electoral Court blocked the partys creation , there being insufficient signatures to register it . The following day , Marina announced her affiliation to the Brazilian Socialist Party . 2014 presidential bid . In April 2014 , Eduardo Campos announced his name for the October 2014 presidential election , naming Marina Silva as his candidate for vice president . On Wednesday , 13 August 2014 , Campos private jet , with six others on board , crashed in bad weather as it was preparing to land in the coastal city of Santos , just south of São Paulo . After his death , Silva became the Brazilian Socialist Partys candidate for President of Brazil . Soon after taking the place of Campos in the bid , Marina polled 20% of the votes , 10% more than Campos was polling . She enjoys strong support among young voters and evangelicals , but because of her pro-environmental stance she is largely distrusted by Brazils powerful agribusiness sector . As an Evangelical Christian , she opposes abortion . On 30 August 2014 , Silva generated considerable controversy when she renounced the partys support for same-sex marriage , which was supported by Campos and had been included in the partys manifesto , published a day earlier . On Sunday , 5 October 2014 , Silva received 21% of the vote in the first round of the election , to Rousseffs 41% and Nevess 34% . Although many observers had expected Silva to advance to a second round against Rousseff , Silva ultimately received a much lower share of the vote than most opinion polls had indicated in the lead-up to the election , and did not advance to 26 October run-off . Some days after the election she endorsed Aecio Neves in the run-off against Dilma Rousseff . 2018 Presidential bid . On 4 August 2018 , Marina Silva was officially nominated as the Sustainability Networks presidential candidate in the 2018 elections . Silvas running mate is Eduardo Jorge of the Green Party . Until August 2018 , Silva came in third in opinion polls for the presidency , behind Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva ( whose candidacy was later barred ) and Jair Bolsonaro . However , she has later been overtaken by Ciro Gomes , Fernando Haddad , and Geraldo Alckmin , and was later polling fifth on average . In the last few days before the election , her poll numbers dropped significantly , and in the end she polled around a single percentage point . She came out eight with 1.0% and 1,066,893 votes . Political views . Marina Silva is generally considered to be a centrist and an environmentalist . She is running on an anti-corruption platform . She opposes Brazils nuclear energy program , and wants to redistribute the nuclear energy funds in order to allocate more money towards solar and wind power . Furthermore , she wants to initiate a national plebiscite on investments in nuclear energy . She is in favor of imposing presidential term limits .
|
[
"Brazilian Socialist Party"
] |
[
{
"text": " Maria Osmarina da Silva Vaz de Lima ( born 8 February 1958 ) is a Brazilian politician and environmentalist . She is currently the spokeswoman for the Sustainability Party ( REDE ) . During her political career , Silva served as a Senator of the state of Acre between 1995 and 2011 and Minister of the Environment from 2003 to 2008 . She ran for president in 2010 , 2014 and 2018 .",
"title": "Marina Silva"
},
{
"text": "Born in a rubber plantation in Acre , Marina moved to the state capital Rio Branco as a teenager , where she became literate . After graduating high school , she completed her undergraduate degree in History from the Federal University of Acre at 26 . She developed an interest in politics and joined the Revolutionary Communist Party , a Marxist organization that was housed in the Workers Party ( PT ) , later helping to found the Unified Workers Central of Acre . She helped Chico Mendes to lead the trade union movement , being elected as councillor of",
"title": "Marina Silva"
},
{
"text": "Rio Branco in 1988 for her first mandate in a public office .",
"title": "Marina Silva"
},
{
"text": "Silva was a member of the PT until 2009 , and served as a Senator before becoming Minister of the Environment in 2003 . She ran for president in the 2010 Brazilian elections as the candidate for the Green Party ( PV ) , coming in 3rd with 19% of the first-round vote . In April 2014 , Eduardo Campos announced his candidacy for the fall 2014 presidential election , naming Marina Silva as his vice presidential candidate . After Camposs death in a plane crash on August , she was selected to run as the Socialist Partys candidate for",
"title": "Marina Silva"
},
{
"text": "the Presidency . In the first round of the October 2014 election , she won 21% of the vote ( less than many of the opinion polls had predicted ) , coming in 3rd and failing to advance to the run-off . In the second round , she supported PSDB candidate Aécio Neves over PT incumbent Dilma Rousseff . She again ran for president in the 2018 election , this time as the nominee for the Sustainability Network , and finished 8th place with 1% of the vote .",
"title": "Marina Silva"
},
{
"text": "Silva has won a number of awards from US and international organizations in recognition of her environmental activism . In 1996 , Silva won the Goldman Environmental Prize for South & Central America . In 2007 , the United Nations Environment Program named her one of the Champions of the Earth and the 2009 Sophie Prize . In December 2014 , Marina Silva was elected by the British Financial Times newspaper as one of its Women of the Year . Silva is also a member of Washington , D.C.-based think tank , the Inter-American Dialogue . In 2010 , she",
"title": "Marina Silva"
},
{
"text": ", along with Cécile Duflot , Monica Frassoni , Elizabeth May and Renate Künast , were named by Foreign Policy magazine to its list of top global thinkers , for taking Green mainstream . In 2012 she was one of eight people chosen to carry the flag for the opening ceremonies of the 2012 London Summer Olympics .",
"title": "Marina Silva"
},
{
"text": " Marina Silva was born Maria Osmarina da Silva in the small village of Breu Velho , 70 km outside Rio Branco , Acre . Silva is a descendant of Portuguese and black African ancestors in both her maternal and paternal lines . She was one of eleven children in a community of rubber tappers on the Bagaço rubber tree plantation ( Portuguese Seringal Bagaço ) , in the western state of Acre . Growing up , she survived five bouts of malaria in addition to cases of hepatitis and metal poisoning .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Orphaned at age 16 , young Marina moved to the state capital , Rio Branco , to study and receive treatment for hepatitis . She was taken in by nuns in a convent and received a Catholic education . There , she became the first person in her family to learn to read and write . After leaving the convent , she went to work as a housemaid in exchange for lodging . She completed her undergraduate degree in History from the Federal University of Acre at 26 and became increasingly politically active . In 1984 Silva helped create Acres",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "first workers union .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " She led demonstrations called empates with Chico Mendes to warn against deforestation and the outplacement of forest communities from their traditional locations . Silva as a Senator . In 1994 , Silva was the first rubber tapper ever elected to the Federal Senate . As a native Amazonian and a senator , she built support for environmental protection of the reserves as well as for social justice and sustainable development in the Amazon region .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Deforestation decreased by 59% from 2004 to 2007 , during which she implemented an integrated government policy . It simultaneously fostered sustainable development , favored territorial zoning , and attached greater value to standing forests . It also incorporated elements from international conventions and documents . All of this demonstrates that , when there is integrated planning and effort , it is truly possible to change the picture , Silva said in a statement to the Embassy of Brazil in London .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "A member of the Workers Party , Marina Silva was appointed Environment Minister by Lula in his first term ( 2003 ) . She remained in office until 2008 and received several criticisms from entrepreneurs ( mainly related to agribusiness ) on account of delays in granting permits for projects with large environmental impact . In early 2005 , however , she stated that she would not give up upon facing challenges even if they were imposed by the government to which she belonged , like the controversy over the São Francisco River Diversion Project , and the building of",
"title": "Lulas minister"
},
{
"text": "the BR-163 highway through the rainforest : I dont admit defeat , just challenges that must be overcome .",
"title": "Lulas minister"
},
{
"text": " Also in 2005 , Silva established her main lines of action for the next two years : social participation , sustainable development , creation of a National Environmental System , and an Integrated Environmental Policy . As she said , Our ministry is new . Its only 13 years old , and it needs to be rebuilt .",
"title": "Lulas minister"
},
{
"text": "In the same year , Silva was confronted by Paulo Adário , coordinator of Greenpeace Brazil , over her environmental actions during her tenure in the ministry . Since her tenure began , Silva , together with the Federal Police , the Brazilian Army and the Federal Highway Police , performed 32 operations against illegal deforestation in the Amazon . However , Adário claims that his organization monitors the Amazon region and that only one such operation was conducted in October 2004 , in the town of Itaituba , Pará . According to him , even if the 32 operations",
"title": "Lulas minister"
},
{
"text": "had actually been carried out , they would represent only half of what was anticipated in the National Plan to Combat Deforestation .",
"title": "Lulas minister"
},
{
"text": "Silva resigned from the Lula government in May 2008 . She was replaced by Carlos Minc . Silva cited the growing resistance found by our team in important sectors of the government and society as the reason for her resignation . Tension between her and the rest of the Lula administration increased when President Lula da Silva chose Minister of Strategic Affairs Roberto Mangabeira Unger to coordinate a sustainable development plan for the Amazon , instead of her . She had become increasingly isolated in Lula da Silvas government due to her views against hydroelectric dams , biofuels , and",
"title": "Resignation"
},
{
"text": "genetically modified crops .",
"title": "Resignation"
},
{
"text": " Party switch and 2010 presidential bid . On 19 August 2009 , Silva announced her switch from the Workers Party to the Green Party , primarily in protest against the environmental policies endorsed by the PT . Confirming the expectations , Marina Silva launched her candidacy to the 2010 election under the Green Party ticket on 16 May 2010 in the city of Nova Iguaçu , state of Rio de Janeiro . Silva said she wanted to be the first black woman of poor origin to become president of Brazil .",
"title": "Resignation"
},
{
"text": "She has also become a Pentecostal Christian in the Assemblies of God , the second largest Christian denomination in Brazil after the declining but still mainstream Roman Catholic Church . Nevertheless , during her election campaign , she was criticized by one of the main leaders of the Brazilian Assemblies of God , Pastor Silas Malafaia , after having proposed a referendum on abortion and decriminalization of marijuana . According to Malafaia , Marina Silva should be more courageous and consistent in defense of her religious convictions .",
"title": "Resignation"
},
{
"text": " In her campaign , Silva defended the exercise of citizen-based political principles and values , education for the knowledge society , economy applied to a sustainable society , social protection , health , welfare and 3rd generation of social programs , quality of life and safety for all Brazilians , and strengthening of culture and diversity .",
"title": "Resignation"
},
{
"text": "With her speech against the endemic corruption in Brazil ( see A Privataria Tucana and Mensalão scandal ) , and in favor of sustainable development ( with a due consideration to environmental issues ) , Silva managed to attract the middle class sectors disillusioned with the government of the Fernando Henrique Cardosos PSDB and dissatisfied with the compensatory social policies of Lula da Silvas administration . As a result , she came to be seen as an alternative .",
"title": "Resignation"
},
{
"text": " Marina Silva received strong support among young and highly educated voters . Running on a small-party ticket , she had about 1/20 of the TV time compared to the other two biggest party coalitions . Opinion polls notwithstanding , she received 19.4% of the votes cast . This number far exceeded earlier estimates ( more than double ) , but not enough to join the runoff against Dilma Rousseff or José Serra . Silva at the 2012 London Summer Olympics .",
"title": "Resignation"
},
{
"text": "The participation of Marina Silva as one of the eight invited flag-bearers to carry the Olympic flag at the opening of the 2012 London Summer Olympics , took by surprise the Brazilian government representatives present at the ceremony . In the Brazilian press headlines like Marina steals Dilmas attention appeared . Commenting on the event , Aldo Rebelo , Brazilian Sports Minister from the PT , which realised it would likely lose votes to Marina in a presidential contest , said that Silva always had good relations with the European aristocracy and that it was the responsibility of the Royal",
"title": "Resignation"
},
{
"text": "House to choose who would participate in the event . The Olympic Committee said it was aware of Silvas work as an activist in defense of the rainforest , but denied any political motivations regarding the choice . About her participation in the ceremony , Silva compared it to the feeling she got when passing , aged 16 , her literacy course : it was the same kind of happiness .",
"title": "Resignation"
},
{
"text": " On 16 February 2013 a new party , Rede Sustentabilidade ( Sustainability Network ) , was officially launched in Brasilia . According to its founders , the name to be used at the polls would be simply REDE ( NETWORK ) . On 4 October 2013 , the Superior Electoral Court blocked the partys creation , there being insufficient signatures to register it . The following day , Marina announced her affiliation to the Brazilian Socialist Party . 2014 presidential bid .",
"title": "Sustainability Network"
},
{
"text": "In April 2014 , Eduardo Campos announced his name for the October 2014 presidential election , naming Marina Silva as his candidate for vice president .",
"title": "Sustainability Network"
},
{
"text": "On Wednesday , 13 August 2014 , Campos private jet , with six others on board , crashed in bad weather as it was preparing to land in the coastal city of Santos , just south of São Paulo . After his death , Silva became the Brazilian Socialist Partys candidate for President of Brazil . Soon after taking the place of Campos in the bid , Marina polled 20% of the votes , 10% more than Campos was polling . She enjoys strong support among young voters and evangelicals , but because of her pro-environmental stance she is largely",
"title": "Sustainability Network"
},
{
"text": "distrusted by Brazils powerful agribusiness sector . As an Evangelical Christian , she opposes abortion . On 30 August 2014 , Silva generated considerable controversy when she renounced the partys support for same-sex marriage , which was supported by Campos and had been included in the partys manifesto , published a day earlier .",
"title": "Sustainability Network"
},
{
"text": " On Sunday , 5 October 2014 , Silva received 21% of the vote in the first round of the election , to Rousseffs 41% and Nevess 34% . Although many observers had expected Silva to advance to a second round against Rousseff , Silva ultimately received a much lower share of the vote than most opinion polls had indicated in the lead-up to the election , and did not advance to 26 October run-off . Some days after the election she endorsed Aecio Neves in the run-off against Dilma Rousseff . 2018 Presidential bid .",
"title": "Sustainability Network"
},
{
"text": "On 4 August 2018 , Marina Silva was officially nominated as the Sustainability Networks presidential candidate in the 2018 elections . Silvas running mate is Eduardo Jorge of the Green Party .",
"title": "Sustainability Network"
},
{
"text": " Until August 2018 , Silva came in third in opinion polls for the presidency , behind Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva ( whose candidacy was later barred ) and Jair Bolsonaro . However , she has later been overtaken by Ciro Gomes , Fernando Haddad , and Geraldo Alckmin , and was later polling fifth on average . In the last few days before the election , her poll numbers dropped significantly , and in the end she polled around a single percentage point . She came out eight with 1.0% and 1,066,893 votes .",
"title": "Sustainability Network"
},
{
"text": " Marina Silva is generally considered to be a centrist and an environmentalist . She is running on an anti-corruption platform . She opposes Brazils nuclear energy program , and wants to redistribute the nuclear energy funds in order to allocate more money towards solar and wind power . Furthermore , she wants to initiate a national plebiscite on investments in nuclear energy . She is in favor of imposing presidential term limits .",
"title": "Political views"
}
] |
/wiki/Marina_Silva#P102#3
|
Which political party did Marina Silva belong to in Jan 2015?
|
Marina Silva Maria Osmarina da Silva Vaz de Lima ( born 8 February 1958 ) is a Brazilian politician and environmentalist . She is currently the spokeswoman for the Sustainability Party ( REDE ) . During her political career , Silva served as a Senator of the state of Acre between 1995 and 2011 and Minister of the Environment from 2003 to 2008 . She ran for president in 2010 , 2014 and 2018 . Born in a rubber plantation in Acre , Marina moved to the state capital Rio Branco as a teenager , where she became literate . After graduating high school , she completed her undergraduate degree in History from the Federal University of Acre at 26 . She developed an interest in politics and joined the Revolutionary Communist Party , a Marxist organization that was housed in the Workers Party ( PT ) , later helping to found the Unified Workers Central of Acre . She helped Chico Mendes to lead the trade union movement , being elected as councillor of Rio Branco in 1988 for her first mandate in a public office . Silva was a member of the PT until 2009 , and served as a Senator before becoming Minister of the Environment in 2003 . She ran for president in the 2010 Brazilian elections as the candidate for the Green Party ( PV ) , coming in 3rd with 19% of the first-round vote . In April 2014 , Eduardo Campos announced his candidacy for the fall 2014 presidential election , naming Marina Silva as his vice presidential candidate . After Camposs death in a plane crash on August , she was selected to run as the Socialist Partys candidate for the Presidency . In the first round of the October 2014 election , she won 21% of the vote ( less than many of the opinion polls had predicted ) , coming in 3rd and failing to advance to the run-off . In the second round , she supported PSDB candidate Aécio Neves over PT incumbent Dilma Rousseff . She again ran for president in the 2018 election , this time as the nominee for the Sustainability Network , and finished 8th place with 1% of the vote . Silva has won a number of awards from US and international organizations in recognition of her environmental activism . In 1996 , Silva won the Goldman Environmental Prize for South & Central America . In 2007 , the United Nations Environment Program named her one of the Champions of the Earth and the 2009 Sophie Prize . In December 2014 , Marina Silva was elected by the British Financial Times newspaper as one of its Women of the Year . Silva is also a member of Washington , D.C.-based think tank , the Inter-American Dialogue . In 2010 , she , along with Cécile Duflot , Monica Frassoni , Elizabeth May and Renate Künast , were named by Foreign Policy magazine to its list of top global thinkers , for taking Green mainstream . In 2012 she was one of eight people chosen to carry the flag for the opening ceremonies of the 2012 London Summer Olympics . Early life . Marina Silva was born Maria Osmarina da Silva in the small village of Breu Velho , 70 km outside Rio Branco , Acre . Silva is a descendant of Portuguese and black African ancestors in both her maternal and paternal lines . She was one of eleven children in a community of rubber tappers on the Bagaço rubber tree plantation ( Portuguese Seringal Bagaço ) , in the western state of Acre . Growing up , she survived five bouts of malaria in addition to cases of hepatitis and metal poisoning . Orphaned at age 16 , young Marina moved to the state capital , Rio Branco , to study and receive treatment for hepatitis . She was taken in by nuns in a convent and received a Catholic education . There , she became the first person in her family to learn to read and write . After leaving the convent , she went to work as a housemaid in exchange for lodging . She completed her undergraduate degree in History from the Federal University of Acre at 26 and became increasingly politically active . In 1984 Silva helped create Acres first workers union . She led demonstrations called empates with Chico Mendes to warn against deforestation and the outplacement of forest communities from their traditional locations . Silva as a Senator . In 1994 , Silva was the first rubber tapper ever elected to the Federal Senate . As a native Amazonian and a senator , she built support for environmental protection of the reserves as well as for social justice and sustainable development in the Amazon region . Deforestation decreased by 59% from 2004 to 2007 , during which she implemented an integrated government policy . It simultaneously fostered sustainable development , favored territorial zoning , and attached greater value to standing forests . It also incorporated elements from international conventions and documents . All of this demonstrates that , when there is integrated planning and effort , it is truly possible to change the picture , Silva said in a statement to the Embassy of Brazil in London . Lulas minister . A member of the Workers Party , Marina Silva was appointed Environment Minister by Lula in his first term ( 2003 ) . She remained in office until 2008 and received several criticisms from entrepreneurs ( mainly related to agribusiness ) on account of delays in granting permits for projects with large environmental impact . In early 2005 , however , she stated that she would not give up upon facing challenges even if they were imposed by the government to which she belonged , like the controversy over the São Francisco River Diversion Project , and the building of the BR-163 highway through the rainforest : I dont admit defeat , just challenges that must be overcome . Also in 2005 , Silva established her main lines of action for the next two years : social participation , sustainable development , creation of a National Environmental System , and an Integrated Environmental Policy . As she said , Our ministry is new . Its only 13 years old , and it needs to be rebuilt . In the same year , Silva was confronted by Paulo Adário , coordinator of Greenpeace Brazil , over her environmental actions during her tenure in the ministry . Since her tenure began , Silva , together with the Federal Police , the Brazilian Army and the Federal Highway Police , performed 32 operations against illegal deforestation in the Amazon . However , Adário claims that his organization monitors the Amazon region and that only one such operation was conducted in October 2004 , in the town of Itaituba , Pará . According to him , even if the 32 operations had actually been carried out , they would represent only half of what was anticipated in the National Plan to Combat Deforestation . Resignation . Silva resigned from the Lula government in May 2008 . She was replaced by Carlos Minc . Silva cited the growing resistance found by our team in important sectors of the government and society as the reason for her resignation . Tension between her and the rest of the Lula administration increased when President Lula da Silva chose Minister of Strategic Affairs Roberto Mangabeira Unger to coordinate a sustainable development plan for the Amazon , instead of her . She had become increasingly isolated in Lula da Silvas government due to her views against hydroelectric dams , biofuels , and genetically modified crops . Party switch and 2010 presidential bid . On 19 August 2009 , Silva announced her switch from the Workers Party to the Green Party , primarily in protest against the environmental policies endorsed by the PT . Confirming the expectations , Marina Silva launched her candidacy to the 2010 election under the Green Party ticket on 16 May 2010 in the city of Nova Iguaçu , state of Rio de Janeiro . Silva said she wanted to be the first black woman of poor origin to become president of Brazil . She has also become a Pentecostal Christian in the Assemblies of God , the second largest Christian denomination in Brazil after the declining but still mainstream Roman Catholic Church . Nevertheless , during her election campaign , she was criticized by one of the main leaders of the Brazilian Assemblies of God , Pastor Silas Malafaia , after having proposed a referendum on abortion and decriminalization of marijuana . According to Malafaia , Marina Silva should be more courageous and consistent in defense of her religious convictions . In her campaign , Silva defended the exercise of citizen-based political principles and values , education for the knowledge society , economy applied to a sustainable society , social protection , health , welfare and 3rd generation of social programs , quality of life and safety for all Brazilians , and strengthening of culture and diversity . With her speech against the endemic corruption in Brazil ( see A Privataria Tucana and Mensalão scandal ) , and in favor of sustainable development ( with a due consideration to environmental issues ) , Silva managed to attract the middle class sectors disillusioned with the government of the Fernando Henrique Cardosos PSDB and dissatisfied with the compensatory social policies of Lula da Silvas administration . As a result , she came to be seen as an alternative . Marina Silva received strong support among young and highly educated voters . Running on a small-party ticket , she had about 1/20 of the TV time compared to the other two biggest party coalitions . Opinion polls notwithstanding , she received 19.4% of the votes cast . This number far exceeded earlier estimates ( more than double ) , but not enough to join the runoff against Dilma Rousseff or José Serra . Silva at the 2012 London Summer Olympics . The participation of Marina Silva as one of the eight invited flag-bearers to carry the Olympic flag at the opening of the 2012 London Summer Olympics , took by surprise the Brazilian government representatives present at the ceremony . In the Brazilian press headlines like Marina steals Dilmas attention appeared . Commenting on the event , Aldo Rebelo , Brazilian Sports Minister from the PT , which realised it would likely lose votes to Marina in a presidential contest , said that Silva always had good relations with the European aristocracy and that it was the responsibility of the Royal House to choose who would participate in the event . The Olympic Committee said it was aware of Silvas work as an activist in defense of the rainforest , but denied any political motivations regarding the choice . About her participation in the ceremony , Silva compared it to the feeling she got when passing , aged 16 , her literacy course : it was the same kind of happiness . Sustainability Network . On 16 February 2013 a new party , Rede Sustentabilidade ( Sustainability Network ) , was officially launched in Brasilia . According to its founders , the name to be used at the polls would be simply REDE ( NETWORK ) . On 4 October 2013 , the Superior Electoral Court blocked the partys creation , there being insufficient signatures to register it . The following day , Marina announced her affiliation to the Brazilian Socialist Party . 2014 presidential bid . In April 2014 , Eduardo Campos announced his name for the October 2014 presidential election , naming Marina Silva as his candidate for vice president . On Wednesday , 13 August 2014 , Campos private jet , with six others on board , crashed in bad weather as it was preparing to land in the coastal city of Santos , just south of São Paulo . After his death , Silva became the Brazilian Socialist Partys candidate for President of Brazil . Soon after taking the place of Campos in the bid , Marina polled 20% of the votes , 10% more than Campos was polling . She enjoys strong support among young voters and evangelicals , but because of her pro-environmental stance she is largely distrusted by Brazils powerful agribusiness sector . As an Evangelical Christian , she opposes abortion . On 30 August 2014 , Silva generated considerable controversy when she renounced the partys support for same-sex marriage , which was supported by Campos and had been included in the partys manifesto , published a day earlier . On Sunday , 5 October 2014 , Silva received 21% of the vote in the first round of the election , to Rousseffs 41% and Nevess 34% . Although many observers had expected Silva to advance to a second round against Rousseff , Silva ultimately received a much lower share of the vote than most opinion polls had indicated in the lead-up to the election , and did not advance to 26 October run-off . Some days after the election she endorsed Aecio Neves in the run-off against Dilma Rousseff . 2018 Presidential bid . On 4 August 2018 , Marina Silva was officially nominated as the Sustainability Networks presidential candidate in the 2018 elections . Silvas running mate is Eduardo Jorge of the Green Party . Until August 2018 , Silva came in third in opinion polls for the presidency , behind Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva ( whose candidacy was later barred ) and Jair Bolsonaro . However , she has later been overtaken by Ciro Gomes , Fernando Haddad , and Geraldo Alckmin , and was later polling fifth on average . In the last few days before the election , her poll numbers dropped significantly , and in the end she polled around a single percentage point . She came out eight with 1.0% and 1,066,893 votes . Political views . Marina Silva is generally considered to be a centrist and an environmentalist . She is running on an anti-corruption platform . She opposes Brazils nuclear energy program , and wants to redistribute the nuclear energy funds in order to allocate more money towards solar and wind power . Furthermore , she wants to initiate a national plebiscite on investments in nuclear energy . She is in favor of imposing presidential term limits .
|
[
"Sustainability Network"
] |
[
{
"text": " Maria Osmarina da Silva Vaz de Lima ( born 8 February 1958 ) is a Brazilian politician and environmentalist . She is currently the spokeswoman for the Sustainability Party ( REDE ) . During her political career , Silva served as a Senator of the state of Acre between 1995 and 2011 and Minister of the Environment from 2003 to 2008 . She ran for president in 2010 , 2014 and 2018 .",
"title": "Marina Silva"
},
{
"text": "Born in a rubber plantation in Acre , Marina moved to the state capital Rio Branco as a teenager , where she became literate . After graduating high school , she completed her undergraduate degree in History from the Federal University of Acre at 26 . She developed an interest in politics and joined the Revolutionary Communist Party , a Marxist organization that was housed in the Workers Party ( PT ) , later helping to found the Unified Workers Central of Acre . She helped Chico Mendes to lead the trade union movement , being elected as councillor of",
"title": "Marina Silva"
},
{
"text": "Rio Branco in 1988 for her first mandate in a public office .",
"title": "Marina Silva"
},
{
"text": "Silva was a member of the PT until 2009 , and served as a Senator before becoming Minister of the Environment in 2003 . She ran for president in the 2010 Brazilian elections as the candidate for the Green Party ( PV ) , coming in 3rd with 19% of the first-round vote . In April 2014 , Eduardo Campos announced his candidacy for the fall 2014 presidential election , naming Marina Silva as his vice presidential candidate . After Camposs death in a plane crash on August , she was selected to run as the Socialist Partys candidate for",
"title": "Marina Silva"
},
{
"text": "the Presidency . In the first round of the October 2014 election , she won 21% of the vote ( less than many of the opinion polls had predicted ) , coming in 3rd and failing to advance to the run-off . In the second round , she supported PSDB candidate Aécio Neves over PT incumbent Dilma Rousseff . She again ran for president in the 2018 election , this time as the nominee for the Sustainability Network , and finished 8th place with 1% of the vote .",
"title": "Marina Silva"
},
{
"text": "Silva has won a number of awards from US and international organizations in recognition of her environmental activism . In 1996 , Silva won the Goldman Environmental Prize for South & Central America . In 2007 , the United Nations Environment Program named her one of the Champions of the Earth and the 2009 Sophie Prize . In December 2014 , Marina Silva was elected by the British Financial Times newspaper as one of its Women of the Year . Silva is also a member of Washington , D.C.-based think tank , the Inter-American Dialogue . In 2010 , she",
"title": "Marina Silva"
},
{
"text": ", along with Cécile Duflot , Monica Frassoni , Elizabeth May and Renate Künast , were named by Foreign Policy magazine to its list of top global thinkers , for taking Green mainstream . In 2012 she was one of eight people chosen to carry the flag for the opening ceremonies of the 2012 London Summer Olympics .",
"title": "Marina Silva"
},
{
"text": " Marina Silva was born Maria Osmarina da Silva in the small village of Breu Velho , 70 km outside Rio Branco , Acre . Silva is a descendant of Portuguese and black African ancestors in both her maternal and paternal lines . She was one of eleven children in a community of rubber tappers on the Bagaço rubber tree plantation ( Portuguese Seringal Bagaço ) , in the western state of Acre . Growing up , she survived five bouts of malaria in addition to cases of hepatitis and metal poisoning .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Orphaned at age 16 , young Marina moved to the state capital , Rio Branco , to study and receive treatment for hepatitis . She was taken in by nuns in a convent and received a Catholic education . There , she became the first person in her family to learn to read and write . After leaving the convent , she went to work as a housemaid in exchange for lodging . She completed her undergraduate degree in History from the Federal University of Acre at 26 and became increasingly politically active . In 1984 Silva helped create Acres",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "first workers union .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " She led demonstrations called empates with Chico Mendes to warn against deforestation and the outplacement of forest communities from their traditional locations . Silva as a Senator . In 1994 , Silva was the first rubber tapper ever elected to the Federal Senate . As a native Amazonian and a senator , she built support for environmental protection of the reserves as well as for social justice and sustainable development in the Amazon region .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Deforestation decreased by 59% from 2004 to 2007 , during which she implemented an integrated government policy . It simultaneously fostered sustainable development , favored territorial zoning , and attached greater value to standing forests . It also incorporated elements from international conventions and documents . All of this demonstrates that , when there is integrated planning and effort , it is truly possible to change the picture , Silva said in a statement to the Embassy of Brazil in London .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "A member of the Workers Party , Marina Silva was appointed Environment Minister by Lula in his first term ( 2003 ) . She remained in office until 2008 and received several criticisms from entrepreneurs ( mainly related to agribusiness ) on account of delays in granting permits for projects with large environmental impact . In early 2005 , however , she stated that she would not give up upon facing challenges even if they were imposed by the government to which she belonged , like the controversy over the São Francisco River Diversion Project , and the building of",
"title": "Lulas minister"
},
{
"text": "the BR-163 highway through the rainforest : I dont admit defeat , just challenges that must be overcome .",
"title": "Lulas minister"
},
{
"text": " Also in 2005 , Silva established her main lines of action for the next two years : social participation , sustainable development , creation of a National Environmental System , and an Integrated Environmental Policy . As she said , Our ministry is new . Its only 13 years old , and it needs to be rebuilt .",
"title": "Lulas minister"
},
{
"text": "In the same year , Silva was confronted by Paulo Adário , coordinator of Greenpeace Brazil , over her environmental actions during her tenure in the ministry . Since her tenure began , Silva , together with the Federal Police , the Brazilian Army and the Federal Highway Police , performed 32 operations against illegal deforestation in the Amazon . However , Adário claims that his organization monitors the Amazon region and that only one such operation was conducted in October 2004 , in the town of Itaituba , Pará . According to him , even if the 32 operations",
"title": "Lulas minister"
},
{
"text": "had actually been carried out , they would represent only half of what was anticipated in the National Plan to Combat Deforestation .",
"title": "Lulas minister"
},
{
"text": "Silva resigned from the Lula government in May 2008 . She was replaced by Carlos Minc . Silva cited the growing resistance found by our team in important sectors of the government and society as the reason for her resignation . Tension between her and the rest of the Lula administration increased when President Lula da Silva chose Minister of Strategic Affairs Roberto Mangabeira Unger to coordinate a sustainable development plan for the Amazon , instead of her . She had become increasingly isolated in Lula da Silvas government due to her views against hydroelectric dams , biofuels , and",
"title": "Resignation"
},
{
"text": "genetically modified crops .",
"title": "Resignation"
},
{
"text": " Party switch and 2010 presidential bid . On 19 August 2009 , Silva announced her switch from the Workers Party to the Green Party , primarily in protest against the environmental policies endorsed by the PT . Confirming the expectations , Marina Silva launched her candidacy to the 2010 election under the Green Party ticket on 16 May 2010 in the city of Nova Iguaçu , state of Rio de Janeiro . Silva said she wanted to be the first black woman of poor origin to become president of Brazil .",
"title": "Resignation"
},
{
"text": "She has also become a Pentecostal Christian in the Assemblies of God , the second largest Christian denomination in Brazil after the declining but still mainstream Roman Catholic Church . Nevertheless , during her election campaign , she was criticized by one of the main leaders of the Brazilian Assemblies of God , Pastor Silas Malafaia , after having proposed a referendum on abortion and decriminalization of marijuana . According to Malafaia , Marina Silva should be more courageous and consistent in defense of her religious convictions .",
"title": "Resignation"
},
{
"text": " In her campaign , Silva defended the exercise of citizen-based political principles and values , education for the knowledge society , economy applied to a sustainable society , social protection , health , welfare and 3rd generation of social programs , quality of life and safety for all Brazilians , and strengthening of culture and diversity .",
"title": "Resignation"
},
{
"text": "With her speech against the endemic corruption in Brazil ( see A Privataria Tucana and Mensalão scandal ) , and in favor of sustainable development ( with a due consideration to environmental issues ) , Silva managed to attract the middle class sectors disillusioned with the government of the Fernando Henrique Cardosos PSDB and dissatisfied with the compensatory social policies of Lula da Silvas administration . As a result , she came to be seen as an alternative .",
"title": "Resignation"
},
{
"text": " Marina Silva received strong support among young and highly educated voters . Running on a small-party ticket , she had about 1/20 of the TV time compared to the other two biggest party coalitions . Opinion polls notwithstanding , she received 19.4% of the votes cast . This number far exceeded earlier estimates ( more than double ) , but not enough to join the runoff against Dilma Rousseff or José Serra . Silva at the 2012 London Summer Olympics .",
"title": "Resignation"
},
{
"text": "The participation of Marina Silva as one of the eight invited flag-bearers to carry the Olympic flag at the opening of the 2012 London Summer Olympics , took by surprise the Brazilian government representatives present at the ceremony . In the Brazilian press headlines like Marina steals Dilmas attention appeared . Commenting on the event , Aldo Rebelo , Brazilian Sports Minister from the PT , which realised it would likely lose votes to Marina in a presidential contest , said that Silva always had good relations with the European aristocracy and that it was the responsibility of the Royal",
"title": "Resignation"
},
{
"text": "House to choose who would participate in the event . The Olympic Committee said it was aware of Silvas work as an activist in defense of the rainforest , but denied any political motivations regarding the choice . About her participation in the ceremony , Silva compared it to the feeling she got when passing , aged 16 , her literacy course : it was the same kind of happiness .",
"title": "Resignation"
},
{
"text": " On 16 February 2013 a new party , Rede Sustentabilidade ( Sustainability Network ) , was officially launched in Brasilia . According to its founders , the name to be used at the polls would be simply REDE ( NETWORK ) . On 4 October 2013 , the Superior Electoral Court blocked the partys creation , there being insufficient signatures to register it . The following day , Marina announced her affiliation to the Brazilian Socialist Party . 2014 presidential bid .",
"title": "Sustainability Network"
},
{
"text": "In April 2014 , Eduardo Campos announced his name for the October 2014 presidential election , naming Marina Silva as his candidate for vice president .",
"title": "Sustainability Network"
},
{
"text": "On Wednesday , 13 August 2014 , Campos private jet , with six others on board , crashed in bad weather as it was preparing to land in the coastal city of Santos , just south of São Paulo . After his death , Silva became the Brazilian Socialist Partys candidate for President of Brazil . Soon after taking the place of Campos in the bid , Marina polled 20% of the votes , 10% more than Campos was polling . She enjoys strong support among young voters and evangelicals , but because of her pro-environmental stance she is largely",
"title": "Sustainability Network"
},
{
"text": "distrusted by Brazils powerful agribusiness sector . As an Evangelical Christian , she opposes abortion . On 30 August 2014 , Silva generated considerable controversy when she renounced the partys support for same-sex marriage , which was supported by Campos and had been included in the partys manifesto , published a day earlier .",
"title": "Sustainability Network"
},
{
"text": " On Sunday , 5 October 2014 , Silva received 21% of the vote in the first round of the election , to Rousseffs 41% and Nevess 34% . Although many observers had expected Silva to advance to a second round against Rousseff , Silva ultimately received a much lower share of the vote than most opinion polls had indicated in the lead-up to the election , and did not advance to 26 October run-off . Some days after the election she endorsed Aecio Neves in the run-off against Dilma Rousseff . 2018 Presidential bid .",
"title": "Sustainability Network"
},
{
"text": "On 4 August 2018 , Marina Silva was officially nominated as the Sustainability Networks presidential candidate in the 2018 elections . Silvas running mate is Eduardo Jorge of the Green Party .",
"title": "Sustainability Network"
},
{
"text": " Until August 2018 , Silva came in third in opinion polls for the presidency , behind Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva ( whose candidacy was later barred ) and Jair Bolsonaro . However , she has later been overtaken by Ciro Gomes , Fernando Haddad , and Geraldo Alckmin , and was later polling fifth on average . In the last few days before the election , her poll numbers dropped significantly , and in the end she polled around a single percentage point . She came out eight with 1.0% and 1,066,893 votes .",
"title": "Sustainability Network"
},
{
"text": " Marina Silva is generally considered to be a centrist and an environmentalist . She is running on an anti-corruption platform . She opposes Brazils nuclear energy program , and wants to redistribute the nuclear energy funds in order to allocate more money towards solar and wind power . Furthermore , she wants to initiate a national plebiscite on investments in nuclear energy . She is in favor of imposing presidential term limits .",
"title": "Political views"
}
] |
/wiki/GWR_5700_Class#P137#0
|
What operated GWR 5700 Class in Oct 1947?
|
GWR 5700 Class The GWR 5700 Class , or 57xx class , was a class of 0-6-0 pannier tank steam locomotive , built by the Great Western Railway ( GWR ) and British Railways ( BR ) between 1929 and 1950 . With 863 built , they were the most prolific class of the GWR , and one of the most numerous classes of British steam locomotive . Although officially designated by GWR as light goods and shunting engines , they were also used for passenger working on branch , suburban , and shorter mainline journeys . They were distributed across most of the GWR network and , after nationalisation of the railways in 1948 , across the British Railways Western Region , and also other regions . The 5700s were not as glamorous as the GWR Castles and Kings , but became just as much of an icon of the GWR . As a result of the 1955 Modernisation Plan , the 5700 Class was withdrawn from BR service between 1956 and 1966 . Nineteen withdrawn locomotives were sold to London Transport and industry , of which ten were later preserved , along with six that were retrieved from scrapyards . Background . The GWR started designing and building 0-6-0 tank locomotives in 1860 , and this continued into the BR era until 1956 , with a total of 2,393 being built . The GWR also used 0-6-0 tank locomotives from other manufacturers designs ( from its subsidiary and absorbed railways stock ) , and since 1898 it always had at least 1,000 tank locomotives in stock . The early 0-6-0 tank engines were fitted with either saddle tanks ( wrapped over the boiler ) or side tanks ( mounted at the side of the boiler and reaching down to the running platform ) . GWR first fitted pannier tanks ( mounted on the side of the boiler but not reaching down to the running platform ) in 1898 to nine 4-4-0 tank locomotives and , in 1901 , to five 0-6-0T locomotives which were also fitted with Belpaire fireboxes . The shape of the Belpaire firebox gives a larger surface area which improves heat transfer and steam production , but their rectangular shape made them difficult to combine with saddle tanks . Locomotives fitted with pannier tanks have a lower centre of gravity than those with saddle tanks ( enabling higher speeds on curves ) , and access for maintenance is easier than for those fitted with side tanks . George Churchwards period as Chief Mechanical Engineer ( 1901–21 ) is well known for significant improvements in locomotive design and manufacture , and the development of standard designs . However , the scope of the standard designs did not include the 0-6-0 tank locomotive , and the GWR did not introduce any new 0-6-0 tank designs from 1897 to 1928 ( with exception of the GWR 1361 class of five 0-6-0 saddle tanks in 1910 ) . However , pannier tanks and Belpaire fireboxes became the standard for the rebuilding of various 0-6-0 tank locomotives ( projected in 1902 and getting fully underway by 1910 ) . The rebuilding program also included a number of other changes including : - improved cab designs , eventually becoming fully enclosed - superheating , which by 1929 , had been found to have little benefit on shunting engines - adaptation for working with autocoaches for push–pull trains ( auto-working ) - increasing boiler pressures , for example , the various rebuilds of the GWR 2721 class started at , increasing to , and then to With the completion of grouping in 1923 , GWRs collection of 0-6-0 tank locomotives was expanded with the stock from 28 acquired companies . The acquired tank locomotives came from different manufacturers , were a mixture of side , saddle and pannier , and varied widely by size and state of repair . In addition , GWRs stock was wearing out , and the variety of classes was problematic for maintenance and rostering . Collett had to produce a new standard design for 0-6-0 pannier tanks . The result was the 5700 class . Design . The first batch of 300 locomotives built between 1929 and 1931 included a medium height chimney , a mid-boiler dome , safety valve with cover , and an enclosed cab . The boiler included a top-feed ( between the chimney and dome ) . They were similar in appearance to older 0-6-0 tank engines that had been rebuilt as pannier tanks , particularly the later rebuilds of the 2721 class . The 2721 class was itself a development of the 1854 class , which in turn was based on the 645 class . Specification . The table below gives the technical specifications of the 5700 class . Values are from GWR diagram B48 unless referenced otherwise . The 5700s were given the GWR route colour Blue ( based on axle load ) , and were in the GWR power group C ( based on tractive effort ) . The classifications were shown on the cab with the letter C in a blue disc . le Fleming describes the 5700 class as an almost unaltered continuation of the 27xx rebuilds and Holcroft describes them as practically identical to 2721 rebuilds , but according to Oswald Nock it was a thoroughly modern design , and Jones notes that design included numerous detailed improvements and reflected improved construction techniques . The main differences from the 2721 class include : - increased boiler pressure , from to , giving a corresponding increase in tractive effort - improved valve settings - longer frame , from to - fully enclosed cab The initial design also included a return to non-fluted coupling rods and laminated springs beneath the leading and driving axleboxes ( both features harking back to the 1854 class ) . The locomotives were also fitted with cast iron chimneys ( which had only rarely been fitted to earlier locomotives ) , and the whistles were fitted on top of the firebox rather than on top of the cab . 6700 Sub-class . Of the first batch of 300 locomotives , most were fitted with vacuum brakes and steam heating , and some of these were also fitted with GWRs Automatic Train Control ( ATC ) safety system . However , the 50 locomotives of the 6700 Class , or 67xx class , were not fitted with vacuum brakes , steam heating , or ATC , and were fitted with three link couplings only ; they were therefore limited to shunting duties and some freight working . The 6700s had a smaller minimum curve radius of ( normal ) and ( slow ) and an increased axle clearance . 8750 Sub-class . The 8750 Class , or 87xx class , were first built in 1933 , using an updated design which included an improved cab with a higher roof , rectangular windows and grills ( as opposed to the round windows , or spectacles , of the initial design ) , and sliding shutters and hinged doors for more protection from the elements . The new style cab was derived from the sister 5400 class , the first of which were built in 1931 . Vacuum brakes , steam heating , and ATC were fitted as standard ( except for Nos . 6750–79 , built between 1946 and 1950 , which were fitted with steam brakes and three link couplings only ) . The locomotive weight increased to , and the axle load increased to . 9700 Class . The 9700 Class , or 97xx class , pannier tanks were a direct development of the 5700 class . The prototype for the class , No . 8700 ( later No . 9700 ) , was a rebuilt 5700 locomotive . They were specifically for working on the /Hammersmith & City line between Paddington station and . They replaced Metro and 633 class locomotives . The eleven locomotives in the class had condensing apparatus that fed the exhaust steam back into the water tanks . The tanks themselves were shortened to make room for the external exhaust pipes and were extended down to the footplate in front of the cab to increase their capacity . As condensing the steam heated the water , a reciprocating pump ( Weir pump ) was fitted as a boiler feedwater pump because standard injectors will not work with hot water . The pumps led to ( unsuccessful ) tests with these locomotives acting as fire engines during World War II . To work over the electrified underground lines , the 9700 Class locomotives had a special type of ATC equipment that lifted clear of the centre rail and had tripcock brake valves that matched the London Transport signalling system . The design changes resulted in reduced coal ( ) and water ( ) capacities . The locomotive weight increased to , and the axle load increased to . Later developments . From 1936 to 1942 a number of small changes were introduced to new builds : - in 1936 a whistle shield was added to the front of the cab to deflect steam away from the cab windows . - also in 1936 pocket steps and extra railings were added to the firemans side ( left side ) of the cab to improve access to the bunker . - in 1937 a drawing was issued for fitting shutters and doors to the older , pre-8750 class , locomotives . - in 1938 a larger whistle shield was fitted , which became standard for the larger cabs . - in 1942 a new type of top feed was introduced , with separate clackboxes in a taller cover , and internal delivery pipes rather than trays . All these changes ( with the exception of the new top feed ) were later applied to locomotives that had been built earlier . The new top feed became standard for new locomotives in 1944 . Some older boilers and locomotives were later fitted with the new top feed , and some locomotives that were built with the new top feed were later changed back to the old design as boilers were swapped . Variants . A small number of 5700s were adapted for specific tasks : - in 1937 , 1938 and during World War II thirteen 5700s were fitted with spark arresting chimneys for work on industrial and military sites with significant fire risks . - in 1958 No . 3711 was converted to oil burning by Robert Stephenson and Hawthorns . - in 1946 No . 7722 was fitted with winding gear to work the Pwllyrhebog Colliery incline on the former Taff Vale Railway . Production . The first 5700s were built in 1929 by North British Locomotive Co . and , later in the year , at GWRs Swindon Works . Between 1929 and 1931 a total of 300 were built , of which 50 were built by GWR , and the rest by outside contractors : - Armstrong Whitworth : 25 ( Nos . 7775–99 ) - W . G . Bagnall : 50 ( Nos . 6700–24 , 8725–49 ) - Beyer , Peacock & Co : 25 ( Nos . 8700–24 ) - Kerr Stuart : 25 ( Nos . 7700–24 ) - North British : 100 ( Nos . 5700–49 , 7725–74 ) - Yorkshire Engine Co : 25 ( Nos . 6725–49 ) It was unusual , but not unprecedented , for GWR to use outside contractors to build locomotives ( 50 of the 200 strong 5600 class had been built by Armstrong Whitworth ) . The building programme was partly funded by interest-free Government loans intended to relieve unemployment during the Great Depression . Also , stricter accountancy rules that distinguished between maintenance and building costs meant that it was often economically worthwhile to build new locomotives rather than repair older locomotives . At first , more 5700s were built than were immediately needed so Nos . 6700–49 were stored for a couple of years before being allocated . Many of these were then assigned to sheds near the South Wales ports of Newport , Barry , Cardiff and Swansea . After a gap of a year , building started again in 1933 , with the 8750 and 9700 classes , and continued until 1950 . All the later locomotives , totalling 563 , were built at Swindon , and the numbers built only dropped in the last few years with the introduction of the 9400 class in 1947 . Numbers built . A total of 863 5700s were built and the table below shows the number built by year . Build details . The 5700s were specified by 27 different order numbers , or lots , shown below . Costs . Some known costs ( either GWRs out-shop value or cost from contractors ) are shown below , along with estimated equivalent values for 2013 . Numbering and liveries . The size of the class demanded that the 5700 class locomotives were spread across several series of numbers . The different series started in the following chronological order ; 57xx ( 1929 ) , 77xx ( 1929 ) , 67xx ( 1930 ) , 87xx ( 1931 ) , 97xx ( 1933 ) , 37xx ( 1936 ) , 36xx ( 1938 ) , 46xx ( 1941 ) , and 96xx ( 1945 ) . GWR locomotives were not renumbered after nationalisation , but a W ( for Western Region ) was temporarily added to some locomotives . The first 5700s built were painted in the standard GWR livery of the time ; mainly green above the running plate with the words GREAT WESTERN painted in yellow letters with red and black shadowing on the side of the pannier tanks , buffer beams painted red with the number shown in yellow letters with black shadowing , and the front of the smokebox and chimney were black . From 1934 the GWR shirtbutton roundel replaced GREAT WESTERN . From 1942 GWR replaced the roundel with the letters G W R , in yellow letters with red and black shading . Due to wartime shortages most locomotives , apart from the Kings and Castles , were painted black from 1942 to 1945 . After nationalisation , some 5700s were painted in BR green with the words BRITISH RAILWAYS on the side of the pannier tanks , but unlined black soon became the standard for tank locomotives , with the BR crest on the sides of the pannier tanks . Some 5700s also had white and red lining on the pannier tanks and cab sides . The BR crest was changed in 1957 . The 5700s bought by London Transport between 1956 and 1963 were repainted in the standard LT maroon livery with yellow and black lining . Those bought by NCB were painted in a light green . Operation . The 5700s were used on GWR for various duties including shunting , pilot work , and light to medium goods . They were also used on branch , commuter and shorter mainline passenger trains . They were also used on standby for more powerful locomotives , sometimes producing firework displays as they strived to keep to the schedule with heavier loads . The 5700s were never fitted remote control gear for working autotrains . This was left to smaller pannier locomotives that followed ; the 5400 class ( introduced in 1930 ) and the 6400 Class ( introduced in 1932 ) . The 9700s ( fitted with condensing equipment for underground working ) and built specifically for working the line between Paddington and Smithfield , were allocated to Old Oak Common . The 6700s ( built for shunting only and kept in storage for a couple of years because of a lack of suitable work ) eventually found their niche working the marshalling yards between the South Wales coalfields and the coal exporting docks of Llanelli , Swansea , Cardiff , Barry and Newport . Some were allocated to just one shed for their entire working life ( Nos . 6700–9 at Cardiff East Dock and Nos . 6725–32 at Newport , Pill ) . A number of 6700s were also allocated to Swindon , with 6733–41 spending a long time there . Thirteen 5700s were fitted with spark arresting chimneys for working in industrial and military systems and sidings , particularly the War Department ammunition dump at Milton , near Didcot during World War II . The Pwllyrhebog Colliery incline on the former Taff Vale Railway was a 1-in-13 incline with a continuous rope cable so that a descending train was partially counterbalanced by an ascending train . The locomotives ( Taff Vale Railway H class ) on the incline were fitted with coned boilers so that there was always sufficient water above the firebox . To provide additional control and power a stationary locomotive , fitted with two intergeared drums , controlled the cable . No . 2750 Class 2721 had been fitted with the necessary winding gear to control the incline in 1935 , but was withdrawn in 1945 , and replaced by 5700 No . 7722 which was fitted with the winding gear in 1946 . Operation of the incline ended in 1952 . Allocation . The 5700s route classification ( Blue ) meant that they were allowed on approximately 70% of the GWR network . By 1938 only 15 ( out of approximately 70 ) running sheds did not have any 5700s allocated . In 1950 , the route classification was changed to Yellow because of the 5700s low hammer blow . The change did not apply to Nos . 9700–10 . This meant that 5700s were now allowed on almost 90% of the old GWR network ( roughly equivalent to the new Western Region of British Rail ) . By 1954 only five running sheds ( Abercynon , Aberystwyth , Machynlleth , Treherbert and Truro ) did not have any 5700s allocated . BR working . In the early years of British Railways the boundaries between the Western Region and the Southern Region changed a number of times . 5700s took up new duties in a variety of places : - At Weymouth , 5700s operated the branch line to the Isle of Portland ( replacing LSWR O2 class 0-4-4T locomotives ) . They were also seen pulling boat trains through the streets of Weymouth . - Six 5700s were allocated to Nine Elms and worked empty stock between Waterloo and Clapham Junction ( replacing LSWR M7 class 0-4-4T locomotives ) . - The short Folkestone Harbour branch line from Folkestone Harbour station to Folkestone Junction was always problematic when hauling heavy boat trains up the 1-in-36 incline . Six 5700s were allocated to Dover for working ( including banking ) on the branch ( replacing SER R1 class 0-6-0T locomotives ) . The last scheduled passenger trains hauled by 5700s on BR were on seen London Midland Region on the Wrexham to New Brighton route ( passing over old LNER territory ) . The Wrexham to Seacombe service ended at the beginning of 1960 but was immediately replaced by a Diesel Multiple Unit ( DMU ) service between Wrexham and New Brighton . The service on Bank Holidays was so popular that demand outstripped available DMUs , and a relief train of four coaches pulled by No . 3749 was laid on . Two more 5700s were used over the Spring Bank Holiday that year , but from then BR Standard Class 4 2-6-4T locomotives usually handled the relief services . In 1965 5700s were used for the last time on Whit Monday and August Bank Holiday relief services . The 5700s were the last steam locomotives used on GWR/Western region . The last working locomotives were allocated to Croes Newydd , and were working goods trains and shunting until November 1966 . By the end of the steam era the record keeping of allocations and working of local steam locomotives was rather lax , and it was not unknown for locomotives to be used after being officially withdrawn . For many years Nos . 4646 , 4696 , and 9774 were thought to be the last ex-GWR locomotives to work on British Rail , but No . 9641 was also still in steam at Croes Newydd at the same time . Accidents and incidents . - On 26 August 1940 , a bombing raid destroyed a goods shed at Bordesley , West Midlands . During the raid Peter Smout , an 18-year-old engine cleaner who was acting as the fireman on a shunter , volunteered to drive No . 7758 to pull wagons out of the blazing goods shed . He made three more trips . He was assisted by Frederick Blake , a wagon examiner and a navy veteran from World War I , who operated the points levers . When they finished , the right hand side of the footplate was too hot to touch , and Blake had to use his hat to work the points as the levers were also too hot to touch . Both men were awarded the George Medal for their courage . - On 7 December 1961 , a locomotive of the class was in collision with a freight train at Bodmin General station , Cornwall due to a faulty signal failing to give a clear danger aspect . Other pannier tank locomotives . There were numerous other classes of pannier tanks built by the GWR . The majority belonged to two families of large and small designs . Others included absorbed stock , more specialised types and conversions of tender locos . The two main groups were:- - A large group originally featuring saddle tanks ( or in a few cases side tanks ) , 46 driving wheels and double frames e.g . 1076 Class or inside frames GWR 645 Class , culminating in the 94xx . - A small group originally built at Wolverhampton Works with saddle tanks and driving wheels of 4 ft commencing with the GWR 850 Class and culminating in the BR 16xx For example , within the small group , the GWR 5400 Class locomotives were derived from the William Dean -designed GWR 2021 Class ( an enlargement of the 850 Class ) , with larger wheels for higher top speed and fitted with autotrain apparatus ( auto-fitted ) for push-pull passenger work . The GWR 6400 Class were similar to the 5400 Class , also being auto-fitted , but having the same size wheels as the 5700 . The GWR 7400 Class were very similar to the 6400 Class , but were not auto-fitted and had a higher boiler pressure . Within the large group , the GWR 9400 Class was the post-war updated design of the 8750 variant of the 57xx : heavier and longer , but nominally no more powerful , using the same taper boiler as the GWR 2251 Class . For a list of classes , see GWR 0-6-0PT . Withdrawal and mileages . After the 1955 Modernisation Plan , the reduction in branch line work and the introduction of diesel shunters , the Western Region embarked on dieselisation programme which , along with a reduction in branch line work , reduced the demand for the services of the 5700s . Withdrawal from service with BR started in 1956 and was completed in 1966 . Twenty locomotives were sold and continued in use until 1971 ( London Transport ) and 1975 ( National Coal Board ) . le Fleming noted that the mileages of those withdrawn between March 1956 and March 1958 ranged between 500,000 and 556,000 . Some other known mileages are shown below . Use after British Railways . Nineteen 5700s were sold for further use after being withdrawn by British Railways . The National Coal Board ( NCB ) bought five , one was bought by P.D . Fuels , and thirteen were bought by London Transport . One more locomotive , No . 9642 , was withdrawn in 1964 and sold for scrap to Hayes Scrapyard . It was used for three years to shunt other locomotives being scrapped , and was later saved for preservation . London Transport . Although the London underground network had been electrified for many years ( the then Metropolitan railway was electrified in 1905 ) a small number of steam locomotives were retained for engineering and ballast trains . By the 1950s the locomotives were past their prime and expensive to maintain , and the planned quadrupling of part of the Metropolitan line would require reliable locomotives . London Transport considered replacing the steam fleet with diesel shunters , and had also tested ( unsuccessfully ) a Great Northern Railway Class J52 locomotive in 1955 . The first 5700 locomotive , No . 7711 , underwent trials from January to April 1956 , first running between Finchley Road and Baker Street . Modifications were needed to the cab for clearance and the tripcock brake valves after problems were found when running in reverse . Curtains were also fitted to the cab to reduce smoke and fumes in tunnels . In May , the 5700s became the standard for engineering trains on London Transport when they bought No . 7711 ( for £3,160 ) , decided to buy another ( No . 5752 ) , and planned to buy more over the coming years . Thirteen 5700s were bought by London Transport ( from 1956 to 1963 ) . They were numbered L89 to L99 and were allocated to the depots at Lillie Bridge ( Fulham ) and Neasden . Only eleven were running at any one time , the original L90 and L91 were withdrawn for repairs but scrapped instead and replaced by other locomotives which carried the same number . They worked permanent way trains and were never used on normal passenger services . Main line running included trips between depots , to Acton Works and runs out to Croxley Tip , near Watford . Three of the LT 5700s lasted until the end of steam on London Transport in 1971 and were the last steam locomotives used for regular mainline working in the UK . London Transport commemorated the end of operating steam locomotives with a special run from Moorgate station to Neasden depot . The train comprised No . L94 ( No . 7752 ) and a selection of maintenance rolling stock . Three diesel-hydraulic locomotives were bought to carry out the shunting duties from then on . National Coal Board . Between 1959 and 1965 the National Coal Board ( NCB ) bought five 5700s from BR for use at pits in South Wales , continuing a tradition of the GWR selling withdrawn pannier tank locomotives to the NCB . The engines retained their BR numbers . The NCB locomotives did not receive maintenance to match GWR standards and were run into the ground , saving the cost of expensive overhauls . One of the NCB 5700s , No . 7754 , was the last in industrial service , and after working at various collieries was moved to Deep Duffryn Colliery at Mountain Ash in 1970 , where an ex-GWR fitter kept it working until 1975 when a loose piston resulted in a blown cylinder cover . No . 7754 could still be seen on shed in 1980 . The NCB donated No . 7754 to the National Museum Wales , who placed it on permanent loan to the Llangollen Railway . It is now owned by the Llangollen Railway Trust . Other uses . No . 3650 was withdrawn in 1963 and then sold to P.D . Fuels , a division of Stephenson Clarke Ltd. , and was used to move spoil to slag heaps at Gwaen-Caer-Gurwen colliery near Ammanford , Carmarthenshire . It was later bought and restored by members of the Great Western Society and became operational in 2009 . No . 9642 was withdrawn in 1964 and sent to Hayes Scrapyard , near Bridgend . Rather than being scrapped , it was used to shunt other locomotives being scrapped . It was due to be scrapped in 1967 , making it the 346th locomotive to be scrapped there , but thanks to the last minute intervention , the locomotive was bought ( 1968 ) and restored by the South Wales Pannier Group , becoming the first member of the class to be preserved . It was moved to Maesteg Colliery where it gave break van rides from the late 1960s and throughout the 1970s . Preservation . Sixteen 5700 class locomotives have been preserved , of which six are currently operational . Four of the class have worked mainline trains : 7715 , 7752 , 7760 and 9600 . As of 2020 none of the engines are mainline certified , 7752s operational but only on heritage railways while 7715 , 7760 and 9600 are stored out of service awaiting overhauls . Two locomotives are on static display , and two are in store . Six locomotives are undergoing , or waiting for , maintenance . One locomotive , No . 9629 , is being restored , and has not been in steam since it was sent to Barry Scrapyard in 1965 . A number of those bought from London Transport , which had been maintained by British Railways , were still in running order and were used on heritage railways with minimal work . No . 5764 ( LT L95 ) was steamed the day it arrived at Bridgnorth on the Severn Valley Railway , being lit-up before it had been removed from the low-loader on which it was delivered . As of June 2018 , Nos . 7752 ( LT L94 ) and 5786 ( LT L92 ) can be seen running in the maroon livery of London Transport , but No . 7715 ( LT L99 ) is currently out of service . The locomotives that were preserved after NCB and industrial use required rather more work than those acquired from London Transport . Some had been laid up for sometime after being withdrawn , and had received very little , if any , maintenance . Of the twelve 5700s that went to Barry Scrapyard , five were saved for preservation and one ( No . 3612 ) was bought for spares by the Severn Valley Railway . In fiction . No . 5775 on the Keighley and Worth Valley Railway featured in the film The Railway Children painted brown and lettered with GN&SR ( Great Northern and Southern Railway ) . In May 2014 , No . 5775 was moved to National Railway Museum Shildon , for cosmetic restoration back to the livery used in the film . No . 5775 also featured in the Full Steam Behind episode of Last of the Summer Wine ( series 5 ) , in its LT livery ( number L89 ) but with LONDON TRANSPORT replaced with KWVR ( Keighley and Worth Valley Railway ) on the side of the tank . Duck the Great Western Engine in The Railway Series books by the Rev . W Awdry and the TV series Thomas the Tank Engine and Friends is a 5700 Class pannier tank . In the books , his number was No . 5741 . For the TV series , it was changed to No . 8 . No . 5764 appeared several times in the 1976 BBC television adaptation of Charles Dickens short ghost story , The Signal-Man . Model railways . Mainline Railways had OO gauge Class 5700 models in their catalogue in 1982-3 , with models in GWR green and BR black . Bachmann Branchline has made OO gauge models of the 5700 and 8750 classes in various GWR and BR liveries , and also in the liveries of LT , NCB , Stephenson Clarke , and even GNSR ( the fictional railway company in The Railway Children ) . Hornby produced various OO gauge models of the 8750 class in GWR and LT liveries . Graham Farish has made British N gauge models of the 5700 and 8750 classes in various GWR and BR liveries . Dapol make British N gauge models of the 5700 and 8750 classes in various GWR and BR liveries . Just Like The Real Thing make an O gauge kit for the 5700 and 8750 classes . Dapol since their merger with Lionheart Models in August 2016 are planning on producing models of the 57xx class in O gauge in 2017/2018 . Minerva models has also released 0 gauge models of the 57xx in Great Western and British railway liveries .
|
[
"Great Western Railway"
] |
[
{
"text": " The GWR 5700 Class , or 57xx class , was a class of 0-6-0 pannier tank steam locomotive , built by the Great Western Railway ( GWR ) and British Railways ( BR ) between 1929 and 1950 . With 863 built , they were the most prolific class of the GWR , and one of the most numerous classes of British steam locomotive . Although officially designated by GWR as light goods and shunting engines , they were also used for passenger working on branch , suburban , and shorter mainline journeys .",
"title": "GWR 5700 Class"
},
{
"text": "They were distributed across most of the GWR network and , after nationalisation of the railways in 1948 , across the British Railways Western Region , and also other regions .",
"title": "GWR 5700 Class"
},
{
"text": " The 5700s were not as glamorous as the GWR Castles and Kings , but became just as much of an icon of the GWR . As a result of the 1955 Modernisation Plan , the 5700 Class was withdrawn from BR service between 1956 and 1966 . Nineteen withdrawn locomotives were sold to London Transport and industry , of which ten were later preserved , along with six that were retrieved from scrapyards .",
"title": "GWR 5700 Class"
},
{
"text": " The GWR started designing and building 0-6-0 tank locomotives in 1860 , and this continued into the BR era until 1956 , with a total of 2,393 being built . The GWR also used 0-6-0 tank locomotives from other manufacturers designs ( from its subsidiary and absorbed railways stock ) , and since 1898 it always had at least 1,000 tank locomotives in stock .",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"text": "The early 0-6-0 tank engines were fitted with either saddle tanks ( wrapped over the boiler ) or side tanks ( mounted at the side of the boiler and reaching down to the running platform ) . GWR first fitted pannier tanks ( mounted on the side of the boiler but not reaching down to the running platform ) in 1898 to nine 4-4-0 tank locomotives and , in 1901 , to five 0-6-0T locomotives which were also fitted with Belpaire fireboxes . The shape of the Belpaire firebox gives a larger surface area which improves heat transfer and steam",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"text": "production , but their rectangular shape made them difficult to combine with saddle tanks . Locomotives fitted with pannier tanks have a lower centre of gravity than those with saddle tanks ( enabling higher speeds on curves ) , and access for maintenance is easier than for those fitted with side tanks .",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"text": " George Churchwards period as Chief Mechanical Engineer ( 1901–21 ) is well known for significant improvements in locomotive design and manufacture , and the development of standard designs . However , the scope of the standard designs did not include the 0-6-0 tank locomotive , and the GWR did not introduce any new 0-6-0 tank designs from 1897 to 1928 ( with exception of the GWR 1361 class of five 0-6-0 saddle tanks in 1910 ) .",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"text": "However , pannier tanks and Belpaire fireboxes became the standard for the rebuilding of various 0-6-0 tank locomotives ( projected in 1902 and getting fully underway by 1910 ) . The rebuilding program also included a number of other changes including :",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"text": " - improved cab designs , eventually becoming fully enclosed - superheating , which by 1929 , had been found to have little benefit on shunting engines - adaptation for working with autocoaches for push–pull trains ( auto-working ) - increasing boiler pressures , for example , the various rebuilds of the GWR 2721 class started at , increasing to , and then to",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"text": "With the completion of grouping in 1923 , GWRs collection of 0-6-0 tank locomotives was expanded with the stock from 28 acquired companies . The acquired tank locomotives came from different manufacturers , were a mixture of side , saddle and pannier , and varied widely by size and state of repair . In addition , GWRs stock was wearing out , and the variety of classes was problematic for maintenance and rostering . Collett had to produce a new standard design for 0-6-0 pannier tanks . The result was the 5700 class .",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"text": " The first batch of 300 locomotives built between 1929 and 1931 included a medium height chimney , a mid-boiler dome , safety valve with cover , and an enclosed cab . The boiler included a top-feed ( between the chimney and dome ) . They were similar in appearance to older 0-6-0 tank engines that had been rebuilt as pannier tanks , particularly the later rebuilds of the 2721 class . The 2721 class was itself a development of the 1854 class , which in turn was based on the 645 class .",
"title": "Design"
},
{
"text": " The table below gives the technical specifications of the 5700 class . Values are from GWR diagram B48 unless referenced otherwise . The 5700s were given the GWR route colour Blue ( based on axle load ) , and were in the GWR power group C ( based on tractive effort ) . The classifications were shown on the cab with the letter C in a blue disc .",
"title": "Specification"
},
{
"text": "le Fleming describes the 5700 class as an almost unaltered continuation of the 27xx rebuilds and Holcroft describes them as practically identical to 2721 rebuilds , but according to Oswald Nock it was a thoroughly modern design , and Jones notes that design included numerous detailed improvements and reflected improved construction techniques . The main differences from the 2721 class include :",
"title": "Specification"
},
{
"text": " - increased boiler pressure , from to , giving a corresponding increase in tractive effort - improved valve settings - longer frame , from to - fully enclosed cab The initial design also included a return to non-fluted coupling rods and laminated springs beneath the leading and driving axleboxes ( both features harking back to the 1854 class ) . The locomotives were also fitted with cast iron chimneys ( which had only rarely been fitted to earlier locomotives ) , and the whistles were fitted on top of the firebox rather than on top of the cab .",
"title": "Specification"
},
{
"text": "6700 Sub-class .",
"title": "Specification"
},
{
"text": " Of the first batch of 300 locomotives , most were fitted with vacuum brakes and steam heating , and some of these were also fitted with GWRs Automatic Train Control ( ATC ) safety system .",
"title": "Specification"
},
{
"text": "However , the 50 locomotives of the 6700 Class , or 67xx class , were not fitted with vacuum brakes , steam heating , or ATC , and were fitted with three link couplings only ; they were therefore limited to shunting duties and some freight working . The 6700s had a smaller minimum curve radius of ( normal ) and ( slow ) and an increased axle clearance .",
"title": "Specification"
},
{
"text": "The 8750 Class , or 87xx class , were first built in 1933 , using an updated design which included an improved cab with a higher roof , rectangular windows and grills ( as opposed to the round windows , or spectacles , of the initial design ) , and sliding shutters and hinged doors for more protection from the elements . The new style cab was derived from the sister 5400 class , the first of which were built in 1931 . Vacuum brakes , steam heating , and ATC were fitted as standard ( except for Nos .",
"title": "Specification"
},
{
"text": "6750–79 , built between 1946 and 1950 , which were fitted with steam brakes and three link couplings only ) . The locomotive weight increased to , and the axle load increased to .",
"title": "Specification"
},
{
"text": " 9700 Class . The 9700 Class , or 97xx class , pannier tanks were a direct development of the 5700 class . The prototype for the class , No . 8700 ( later No . 9700 ) , was a rebuilt 5700 locomotive . They were specifically for working on the /Hammersmith & City line between Paddington station and . They replaced Metro and 633 class locomotives .",
"title": "Specification"
},
{
"text": "The eleven locomotives in the class had condensing apparatus that fed the exhaust steam back into the water tanks . The tanks themselves were shortened to make room for the external exhaust pipes and were extended down to the footplate in front of the cab to increase their capacity . As condensing the steam heated the water , a reciprocating pump ( Weir pump ) was fitted as a boiler feedwater pump because standard injectors will not work with hot water . The pumps led to ( unsuccessful ) tests with these locomotives acting as fire engines during World War",
"title": "Specification"
},
{
"text": "II .",
"title": "Specification"
},
{
"text": " To work over the electrified underground lines , the 9700 Class locomotives had a special type of ATC equipment that lifted clear of the centre rail and had tripcock brake valves that matched the London Transport signalling system . The design changes resulted in reduced coal ( ) and water ( ) capacities . The locomotive weight increased to , and the axle load increased to .",
"title": "Specification"
},
{
"text": " From 1936 to 1942 a number of small changes were introduced to new builds : - in 1936 a whistle shield was added to the front of the cab to deflect steam away from the cab windows . - also in 1936 pocket steps and extra railings were added to the firemans side ( left side ) of the cab to improve access to the bunker . - in 1937 a drawing was issued for fitting shutters and doors to the older , pre-8750 class , locomotives .",
"title": "Later developments"
},
{
"text": "- in 1938 a larger whistle shield was fitted , which became standard for the larger cabs .",
"title": "Later developments"
},
{
"text": " - in 1942 a new type of top feed was introduced , with separate clackboxes in a taller cover , and internal delivery pipes rather than trays .",
"title": "Later developments"
},
{
"text": "All these changes ( with the exception of the new top feed ) were later applied to locomotives that had been built earlier . The new top feed became standard for new locomotives in 1944 . Some older boilers and locomotives were later fitted with the new top feed , and some locomotives that were built with the new top feed were later changed back to the old design as boilers were swapped .",
"title": "Later developments"
},
{
"text": " A small number of 5700s were adapted for specific tasks : - in 1937 , 1938 and during World War II thirteen 5700s were fitted with spark arresting chimneys for work on industrial and military sites with significant fire risks . - in 1958 No . 3711 was converted to oil burning by Robert Stephenson and Hawthorns . - in 1946 No . 7722 was fitted with winding gear to work the Pwllyrhebog Colliery incline on the former Taff Vale Railway .",
"title": "Variants"
},
{
"text": " The first 5700s were built in 1929 by North British Locomotive Co . and , later in the year , at GWRs Swindon Works . Between 1929 and 1931 a total of 300 were built , of which 50 were built by GWR , and the rest by outside contractors : - Armstrong Whitworth : 25 ( Nos . 7775–99 ) - W . G . Bagnall : 50 ( Nos . 6700–24 , 8725–49 ) - Beyer , Peacock & Co : 25 ( Nos . 8700–24 ) - Kerr Stuart : 25 ( Nos . 7700–24 )",
"title": "Production"
},
{
"text": "- North British : 100 ( Nos . 5700–49 , 7725–74 )",
"title": "Production"
},
{
"text": " - Yorkshire Engine Co : 25 ( Nos . 6725–49 ) It was unusual , but not unprecedented , for GWR to use outside contractors to build locomotives ( 50 of the 200 strong 5600 class had been built by Armstrong Whitworth ) . The building programme was partly funded by interest-free Government loans intended to relieve unemployment during the Great Depression . Also , stricter accountancy rules that distinguished between maintenance and building costs meant that it was often economically worthwhile to build new locomotives rather than repair older locomotives .",
"title": "Production"
},
{
"text": "At first , more 5700s were built than were immediately needed so Nos . 6700–49 were stored for a couple of years before being allocated . Many of these were then assigned to sheds near the South Wales ports of Newport , Barry , Cardiff and Swansea .",
"title": "Production"
},
{
"text": " After a gap of a year , building started again in 1933 , with the 8750 and 9700 classes , and continued until 1950 . All the later locomotives , totalling 563 , were built at Swindon , and the numbers built only dropped in the last few years with the introduction of the 9400 class in 1947 .",
"title": "Production"
},
{
"text": " A total of 863 5700s were built and the table below shows the number built by year .",
"title": "Numbers built"
},
{
"text": " The 5700s were specified by 27 different order numbers , or lots , shown below .",
"title": "Build details"
},
{
"text": " Some known costs ( either GWRs out-shop value or cost from contractors ) are shown below , along with estimated equivalent values for 2013 .",
"title": "Costs"
},
{
"text": " The size of the class demanded that the 5700 class locomotives were spread across several series of numbers . The different series started in the following chronological order ; 57xx ( 1929 ) , 77xx ( 1929 ) , 67xx ( 1930 ) , 87xx ( 1931 ) , 97xx ( 1933 ) , 37xx ( 1936 ) , 36xx ( 1938 ) , 46xx ( 1941 ) , and 96xx ( 1945 ) . GWR locomotives were not renumbered after nationalisation , but a W ( for Western Region ) was temporarily added to some locomotives .",
"title": "Numbering and liveries"
},
{
"text": "The first 5700s built were painted in the standard GWR livery of the time ; mainly green above the running plate with the words GREAT WESTERN painted in yellow letters with red and black shadowing on the side of the pannier tanks , buffer beams painted red with the number shown in yellow letters with black shadowing , and the front of the smokebox and chimney were black . From 1934 the GWR shirtbutton roundel replaced GREAT WESTERN . From 1942 GWR replaced the roundel with the letters G W R , in yellow letters with red and black shading",
"title": "Numbering and liveries"
},
{
"text": ". Due to wartime shortages most locomotives , apart from the Kings and Castles , were painted black from 1942 to 1945 .",
"title": "Numbering and liveries"
},
{
"text": " After nationalisation , some 5700s were painted in BR green with the words BRITISH RAILWAYS on the side of the pannier tanks , but unlined black soon became the standard for tank locomotives , with the BR crest on the sides of the pannier tanks . Some 5700s also had white and red lining on the pannier tanks and cab sides . The BR crest was changed in 1957 .",
"title": "Numbering and liveries"
},
{
"text": "The 5700s bought by London Transport between 1956 and 1963 were repainted in the standard LT maroon livery with yellow and black lining . Those bought by NCB were painted in a light green .",
"title": "Numbering and liveries"
},
{
"text": " The 5700s were used on GWR for various duties including shunting , pilot work , and light to medium goods . They were also used on branch , commuter and shorter mainline passenger trains . They were also used on standby for more powerful locomotives , sometimes producing firework displays as they strived to keep to the schedule with heavier loads .",
"title": "Operation"
},
{
"text": "The 5700s were never fitted remote control gear for working autotrains . This was left to smaller pannier locomotives that followed ; the 5400 class ( introduced in 1930 ) and the 6400 Class ( introduced in 1932 ) .",
"title": "Operation"
},
{
"text": " The 9700s ( fitted with condensing equipment for underground working ) and built specifically for working the line between Paddington and Smithfield , were allocated to Old Oak Common .",
"title": "Operation"
},
{
"text": "The 6700s ( built for shunting only and kept in storage for a couple of years because of a lack of suitable work ) eventually found their niche working the marshalling yards between the South Wales coalfields and the coal exporting docks of Llanelli , Swansea , Cardiff , Barry and Newport . Some were allocated to just one shed for their entire working life ( Nos . 6700–9 at Cardiff East Dock and Nos . 6725–32 at Newport , Pill ) . A number of 6700s were also allocated to Swindon , with 6733–41 spending a long time there",
"title": "Operation"
},
{
"text": ".",
"title": "Operation"
},
{
"text": " Thirteen 5700s were fitted with spark arresting chimneys for working in industrial and military systems and sidings , particularly the War Department ammunition dump at Milton , near Didcot during World War II .",
"title": "Operation"
},
{
"text": "The Pwllyrhebog Colliery incline on the former Taff Vale Railway was a 1-in-13 incline with a continuous rope cable so that a descending train was partially counterbalanced by an ascending train . The locomotives ( Taff Vale Railway H class ) on the incline were fitted with coned boilers so that there was always sufficient water above the firebox . To provide additional control and power a stationary locomotive , fitted with two intergeared drums , controlled the cable . No . 2750 Class 2721 had been fitted with the necessary winding gear to control the incline in 1935 ,",
"title": "Operation"
},
{
"text": "but was withdrawn in 1945 , and replaced by 5700 No . 7722 which was fitted with the winding gear in 1946 . Operation of the incline ended in 1952 .",
"title": "Operation"
},
{
"text": " The 5700s route classification ( Blue ) meant that they were allowed on approximately 70% of the GWR network . By 1938 only 15 ( out of approximately 70 ) running sheds did not have any 5700s allocated .",
"title": "Allocation"
},
{
"text": "In 1950 , the route classification was changed to Yellow because of the 5700s low hammer blow . The change did not apply to Nos . 9700–10 . This meant that 5700s were now allowed on almost 90% of the old GWR network ( roughly equivalent to the new Western Region of British Rail ) . By 1954 only five running sheds ( Abercynon , Aberystwyth , Machynlleth , Treherbert and Truro ) did not have any 5700s allocated .",
"title": "Allocation"
},
{
"text": " In the early years of British Railways the boundaries between the Western Region and the Southern Region changed a number of times . 5700s took up new duties in a variety of places : - At Weymouth , 5700s operated the branch line to the Isle of Portland ( replacing LSWR O2 class 0-4-4T locomotives ) . They were also seen pulling boat trains through the streets of Weymouth . - Six 5700s were allocated to Nine Elms and worked empty stock between Waterloo and Clapham Junction ( replacing LSWR M7 class 0-4-4T locomotives ) .",
"title": "BR working"
},
{
"text": "- The short Folkestone Harbour branch line from Folkestone Harbour station to Folkestone Junction was always problematic when hauling heavy boat trains up the 1-in-36 incline . Six 5700s were allocated to Dover for working ( including banking ) on the branch ( replacing SER R1 class 0-6-0T locomotives ) .",
"title": "BR working"
},
{
"text": "The last scheduled passenger trains hauled by 5700s on BR were on seen London Midland Region on the Wrexham to New Brighton route ( passing over old LNER territory ) . The Wrexham to Seacombe service ended at the beginning of 1960 but was immediately replaced by a Diesel Multiple Unit ( DMU ) service between Wrexham and New Brighton . The service on Bank Holidays was so popular that demand outstripped available DMUs , and a relief train of four coaches pulled by No . 3749 was laid on . Two more 5700s were used over the Spring Bank",
"title": "BR working"
},
{
"text": "Holiday that year , but from then BR Standard Class 4 2-6-4T locomotives usually handled the relief services . In 1965 5700s were used for the last time on Whit Monday and August Bank Holiday relief services .",
"title": "BR working"
},
{
"text": "The 5700s were the last steam locomotives used on GWR/Western region . The last working locomotives were allocated to Croes Newydd , and were working goods trains and shunting until November 1966 . By the end of the steam era the record keeping of allocations and working of local steam locomotives was rather lax , and it was not unknown for locomotives to be used after being officially withdrawn . For many years Nos . 4646 , 4696 , and 9774 were thought to be the last ex-GWR locomotives to work on British Rail , but No . 9641 was",
"title": "BR working"
},
{
"text": "also still in steam at Croes Newydd at the same time .",
"title": "BR working"
},
{
"text": "- On 26 August 1940 , a bombing raid destroyed a goods shed at Bordesley , West Midlands . During the raid Peter Smout , an 18-year-old engine cleaner who was acting as the fireman on a shunter , volunteered to drive No . 7758 to pull wagons out of the blazing goods shed . He made three more trips . He was assisted by Frederick Blake , a wagon examiner and a navy veteran from World War I , who operated the points levers . When they finished , the right hand side of the footplate was too hot",
"title": "Accidents and incidents"
},
{
"text": "to touch , and Blake had to use his hat to work the points as the levers were also too hot to touch . Both men were awarded the George Medal for their courage .",
"title": "Accidents and incidents"
},
{
"text": " - On 7 December 1961 , a locomotive of the class was in collision with a freight train at Bodmin General station , Cornwall due to a faulty signal failing to give a clear danger aspect . Other pannier tank locomotives . There were numerous other classes of pannier tanks built by the GWR . The majority belonged to two families of large and small designs . Others included absorbed stock , more specialised types and conversions of tender locos . The two main groups were:-",
"title": "Accidents and incidents"
},
{
"text": "- A large group originally featuring saddle tanks ( or in a few cases side tanks ) , 46 driving wheels and double frames e.g . 1076 Class or inside frames GWR 645 Class , culminating in the 94xx .",
"title": "Accidents and incidents"
},
{
"text": " - A small group originally built at Wolverhampton Works with saddle tanks and driving wheels of 4 ft commencing with the GWR 850 Class and culminating in the BR 16xx",
"title": "Accidents and incidents"
},
{
"text": "For example , within the small group , the GWR 5400 Class locomotives were derived from the William Dean -designed GWR 2021 Class ( an enlargement of the 850 Class ) , with larger wheels for higher top speed and fitted with autotrain apparatus ( auto-fitted ) for push-pull passenger work . The GWR 6400 Class were similar to the 5400 Class , also being auto-fitted , but having the same size wheels as the 5700 . The GWR 7400 Class were very similar to the 6400 Class , but were not auto-fitted and had a higher boiler pressure .",
"title": "Accidents and incidents"
},
{
"text": " Within the large group , the GWR 9400 Class was the post-war updated design of the 8750 variant of the 57xx : heavier and longer , but nominally no more powerful , using the same taper boiler as the GWR 2251 Class . For a list of classes , see GWR 0-6-0PT .",
"title": "Accidents and incidents"
},
{
"text": " After the 1955 Modernisation Plan , the reduction in branch line work and the introduction of diesel shunters , the Western Region embarked on dieselisation programme which , along with a reduction in branch line work , reduced the demand for the services of the 5700s . Withdrawal from service with BR started in 1956 and was completed in 1966 . Twenty locomotives were sold and continued in use until 1971 ( London Transport ) and 1975 ( National Coal Board ) .",
"title": "Withdrawal and mileages"
},
{
"text": "le Fleming noted that the mileages of those withdrawn between March 1956 and March 1958 ranged between 500,000 and 556,000 . Some other known mileages are shown below .",
"title": "Withdrawal and mileages"
},
{
"text": " Use after British Railways . Nineteen 5700s were sold for further use after being withdrawn by British Railways . The National Coal Board ( NCB ) bought five , one was bought by P.D . Fuels , and thirteen were bought by London Transport . One more locomotive , No . 9642 , was withdrawn in 1964 and sold for scrap to Hayes Scrapyard . It was used for three years to shunt other locomotives being scrapped , and was later saved for preservation .",
"title": "Withdrawal and mileages"
},
{
"text": " Although the London underground network had been electrified for many years ( the then Metropolitan railway was electrified in 1905 ) a small number of steam locomotives were retained for engineering and ballast trains . By the 1950s the locomotives were past their prime and expensive to maintain , and the planned quadrupling of part of the Metropolitan line would require reliable locomotives . London Transport considered replacing the steam fleet with diesel shunters , and had also tested ( unsuccessfully ) a Great Northern Railway Class J52 locomotive in 1955 .",
"title": "London Transport"
},
{
"text": "The first 5700 locomotive , No . 7711 , underwent trials from January to April 1956 , first running between Finchley Road and Baker Street . Modifications were needed to the cab for clearance and the tripcock brake valves after problems were found when running in reverse . Curtains were also fitted to the cab to reduce smoke and fumes in tunnels . In May , the 5700s became the standard for engineering trains on London Transport when they bought No . 7711 ( for £3,160 ) , decided to buy another ( No . 5752 ) , and planned",
"title": "London Transport"
},
{
"text": "to buy more over the coming years .",
"title": "London Transport"
},
{
"text": " Thirteen 5700s were bought by London Transport ( from 1956 to 1963 ) . They were numbered L89 to L99 and were allocated to the depots at Lillie Bridge ( Fulham ) and Neasden . Only eleven were running at any one time , the original L90 and L91 were withdrawn for repairs but scrapped instead and replaced by other locomotives which carried the same number .",
"title": "London Transport"
},
{
"text": "They worked permanent way trains and were never used on normal passenger services . Main line running included trips between depots , to Acton Works and runs out to Croxley Tip , near Watford .",
"title": "London Transport"
},
{
"text": " Three of the LT 5700s lasted until the end of steam on London Transport in 1971 and were the last steam locomotives used for regular mainline working in the UK . London Transport commemorated the end of operating steam locomotives with a special run from Moorgate station to Neasden depot . The train comprised No . L94 ( No . 7752 ) and a selection of maintenance rolling stock . Three diesel-hydraulic locomotives were bought to carry out the shunting duties from then on .",
"title": "London Transport"
},
{
"text": " Between 1959 and 1965 the National Coal Board ( NCB ) bought five 5700s from BR for use at pits in South Wales , continuing a tradition of the GWR selling withdrawn pannier tank locomotives to the NCB . The engines retained their BR numbers . The NCB locomotives did not receive maintenance to match GWR standards and were run into the ground , saving the cost of expensive overhauls .",
"title": "National Coal Board"
},
{
"text": "One of the NCB 5700s , No . 7754 , was the last in industrial service , and after working at various collieries was moved to Deep Duffryn Colliery at Mountain Ash in 1970 , where an ex-GWR fitter kept it working until 1975 when a loose piston resulted in a blown cylinder cover . No . 7754 could still be seen on shed in 1980 . The NCB donated No . 7754 to the National Museum Wales , who placed it on permanent loan to the Llangollen Railway . It is now owned by the Llangollen Railway Trust .",
"title": "National Coal Board"
},
{
"text": " No . 3650 was withdrawn in 1963 and then sold to P.D . Fuels , a division of Stephenson Clarke Ltd. , and was used to move spoil to slag heaps at Gwaen-Caer-Gurwen colliery near Ammanford , Carmarthenshire . It was later bought and restored by members of the Great Western Society and became operational in 2009 .",
"title": "Other uses"
},
{
"text": "No . 9642 was withdrawn in 1964 and sent to Hayes Scrapyard , near Bridgend . Rather than being scrapped , it was used to shunt other locomotives being scrapped . It was due to be scrapped in 1967 , making it the 346th locomotive to be scrapped there , but thanks to the last minute intervention , the locomotive was bought ( 1968 ) and restored by the South Wales Pannier Group , becoming the first member of the class to be preserved . It was moved to Maesteg Colliery where it gave break van rides from the late",
"title": "Other uses"
},
{
"text": "1960s and throughout the 1970s .",
"title": "Other uses"
},
{
"text": "Sixteen 5700 class locomotives have been preserved , of which six are currently operational . Four of the class have worked mainline trains : 7715 , 7752 , 7760 and 9600 . As of 2020 none of the engines are mainline certified , 7752s operational but only on heritage railways while 7715 , 7760 and 9600 are stored out of service awaiting overhauls . Two locomotives are on static display , and two are in store . Six locomotives are undergoing , or waiting for , maintenance . One locomotive , No . 9629 , is being restored , and",
"title": "Preservation"
},
{
"text": "has not been in steam since it was sent to Barry Scrapyard in 1965 .",
"title": "Preservation"
},
{
"text": "A number of those bought from London Transport , which had been maintained by British Railways , were still in running order and were used on heritage railways with minimal work . No . 5764 ( LT L95 ) was steamed the day it arrived at Bridgnorth on the Severn Valley Railway , being lit-up before it had been removed from the low-loader on which it was delivered . As of June 2018 , Nos . 7752 ( LT L94 ) and 5786 ( LT L92 ) can be seen running in the maroon livery of London Transport , but",
"title": "Preservation"
},
{
"text": "No . 7715 ( LT L99 ) is currently out of service .",
"title": "Preservation"
},
{
"text": " The locomotives that were preserved after NCB and industrial use required rather more work than those acquired from London Transport . Some had been laid up for sometime after being withdrawn , and had received very little , if any , maintenance . Of the twelve 5700s that went to Barry Scrapyard , five were saved for preservation and one ( No . 3612 ) was bought for spares by the Severn Valley Railway .",
"title": "Preservation"
},
{
"text": " No . 5775 on the Keighley and Worth Valley Railway featured in the film The Railway Children painted brown and lettered with GN&SR ( Great Northern and Southern Railway ) . In May 2014 , No . 5775 was moved to National Railway Museum Shildon , for cosmetic restoration back to the livery used in the film .",
"title": "In fiction"
},
{
"text": "No . 5775 also featured in the Full Steam Behind episode of Last of the Summer Wine ( series 5 ) , in its LT livery ( number L89 ) but with LONDON TRANSPORT replaced with KWVR ( Keighley and Worth Valley Railway ) on the side of the tank .",
"title": "In fiction"
},
{
"text": " Duck the Great Western Engine in The Railway Series books by the Rev . W Awdry and the TV series Thomas the Tank Engine and Friends is a 5700 Class pannier tank . In the books , his number was No . 5741 . For the TV series , it was changed to No . 8 . No . 5764 appeared several times in the 1976 BBC television adaptation of Charles Dickens short ghost story , The Signal-Man .",
"title": "In fiction"
},
{
"text": " Mainline Railways had OO gauge Class 5700 models in their catalogue in 1982-3 , with models in GWR green and BR black . Bachmann Branchline has made OO gauge models of the 5700 and 8750 classes in various GWR and BR liveries , and also in the liveries of LT , NCB , Stephenson Clarke , and even GNSR ( the fictional railway company in The Railway Children ) . Hornby produced various OO gauge models of the 8750 class in GWR and LT liveries .",
"title": "Model railways"
},
{
"text": "Graham Farish has made British N gauge models of the 5700 and 8750 classes in various GWR and BR liveries . Dapol make British N gauge models of the 5700 and 8750 classes in various GWR and BR liveries .",
"title": "Model railways"
},
{
"text": " Just Like The Real Thing make an O gauge kit for the 5700 and 8750 classes . Dapol since their merger with Lionheart Models in August 2016 are planning on producing models of the 57xx class in O gauge in 2017/2018 . Minerva models has also released 0 gauge models of the 57xx in Great Western and British railway liveries .",
"title": "Model railways"
}
] |
/wiki/GWR_5700_Class#P137#1
|
What operated GWR 5700 Class between Feb 1948 and Nov 1951?
|
GWR 5700 Class The GWR 5700 Class , or 57xx class , was a class of 0-6-0 pannier tank steam locomotive , built by the Great Western Railway ( GWR ) and British Railways ( BR ) between 1929 and 1950 . With 863 built , they were the most prolific class of the GWR , and one of the most numerous classes of British steam locomotive . Although officially designated by GWR as light goods and shunting engines , they were also used for passenger working on branch , suburban , and shorter mainline journeys . They were distributed across most of the GWR network and , after nationalisation of the railways in 1948 , across the British Railways Western Region , and also other regions . The 5700s were not as glamorous as the GWR Castles and Kings , but became just as much of an icon of the GWR . As a result of the 1955 Modernisation Plan , the 5700 Class was withdrawn from BR service between 1956 and 1966 . Nineteen withdrawn locomotives were sold to London Transport and industry , of which ten were later preserved , along with six that were retrieved from scrapyards . Background . The GWR started designing and building 0-6-0 tank locomotives in 1860 , and this continued into the BR era until 1956 , with a total of 2,393 being built . The GWR also used 0-6-0 tank locomotives from other manufacturers designs ( from its subsidiary and absorbed railways stock ) , and since 1898 it always had at least 1,000 tank locomotives in stock . The early 0-6-0 tank engines were fitted with either saddle tanks ( wrapped over the boiler ) or side tanks ( mounted at the side of the boiler and reaching down to the running platform ) . GWR first fitted pannier tanks ( mounted on the side of the boiler but not reaching down to the running platform ) in 1898 to nine 4-4-0 tank locomotives and , in 1901 , to five 0-6-0T locomotives which were also fitted with Belpaire fireboxes . The shape of the Belpaire firebox gives a larger surface area which improves heat transfer and steam production , but their rectangular shape made them difficult to combine with saddle tanks . Locomotives fitted with pannier tanks have a lower centre of gravity than those with saddle tanks ( enabling higher speeds on curves ) , and access for maintenance is easier than for those fitted with side tanks . George Churchwards period as Chief Mechanical Engineer ( 1901–21 ) is well known for significant improvements in locomotive design and manufacture , and the development of standard designs . However , the scope of the standard designs did not include the 0-6-0 tank locomotive , and the GWR did not introduce any new 0-6-0 tank designs from 1897 to 1928 ( with exception of the GWR 1361 class of five 0-6-0 saddle tanks in 1910 ) . However , pannier tanks and Belpaire fireboxes became the standard for the rebuilding of various 0-6-0 tank locomotives ( projected in 1902 and getting fully underway by 1910 ) . The rebuilding program also included a number of other changes including : - improved cab designs , eventually becoming fully enclosed - superheating , which by 1929 , had been found to have little benefit on shunting engines - adaptation for working with autocoaches for push–pull trains ( auto-working ) - increasing boiler pressures , for example , the various rebuilds of the GWR 2721 class started at , increasing to , and then to With the completion of grouping in 1923 , GWRs collection of 0-6-0 tank locomotives was expanded with the stock from 28 acquired companies . The acquired tank locomotives came from different manufacturers , were a mixture of side , saddle and pannier , and varied widely by size and state of repair . In addition , GWRs stock was wearing out , and the variety of classes was problematic for maintenance and rostering . Collett had to produce a new standard design for 0-6-0 pannier tanks . The result was the 5700 class . Design . The first batch of 300 locomotives built between 1929 and 1931 included a medium height chimney , a mid-boiler dome , safety valve with cover , and an enclosed cab . The boiler included a top-feed ( between the chimney and dome ) . They were similar in appearance to older 0-6-0 tank engines that had been rebuilt as pannier tanks , particularly the later rebuilds of the 2721 class . The 2721 class was itself a development of the 1854 class , which in turn was based on the 645 class . Specification . The table below gives the technical specifications of the 5700 class . Values are from GWR diagram B48 unless referenced otherwise . The 5700s were given the GWR route colour Blue ( based on axle load ) , and were in the GWR power group C ( based on tractive effort ) . The classifications were shown on the cab with the letter C in a blue disc . le Fleming describes the 5700 class as an almost unaltered continuation of the 27xx rebuilds and Holcroft describes them as practically identical to 2721 rebuilds , but according to Oswald Nock it was a thoroughly modern design , and Jones notes that design included numerous detailed improvements and reflected improved construction techniques . The main differences from the 2721 class include : - increased boiler pressure , from to , giving a corresponding increase in tractive effort - improved valve settings - longer frame , from to - fully enclosed cab The initial design also included a return to non-fluted coupling rods and laminated springs beneath the leading and driving axleboxes ( both features harking back to the 1854 class ) . The locomotives were also fitted with cast iron chimneys ( which had only rarely been fitted to earlier locomotives ) , and the whistles were fitted on top of the firebox rather than on top of the cab . 6700 Sub-class . Of the first batch of 300 locomotives , most were fitted with vacuum brakes and steam heating , and some of these were also fitted with GWRs Automatic Train Control ( ATC ) safety system . However , the 50 locomotives of the 6700 Class , or 67xx class , were not fitted with vacuum brakes , steam heating , or ATC , and were fitted with three link couplings only ; they were therefore limited to shunting duties and some freight working . The 6700s had a smaller minimum curve radius of ( normal ) and ( slow ) and an increased axle clearance . 8750 Sub-class . The 8750 Class , or 87xx class , were first built in 1933 , using an updated design which included an improved cab with a higher roof , rectangular windows and grills ( as opposed to the round windows , or spectacles , of the initial design ) , and sliding shutters and hinged doors for more protection from the elements . The new style cab was derived from the sister 5400 class , the first of which were built in 1931 . Vacuum brakes , steam heating , and ATC were fitted as standard ( except for Nos . 6750–79 , built between 1946 and 1950 , which were fitted with steam brakes and three link couplings only ) . The locomotive weight increased to , and the axle load increased to . 9700 Class . The 9700 Class , or 97xx class , pannier tanks were a direct development of the 5700 class . The prototype for the class , No . 8700 ( later No . 9700 ) , was a rebuilt 5700 locomotive . They were specifically for working on the /Hammersmith & City line between Paddington station and . They replaced Metro and 633 class locomotives . The eleven locomotives in the class had condensing apparatus that fed the exhaust steam back into the water tanks . The tanks themselves were shortened to make room for the external exhaust pipes and were extended down to the footplate in front of the cab to increase their capacity . As condensing the steam heated the water , a reciprocating pump ( Weir pump ) was fitted as a boiler feedwater pump because standard injectors will not work with hot water . The pumps led to ( unsuccessful ) tests with these locomotives acting as fire engines during World War II . To work over the electrified underground lines , the 9700 Class locomotives had a special type of ATC equipment that lifted clear of the centre rail and had tripcock brake valves that matched the London Transport signalling system . The design changes resulted in reduced coal ( ) and water ( ) capacities . The locomotive weight increased to , and the axle load increased to . Later developments . From 1936 to 1942 a number of small changes were introduced to new builds : - in 1936 a whistle shield was added to the front of the cab to deflect steam away from the cab windows . - also in 1936 pocket steps and extra railings were added to the firemans side ( left side ) of the cab to improve access to the bunker . - in 1937 a drawing was issued for fitting shutters and doors to the older , pre-8750 class , locomotives . - in 1938 a larger whistle shield was fitted , which became standard for the larger cabs . - in 1942 a new type of top feed was introduced , with separate clackboxes in a taller cover , and internal delivery pipes rather than trays . All these changes ( with the exception of the new top feed ) were later applied to locomotives that had been built earlier . The new top feed became standard for new locomotives in 1944 . Some older boilers and locomotives were later fitted with the new top feed , and some locomotives that were built with the new top feed were later changed back to the old design as boilers were swapped . Variants . A small number of 5700s were adapted for specific tasks : - in 1937 , 1938 and during World War II thirteen 5700s were fitted with spark arresting chimneys for work on industrial and military sites with significant fire risks . - in 1958 No . 3711 was converted to oil burning by Robert Stephenson and Hawthorns . - in 1946 No . 7722 was fitted with winding gear to work the Pwllyrhebog Colliery incline on the former Taff Vale Railway . Production . The first 5700s were built in 1929 by North British Locomotive Co . and , later in the year , at GWRs Swindon Works . Between 1929 and 1931 a total of 300 were built , of which 50 were built by GWR , and the rest by outside contractors : - Armstrong Whitworth : 25 ( Nos . 7775–99 ) - W . G . Bagnall : 50 ( Nos . 6700–24 , 8725–49 ) - Beyer , Peacock & Co : 25 ( Nos . 8700–24 ) - Kerr Stuart : 25 ( Nos . 7700–24 ) - North British : 100 ( Nos . 5700–49 , 7725–74 ) - Yorkshire Engine Co : 25 ( Nos . 6725–49 ) It was unusual , but not unprecedented , for GWR to use outside contractors to build locomotives ( 50 of the 200 strong 5600 class had been built by Armstrong Whitworth ) . The building programme was partly funded by interest-free Government loans intended to relieve unemployment during the Great Depression . Also , stricter accountancy rules that distinguished between maintenance and building costs meant that it was often economically worthwhile to build new locomotives rather than repair older locomotives . At first , more 5700s were built than were immediately needed so Nos . 6700–49 were stored for a couple of years before being allocated . Many of these were then assigned to sheds near the South Wales ports of Newport , Barry , Cardiff and Swansea . After a gap of a year , building started again in 1933 , with the 8750 and 9700 classes , and continued until 1950 . All the later locomotives , totalling 563 , were built at Swindon , and the numbers built only dropped in the last few years with the introduction of the 9400 class in 1947 . Numbers built . A total of 863 5700s were built and the table below shows the number built by year . Build details . The 5700s were specified by 27 different order numbers , or lots , shown below . Costs . Some known costs ( either GWRs out-shop value or cost from contractors ) are shown below , along with estimated equivalent values for 2013 . Numbering and liveries . The size of the class demanded that the 5700 class locomotives were spread across several series of numbers . The different series started in the following chronological order ; 57xx ( 1929 ) , 77xx ( 1929 ) , 67xx ( 1930 ) , 87xx ( 1931 ) , 97xx ( 1933 ) , 37xx ( 1936 ) , 36xx ( 1938 ) , 46xx ( 1941 ) , and 96xx ( 1945 ) . GWR locomotives were not renumbered after nationalisation , but a W ( for Western Region ) was temporarily added to some locomotives . The first 5700s built were painted in the standard GWR livery of the time ; mainly green above the running plate with the words GREAT WESTERN painted in yellow letters with red and black shadowing on the side of the pannier tanks , buffer beams painted red with the number shown in yellow letters with black shadowing , and the front of the smokebox and chimney were black . From 1934 the GWR shirtbutton roundel replaced GREAT WESTERN . From 1942 GWR replaced the roundel with the letters G W R , in yellow letters with red and black shading . Due to wartime shortages most locomotives , apart from the Kings and Castles , were painted black from 1942 to 1945 . After nationalisation , some 5700s were painted in BR green with the words BRITISH RAILWAYS on the side of the pannier tanks , but unlined black soon became the standard for tank locomotives , with the BR crest on the sides of the pannier tanks . Some 5700s also had white and red lining on the pannier tanks and cab sides . The BR crest was changed in 1957 . The 5700s bought by London Transport between 1956 and 1963 were repainted in the standard LT maroon livery with yellow and black lining . Those bought by NCB were painted in a light green . Operation . The 5700s were used on GWR for various duties including shunting , pilot work , and light to medium goods . They were also used on branch , commuter and shorter mainline passenger trains . They were also used on standby for more powerful locomotives , sometimes producing firework displays as they strived to keep to the schedule with heavier loads . The 5700s were never fitted remote control gear for working autotrains . This was left to smaller pannier locomotives that followed ; the 5400 class ( introduced in 1930 ) and the 6400 Class ( introduced in 1932 ) . The 9700s ( fitted with condensing equipment for underground working ) and built specifically for working the line between Paddington and Smithfield , were allocated to Old Oak Common . The 6700s ( built for shunting only and kept in storage for a couple of years because of a lack of suitable work ) eventually found their niche working the marshalling yards between the South Wales coalfields and the coal exporting docks of Llanelli , Swansea , Cardiff , Barry and Newport . Some were allocated to just one shed for their entire working life ( Nos . 6700–9 at Cardiff East Dock and Nos . 6725–32 at Newport , Pill ) . A number of 6700s were also allocated to Swindon , with 6733–41 spending a long time there . Thirteen 5700s were fitted with spark arresting chimneys for working in industrial and military systems and sidings , particularly the War Department ammunition dump at Milton , near Didcot during World War II . The Pwllyrhebog Colliery incline on the former Taff Vale Railway was a 1-in-13 incline with a continuous rope cable so that a descending train was partially counterbalanced by an ascending train . The locomotives ( Taff Vale Railway H class ) on the incline were fitted with coned boilers so that there was always sufficient water above the firebox . To provide additional control and power a stationary locomotive , fitted with two intergeared drums , controlled the cable . No . 2750 Class 2721 had been fitted with the necessary winding gear to control the incline in 1935 , but was withdrawn in 1945 , and replaced by 5700 No . 7722 which was fitted with the winding gear in 1946 . Operation of the incline ended in 1952 . Allocation . The 5700s route classification ( Blue ) meant that they were allowed on approximately 70% of the GWR network . By 1938 only 15 ( out of approximately 70 ) running sheds did not have any 5700s allocated . In 1950 , the route classification was changed to Yellow because of the 5700s low hammer blow . The change did not apply to Nos . 9700–10 . This meant that 5700s were now allowed on almost 90% of the old GWR network ( roughly equivalent to the new Western Region of British Rail ) . By 1954 only five running sheds ( Abercynon , Aberystwyth , Machynlleth , Treherbert and Truro ) did not have any 5700s allocated . BR working . In the early years of British Railways the boundaries between the Western Region and the Southern Region changed a number of times . 5700s took up new duties in a variety of places : - At Weymouth , 5700s operated the branch line to the Isle of Portland ( replacing LSWR O2 class 0-4-4T locomotives ) . They were also seen pulling boat trains through the streets of Weymouth . - Six 5700s were allocated to Nine Elms and worked empty stock between Waterloo and Clapham Junction ( replacing LSWR M7 class 0-4-4T locomotives ) . - The short Folkestone Harbour branch line from Folkestone Harbour station to Folkestone Junction was always problematic when hauling heavy boat trains up the 1-in-36 incline . Six 5700s were allocated to Dover for working ( including banking ) on the branch ( replacing SER R1 class 0-6-0T locomotives ) . The last scheduled passenger trains hauled by 5700s on BR were on seen London Midland Region on the Wrexham to New Brighton route ( passing over old LNER territory ) . The Wrexham to Seacombe service ended at the beginning of 1960 but was immediately replaced by a Diesel Multiple Unit ( DMU ) service between Wrexham and New Brighton . The service on Bank Holidays was so popular that demand outstripped available DMUs , and a relief train of four coaches pulled by No . 3749 was laid on . Two more 5700s were used over the Spring Bank Holiday that year , but from then BR Standard Class 4 2-6-4T locomotives usually handled the relief services . In 1965 5700s were used for the last time on Whit Monday and August Bank Holiday relief services . The 5700s were the last steam locomotives used on GWR/Western region . The last working locomotives were allocated to Croes Newydd , and were working goods trains and shunting until November 1966 . By the end of the steam era the record keeping of allocations and working of local steam locomotives was rather lax , and it was not unknown for locomotives to be used after being officially withdrawn . For many years Nos . 4646 , 4696 , and 9774 were thought to be the last ex-GWR locomotives to work on British Rail , but No . 9641 was also still in steam at Croes Newydd at the same time . Accidents and incidents . - On 26 August 1940 , a bombing raid destroyed a goods shed at Bordesley , West Midlands . During the raid Peter Smout , an 18-year-old engine cleaner who was acting as the fireman on a shunter , volunteered to drive No . 7758 to pull wagons out of the blazing goods shed . He made three more trips . He was assisted by Frederick Blake , a wagon examiner and a navy veteran from World War I , who operated the points levers . When they finished , the right hand side of the footplate was too hot to touch , and Blake had to use his hat to work the points as the levers were also too hot to touch . Both men were awarded the George Medal for their courage . - On 7 December 1961 , a locomotive of the class was in collision with a freight train at Bodmin General station , Cornwall due to a faulty signal failing to give a clear danger aspect . Other pannier tank locomotives . There were numerous other classes of pannier tanks built by the GWR . The majority belonged to two families of large and small designs . Others included absorbed stock , more specialised types and conversions of tender locos . The two main groups were:- - A large group originally featuring saddle tanks ( or in a few cases side tanks ) , 46 driving wheels and double frames e.g . 1076 Class or inside frames GWR 645 Class , culminating in the 94xx . - A small group originally built at Wolverhampton Works with saddle tanks and driving wheels of 4 ft commencing with the GWR 850 Class and culminating in the BR 16xx For example , within the small group , the GWR 5400 Class locomotives were derived from the William Dean -designed GWR 2021 Class ( an enlargement of the 850 Class ) , with larger wheels for higher top speed and fitted with autotrain apparatus ( auto-fitted ) for push-pull passenger work . The GWR 6400 Class were similar to the 5400 Class , also being auto-fitted , but having the same size wheels as the 5700 . The GWR 7400 Class were very similar to the 6400 Class , but were not auto-fitted and had a higher boiler pressure . Within the large group , the GWR 9400 Class was the post-war updated design of the 8750 variant of the 57xx : heavier and longer , but nominally no more powerful , using the same taper boiler as the GWR 2251 Class . For a list of classes , see GWR 0-6-0PT . Withdrawal and mileages . After the 1955 Modernisation Plan , the reduction in branch line work and the introduction of diesel shunters , the Western Region embarked on dieselisation programme which , along with a reduction in branch line work , reduced the demand for the services of the 5700s . Withdrawal from service with BR started in 1956 and was completed in 1966 . Twenty locomotives were sold and continued in use until 1971 ( London Transport ) and 1975 ( National Coal Board ) . le Fleming noted that the mileages of those withdrawn between March 1956 and March 1958 ranged between 500,000 and 556,000 . Some other known mileages are shown below . Use after British Railways . Nineteen 5700s were sold for further use after being withdrawn by British Railways . The National Coal Board ( NCB ) bought five , one was bought by P.D . Fuels , and thirteen were bought by London Transport . One more locomotive , No . 9642 , was withdrawn in 1964 and sold for scrap to Hayes Scrapyard . It was used for three years to shunt other locomotives being scrapped , and was later saved for preservation . London Transport . Although the London underground network had been electrified for many years ( the then Metropolitan railway was electrified in 1905 ) a small number of steam locomotives were retained for engineering and ballast trains . By the 1950s the locomotives were past their prime and expensive to maintain , and the planned quadrupling of part of the Metropolitan line would require reliable locomotives . London Transport considered replacing the steam fleet with diesel shunters , and had also tested ( unsuccessfully ) a Great Northern Railway Class J52 locomotive in 1955 . The first 5700 locomotive , No . 7711 , underwent trials from January to April 1956 , first running between Finchley Road and Baker Street . Modifications were needed to the cab for clearance and the tripcock brake valves after problems were found when running in reverse . Curtains were also fitted to the cab to reduce smoke and fumes in tunnels . In May , the 5700s became the standard for engineering trains on London Transport when they bought No . 7711 ( for £3,160 ) , decided to buy another ( No . 5752 ) , and planned to buy more over the coming years . Thirteen 5700s were bought by London Transport ( from 1956 to 1963 ) . They were numbered L89 to L99 and were allocated to the depots at Lillie Bridge ( Fulham ) and Neasden . Only eleven were running at any one time , the original L90 and L91 were withdrawn for repairs but scrapped instead and replaced by other locomotives which carried the same number . They worked permanent way trains and were never used on normal passenger services . Main line running included trips between depots , to Acton Works and runs out to Croxley Tip , near Watford . Three of the LT 5700s lasted until the end of steam on London Transport in 1971 and were the last steam locomotives used for regular mainline working in the UK . London Transport commemorated the end of operating steam locomotives with a special run from Moorgate station to Neasden depot . The train comprised No . L94 ( No . 7752 ) and a selection of maintenance rolling stock . Three diesel-hydraulic locomotives were bought to carry out the shunting duties from then on . National Coal Board . Between 1959 and 1965 the National Coal Board ( NCB ) bought five 5700s from BR for use at pits in South Wales , continuing a tradition of the GWR selling withdrawn pannier tank locomotives to the NCB . The engines retained their BR numbers . The NCB locomotives did not receive maintenance to match GWR standards and were run into the ground , saving the cost of expensive overhauls . One of the NCB 5700s , No . 7754 , was the last in industrial service , and after working at various collieries was moved to Deep Duffryn Colliery at Mountain Ash in 1970 , where an ex-GWR fitter kept it working until 1975 when a loose piston resulted in a blown cylinder cover . No . 7754 could still be seen on shed in 1980 . The NCB donated No . 7754 to the National Museum Wales , who placed it on permanent loan to the Llangollen Railway . It is now owned by the Llangollen Railway Trust . Other uses . No . 3650 was withdrawn in 1963 and then sold to P.D . Fuels , a division of Stephenson Clarke Ltd. , and was used to move spoil to slag heaps at Gwaen-Caer-Gurwen colliery near Ammanford , Carmarthenshire . It was later bought and restored by members of the Great Western Society and became operational in 2009 . No . 9642 was withdrawn in 1964 and sent to Hayes Scrapyard , near Bridgend . Rather than being scrapped , it was used to shunt other locomotives being scrapped . It was due to be scrapped in 1967 , making it the 346th locomotive to be scrapped there , but thanks to the last minute intervention , the locomotive was bought ( 1968 ) and restored by the South Wales Pannier Group , becoming the first member of the class to be preserved . It was moved to Maesteg Colliery where it gave break van rides from the late 1960s and throughout the 1970s . Preservation . Sixteen 5700 class locomotives have been preserved , of which six are currently operational . Four of the class have worked mainline trains : 7715 , 7752 , 7760 and 9600 . As of 2020 none of the engines are mainline certified , 7752s operational but only on heritage railways while 7715 , 7760 and 9600 are stored out of service awaiting overhauls . Two locomotives are on static display , and two are in store . Six locomotives are undergoing , or waiting for , maintenance . One locomotive , No . 9629 , is being restored , and has not been in steam since it was sent to Barry Scrapyard in 1965 . A number of those bought from London Transport , which had been maintained by British Railways , were still in running order and were used on heritage railways with minimal work . No . 5764 ( LT L95 ) was steamed the day it arrived at Bridgnorth on the Severn Valley Railway , being lit-up before it had been removed from the low-loader on which it was delivered . As of June 2018 , Nos . 7752 ( LT L94 ) and 5786 ( LT L92 ) can be seen running in the maroon livery of London Transport , but No . 7715 ( LT L99 ) is currently out of service . The locomotives that were preserved after NCB and industrial use required rather more work than those acquired from London Transport . Some had been laid up for sometime after being withdrawn , and had received very little , if any , maintenance . Of the twelve 5700s that went to Barry Scrapyard , five were saved for preservation and one ( No . 3612 ) was bought for spares by the Severn Valley Railway . In fiction . No . 5775 on the Keighley and Worth Valley Railway featured in the film The Railway Children painted brown and lettered with GN&SR ( Great Northern and Southern Railway ) . In May 2014 , No . 5775 was moved to National Railway Museum Shildon , for cosmetic restoration back to the livery used in the film . No . 5775 also featured in the Full Steam Behind episode of Last of the Summer Wine ( series 5 ) , in its LT livery ( number L89 ) but with LONDON TRANSPORT replaced with KWVR ( Keighley and Worth Valley Railway ) on the side of the tank . Duck the Great Western Engine in The Railway Series books by the Rev . W Awdry and the TV series Thomas the Tank Engine and Friends is a 5700 Class pannier tank . In the books , his number was No . 5741 . For the TV series , it was changed to No . 8 . No . 5764 appeared several times in the 1976 BBC television adaptation of Charles Dickens short ghost story , The Signal-Man . Model railways . Mainline Railways had OO gauge Class 5700 models in their catalogue in 1982-3 , with models in GWR green and BR black . Bachmann Branchline has made OO gauge models of the 5700 and 8750 classes in various GWR and BR liveries , and also in the liveries of LT , NCB , Stephenson Clarke , and even GNSR ( the fictional railway company in The Railway Children ) . Hornby produced various OO gauge models of the 8750 class in GWR and LT liveries . Graham Farish has made British N gauge models of the 5700 and 8750 classes in various GWR and BR liveries . Dapol make British N gauge models of the 5700 and 8750 classes in various GWR and BR liveries . Just Like The Real Thing make an O gauge kit for the 5700 and 8750 classes . Dapol since their merger with Lionheart Models in August 2016 are planning on producing models of the 57xx class in O gauge in 2017/2018 . Minerva models has also released 0 gauge models of the 57xx in Great Western and British railway liveries .
|
[
"Western Region of British Rail"
] |
[
{
"text": " The GWR 5700 Class , or 57xx class , was a class of 0-6-0 pannier tank steam locomotive , built by the Great Western Railway ( GWR ) and British Railways ( BR ) between 1929 and 1950 . With 863 built , they were the most prolific class of the GWR , and one of the most numerous classes of British steam locomotive . Although officially designated by GWR as light goods and shunting engines , they were also used for passenger working on branch , suburban , and shorter mainline journeys .",
"title": "GWR 5700 Class"
},
{
"text": "They were distributed across most of the GWR network and , after nationalisation of the railways in 1948 , across the British Railways Western Region , and also other regions .",
"title": "GWR 5700 Class"
},
{
"text": " The 5700s were not as glamorous as the GWR Castles and Kings , but became just as much of an icon of the GWR . As a result of the 1955 Modernisation Plan , the 5700 Class was withdrawn from BR service between 1956 and 1966 . Nineteen withdrawn locomotives were sold to London Transport and industry , of which ten were later preserved , along with six that were retrieved from scrapyards .",
"title": "GWR 5700 Class"
},
{
"text": " The GWR started designing and building 0-6-0 tank locomotives in 1860 , and this continued into the BR era until 1956 , with a total of 2,393 being built . The GWR also used 0-6-0 tank locomotives from other manufacturers designs ( from its subsidiary and absorbed railways stock ) , and since 1898 it always had at least 1,000 tank locomotives in stock .",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"text": "The early 0-6-0 tank engines were fitted with either saddle tanks ( wrapped over the boiler ) or side tanks ( mounted at the side of the boiler and reaching down to the running platform ) . GWR first fitted pannier tanks ( mounted on the side of the boiler but not reaching down to the running platform ) in 1898 to nine 4-4-0 tank locomotives and , in 1901 , to five 0-6-0T locomotives which were also fitted with Belpaire fireboxes . The shape of the Belpaire firebox gives a larger surface area which improves heat transfer and steam",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"text": "production , but their rectangular shape made them difficult to combine with saddle tanks . Locomotives fitted with pannier tanks have a lower centre of gravity than those with saddle tanks ( enabling higher speeds on curves ) , and access for maintenance is easier than for those fitted with side tanks .",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"text": " George Churchwards period as Chief Mechanical Engineer ( 1901–21 ) is well known for significant improvements in locomotive design and manufacture , and the development of standard designs . However , the scope of the standard designs did not include the 0-6-0 tank locomotive , and the GWR did not introduce any new 0-6-0 tank designs from 1897 to 1928 ( with exception of the GWR 1361 class of five 0-6-0 saddle tanks in 1910 ) .",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"text": "However , pannier tanks and Belpaire fireboxes became the standard for the rebuilding of various 0-6-0 tank locomotives ( projected in 1902 and getting fully underway by 1910 ) . The rebuilding program also included a number of other changes including :",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"text": " - improved cab designs , eventually becoming fully enclosed - superheating , which by 1929 , had been found to have little benefit on shunting engines - adaptation for working with autocoaches for push–pull trains ( auto-working ) - increasing boiler pressures , for example , the various rebuilds of the GWR 2721 class started at , increasing to , and then to",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"text": "With the completion of grouping in 1923 , GWRs collection of 0-6-0 tank locomotives was expanded with the stock from 28 acquired companies . The acquired tank locomotives came from different manufacturers , were a mixture of side , saddle and pannier , and varied widely by size and state of repair . In addition , GWRs stock was wearing out , and the variety of classes was problematic for maintenance and rostering . Collett had to produce a new standard design for 0-6-0 pannier tanks . The result was the 5700 class .",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"text": " The first batch of 300 locomotives built between 1929 and 1931 included a medium height chimney , a mid-boiler dome , safety valve with cover , and an enclosed cab . The boiler included a top-feed ( between the chimney and dome ) . They were similar in appearance to older 0-6-0 tank engines that had been rebuilt as pannier tanks , particularly the later rebuilds of the 2721 class . The 2721 class was itself a development of the 1854 class , which in turn was based on the 645 class .",
"title": "Design"
},
{
"text": " The table below gives the technical specifications of the 5700 class . Values are from GWR diagram B48 unless referenced otherwise . The 5700s were given the GWR route colour Blue ( based on axle load ) , and were in the GWR power group C ( based on tractive effort ) . The classifications were shown on the cab with the letter C in a blue disc .",
"title": "Specification"
},
{
"text": "le Fleming describes the 5700 class as an almost unaltered continuation of the 27xx rebuilds and Holcroft describes them as practically identical to 2721 rebuilds , but according to Oswald Nock it was a thoroughly modern design , and Jones notes that design included numerous detailed improvements and reflected improved construction techniques . The main differences from the 2721 class include :",
"title": "Specification"
},
{
"text": " - increased boiler pressure , from to , giving a corresponding increase in tractive effort - improved valve settings - longer frame , from to - fully enclosed cab The initial design also included a return to non-fluted coupling rods and laminated springs beneath the leading and driving axleboxes ( both features harking back to the 1854 class ) . The locomotives were also fitted with cast iron chimneys ( which had only rarely been fitted to earlier locomotives ) , and the whistles were fitted on top of the firebox rather than on top of the cab .",
"title": "Specification"
},
{
"text": "6700 Sub-class .",
"title": "Specification"
},
{
"text": " Of the first batch of 300 locomotives , most were fitted with vacuum brakes and steam heating , and some of these were also fitted with GWRs Automatic Train Control ( ATC ) safety system .",
"title": "Specification"
},
{
"text": "However , the 50 locomotives of the 6700 Class , or 67xx class , were not fitted with vacuum brakes , steam heating , or ATC , and were fitted with three link couplings only ; they were therefore limited to shunting duties and some freight working . The 6700s had a smaller minimum curve radius of ( normal ) and ( slow ) and an increased axle clearance .",
"title": "Specification"
},
{
"text": "The 8750 Class , or 87xx class , were first built in 1933 , using an updated design which included an improved cab with a higher roof , rectangular windows and grills ( as opposed to the round windows , or spectacles , of the initial design ) , and sliding shutters and hinged doors for more protection from the elements . The new style cab was derived from the sister 5400 class , the first of which were built in 1931 . Vacuum brakes , steam heating , and ATC were fitted as standard ( except for Nos .",
"title": "Specification"
},
{
"text": "6750–79 , built between 1946 and 1950 , which were fitted with steam brakes and three link couplings only ) . The locomotive weight increased to , and the axle load increased to .",
"title": "Specification"
},
{
"text": " 9700 Class . The 9700 Class , or 97xx class , pannier tanks were a direct development of the 5700 class . The prototype for the class , No . 8700 ( later No . 9700 ) , was a rebuilt 5700 locomotive . They were specifically for working on the /Hammersmith & City line between Paddington station and . They replaced Metro and 633 class locomotives .",
"title": "Specification"
},
{
"text": "The eleven locomotives in the class had condensing apparatus that fed the exhaust steam back into the water tanks . The tanks themselves were shortened to make room for the external exhaust pipes and were extended down to the footplate in front of the cab to increase their capacity . As condensing the steam heated the water , a reciprocating pump ( Weir pump ) was fitted as a boiler feedwater pump because standard injectors will not work with hot water . The pumps led to ( unsuccessful ) tests with these locomotives acting as fire engines during World War",
"title": "Specification"
},
{
"text": "II .",
"title": "Specification"
},
{
"text": " To work over the electrified underground lines , the 9700 Class locomotives had a special type of ATC equipment that lifted clear of the centre rail and had tripcock brake valves that matched the London Transport signalling system . The design changes resulted in reduced coal ( ) and water ( ) capacities . The locomotive weight increased to , and the axle load increased to .",
"title": "Specification"
},
{
"text": " From 1936 to 1942 a number of small changes were introduced to new builds : - in 1936 a whistle shield was added to the front of the cab to deflect steam away from the cab windows . - also in 1936 pocket steps and extra railings were added to the firemans side ( left side ) of the cab to improve access to the bunker . - in 1937 a drawing was issued for fitting shutters and doors to the older , pre-8750 class , locomotives .",
"title": "Later developments"
},
{
"text": "- in 1938 a larger whistle shield was fitted , which became standard for the larger cabs .",
"title": "Later developments"
},
{
"text": " - in 1942 a new type of top feed was introduced , with separate clackboxes in a taller cover , and internal delivery pipes rather than trays .",
"title": "Later developments"
},
{
"text": "All these changes ( with the exception of the new top feed ) were later applied to locomotives that had been built earlier . The new top feed became standard for new locomotives in 1944 . Some older boilers and locomotives were later fitted with the new top feed , and some locomotives that were built with the new top feed were later changed back to the old design as boilers were swapped .",
"title": "Later developments"
},
{
"text": " A small number of 5700s were adapted for specific tasks : - in 1937 , 1938 and during World War II thirteen 5700s were fitted with spark arresting chimneys for work on industrial and military sites with significant fire risks . - in 1958 No . 3711 was converted to oil burning by Robert Stephenson and Hawthorns . - in 1946 No . 7722 was fitted with winding gear to work the Pwllyrhebog Colliery incline on the former Taff Vale Railway .",
"title": "Variants"
},
{
"text": " The first 5700s were built in 1929 by North British Locomotive Co . and , later in the year , at GWRs Swindon Works . Between 1929 and 1931 a total of 300 were built , of which 50 were built by GWR , and the rest by outside contractors : - Armstrong Whitworth : 25 ( Nos . 7775–99 ) - W . G . Bagnall : 50 ( Nos . 6700–24 , 8725–49 ) - Beyer , Peacock & Co : 25 ( Nos . 8700–24 ) - Kerr Stuart : 25 ( Nos . 7700–24 )",
"title": "Production"
},
{
"text": "- North British : 100 ( Nos . 5700–49 , 7725–74 )",
"title": "Production"
},
{
"text": " - Yorkshire Engine Co : 25 ( Nos . 6725–49 ) It was unusual , but not unprecedented , for GWR to use outside contractors to build locomotives ( 50 of the 200 strong 5600 class had been built by Armstrong Whitworth ) . The building programme was partly funded by interest-free Government loans intended to relieve unemployment during the Great Depression . Also , stricter accountancy rules that distinguished between maintenance and building costs meant that it was often economically worthwhile to build new locomotives rather than repair older locomotives .",
"title": "Production"
},
{
"text": "At first , more 5700s were built than were immediately needed so Nos . 6700–49 were stored for a couple of years before being allocated . Many of these were then assigned to sheds near the South Wales ports of Newport , Barry , Cardiff and Swansea .",
"title": "Production"
},
{
"text": " After a gap of a year , building started again in 1933 , with the 8750 and 9700 classes , and continued until 1950 . All the later locomotives , totalling 563 , were built at Swindon , and the numbers built only dropped in the last few years with the introduction of the 9400 class in 1947 .",
"title": "Production"
},
{
"text": " A total of 863 5700s were built and the table below shows the number built by year .",
"title": "Numbers built"
},
{
"text": " The 5700s were specified by 27 different order numbers , or lots , shown below .",
"title": "Build details"
},
{
"text": " Some known costs ( either GWRs out-shop value or cost from contractors ) are shown below , along with estimated equivalent values for 2013 .",
"title": "Costs"
},
{
"text": " The size of the class demanded that the 5700 class locomotives were spread across several series of numbers . The different series started in the following chronological order ; 57xx ( 1929 ) , 77xx ( 1929 ) , 67xx ( 1930 ) , 87xx ( 1931 ) , 97xx ( 1933 ) , 37xx ( 1936 ) , 36xx ( 1938 ) , 46xx ( 1941 ) , and 96xx ( 1945 ) . GWR locomotives were not renumbered after nationalisation , but a W ( for Western Region ) was temporarily added to some locomotives .",
"title": "Numbering and liveries"
},
{
"text": "The first 5700s built were painted in the standard GWR livery of the time ; mainly green above the running plate with the words GREAT WESTERN painted in yellow letters with red and black shadowing on the side of the pannier tanks , buffer beams painted red with the number shown in yellow letters with black shadowing , and the front of the smokebox and chimney were black . From 1934 the GWR shirtbutton roundel replaced GREAT WESTERN . From 1942 GWR replaced the roundel with the letters G W R , in yellow letters with red and black shading",
"title": "Numbering and liveries"
},
{
"text": ". Due to wartime shortages most locomotives , apart from the Kings and Castles , were painted black from 1942 to 1945 .",
"title": "Numbering and liveries"
},
{
"text": " After nationalisation , some 5700s were painted in BR green with the words BRITISH RAILWAYS on the side of the pannier tanks , but unlined black soon became the standard for tank locomotives , with the BR crest on the sides of the pannier tanks . Some 5700s also had white and red lining on the pannier tanks and cab sides . The BR crest was changed in 1957 .",
"title": "Numbering and liveries"
},
{
"text": "The 5700s bought by London Transport between 1956 and 1963 were repainted in the standard LT maroon livery with yellow and black lining . Those bought by NCB were painted in a light green .",
"title": "Numbering and liveries"
},
{
"text": " The 5700s were used on GWR for various duties including shunting , pilot work , and light to medium goods . They were also used on branch , commuter and shorter mainline passenger trains . They were also used on standby for more powerful locomotives , sometimes producing firework displays as they strived to keep to the schedule with heavier loads .",
"title": "Operation"
},
{
"text": "The 5700s were never fitted remote control gear for working autotrains . This was left to smaller pannier locomotives that followed ; the 5400 class ( introduced in 1930 ) and the 6400 Class ( introduced in 1932 ) .",
"title": "Operation"
},
{
"text": " The 9700s ( fitted with condensing equipment for underground working ) and built specifically for working the line between Paddington and Smithfield , were allocated to Old Oak Common .",
"title": "Operation"
},
{
"text": "The 6700s ( built for shunting only and kept in storage for a couple of years because of a lack of suitable work ) eventually found their niche working the marshalling yards between the South Wales coalfields and the coal exporting docks of Llanelli , Swansea , Cardiff , Barry and Newport . Some were allocated to just one shed for their entire working life ( Nos . 6700–9 at Cardiff East Dock and Nos . 6725–32 at Newport , Pill ) . A number of 6700s were also allocated to Swindon , with 6733–41 spending a long time there",
"title": "Operation"
},
{
"text": ".",
"title": "Operation"
},
{
"text": " Thirteen 5700s were fitted with spark arresting chimneys for working in industrial and military systems and sidings , particularly the War Department ammunition dump at Milton , near Didcot during World War II .",
"title": "Operation"
},
{
"text": "The Pwllyrhebog Colliery incline on the former Taff Vale Railway was a 1-in-13 incline with a continuous rope cable so that a descending train was partially counterbalanced by an ascending train . The locomotives ( Taff Vale Railway H class ) on the incline were fitted with coned boilers so that there was always sufficient water above the firebox . To provide additional control and power a stationary locomotive , fitted with two intergeared drums , controlled the cable . No . 2750 Class 2721 had been fitted with the necessary winding gear to control the incline in 1935 ,",
"title": "Operation"
},
{
"text": "but was withdrawn in 1945 , and replaced by 5700 No . 7722 which was fitted with the winding gear in 1946 . Operation of the incline ended in 1952 .",
"title": "Operation"
},
{
"text": " The 5700s route classification ( Blue ) meant that they were allowed on approximately 70% of the GWR network . By 1938 only 15 ( out of approximately 70 ) running sheds did not have any 5700s allocated .",
"title": "Allocation"
},
{
"text": "In 1950 , the route classification was changed to Yellow because of the 5700s low hammer blow . The change did not apply to Nos . 9700–10 . This meant that 5700s were now allowed on almost 90% of the old GWR network ( roughly equivalent to the new Western Region of British Rail ) . By 1954 only five running sheds ( Abercynon , Aberystwyth , Machynlleth , Treherbert and Truro ) did not have any 5700s allocated .",
"title": "Allocation"
},
{
"text": " In the early years of British Railways the boundaries between the Western Region and the Southern Region changed a number of times . 5700s took up new duties in a variety of places : - At Weymouth , 5700s operated the branch line to the Isle of Portland ( replacing LSWR O2 class 0-4-4T locomotives ) . They were also seen pulling boat trains through the streets of Weymouth . - Six 5700s were allocated to Nine Elms and worked empty stock between Waterloo and Clapham Junction ( replacing LSWR M7 class 0-4-4T locomotives ) .",
"title": "BR working"
},
{
"text": "- The short Folkestone Harbour branch line from Folkestone Harbour station to Folkestone Junction was always problematic when hauling heavy boat trains up the 1-in-36 incline . Six 5700s were allocated to Dover for working ( including banking ) on the branch ( replacing SER R1 class 0-6-0T locomotives ) .",
"title": "BR working"
},
{
"text": "The last scheduled passenger trains hauled by 5700s on BR were on seen London Midland Region on the Wrexham to New Brighton route ( passing over old LNER territory ) . The Wrexham to Seacombe service ended at the beginning of 1960 but was immediately replaced by a Diesel Multiple Unit ( DMU ) service between Wrexham and New Brighton . The service on Bank Holidays was so popular that demand outstripped available DMUs , and a relief train of four coaches pulled by No . 3749 was laid on . Two more 5700s were used over the Spring Bank",
"title": "BR working"
},
{
"text": "Holiday that year , but from then BR Standard Class 4 2-6-4T locomotives usually handled the relief services . In 1965 5700s were used for the last time on Whit Monday and August Bank Holiday relief services .",
"title": "BR working"
},
{
"text": "The 5700s were the last steam locomotives used on GWR/Western region . The last working locomotives were allocated to Croes Newydd , and were working goods trains and shunting until November 1966 . By the end of the steam era the record keeping of allocations and working of local steam locomotives was rather lax , and it was not unknown for locomotives to be used after being officially withdrawn . For many years Nos . 4646 , 4696 , and 9774 were thought to be the last ex-GWR locomotives to work on British Rail , but No . 9641 was",
"title": "BR working"
},
{
"text": "also still in steam at Croes Newydd at the same time .",
"title": "BR working"
},
{
"text": "- On 26 August 1940 , a bombing raid destroyed a goods shed at Bordesley , West Midlands . During the raid Peter Smout , an 18-year-old engine cleaner who was acting as the fireman on a shunter , volunteered to drive No . 7758 to pull wagons out of the blazing goods shed . He made three more trips . He was assisted by Frederick Blake , a wagon examiner and a navy veteran from World War I , who operated the points levers . When they finished , the right hand side of the footplate was too hot",
"title": "Accidents and incidents"
},
{
"text": "to touch , and Blake had to use his hat to work the points as the levers were also too hot to touch . Both men were awarded the George Medal for their courage .",
"title": "Accidents and incidents"
},
{
"text": " - On 7 December 1961 , a locomotive of the class was in collision with a freight train at Bodmin General station , Cornwall due to a faulty signal failing to give a clear danger aspect . Other pannier tank locomotives . There were numerous other classes of pannier tanks built by the GWR . The majority belonged to two families of large and small designs . Others included absorbed stock , more specialised types and conversions of tender locos . The two main groups were:-",
"title": "Accidents and incidents"
},
{
"text": "- A large group originally featuring saddle tanks ( or in a few cases side tanks ) , 46 driving wheels and double frames e.g . 1076 Class or inside frames GWR 645 Class , culminating in the 94xx .",
"title": "Accidents and incidents"
},
{
"text": " - A small group originally built at Wolverhampton Works with saddle tanks and driving wheels of 4 ft commencing with the GWR 850 Class and culminating in the BR 16xx",
"title": "Accidents and incidents"
},
{
"text": "For example , within the small group , the GWR 5400 Class locomotives were derived from the William Dean -designed GWR 2021 Class ( an enlargement of the 850 Class ) , with larger wheels for higher top speed and fitted with autotrain apparatus ( auto-fitted ) for push-pull passenger work . The GWR 6400 Class were similar to the 5400 Class , also being auto-fitted , but having the same size wheels as the 5700 . The GWR 7400 Class were very similar to the 6400 Class , but were not auto-fitted and had a higher boiler pressure .",
"title": "Accidents and incidents"
},
{
"text": " Within the large group , the GWR 9400 Class was the post-war updated design of the 8750 variant of the 57xx : heavier and longer , but nominally no more powerful , using the same taper boiler as the GWR 2251 Class . For a list of classes , see GWR 0-6-0PT .",
"title": "Accidents and incidents"
},
{
"text": " After the 1955 Modernisation Plan , the reduction in branch line work and the introduction of diesel shunters , the Western Region embarked on dieselisation programme which , along with a reduction in branch line work , reduced the demand for the services of the 5700s . Withdrawal from service with BR started in 1956 and was completed in 1966 . Twenty locomotives were sold and continued in use until 1971 ( London Transport ) and 1975 ( National Coal Board ) .",
"title": "Withdrawal and mileages"
},
{
"text": "le Fleming noted that the mileages of those withdrawn between March 1956 and March 1958 ranged between 500,000 and 556,000 . Some other known mileages are shown below .",
"title": "Withdrawal and mileages"
},
{
"text": " Use after British Railways . Nineteen 5700s were sold for further use after being withdrawn by British Railways . The National Coal Board ( NCB ) bought five , one was bought by P.D . Fuels , and thirteen were bought by London Transport . One more locomotive , No . 9642 , was withdrawn in 1964 and sold for scrap to Hayes Scrapyard . It was used for three years to shunt other locomotives being scrapped , and was later saved for preservation .",
"title": "Withdrawal and mileages"
},
{
"text": " Although the London underground network had been electrified for many years ( the then Metropolitan railway was electrified in 1905 ) a small number of steam locomotives were retained for engineering and ballast trains . By the 1950s the locomotives were past their prime and expensive to maintain , and the planned quadrupling of part of the Metropolitan line would require reliable locomotives . London Transport considered replacing the steam fleet with diesel shunters , and had also tested ( unsuccessfully ) a Great Northern Railway Class J52 locomotive in 1955 .",
"title": "London Transport"
},
{
"text": "The first 5700 locomotive , No . 7711 , underwent trials from January to April 1956 , first running between Finchley Road and Baker Street . Modifications were needed to the cab for clearance and the tripcock brake valves after problems were found when running in reverse . Curtains were also fitted to the cab to reduce smoke and fumes in tunnels . In May , the 5700s became the standard for engineering trains on London Transport when they bought No . 7711 ( for £3,160 ) , decided to buy another ( No . 5752 ) , and planned",
"title": "London Transport"
},
{
"text": "to buy more over the coming years .",
"title": "London Transport"
},
{
"text": " Thirteen 5700s were bought by London Transport ( from 1956 to 1963 ) . They were numbered L89 to L99 and were allocated to the depots at Lillie Bridge ( Fulham ) and Neasden . Only eleven were running at any one time , the original L90 and L91 were withdrawn for repairs but scrapped instead and replaced by other locomotives which carried the same number .",
"title": "London Transport"
},
{
"text": "They worked permanent way trains and were never used on normal passenger services . Main line running included trips between depots , to Acton Works and runs out to Croxley Tip , near Watford .",
"title": "London Transport"
},
{
"text": " Three of the LT 5700s lasted until the end of steam on London Transport in 1971 and were the last steam locomotives used for regular mainline working in the UK . London Transport commemorated the end of operating steam locomotives with a special run from Moorgate station to Neasden depot . The train comprised No . L94 ( No . 7752 ) and a selection of maintenance rolling stock . Three diesel-hydraulic locomotives were bought to carry out the shunting duties from then on .",
"title": "London Transport"
},
{
"text": " Between 1959 and 1965 the National Coal Board ( NCB ) bought five 5700s from BR for use at pits in South Wales , continuing a tradition of the GWR selling withdrawn pannier tank locomotives to the NCB . The engines retained their BR numbers . The NCB locomotives did not receive maintenance to match GWR standards and were run into the ground , saving the cost of expensive overhauls .",
"title": "National Coal Board"
},
{
"text": "One of the NCB 5700s , No . 7754 , was the last in industrial service , and after working at various collieries was moved to Deep Duffryn Colliery at Mountain Ash in 1970 , where an ex-GWR fitter kept it working until 1975 when a loose piston resulted in a blown cylinder cover . No . 7754 could still be seen on shed in 1980 . The NCB donated No . 7754 to the National Museum Wales , who placed it on permanent loan to the Llangollen Railway . It is now owned by the Llangollen Railway Trust .",
"title": "National Coal Board"
},
{
"text": " No . 3650 was withdrawn in 1963 and then sold to P.D . Fuels , a division of Stephenson Clarke Ltd. , and was used to move spoil to slag heaps at Gwaen-Caer-Gurwen colliery near Ammanford , Carmarthenshire . It was later bought and restored by members of the Great Western Society and became operational in 2009 .",
"title": "Other uses"
},
{
"text": "No . 9642 was withdrawn in 1964 and sent to Hayes Scrapyard , near Bridgend . Rather than being scrapped , it was used to shunt other locomotives being scrapped . It was due to be scrapped in 1967 , making it the 346th locomotive to be scrapped there , but thanks to the last minute intervention , the locomotive was bought ( 1968 ) and restored by the South Wales Pannier Group , becoming the first member of the class to be preserved . It was moved to Maesteg Colliery where it gave break van rides from the late",
"title": "Other uses"
},
{
"text": "1960s and throughout the 1970s .",
"title": "Other uses"
},
{
"text": "Sixteen 5700 class locomotives have been preserved , of which six are currently operational . Four of the class have worked mainline trains : 7715 , 7752 , 7760 and 9600 . As of 2020 none of the engines are mainline certified , 7752s operational but only on heritage railways while 7715 , 7760 and 9600 are stored out of service awaiting overhauls . Two locomotives are on static display , and two are in store . Six locomotives are undergoing , or waiting for , maintenance . One locomotive , No . 9629 , is being restored , and",
"title": "Preservation"
},
{
"text": "has not been in steam since it was sent to Barry Scrapyard in 1965 .",
"title": "Preservation"
},
{
"text": "A number of those bought from London Transport , which had been maintained by British Railways , were still in running order and were used on heritage railways with minimal work . No . 5764 ( LT L95 ) was steamed the day it arrived at Bridgnorth on the Severn Valley Railway , being lit-up before it had been removed from the low-loader on which it was delivered . As of June 2018 , Nos . 7752 ( LT L94 ) and 5786 ( LT L92 ) can be seen running in the maroon livery of London Transport , but",
"title": "Preservation"
},
{
"text": "No . 7715 ( LT L99 ) is currently out of service .",
"title": "Preservation"
},
{
"text": " The locomotives that were preserved after NCB and industrial use required rather more work than those acquired from London Transport . Some had been laid up for sometime after being withdrawn , and had received very little , if any , maintenance . Of the twelve 5700s that went to Barry Scrapyard , five were saved for preservation and one ( No . 3612 ) was bought for spares by the Severn Valley Railway .",
"title": "Preservation"
},
{
"text": " No . 5775 on the Keighley and Worth Valley Railway featured in the film The Railway Children painted brown and lettered with GN&SR ( Great Northern and Southern Railway ) . In May 2014 , No . 5775 was moved to National Railway Museum Shildon , for cosmetic restoration back to the livery used in the film .",
"title": "In fiction"
},
{
"text": "No . 5775 also featured in the Full Steam Behind episode of Last of the Summer Wine ( series 5 ) , in its LT livery ( number L89 ) but with LONDON TRANSPORT replaced with KWVR ( Keighley and Worth Valley Railway ) on the side of the tank .",
"title": "In fiction"
},
{
"text": " Duck the Great Western Engine in The Railway Series books by the Rev . W Awdry and the TV series Thomas the Tank Engine and Friends is a 5700 Class pannier tank . In the books , his number was No . 5741 . For the TV series , it was changed to No . 8 . No . 5764 appeared several times in the 1976 BBC television adaptation of Charles Dickens short ghost story , The Signal-Man .",
"title": "In fiction"
},
{
"text": " Mainline Railways had OO gauge Class 5700 models in their catalogue in 1982-3 , with models in GWR green and BR black . Bachmann Branchline has made OO gauge models of the 5700 and 8750 classes in various GWR and BR liveries , and also in the liveries of LT , NCB , Stephenson Clarke , and even GNSR ( the fictional railway company in The Railway Children ) . Hornby produced various OO gauge models of the 8750 class in GWR and LT liveries .",
"title": "Model railways"
},
{
"text": "Graham Farish has made British N gauge models of the 5700 and 8750 classes in various GWR and BR liveries . Dapol make British N gauge models of the 5700 and 8750 classes in various GWR and BR liveries .",
"title": "Model railways"
},
{
"text": " Just Like The Real Thing make an O gauge kit for the 5700 and 8750 classes . Dapol since their merger with Lionheart Models in August 2016 are planning on producing models of the 57xx class in O gauge in 2017/2018 . Minerva models has also released 0 gauge models of the 57xx in Great Western and British railway liveries .",
"title": "Model railways"
}
] |
/wiki/GWR_5700_Class#P137#2
|
What operated GWR 5700 Class in Dec 1957?
|
GWR 5700 Class The GWR 5700 Class , or 57xx class , was a class of 0-6-0 pannier tank steam locomotive , built by the Great Western Railway ( GWR ) and British Railways ( BR ) between 1929 and 1950 . With 863 built , they were the most prolific class of the GWR , and one of the most numerous classes of British steam locomotive . Although officially designated by GWR as light goods and shunting engines , they were also used for passenger working on branch , suburban , and shorter mainline journeys . They were distributed across most of the GWR network and , after nationalisation of the railways in 1948 , across the British Railways Western Region , and also other regions . The 5700s were not as glamorous as the GWR Castles and Kings , but became just as much of an icon of the GWR . As a result of the 1955 Modernisation Plan , the 5700 Class was withdrawn from BR service between 1956 and 1966 . Nineteen withdrawn locomotives were sold to London Transport and industry , of which ten were later preserved , along with six that were retrieved from scrapyards . Background . The GWR started designing and building 0-6-0 tank locomotives in 1860 , and this continued into the BR era until 1956 , with a total of 2,393 being built . The GWR also used 0-6-0 tank locomotives from other manufacturers designs ( from its subsidiary and absorbed railways stock ) , and since 1898 it always had at least 1,000 tank locomotives in stock . The early 0-6-0 tank engines were fitted with either saddle tanks ( wrapped over the boiler ) or side tanks ( mounted at the side of the boiler and reaching down to the running platform ) . GWR first fitted pannier tanks ( mounted on the side of the boiler but not reaching down to the running platform ) in 1898 to nine 4-4-0 tank locomotives and , in 1901 , to five 0-6-0T locomotives which were also fitted with Belpaire fireboxes . The shape of the Belpaire firebox gives a larger surface area which improves heat transfer and steam production , but their rectangular shape made them difficult to combine with saddle tanks . Locomotives fitted with pannier tanks have a lower centre of gravity than those with saddle tanks ( enabling higher speeds on curves ) , and access for maintenance is easier than for those fitted with side tanks . George Churchwards period as Chief Mechanical Engineer ( 1901–21 ) is well known for significant improvements in locomotive design and manufacture , and the development of standard designs . However , the scope of the standard designs did not include the 0-6-0 tank locomotive , and the GWR did not introduce any new 0-6-0 tank designs from 1897 to 1928 ( with exception of the GWR 1361 class of five 0-6-0 saddle tanks in 1910 ) . However , pannier tanks and Belpaire fireboxes became the standard for the rebuilding of various 0-6-0 tank locomotives ( projected in 1902 and getting fully underway by 1910 ) . The rebuilding program also included a number of other changes including : - improved cab designs , eventually becoming fully enclosed - superheating , which by 1929 , had been found to have little benefit on shunting engines - adaptation for working with autocoaches for push–pull trains ( auto-working ) - increasing boiler pressures , for example , the various rebuilds of the GWR 2721 class started at , increasing to , and then to With the completion of grouping in 1923 , GWRs collection of 0-6-0 tank locomotives was expanded with the stock from 28 acquired companies . The acquired tank locomotives came from different manufacturers , were a mixture of side , saddle and pannier , and varied widely by size and state of repair . In addition , GWRs stock was wearing out , and the variety of classes was problematic for maintenance and rostering . Collett had to produce a new standard design for 0-6-0 pannier tanks . The result was the 5700 class . Design . The first batch of 300 locomotives built between 1929 and 1931 included a medium height chimney , a mid-boiler dome , safety valve with cover , and an enclosed cab . The boiler included a top-feed ( between the chimney and dome ) . They were similar in appearance to older 0-6-0 tank engines that had been rebuilt as pannier tanks , particularly the later rebuilds of the 2721 class . The 2721 class was itself a development of the 1854 class , which in turn was based on the 645 class . Specification . The table below gives the technical specifications of the 5700 class . Values are from GWR diagram B48 unless referenced otherwise . The 5700s were given the GWR route colour Blue ( based on axle load ) , and were in the GWR power group C ( based on tractive effort ) . The classifications were shown on the cab with the letter C in a blue disc . le Fleming describes the 5700 class as an almost unaltered continuation of the 27xx rebuilds and Holcroft describes them as practically identical to 2721 rebuilds , but according to Oswald Nock it was a thoroughly modern design , and Jones notes that design included numerous detailed improvements and reflected improved construction techniques . The main differences from the 2721 class include : - increased boiler pressure , from to , giving a corresponding increase in tractive effort - improved valve settings - longer frame , from to - fully enclosed cab The initial design also included a return to non-fluted coupling rods and laminated springs beneath the leading and driving axleboxes ( both features harking back to the 1854 class ) . The locomotives were also fitted with cast iron chimneys ( which had only rarely been fitted to earlier locomotives ) , and the whistles were fitted on top of the firebox rather than on top of the cab . 6700 Sub-class . Of the first batch of 300 locomotives , most were fitted with vacuum brakes and steam heating , and some of these were also fitted with GWRs Automatic Train Control ( ATC ) safety system . However , the 50 locomotives of the 6700 Class , or 67xx class , were not fitted with vacuum brakes , steam heating , or ATC , and were fitted with three link couplings only ; they were therefore limited to shunting duties and some freight working . The 6700s had a smaller minimum curve radius of ( normal ) and ( slow ) and an increased axle clearance . 8750 Sub-class . The 8750 Class , or 87xx class , were first built in 1933 , using an updated design which included an improved cab with a higher roof , rectangular windows and grills ( as opposed to the round windows , or spectacles , of the initial design ) , and sliding shutters and hinged doors for more protection from the elements . The new style cab was derived from the sister 5400 class , the first of which were built in 1931 . Vacuum brakes , steam heating , and ATC were fitted as standard ( except for Nos . 6750–79 , built between 1946 and 1950 , which were fitted with steam brakes and three link couplings only ) . The locomotive weight increased to , and the axle load increased to . 9700 Class . The 9700 Class , or 97xx class , pannier tanks were a direct development of the 5700 class . The prototype for the class , No . 8700 ( later No . 9700 ) , was a rebuilt 5700 locomotive . They were specifically for working on the /Hammersmith & City line between Paddington station and . They replaced Metro and 633 class locomotives . The eleven locomotives in the class had condensing apparatus that fed the exhaust steam back into the water tanks . The tanks themselves were shortened to make room for the external exhaust pipes and were extended down to the footplate in front of the cab to increase their capacity . As condensing the steam heated the water , a reciprocating pump ( Weir pump ) was fitted as a boiler feedwater pump because standard injectors will not work with hot water . The pumps led to ( unsuccessful ) tests with these locomotives acting as fire engines during World War II . To work over the electrified underground lines , the 9700 Class locomotives had a special type of ATC equipment that lifted clear of the centre rail and had tripcock brake valves that matched the London Transport signalling system . The design changes resulted in reduced coal ( ) and water ( ) capacities . The locomotive weight increased to , and the axle load increased to . Later developments . From 1936 to 1942 a number of small changes were introduced to new builds : - in 1936 a whistle shield was added to the front of the cab to deflect steam away from the cab windows . - also in 1936 pocket steps and extra railings were added to the firemans side ( left side ) of the cab to improve access to the bunker . - in 1937 a drawing was issued for fitting shutters and doors to the older , pre-8750 class , locomotives . - in 1938 a larger whistle shield was fitted , which became standard for the larger cabs . - in 1942 a new type of top feed was introduced , with separate clackboxes in a taller cover , and internal delivery pipes rather than trays . All these changes ( with the exception of the new top feed ) were later applied to locomotives that had been built earlier . The new top feed became standard for new locomotives in 1944 . Some older boilers and locomotives were later fitted with the new top feed , and some locomotives that were built with the new top feed were later changed back to the old design as boilers were swapped . Variants . A small number of 5700s were adapted for specific tasks : - in 1937 , 1938 and during World War II thirteen 5700s were fitted with spark arresting chimneys for work on industrial and military sites with significant fire risks . - in 1958 No . 3711 was converted to oil burning by Robert Stephenson and Hawthorns . - in 1946 No . 7722 was fitted with winding gear to work the Pwllyrhebog Colliery incline on the former Taff Vale Railway . Production . The first 5700s were built in 1929 by North British Locomotive Co . and , later in the year , at GWRs Swindon Works . Between 1929 and 1931 a total of 300 were built , of which 50 were built by GWR , and the rest by outside contractors : - Armstrong Whitworth : 25 ( Nos . 7775–99 ) - W . G . Bagnall : 50 ( Nos . 6700–24 , 8725–49 ) - Beyer , Peacock & Co : 25 ( Nos . 8700–24 ) - Kerr Stuart : 25 ( Nos . 7700–24 ) - North British : 100 ( Nos . 5700–49 , 7725–74 ) - Yorkshire Engine Co : 25 ( Nos . 6725–49 ) It was unusual , but not unprecedented , for GWR to use outside contractors to build locomotives ( 50 of the 200 strong 5600 class had been built by Armstrong Whitworth ) . The building programme was partly funded by interest-free Government loans intended to relieve unemployment during the Great Depression . Also , stricter accountancy rules that distinguished between maintenance and building costs meant that it was often economically worthwhile to build new locomotives rather than repair older locomotives . At first , more 5700s were built than were immediately needed so Nos . 6700–49 were stored for a couple of years before being allocated . Many of these were then assigned to sheds near the South Wales ports of Newport , Barry , Cardiff and Swansea . After a gap of a year , building started again in 1933 , with the 8750 and 9700 classes , and continued until 1950 . All the later locomotives , totalling 563 , were built at Swindon , and the numbers built only dropped in the last few years with the introduction of the 9400 class in 1947 . Numbers built . A total of 863 5700s were built and the table below shows the number built by year . Build details . The 5700s were specified by 27 different order numbers , or lots , shown below . Costs . Some known costs ( either GWRs out-shop value or cost from contractors ) are shown below , along with estimated equivalent values for 2013 . Numbering and liveries . The size of the class demanded that the 5700 class locomotives were spread across several series of numbers . The different series started in the following chronological order ; 57xx ( 1929 ) , 77xx ( 1929 ) , 67xx ( 1930 ) , 87xx ( 1931 ) , 97xx ( 1933 ) , 37xx ( 1936 ) , 36xx ( 1938 ) , 46xx ( 1941 ) , and 96xx ( 1945 ) . GWR locomotives were not renumbered after nationalisation , but a W ( for Western Region ) was temporarily added to some locomotives . The first 5700s built were painted in the standard GWR livery of the time ; mainly green above the running plate with the words GREAT WESTERN painted in yellow letters with red and black shadowing on the side of the pannier tanks , buffer beams painted red with the number shown in yellow letters with black shadowing , and the front of the smokebox and chimney were black . From 1934 the GWR shirtbutton roundel replaced GREAT WESTERN . From 1942 GWR replaced the roundel with the letters G W R , in yellow letters with red and black shading . Due to wartime shortages most locomotives , apart from the Kings and Castles , were painted black from 1942 to 1945 . After nationalisation , some 5700s were painted in BR green with the words BRITISH RAILWAYS on the side of the pannier tanks , but unlined black soon became the standard for tank locomotives , with the BR crest on the sides of the pannier tanks . Some 5700s also had white and red lining on the pannier tanks and cab sides . The BR crest was changed in 1957 . The 5700s bought by London Transport between 1956 and 1963 were repainted in the standard LT maroon livery with yellow and black lining . Those bought by NCB were painted in a light green . Operation . The 5700s were used on GWR for various duties including shunting , pilot work , and light to medium goods . They were also used on branch , commuter and shorter mainline passenger trains . They were also used on standby for more powerful locomotives , sometimes producing firework displays as they strived to keep to the schedule with heavier loads . The 5700s were never fitted remote control gear for working autotrains . This was left to smaller pannier locomotives that followed ; the 5400 class ( introduced in 1930 ) and the 6400 Class ( introduced in 1932 ) . The 9700s ( fitted with condensing equipment for underground working ) and built specifically for working the line between Paddington and Smithfield , were allocated to Old Oak Common . The 6700s ( built for shunting only and kept in storage for a couple of years because of a lack of suitable work ) eventually found their niche working the marshalling yards between the South Wales coalfields and the coal exporting docks of Llanelli , Swansea , Cardiff , Barry and Newport . Some were allocated to just one shed for their entire working life ( Nos . 6700–9 at Cardiff East Dock and Nos . 6725–32 at Newport , Pill ) . A number of 6700s were also allocated to Swindon , with 6733–41 spending a long time there . Thirteen 5700s were fitted with spark arresting chimneys for working in industrial and military systems and sidings , particularly the War Department ammunition dump at Milton , near Didcot during World War II . The Pwllyrhebog Colliery incline on the former Taff Vale Railway was a 1-in-13 incline with a continuous rope cable so that a descending train was partially counterbalanced by an ascending train . The locomotives ( Taff Vale Railway H class ) on the incline were fitted with coned boilers so that there was always sufficient water above the firebox . To provide additional control and power a stationary locomotive , fitted with two intergeared drums , controlled the cable . No . 2750 Class 2721 had been fitted with the necessary winding gear to control the incline in 1935 , but was withdrawn in 1945 , and replaced by 5700 No . 7722 which was fitted with the winding gear in 1946 . Operation of the incline ended in 1952 . Allocation . The 5700s route classification ( Blue ) meant that they were allowed on approximately 70% of the GWR network . By 1938 only 15 ( out of approximately 70 ) running sheds did not have any 5700s allocated . In 1950 , the route classification was changed to Yellow because of the 5700s low hammer blow . The change did not apply to Nos . 9700–10 . This meant that 5700s were now allowed on almost 90% of the old GWR network ( roughly equivalent to the new Western Region of British Rail ) . By 1954 only five running sheds ( Abercynon , Aberystwyth , Machynlleth , Treherbert and Truro ) did not have any 5700s allocated . BR working . In the early years of British Railways the boundaries between the Western Region and the Southern Region changed a number of times . 5700s took up new duties in a variety of places : - At Weymouth , 5700s operated the branch line to the Isle of Portland ( replacing LSWR O2 class 0-4-4T locomotives ) . They were also seen pulling boat trains through the streets of Weymouth . - Six 5700s were allocated to Nine Elms and worked empty stock between Waterloo and Clapham Junction ( replacing LSWR M7 class 0-4-4T locomotives ) . - The short Folkestone Harbour branch line from Folkestone Harbour station to Folkestone Junction was always problematic when hauling heavy boat trains up the 1-in-36 incline . Six 5700s were allocated to Dover for working ( including banking ) on the branch ( replacing SER R1 class 0-6-0T locomotives ) . The last scheduled passenger trains hauled by 5700s on BR were on seen London Midland Region on the Wrexham to New Brighton route ( passing over old LNER territory ) . The Wrexham to Seacombe service ended at the beginning of 1960 but was immediately replaced by a Diesel Multiple Unit ( DMU ) service between Wrexham and New Brighton . The service on Bank Holidays was so popular that demand outstripped available DMUs , and a relief train of four coaches pulled by No . 3749 was laid on . Two more 5700s were used over the Spring Bank Holiday that year , but from then BR Standard Class 4 2-6-4T locomotives usually handled the relief services . In 1965 5700s were used for the last time on Whit Monday and August Bank Holiday relief services . The 5700s were the last steam locomotives used on GWR/Western region . The last working locomotives were allocated to Croes Newydd , and were working goods trains and shunting until November 1966 . By the end of the steam era the record keeping of allocations and working of local steam locomotives was rather lax , and it was not unknown for locomotives to be used after being officially withdrawn . For many years Nos . 4646 , 4696 , and 9774 were thought to be the last ex-GWR locomotives to work on British Rail , but No . 9641 was also still in steam at Croes Newydd at the same time . Accidents and incidents . - On 26 August 1940 , a bombing raid destroyed a goods shed at Bordesley , West Midlands . During the raid Peter Smout , an 18-year-old engine cleaner who was acting as the fireman on a shunter , volunteered to drive No . 7758 to pull wagons out of the blazing goods shed . He made three more trips . He was assisted by Frederick Blake , a wagon examiner and a navy veteran from World War I , who operated the points levers . When they finished , the right hand side of the footplate was too hot to touch , and Blake had to use his hat to work the points as the levers were also too hot to touch . Both men were awarded the George Medal for their courage . - On 7 December 1961 , a locomotive of the class was in collision with a freight train at Bodmin General station , Cornwall due to a faulty signal failing to give a clear danger aspect . Other pannier tank locomotives . There were numerous other classes of pannier tanks built by the GWR . The majority belonged to two families of large and small designs . Others included absorbed stock , more specialised types and conversions of tender locos . The two main groups were:- - A large group originally featuring saddle tanks ( or in a few cases side tanks ) , 46 driving wheels and double frames e.g . 1076 Class or inside frames GWR 645 Class , culminating in the 94xx . - A small group originally built at Wolverhampton Works with saddle tanks and driving wheels of 4 ft commencing with the GWR 850 Class and culminating in the BR 16xx For example , within the small group , the GWR 5400 Class locomotives were derived from the William Dean -designed GWR 2021 Class ( an enlargement of the 850 Class ) , with larger wheels for higher top speed and fitted with autotrain apparatus ( auto-fitted ) for push-pull passenger work . The GWR 6400 Class were similar to the 5400 Class , also being auto-fitted , but having the same size wheels as the 5700 . The GWR 7400 Class were very similar to the 6400 Class , but were not auto-fitted and had a higher boiler pressure . Within the large group , the GWR 9400 Class was the post-war updated design of the 8750 variant of the 57xx : heavier and longer , but nominally no more powerful , using the same taper boiler as the GWR 2251 Class . For a list of classes , see GWR 0-6-0PT . Withdrawal and mileages . After the 1955 Modernisation Plan , the reduction in branch line work and the introduction of diesel shunters , the Western Region embarked on dieselisation programme which , along with a reduction in branch line work , reduced the demand for the services of the 5700s . Withdrawal from service with BR started in 1956 and was completed in 1966 . Twenty locomotives were sold and continued in use until 1971 ( London Transport ) and 1975 ( National Coal Board ) . le Fleming noted that the mileages of those withdrawn between March 1956 and March 1958 ranged between 500,000 and 556,000 . Some other known mileages are shown below . Use after British Railways . Nineteen 5700s were sold for further use after being withdrawn by British Railways . The National Coal Board ( NCB ) bought five , one was bought by P.D . Fuels , and thirteen were bought by London Transport . One more locomotive , No . 9642 , was withdrawn in 1964 and sold for scrap to Hayes Scrapyard . It was used for three years to shunt other locomotives being scrapped , and was later saved for preservation . London Transport . Although the London underground network had been electrified for many years ( the then Metropolitan railway was electrified in 1905 ) a small number of steam locomotives were retained for engineering and ballast trains . By the 1950s the locomotives were past their prime and expensive to maintain , and the planned quadrupling of part of the Metropolitan line would require reliable locomotives . London Transport considered replacing the steam fleet with diesel shunters , and had also tested ( unsuccessfully ) a Great Northern Railway Class J52 locomotive in 1955 . The first 5700 locomotive , No . 7711 , underwent trials from January to April 1956 , first running between Finchley Road and Baker Street . Modifications were needed to the cab for clearance and the tripcock brake valves after problems were found when running in reverse . Curtains were also fitted to the cab to reduce smoke and fumes in tunnels . In May , the 5700s became the standard for engineering trains on London Transport when they bought No . 7711 ( for £3,160 ) , decided to buy another ( No . 5752 ) , and planned to buy more over the coming years . Thirteen 5700s were bought by London Transport ( from 1956 to 1963 ) . They were numbered L89 to L99 and were allocated to the depots at Lillie Bridge ( Fulham ) and Neasden . Only eleven were running at any one time , the original L90 and L91 were withdrawn for repairs but scrapped instead and replaced by other locomotives which carried the same number . They worked permanent way trains and were never used on normal passenger services . Main line running included trips between depots , to Acton Works and runs out to Croxley Tip , near Watford . Three of the LT 5700s lasted until the end of steam on London Transport in 1971 and were the last steam locomotives used for regular mainline working in the UK . London Transport commemorated the end of operating steam locomotives with a special run from Moorgate station to Neasden depot . The train comprised No . L94 ( No . 7752 ) and a selection of maintenance rolling stock . Three diesel-hydraulic locomotives were bought to carry out the shunting duties from then on . National Coal Board . Between 1959 and 1965 the National Coal Board ( NCB ) bought five 5700s from BR for use at pits in South Wales , continuing a tradition of the GWR selling withdrawn pannier tank locomotives to the NCB . The engines retained their BR numbers . The NCB locomotives did not receive maintenance to match GWR standards and were run into the ground , saving the cost of expensive overhauls . One of the NCB 5700s , No . 7754 , was the last in industrial service , and after working at various collieries was moved to Deep Duffryn Colliery at Mountain Ash in 1970 , where an ex-GWR fitter kept it working until 1975 when a loose piston resulted in a blown cylinder cover . No . 7754 could still be seen on shed in 1980 . The NCB donated No . 7754 to the National Museum Wales , who placed it on permanent loan to the Llangollen Railway . It is now owned by the Llangollen Railway Trust . Other uses . No . 3650 was withdrawn in 1963 and then sold to P.D . Fuels , a division of Stephenson Clarke Ltd. , and was used to move spoil to slag heaps at Gwaen-Caer-Gurwen colliery near Ammanford , Carmarthenshire . It was later bought and restored by members of the Great Western Society and became operational in 2009 . No . 9642 was withdrawn in 1964 and sent to Hayes Scrapyard , near Bridgend . Rather than being scrapped , it was used to shunt other locomotives being scrapped . It was due to be scrapped in 1967 , making it the 346th locomotive to be scrapped there , but thanks to the last minute intervention , the locomotive was bought ( 1968 ) and restored by the South Wales Pannier Group , becoming the first member of the class to be preserved . It was moved to Maesteg Colliery where it gave break van rides from the late 1960s and throughout the 1970s . Preservation . Sixteen 5700 class locomotives have been preserved , of which six are currently operational . Four of the class have worked mainline trains : 7715 , 7752 , 7760 and 9600 . As of 2020 none of the engines are mainline certified , 7752s operational but only on heritage railways while 7715 , 7760 and 9600 are stored out of service awaiting overhauls . Two locomotives are on static display , and two are in store . Six locomotives are undergoing , or waiting for , maintenance . One locomotive , No . 9629 , is being restored , and has not been in steam since it was sent to Barry Scrapyard in 1965 . A number of those bought from London Transport , which had been maintained by British Railways , were still in running order and were used on heritage railways with minimal work . No . 5764 ( LT L95 ) was steamed the day it arrived at Bridgnorth on the Severn Valley Railway , being lit-up before it had been removed from the low-loader on which it was delivered . As of June 2018 , Nos . 7752 ( LT L94 ) and 5786 ( LT L92 ) can be seen running in the maroon livery of London Transport , but No . 7715 ( LT L99 ) is currently out of service . The locomotives that were preserved after NCB and industrial use required rather more work than those acquired from London Transport . Some had been laid up for sometime after being withdrawn , and had received very little , if any , maintenance . Of the twelve 5700s that went to Barry Scrapyard , five were saved for preservation and one ( No . 3612 ) was bought for spares by the Severn Valley Railway . In fiction . No . 5775 on the Keighley and Worth Valley Railway featured in the film The Railway Children painted brown and lettered with GN&SR ( Great Northern and Southern Railway ) . In May 2014 , No . 5775 was moved to National Railway Museum Shildon , for cosmetic restoration back to the livery used in the film . No . 5775 also featured in the Full Steam Behind episode of Last of the Summer Wine ( series 5 ) , in its LT livery ( number L89 ) but with LONDON TRANSPORT replaced with KWVR ( Keighley and Worth Valley Railway ) on the side of the tank . Duck the Great Western Engine in The Railway Series books by the Rev . W Awdry and the TV series Thomas the Tank Engine and Friends is a 5700 Class pannier tank . In the books , his number was No . 5741 . For the TV series , it was changed to No . 8 . No . 5764 appeared several times in the 1976 BBC television adaptation of Charles Dickens short ghost story , The Signal-Man . Model railways . Mainline Railways had OO gauge Class 5700 models in their catalogue in 1982-3 , with models in GWR green and BR black . Bachmann Branchline has made OO gauge models of the 5700 and 8750 classes in various GWR and BR liveries , and also in the liveries of LT , NCB , Stephenson Clarke , and even GNSR ( the fictional railway company in The Railway Children ) . Hornby produced various OO gauge models of the 8750 class in GWR and LT liveries . Graham Farish has made British N gauge models of the 5700 and 8750 classes in various GWR and BR liveries . Dapol make British N gauge models of the 5700 and 8750 classes in various GWR and BR liveries . Just Like The Real Thing make an O gauge kit for the 5700 and 8750 classes . Dapol since their merger with Lionheart Models in August 2016 are planning on producing models of the 57xx class in O gauge in 2017/2018 . Minerva models has also released 0 gauge models of the 57xx in Great Western and British railway liveries .
|
[
"London Transport"
] |
[
{
"text": " The GWR 5700 Class , or 57xx class , was a class of 0-6-0 pannier tank steam locomotive , built by the Great Western Railway ( GWR ) and British Railways ( BR ) between 1929 and 1950 . With 863 built , they were the most prolific class of the GWR , and one of the most numerous classes of British steam locomotive . Although officially designated by GWR as light goods and shunting engines , they were also used for passenger working on branch , suburban , and shorter mainline journeys .",
"title": "GWR 5700 Class"
},
{
"text": "They were distributed across most of the GWR network and , after nationalisation of the railways in 1948 , across the British Railways Western Region , and also other regions .",
"title": "GWR 5700 Class"
},
{
"text": " The 5700s were not as glamorous as the GWR Castles and Kings , but became just as much of an icon of the GWR . As a result of the 1955 Modernisation Plan , the 5700 Class was withdrawn from BR service between 1956 and 1966 . Nineteen withdrawn locomotives were sold to London Transport and industry , of which ten were later preserved , along with six that were retrieved from scrapyards .",
"title": "GWR 5700 Class"
},
{
"text": " The GWR started designing and building 0-6-0 tank locomotives in 1860 , and this continued into the BR era until 1956 , with a total of 2,393 being built . The GWR also used 0-6-0 tank locomotives from other manufacturers designs ( from its subsidiary and absorbed railways stock ) , and since 1898 it always had at least 1,000 tank locomotives in stock .",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"text": "The early 0-6-0 tank engines were fitted with either saddle tanks ( wrapped over the boiler ) or side tanks ( mounted at the side of the boiler and reaching down to the running platform ) . GWR first fitted pannier tanks ( mounted on the side of the boiler but not reaching down to the running platform ) in 1898 to nine 4-4-0 tank locomotives and , in 1901 , to five 0-6-0T locomotives which were also fitted with Belpaire fireboxes . The shape of the Belpaire firebox gives a larger surface area which improves heat transfer and steam",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"text": "production , but their rectangular shape made them difficult to combine with saddle tanks . Locomotives fitted with pannier tanks have a lower centre of gravity than those with saddle tanks ( enabling higher speeds on curves ) , and access for maintenance is easier than for those fitted with side tanks .",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"text": " George Churchwards period as Chief Mechanical Engineer ( 1901–21 ) is well known for significant improvements in locomotive design and manufacture , and the development of standard designs . However , the scope of the standard designs did not include the 0-6-0 tank locomotive , and the GWR did not introduce any new 0-6-0 tank designs from 1897 to 1928 ( with exception of the GWR 1361 class of five 0-6-0 saddle tanks in 1910 ) .",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"text": "However , pannier tanks and Belpaire fireboxes became the standard for the rebuilding of various 0-6-0 tank locomotives ( projected in 1902 and getting fully underway by 1910 ) . The rebuilding program also included a number of other changes including :",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"text": " - improved cab designs , eventually becoming fully enclosed - superheating , which by 1929 , had been found to have little benefit on shunting engines - adaptation for working with autocoaches for push–pull trains ( auto-working ) - increasing boiler pressures , for example , the various rebuilds of the GWR 2721 class started at , increasing to , and then to",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"text": "With the completion of grouping in 1923 , GWRs collection of 0-6-0 tank locomotives was expanded with the stock from 28 acquired companies . The acquired tank locomotives came from different manufacturers , were a mixture of side , saddle and pannier , and varied widely by size and state of repair . In addition , GWRs stock was wearing out , and the variety of classes was problematic for maintenance and rostering . Collett had to produce a new standard design for 0-6-0 pannier tanks . The result was the 5700 class .",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"text": " The first batch of 300 locomotives built between 1929 and 1931 included a medium height chimney , a mid-boiler dome , safety valve with cover , and an enclosed cab . The boiler included a top-feed ( between the chimney and dome ) . They were similar in appearance to older 0-6-0 tank engines that had been rebuilt as pannier tanks , particularly the later rebuilds of the 2721 class . The 2721 class was itself a development of the 1854 class , which in turn was based on the 645 class .",
"title": "Design"
},
{
"text": " The table below gives the technical specifications of the 5700 class . Values are from GWR diagram B48 unless referenced otherwise . The 5700s were given the GWR route colour Blue ( based on axle load ) , and were in the GWR power group C ( based on tractive effort ) . The classifications were shown on the cab with the letter C in a blue disc .",
"title": "Specification"
},
{
"text": "le Fleming describes the 5700 class as an almost unaltered continuation of the 27xx rebuilds and Holcroft describes them as practically identical to 2721 rebuilds , but according to Oswald Nock it was a thoroughly modern design , and Jones notes that design included numerous detailed improvements and reflected improved construction techniques . The main differences from the 2721 class include :",
"title": "Specification"
},
{
"text": " - increased boiler pressure , from to , giving a corresponding increase in tractive effort - improved valve settings - longer frame , from to - fully enclosed cab The initial design also included a return to non-fluted coupling rods and laminated springs beneath the leading and driving axleboxes ( both features harking back to the 1854 class ) . The locomotives were also fitted with cast iron chimneys ( which had only rarely been fitted to earlier locomotives ) , and the whistles were fitted on top of the firebox rather than on top of the cab .",
"title": "Specification"
},
{
"text": "6700 Sub-class .",
"title": "Specification"
},
{
"text": " Of the first batch of 300 locomotives , most were fitted with vacuum brakes and steam heating , and some of these were also fitted with GWRs Automatic Train Control ( ATC ) safety system .",
"title": "Specification"
},
{
"text": "However , the 50 locomotives of the 6700 Class , or 67xx class , were not fitted with vacuum brakes , steam heating , or ATC , and were fitted with three link couplings only ; they were therefore limited to shunting duties and some freight working . The 6700s had a smaller minimum curve radius of ( normal ) and ( slow ) and an increased axle clearance .",
"title": "Specification"
},
{
"text": "The 8750 Class , or 87xx class , were first built in 1933 , using an updated design which included an improved cab with a higher roof , rectangular windows and grills ( as opposed to the round windows , or spectacles , of the initial design ) , and sliding shutters and hinged doors for more protection from the elements . The new style cab was derived from the sister 5400 class , the first of which were built in 1931 . Vacuum brakes , steam heating , and ATC were fitted as standard ( except for Nos .",
"title": "Specification"
},
{
"text": "6750–79 , built between 1946 and 1950 , which were fitted with steam brakes and three link couplings only ) . The locomotive weight increased to , and the axle load increased to .",
"title": "Specification"
},
{
"text": " 9700 Class . The 9700 Class , or 97xx class , pannier tanks were a direct development of the 5700 class . The prototype for the class , No . 8700 ( later No . 9700 ) , was a rebuilt 5700 locomotive . They were specifically for working on the /Hammersmith & City line between Paddington station and . They replaced Metro and 633 class locomotives .",
"title": "Specification"
},
{
"text": "The eleven locomotives in the class had condensing apparatus that fed the exhaust steam back into the water tanks . The tanks themselves were shortened to make room for the external exhaust pipes and were extended down to the footplate in front of the cab to increase their capacity . As condensing the steam heated the water , a reciprocating pump ( Weir pump ) was fitted as a boiler feedwater pump because standard injectors will not work with hot water . The pumps led to ( unsuccessful ) tests with these locomotives acting as fire engines during World War",
"title": "Specification"
},
{
"text": "II .",
"title": "Specification"
},
{
"text": " To work over the electrified underground lines , the 9700 Class locomotives had a special type of ATC equipment that lifted clear of the centre rail and had tripcock brake valves that matched the London Transport signalling system . The design changes resulted in reduced coal ( ) and water ( ) capacities . The locomotive weight increased to , and the axle load increased to .",
"title": "Specification"
},
{
"text": " From 1936 to 1942 a number of small changes were introduced to new builds : - in 1936 a whistle shield was added to the front of the cab to deflect steam away from the cab windows . - also in 1936 pocket steps and extra railings were added to the firemans side ( left side ) of the cab to improve access to the bunker . - in 1937 a drawing was issued for fitting shutters and doors to the older , pre-8750 class , locomotives .",
"title": "Later developments"
},
{
"text": "- in 1938 a larger whistle shield was fitted , which became standard for the larger cabs .",
"title": "Later developments"
},
{
"text": " - in 1942 a new type of top feed was introduced , with separate clackboxes in a taller cover , and internal delivery pipes rather than trays .",
"title": "Later developments"
},
{
"text": "All these changes ( with the exception of the new top feed ) were later applied to locomotives that had been built earlier . The new top feed became standard for new locomotives in 1944 . Some older boilers and locomotives were later fitted with the new top feed , and some locomotives that were built with the new top feed were later changed back to the old design as boilers were swapped .",
"title": "Later developments"
},
{
"text": " A small number of 5700s were adapted for specific tasks : - in 1937 , 1938 and during World War II thirteen 5700s were fitted with spark arresting chimneys for work on industrial and military sites with significant fire risks . - in 1958 No . 3711 was converted to oil burning by Robert Stephenson and Hawthorns . - in 1946 No . 7722 was fitted with winding gear to work the Pwllyrhebog Colliery incline on the former Taff Vale Railway .",
"title": "Variants"
},
{
"text": " The first 5700s were built in 1929 by North British Locomotive Co . and , later in the year , at GWRs Swindon Works . Between 1929 and 1931 a total of 300 were built , of which 50 were built by GWR , and the rest by outside contractors : - Armstrong Whitworth : 25 ( Nos . 7775–99 ) - W . G . Bagnall : 50 ( Nos . 6700–24 , 8725–49 ) - Beyer , Peacock & Co : 25 ( Nos . 8700–24 ) - Kerr Stuart : 25 ( Nos . 7700–24 )",
"title": "Production"
},
{
"text": "- North British : 100 ( Nos . 5700–49 , 7725–74 )",
"title": "Production"
},
{
"text": " - Yorkshire Engine Co : 25 ( Nos . 6725–49 ) It was unusual , but not unprecedented , for GWR to use outside contractors to build locomotives ( 50 of the 200 strong 5600 class had been built by Armstrong Whitworth ) . The building programme was partly funded by interest-free Government loans intended to relieve unemployment during the Great Depression . Also , stricter accountancy rules that distinguished between maintenance and building costs meant that it was often economically worthwhile to build new locomotives rather than repair older locomotives .",
"title": "Production"
},
{
"text": "At first , more 5700s were built than were immediately needed so Nos . 6700–49 were stored for a couple of years before being allocated . Many of these were then assigned to sheds near the South Wales ports of Newport , Barry , Cardiff and Swansea .",
"title": "Production"
},
{
"text": " After a gap of a year , building started again in 1933 , with the 8750 and 9700 classes , and continued until 1950 . All the later locomotives , totalling 563 , were built at Swindon , and the numbers built only dropped in the last few years with the introduction of the 9400 class in 1947 .",
"title": "Production"
},
{
"text": " A total of 863 5700s were built and the table below shows the number built by year .",
"title": "Numbers built"
},
{
"text": " The 5700s were specified by 27 different order numbers , or lots , shown below .",
"title": "Build details"
},
{
"text": " Some known costs ( either GWRs out-shop value or cost from contractors ) are shown below , along with estimated equivalent values for 2013 .",
"title": "Costs"
},
{
"text": " The size of the class demanded that the 5700 class locomotives were spread across several series of numbers . The different series started in the following chronological order ; 57xx ( 1929 ) , 77xx ( 1929 ) , 67xx ( 1930 ) , 87xx ( 1931 ) , 97xx ( 1933 ) , 37xx ( 1936 ) , 36xx ( 1938 ) , 46xx ( 1941 ) , and 96xx ( 1945 ) . GWR locomotives were not renumbered after nationalisation , but a W ( for Western Region ) was temporarily added to some locomotives .",
"title": "Numbering and liveries"
},
{
"text": "The first 5700s built were painted in the standard GWR livery of the time ; mainly green above the running plate with the words GREAT WESTERN painted in yellow letters with red and black shadowing on the side of the pannier tanks , buffer beams painted red with the number shown in yellow letters with black shadowing , and the front of the smokebox and chimney were black . From 1934 the GWR shirtbutton roundel replaced GREAT WESTERN . From 1942 GWR replaced the roundel with the letters G W R , in yellow letters with red and black shading",
"title": "Numbering and liveries"
},
{
"text": ". Due to wartime shortages most locomotives , apart from the Kings and Castles , were painted black from 1942 to 1945 .",
"title": "Numbering and liveries"
},
{
"text": " After nationalisation , some 5700s were painted in BR green with the words BRITISH RAILWAYS on the side of the pannier tanks , but unlined black soon became the standard for tank locomotives , with the BR crest on the sides of the pannier tanks . Some 5700s also had white and red lining on the pannier tanks and cab sides . The BR crest was changed in 1957 .",
"title": "Numbering and liveries"
},
{
"text": "The 5700s bought by London Transport between 1956 and 1963 were repainted in the standard LT maroon livery with yellow and black lining . Those bought by NCB were painted in a light green .",
"title": "Numbering and liveries"
},
{
"text": " The 5700s were used on GWR for various duties including shunting , pilot work , and light to medium goods . They were also used on branch , commuter and shorter mainline passenger trains . They were also used on standby for more powerful locomotives , sometimes producing firework displays as they strived to keep to the schedule with heavier loads .",
"title": "Operation"
},
{
"text": "The 5700s were never fitted remote control gear for working autotrains . This was left to smaller pannier locomotives that followed ; the 5400 class ( introduced in 1930 ) and the 6400 Class ( introduced in 1932 ) .",
"title": "Operation"
},
{
"text": " The 9700s ( fitted with condensing equipment for underground working ) and built specifically for working the line between Paddington and Smithfield , were allocated to Old Oak Common .",
"title": "Operation"
},
{
"text": "The 6700s ( built for shunting only and kept in storage for a couple of years because of a lack of suitable work ) eventually found their niche working the marshalling yards between the South Wales coalfields and the coal exporting docks of Llanelli , Swansea , Cardiff , Barry and Newport . Some were allocated to just one shed for their entire working life ( Nos . 6700–9 at Cardiff East Dock and Nos . 6725–32 at Newport , Pill ) . A number of 6700s were also allocated to Swindon , with 6733–41 spending a long time there",
"title": "Operation"
},
{
"text": ".",
"title": "Operation"
},
{
"text": " Thirteen 5700s were fitted with spark arresting chimneys for working in industrial and military systems and sidings , particularly the War Department ammunition dump at Milton , near Didcot during World War II .",
"title": "Operation"
},
{
"text": "The Pwllyrhebog Colliery incline on the former Taff Vale Railway was a 1-in-13 incline with a continuous rope cable so that a descending train was partially counterbalanced by an ascending train . The locomotives ( Taff Vale Railway H class ) on the incline were fitted with coned boilers so that there was always sufficient water above the firebox . To provide additional control and power a stationary locomotive , fitted with two intergeared drums , controlled the cable . No . 2750 Class 2721 had been fitted with the necessary winding gear to control the incline in 1935 ,",
"title": "Operation"
},
{
"text": "but was withdrawn in 1945 , and replaced by 5700 No . 7722 which was fitted with the winding gear in 1946 . Operation of the incline ended in 1952 .",
"title": "Operation"
},
{
"text": " The 5700s route classification ( Blue ) meant that they were allowed on approximately 70% of the GWR network . By 1938 only 15 ( out of approximately 70 ) running sheds did not have any 5700s allocated .",
"title": "Allocation"
},
{
"text": "In 1950 , the route classification was changed to Yellow because of the 5700s low hammer blow . The change did not apply to Nos . 9700–10 . This meant that 5700s were now allowed on almost 90% of the old GWR network ( roughly equivalent to the new Western Region of British Rail ) . By 1954 only five running sheds ( Abercynon , Aberystwyth , Machynlleth , Treherbert and Truro ) did not have any 5700s allocated .",
"title": "Allocation"
},
{
"text": " In the early years of British Railways the boundaries between the Western Region and the Southern Region changed a number of times . 5700s took up new duties in a variety of places : - At Weymouth , 5700s operated the branch line to the Isle of Portland ( replacing LSWR O2 class 0-4-4T locomotives ) . They were also seen pulling boat trains through the streets of Weymouth . - Six 5700s were allocated to Nine Elms and worked empty stock between Waterloo and Clapham Junction ( replacing LSWR M7 class 0-4-4T locomotives ) .",
"title": "BR working"
},
{
"text": "- The short Folkestone Harbour branch line from Folkestone Harbour station to Folkestone Junction was always problematic when hauling heavy boat trains up the 1-in-36 incline . Six 5700s were allocated to Dover for working ( including banking ) on the branch ( replacing SER R1 class 0-6-0T locomotives ) .",
"title": "BR working"
},
{
"text": "The last scheduled passenger trains hauled by 5700s on BR were on seen London Midland Region on the Wrexham to New Brighton route ( passing over old LNER territory ) . The Wrexham to Seacombe service ended at the beginning of 1960 but was immediately replaced by a Diesel Multiple Unit ( DMU ) service between Wrexham and New Brighton . The service on Bank Holidays was so popular that demand outstripped available DMUs , and a relief train of four coaches pulled by No . 3749 was laid on . Two more 5700s were used over the Spring Bank",
"title": "BR working"
},
{
"text": "Holiday that year , but from then BR Standard Class 4 2-6-4T locomotives usually handled the relief services . In 1965 5700s were used for the last time on Whit Monday and August Bank Holiday relief services .",
"title": "BR working"
},
{
"text": "The 5700s were the last steam locomotives used on GWR/Western region . The last working locomotives were allocated to Croes Newydd , and were working goods trains and shunting until November 1966 . By the end of the steam era the record keeping of allocations and working of local steam locomotives was rather lax , and it was not unknown for locomotives to be used after being officially withdrawn . For many years Nos . 4646 , 4696 , and 9774 were thought to be the last ex-GWR locomotives to work on British Rail , but No . 9641 was",
"title": "BR working"
},
{
"text": "also still in steam at Croes Newydd at the same time .",
"title": "BR working"
},
{
"text": "- On 26 August 1940 , a bombing raid destroyed a goods shed at Bordesley , West Midlands . During the raid Peter Smout , an 18-year-old engine cleaner who was acting as the fireman on a shunter , volunteered to drive No . 7758 to pull wagons out of the blazing goods shed . He made three more trips . He was assisted by Frederick Blake , a wagon examiner and a navy veteran from World War I , who operated the points levers . When they finished , the right hand side of the footplate was too hot",
"title": "Accidents and incidents"
},
{
"text": "to touch , and Blake had to use his hat to work the points as the levers were also too hot to touch . Both men were awarded the George Medal for their courage .",
"title": "Accidents and incidents"
},
{
"text": " - On 7 December 1961 , a locomotive of the class was in collision with a freight train at Bodmin General station , Cornwall due to a faulty signal failing to give a clear danger aspect . Other pannier tank locomotives . There were numerous other classes of pannier tanks built by the GWR . The majority belonged to two families of large and small designs . Others included absorbed stock , more specialised types and conversions of tender locos . The two main groups were:-",
"title": "Accidents and incidents"
},
{
"text": "- A large group originally featuring saddle tanks ( or in a few cases side tanks ) , 46 driving wheels and double frames e.g . 1076 Class or inside frames GWR 645 Class , culminating in the 94xx .",
"title": "Accidents and incidents"
},
{
"text": " - A small group originally built at Wolverhampton Works with saddle tanks and driving wheels of 4 ft commencing with the GWR 850 Class and culminating in the BR 16xx",
"title": "Accidents and incidents"
},
{
"text": "For example , within the small group , the GWR 5400 Class locomotives were derived from the William Dean -designed GWR 2021 Class ( an enlargement of the 850 Class ) , with larger wheels for higher top speed and fitted with autotrain apparatus ( auto-fitted ) for push-pull passenger work . The GWR 6400 Class were similar to the 5400 Class , also being auto-fitted , but having the same size wheels as the 5700 . The GWR 7400 Class were very similar to the 6400 Class , but were not auto-fitted and had a higher boiler pressure .",
"title": "Accidents and incidents"
},
{
"text": " Within the large group , the GWR 9400 Class was the post-war updated design of the 8750 variant of the 57xx : heavier and longer , but nominally no more powerful , using the same taper boiler as the GWR 2251 Class . For a list of classes , see GWR 0-6-0PT .",
"title": "Accidents and incidents"
},
{
"text": " After the 1955 Modernisation Plan , the reduction in branch line work and the introduction of diesel shunters , the Western Region embarked on dieselisation programme which , along with a reduction in branch line work , reduced the demand for the services of the 5700s . Withdrawal from service with BR started in 1956 and was completed in 1966 . Twenty locomotives were sold and continued in use until 1971 ( London Transport ) and 1975 ( National Coal Board ) .",
"title": "Withdrawal and mileages"
},
{
"text": "le Fleming noted that the mileages of those withdrawn between March 1956 and March 1958 ranged between 500,000 and 556,000 . Some other known mileages are shown below .",
"title": "Withdrawal and mileages"
},
{
"text": " Use after British Railways . Nineteen 5700s were sold for further use after being withdrawn by British Railways . The National Coal Board ( NCB ) bought five , one was bought by P.D . Fuels , and thirteen were bought by London Transport . One more locomotive , No . 9642 , was withdrawn in 1964 and sold for scrap to Hayes Scrapyard . It was used for three years to shunt other locomotives being scrapped , and was later saved for preservation .",
"title": "Withdrawal and mileages"
},
{
"text": " Although the London underground network had been electrified for many years ( the then Metropolitan railway was electrified in 1905 ) a small number of steam locomotives were retained for engineering and ballast trains . By the 1950s the locomotives were past their prime and expensive to maintain , and the planned quadrupling of part of the Metropolitan line would require reliable locomotives . London Transport considered replacing the steam fleet with diesel shunters , and had also tested ( unsuccessfully ) a Great Northern Railway Class J52 locomotive in 1955 .",
"title": "London Transport"
},
{
"text": "The first 5700 locomotive , No . 7711 , underwent trials from January to April 1956 , first running between Finchley Road and Baker Street . Modifications were needed to the cab for clearance and the tripcock brake valves after problems were found when running in reverse . Curtains were also fitted to the cab to reduce smoke and fumes in tunnels . In May , the 5700s became the standard for engineering trains on London Transport when they bought No . 7711 ( for £3,160 ) , decided to buy another ( No . 5752 ) , and planned",
"title": "London Transport"
},
{
"text": "to buy more over the coming years .",
"title": "London Transport"
},
{
"text": " Thirteen 5700s were bought by London Transport ( from 1956 to 1963 ) . They were numbered L89 to L99 and were allocated to the depots at Lillie Bridge ( Fulham ) and Neasden . Only eleven were running at any one time , the original L90 and L91 were withdrawn for repairs but scrapped instead and replaced by other locomotives which carried the same number .",
"title": "London Transport"
},
{
"text": "They worked permanent way trains and were never used on normal passenger services . Main line running included trips between depots , to Acton Works and runs out to Croxley Tip , near Watford .",
"title": "London Transport"
},
{
"text": " Three of the LT 5700s lasted until the end of steam on London Transport in 1971 and were the last steam locomotives used for regular mainline working in the UK . London Transport commemorated the end of operating steam locomotives with a special run from Moorgate station to Neasden depot . The train comprised No . L94 ( No . 7752 ) and a selection of maintenance rolling stock . Three diesel-hydraulic locomotives were bought to carry out the shunting duties from then on .",
"title": "London Transport"
},
{
"text": " Between 1959 and 1965 the National Coal Board ( NCB ) bought five 5700s from BR for use at pits in South Wales , continuing a tradition of the GWR selling withdrawn pannier tank locomotives to the NCB . The engines retained their BR numbers . The NCB locomotives did not receive maintenance to match GWR standards and were run into the ground , saving the cost of expensive overhauls .",
"title": "National Coal Board"
},
{
"text": "One of the NCB 5700s , No . 7754 , was the last in industrial service , and after working at various collieries was moved to Deep Duffryn Colliery at Mountain Ash in 1970 , where an ex-GWR fitter kept it working until 1975 when a loose piston resulted in a blown cylinder cover . No . 7754 could still be seen on shed in 1980 . The NCB donated No . 7754 to the National Museum Wales , who placed it on permanent loan to the Llangollen Railway . It is now owned by the Llangollen Railway Trust .",
"title": "National Coal Board"
},
{
"text": " No . 3650 was withdrawn in 1963 and then sold to P.D . Fuels , a division of Stephenson Clarke Ltd. , and was used to move spoil to slag heaps at Gwaen-Caer-Gurwen colliery near Ammanford , Carmarthenshire . It was later bought and restored by members of the Great Western Society and became operational in 2009 .",
"title": "Other uses"
},
{
"text": "No . 9642 was withdrawn in 1964 and sent to Hayes Scrapyard , near Bridgend . Rather than being scrapped , it was used to shunt other locomotives being scrapped . It was due to be scrapped in 1967 , making it the 346th locomotive to be scrapped there , but thanks to the last minute intervention , the locomotive was bought ( 1968 ) and restored by the South Wales Pannier Group , becoming the first member of the class to be preserved . It was moved to Maesteg Colliery where it gave break van rides from the late",
"title": "Other uses"
},
{
"text": "1960s and throughout the 1970s .",
"title": "Other uses"
},
{
"text": "Sixteen 5700 class locomotives have been preserved , of which six are currently operational . Four of the class have worked mainline trains : 7715 , 7752 , 7760 and 9600 . As of 2020 none of the engines are mainline certified , 7752s operational but only on heritage railways while 7715 , 7760 and 9600 are stored out of service awaiting overhauls . Two locomotives are on static display , and two are in store . Six locomotives are undergoing , or waiting for , maintenance . One locomotive , No . 9629 , is being restored , and",
"title": "Preservation"
},
{
"text": "has not been in steam since it was sent to Barry Scrapyard in 1965 .",
"title": "Preservation"
},
{
"text": "A number of those bought from London Transport , which had been maintained by British Railways , were still in running order and were used on heritage railways with minimal work . No . 5764 ( LT L95 ) was steamed the day it arrived at Bridgnorth on the Severn Valley Railway , being lit-up before it had been removed from the low-loader on which it was delivered . As of June 2018 , Nos . 7752 ( LT L94 ) and 5786 ( LT L92 ) can be seen running in the maroon livery of London Transport , but",
"title": "Preservation"
},
{
"text": "No . 7715 ( LT L99 ) is currently out of service .",
"title": "Preservation"
},
{
"text": " The locomotives that were preserved after NCB and industrial use required rather more work than those acquired from London Transport . Some had been laid up for sometime after being withdrawn , and had received very little , if any , maintenance . Of the twelve 5700s that went to Barry Scrapyard , five were saved for preservation and one ( No . 3612 ) was bought for spares by the Severn Valley Railway .",
"title": "Preservation"
},
{
"text": " No . 5775 on the Keighley and Worth Valley Railway featured in the film The Railway Children painted brown and lettered with GN&SR ( Great Northern and Southern Railway ) . In May 2014 , No . 5775 was moved to National Railway Museum Shildon , for cosmetic restoration back to the livery used in the film .",
"title": "In fiction"
},
{
"text": "No . 5775 also featured in the Full Steam Behind episode of Last of the Summer Wine ( series 5 ) , in its LT livery ( number L89 ) but with LONDON TRANSPORT replaced with KWVR ( Keighley and Worth Valley Railway ) on the side of the tank .",
"title": "In fiction"
},
{
"text": " Duck the Great Western Engine in The Railway Series books by the Rev . W Awdry and the TV series Thomas the Tank Engine and Friends is a 5700 Class pannier tank . In the books , his number was No . 5741 . For the TV series , it was changed to No . 8 . No . 5764 appeared several times in the 1976 BBC television adaptation of Charles Dickens short ghost story , The Signal-Man .",
"title": "In fiction"
},
{
"text": " Mainline Railways had OO gauge Class 5700 models in their catalogue in 1982-3 , with models in GWR green and BR black . Bachmann Branchline has made OO gauge models of the 5700 and 8750 classes in various GWR and BR liveries , and also in the liveries of LT , NCB , Stephenson Clarke , and even GNSR ( the fictional railway company in The Railway Children ) . Hornby produced various OO gauge models of the 8750 class in GWR and LT liveries .",
"title": "Model railways"
},
{
"text": "Graham Farish has made British N gauge models of the 5700 and 8750 classes in various GWR and BR liveries . Dapol make British N gauge models of the 5700 and 8750 classes in various GWR and BR liveries .",
"title": "Model railways"
},
{
"text": " Just Like The Real Thing make an O gauge kit for the 5700 and 8750 classes . Dapol since their merger with Lionheart Models in August 2016 are planning on producing models of the 57xx class in O gauge in 2017/2018 . Minerva models has also released 0 gauge models of the 57xx in Great Western and British railway liveries .",
"title": "Model railways"
}
] |
/wiki/GWR_5700_Class#P137#3
|
What operated GWR 5700 Class in early 1970s?
|
GWR 5700 Class The GWR 5700 Class , or 57xx class , was a class of 0-6-0 pannier tank steam locomotive , built by the Great Western Railway ( GWR ) and British Railways ( BR ) between 1929 and 1950 . With 863 built , they were the most prolific class of the GWR , and one of the most numerous classes of British steam locomotive . Although officially designated by GWR as light goods and shunting engines , they were also used for passenger working on branch , suburban , and shorter mainline journeys . They were distributed across most of the GWR network and , after nationalisation of the railways in 1948 , across the British Railways Western Region , and also other regions . The 5700s were not as glamorous as the GWR Castles and Kings , but became just as much of an icon of the GWR . As a result of the 1955 Modernisation Plan , the 5700 Class was withdrawn from BR service between 1956 and 1966 . Nineteen withdrawn locomotives were sold to London Transport and industry , of which ten were later preserved , along with six that were retrieved from scrapyards . Background . The GWR started designing and building 0-6-0 tank locomotives in 1860 , and this continued into the BR era until 1956 , with a total of 2,393 being built . The GWR also used 0-6-0 tank locomotives from other manufacturers designs ( from its subsidiary and absorbed railways stock ) , and since 1898 it always had at least 1,000 tank locomotives in stock . The early 0-6-0 tank engines were fitted with either saddle tanks ( wrapped over the boiler ) or side tanks ( mounted at the side of the boiler and reaching down to the running platform ) . GWR first fitted pannier tanks ( mounted on the side of the boiler but not reaching down to the running platform ) in 1898 to nine 4-4-0 tank locomotives and , in 1901 , to five 0-6-0T locomotives which were also fitted with Belpaire fireboxes . The shape of the Belpaire firebox gives a larger surface area which improves heat transfer and steam production , but their rectangular shape made them difficult to combine with saddle tanks . Locomotives fitted with pannier tanks have a lower centre of gravity than those with saddle tanks ( enabling higher speeds on curves ) , and access for maintenance is easier than for those fitted with side tanks . George Churchwards period as Chief Mechanical Engineer ( 1901–21 ) is well known for significant improvements in locomotive design and manufacture , and the development of standard designs . However , the scope of the standard designs did not include the 0-6-0 tank locomotive , and the GWR did not introduce any new 0-6-0 tank designs from 1897 to 1928 ( with exception of the GWR 1361 class of five 0-6-0 saddle tanks in 1910 ) . However , pannier tanks and Belpaire fireboxes became the standard for the rebuilding of various 0-6-0 tank locomotives ( projected in 1902 and getting fully underway by 1910 ) . The rebuilding program also included a number of other changes including : - improved cab designs , eventually becoming fully enclosed - superheating , which by 1929 , had been found to have little benefit on shunting engines - adaptation for working with autocoaches for push–pull trains ( auto-working ) - increasing boiler pressures , for example , the various rebuilds of the GWR 2721 class started at , increasing to , and then to With the completion of grouping in 1923 , GWRs collection of 0-6-0 tank locomotives was expanded with the stock from 28 acquired companies . The acquired tank locomotives came from different manufacturers , were a mixture of side , saddle and pannier , and varied widely by size and state of repair . In addition , GWRs stock was wearing out , and the variety of classes was problematic for maintenance and rostering . Collett had to produce a new standard design for 0-6-0 pannier tanks . The result was the 5700 class . Design . The first batch of 300 locomotives built between 1929 and 1931 included a medium height chimney , a mid-boiler dome , safety valve with cover , and an enclosed cab . The boiler included a top-feed ( between the chimney and dome ) . They were similar in appearance to older 0-6-0 tank engines that had been rebuilt as pannier tanks , particularly the later rebuilds of the 2721 class . The 2721 class was itself a development of the 1854 class , which in turn was based on the 645 class . Specification . The table below gives the technical specifications of the 5700 class . Values are from GWR diagram B48 unless referenced otherwise . The 5700s were given the GWR route colour Blue ( based on axle load ) , and were in the GWR power group C ( based on tractive effort ) . The classifications were shown on the cab with the letter C in a blue disc . le Fleming describes the 5700 class as an almost unaltered continuation of the 27xx rebuilds and Holcroft describes them as practically identical to 2721 rebuilds , but according to Oswald Nock it was a thoroughly modern design , and Jones notes that design included numerous detailed improvements and reflected improved construction techniques . The main differences from the 2721 class include : - increased boiler pressure , from to , giving a corresponding increase in tractive effort - improved valve settings - longer frame , from to - fully enclosed cab The initial design also included a return to non-fluted coupling rods and laminated springs beneath the leading and driving axleboxes ( both features harking back to the 1854 class ) . The locomotives were also fitted with cast iron chimneys ( which had only rarely been fitted to earlier locomotives ) , and the whistles were fitted on top of the firebox rather than on top of the cab . 6700 Sub-class . Of the first batch of 300 locomotives , most were fitted with vacuum brakes and steam heating , and some of these were also fitted with GWRs Automatic Train Control ( ATC ) safety system . However , the 50 locomotives of the 6700 Class , or 67xx class , were not fitted with vacuum brakes , steam heating , or ATC , and were fitted with three link couplings only ; they were therefore limited to shunting duties and some freight working . The 6700s had a smaller minimum curve radius of ( normal ) and ( slow ) and an increased axle clearance . 8750 Sub-class . The 8750 Class , or 87xx class , were first built in 1933 , using an updated design which included an improved cab with a higher roof , rectangular windows and grills ( as opposed to the round windows , or spectacles , of the initial design ) , and sliding shutters and hinged doors for more protection from the elements . The new style cab was derived from the sister 5400 class , the first of which were built in 1931 . Vacuum brakes , steam heating , and ATC were fitted as standard ( except for Nos . 6750–79 , built between 1946 and 1950 , which were fitted with steam brakes and three link couplings only ) . The locomotive weight increased to , and the axle load increased to . 9700 Class . The 9700 Class , or 97xx class , pannier tanks were a direct development of the 5700 class . The prototype for the class , No . 8700 ( later No . 9700 ) , was a rebuilt 5700 locomotive . They were specifically for working on the /Hammersmith & City line between Paddington station and . They replaced Metro and 633 class locomotives . The eleven locomotives in the class had condensing apparatus that fed the exhaust steam back into the water tanks . The tanks themselves were shortened to make room for the external exhaust pipes and were extended down to the footplate in front of the cab to increase their capacity . As condensing the steam heated the water , a reciprocating pump ( Weir pump ) was fitted as a boiler feedwater pump because standard injectors will not work with hot water . The pumps led to ( unsuccessful ) tests with these locomotives acting as fire engines during World War II . To work over the electrified underground lines , the 9700 Class locomotives had a special type of ATC equipment that lifted clear of the centre rail and had tripcock brake valves that matched the London Transport signalling system . The design changes resulted in reduced coal ( ) and water ( ) capacities . The locomotive weight increased to , and the axle load increased to . Later developments . From 1936 to 1942 a number of small changes were introduced to new builds : - in 1936 a whistle shield was added to the front of the cab to deflect steam away from the cab windows . - also in 1936 pocket steps and extra railings were added to the firemans side ( left side ) of the cab to improve access to the bunker . - in 1937 a drawing was issued for fitting shutters and doors to the older , pre-8750 class , locomotives . - in 1938 a larger whistle shield was fitted , which became standard for the larger cabs . - in 1942 a new type of top feed was introduced , with separate clackboxes in a taller cover , and internal delivery pipes rather than trays . All these changes ( with the exception of the new top feed ) were later applied to locomotives that had been built earlier . The new top feed became standard for new locomotives in 1944 . Some older boilers and locomotives were later fitted with the new top feed , and some locomotives that were built with the new top feed were later changed back to the old design as boilers were swapped . Variants . A small number of 5700s were adapted for specific tasks : - in 1937 , 1938 and during World War II thirteen 5700s were fitted with spark arresting chimneys for work on industrial and military sites with significant fire risks . - in 1958 No . 3711 was converted to oil burning by Robert Stephenson and Hawthorns . - in 1946 No . 7722 was fitted with winding gear to work the Pwllyrhebog Colliery incline on the former Taff Vale Railway . Production . The first 5700s were built in 1929 by North British Locomotive Co . and , later in the year , at GWRs Swindon Works . Between 1929 and 1931 a total of 300 were built , of which 50 were built by GWR , and the rest by outside contractors : - Armstrong Whitworth : 25 ( Nos . 7775–99 ) - W . G . Bagnall : 50 ( Nos . 6700–24 , 8725–49 ) - Beyer , Peacock & Co : 25 ( Nos . 8700–24 ) - Kerr Stuart : 25 ( Nos . 7700–24 ) - North British : 100 ( Nos . 5700–49 , 7725–74 ) - Yorkshire Engine Co : 25 ( Nos . 6725–49 ) It was unusual , but not unprecedented , for GWR to use outside contractors to build locomotives ( 50 of the 200 strong 5600 class had been built by Armstrong Whitworth ) . The building programme was partly funded by interest-free Government loans intended to relieve unemployment during the Great Depression . Also , stricter accountancy rules that distinguished between maintenance and building costs meant that it was often economically worthwhile to build new locomotives rather than repair older locomotives . At first , more 5700s were built than were immediately needed so Nos . 6700–49 were stored for a couple of years before being allocated . Many of these were then assigned to sheds near the South Wales ports of Newport , Barry , Cardiff and Swansea . After a gap of a year , building started again in 1933 , with the 8750 and 9700 classes , and continued until 1950 . All the later locomotives , totalling 563 , were built at Swindon , and the numbers built only dropped in the last few years with the introduction of the 9400 class in 1947 . Numbers built . A total of 863 5700s were built and the table below shows the number built by year . Build details . The 5700s were specified by 27 different order numbers , or lots , shown below . Costs . Some known costs ( either GWRs out-shop value or cost from contractors ) are shown below , along with estimated equivalent values for 2013 . Numbering and liveries . The size of the class demanded that the 5700 class locomotives were spread across several series of numbers . The different series started in the following chronological order ; 57xx ( 1929 ) , 77xx ( 1929 ) , 67xx ( 1930 ) , 87xx ( 1931 ) , 97xx ( 1933 ) , 37xx ( 1936 ) , 36xx ( 1938 ) , 46xx ( 1941 ) , and 96xx ( 1945 ) . GWR locomotives were not renumbered after nationalisation , but a W ( for Western Region ) was temporarily added to some locomotives . The first 5700s built were painted in the standard GWR livery of the time ; mainly green above the running plate with the words GREAT WESTERN painted in yellow letters with red and black shadowing on the side of the pannier tanks , buffer beams painted red with the number shown in yellow letters with black shadowing , and the front of the smokebox and chimney were black . From 1934 the GWR shirtbutton roundel replaced GREAT WESTERN . From 1942 GWR replaced the roundel with the letters G W R , in yellow letters with red and black shading . Due to wartime shortages most locomotives , apart from the Kings and Castles , were painted black from 1942 to 1945 . After nationalisation , some 5700s were painted in BR green with the words BRITISH RAILWAYS on the side of the pannier tanks , but unlined black soon became the standard for tank locomotives , with the BR crest on the sides of the pannier tanks . Some 5700s also had white and red lining on the pannier tanks and cab sides . The BR crest was changed in 1957 . The 5700s bought by London Transport between 1956 and 1963 were repainted in the standard LT maroon livery with yellow and black lining . Those bought by NCB were painted in a light green . Operation . The 5700s were used on GWR for various duties including shunting , pilot work , and light to medium goods . They were also used on branch , commuter and shorter mainline passenger trains . They were also used on standby for more powerful locomotives , sometimes producing firework displays as they strived to keep to the schedule with heavier loads . The 5700s were never fitted remote control gear for working autotrains . This was left to smaller pannier locomotives that followed ; the 5400 class ( introduced in 1930 ) and the 6400 Class ( introduced in 1932 ) . The 9700s ( fitted with condensing equipment for underground working ) and built specifically for working the line between Paddington and Smithfield , were allocated to Old Oak Common . The 6700s ( built for shunting only and kept in storage for a couple of years because of a lack of suitable work ) eventually found their niche working the marshalling yards between the South Wales coalfields and the coal exporting docks of Llanelli , Swansea , Cardiff , Barry and Newport . Some were allocated to just one shed for their entire working life ( Nos . 6700–9 at Cardiff East Dock and Nos . 6725–32 at Newport , Pill ) . A number of 6700s were also allocated to Swindon , with 6733–41 spending a long time there . Thirteen 5700s were fitted with spark arresting chimneys for working in industrial and military systems and sidings , particularly the War Department ammunition dump at Milton , near Didcot during World War II . The Pwllyrhebog Colliery incline on the former Taff Vale Railway was a 1-in-13 incline with a continuous rope cable so that a descending train was partially counterbalanced by an ascending train . The locomotives ( Taff Vale Railway H class ) on the incline were fitted with coned boilers so that there was always sufficient water above the firebox . To provide additional control and power a stationary locomotive , fitted with two intergeared drums , controlled the cable . No . 2750 Class 2721 had been fitted with the necessary winding gear to control the incline in 1935 , but was withdrawn in 1945 , and replaced by 5700 No . 7722 which was fitted with the winding gear in 1946 . Operation of the incline ended in 1952 . Allocation . The 5700s route classification ( Blue ) meant that they were allowed on approximately 70% of the GWR network . By 1938 only 15 ( out of approximately 70 ) running sheds did not have any 5700s allocated . In 1950 , the route classification was changed to Yellow because of the 5700s low hammer blow . The change did not apply to Nos . 9700–10 . This meant that 5700s were now allowed on almost 90% of the old GWR network ( roughly equivalent to the new Western Region of British Rail ) . By 1954 only five running sheds ( Abercynon , Aberystwyth , Machynlleth , Treherbert and Truro ) did not have any 5700s allocated . BR working . In the early years of British Railways the boundaries between the Western Region and the Southern Region changed a number of times . 5700s took up new duties in a variety of places : - At Weymouth , 5700s operated the branch line to the Isle of Portland ( replacing LSWR O2 class 0-4-4T locomotives ) . They were also seen pulling boat trains through the streets of Weymouth . - Six 5700s were allocated to Nine Elms and worked empty stock between Waterloo and Clapham Junction ( replacing LSWR M7 class 0-4-4T locomotives ) . - The short Folkestone Harbour branch line from Folkestone Harbour station to Folkestone Junction was always problematic when hauling heavy boat trains up the 1-in-36 incline . Six 5700s were allocated to Dover for working ( including banking ) on the branch ( replacing SER R1 class 0-6-0T locomotives ) . The last scheduled passenger trains hauled by 5700s on BR were on seen London Midland Region on the Wrexham to New Brighton route ( passing over old LNER territory ) . The Wrexham to Seacombe service ended at the beginning of 1960 but was immediately replaced by a Diesel Multiple Unit ( DMU ) service between Wrexham and New Brighton . The service on Bank Holidays was so popular that demand outstripped available DMUs , and a relief train of four coaches pulled by No . 3749 was laid on . Two more 5700s were used over the Spring Bank Holiday that year , but from then BR Standard Class 4 2-6-4T locomotives usually handled the relief services . In 1965 5700s were used for the last time on Whit Monday and August Bank Holiday relief services . The 5700s were the last steam locomotives used on GWR/Western region . The last working locomotives were allocated to Croes Newydd , and were working goods trains and shunting until November 1966 . By the end of the steam era the record keeping of allocations and working of local steam locomotives was rather lax , and it was not unknown for locomotives to be used after being officially withdrawn . For many years Nos . 4646 , 4696 , and 9774 were thought to be the last ex-GWR locomotives to work on British Rail , but No . 9641 was also still in steam at Croes Newydd at the same time . Accidents and incidents . - On 26 August 1940 , a bombing raid destroyed a goods shed at Bordesley , West Midlands . During the raid Peter Smout , an 18-year-old engine cleaner who was acting as the fireman on a shunter , volunteered to drive No . 7758 to pull wagons out of the blazing goods shed . He made three more trips . He was assisted by Frederick Blake , a wagon examiner and a navy veteran from World War I , who operated the points levers . When they finished , the right hand side of the footplate was too hot to touch , and Blake had to use his hat to work the points as the levers were also too hot to touch . Both men were awarded the George Medal for their courage . - On 7 December 1961 , a locomotive of the class was in collision with a freight train at Bodmin General station , Cornwall due to a faulty signal failing to give a clear danger aspect . Other pannier tank locomotives . There were numerous other classes of pannier tanks built by the GWR . The majority belonged to two families of large and small designs . Others included absorbed stock , more specialised types and conversions of tender locos . The two main groups were:- - A large group originally featuring saddle tanks ( or in a few cases side tanks ) , 46 driving wheels and double frames e.g . 1076 Class or inside frames GWR 645 Class , culminating in the 94xx . - A small group originally built at Wolverhampton Works with saddle tanks and driving wheels of 4 ft commencing with the GWR 850 Class and culminating in the BR 16xx For example , within the small group , the GWR 5400 Class locomotives were derived from the William Dean -designed GWR 2021 Class ( an enlargement of the 850 Class ) , with larger wheels for higher top speed and fitted with autotrain apparatus ( auto-fitted ) for push-pull passenger work . The GWR 6400 Class were similar to the 5400 Class , also being auto-fitted , but having the same size wheels as the 5700 . The GWR 7400 Class were very similar to the 6400 Class , but were not auto-fitted and had a higher boiler pressure . Within the large group , the GWR 9400 Class was the post-war updated design of the 8750 variant of the 57xx : heavier and longer , but nominally no more powerful , using the same taper boiler as the GWR 2251 Class . For a list of classes , see GWR 0-6-0PT . Withdrawal and mileages . After the 1955 Modernisation Plan , the reduction in branch line work and the introduction of diesel shunters , the Western Region embarked on dieselisation programme which , along with a reduction in branch line work , reduced the demand for the services of the 5700s . Withdrawal from service with BR started in 1956 and was completed in 1966 . Twenty locomotives were sold and continued in use until 1971 ( London Transport ) and 1975 ( National Coal Board ) . le Fleming noted that the mileages of those withdrawn between March 1956 and March 1958 ranged between 500,000 and 556,000 . Some other known mileages are shown below . Use after British Railways . Nineteen 5700s were sold for further use after being withdrawn by British Railways . The National Coal Board ( NCB ) bought five , one was bought by P.D . Fuels , and thirteen were bought by London Transport . One more locomotive , No . 9642 , was withdrawn in 1964 and sold for scrap to Hayes Scrapyard . It was used for three years to shunt other locomotives being scrapped , and was later saved for preservation . London Transport . Although the London underground network had been electrified for many years ( the then Metropolitan railway was electrified in 1905 ) a small number of steam locomotives were retained for engineering and ballast trains . By the 1950s the locomotives were past their prime and expensive to maintain , and the planned quadrupling of part of the Metropolitan line would require reliable locomotives . London Transport considered replacing the steam fleet with diesel shunters , and had also tested ( unsuccessfully ) a Great Northern Railway Class J52 locomotive in 1955 . The first 5700 locomotive , No . 7711 , underwent trials from January to April 1956 , first running between Finchley Road and Baker Street . Modifications were needed to the cab for clearance and the tripcock brake valves after problems were found when running in reverse . Curtains were also fitted to the cab to reduce smoke and fumes in tunnels . In May , the 5700s became the standard for engineering trains on London Transport when they bought No . 7711 ( for £3,160 ) , decided to buy another ( No . 5752 ) , and planned to buy more over the coming years . Thirteen 5700s were bought by London Transport ( from 1956 to 1963 ) . They were numbered L89 to L99 and were allocated to the depots at Lillie Bridge ( Fulham ) and Neasden . Only eleven were running at any one time , the original L90 and L91 were withdrawn for repairs but scrapped instead and replaced by other locomotives which carried the same number . They worked permanent way trains and were never used on normal passenger services . Main line running included trips between depots , to Acton Works and runs out to Croxley Tip , near Watford . Three of the LT 5700s lasted until the end of steam on London Transport in 1971 and were the last steam locomotives used for regular mainline working in the UK . London Transport commemorated the end of operating steam locomotives with a special run from Moorgate station to Neasden depot . The train comprised No . L94 ( No . 7752 ) and a selection of maintenance rolling stock . Three diesel-hydraulic locomotives were bought to carry out the shunting duties from then on . National Coal Board . Between 1959 and 1965 the National Coal Board ( NCB ) bought five 5700s from BR for use at pits in South Wales , continuing a tradition of the GWR selling withdrawn pannier tank locomotives to the NCB . The engines retained their BR numbers . The NCB locomotives did not receive maintenance to match GWR standards and were run into the ground , saving the cost of expensive overhauls . One of the NCB 5700s , No . 7754 , was the last in industrial service , and after working at various collieries was moved to Deep Duffryn Colliery at Mountain Ash in 1970 , where an ex-GWR fitter kept it working until 1975 when a loose piston resulted in a blown cylinder cover . No . 7754 could still be seen on shed in 1980 . The NCB donated No . 7754 to the National Museum Wales , who placed it on permanent loan to the Llangollen Railway . It is now owned by the Llangollen Railway Trust . Other uses . No . 3650 was withdrawn in 1963 and then sold to P.D . Fuels , a division of Stephenson Clarke Ltd. , and was used to move spoil to slag heaps at Gwaen-Caer-Gurwen colliery near Ammanford , Carmarthenshire . It was later bought and restored by members of the Great Western Society and became operational in 2009 . No . 9642 was withdrawn in 1964 and sent to Hayes Scrapyard , near Bridgend . Rather than being scrapped , it was used to shunt other locomotives being scrapped . It was due to be scrapped in 1967 , making it the 346th locomotive to be scrapped there , but thanks to the last minute intervention , the locomotive was bought ( 1968 ) and restored by the South Wales Pannier Group , becoming the first member of the class to be preserved . It was moved to Maesteg Colliery where it gave break van rides from the late 1960s and throughout the 1970s . Preservation . Sixteen 5700 class locomotives have been preserved , of which six are currently operational . Four of the class have worked mainline trains : 7715 , 7752 , 7760 and 9600 . As of 2020 none of the engines are mainline certified , 7752s operational but only on heritage railways while 7715 , 7760 and 9600 are stored out of service awaiting overhauls . Two locomotives are on static display , and two are in store . Six locomotives are undergoing , or waiting for , maintenance . One locomotive , No . 9629 , is being restored , and has not been in steam since it was sent to Barry Scrapyard in 1965 . A number of those bought from London Transport , which had been maintained by British Railways , were still in running order and were used on heritage railways with minimal work . No . 5764 ( LT L95 ) was steamed the day it arrived at Bridgnorth on the Severn Valley Railway , being lit-up before it had been removed from the low-loader on which it was delivered . As of June 2018 , Nos . 7752 ( LT L94 ) and 5786 ( LT L92 ) can be seen running in the maroon livery of London Transport , but No . 7715 ( LT L99 ) is currently out of service . The locomotives that were preserved after NCB and industrial use required rather more work than those acquired from London Transport . Some had been laid up for sometime after being withdrawn , and had received very little , if any , maintenance . Of the twelve 5700s that went to Barry Scrapyard , five were saved for preservation and one ( No . 3612 ) was bought for spares by the Severn Valley Railway . In fiction . No . 5775 on the Keighley and Worth Valley Railway featured in the film The Railway Children painted brown and lettered with GN&SR ( Great Northern and Southern Railway ) . In May 2014 , No . 5775 was moved to National Railway Museum Shildon , for cosmetic restoration back to the livery used in the film . No . 5775 also featured in the Full Steam Behind episode of Last of the Summer Wine ( series 5 ) , in its LT livery ( number L89 ) but with LONDON TRANSPORT replaced with KWVR ( Keighley and Worth Valley Railway ) on the side of the tank . Duck the Great Western Engine in The Railway Series books by the Rev . W Awdry and the TV series Thomas the Tank Engine and Friends is a 5700 Class pannier tank . In the books , his number was No . 5741 . For the TV series , it was changed to No . 8 . No . 5764 appeared several times in the 1976 BBC television adaptation of Charles Dickens short ghost story , The Signal-Man . Model railways . Mainline Railways had OO gauge Class 5700 models in their catalogue in 1982-3 , with models in GWR green and BR black . Bachmann Branchline has made OO gauge models of the 5700 and 8750 classes in various GWR and BR liveries , and also in the liveries of LT , NCB , Stephenson Clarke , and even GNSR ( the fictional railway company in The Railway Children ) . Hornby produced various OO gauge models of the 8750 class in GWR and LT liveries . Graham Farish has made British N gauge models of the 5700 and 8750 classes in various GWR and BR liveries . Dapol make British N gauge models of the 5700 and 8750 classes in various GWR and BR liveries . Just Like The Real Thing make an O gauge kit for the 5700 and 8750 classes . Dapol since their merger with Lionheart Models in August 2016 are planning on producing models of the 57xx class in O gauge in 2017/2018 . Minerva models has also released 0 gauge models of the 57xx in Great Western and British railway liveries .
|
[
"National Coal Board"
] |
[
{
"text": " The GWR 5700 Class , or 57xx class , was a class of 0-6-0 pannier tank steam locomotive , built by the Great Western Railway ( GWR ) and British Railways ( BR ) between 1929 and 1950 . With 863 built , they were the most prolific class of the GWR , and one of the most numerous classes of British steam locomotive . Although officially designated by GWR as light goods and shunting engines , they were also used for passenger working on branch , suburban , and shorter mainline journeys .",
"title": "GWR 5700 Class"
},
{
"text": "They were distributed across most of the GWR network and , after nationalisation of the railways in 1948 , across the British Railways Western Region , and also other regions .",
"title": "GWR 5700 Class"
},
{
"text": " The 5700s were not as glamorous as the GWR Castles and Kings , but became just as much of an icon of the GWR . As a result of the 1955 Modernisation Plan , the 5700 Class was withdrawn from BR service between 1956 and 1966 . Nineteen withdrawn locomotives were sold to London Transport and industry , of which ten were later preserved , along with six that were retrieved from scrapyards .",
"title": "GWR 5700 Class"
},
{
"text": " The GWR started designing and building 0-6-0 tank locomotives in 1860 , and this continued into the BR era until 1956 , with a total of 2,393 being built . The GWR also used 0-6-0 tank locomotives from other manufacturers designs ( from its subsidiary and absorbed railways stock ) , and since 1898 it always had at least 1,000 tank locomotives in stock .",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"text": "The early 0-6-0 tank engines were fitted with either saddle tanks ( wrapped over the boiler ) or side tanks ( mounted at the side of the boiler and reaching down to the running platform ) . GWR first fitted pannier tanks ( mounted on the side of the boiler but not reaching down to the running platform ) in 1898 to nine 4-4-0 tank locomotives and , in 1901 , to five 0-6-0T locomotives which were also fitted with Belpaire fireboxes . The shape of the Belpaire firebox gives a larger surface area which improves heat transfer and steam",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"text": "production , but their rectangular shape made them difficult to combine with saddle tanks . Locomotives fitted with pannier tanks have a lower centre of gravity than those with saddle tanks ( enabling higher speeds on curves ) , and access for maintenance is easier than for those fitted with side tanks .",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"text": " George Churchwards period as Chief Mechanical Engineer ( 1901–21 ) is well known for significant improvements in locomotive design and manufacture , and the development of standard designs . However , the scope of the standard designs did not include the 0-6-0 tank locomotive , and the GWR did not introduce any new 0-6-0 tank designs from 1897 to 1928 ( with exception of the GWR 1361 class of five 0-6-0 saddle tanks in 1910 ) .",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"text": "However , pannier tanks and Belpaire fireboxes became the standard for the rebuilding of various 0-6-0 tank locomotives ( projected in 1902 and getting fully underway by 1910 ) . The rebuilding program also included a number of other changes including :",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"text": " - improved cab designs , eventually becoming fully enclosed - superheating , which by 1929 , had been found to have little benefit on shunting engines - adaptation for working with autocoaches for push–pull trains ( auto-working ) - increasing boiler pressures , for example , the various rebuilds of the GWR 2721 class started at , increasing to , and then to",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"text": "With the completion of grouping in 1923 , GWRs collection of 0-6-0 tank locomotives was expanded with the stock from 28 acquired companies . The acquired tank locomotives came from different manufacturers , were a mixture of side , saddle and pannier , and varied widely by size and state of repair . In addition , GWRs stock was wearing out , and the variety of classes was problematic for maintenance and rostering . Collett had to produce a new standard design for 0-6-0 pannier tanks . The result was the 5700 class .",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"text": " The first batch of 300 locomotives built between 1929 and 1931 included a medium height chimney , a mid-boiler dome , safety valve with cover , and an enclosed cab . The boiler included a top-feed ( between the chimney and dome ) . They were similar in appearance to older 0-6-0 tank engines that had been rebuilt as pannier tanks , particularly the later rebuilds of the 2721 class . The 2721 class was itself a development of the 1854 class , which in turn was based on the 645 class .",
"title": "Design"
},
{
"text": " The table below gives the technical specifications of the 5700 class . Values are from GWR diagram B48 unless referenced otherwise . The 5700s were given the GWR route colour Blue ( based on axle load ) , and were in the GWR power group C ( based on tractive effort ) . The classifications were shown on the cab with the letter C in a blue disc .",
"title": "Specification"
},
{
"text": "le Fleming describes the 5700 class as an almost unaltered continuation of the 27xx rebuilds and Holcroft describes them as practically identical to 2721 rebuilds , but according to Oswald Nock it was a thoroughly modern design , and Jones notes that design included numerous detailed improvements and reflected improved construction techniques . The main differences from the 2721 class include :",
"title": "Specification"
},
{
"text": " - increased boiler pressure , from to , giving a corresponding increase in tractive effort - improved valve settings - longer frame , from to - fully enclosed cab The initial design also included a return to non-fluted coupling rods and laminated springs beneath the leading and driving axleboxes ( both features harking back to the 1854 class ) . The locomotives were also fitted with cast iron chimneys ( which had only rarely been fitted to earlier locomotives ) , and the whistles were fitted on top of the firebox rather than on top of the cab .",
"title": "Specification"
},
{
"text": "6700 Sub-class .",
"title": "Specification"
},
{
"text": " Of the first batch of 300 locomotives , most were fitted with vacuum brakes and steam heating , and some of these were also fitted with GWRs Automatic Train Control ( ATC ) safety system .",
"title": "Specification"
},
{
"text": "However , the 50 locomotives of the 6700 Class , or 67xx class , were not fitted with vacuum brakes , steam heating , or ATC , and were fitted with three link couplings only ; they were therefore limited to shunting duties and some freight working . The 6700s had a smaller minimum curve radius of ( normal ) and ( slow ) and an increased axle clearance .",
"title": "Specification"
},
{
"text": "The 8750 Class , or 87xx class , were first built in 1933 , using an updated design which included an improved cab with a higher roof , rectangular windows and grills ( as opposed to the round windows , or spectacles , of the initial design ) , and sliding shutters and hinged doors for more protection from the elements . The new style cab was derived from the sister 5400 class , the first of which were built in 1931 . Vacuum brakes , steam heating , and ATC were fitted as standard ( except for Nos .",
"title": "Specification"
},
{
"text": "6750–79 , built between 1946 and 1950 , which were fitted with steam brakes and three link couplings only ) . The locomotive weight increased to , and the axle load increased to .",
"title": "Specification"
},
{
"text": " 9700 Class . The 9700 Class , or 97xx class , pannier tanks were a direct development of the 5700 class . The prototype for the class , No . 8700 ( later No . 9700 ) , was a rebuilt 5700 locomotive . They were specifically for working on the /Hammersmith & City line between Paddington station and . They replaced Metro and 633 class locomotives .",
"title": "Specification"
},
{
"text": "The eleven locomotives in the class had condensing apparatus that fed the exhaust steam back into the water tanks . The tanks themselves were shortened to make room for the external exhaust pipes and were extended down to the footplate in front of the cab to increase their capacity . As condensing the steam heated the water , a reciprocating pump ( Weir pump ) was fitted as a boiler feedwater pump because standard injectors will not work with hot water . The pumps led to ( unsuccessful ) tests with these locomotives acting as fire engines during World War",
"title": "Specification"
},
{
"text": "II .",
"title": "Specification"
},
{
"text": " To work over the electrified underground lines , the 9700 Class locomotives had a special type of ATC equipment that lifted clear of the centre rail and had tripcock brake valves that matched the London Transport signalling system . The design changes resulted in reduced coal ( ) and water ( ) capacities . The locomotive weight increased to , and the axle load increased to .",
"title": "Specification"
},
{
"text": " From 1936 to 1942 a number of small changes were introduced to new builds : - in 1936 a whistle shield was added to the front of the cab to deflect steam away from the cab windows . - also in 1936 pocket steps and extra railings were added to the firemans side ( left side ) of the cab to improve access to the bunker . - in 1937 a drawing was issued for fitting shutters and doors to the older , pre-8750 class , locomotives .",
"title": "Later developments"
},
{
"text": "- in 1938 a larger whistle shield was fitted , which became standard for the larger cabs .",
"title": "Later developments"
},
{
"text": " - in 1942 a new type of top feed was introduced , with separate clackboxes in a taller cover , and internal delivery pipes rather than trays .",
"title": "Later developments"
},
{
"text": "All these changes ( with the exception of the new top feed ) were later applied to locomotives that had been built earlier . The new top feed became standard for new locomotives in 1944 . Some older boilers and locomotives were later fitted with the new top feed , and some locomotives that were built with the new top feed were later changed back to the old design as boilers were swapped .",
"title": "Later developments"
},
{
"text": " A small number of 5700s were adapted for specific tasks : - in 1937 , 1938 and during World War II thirteen 5700s were fitted with spark arresting chimneys for work on industrial and military sites with significant fire risks . - in 1958 No . 3711 was converted to oil burning by Robert Stephenson and Hawthorns . - in 1946 No . 7722 was fitted with winding gear to work the Pwllyrhebog Colliery incline on the former Taff Vale Railway .",
"title": "Variants"
},
{
"text": " The first 5700s were built in 1929 by North British Locomotive Co . and , later in the year , at GWRs Swindon Works . Between 1929 and 1931 a total of 300 were built , of which 50 were built by GWR , and the rest by outside contractors : - Armstrong Whitworth : 25 ( Nos . 7775–99 ) - W . G . Bagnall : 50 ( Nos . 6700–24 , 8725–49 ) - Beyer , Peacock & Co : 25 ( Nos . 8700–24 ) - Kerr Stuart : 25 ( Nos . 7700–24 )",
"title": "Production"
},
{
"text": "- North British : 100 ( Nos . 5700–49 , 7725–74 )",
"title": "Production"
},
{
"text": " - Yorkshire Engine Co : 25 ( Nos . 6725–49 ) It was unusual , but not unprecedented , for GWR to use outside contractors to build locomotives ( 50 of the 200 strong 5600 class had been built by Armstrong Whitworth ) . The building programme was partly funded by interest-free Government loans intended to relieve unemployment during the Great Depression . Also , stricter accountancy rules that distinguished between maintenance and building costs meant that it was often economically worthwhile to build new locomotives rather than repair older locomotives .",
"title": "Production"
},
{
"text": "At first , more 5700s were built than were immediately needed so Nos . 6700–49 were stored for a couple of years before being allocated . Many of these were then assigned to sheds near the South Wales ports of Newport , Barry , Cardiff and Swansea .",
"title": "Production"
},
{
"text": " After a gap of a year , building started again in 1933 , with the 8750 and 9700 classes , and continued until 1950 . All the later locomotives , totalling 563 , were built at Swindon , and the numbers built only dropped in the last few years with the introduction of the 9400 class in 1947 .",
"title": "Production"
},
{
"text": " A total of 863 5700s were built and the table below shows the number built by year .",
"title": "Numbers built"
},
{
"text": " The 5700s were specified by 27 different order numbers , or lots , shown below .",
"title": "Build details"
},
{
"text": " Some known costs ( either GWRs out-shop value or cost from contractors ) are shown below , along with estimated equivalent values for 2013 .",
"title": "Costs"
},
{
"text": " The size of the class demanded that the 5700 class locomotives were spread across several series of numbers . The different series started in the following chronological order ; 57xx ( 1929 ) , 77xx ( 1929 ) , 67xx ( 1930 ) , 87xx ( 1931 ) , 97xx ( 1933 ) , 37xx ( 1936 ) , 36xx ( 1938 ) , 46xx ( 1941 ) , and 96xx ( 1945 ) . GWR locomotives were not renumbered after nationalisation , but a W ( for Western Region ) was temporarily added to some locomotives .",
"title": "Numbering and liveries"
},
{
"text": "The first 5700s built were painted in the standard GWR livery of the time ; mainly green above the running plate with the words GREAT WESTERN painted in yellow letters with red and black shadowing on the side of the pannier tanks , buffer beams painted red with the number shown in yellow letters with black shadowing , and the front of the smokebox and chimney were black . From 1934 the GWR shirtbutton roundel replaced GREAT WESTERN . From 1942 GWR replaced the roundel with the letters G W R , in yellow letters with red and black shading",
"title": "Numbering and liveries"
},
{
"text": ". Due to wartime shortages most locomotives , apart from the Kings and Castles , were painted black from 1942 to 1945 .",
"title": "Numbering and liveries"
},
{
"text": " After nationalisation , some 5700s were painted in BR green with the words BRITISH RAILWAYS on the side of the pannier tanks , but unlined black soon became the standard for tank locomotives , with the BR crest on the sides of the pannier tanks . Some 5700s also had white and red lining on the pannier tanks and cab sides . The BR crest was changed in 1957 .",
"title": "Numbering and liveries"
},
{
"text": "The 5700s bought by London Transport between 1956 and 1963 were repainted in the standard LT maroon livery with yellow and black lining . Those bought by NCB were painted in a light green .",
"title": "Numbering and liveries"
},
{
"text": " The 5700s were used on GWR for various duties including shunting , pilot work , and light to medium goods . They were also used on branch , commuter and shorter mainline passenger trains . They were also used on standby for more powerful locomotives , sometimes producing firework displays as they strived to keep to the schedule with heavier loads .",
"title": "Operation"
},
{
"text": "The 5700s were never fitted remote control gear for working autotrains . This was left to smaller pannier locomotives that followed ; the 5400 class ( introduced in 1930 ) and the 6400 Class ( introduced in 1932 ) .",
"title": "Operation"
},
{
"text": " The 9700s ( fitted with condensing equipment for underground working ) and built specifically for working the line between Paddington and Smithfield , were allocated to Old Oak Common .",
"title": "Operation"
},
{
"text": "The 6700s ( built for shunting only and kept in storage for a couple of years because of a lack of suitable work ) eventually found their niche working the marshalling yards between the South Wales coalfields and the coal exporting docks of Llanelli , Swansea , Cardiff , Barry and Newport . Some were allocated to just one shed for their entire working life ( Nos . 6700–9 at Cardiff East Dock and Nos . 6725–32 at Newport , Pill ) . A number of 6700s were also allocated to Swindon , with 6733–41 spending a long time there",
"title": "Operation"
},
{
"text": ".",
"title": "Operation"
},
{
"text": " Thirteen 5700s were fitted with spark arresting chimneys for working in industrial and military systems and sidings , particularly the War Department ammunition dump at Milton , near Didcot during World War II .",
"title": "Operation"
},
{
"text": "The Pwllyrhebog Colliery incline on the former Taff Vale Railway was a 1-in-13 incline with a continuous rope cable so that a descending train was partially counterbalanced by an ascending train . The locomotives ( Taff Vale Railway H class ) on the incline were fitted with coned boilers so that there was always sufficient water above the firebox . To provide additional control and power a stationary locomotive , fitted with two intergeared drums , controlled the cable . No . 2750 Class 2721 had been fitted with the necessary winding gear to control the incline in 1935 ,",
"title": "Operation"
},
{
"text": "but was withdrawn in 1945 , and replaced by 5700 No . 7722 which was fitted with the winding gear in 1946 . Operation of the incline ended in 1952 .",
"title": "Operation"
},
{
"text": " The 5700s route classification ( Blue ) meant that they were allowed on approximately 70% of the GWR network . By 1938 only 15 ( out of approximately 70 ) running sheds did not have any 5700s allocated .",
"title": "Allocation"
},
{
"text": "In 1950 , the route classification was changed to Yellow because of the 5700s low hammer blow . The change did not apply to Nos . 9700–10 . This meant that 5700s were now allowed on almost 90% of the old GWR network ( roughly equivalent to the new Western Region of British Rail ) . By 1954 only five running sheds ( Abercynon , Aberystwyth , Machynlleth , Treherbert and Truro ) did not have any 5700s allocated .",
"title": "Allocation"
},
{
"text": " In the early years of British Railways the boundaries between the Western Region and the Southern Region changed a number of times . 5700s took up new duties in a variety of places : - At Weymouth , 5700s operated the branch line to the Isle of Portland ( replacing LSWR O2 class 0-4-4T locomotives ) . They were also seen pulling boat trains through the streets of Weymouth . - Six 5700s were allocated to Nine Elms and worked empty stock between Waterloo and Clapham Junction ( replacing LSWR M7 class 0-4-4T locomotives ) .",
"title": "BR working"
},
{
"text": "- The short Folkestone Harbour branch line from Folkestone Harbour station to Folkestone Junction was always problematic when hauling heavy boat trains up the 1-in-36 incline . Six 5700s were allocated to Dover for working ( including banking ) on the branch ( replacing SER R1 class 0-6-0T locomotives ) .",
"title": "BR working"
},
{
"text": "The last scheduled passenger trains hauled by 5700s on BR were on seen London Midland Region on the Wrexham to New Brighton route ( passing over old LNER territory ) . The Wrexham to Seacombe service ended at the beginning of 1960 but was immediately replaced by a Diesel Multiple Unit ( DMU ) service between Wrexham and New Brighton . The service on Bank Holidays was so popular that demand outstripped available DMUs , and a relief train of four coaches pulled by No . 3749 was laid on . Two more 5700s were used over the Spring Bank",
"title": "BR working"
},
{
"text": "Holiday that year , but from then BR Standard Class 4 2-6-4T locomotives usually handled the relief services . In 1965 5700s were used for the last time on Whit Monday and August Bank Holiday relief services .",
"title": "BR working"
},
{
"text": "The 5700s were the last steam locomotives used on GWR/Western region . The last working locomotives were allocated to Croes Newydd , and were working goods trains and shunting until November 1966 . By the end of the steam era the record keeping of allocations and working of local steam locomotives was rather lax , and it was not unknown for locomotives to be used after being officially withdrawn . For many years Nos . 4646 , 4696 , and 9774 were thought to be the last ex-GWR locomotives to work on British Rail , but No . 9641 was",
"title": "BR working"
},
{
"text": "also still in steam at Croes Newydd at the same time .",
"title": "BR working"
},
{
"text": "- On 26 August 1940 , a bombing raid destroyed a goods shed at Bordesley , West Midlands . During the raid Peter Smout , an 18-year-old engine cleaner who was acting as the fireman on a shunter , volunteered to drive No . 7758 to pull wagons out of the blazing goods shed . He made three more trips . He was assisted by Frederick Blake , a wagon examiner and a navy veteran from World War I , who operated the points levers . When they finished , the right hand side of the footplate was too hot",
"title": "Accidents and incidents"
},
{
"text": "to touch , and Blake had to use his hat to work the points as the levers were also too hot to touch . Both men were awarded the George Medal for their courage .",
"title": "Accidents and incidents"
},
{
"text": " - On 7 December 1961 , a locomotive of the class was in collision with a freight train at Bodmin General station , Cornwall due to a faulty signal failing to give a clear danger aspect . Other pannier tank locomotives . There were numerous other classes of pannier tanks built by the GWR . The majority belonged to two families of large and small designs . Others included absorbed stock , more specialised types and conversions of tender locos . The two main groups were:-",
"title": "Accidents and incidents"
},
{
"text": "- A large group originally featuring saddle tanks ( or in a few cases side tanks ) , 46 driving wheels and double frames e.g . 1076 Class or inside frames GWR 645 Class , culminating in the 94xx .",
"title": "Accidents and incidents"
},
{
"text": " - A small group originally built at Wolverhampton Works with saddle tanks and driving wheels of 4 ft commencing with the GWR 850 Class and culminating in the BR 16xx",
"title": "Accidents and incidents"
},
{
"text": "For example , within the small group , the GWR 5400 Class locomotives were derived from the William Dean -designed GWR 2021 Class ( an enlargement of the 850 Class ) , with larger wheels for higher top speed and fitted with autotrain apparatus ( auto-fitted ) for push-pull passenger work . The GWR 6400 Class were similar to the 5400 Class , also being auto-fitted , but having the same size wheels as the 5700 . The GWR 7400 Class were very similar to the 6400 Class , but were not auto-fitted and had a higher boiler pressure .",
"title": "Accidents and incidents"
},
{
"text": " Within the large group , the GWR 9400 Class was the post-war updated design of the 8750 variant of the 57xx : heavier and longer , but nominally no more powerful , using the same taper boiler as the GWR 2251 Class . For a list of classes , see GWR 0-6-0PT .",
"title": "Accidents and incidents"
},
{
"text": " After the 1955 Modernisation Plan , the reduction in branch line work and the introduction of diesel shunters , the Western Region embarked on dieselisation programme which , along with a reduction in branch line work , reduced the demand for the services of the 5700s . Withdrawal from service with BR started in 1956 and was completed in 1966 . Twenty locomotives were sold and continued in use until 1971 ( London Transport ) and 1975 ( National Coal Board ) .",
"title": "Withdrawal and mileages"
},
{
"text": "le Fleming noted that the mileages of those withdrawn between March 1956 and March 1958 ranged between 500,000 and 556,000 . Some other known mileages are shown below .",
"title": "Withdrawal and mileages"
},
{
"text": " Use after British Railways . Nineteen 5700s were sold for further use after being withdrawn by British Railways . The National Coal Board ( NCB ) bought five , one was bought by P.D . Fuels , and thirteen were bought by London Transport . One more locomotive , No . 9642 , was withdrawn in 1964 and sold for scrap to Hayes Scrapyard . It was used for three years to shunt other locomotives being scrapped , and was later saved for preservation .",
"title": "Withdrawal and mileages"
},
{
"text": " Although the London underground network had been electrified for many years ( the then Metropolitan railway was electrified in 1905 ) a small number of steam locomotives were retained for engineering and ballast trains . By the 1950s the locomotives were past their prime and expensive to maintain , and the planned quadrupling of part of the Metropolitan line would require reliable locomotives . London Transport considered replacing the steam fleet with diesel shunters , and had also tested ( unsuccessfully ) a Great Northern Railway Class J52 locomotive in 1955 .",
"title": "London Transport"
},
{
"text": "The first 5700 locomotive , No . 7711 , underwent trials from January to April 1956 , first running between Finchley Road and Baker Street . Modifications were needed to the cab for clearance and the tripcock brake valves after problems were found when running in reverse . Curtains were also fitted to the cab to reduce smoke and fumes in tunnels . In May , the 5700s became the standard for engineering trains on London Transport when they bought No . 7711 ( for £3,160 ) , decided to buy another ( No . 5752 ) , and planned",
"title": "London Transport"
},
{
"text": "to buy more over the coming years .",
"title": "London Transport"
},
{
"text": " Thirteen 5700s were bought by London Transport ( from 1956 to 1963 ) . They were numbered L89 to L99 and were allocated to the depots at Lillie Bridge ( Fulham ) and Neasden . Only eleven were running at any one time , the original L90 and L91 were withdrawn for repairs but scrapped instead and replaced by other locomotives which carried the same number .",
"title": "London Transport"
},
{
"text": "They worked permanent way trains and were never used on normal passenger services . Main line running included trips between depots , to Acton Works and runs out to Croxley Tip , near Watford .",
"title": "London Transport"
},
{
"text": " Three of the LT 5700s lasted until the end of steam on London Transport in 1971 and were the last steam locomotives used for regular mainline working in the UK . London Transport commemorated the end of operating steam locomotives with a special run from Moorgate station to Neasden depot . The train comprised No . L94 ( No . 7752 ) and a selection of maintenance rolling stock . Three diesel-hydraulic locomotives were bought to carry out the shunting duties from then on .",
"title": "London Transport"
},
{
"text": " Between 1959 and 1965 the National Coal Board ( NCB ) bought five 5700s from BR for use at pits in South Wales , continuing a tradition of the GWR selling withdrawn pannier tank locomotives to the NCB . The engines retained their BR numbers . The NCB locomotives did not receive maintenance to match GWR standards and were run into the ground , saving the cost of expensive overhauls .",
"title": "National Coal Board"
},
{
"text": "One of the NCB 5700s , No . 7754 , was the last in industrial service , and after working at various collieries was moved to Deep Duffryn Colliery at Mountain Ash in 1970 , where an ex-GWR fitter kept it working until 1975 when a loose piston resulted in a blown cylinder cover . No . 7754 could still be seen on shed in 1980 . The NCB donated No . 7754 to the National Museum Wales , who placed it on permanent loan to the Llangollen Railway . It is now owned by the Llangollen Railway Trust .",
"title": "National Coal Board"
},
{
"text": " No . 3650 was withdrawn in 1963 and then sold to P.D . Fuels , a division of Stephenson Clarke Ltd. , and was used to move spoil to slag heaps at Gwaen-Caer-Gurwen colliery near Ammanford , Carmarthenshire . It was later bought and restored by members of the Great Western Society and became operational in 2009 .",
"title": "Other uses"
},
{
"text": "No . 9642 was withdrawn in 1964 and sent to Hayes Scrapyard , near Bridgend . Rather than being scrapped , it was used to shunt other locomotives being scrapped . It was due to be scrapped in 1967 , making it the 346th locomotive to be scrapped there , but thanks to the last minute intervention , the locomotive was bought ( 1968 ) and restored by the South Wales Pannier Group , becoming the first member of the class to be preserved . It was moved to Maesteg Colliery where it gave break van rides from the late",
"title": "Other uses"
},
{
"text": "1960s and throughout the 1970s .",
"title": "Other uses"
},
{
"text": "Sixteen 5700 class locomotives have been preserved , of which six are currently operational . Four of the class have worked mainline trains : 7715 , 7752 , 7760 and 9600 . As of 2020 none of the engines are mainline certified , 7752s operational but only on heritage railways while 7715 , 7760 and 9600 are stored out of service awaiting overhauls . Two locomotives are on static display , and two are in store . Six locomotives are undergoing , or waiting for , maintenance . One locomotive , No . 9629 , is being restored , and",
"title": "Preservation"
},
{
"text": "has not been in steam since it was sent to Barry Scrapyard in 1965 .",
"title": "Preservation"
},
{
"text": "A number of those bought from London Transport , which had been maintained by British Railways , were still in running order and were used on heritage railways with minimal work . No . 5764 ( LT L95 ) was steamed the day it arrived at Bridgnorth on the Severn Valley Railway , being lit-up before it had been removed from the low-loader on which it was delivered . As of June 2018 , Nos . 7752 ( LT L94 ) and 5786 ( LT L92 ) can be seen running in the maroon livery of London Transport , but",
"title": "Preservation"
},
{
"text": "No . 7715 ( LT L99 ) is currently out of service .",
"title": "Preservation"
},
{
"text": " The locomotives that were preserved after NCB and industrial use required rather more work than those acquired from London Transport . Some had been laid up for sometime after being withdrawn , and had received very little , if any , maintenance . Of the twelve 5700s that went to Barry Scrapyard , five were saved for preservation and one ( No . 3612 ) was bought for spares by the Severn Valley Railway .",
"title": "Preservation"
},
{
"text": " No . 5775 on the Keighley and Worth Valley Railway featured in the film The Railway Children painted brown and lettered with GN&SR ( Great Northern and Southern Railway ) . In May 2014 , No . 5775 was moved to National Railway Museum Shildon , for cosmetic restoration back to the livery used in the film .",
"title": "In fiction"
},
{
"text": "No . 5775 also featured in the Full Steam Behind episode of Last of the Summer Wine ( series 5 ) , in its LT livery ( number L89 ) but with LONDON TRANSPORT replaced with KWVR ( Keighley and Worth Valley Railway ) on the side of the tank .",
"title": "In fiction"
},
{
"text": " Duck the Great Western Engine in The Railway Series books by the Rev . W Awdry and the TV series Thomas the Tank Engine and Friends is a 5700 Class pannier tank . In the books , his number was No . 5741 . For the TV series , it was changed to No . 8 . No . 5764 appeared several times in the 1976 BBC television adaptation of Charles Dickens short ghost story , The Signal-Man .",
"title": "In fiction"
},
{
"text": " Mainline Railways had OO gauge Class 5700 models in their catalogue in 1982-3 , with models in GWR green and BR black . Bachmann Branchline has made OO gauge models of the 5700 and 8750 classes in various GWR and BR liveries , and also in the liveries of LT , NCB , Stephenson Clarke , and even GNSR ( the fictional railway company in The Railway Children ) . Hornby produced various OO gauge models of the 8750 class in GWR and LT liveries .",
"title": "Model railways"
},
{
"text": "Graham Farish has made British N gauge models of the 5700 and 8750 classes in various GWR and BR liveries . Dapol make British N gauge models of the 5700 and 8750 classes in various GWR and BR liveries .",
"title": "Model railways"
},
{
"text": " Just Like The Real Thing make an O gauge kit for the 5700 and 8750 classes . Dapol since their merger with Lionheart Models in August 2016 are planning on producing models of the 57xx class in O gauge in 2017/2018 . Minerva models has also released 0 gauge models of the 57xx in Great Western and British railway liveries .",
"title": "Model railways"
}
] |
/wiki/Johannes_Lelieveld#P108#0
|
Johannes Lelieveld was an employee for whom in Aug 1999?
|
Johannes Lelieveld Johannes Jos Lelieveld ( born July 25 , 1955 ) is a Dutch atmospheric chemist . Since 2000 , he has been a Scientific Member of the Max Planck Society and director of the Atmospheric Chemistry Department at the Max Planck Institute for Chemistry in Mainz . He is also professor at the University of Mainz and at the Cyprus Institute in Nicosia . Biography . Lelieveld studied biology at the Leiden University , the Netherlands . He graduated at the University of Leiden from the faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences , and the Free University of Amsterdam , in 1984 and received his Ph.D . from the faculty of Physics and Astronomy at the Utrecht University in 1990 . His doctoral supervisor was Nobel laureate Paul J . Crutzen and his thesis was entitled The role of clouds in tropospheric chemistry . From 1984 until 1987 he worked as a research assistant at Geosens B.V . in Rotterdam to investigate transboundary air pollution . Subsequently , he became research scientist at the Atmospheric Chemistry Department of the Max Planck Institute for Chemistry ( MPIC ) in Mainz from 1987–1993 . In 1991 , he was visiting scientist at the International Meteorological Institute at the University of Stockholm , followed by a stay at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography , University of California , San Diego in 1992 . In 1993 Lelieveld returned to the Netherlands , accepting a professorship in “Air Quality” at Wageningen University . From 1996 to 2000 he was professor in “Atmospheric Physics and Chemistry” at University of Utrecht . In 1997 he became founding director of the international research school COACh ( Cooperation on Oceanic , Atmospheric and climate Change studies ) . In 2000 , Jos Lelieveld returned to the Max Planck Institute for Chemistry in Mainz as scientific member of the Max Planck Society and director , succeeding Paul J . Crutzen as director of the Atmospheric Chemistry Department . Since 2000 he is spokesperson of the Paul Crutzen Graduate School ( PCGS ) on Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics in Mainz and since 2008 he is co-affiliated at the Cyprus Institute in Nicosia . He is co/author of over 400 publications , co-editor of several scientific journals , as well as member of various international committees . In 2015 he was elected as member of the German National Academy of Sciences Leopoldina. , in 2016 he received an honorary doctorate and professorship from the University of Crete , and was elected as member of the International Silk Road Academy of Sciences , China . In 2017 he was appointed Fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry , and in 2018 Fellow of the American Geophysical Union . Vilhelm Bjerknes Medal of the European Geosciences Union ( 2019 ) Research . Jos Lelievelds department focuses on photo-oxidation mechanisms , which play a central role in the self-cleaning capacity of the atmosphere . With the help of self-developed highly sensitive instrumentation to measure trace gases , including reactive radicals that occur in minute amounts in ambient air , to uncover the photochemical reaction chains . He and his group have specialized in the construction of new instrumentation for application on aircraft . Fast laser-optical , mass spectrometric and relatively fast gas chromatographic techniques , for example , are used to determine the key oxidants and breakdown products of hydrocarbons . The studies include laboratory investigations , field measurements on aircraft and ships , and the use of satellite observations . Also developing computer models to simulate the interactions of chemical and meteorological processes , and investigating the impact of atmospheric composition changes on climate and planetary health in the Anthropocene . Jos Lelieveld coordinated major field measurement campaigns on atmospheric chemistry and climate ‘hot spot’ regions like the Indian Ocean , the Mediterranean , the Amazon and the Middle East . He found that the atmospheres natural self-cleaning mechanism is effectively stabilized through the rapid recycling of highly reactive radicals , buffering the changes caused by natural and anthropogenic emissions . To study the interplay between atmospheric composition and climate , Lelieveld introduced the dynamic coupling of atmospheric chemistry in general circulation models . He showed that the increase of methane not only directly causes climate warming , but also indirectly through chemical reactions in the troposphere and stratosphere . His research uncovered how clouds and aerosols influence the chemistry of the troposphere , and showed that cloud convection has a major impact on tropospheric ozone . Lelieveld quantified the global impact of air pollution emission sectors on human health , identifying agriculture and residential energy use as important anthropogenic sources of particulate matter , next to the use of fossil fuels . Further , he showed the co-benefits of air pollution control on improving human health , reversing anthropogenically perturbed rainfall patterns and limiting global warming . His work on the Middle East and North Africa showed that the region is a global hotspot of climate change , weather extremes and air pollution , which could ultimately compromise human habitability Jos Lelieveld has an h-index of 95 ( May 2020 ) External links . - Homepage of Jos Lelieveld at the MPI for Chemistry - Profile of Jos Lelieveld , Max-Planck-Gesellschaft Videos . - Video : What are the Sources and Health Effects of Air Pollution ?
|
[
"University of Utrecht"
] |
[
{
"text": " Johannes Jos Lelieveld ( born July 25 , 1955 ) is a Dutch atmospheric chemist . Since 2000 , he has been a Scientific Member of the Max Planck Society and director of the Atmospheric Chemistry Department at the Max Planck Institute for Chemistry in Mainz . He is also professor at the University of Mainz and at the Cyprus Institute in Nicosia .",
"title": "Johannes Lelieveld"
},
{
"text": " Lelieveld studied biology at the Leiden University , the Netherlands . He graduated at the University of Leiden from the faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences , and the Free University of Amsterdam , in 1984 and received his Ph.D . from the faculty of Physics and Astronomy at the Utrecht University in 1990 . His doctoral supervisor was Nobel laureate Paul J . Crutzen and his thesis was entitled The role of clouds in tropospheric chemistry .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "From 1984 until 1987 he worked as a research assistant at Geosens B.V . in Rotterdam to investigate transboundary air pollution . Subsequently , he became research scientist at the Atmospheric Chemistry Department of the Max Planck Institute for Chemistry ( MPIC ) in Mainz from 1987–1993 .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": " In 1991 , he was visiting scientist at the International Meteorological Institute at the University of Stockholm , followed by a stay at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography , University of California , San Diego in 1992 . In 1993 Lelieveld returned to the Netherlands , accepting a professorship in “Air Quality” at Wageningen University . From 1996 to 2000 he was professor in “Atmospheric Physics and Chemistry” at University of Utrecht . In 1997 he became founding director of the international research school COACh ( Cooperation on Oceanic , Atmospheric and climate Change studies ) .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "In 2000 , Jos Lelieveld returned to the Max Planck Institute for Chemistry in Mainz as scientific member of the Max Planck Society and director , succeeding Paul J . Crutzen as director of the Atmospheric Chemistry Department . Since 2000 he is spokesperson of the Paul Crutzen Graduate School ( PCGS ) on Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics in Mainz and since 2008 he is co-affiliated at the Cyprus Institute in Nicosia . He is co/author of over 400 publications , co-editor of several scientific journals , as well as member of various international committees .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": " In 2015 he was elected as member of the German National Academy of Sciences Leopoldina. , in 2016 he received an honorary doctorate and professorship from the University of Crete , and was elected as member of the International Silk Road Academy of Sciences , China . In 2017 he was appointed Fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry , and in 2018 Fellow of the American Geophysical Union . Vilhelm Bjerknes Medal of the European Geosciences Union ( 2019 )",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "Jos Lelievelds department focuses on photo-oxidation mechanisms , which play a central role in the self-cleaning capacity of the atmosphere . With the help of self-developed highly sensitive instrumentation to measure trace gases , including reactive radicals that occur in minute amounts in ambient air , to uncover the photochemical reaction chains . He and his group have specialized in the construction of new instrumentation for application on aircraft . Fast laser-optical , mass spectrometric and relatively fast gas chromatographic techniques , for example , are used to determine the key oxidants and breakdown products of hydrocarbons . The studies",
"title": "Research"
},
{
"text": "include laboratory investigations , field measurements on aircraft and ships , and the use of satellite observations . Also developing computer models to simulate the interactions of chemical and meteorological processes , and investigating the impact of atmospheric composition changes on climate and planetary health in the Anthropocene .",
"title": "Research"
},
{
"text": "Jos Lelieveld coordinated major field measurement campaigns on atmospheric chemistry and climate ‘hot spot’ regions like the Indian Ocean , the Mediterranean , the Amazon and the Middle East . He found that the atmospheres natural self-cleaning mechanism is effectively stabilized through the rapid recycling of highly reactive radicals , buffering the changes caused by natural and anthropogenic emissions . To study the interplay between atmospheric composition and climate , Lelieveld introduced the dynamic coupling of atmospheric chemistry in general circulation models . He showed that the increase of methane not only directly causes climate warming , but also indirectly",
"title": "Research"
},
{
"text": "through chemical reactions in the troposphere and stratosphere . His research uncovered how clouds and aerosols influence the chemistry of the troposphere , and showed that cloud convection has a major impact on tropospheric ozone . Lelieveld quantified the global impact of air pollution emission sectors on human health , identifying agriculture and residential energy use as important anthropogenic sources of particulate matter , next to the use of fossil fuels . Further , he showed the co-benefits of air pollution control on improving human health , reversing anthropogenically perturbed rainfall patterns and limiting global warming . His work on",
"title": "Research"
},
{
"text": "the Middle East and North Africa showed that the region is a global hotspot of climate change , weather extremes and air pollution , which could ultimately compromise human habitability",
"title": "Research"
},
{
"text": " - Homepage of Jos Lelieveld at the MPI for Chemistry - Profile of Jos Lelieveld , Max-Planck-Gesellschaft",
"title": "External links"
},
{
"text": " - Video : What are the Sources and Health Effects of Air Pollution ?",
"title": "Videos"
}
] |
/wiki/Johannes_Lelieveld#P108#1
|
Johannes Lelieveld was an employee for whom in Sep 2006?
|
Johannes Lelieveld Johannes Jos Lelieveld ( born July 25 , 1955 ) is a Dutch atmospheric chemist . Since 2000 , he has been a Scientific Member of the Max Planck Society and director of the Atmospheric Chemistry Department at the Max Planck Institute for Chemistry in Mainz . He is also professor at the University of Mainz and at the Cyprus Institute in Nicosia . Biography . Lelieveld studied biology at the Leiden University , the Netherlands . He graduated at the University of Leiden from the faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences , and the Free University of Amsterdam , in 1984 and received his Ph.D . from the faculty of Physics and Astronomy at the Utrecht University in 1990 . His doctoral supervisor was Nobel laureate Paul J . Crutzen and his thesis was entitled The role of clouds in tropospheric chemistry . From 1984 until 1987 he worked as a research assistant at Geosens B.V . in Rotterdam to investigate transboundary air pollution . Subsequently , he became research scientist at the Atmospheric Chemistry Department of the Max Planck Institute for Chemistry ( MPIC ) in Mainz from 1987–1993 . In 1991 , he was visiting scientist at the International Meteorological Institute at the University of Stockholm , followed by a stay at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography , University of California , San Diego in 1992 . In 1993 Lelieveld returned to the Netherlands , accepting a professorship in “Air Quality” at Wageningen University . From 1996 to 2000 he was professor in “Atmospheric Physics and Chemistry” at University of Utrecht . In 1997 he became founding director of the international research school COACh ( Cooperation on Oceanic , Atmospheric and climate Change studies ) . In 2000 , Jos Lelieveld returned to the Max Planck Institute for Chemistry in Mainz as scientific member of the Max Planck Society and director , succeeding Paul J . Crutzen as director of the Atmospheric Chemistry Department . Since 2000 he is spokesperson of the Paul Crutzen Graduate School ( PCGS ) on Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics in Mainz and since 2008 he is co-affiliated at the Cyprus Institute in Nicosia . He is co/author of over 400 publications , co-editor of several scientific journals , as well as member of various international committees . In 2015 he was elected as member of the German National Academy of Sciences Leopoldina. , in 2016 he received an honorary doctorate and professorship from the University of Crete , and was elected as member of the International Silk Road Academy of Sciences , China . In 2017 he was appointed Fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry , and in 2018 Fellow of the American Geophysical Union . Vilhelm Bjerknes Medal of the European Geosciences Union ( 2019 ) Research . Jos Lelievelds department focuses on photo-oxidation mechanisms , which play a central role in the self-cleaning capacity of the atmosphere . With the help of self-developed highly sensitive instrumentation to measure trace gases , including reactive radicals that occur in minute amounts in ambient air , to uncover the photochemical reaction chains . He and his group have specialized in the construction of new instrumentation for application on aircraft . Fast laser-optical , mass spectrometric and relatively fast gas chromatographic techniques , for example , are used to determine the key oxidants and breakdown products of hydrocarbons . The studies include laboratory investigations , field measurements on aircraft and ships , and the use of satellite observations . Also developing computer models to simulate the interactions of chemical and meteorological processes , and investigating the impact of atmospheric composition changes on climate and planetary health in the Anthropocene . Jos Lelieveld coordinated major field measurement campaigns on atmospheric chemistry and climate ‘hot spot’ regions like the Indian Ocean , the Mediterranean , the Amazon and the Middle East . He found that the atmospheres natural self-cleaning mechanism is effectively stabilized through the rapid recycling of highly reactive radicals , buffering the changes caused by natural and anthropogenic emissions . To study the interplay between atmospheric composition and climate , Lelieveld introduced the dynamic coupling of atmospheric chemistry in general circulation models . He showed that the increase of methane not only directly causes climate warming , but also indirectly through chemical reactions in the troposphere and stratosphere . His research uncovered how clouds and aerosols influence the chemistry of the troposphere , and showed that cloud convection has a major impact on tropospheric ozone . Lelieveld quantified the global impact of air pollution emission sectors on human health , identifying agriculture and residential energy use as important anthropogenic sources of particulate matter , next to the use of fossil fuels . Further , he showed the co-benefits of air pollution control on improving human health , reversing anthropogenically perturbed rainfall patterns and limiting global warming . His work on the Middle East and North Africa showed that the region is a global hotspot of climate change , weather extremes and air pollution , which could ultimately compromise human habitability Jos Lelieveld has an h-index of 95 ( May 2020 ) External links . - Homepage of Jos Lelieveld at the MPI for Chemistry - Profile of Jos Lelieveld , Max-Planck-Gesellschaft Videos . - Video : What are the Sources and Health Effects of Air Pollution ?
|
[
"Max Planck Institute for Chemistry",
"Paul Crutzen Graduate School",
"Cyprus Institute"
] |
[
{
"text": " Johannes Jos Lelieveld ( born July 25 , 1955 ) is a Dutch atmospheric chemist . Since 2000 , he has been a Scientific Member of the Max Planck Society and director of the Atmospheric Chemistry Department at the Max Planck Institute for Chemistry in Mainz . He is also professor at the University of Mainz and at the Cyprus Institute in Nicosia .",
"title": "Johannes Lelieveld"
},
{
"text": " Lelieveld studied biology at the Leiden University , the Netherlands . He graduated at the University of Leiden from the faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences , and the Free University of Amsterdam , in 1984 and received his Ph.D . from the faculty of Physics and Astronomy at the Utrecht University in 1990 . His doctoral supervisor was Nobel laureate Paul J . Crutzen and his thesis was entitled The role of clouds in tropospheric chemistry .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "From 1984 until 1987 he worked as a research assistant at Geosens B.V . in Rotterdam to investigate transboundary air pollution . Subsequently , he became research scientist at the Atmospheric Chemistry Department of the Max Planck Institute for Chemistry ( MPIC ) in Mainz from 1987–1993 .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": " In 1991 , he was visiting scientist at the International Meteorological Institute at the University of Stockholm , followed by a stay at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography , University of California , San Diego in 1992 . In 1993 Lelieveld returned to the Netherlands , accepting a professorship in “Air Quality” at Wageningen University . From 1996 to 2000 he was professor in “Atmospheric Physics and Chemistry” at University of Utrecht . In 1997 he became founding director of the international research school COACh ( Cooperation on Oceanic , Atmospheric and climate Change studies ) .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "In 2000 , Jos Lelieveld returned to the Max Planck Institute for Chemistry in Mainz as scientific member of the Max Planck Society and director , succeeding Paul J . Crutzen as director of the Atmospheric Chemistry Department . Since 2000 he is spokesperson of the Paul Crutzen Graduate School ( PCGS ) on Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics in Mainz and since 2008 he is co-affiliated at the Cyprus Institute in Nicosia . He is co/author of over 400 publications , co-editor of several scientific journals , as well as member of various international committees .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": " In 2015 he was elected as member of the German National Academy of Sciences Leopoldina. , in 2016 he received an honorary doctorate and professorship from the University of Crete , and was elected as member of the International Silk Road Academy of Sciences , China . In 2017 he was appointed Fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry , and in 2018 Fellow of the American Geophysical Union . Vilhelm Bjerknes Medal of the European Geosciences Union ( 2019 )",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "Jos Lelievelds department focuses on photo-oxidation mechanisms , which play a central role in the self-cleaning capacity of the atmosphere . With the help of self-developed highly sensitive instrumentation to measure trace gases , including reactive radicals that occur in minute amounts in ambient air , to uncover the photochemical reaction chains . He and his group have specialized in the construction of new instrumentation for application on aircraft . Fast laser-optical , mass spectrometric and relatively fast gas chromatographic techniques , for example , are used to determine the key oxidants and breakdown products of hydrocarbons . The studies",
"title": "Research"
},
{
"text": "include laboratory investigations , field measurements on aircraft and ships , and the use of satellite observations . Also developing computer models to simulate the interactions of chemical and meteorological processes , and investigating the impact of atmospheric composition changes on climate and planetary health in the Anthropocene .",
"title": "Research"
},
{
"text": "Jos Lelieveld coordinated major field measurement campaigns on atmospheric chemistry and climate ‘hot spot’ regions like the Indian Ocean , the Mediterranean , the Amazon and the Middle East . He found that the atmospheres natural self-cleaning mechanism is effectively stabilized through the rapid recycling of highly reactive radicals , buffering the changes caused by natural and anthropogenic emissions . To study the interplay between atmospheric composition and climate , Lelieveld introduced the dynamic coupling of atmospheric chemistry in general circulation models . He showed that the increase of methane not only directly causes climate warming , but also indirectly",
"title": "Research"
},
{
"text": "through chemical reactions in the troposphere and stratosphere . His research uncovered how clouds and aerosols influence the chemistry of the troposphere , and showed that cloud convection has a major impact on tropospheric ozone . Lelieveld quantified the global impact of air pollution emission sectors on human health , identifying agriculture and residential energy use as important anthropogenic sources of particulate matter , next to the use of fossil fuels . Further , he showed the co-benefits of air pollution control on improving human health , reversing anthropogenically perturbed rainfall patterns and limiting global warming . His work on",
"title": "Research"
},
{
"text": "the Middle East and North Africa showed that the region is a global hotspot of climate change , weather extremes and air pollution , which could ultimately compromise human habitability",
"title": "Research"
},
{
"text": " - Homepage of Jos Lelieveld at the MPI for Chemistry - Profile of Jos Lelieveld , Max-Planck-Gesellschaft",
"title": "External links"
},
{
"text": " - Video : What are the Sources and Health Effects of Air Pollution ?",
"title": "Videos"
}
] |
/wiki/Johannes_Lelieveld#P108#2
|
Johannes Lelieveld was an employee for whom in Sep 2008?
|
Johannes Lelieveld Johannes Jos Lelieveld ( born July 25 , 1955 ) is a Dutch atmospheric chemist . Since 2000 , he has been a Scientific Member of the Max Planck Society and director of the Atmospheric Chemistry Department at the Max Planck Institute for Chemistry in Mainz . He is also professor at the University of Mainz and at the Cyprus Institute in Nicosia . Biography . Lelieveld studied biology at the Leiden University , the Netherlands . He graduated at the University of Leiden from the faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences , and the Free University of Amsterdam , in 1984 and received his Ph.D . from the faculty of Physics and Astronomy at the Utrecht University in 1990 . His doctoral supervisor was Nobel laureate Paul J . Crutzen and his thesis was entitled The role of clouds in tropospheric chemistry . From 1984 until 1987 he worked as a research assistant at Geosens B.V . in Rotterdam to investigate transboundary air pollution . Subsequently , he became research scientist at the Atmospheric Chemistry Department of the Max Planck Institute for Chemistry ( MPIC ) in Mainz from 1987–1993 . In 1991 , he was visiting scientist at the International Meteorological Institute at the University of Stockholm , followed by a stay at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography , University of California , San Diego in 1992 . In 1993 Lelieveld returned to the Netherlands , accepting a professorship in “Air Quality” at Wageningen University . From 1996 to 2000 he was professor in “Atmospheric Physics and Chemistry” at University of Utrecht . In 1997 he became founding director of the international research school COACh ( Cooperation on Oceanic , Atmospheric and climate Change studies ) . In 2000 , Jos Lelieveld returned to the Max Planck Institute for Chemistry in Mainz as scientific member of the Max Planck Society and director , succeeding Paul J . Crutzen as director of the Atmospheric Chemistry Department . Since 2000 he is spokesperson of the Paul Crutzen Graduate School ( PCGS ) on Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics in Mainz and since 2008 he is co-affiliated at the Cyprus Institute in Nicosia . He is co/author of over 400 publications , co-editor of several scientific journals , as well as member of various international committees . In 2015 he was elected as member of the German National Academy of Sciences Leopoldina. , in 2016 he received an honorary doctorate and professorship from the University of Crete , and was elected as member of the International Silk Road Academy of Sciences , China . In 2017 he was appointed Fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry , and in 2018 Fellow of the American Geophysical Union . Vilhelm Bjerknes Medal of the European Geosciences Union ( 2019 ) Research . Jos Lelievelds department focuses on photo-oxidation mechanisms , which play a central role in the self-cleaning capacity of the atmosphere . With the help of self-developed highly sensitive instrumentation to measure trace gases , including reactive radicals that occur in minute amounts in ambient air , to uncover the photochemical reaction chains . He and his group have specialized in the construction of new instrumentation for application on aircraft . Fast laser-optical , mass spectrometric and relatively fast gas chromatographic techniques , for example , are used to determine the key oxidants and breakdown products of hydrocarbons . The studies include laboratory investigations , field measurements on aircraft and ships , and the use of satellite observations . Also developing computer models to simulate the interactions of chemical and meteorological processes , and investigating the impact of atmospheric composition changes on climate and planetary health in the Anthropocene . Jos Lelieveld coordinated major field measurement campaigns on atmospheric chemistry and climate ‘hot spot’ regions like the Indian Ocean , the Mediterranean , the Amazon and the Middle East . He found that the atmospheres natural self-cleaning mechanism is effectively stabilized through the rapid recycling of highly reactive radicals , buffering the changes caused by natural and anthropogenic emissions . To study the interplay between atmospheric composition and climate , Lelieveld introduced the dynamic coupling of atmospheric chemistry in general circulation models . He showed that the increase of methane not only directly causes climate warming , but also indirectly through chemical reactions in the troposphere and stratosphere . His research uncovered how clouds and aerosols influence the chemistry of the troposphere , and showed that cloud convection has a major impact on tropospheric ozone . Lelieveld quantified the global impact of air pollution emission sectors on human health , identifying agriculture and residential energy use as important anthropogenic sources of particulate matter , next to the use of fossil fuels . Further , he showed the co-benefits of air pollution control on improving human health , reversing anthropogenically perturbed rainfall patterns and limiting global warming . His work on the Middle East and North Africa showed that the region is a global hotspot of climate change , weather extremes and air pollution , which could ultimately compromise human habitability Jos Lelieveld has an h-index of 95 ( May 2020 ) External links . - Homepage of Jos Lelieveld at the MPI for Chemistry - Profile of Jos Lelieveld , Max-Planck-Gesellschaft Videos . - Video : What are the Sources and Health Effects of Air Pollution ?
|
[
"Cyprus Institute"
] |
[
{
"text": " Johannes Jos Lelieveld ( born July 25 , 1955 ) is a Dutch atmospheric chemist . Since 2000 , he has been a Scientific Member of the Max Planck Society and director of the Atmospheric Chemistry Department at the Max Planck Institute for Chemistry in Mainz . He is also professor at the University of Mainz and at the Cyprus Institute in Nicosia .",
"title": "Johannes Lelieveld"
},
{
"text": " Lelieveld studied biology at the Leiden University , the Netherlands . He graduated at the University of Leiden from the faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences , and the Free University of Amsterdam , in 1984 and received his Ph.D . from the faculty of Physics and Astronomy at the Utrecht University in 1990 . His doctoral supervisor was Nobel laureate Paul J . Crutzen and his thesis was entitled The role of clouds in tropospheric chemistry .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "From 1984 until 1987 he worked as a research assistant at Geosens B.V . in Rotterdam to investigate transboundary air pollution . Subsequently , he became research scientist at the Atmospheric Chemistry Department of the Max Planck Institute for Chemistry ( MPIC ) in Mainz from 1987–1993 .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": " In 1991 , he was visiting scientist at the International Meteorological Institute at the University of Stockholm , followed by a stay at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography , University of California , San Diego in 1992 . In 1993 Lelieveld returned to the Netherlands , accepting a professorship in “Air Quality” at Wageningen University . From 1996 to 2000 he was professor in “Atmospheric Physics and Chemistry” at University of Utrecht . In 1997 he became founding director of the international research school COACh ( Cooperation on Oceanic , Atmospheric and climate Change studies ) .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "In 2000 , Jos Lelieveld returned to the Max Planck Institute for Chemistry in Mainz as scientific member of the Max Planck Society and director , succeeding Paul J . Crutzen as director of the Atmospheric Chemistry Department . Since 2000 he is spokesperson of the Paul Crutzen Graduate School ( PCGS ) on Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics in Mainz and since 2008 he is co-affiliated at the Cyprus Institute in Nicosia . He is co/author of over 400 publications , co-editor of several scientific journals , as well as member of various international committees .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": " In 2015 he was elected as member of the German National Academy of Sciences Leopoldina. , in 2016 he received an honorary doctorate and professorship from the University of Crete , and was elected as member of the International Silk Road Academy of Sciences , China . In 2017 he was appointed Fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry , and in 2018 Fellow of the American Geophysical Union . Vilhelm Bjerknes Medal of the European Geosciences Union ( 2019 )",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "Jos Lelievelds department focuses on photo-oxidation mechanisms , which play a central role in the self-cleaning capacity of the atmosphere . With the help of self-developed highly sensitive instrumentation to measure trace gases , including reactive radicals that occur in minute amounts in ambient air , to uncover the photochemical reaction chains . He and his group have specialized in the construction of new instrumentation for application on aircraft . Fast laser-optical , mass spectrometric and relatively fast gas chromatographic techniques , for example , are used to determine the key oxidants and breakdown products of hydrocarbons . The studies",
"title": "Research"
},
{
"text": "include laboratory investigations , field measurements on aircraft and ships , and the use of satellite observations . Also developing computer models to simulate the interactions of chemical and meteorological processes , and investigating the impact of atmospheric composition changes on climate and planetary health in the Anthropocene .",
"title": "Research"
},
{
"text": "Jos Lelieveld coordinated major field measurement campaigns on atmospheric chemistry and climate ‘hot spot’ regions like the Indian Ocean , the Mediterranean , the Amazon and the Middle East . He found that the atmospheres natural self-cleaning mechanism is effectively stabilized through the rapid recycling of highly reactive radicals , buffering the changes caused by natural and anthropogenic emissions . To study the interplay between atmospheric composition and climate , Lelieveld introduced the dynamic coupling of atmospheric chemistry in general circulation models . He showed that the increase of methane not only directly causes climate warming , but also indirectly",
"title": "Research"
},
{
"text": "through chemical reactions in the troposphere and stratosphere . His research uncovered how clouds and aerosols influence the chemistry of the troposphere , and showed that cloud convection has a major impact on tropospheric ozone . Lelieveld quantified the global impact of air pollution emission sectors on human health , identifying agriculture and residential energy use as important anthropogenic sources of particulate matter , next to the use of fossil fuels . Further , he showed the co-benefits of air pollution control on improving human health , reversing anthropogenically perturbed rainfall patterns and limiting global warming . His work on",
"title": "Research"
},
{
"text": "the Middle East and North Africa showed that the region is a global hotspot of climate change , weather extremes and air pollution , which could ultimately compromise human habitability",
"title": "Research"
},
{
"text": " - Homepage of Jos Lelieveld at the MPI for Chemistry - Profile of Jos Lelieveld , Max-Planck-Gesellschaft",
"title": "External links"
},
{
"text": " - Video : What are the Sources and Health Effects of Air Pollution ?",
"title": "Videos"
}
] |
/wiki/Hassan_El_Fakiri#P54#0
|
Which team did the player Hassan El Fakiri belong to in Apr 1996?
|
Hassan El Fakiri Hassan El Fakiri ( , born 18 April 1977 ) is a Norwegian former professional footballer , and the current head coach of 3 . Divisjon club Os TF . Career . Born in Temsamane , Morocco , El Fakiri started his career with the Norwegian , Oslo-based club Lyn . He made his debut in game against local rivals Skeid on 28 May 1995 . As a young and talented midfielder , El Fakiri earned the admiration of the Lyn fans , who made him player of the year in 1997 . El Fakiri joined SK Brann in 2000 , instantly catching the eyes of scouts from the French-registered , Monaco based football club , AS Monaco FC . Due to SK Branns dire financial straits at the time , El Fakiri was sold to the French Ligue 1 team before he had actually played a league game for SK Brann . El Fakiri played nine league games for SK Brann , scoring three goals , before leaving Bergen in the transfer window . One of the most notable contributions from El Fakiri was a sterling performance in midfield in the first game of the 2000 Tippeliga season , a 4–1 home drubbing of local rivals Viking FK . Two of the goals in this game was scored by the striker Mons Ivar Mjelde , who later re-signed El Fakiri , this time as the manager of SK Brann . El Fakiris stay in Monaco started off slowly , being sent out on loan to both his boyhood Norwegian team Lyn and Rosenborg BK . The 2002–03 French League 1 season saw El Fakiris fortunes change , with AS Monaco coach Didier Deschamps preferring to use the midfielder as a right back . El Fakiri was an unused substitute in the 2004 Champions League final between Monaco and Portuguese side FC Porto . El Fakiris contract with Monaco expired in 2005 , and he chose to continue his career with Borussia Mönchengladbach , joining the Bundesliga side on a Bosman free transfer . At Borussia , he returned to his favoured midfield berth , helping the side to tenth place in the 2005–06 Bundesliga . However , the next season Borussia were relegated from the Bundesliga after losing 1–0 at home to VfB Stuttgart on the last matchday . The relegation coincided with El Fakiris contract expiring , and after considering several contract proposals from Norwegian clubs , he returned to Brann seven years after he left Brann for Monaco . His return to Bergen was a happy one , helping SK Brann to their first Norwegian championship in 44 years . International career . El Fakiri was capped eight times by the Norway national football team . Honours . Monaco - Coupe de la Ligue : 2002–03 - UEFA Champions League : Runner-up 2003–04 Brann - Norwegian Premier League : 2007
|
[
"Lyn"
] |
[
{
"text": " Hassan El Fakiri ( , born 18 April 1977 ) is a Norwegian former professional footballer , and the current head coach of 3 . Divisjon club Os TF .",
"title": "Hassan El Fakiri"
},
{
"text": " Born in Temsamane , Morocco , El Fakiri started his career with the Norwegian , Oslo-based club Lyn . He made his debut in game against local rivals Skeid on 28 May 1995 . As a young and talented midfielder , El Fakiri earned the admiration of the Lyn fans , who made him player of the year in 1997 .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "El Fakiri joined SK Brann in 2000 , instantly catching the eyes of scouts from the French-registered , Monaco based football club , AS Monaco FC . Due to SK Branns dire financial straits at the time , El Fakiri was sold to the French Ligue 1 team before he had actually played a league game for SK Brann . El Fakiri played nine league games for SK Brann , scoring three goals , before leaving Bergen in the transfer window . One of the most notable contributions from El Fakiri was a sterling performance in midfield in the first",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "game of the 2000 Tippeliga season , a 4–1 home drubbing of local rivals Viking FK . Two of the goals in this game was scored by the striker Mons Ivar Mjelde , who later re-signed El Fakiri , this time as the manager of SK Brann .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " El Fakiris stay in Monaco started off slowly , being sent out on loan to both his boyhood Norwegian team Lyn and Rosenborg BK . The 2002–03 French League 1 season saw El Fakiris fortunes change , with AS Monaco coach Didier Deschamps preferring to use the midfielder as a right back . El Fakiri was an unused substitute in the 2004 Champions League final between Monaco and Portuguese side FC Porto .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "El Fakiris contract with Monaco expired in 2005 , and he chose to continue his career with Borussia Mönchengladbach , joining the Bundesliga side on a Bosman free transfer . At Borussia , he returned to his favoured midfield berth , helping the side to tenth place in the 2005–06 Bundesliga . However , the next season Borussia were relegated from the Bundesliga after losing 1–0 at home to VfB Stuttgart on the last matchday .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " The relegation coincided with El Fakiris contract expiring , and after considering several contract proposals from Norwegian clubs , he returned to Brann seven years after he left Brann for Monaco . His return to Bergen was a happy one , helping SK Brann to their first Norwegian championship in 44 years .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " - Norwegian Premier League : 2007",
"title": "Brann"
}
] |
/wiki/Hassan_El_Fakiri#P54#1
|
Which team did the player Hassan El Fakiri belong to in Oct 2000?
|
Hassan El Fakiri Hassan El Fakiri ( , born 18 April 1977 ) is a Norwegian former professional footballer , and the current head coach of 3 . Divisjon club Os TF . Career . Born in Temsamane , Morocco , El Fakiri started his career with the Norwegian , Oslo-based club Lyn . He made his debut in game against local rivals Skeid on 28 May 1995 . As a young and talented midfielder , El Fakiri earned the admiration of the Lyn fans , who made him player of the year in 1997 . El Fakiri joined SK Brann in 2000 , instantly catching the eyes of scouts from the French-registered , Monaco based football club , AS Monaco FC . Due to SK Branns dire financial straits at the time , El Fakiri was sold to the French Ligue 1 team before he had actually played a league game for SK Brann . El Fakiri played nine league games for SK Brann , scoring three goals , before leaving Bergen in the transfer window . One of the most notable contributions from El Fakiri was a sterling performance in midfield in the first game of the 2000 Tippeliga season , a 4–1 home drubbing of local rivals Viking FK . Two of the goals in this game was scored by the striker Mons Ivar Mjelde , who later re-signed El Fakiri , this time as the manager of SK Brann . El Fakiris stay in Monaco started off slowly , being sent out on loan to both his boyhood Norwegian team Lyn and Rosenborg BK . The 2002–03 French League 1 season saw El Fakiris fortunes change , with AS Monaco coach Didier Deschamps preferring to use the midfielder as a right back . El Fakiri was an unused substitute in the 2004 Champions League final between Monaco and Portuguese side FC Porto . El Fakiris contract with Monaco expired in 2005 , and he chose to continue his career with Borussia Mönchengladbach , joining the Bundesliga side on a Bosman free transfer . At Borussia , he returned to his favoured midfield berth , helping the side to tenth place in the 2005–06 Bundesliga . However , the next season Borussia were relegated from the Bundesliga after losing 1–0 at home to VfB Stuttgart on the last matchday . The relegation coincided with El Fakiris contract expiring , and after considering several contract proposals from Norwegian clubs , he returned to Brann seven years after he left Brann for Monaco . His return to Bergen was a happy one , helping SK Brann to their first Norwegian championship in 44 years . International career . El Fakiri was capped eight times by the Norway national football team . Honours . Monaco - Coupe de la Ligue : 2002–03 - UEFA Champions League : Runner-up 2003–04 Brann - Norwegian Premier League : 2007
|
[
"AS Monaco"
] |
[
{
"text": " Hassan El Fakiri ( , born 18 April 1977 ) is a Norwegian former professional footballer , and the current head coach of 3 . Divisjon club Os TF .",
"title": "Hassan El Fakiri"
},
{
"text": " Born in Temsamane , Morocco , El Fakiri started his career with the Norwegian , Oslo-based club Lyn . He made his debut in game against local rivals Skeid on 28 May 1995 . As a young and talented midfielder , El Fakiri earned the admiration of the Lyn fans , who made him player of the year in 1997 .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "El Fakiri joined SK Brann in 2000 , instantly catching the eyes of scouts from the French-registered , Monaco based football club , AS Monaco FC . Due to SK Branns dire financial straits at the time , El Fakiri was sold to the French Ligue 1 team before he had actually played a league game for SK Brann . El Fakiri played nine league games for SK Brann , scoring three goals , before leaving Bergen in the transfer window . One of the most notable contributions from El Fakiri was a sterling performance in midfield in the first",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "game of the 2000 Tippeliga season , a 4–1 home drubbing of local rivals Viking FK . Two of the goals in this game was scored by the striker Mons Ivar Mjelde , who later re-signed El Fakiri , this time as the manager of SK Brann .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " El Fakiris stay in Monaco started off slowly , being sent out on loan to both his boyhood Norwegian team Lyn and Rosenborg BK . The 2002–03 French League 1 season saw El Fakiris fortunes change , with AS Monaco coach Didier Deschamps preferring to use the midfielder as a right back . El Fakiri was an unused substitute in the 2004 Champions League final between Monaco and Portuguese side FC Porto .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "El Fakiris contract with Monaco expired in 2005 , and he chose to continue his career with Borussia Mönchengladbach , joining the Bundesliga side on a Bosman free transfer . At Borussia , he returned to his favoured midfield berth , helping the side to tenth place in the 2005–06 Bundesliga . However , the next season Borussia were relegated from the Bundesliga after losing 1–0 at home to VfB Stuttgart on the last matchday .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " The relegation coincided with El Fakiris contract expiring , and after considering several contract proposals from Norwegian clubs , he returned to Brann seven years after he left Brann for Monaco . His return to Bergen was a happy one , helping SK Brann to their first Norwegian championship in 44 years .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " - Norwegian Premier League : 2007",
"title": "Brann"
}
] |
/wiki/Hassan_El_Fakiri#P54#2
|
Which team did the player Hassan El Fakiri belong to between Sep 2001 and Dec 2001?
|
Hassan El Fakiri Hassan El Fakiri ( , born 18 April 1977 ) is a Norwegian former professional footballer , and the current head coach of 3 . Divisjon club Os TF . Career . Born in Temsamane , Morocco , El Fakiri started his career with the Norwegian , Oslo-based club Lyn . He made his debut in game against local rivals Skeid on 28 May 1995 . As a young and talented midfielder , El Fakiri earned the admiration of the Lyn fans , who made him player of the year in 1997 . El Fakiri joined SK Brann in 2000 , instantly catching the eyes of scouts from the French-registered , Monaco based football club , AS Monaco FC . Due to SK Branns dire financial straits at the time , El Fakiri was sold to the French Ligue 1 team before he had actually played a league game for SK Brann . El Fakiri played nine league games for SK Brann , scoring three goals , before leaving Bergen in the transfer window . One of the most notable contributions from El Fakiri was a sterling performance in midfield in the first game of the 2000 Tippeliga season , a 4–1 home drubbing of local rivals Viking FK . Two of the goals in this game was scored by the striker Mons Ivar Mjelde , who later re-signed El Fakiri , this time as the manager of SK Brann . El Fakiris stay in Monaco started off slowly , being sent out on loan to both his boyhood Norwegian team Lyn and Rosenborg BK . The 2002–03 French League 1 season saw El Fakiris fortunes change , with AS Monaco coach Didier Deschamps preferring to use the midfielder as a right back . El Fakiri was an unused substitute in the 2004 Champions League final between Monaco and Portuguese side FC Porto . El Fakiris contract with Monaco expired in 2005 , and he chose to continue his career with Borussia Mönchengladbach , joining the Bundesliga side on a Bosman free transfer . At Borussia , he returned to his favoured midfield berth , helping the side to tenth place in the 2005–06 Bundesliga . However , the next season Borussia were relegated from the Bundesliga after losing 1–0 at home to VfB Stuttgart on the last matchday . The relegation coincided with El Fakiris contract expiring , and after considering several contract proposals from Norwegian clubs , he returned to Brann seven years after he left Brann for Monaco . His return to Bergen was a happy one , helping SK Brann to their first Norwegian championship in 44 years . International career . El Fakiri was capped eight times by the Norway national football team . Honours . Monaco - Coupe de la Ligue : 2002–03 - UEFA Champions League : Runner-up 2003–04 Brann - Norwegian Premier League : 2007
|
[
"Rosenborg"
] |
[
{
"text": " Hassan El Fakiri ( , born 18 April 1977 ) is a Norwegian former professional footballer , and the current head coach of 3 . Divisjon club Os TF .",
"title": "Hassan El Fakiri"
},
{
"text": " Born in Temsamane , Morocco , El Fakiri started his career with the Norwegian , Oslo-based club Lyn . He made his debut in game against local rivals Skeid on 28 May 1995 . As a young and talented midfielder , El Fakiri earned the admiration of the Lyn fans , who made him player of the year in 1997 .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "El Fakiri joined SK Brann in 2000 , instantly catching the eyes of scouts from the French-registered , Monaco based football club , AS Monaco FC . Due to SK Branns dire financial straits at the time , El Fakiri was sold to the French Ligue 1 team before he had actually played a league game for SK Brann . El Fakiri played nine league games for SK Brann , scoring three goals , before leaving Bergen in the transfer window . One of the most notable contributions from El Fakiri was a sterling performance in midfield in the first",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "game of the 2000 Tippeliga season , a 4–1 home drubbing of local rivals Viking FK . Two of the goals in this game was scored by the striker Mons Ivar Mjelde , who later re-signed El Fakiri , this time as the manager of SK Brann .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " El Fakiris stay in Monaco started off slowly , being sent out on loan to both his boyhood Norwegian team Lyn and Rosenborg BK . The 2002–03 French League 1 season saw El Fakiris fortunes change , with AS Monaco coach Didier Deschamps preferring to use the midfielder as a right back . El Fakiri was an unused substitute in the 2004 Champions League final between Monaco and Portuguese side FC Porto .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "El Fakiris contract with Monaco expired in 2005 , and he chose to continue his career with Borussia Mönchengladbach , joining the Bundesliga side on a Bosman free transfer . At Borussia , he returned to his favoured midfield berth , helping the side to tenth place in the 2005–06 Bundesliga . However , the next season Borussia were relegated from the Bundesliga after losing 1–0 at home to VfB Stuttgart on the last matchday .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " The relegation coincided with El Fakiris contract expiring , and after considering several contract proposals from Norwegian clubs , he returned to Brann seven years after he left Brann for Monaco . His return to Bergen was a happy one , helping SK Brann to their first Norwegian championship in 44 years .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " - Norwegian Premier League : 2007",
"title": "Brann"
}
] |
/wiki/Hassan_El_Fakiri#P54#3
|
Which team did the player Hassan El Fakiri belong to in Aug 2005?
|
Hassan El Fakiri Hassan El Fakiri ( , born 18 April 1977 ) is a Norwegian former professional footballer , and the current head coach of 3 . Divisjon club Os TF . Career . Born in Temsamane , Morocco , El Fakiri started his career with the Norwegian , Oslo-based club Lyn . He made his debut in game against local rivals Skeid on 28 May 1995 . As a young and talented midfielder , El Fakiri earned the admiration of the Lyn fans , who made him player of the year in 1997 . El Fakiri joined SK Brann in 2000 , instantly catching the eyes of scouts from the French-registered , Monaco based football club , AS Monaco FC . Due to SK Branns dire financial straits at the time , El Fakiri was sold to the French Ligue 1 team before he had actually played a league game for SK Brann . El Fakiri played nine league games for SK Brann , scoring three goals , before leaving Bergen in the transfer window . One of the most notable contributions from El Fakiri was a sterling performance in midfield in the first game of the 2000 Tippeliga season , a 4–1 home drubbing of local rivals Viking FK . Two of the goals in this game was scored by the striker Mons Ivar Mjelde , who later re-signed El Fakiri , this time as the manager of SK Brann . El Fakiris stay in Monaco started off slowly , being sent out on loan to both his boyhood Norwegian team Lyn and Rosenborg BK . The 2002–03 French League 1 season saw El Fakiris fortunes change , with AS Monaco coach Didier Deschamps preferring to use the midfielder as a right back . El Fakiri was an unused substitute in the 2004 Champions League final between Monaco and Portuguese side FC Porto . El Fakiris contract with Monaco expired in 2005 , and he chose to continue his career with Borussia Mönchengladbach , joining the Bundesliga side on a Bosman free transfer . At Borussia , he returned to his favoured midfield berth , helping the side to tenth place in the 2005–06 Bundesliga . However , the next season Borussia were relegated from the Bundesliga after losing 1–0 at home to VfB Stuttgart on the last matchday . The relegation coincided with El Fakiris contract expiring , and after considering several contract proposals from Norwegian clubs , he returned to Brann seven years after he left Brann for Monaco . His return to Bergen was a happy one , helping SK Brann to their first Norwegian championship in 44 years . International career . El Fakiri was capped eight times by the Norway national football team . Honours . Monaco - Coupe de la Ligue : 2002–03 - UEFA Champions League : Runner-up 2003–04 Brann - Norwegian Premier League : 2007
|
[
"Norway national football team"
] |
[
{
"text": " Hassan El Fakiri ( , born 18 April 1977 ) is a Norwegian former professional footballer , and the current head coach of 3 . Divisjon club Os TF .",
"title": "Hassan El Fakiri"
},
{
"text": " Born in Temsamane , Morocco , El Fakiri started his career with the Norwegian , Oslo-based club Lyn . He made his debut in game against local rivals Skeid on 28 May 1995 . As a young and talented midfielder , El Fakiri earned the admiration of the Lyn fans , who made him player of the year in 1997 .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "El Fakiri joined SK Brann in 2000 , instantly catching the eyes of scouts from the French-registered , Monaco based football club , AS Monaco FC . Due to SK Branns dire financial straits at the time , El Fakiri was sold to the French Ligue 1 team before he had actually played a league game for SK Brann . El Fakiri played nine league games for SK Brann , scoring three goals , before leaving Bergen in the transfer window . One of the most notable contributions from El Fakiri was a sterling performance in midfield in the first",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "game of the 2000 Tippeliga season , a 4–1 home drubbing of local rivals Viking FK . Two of the goals in this game was scored by the striker Mons Ivar Mjelde , who later re-signed El Fakiri , this time as the manager of SK Brann .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " El Fakiris stay in Monaco started off slowly , being sent out on loan to both his boyhood Norwegian team Lyn and Rosenborg BK . The 2002–03 French League 1 season saw El Fakiris fortunes change , with AS Monaco coach Didier Deschamps preferring to use the midfielder as a right back . El Fakiri was an unused substitute in the 2004 Champions League final between Monaco and Portuguese side FC Porto .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "El Fakiris contract with Monaco expired in 2005 , and he chose to continue his career with Borussia Mönchengladbach , joining the Bundesliga side on a Bosman free transfer . At Borussia , he returned to his favoured midfield berth , helping the side to tenth place in the 2005–06 Bundesliga . However , the next season Borussia were relegated from the Bundesliga after losing 1–0 at home to VfB Stuttgart on the last matchday .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " The relegation coincided with El Fakiris contract expiring , and after considering several contract proposals from Norwegian clubs , he returned to Brann seven years after he left Brann for Monaco . His return to Bergen was a happy one , helping SK Brann to their first Norwegian championship in 44 years .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " - Norwegian Premier League : 2007",
"title": "Brann"
}
] |
/wiki/Hassan_El_Fakiri#P54#4
|
Which team did the player Hassan El Fakiri belong to between Oct 2011 and Aug 2013?
|
Hassan El Fakiri Hassan El Fakiri ( , born 18 April 1977 ) is a Norwegian former professional footballer , and the current head coach of 3 . Divisjon club Os TF . Career . Born in Temsamane , Morocco , El Fakiri started his career with the Norwegian , Oslo-based club Lyn . He made his debut in game against local rivals Skeid on 28 May 1995 . As a young and talented midfielder , El Fakiri earned the admiration of the Lyn fans , who made him player of the year in 1997 . El Fakiri joined SK Brann in 2000 , instantly catching the eyes of scouts from the French-registered , Monaco based football club , AS Monaco FC . Due to SK Branns dire financial straits at the time , El Fakiri was sold to the French Ligue 1 team before he had actually played a league game for SK Brann . El Fakiri played nine league games for SK Brann , scoring three goals , before leaving Bergen in the transfer window . One of the most notable contributions from El Fakiri was a sterling performance in midfield in the first game of the 2000 Tippeliga season , a 4–1 home drubbing of local rivals Viking FK . Two of the goals in this game was scored by the striker Mons Ivar Mjelde , who later re-signed El Fakiri , this time as the manager of SK Brann . El Fakiris stay in Monaco started off slowly , being sent out on loan to both his boyhood Norwegian team Lyn and Rosenborg BK . The 2002–03 French League 1 season saw El Fakiris fortunes change , with AS Monaco coach Didier Deschamps preferring to use the midfielder as a right back . El Fakiri was an unused substitute in the 2004 Champions League final between Monaco and Portuguese side FC Porto . El Fakiris contract with Monaco expired in 2005 , and he chose to continue his career with Borussia Mönchengladbach , joining the Bundesliga side on a Bosman free transfer . At Borussia , he returned to his favoured midfield berth , helping the side to tenth place in the 2005–06 Bundesliga . However , the next season Borussia were relegated from the Bundesliga after losing 1–0 at home to VfB Stuttgart on the last matchday . The relegation coincided with El Fakiris contract expiring , and after considering several contract proposals from Norwegian clubs , he returned to Brann seven years after he left Brann for Monaco . His return to Bergen was a happy one , helping SK Brann to their first Norwegian championship in 44 years . International career . El Fakiri was capped eight times by the Norway national football team . Honours . Monaco - Coupe de la Ligue : 2002–03 - UEFA Champions League : Runner-up 2003–04 Brann - Norwegian Premier League : 2007
|
[
"SK Brann"
] |
[
{
"text": " Hassan El Fakiri ( , born 18 April 1977 ) is a Norwegian former professional footballer , and the current head coach of 3 . Divisjon club Os TF .",
"title": "Hassan El Fakiri"
},
{
"text": " Born in Temsamane , Morocco , El Fakiri started his career with the Norwegian , Oslo-based club Lyn . He made his debut in game against local rivals Skeid on 28 May 1995 . As a young and talented midfielder , El Fakiri earned the admiration of the Lyn fans , who made him player of the year in 1997 .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "El Fakiri joined SK Brann in 2000 , instantly catching the eyes of scouts from the French-registered , Monaco based football club , AS Monaco FC . Due to SK Branns dire financial straits at the time , El Fakiri was sold to the French Ligue 1 team before he had actually played a league game for SK Brann . El Fakiri played nine league games for SK Brann , scoring three goals , before leaving Bergen in the transfer window . One of the most notable contributions from El Fakiri was a sterling performance in midfield in the first",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "game of the 2000 Tippeliga season , a 4–1 home drubbing of local rivals Viking FK . Two of the goals in this game was scored by the striker Mons Ivar Mjelde , who later re-signed El Fakiri , this time as the manager of SK Brann .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " El Fakiris stay in Monaco started off slowly , being sent out on loan to both his boyhood Norwegian team Lyn and Rosenborg BK . The 2002–03 French League 1 season saw El Fakiris fortunes change , with AS Monaco coach Didier Deschamps preferring to use the midfielder as a right back . El Fakiri was an unused substitute in the 2004 Champions League final between Monaco and Portuguese side FC Porto .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "El Fakiris contract with Monaco expired in 2005 , and he chose to continue his career with Borussia Mönchengladbach , joining the Bundesliga side on a Bosman free transfer . At Borussia , he returned to his favoured midfield berth , helping the side to tenth place in the 2005–06 Bundesliga . However , the next season Borussia were relegated from the Bundesliga after losing 1–0 at home to VfB Stuttgart on the last matchday .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " The relegation coincided with El Fakiris contract expiring , and after considering several contract proposals from Norwegian clubs , he returned to Brann seven years after he left Brann for Monaco . His return to Bergen was a happy one , helping SK Brann to their first Norwegian championship in 44 years .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " - Norwegian Premier League : 2007",
"title": "Brann"
}
] |
/wiki/Don_Boudria#P39#0
|
What was the position of Don Boudria before Jun 1983?
|
Don Boudria Donald Boudria , ( born August 30 , 1949 ) is a former Canadian politician . He served in the House of Commons of Canada from 1984 to 2005 as a member of the Liberal Party of Canada , and was a cabinet minister in the government of Jean Chrétien . Municipal and provincial politics . Boudria was born in Hull , Quebec , raised in Sarsfield , Ontario , and educated in the area , and was a public servant before entering political life . A Franco-Ontarian , he was elected as a councillor in Cumberland Township in 1976 , and remained a council member until his election to the Legislative Assembly of Ontario in the 1981 provincial election . Boudria defeated Progressive Conservative incumbent Joseph Albert Bélanger by 5,172 votes in Prescott and Russell , and served in the legislature for three years as a member the Ontario Liberal Party , which was then the official opposition to the Progressive Conservative government of William Davis . Entry into federal politics . He left provincial politics to run for the House of Commons in the 1984 federal election . Boudria won a convincing victory in Ontarios easternmost riding , Glengarry—Prescott—Russell , even as his party suffered a landslide defeat against Brian Mulroneys Progressive Conservatives . Joining the opposition benches of the Commons in 1984 , he became a member of the Liberal Rat Pack with Brian Tobin , Sheila Copps and John Nunziata . This group of young Liberals made it their business to harass the Tories at every possible turn . Re-election and cabinet positions . Boudria was re-elected without difficulty in 1988 , 1993 , 1997 and 2000 . Like the other Rat Pack members , he rose rapidly in the Liberal ranks . From 1991 to 1993 , he served as Deputy Liberal House Leader . After the Liberals won a huge majority in 1993 , Boudria became a backbencher once again for a time . He was appointed Chief Government Whip on September 15 , 1994 . He held this position until October 4 , 1996 , when he was named to Cabinet as Minister for International Cooperation and Minister responsible for La Francophonie . Boudria was named Leader of the Government in the House of Commons after the 1997 election . He retained this position until January 14 , 2002 , when he was again given a full portfolio as Minister of Public Works and Government Services . In March 2002 , he stayed at a weekend resort owned by Groupe Everest , a prominent recipient of departmental funds . The trip was paid for by Boudrias son , and the minister was not directly accused of a conflict of interest . He was nonetheless deemed to have shown poor judgement , and was reassigned as Minister of State and Leader of the Government in the House of Commons on May 26 , 2002 . Chrétien loyalist . Boudria was known within the Liberal caucus as a leading Chrétien loyalist . During Question Period , he frequently handed Chrétien notes from a white binder . In 2000 , this practice led Reform Party deputy leader Deb Grey to wonder if Chrétien could answer a question without any help from Binder Boy . The nickname stuck . He lost his cabinet position in December 2003 when Paul Martin replaced Chrétien as Liberal leader and prime minister . Subsequently , he was elected chair of the Standing Committee on Official Languages ( 3rd session of the 37th parliament ) and the Standing Committee on Procedure and House Affairs ( 1st session of the 38th parliament ) . On May 6 , 2005 , Boudria announced he would not run in the next election . Life after government . Boudrias memoir , Busboy : From Kitchen to Cabinet , was published in late 2005 . In 2006 , he assisted Stéphane Dions campaign for the leadership of the Liberal Party . Boudria joined Ottawa-based public relations agency Hill & Knowlton Canada as a senior associate in May 2006 , and was promoted to senior counsellor in March 2007 . His son Dan Boudria was elected to the Conseil des écoles catholiques de langue française du Centre-Est in the 2006 municipal elections . In early 2007 , the Liberal Party of Canada Association of Glengarry—Prescott—Russell selected his son as candidate in the 2008 federal election . He lost to incumbent Conservative candidate Pierre Lemieux . Electoral record . Note : Conservative vote is compared to the total of the Canadian Alliance vote and Progressive Conservative vote in 2000 election . Note : Canadian Alliance vote is compared to the Reform vote in 1997 election . External links . - Don Boudria : Personal Website - Howd They Vote? : Don Boudrias voting history and quotes
|
[
"Legislative Assembly of Ontario"
] |
[
{
"text": " Donald Boudria , ( born August 30 , 1949 ) is a former Canadian politician . He served in the House of Commons of Canada from 1984 to 2005 as a member of the Liberal Party of Canada , and was a cabinet minister in the government of Jean Chrétien . Municipal and provincial politics .",
"title": "Don Boudria"
},
{
"text": "Boudria was born in Hull , Quebec , raised in Sarsfield , Ontario , and educated in the area , and was a public servant before entering political life . A Franco-Ontarian , he was elected as a councillor in Cumberland Township in 1976 , and remained a council member until his election to the Legislative Assembly of Ontario in the 1981 provincial election . Boudria defeated Progressive Conservative incumbent Joseph Albert Bélanger by 5,172 votes in Prescott and Russell , and served in the legislature for three years as a member the Ontario Liberal Party , which was then",
"title": "Don Boudria"
},
{
"text": "the official opposition to the Progressive Conservative government of William Davis .",
"title": "Don Boudria"
},
{
"text": " Entry into federal politics . He left provincial politics to run for the House of Commons in the 1984 federal election . Boudria won a convincing victory in Ontarios easternmost riding , Glengarry—Prescott—Russell , even as his party suffered a landslide defeat against Brian Mulroneys Progressive Conservatives . Joining the opposition benches of the Commons in 1984 , he became a member of the Liberal Rat Pack with Brian Tobin , Sheila Copps and John Nunziata . This group of young Liberals made it their business to harass the Tories at every possible turn .",
"title": "Don Boudria"
},
{
"text": "Re-election and cabinet positions .",
"title": "Don Boudria"
},
{
"text": "Boudria was re-elected without difficulty in 1988 , 1993 , 1997 and 2000 . Like the other Rat Pack members , he rose rapidly in the Liberal ranks . From 1991 to 1993 , he served as Deputy Liberal House Leader . After the Liberals won a huge majority in 1993 , Boudria became a backbencher once again for a time . He was appointed Chief Government Whip on September 15 , 1994 . He held this position until October 4 , 1996 , when he was named to Cabinet as Minister for International Cooperation and Minister responsible for La",
"title": "Don Boudria"
},
{
"text": "Francophonie .",
"title": "Don Boudria"
},
{
"text": "Boudria was named Leader of the Government in the House of Commons after the 1997 election . He retained this position until January 14 , 2002 , when he was again given a full portfolio as Minister of Public Works and Government Services . In March 2002 , he stayed at a weekend resort owned by Groupe Everest , a prominent recipient of departmental funds . The trip was paid for by Boudrias son , and the minister was not directly accused of a conflict of interest . He was nonetheless deemed to have shown poor judgement , and was",
"title": "Don Boudria"
},
{
"text": "reassigned as Minister of State and Leader of the Government in the House of Commons on May 26 , 2002 .",
"title": "Don Boudria"
},
{
"text": " Boudria was known within the Liberal caucus as a leading Chrétien loyalist . During Question Period , he frequently handed Chrétien notes from a white binder . In 2000 , this practice led Reform Party deputy leader Deb Grey to wonder if Chrétien could answer a question without any help from Binder Boy . The nickname stuck .",
"title": "Chrétien loyalist"
},
{
"text": "He lost his cabinet position in December 2003 when Paul Martin replaced Chrétien as Liberal leader and prime minister . Subsequently , he was elected chair of the Standing Committee on Official Languages ( 3rd session of the 37th parliament ) and the Standing Committee on Procedure and House Affairs ( 1st session of the 38th parliament ) .",
"title": "Chrétien loyalist"
},
{
"text": " On May 6 , 2005 , Boudria announced he would not run in the next election .",
"title": "Chrétien loyalist"
},
{
"text": " Boudrias memoir , Busboy : From Kitchen to Cabinet , was published in late 2005 . In 2006 , he assisted Stéphane Dions campaign for the leadership of the Liberal Party . Boudria joined Ottawa-based public relations agency Hill & Knowlton Canada as a senior associate in May 2006 , and was promoted to senior counsellor in March 2007 .",
"title": "Life after government"
},
{
"text": "His son Dan Boudria was elected to the Conseil des écoles catholiques de langue française du Centre-Est in the 2006 municipal elections . In early 2007 , the Liberal Party of Canada Association of Glengarry—Prescott—Russell selected his son as candidate in the 2008 federal election . He lost to incumbent Conservative candidate Pierre Lemieux .",
"title": "Life after government"
},
{
"text": " Note : Conservative vote is compared to the total of the Canadian Alliance vote and Progressive Conservative vote in 2000 election . Note : Canadian Alliance vote is compared to the Reform vote in 1997 election .",
"title": "Electoral record"
},
{
"text": " - Don Boudria : Personal Website - Howd They Vote? : Don Boudrias voting history and quotes",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Don_Boudria#P39#1
|
What was the position of Don Boudria in May 1997?
|
Don Boudria Donald Boudria , ( born August 30 , 1949 ) is a former Canadian politician . He served in the House of Commons of Canada from 1984 to 2005 as a member of the Liberal Party of Canada , and was a cabinet minister in the government of Jean Chrétien . Municipal and provincial politics . Boudria was born in Hull , Quebec , raised in Sarsfield , Ontario , and educated in the area , and was a public servant before entering political life . A Franco-Ontarian , he was elected as a councillor in Cumberland Township in 1976 , and remained a council member until his election to the Legislative Assembly of Ontario in the 1981 provincial election . Boudria defeated Progressive Conservative incumbent Joseph Albert Bélanger by 5,172 votes in Prescott and Russell , and served in the legislature for three years as a member the Ontario Liberal Party , which was then the official opposition to the Progressive Conservative government of William Davis . Entry into federal politics . He left provincial politics to run for the House of Commons in the 1984 federal election . Boudria won a convincing victory in Ontarios easternmost riding , Glengarry—Prescott—Russell , even as his party suffered a landslide defeat against Brian Mulroneys Progressive Conservatives . Joining the opposition benches of the Commons in 1984 , he became a member of the Liberal Rat Pack with Brian Tobin , Sheila Copps and John Nunziata . This group of young Liberals made it their business to harass the Tories at every possible turn . Re-election and cabinet positions . Boudria was re-elected without difficulty in 1988 , 1993 , 1997 and 2000 . Like the other Rat Pack members , he rose rapidly in the Liberal ranks . From 1991 to 1993 , he served as Deputy Liberal House Leader . After the Liberals won a huge majority in 1993 , Boudria became a backbencher once again for a time . He was appointed Chief Government Whip on September 15 , 1994 . He held this position until October 4 , 1996 , when he was named to Cabinet as Minister for International Cooperation and Minister responsible for La Francophonie . Boudria was named Leader of the Government in the House of Commons after the 1997 election . He retained this position until January 14 , 2002 , when he was again given a full portfolio as Minister of Public Works and Government Services . In March 2002 , he stayed at a weekend resort owned by Groupe Everest , a prominent recipient of departmental funds . The trip was paid for by Boudrias son , and the minister was not directly accused of a conflict of interest . He was nonetheless deemed to have shown poor judgement , and was reassigned as Minister of State and Leader of the Government in the House of Commons on May 26 , 2002 . Chrétien loyalist . Boudria was known within the Liberal caucus as a leading Chrétien loyalist . During Question Period , he frequently handed Chrétien notes from a white binder . In 2000 , this practice led Reform Party deputy leader Deb Grey to wonder if Chrétien could answer a question without any help from Binder Boy . The nickname stuck . He lost his cabinet position in December 2003 when Paul Martin replaced Chrétien as Liberal leader and prime minister . Subsequently , he was elected chair of the Standing Committee on Official Languages ( 3rd session of the 37th parliament ) and the Standing Committee on Procedure and House Affairs ( 1st session of the 38th parliament ) . On May 6 , 2005 , Boudria announced he would not run in the next election . Life after government . Boudrias memoir , Busboy : From Kitchen to Cabinet , was published in late 2005 . In 2006 , he assisted Stéphane Dions campaign for the leadership of the Liberal Party . Boudria joined Ottawa-based public relations agency Hill & Knowlton Canada as a senior associate in May 2006 , and was promoted to senior counsellor in March 2007 . His son Dan Boudria was elected to the Conseil des écoles catholiques de langue française du Centre-Est in the 2006 municipal elections . In early 2007 , the Liberal Party of Canada Association of Glengarry—Prescott—Russell selected his son as candidate in the 2008 federal election . He lost to incumbent Conservative candidate Pierre Lemieux . Electoral record . Note : Conservative vote is compared to the total of the Canadian Alliance vote and Progressive Conservative vote in 2000 election . Note : Canadian Alliance vote is compared to the Reform vote in 1997 election . External links . - Don Boudria : Personal Website - Howd They Vote? : Don Boudrias voting history and quotes
|
[
"House of Commons"
] |
[
{
"text": " Donald Boudria , ( born August 30 , 1949 ) is a former Canadian politician . He served in the House of Commons of Canada from 1984 to 2005 as a member of the Liberal Party of Canada , and was a cabinet minister in the government of Jean Chrétien . Municipal and provincial politics .",
"title": "Don Boudria"
},
{
"text": "Boudria was born in Hull , Quebec , raised in Sarsfield , Ontario , and educated in the area , and was a public servant before entering political life . A Franco-Ontarian , he was elected as a councillor in Cumberland Township in 1976 , and remained a council member until his election to the Legislative Assembly of Ontario in the 1981 provincial election . Boudria defeated Progressive Conservative incumbent Joseph Albert Bélanger by 5,172 votes in Prescott and Russell , and served in the legislature for three years as a member the Ontario Liberal Party , which was then",
"title": "Don Boudria"
},
{
"text": "the official opposition to the Progressive Conservative government of William Davis .",
"title": "Don Boudria"
},
{
"text": " Entry into federal politics . He left provincial politics to run for the House of Commons in the 1984 federal election . Boudria won a convincing victory in Ontarios easternmost riding , Glengarry—Prescott—Russell , even as his party suffered a landslide defeat against Brian Mulroneys Progressive Conservatives . Joining the opposition benches of the Commons in 1984 , he became a member of the Liberal Rat Pack with Brian Tobin , Sheila Copps and John Nunziata . This group of young Liberals made it their business to harass the Tories at every possible turn .",
"title": "Don Boudria"
},
{
"text": "Re-election and cabinet positions .",
"title": "Don Boudria"
},
{
"text": "Boudria was re-elected without difficulty in 1988 , 1993 , 1997 and 2000 . Like the other Rat Pack members , he rose rapidly in the Liberal ranks . From 1991 to 1993 , he served as Deputy Liberal House Leader . After the Liberals won a huge majority in 1993 , Boudria became a backbencher once again for a time . He was appointed Chief Government Whip on September 15 , 1994 . He held this position until October 4 , 1996 , when he was named to Cabinet as Minister for International Cooperation and Minister responsible for La",
"title": "Don Boudria"
},
{
"text": "Francophonie .",
"title": "Don Boudria"
},
{
"text": "Boudria was named Leader of the Government in the House of Commons after the 1997 election . He retained this position until January 14 , 2002 , when he was again given a full portfolio as Minister of Public Works and Government Services . In March 2002 , he stayed at a weekend resort owned by Groupe Everest , a prominent recipient of departmental funds . The trip was paid for by Boudrias son , and the minister was not directly accused of a conflict of interest . He was nonetheless deemed to have shown poor judgement , and was",
"title": "Don Boudria"
},
{
"text": "reassigned as Minister of State and Leader of the Government in the House of Commons on May 26 , 2002 .",
"title": "Don Boudria"
},
{
"text": " Boudria was known within the Liberal caucus as a leading Chrétien loyalist . During Question Period , he frequently handed Chrétien notes from a white binder . In 2000 , this practice led Reform Party deputy leader Deb Grey to wonder if Chrétien could answer a question without any help from Binder Boy . The nickname stuck .",
"title": "Chrétien loyalist"
},
{
"text": "He lost his cabinet position in December 2003 when Paul Martin replaced Chrétien as Liberal leader and prime minister . Subsequently , he was elected chair of the Standing Committee on Official Languages ( 3rd session of the 37th parliament ) and the Standing Committee on Procedure and House Affairs ( 1st session of the 38th parliament ) .",
"title": "Chrétien loyalist"
},
{
"text": " On May 6 , 2005 , Boudria announced he would not run in the next election .",
"title": "Chrétien loyalist"
},
{
"text": " Boudrias memoir , Busboy : From Kitchen to Cabinet , was published in late 2005 . In 2006 , he assisted Stéphane Dions campaign for the leadership of the Liberal Party . Boudria joined Ottawa-based public relations agency Hill & Knowlton Canada as a senior associate in May 2006 , and was promoted to senior counsellor in March 2007 .",
"title": "Life after government"
},
{
"text": "His son Dan Boudria was elected to the Conseil des écoles catholiques de langue française du Centre-Est in the 2006 municipal elections . In early 2007 , the Liberal Party of Canada Association of Glengarry—Prescott—Russell selected his son as candidate in the 2008 federal election . He lost to incumbent Conservative candidate Pierre Lemieux .",
"title": "Life after government"
},
{
"text": " Note : Conservative vote is compared to the total of the Canadian Alliance vote and Progressive Conservative vote in 2000 election . Note : Canadian Alliance vote is compared to the Reform vote in 1997 election .",
"title": "Electoral record"
},
{
"text": " - Don Boudria : Personal Website - Howd They Vote? : Don Boudrias voting history and quotes",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Don_Boudria#P39#2
|
What was the position of Don Boudria in late 1990s?
|
Don Boudria Donald Boudria , ( born August 30 , 1949 ) is a former Canadian politician . He served in the House of Commons of Canada from 1984 to 2005 as a member of the Liberal Party of Canada , and was a cabinet minister in the government of Jean Chrétien . Municipal and provincial politics . Boudria was born in Hull , Quebec , raised in Sarsfield , Ontario , and educated in the area , and was a public servant before entering political life . A Franco-Ontarian , he was elected as a councillor in Cumberland Township in 1976 , and remained a council member until his election to the Legislative Assembly of Ontario in the 1981 provincial election . Boudria defeated Progressive Conservative incumbent Joseph Albert Bélanger by 5,172 votes in Prescott and Russell , and served in the legislature for three years as a member the Ontario Liberal Party , which was then the official opposition to the Progressive Conservative government of William Davis . Entry into federal politics . He left provincial politics to run for the House of Commons in the 1984 federal election . Boudria won a convincing victory in Ontarios easternmost riding , Glengarry—Prescott—Russell , even as his party suffered a landslide defeat against Brian Mulroneys Progressive Conservatives . Joining the opposition benches of the Commons in 1984 , he became a member of the Liberal Rat Pack with Brian Tobin , Sheila Copps and John Nunziata . This group of young Liberals made it their business to harass the Tories at every possible turn . Re-election and cabinet positions . Boudria was re-elected without difficulty in 1988 , 1993 , 1997 and 2000 . Like the other Rat Pack members , he rose rapidly in the Liberal ranks . From 1991 to 1993 , he served as Deputy Liberal House Leader . After the Liberals won a huge majority in 1993 , Boudria became a backbencher once again for a time . He was appointed Chief Government Whip on September 15 , 1994 . He held this position until October 4 , 1996 , when he was named to Cabinet as Minister for International Cooperation and Minister responsible for La Francophonie . Boudria was named Leader of the Government in the House of Commons after the 1997 election . He retained this position until January 14 , 2002 , when he was again given a full portfolio as Minister of Public Works and Government Services . In March 2002 , he stayed at a weekend resort owned by Groupe Everest , a prominent recipient of departmental funds . The trip was paid for by Boudrias son , and the minister was not directly accused of a conflict of interest . He was nonetheless deemed to have shown poor judgement , and was reassigned as Minister of State and Leader of the Government in the House of Commons on May 26 , 2002 . Chrétien loyalist . Boudria was known within the Liberal caucus as a leading Chrétien loyalist . During Question Period , he frequently handed Chrétien notes from a white binder . In 2000 , this practice led Reform Party deputy leader Deb Grey to wonder if Chrétien could answer a question without any help from Binder Boy . The nickname stuck . He lost his cabinet position in December 2003 when Paul Martin replaced Chrétien as Liberal leader and prime minister . Subsequently , he was elected chair of the Standing Committee on Official Languages ( 3rd session of the 37th parliament ) and the Standing Committee on Procedure and House Affairs ( 1st session of the 38th parliament ) . On May 6 , 2005 , Boudria announced he would not run in the next election . Life after government . Boudrias memoir , Busboy : From Kitchen to Cabinet , was published in late 2005 . In 2006 , he assisted Stéphane Dions campaign for the leadership of the Liberal Party . Boudria joined Ottawa-based public relations agency Hill & Knowlton Canada as a senior associate in May 2006 , and was promoted to senior counsellor in March 2007 . His son Dan Boudria was elected to the Conseil des écoles catholiques de langue française du Centre-Est in the 2006 municipal elections . In early 2007 , the Liberal Party of Canada Association of Glengarry—Prescott—Russell selected his son as candidate in the 2008 federal election . He lost to incumbent Conservative candidate Pierre Lemieux . Electoral record . Note : Conservative vote is compared to the total of the Canadian Alliance vote and Progressive Conservative vote in 2000 election . Note : Canadian Alliance vote is compared to the Reform vote in 1997 election . External links . - Don Boudria : Personal Website - Howd They Vote? : Don Boudrias voting history and quotes
|
[
"Leader of the Government in the House of Commons"
] |
[
{
"text": " Donald Boudria , ( born August 30 , 1949 ) is a former Canadian politician . He served in the House of Commons of Canada from 1984 to 2005 as a member of the Liberal Party of Canada , and was a cabinet minister in the government of Jean Chrétien . Municipal and provincial politics .",
"title": "Don Boudria"
},
{
"text": "Boudria was born in Hull , Quebec , raised in Sarsfield , Ontario , and educated in the area , and was a public servant before entering political life . A Franco-Ontarian , he was elected as a councillor in Cumberland Township in 1976 , and remained a council member until his election to the Legislative Assembly of Ontario in the 1981 provincial election . Boudria defeated Progressive Conservative incumbent Joseph Albert Bélanger by 5,172 votes in Prescott and Russell , and served in the legislature for three years as a member the Ontario Liberal Party , which was then",
"title": "Don Boudria"
},
{
"text": "the official opposition to the Progressive Conservative government of William Davis .",
"title": "Don Boudria"
},
{
"text": " Entry into federal politics . He left provincial politics to run for the House of Commons in the 1984 federal election . Boudria won a convincing victory in Ontarios easternmost riding , Glengarry—Prescott—Russell , even as his party suffered a landslide defeat against Brian Mulroneys Progressive Conservatives . Joining the opposition benches of the Commons in 1984 , he became a member of the Liberal Rat Pack with Brian Tobin , Sheila Copps and John Nunziata . This group of young Liberals made it their business to harass the Tories at every possible turn .",
"title": "Don Boudria"
},
{
"text": "Re-election and cabinet positions .",
"title": "Don Boudria"
},
{
"text": "Boudria was re-elected without difficulty in 1988 , 1993 , 1997 and 2000 . Like the other Rat Pack members , he rose rapidly in the Liberal ranks . From 1991 to 1993 , he served as Deputy Liberal House Leader . After the Liberals won a huge majority in 1993 , Boudria became a backbencher once again for a time . He was appointed Chief Government Whip on September 15 , 1994 . He held this position until October 4 , 1996 , when he was named to Cabinet as Minister for International Cooperation and Minister responsible for La",
"title": "Don Boudria"
},
{
"text": "Francophonie .",
"title": "Don Boudria"
},
{
"text": "Boudria was named Leader of the Government in the House of Commons after the 1997 election . He retained this position until January 14 , 2002 , when he was again given a full portfolio as Minister of Public Works and Government Services . In March 2002 , he stayed at a weekend resort owned by Groupe Everest , a prominent recipient of departmental funds . The trip was paid for by Boudrias son , and the minister was not directly accused of a conflict of interest . He was nonetheless deemed to have shown poor judgement , and was",
"title": "Don Boudria"
},
{
"text": "reassigned as Minister of State and Leader of the Government in the House of Commons on May 26 , 2002 .",
"title": "Don Boudria"
},
{
"text": " Boudria was known within the Liberal caucus as a leading Chrétien loyalist . During Question Period , he frequently handed Chrétien notes from a white binder . In 2000 , this practice led Reform Party deputy leader Deb Grey to wonder if Chrétien could answer a question without any help from Binder Boy . The nickname stuck .",
"title": "Chrétien loyalist"
},
{
"text": "He lost his cabinet position in December 2003 when Paul Martin replaced Chrétien as Liberal leader and prime minister . Subsequently , he was elected chair of the Standing Committee on Official Languages ( 3rd session of the 37th parliament ) and the Standing Committee on Procedure and House Affairs ( 1st session of the 38th parliament ) .",
"title": "Chrétien loyalist"
},
{
"text": " On May 6 , 2005 , Boudria announced he would not run in the next election .",
"title": "Chrétien loyalist"
},
{
"text": " Boudrias memoir , Busboy : From Kitchen to Cabinet , was published in late 2005 . In 2006 , he assisted Stéphane Dions campaign for the leadership of the Liberal Party . Boudria joined Ottawa-based public relations agency Hill & Knowlton Canada as a senior associate in May 2006 , and was promoted to senior counsellor in March 2007 .",
"title": "Life after government"
},
{
"text": "His son Dan Boudria was elected to the Conseil des écoles catholiques de langue française du Centre-Est in the 2006 municipal elections . In early 2007 , the Liberal Party of Canada Association of Glengarry—Prescott—Russell selected his son as candidate in the 2008 federal election . He lost to incumbent Conservative candidate Pierre Lemieux .",
"title": "Life after government"
},
{
"text": " Note : Conservative vote is compared to the total of the Canadian Alliance vote and Progressive Conservative vote in 2000 election . Note : Canadian Alliance vote is compared to the Reform vote in 1997 election .",
"title": "Electoral record"
},
{
"text": " - Don Boudria : Personal Website - Howd They Vote? : Don Boudrias voting history and quotes",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Don_Boudria#P39#3
|
What was the position of Don Boudria between Mar 2003 and Jun 2003?
|
Don Boudria Donald Boudria , ( born August 30 , 1949 ) is a former Canadian politician . He served in the House of Commons of Canada from 1984 to 2005 as a member of the Liberal Party of Canada , and was a cabinet minister in the government of Jean Chrétien . Municipal and provincial politics . Boudria was born in Hull , Quebec , raised in Sarsfield , Ontario , and educated in the area , and was a public servant before entering political life . A Franco-Ontarian , he was elected as a councillor in Cumberland Township in 1976 , and remained a council member until his election to the Legislative Assembly of Ontario in the 1981 provincial election . Boudria defeated Progressive Conservative incumbent Joseph Albert Bélanger by 5,172 votes in Prescott and Russell , and served in the legislature for three years as a member the Ontario Liberal Party , which was then the official opposition to the Progressive Conservative government of William Davis . Entry into federal politics . He left provincial politics to run for the House of Commons in the 1984 federal election . Boudria won a convincing victory in Ontarios easternmost riding , Glengarry—Prescott—Russell , even as his party suffered a landslide defeat against Brian Mulroneys Progressive Conservatives . Joining the opposition benches of the Commons in 1984 , he became a member of the Liberal Rat Pack with Brian Tobin , Sheila Copps and John Nunziata . This group of young Liberals made it their business to harass the Tories at every possible turn . Re-election and cabinet positions . Boudria was re-elected without difficulty in 1988 , 1993 , 1997 and 2000 . Like the other Rat Pack members , he rose rapidly in the Liberal ranks . From 1991 to 1993 , he served as Deputy Liberal House Leader . After the Liberals won a huge majority in 1993 , Boudria became a backbencher once again for a time . He was appointed Chief Government Whip on September 15 , 1994 . He held this position until October 4 , 1996 , when he was named to Cabinet as Minister for International Cooperation and Minister responsible for La Francophonie . Boudria was named Leader of the Government in the House of Commons after the 1997 election . He retained this position until January 14 , 2002 , when he was again given a full portfolio as Minister of Public Works and Government Services . In March 2002 , he stayed at a weekend resort owned by Groupe Everest , a prominent recipient of departmental funds . The trip was paid for by Boudrias son , and the minister was not directly accused of a conflict of interest . He was nonetheless deemed to have shown poor judgement , and was reassigned as Minister of State and Leader of the Government in the House of Commons on May 26 , 2002 . Chrétien loyalist . Boudria was known within the Liberal caucus as a leading Chrétien loyalist . During Question Period , he frequently handed Chrétien notes from a white binder . In 2000 , this practice led Reform Party deputy leader Deb Grey to wonder if Chrétien could answer a question without any help from Binder Boy . The nickname stuck . He lost his cabinet position in December 2003 when Paul Martin replaced Chrétien as Liberal leader and prime minister . Subsequently , he was elected chair of the Standing Committee on Official Languages ( 3rd session of the 37th parliament ) and the Standing Committee on Procedure and House Affairs ( 1st session of the 38th parliament ) . On May 6 , 2005 , Boudria announced he would not run in the next election . Life after government . Boudrias memoir , Busboy : From Kitchen to Cabinet , was published in late 2005 . In 2006 , he assisted Stéphane Dions campaign for the leadership of the Liberal Party . Boudria joined Ottawa-based public relations agency Hill & Knowlton Canada as a senior associate in May 2006 , and was promoted to senior counsellor in March 2007 . His son Dan Boudria was elected to the Conseil des écoles catholiques de langue française du Centre-Est in the 2006 municipal elections . In early 2007 , the Liberal Party of Canada Association of Glengarry—Prescott—Russell selected his son as candidate in the 2008 federal election . He lost to incumbent Conservative candidate Pierre Lemieux . Electoral record . Note : Conservative vote is compared to the total of the Canadian Alliance vote and Progressive Conservative vote in 2000 election . Note : Canadian Alliance vote is compared to the Reform vote in 1997 election . External links . - Don Boudria : Personal Website - Howd They Vote? : Don Boudrias voting history and quotes
|
[
"Minister of State and Leader of the Government in the House of Commons"
] |
[
{
"text": " Donald Boudria , ( born August 30 , 1949 ) is a former Canadian politician . He served in the House of Commons of Canada from 1984 to 2005 as a member of the Liberal Party of Canada , and was a cabinet minister in the government of Jean Chrétien . Municipal and provincial politics .",
"title": "Don Boudria"
},
{
"text": "Boudria was born in Hull , Quebec , raised in Sarsfield , Ontario , and educated in the area , and was a public servant before entering political life . A Franco-Ontarian , he was elected as a councillor in Cumberland Township in 1976 , and remained a council member until his election to the Legislative Assembly of Ontario in the 1981 provincial election . Boudria defeated Progressive Conservative incumbent Joseph Albert Bélanger by 5,172 votes in Prescott and Russell , and served in the legislature for three years as a member the Ontario Liberal Party , which was then",
"title": "Don Boudria"
},
{
"text": "the official opposition to the Progressive Conservative government of William Davis .",
"title": "Don Boudria"
},
{
"text": " Entry into federal politics . He left provincial politics to run for the House of Commons in the 1984 federal election . Boudria won a convincing victory in Ontarios easternmost riding , Glengarry—Prescott—Russell , even as his party suffered a landslide defeat against Brian Mulroneys Progressive Conservatives . Joining the opposition benches of the Commons in 1984 , he became a member of the Liberal Rat Pack with Brian Tobin , Sheila Copps and John Nunziata . This group of young Liberals made it their business to harass the Tories at every possible turn .",
"title": "Don Boudria"
},
{
"text": "Re-election and cabinet positions .",
"title": "Don Boudria"
},
{
"text": "Boudria was re-elected without difficulty in 1988 , 1993 , 1997 and 2000 . Like the other Rat Pack members , he rose rapidly in the Liberal ranks . From 1991 to 1993 , he served as Deputy Liberal House Leader . After the Liberals won a huge majority in 1993 , Boudria became a backbencher once again for a time . He was appointed Chief Government Whip on September 15 , 1994 . He held this position until October 4 , 1996 , when he was named to Cabinet as Minister for International Cooperation and Minister responsible for La",
"title": "Don Boudria"
},
{
"text": "Francophonie .",
"title": "Don Boudria"
},
{
"text": "Boudria was named Leader of the Government in the House of Commons after the 1997 election . He retained this position until January 14 , 2002 , when he was again given a full portfolio as Minister of Public Works and Government Services . In March 2002 , he stayed at a weekend resort owned by Groupe Everest , a prominent recipient of departmental funds . The trip was paid for by Boudrias son , and the minister was not directly accused of a conflict of interest . He was nonetheless deemed to have shown poor judgement , and was",
"title": "Don Boudria"
},
{
"text": "reassigned as Minister of State and Leader of the Government in the House of Commons on May 26 , 2002 .",
"title": "Don Boudria"
},
{
"text": " Boudria was known within the Liberal caucus as a leading Chrétien loyalist . During Question Period , he frequently handed Chrétien notes from a white binder . In 2000 , this practice led Reform Party deputy leader Deb Grey to wonder if Chrétien could answer a question without any help from Binder Boy . The nickname stuck .",
"title": "Chrétien loyalist"
},
{
"text": "He lost his cabinet position in December 2003 when Paul Martin replaced Chrétien as Liberal leader and prime minister . Subsequently , he was elected chair of the Standing Committee on Official Languages ( 3rd session of the 37th parliament ) and the Standing Committee on Procedure and House Affairs ( 1st session of the 38th parliament ) .",
"title": "Chrétien loyalist"
},
{
"text": " On May 6 , 2005 , Boudria announced he would not run in the next election .",
"title": "Chrétien loyalist"
},
{
"text": " Boudrias memoir , Busboy : From Kitchen to Cabinet , was published in late 2005 . In 2006 , he assisted Stéphane Dions campaign for the leadership of the Liberal Party . Boudria joined Ottawa-based public relations agency Hill & Knowlton Canada as a senior associate in May 2006 , and was promoted to senior counsellor in March 2007 .",
"title": "Life after government"
},
{
"text": "His son Dan Boudria was elected to the Conseil des écoles catholiques de langue française du Centre-Est in the 2006 municipal elections . In early 2007 , the Liberal Party of Canada Association of Glengarry—Prescott—Russell selected his son as candidate in the 2008 federal election . He lost to incumbent Conservative candidate Pierre Lemieux .",
"title": "Life after government"
},
{
"text": " Note : Conservative vote is compared to the total of the Canadian Alliance vote and Progressive Conservative vote in 2000 election . Note : Canadian Alliance vote is compared to the Reform vote in 1997 election .",
"title": "Electoral record"
},
{
"text": " - Don Boudria : Personal Website - Howd They Vote? : Don Boudrias voting history and quotes",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Ernst_Cassirer#P108#0
|
Who did Ernst Cassirer work for between Jan 1930 and Sep 1931?
|
Ernst Cassirer Ernst Alfred Cassirer ( ; ; July 28 , 1874 – April 13 , 1945 ) was a German philosopher . Trained within the Neo-Kantian Marburg School , he initially followed his mentor Hermann Cohen in attempting to supply an idealistic philosophy of science . After Cohens death , Cassirer developed a theory of symbolism and used it to expand phenomenology of knowledge into a more general philosophy of culture . Cassirer was one of the leading 20th-century advocates of philosophical idealism . His most famous work is the Philosophy of Symbolic Forms ( 1923–1929 ) . Though his work received a mixed reception shortly after his death , more recent scholarship has remarked upon Cassirers role as a strident defender of the moral idealism of the Enlightenment era and the cause of liberal democracy at a time when the rise of fascism had made such advocacy unfashionable . Within the international Jewish community , Cassirers work has additionally been seen as part of a long tradition of thought on ethical philosophy . Biography . Born in Breslau in Silesia ( modern-day southwest Poland ) , into a Jewish family , Cassirer studied literature and philosophy at the University of Marburg ( where he completed his doctoral work in 1899 with a dissertation on René Descartess analysis of mathematical and natural scientific knowledge entitled [ Descartes Critique of Mathematical and Scientific Knowledge ] ) and at the University of Berlin ( where he completed his habilitation in 1906 with the dissertation [ The Problem of Knowledge in Philosophy and Science in the Modern Age : Volume I ] ) . Politically , Cassirer supported the liberal German Democratic Party ( DDP ) . After working for many years as a at the Friedrich Wilhelm University in Berlin , Cassirer was elected in 1919 to the philosophy chair at the newly founded University of Hamburg , where he lectured until 1933 , supervising amongst others the doctoral theses of Joachim Ritter and Leo Strauss . Because he was Jewish , he left Germany after the Nazis came to power in 1933 . After leaving Germany he taught for a couple of years at the University of Oxford , before becoming a professor at Gothenburg University . When Cassirer considered Sweden too unsafe , he applied for a post at Harvard University , but was rejected because thirty years earlier he had rejected a job offer from them . In 1941 he became a visiting professor at Yale University , then moved to Columbia University in New York City , where he lectured from 1943 until his death in 1945 . Cassirer died of a heart attack in April 1945 in New York City . His grave is located in Westwood , New Jersey , on the Cedar Park Beth-El Cemeteries in the graves of the Congregation Habonim . His son , Heinz Cassirer , was also a Kantian scholar . Other members of his prominent family included the neurologist Richard Cassirer , the publisher and gallery owner Bruno Cassirer and the art dealer and editor Paul Cassirer . Influences . Donald Phillip Verene , who published some of Cassirers papers kept at Yale University , gave this overview of his ideas : Cassirer as a thinker became an embodiment of Kantian principles , but also of much more , of an overall movement of spirit stretching from the Renaissance to the Enlightenment , and on to Herder’s conception of history , Goethe’s poetry , Wilhelm von Humboldt’s study of the Kavi language , Schelling’s , Hegel’s Phenomenology of Spirit , and Vischer’s conception of the aesthetic symbol , among many others . Cassirer’s own position is born through a mastery of the whole development of this world of the humanistic understanding , which included the rise of the scientific world view — a mastery evident both in his historical works and in his systematic philosophy . Work . History of science . Cassirers first major published writings were a history of modern thought from the Renaissance to Kant . In accordance with his Marburg neo-Kantianism he concentrated upon epistemology . His reading of the scientific revolution , in books such as The Individual and the Cosmos in Renaissance Philosophy ( 1927 ) , as a Platonic application of mathematics to nature , influenced historians such as E . A . Burtt , E . J . Dijksterhuis , and Alexandre Koyré . Philosophy of science . In Substance and Function ( 1910 ) , he writes about late nineteenth-century developments in physics including relativity theory and the foundations of mathematics . In Einsteins Theory of Relativity ( 1921 ) he defended the claim that modern physics supports a neo-Kantian conception of knowledge . He also wrote a book about Quantum mechanics called Determinism and Indeterminism in Modern Physics ( 1936 ) . Philosophy of symbolic forms . At Hamburg Cassirer discovered the Library of the Cultural Sciences founded by Aby Warburg . Warburg was an art historian who was particularly interested in ritual and myth as sources of surviving forms of emotional expression . In Philosophy of Symbolic Forms ( 1923–29 ) Cassirer argues that man ( as he put it in his more popular 1944 book Essay on Man ) is a symbolic animal . Whereas animals perceive their world by instincts and direct sensory perception , humans create a universe of symbolic meanings . Cassirer is particularly interested in natural language and myth . He argues that science and mathematics developed from natural language , and religion and art from myth . The Cassirer–Heidegger debate . In 1929 Cassirer took part in a historically significant encounter with Martin Heidegger in Davos during the Second Davos Hochschulkurs ( the Cassirer–Heidegger debate ) . Cassirer argues that while Kants Critique of Pure Reason emphasizes human temporality and finitude , he also sought to situate human cognition within a broader conception of humanity . Cassirer challenges Heideggers relativism by invoking the universal validity of truths discovered by the exact and moral sciences . Philosophy of the Enlightenment . Cassirer believed that reasons self-realization leads to human liberation . Mazlish ( 2000 ) , however , notes that Cassirer in his The Philosophy of the Enlightenment ( 1932 ) focuses exclusively on ideas , ignoring the political and social context in which they were produced . The Logic of the Cultural Sciences . In The Logic of the Cultural Sciences ( 1942 ) Cassirer argues that objective and universal validity can be achieved not only in the sciences , but also in practical , cultural , moral , and aesthetic phenomena . Although inter-subjective objective validity in the natural sciences derives from universal laws of nature , Cassirer asserts that an analogous type of inter-subjective objective validity takes place in the cultural sciences . The Myth of the State . Cassirers last work , The Myth of the State ( 1946 ) , was published posthumously ; at one level it is an attempt to understand the intellectual origins of Nazi Germany . Cassirer sees Nazi Germany as a society in which the dangerous power of myth is not checked or subdued by superior forces . The book discusses the opposition of logos and mythos in Greek thought , Platos Republic , the medieval theory of the state , Machiavelli , Thomas Carlyles writings on hero worship , the racial theories of Arthur de Gobineau , and Hegel . Cassirer claimed that in 20th-century politics there was a return , with the passive acquiescence of Martin Heidegger , to the irrationality of myth , and in particular to a belief that there is such a thing as destiny . Of this passive acquiescence , Cassirer says that in departing from Husserls belief in an objective , logical basis for philosophy , Heidegger attenuated the ability of philosophy to oppose the resurgence of myth in German politics of the 1930s . Partial bibliography . - Leibniz System in seinem wissenschaftlichen Grundlagen ( 1902 ) - The Problem of Knowledge : Philosophy , Science , and History since Hegel [ Das Erkenntnisproblem in der Philosophie und Wissenschaft der neueren Zeit ] ( 1906–1920 ) , English translation 1950 ( online edition ) - Kant und die moderne Mathematik . Kant-Studien ( 1907 ) - Substance and Function [ Substanzbegriff und Funktionsbegriff ] ( 1910 ) and Einsteins Theory of Relativity [ Einsteinschen Relativitätstheorie ] ( 1921 ) , English translation 1923 ( online edition ) - Freedom and Form [ Freiheit und Form ] ( 1916 ) - Kants Life and Thought [ Kants Leben und Lehre ] ( 1918 ) , English translation 1981 - Philosophy of Symbolic Forms [ Philosophie der symbolischen Formen ] ( 1923–29 ) , English translation 1953–1957 - Volume One : Language [ Erster Teil : Die Sprache ] ( 1923 ) , English translation 1955 - Volume Two : Mythical Thought [ Zweiter Teil : Das mythische Denken ] ( 1925 ) , English translation 1955 - Volume Three : The Phenomenology of Knowledge [ Dritter Teil : Phänomenologie der Erkenntnis ] ( 1929 ) , English translation 1957 - Language and Myth [ Sprache und Mythos ] ( 1925 ) , English translation 1946 by Susanne K . Langer - The Individual and the Cosmos in Renaissance Philosophy [ Individuum und Kosmos in der Philosophie der Renaissance ] ( 1927 ) , English translation 1963 by Mario Domandi - Erkenntnistheorie nebst den Grenzfragen der Logik und Denkpsychologie . Jahrbücher der Philosophie 3 , 31-92 ( 1927 ) - Die Idee der republikanischen Verfassung ( 1929 ) - Kant und das Problem der Metaphysik . Bemerkungen zu Martin Heideggers Kantinterpretation . Kant-Studien 26 , 1-16 ( 1931 ) - Philosophy of the Enlightenment [ Die Philosophie der Aufklärung ] ( 1932 ) , English translation 1951 - Determinism and Indeterminism in Modern Physics : Historical and Systematic Studies of the Problem of Causality [ Determinismus und Indeterminismus in der modernen Physik ] ( 1936 ) , English translation 1956 - The Logic of the Cultural Sciences [ Zur Logik der Kulturwissenschaften ] ( 1942 ) , English translation 2000 by Steve G . Lofts ( previously translated in 1961 as The Logic of the Humanities ) - An Essay on Man ( written and published in English ) ( 1944 ) ( books.google.com ) - The Myth of the State ( written and published in English ) ( posthumous ) ( 1946 ) ( books.google.com ) - Symbol , Myth , and Culture : Essays and Lectures of Ernst Cassirer , 1935-1945 , ed . by Donald Phillip Verene ( March 11 , 1981 ) - Ernst Cassirer : Gesammelte Werke . Hamburger Ausgabe . Electronic Edition . ( 2016 ) – The electronic version of the definitive edition of Cassirers works , published in print by Felix Meiner Verlag , and electronically in the Past Masters series . - The Warburg Years ( 1919-1933 ) : Essays on Language , Art , Myth , and Technology . Translated and with an Introduction by S . G . Lofts with A . Calcagno . New Haven & London : Yale University Press . Further reading . - Aubenque , Pierre , et al . Philosophie und Politik : Die Davoser Disputation zwischen Ernst Cassirer und Martin Heidgger in der Retrospektive . Internationale Zeitschrift für Philosophie , 2 : 290-312 - Barash , Jeffrey Andrew . The Symbolic Construction of Reality : The Legacy of Ernst Cassirer ( 2008 ) ( excerpt and text search ) - Burtt , Edwin Arthur . The Metaphysical Foundations of Modern Physical Science , London : Paul Trencher - Folkvord Ingvild & Hoel Aud Sissel ( eds. ) , Ernst Cassirer on Form and Technology : Contemporary Readings , ( 2012 ) , Basingstoke , Palgrave MacMillan ( ) . - Friedman , Michael . A Parting of the Ways : Carnap , Cassirer , and Heidegger ( 2000 ) ( excerpt and text search ) - Gordon , Peter Eli . Continental Divide : Heidegger , Cassirer , Davos ( 2010 ) - Krois , John Michael . Cassirer : Symbolic Forms and History ( Yale University Press 1987 ) - Lassègue , Jean . Cassirer’s Transformation : From a Transcendental to a Semiotic Philosophy of Forms . Springer , 2020 . ( Studies in Applied Philosophy , Epistemology and Rational Ethics book series . volume 55 ) Online - Lipton , David R . Ernst Cassirer : The Dilemma of a Liberal Intellectual in Germany , 1914-1933 ( 1978 ) - Lofts . Steve G . Ernst Cassirer : A Repetition of Modernity ( 2000 ) SUNY Press , : at Google Books - Magerski , Christine . Reaching Beyond the Supra-Historical Sphere : from Cassirers Philosophy of Symbolic Forms to Bourdieus Sociology of Symbolic Forms . ´´Pierre Bourdieu and the Field of Cultural Production.´´ Ed . J . Browitt . University of Delaware Press ( 2004 ) : 21-29 . - Schilpp , Paul Arthur ( ed. ) . The Philosophy of Ernst Cassirer ( 1949 ) archive.org - Schultz , William . Cassirer & Langer on Myth ( 2nd ed . 2000 ) ( excerpt and text search ) - Skidelsky , Edward . Ernst Cassirer : The Last Philosopher of Culture ( Princeton University Press , 2008 ) , 288 pp . . - Hardy , Anton G . Symbol Philosophy and the Opening into Consciousness and Creativity ( 2014 ) External links . - History of the Cassirer Family - Ernst Cassirer in family context - Centre for Intercultural Studies - . General Collection , Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library . Yale University . - . General Collection , Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library , Yale University .
|
[
"University of Hamburg"
] |
[
{
"text": " Ernst Alfred Cassirer ( ; ; July 28 , 1874 – April 13 , 1945 ) was a German philosopher . Trained within the Neo-Kantian Marburg School , he initially followed his mentor Hermann Cohen in attempting to supply an idealistic philosophy of science . After Cohens death , Cassirer developed a theory of symbolism and used it to expand phenomenology of knowledge into a more general philosophy of culture . Cassirer was one of the leading 20th-century advocates of philosophical idealism . His most famous work is the Philosophy of Symbolic Forms ( 1923–1929 ) .",
"title": "Ernst Cassirer"
},
{
"text": "Though his work received a mixed reception shortly after his death , more recent scholarship has remarked upon Cassirers role as a strident defender of the moral idealism of the Enlightenment era and the cause of liberal democracy at a time when the rise of fascism had made such advocacy unfashionable . Within the international Jewish community , Cassirers work has additionally been seen as part of a long tradition of thought on ethical philosophy .",
"title": "Ernst Cassirer"
},
{
"text": " Born in Breslau in Silesia ( modern-day southwest Poland ) , into a Jewish family , Cassirer studied literature and philosophy at the University of Marburg ( where he completed his doctoral work in 1899 with a dissertation on René Descartess analysis of mathematical and natural scientific knowledge entitled [ Descartes Critique of Mathematical and Scientific Knowledge ] ) and at the University of Berlin ( where he completed his habilitation in 1906 with the dissertation [ The Problem of Knowledge in Philosophy and Science in the Modern Age : Volume I ] ) .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "Politically , Cassirer supported the liberal German Democratic Party ( DDP ) . After working for many years as a at the Friedrich Wilhelm University in Berlin , Cassirer was elected in 1919 to the philosophy chair at the newly founded University of Hamburg , where he lectured until 1933 , supervising amongst others the doctoral theses of Joachim Ritter and Leo Strauss . Because he was Jewish , he left Germany after the Nazis came to power in 1933 .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": " After leaving Germany he taught for a couple of years at the University of Oxford , before becoming a professor at Gothenburg University . When Cassirer considered Sweden too unsafe , he applied for a post at Harvard University , but was rejected because thirty years earlier he had rejected a job offer from them . In 1941 he became a visiting professor at Yale University , then moved to Columbia University in New York City , where he lectured from 1943 until his death in 1945 .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "Cassirer died of a heart attack in April 1945 in New York City . His grave is located in Westwood , New Jersey , on the Cedar Park Beth-El Cemeteries in the graves of the Congregation Habonim . His son , Heinz Cassirer , was also a Kantian scholar .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": " Other members of his prominent family included the neurologist Richard Cassirer , the publisher and gallery owner Bruno Cassirer and the art dealer and editor Paul Cassirer .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": " Donald Phillip Verene , who published some of Cassirers papers kept at Yale University , gave this overview of his ideas :",
"title": "Influences"
},
{
"text": "Cassirer as a thinker became an embodiment of Kantian principles , but also of much more , of an overall movement of spirit stretching from the Renaissance to the Enlightenment , and on to Herder’s conception of history , Goethe’s poetry , Wilhelm von Humboldt’s study of the Kavi language , Schelling’s , Hegel’s Phenomenology of Spirit , and Vischer’s conception of the aesthetic symbol , among many others . Cassirer’s own position is born through a mastery of the whole development of this world of the humanistic understanding , which included the rise of the scientific world view —",
"title": "Influences"
},
{
"text": "a mastery evident both in his historical works and in his systematic philosophy .",
"title": "Influences"
},
{
"text": " Cassirers first major published writings were a history of modern thought from the Renaissance to Kant . In accordance with his Marburg neo-Kantianism he concentrated upon epistemology . His reading of the scientific revolution , in books such as The Individual and the Cosmos in Renaissance Philosophy ( 1927 ) , as a Platonic application of mathematics to nature , influenced historians such as E . A . Burtt , E . J . Dijksterhuis , and Alexandre Koyré .",
"title": "History of science"
},
{
"text": " In Substance and Function ( 1910 ) , he writes about late nineteenth-century developments in physics including relativity theory and the foundations of mathematics . In Einsteins Theory of Relativity ( 1921 ) he defended the claim that modern physics supports a neo-Kantian conception of knowledge . He also wrote a book about Quantum mechanics called Determinism and Indeterminism in Modern Physics ( 1936 ) . Philosophy of symbolic forms .",
"title": "Philosophy of science"
},
{
"text": "At Hamburg Cassirer discovered the Library of the Cultural Sciences founded by Aby Warburg . Warburg was an art historian who was particularly interested in ritual and myth as sources of surviving forms of emotional expression . In Philosophy of Symbolic Forms ( 1923–29 ) Cassirer argues that man ( as he put it in his more popular 1944 book Essay on Man ) is a symbolic animal . Whereas animals perceive their world by instincts and direct sensory perception , humans create a universe of symbolic meanings . Cassirer is particularly interested in natural language and myth . He",
"title": "Philosophy of science"
},
{
"text": "argues that science and mathematics developed from natural language , and religion and art from myth .",
"title": "Philosophy of science"
},
{
"text": " In 1929 Cassirer took part in a historically significant encounter with Martin Heidegger in Davos during the Second Davos Hochschulkurs ( the Cassirer–Heidegger debate ) . Cassirer argues that while Kants Critique of Pure Reason emphasizes human temporality and finitude , he also sought to situate human cognition within a broader conception of humanity . Cassirer challenges Heideggers relativism by invoking the universal validity of truths discovered by the exact and moral sciences . Philosophy of the Enlightenment .",
"title": "The Cassirer–Heidegger debate"
},
{
"text": "Cassirer believed that reasons self-realization leads to human liberation . Mazlish ( 2000 ) , however , notes that Cassirer in his The Philosophy of the Enlightenment ( 1932 ) focuses exclusively on ideas , ignoring the political and social context in which they were produced .",
"title": "The Cassirer–Heidegger debate"
},
{
"text": " The Logic of the Cultural Sciences . In The Logic of the Cultural Sciences ( 1942 ) Cassirer argues that objective and universal validity can be achieved not only in the sciences , but also in practical , cultural , moral , and aesthetic phenomena . Although inter-subjective objective validity in the natural sciences derives from universal laws of nature , Cassirer asserts that an analogous type of inter-subjective objective validity takes place in the cultural sciences . The Myth of the State .",
"title": "The Cassirer–Heidegger debate"
},
{
"text": "Cassirers last work , The Myth of the State ( 1946 ) , was published posthumously ; at one level it is an attempt to understand the intellectual origins of Nazi Germany . Cassirer sees Nazi Germany as a society in which the dangerous power of myth is not checked or subdued by superior forces . The book discusses the opposition of logos and mythos in Greek thought , Platos Republic , the medieval theory of the state , Machiavelli , Thomas Carlyles writings on hero worship , the racial theories of Arthur de Gobineau , and Hegel . Cassirer",
"title": "The Cassirer–Heidegger debate"
},
{
"text": "claimed that in 20th-century politics there was a return , with the passive acquiescence of Martin Heidegger , to the irrationality of myth , and in particular to a belief that there is such a thing as destiny . Of this passive acquiescence , Cassirer says that in departing from Husserls belief in an objective , logical basis for philosophy , Heidegger attenuated the ability of philosophy to oppose the resurgence of myth in German politics of the 1930s .",
"title": "The Cassirer–Heidegger debate"
},
{
"text": " - Leibniz System in seinem wissenschaftlichen Grundlagen ( 1902 ) - The Problem of Knowledge : Philosophy , Science , and History since Hegel [ Das Erkenntnisproblem in der Philosophie und Wissenschaft der neueren Zeit ] ( 1906–1920 ) , English translation 1950 ( online edition ) - Kant und die moderne Mathematik . Kant-Studien ( 1907 ) - Substance and Function [ Substanzbegriff und Funktionsbegriff ] ( 1910 ) and Einsteins Theory of Relativity [ Einsteinschen Relativitätstheorie ] ( 1921 ) , English translation 1923 ( online edition )",
"title": "Partial bibliography"
},
{
"text": "- Freedom and Form [ Freiheit und Form ] ( 1916 )",
"title": "Partial bibliography"
},
{
"text": " - Kants Life and Thought [ Kants Leben und Lehre ] ( 1918 ) , English translation 1981 - Philosophy of Symbolic Forms [ Philosophie der symbolischen Formen ] ( 1923–29 ) , English translation 1953–1957 - Volume One : Language [ Erster Teil : Die Sprache ] ( 1923 ) , English translation 1955 - Volume Two : Mythical Thought [ Zweiter Teil : Das mythische Denken ] ( 1925 ) , English translation 1955 - Volume Three : The Phenomenology of Knowledge [ Dritter Teil : Phänomenologie der Erkenntnis ] ( 1929 ) , English translation 1957",
"title": "Partial bibliography"
},
{
"text": "- Language and Myth [ Sprache und Mythos ] ( 1925 ) , English translation 1946 by Susanne K . Langer",
"title": "Partial bibliography"
},
{
"text": " - The Individual and the Cosmos in Renaissance Philosophy [ Individuum und Kosmos in der Philosophie der Renaissance ] ( 1927 ) , English translation 1963 by Mario Domandi - Erkenntnistheorie nebst den Grenzfragen der Logik und Denkpsychologie . Jahrbücher der Philosophie 3 , 31-92 ( 1927 ) - Die Idee der republikanischen Verfassung ( 1929 ) - Kant und das Problem der Metaphysik . Bemerkungen zu Martin Heideggers Kantinterpretation . Kant-Studien 26 , 1-16 ( 1931 ) - Philosophy of the Enlightenment [ Die Philosophie der Aufklärung ] ( 1932 ) , English translation 1951",
"title": "Partial bibliography"
},
{
"text": "- Determinism and Indeterminism in Modern Physics : Historical and Systematic Studies of the Problem of Causality [ Determinismus und Indeterminismus in der modernen Physik ] ( 1936 ) , English translation 1956",
"title": "Partial bibliography"
},
{
"text": " - The Logic of the Cultural Sciences [ Zur Logik der Kulturwissenschaften ] ( 1942 ) , English translation 2000 by Steve G . Lofts ( previously translated in 1961 as The Logic of the Humanities ) - An Essay on Man ( written and published in English ) ( 1944 ) ( books.google.com ) - The Myth of the State ( written and published in English ) ( posthumous ) ( 1946 ) ( books.google.com )",
"title": "Partial bibliography"
},
{
"text": "- Symbol , Myth , and Culture : Essays and Lectures of Ernst Cassirer , 1935-1945 , ed . by Donald Phillip Verene ( March 11 , 1981 )",
"title": "Partial bibliography"
},
{
"text": " - Ernst Cassirer : Gesammelte Werke . Hamburger Ausgabe . Electronic Edition . ( 2016 ) – The electronic version of the definitive edition of Cassirers works , published in print by Felix Meiner Verlag , and electronically in the Past Masters series . - The Warburg Years ( 1919-1933 ) : Essays on Language , Art , Myth , and Technology . Translated and with an Introduction by S . G . Lofts with A . Calcagno . New Haven & London : Yale University Press .",
"title": "Partial bibliography"
},
{
"text": " - Aubenque , Pierre , et al . Philosophie und Politik : Die Davoser Disputation zwischen Ernst Cassirer und Martin Heidgger in der Retrospektive . Internationale Zeitschrift für Philosophie , 2 : 290-312 - Barash , Jeffrey Andrew . The Symbolic Construction of Reality : The Legacy of Ernst Cassirer ( 2008 ) ( excerpt and text search ) - Burtt , Edwin Arthur . The Metaphysical Foundations of Modern Physical Science , London : Paul Trencher",
"title": "Further reading"
},
{
"text": "- Folkvord Ingvild & Hoel Aud Sissel ( eds. ) , Ernst Cassirer on Form and Technology : Contemporary Readings , ( 2012 ) , Basingstoke , Palgrave MacMillan ( ) .",
"title": "Further reading"
},
{
"text": " - Friedman , Michael . A Parting of the Ways : Carnap , Cassirer , and Heidegger ( 2000 ) ( excerpt and text search ) - Gordon , Peter Eli . Continental Divide : Heidegger , Cassirer , Davos ( 2010 ) - Krois , John Michael . Cassirer : Symbolic Forms and History ( Yale University Press 1987 )",
"title": "Further reading"
},
{
"text": "- Lassègue , Jean . Cassirer’s Transformation : From a Transcendental to a Semiotic Philosophy of Forms . Springer , 2020 . ( Studies in Applied Philosophy , Epistemology and Rational Ethics book series . volume 55 ) Online",
"title": "Further reading"
},
{
"text": " - Lipton , David R . Ernst Cassirer : The Dilemma of a Liberal Intellectual in Germany , 1914-1933 ( 1978 ) - Lofts . Steve G . Ernst Cassirer : A Repetition of Modernity ( 2000 ) SUNY Press , : at Google Books - Magerski , Christine . Reaching Beyond the Supra-Historical Sphere : from Cassirers Philosophy of Symbolic Forms to Bourdieus Sociology of Symbolic Forms . ´´Pierre Bourdieu and the Field of Cultural Production.´´ Ed . J . Browitt . University of Delaware Press ( 2004 ) : 21-29 .",
"title": "Further reading"
},
{
"text": "- Schilpp , Paul Arthur ( ed. ) . The Philosophy of Ernst Cassirer ( 1949 ) archive.org",
"title": "Further reading"
},
{
"text": " - Schultz , William . Cassirer & Langer on Myth ( 2nd ed . 2000 ) ( excerpt and text search ) - Skidelsky , Edward . Ernst Cassirer : The Last Philosopher of Culture ( Princeton University Press , 2008 ) , 288 pp . . - Hardy , Anton G . Symbol Philosophy and the Opening into Consciousness and Creativity ( 2014 )",
"title": "Further reading"
},
{
"text": " - History of the Cassirer Family - Ernst Cassirer in family context - Centre for Intercultural Studies - . General Collection , Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library . Yale University . - . General Collection , Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library , Yale University .",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Ernst_Cassirer#P108#1
|
Who did Ernst Cassirer work for in Apr 1933?
|
Ernst Cassirer Ernst Alfred Cassirer ( ; ; July 28 , 1874 – April 13 , 1945 ) was a German philosopher . Trained within the Neo-Kantian Marburg School , he initially followed his mentor Hermann Cohen in attempting to supply an idealistic philosophy of science . After Cohens death , Cassirer developed a theory of symbolism and used it to expand phenomenology of knowledge into a more general philosophy of culture . Cassirer was one of the leading 20th-century advocates of philosophical idealism . His most famous work is the Philosophy of Symbolic Forms ( 1923–1929 ) . Though his work received a mixed reception shortly after his death , more recent scholarship has remarked upon Cassirers role as a strident defender of the moral idealism of the Enlightenment era and the cause of liberal democracy at a time when the rise of fascism had made such advocacy unfashionable . Within the international Jewish community , Cassirers work has additionally been seen as part of a long tradition of thought on ethical philosophy . Biography . Born in Breslau in Silesia ( modern-day southwest Poland ) , into a Jewish family , Cassirer studied literature and philosophy at the University of Marburg ( where he completed his doctoral work in 1899 with a dissertation on René Descartess analysis of mathematical and natural scientific knowledge entitled [ Descartes Critique of Mathematical and Scientific Knowledge ] ) and at the University of Berlin ( where he completed his habilitation in 1906 with the dissertation [ The Problem of Knowledge in Philosophy and Science in the Modern Age : Volume I ] ) . Politically , Cassirer supported the liberal German Democratic Party ( DDP ) . After working for many years as a at the Friedrich Wilhelm University in Berlin , Cassirer was elected in 1919 to the philosophy chair at the newly founded University of Hamburg , where he lectured until 1933 , supervising amongst others the doctoral theses of Joachim Ritter and Leo Strauss . Because he was Jewish , he left Germany after the Nazis came to power in 1933 . After leaving Germany he taught for a couple of years at the University of Oxford , before becoming a professor at Gothenburg University . When Cassirer considered Sweden too unsafe , he applied for a post at Harvard University , but was rejected because thirty years earlier he had rejected a job offer from them . In 1941 he became a visiting professor at Yale University , then moved to Columbia University in New York City , where he lectured from 1943 until his death in 1945 . Cassirer died of a heart attack in April 1945 in New York City . His grave is located in Westwood , New Jersey , on the Cedar Park Beth-El Cemeteries in the graves of the Congregation Habonim . His son , Heinz Cassirer , was also a Kantian scholar . Other members of his prominent family included the neurologist Richard Cassirer , the publisher and gallery owner Bruno Cassirer and the art dealer and editor Paul Cassirer . Influences . Donald Phillip Verene , who published some of Cassirers papers kept at Yale University , gave this overview of his ideas : Cassirer as a thinker became an embodiment of Kantian principles , but also of much more , of an overall movement of spirit stretching from the Renaissance to the Enlightenment , and on to Herder’s conception of history , Goethe’s poetry , Wilhelm von Humboldt’s study of the Kavi language , Schelling’s , Hegel’s Phenomenology of Spirit , and Vischer’s conception of the aesthetic symbol , among many others . Cassirer’s own position is born through a mastery of the whole development of this world of the humanistic understanding , which included the rise of the scientific world view — a mastery evident both in his historical works and in his systematic philosophy . Work . History of science . Cassirers first major published writings were a history of modern thought from the Renaissance to Kant . In accordance with his Marburg neo-Kantianism he concentrated upon epistemology . His reading of the scientific revolution , in books such as The Individual and the Cosmos in Renaissance Philosophy ( 1927 ) , as a Platonic application of mathematics to nature , influenced historians such as E . A . Burtt , E . J . Dijksterhuis , and Alexandre Koyré . Philosophy of science . In Substance and Function ( 1910 ) , he writes about late nineteenth-century developments in physics including relativity theory and the foundations of mathematics . In Einsteins Theory of Relativity ( 1921 ) he defended the claim that modern physics supports a neo-Kantian conception of knowledge . He also wrote a book about Quantum mechanics called Determinism and Indeterminism in Modern Physics ( 1936 ) . Philosophy of symbolic forms . At Hamburg Cassirer discovered the Library of the Cultural Sciences founded by Aby Warburg . Warburg was an art historian who was particularly interested in ritual and myth as sources of surviving forms of emotional expression . In Philosophy of Symbolic Forms ( 1923–29 ) Cassirer argues that man ( as he put it in his more popular 1944 book Essay on Man ) is a symbolic animal . Whereas animals perceive their world by instincts and direct sensory perception , humans create a universe of symbolic meanings . Cassirer is particularly interested in natural language and myth . He argues that science and mathematics developed from natural language , and religion and art from myth . The Cassirer–Heidegger debate . In 1929 Cassirer took part in a historically significant encounter with Martin Heidegger in Davos during the Second Davos Hochschulkurs ( the Cassirer–Heidegger debate ) . Cassirer argues that while Kants Critique of Pure Reason emphasizes human temporality and finitude , he also sought to situate human cognition within a broader conception of humanity . Cassirer challenges Heideggers relativism by invoking the universal validity of truths discovered by the exact and moral sciences . Philosophy of the Enlightenment . Cassirer believed that reasons self-realization leads to human liberation . Mazlish ( 2000 ) , however , notes that Cassirer in his The Philosophy of the Enlightenment ( 1932 ) focuses exclusively on ideas , ignoring the political and social context in which they were produced . The Logic of the Cultural Sciences . In The Logic of the Cultural Sciences ( 1942 ) Cassirer argues that objective and universal validity can be achieved not only in the sciences , but also in practical , cultural , moral , and aesthetic phenomena . Although inter-subjective objective validity in the natural sciences derives from universal laws of nature , Cassirer asserts that an analogous type of inter-subjective objective validity takes place in the cultural sciences . The Myth of the State . Cassirers last work , The Myth of the State ( 1946 ) , was published posthumously ; at one level it is an attempt to understand the intellectual origins of Nazi Germany . Cassirer sees Nazi Germany as a society in which the dangerous power of myth is not checked or subdued by superior forces . The book discusses the opposition of logos and mythos in Greek thought , Platos Republic , the medieval theory of the state , Machiavelli , Thomas Carlyles writings on hero worship , the racial theories of Arthur de Gobineau , and Hegel . Cassirer claimed that in 20th-century politics there was a return , with the passive acquiescence of Martin Heidegger , to the irrationality of myth , and in particular to a belief that there is such a thing as destiny . Of this passive acquiescence , Cassirer says that in departing from Husserls belief in an objective , logical basis for philosophy , Heidegger attenuated the ability of philosophy to oppose the resurgence of myth in German politics of the 1930s . Partial bibliography . - Leibniz System in seinem wissenschaftlichen Grundlagen ( 1902 ) - The Problem of Knowledge : Philosophy , Science , and History since Hegel [ Das Erkenntnisproblem in der Philosophie und Wissenschaft der neueren Zeit ] ( 1906–1920 ) , English translation 1950 ( online edition ) - Kant und die moderne Mathematik . Kant-Studien ( 1907 ) - Substance and Function [ Substanzbegriff und Funktionsbegriff ] ( 1910 ) and Einsteins Theory of Relativity [ Einsteinschen Relativitätstheorie ] ( 1921 ) , English translation 1923 ( online edition ) - Freedom and Form [ Freiheit und Form ] ( 1916 ) - Kants Life and Thought [ Kants Leben und Lehre ] ( 1918 ) , English translation 1981 - Philosophy of Symbolic Forms [ Philosophie der symbolischen Formen ] ( 1923–29 ) , English translation 1953–1957 - Volume One : Language [ Erster Teil : Die Sprache ] ( 1923 ) , English translation 1955 - Volume Two : Mythical Thought [ Zweiter Teil : Das mythische Denken ] ( 1925 ) , English translation 1955 - Volume Three : The Phenomenology of Knowledge [ Dritter Teil : Phänomenologie der Erkenntnis ] ( 1929 ) , English translation 1957 - Language and Myth [ Sprache und Mythos ] ( 1925 ) , English translation 1946 by Susanne K . Langer - The Individual and the Cosmos in Renaissance Philosophy [ Individuum und Kosmos in der Philosophie der Renaissance ] ( 1927 ) , English translation 1963 by Mario Domandi - Erkenntnistheorie nebst den Grenzfragen der Logik und Denkpsychologie . Jahrbücher der Philosophie 3 , 31-92 ( 1927 ) - Die Idee der republikanischen Verfassung ( 1929 ) - Kant und das Problem der Metaphysik . Bemerkungen zu Martin Heideggers Kantinterpretation . Kant-Studien 26 , 1-16 ( 1931 ) - Philosophy of the Enlightenment [ Die Philosophie der Aufklärung ] ( 1932 ) , English translation 1951 - Determinism and Indeterminism in Modern Physics : Historical and Systematic Studies of the Problem of Causality [ Determinismus und Indeterminismus in der modernen Physik ] ( 1936 ) , English translation 1956 - The Logic of the Cultural Sciences [ Zur Logik der Kulturwissenschaften ] ( 1942 ) , English translation 2000 by Steve G . Lofts ( previously translated in 1961 as The Logic of the Humanities ) - An Essay on Man ( written and published in English ) ( 1944 ) ( books.google.com ) - The Myth of the State ( written and published in English ) ( posthumous ) ( 1946 ) ( books.google.com ) - Symbol , Myth , and Culture : Essays and Lectures of Ernst Cassirer , 1935-1945 , ed . by Donald Phillip Verene ( March 11 , 1981 ) - Ernst Cassirer : Gesammelte Werke . Hamburger Ausgabe . Electronic Edition . ( 2016 ) – The electronic version of the definitive edition of Cassirers works , published in print by Felix Meiner Verlag , and electronically in the Past Masters series . - The Warburg Years ( 1919-1933 ) : Essays on Language , Art , Myth , and Technology . Translated and with an Introduction by S . G . Lofts with A . Calcagno . New Haven & London : Yale University Press . Further reading . - Aubenque , Pierre , et al . Philosophie und Politik : Die Davoser Disputation zwischen Ernst Cassirer und Martin Heidgger in der Retrospektive . Internationale Zeitschrift für Philosophie , 2 : 290-312 - Barash , Jeffrey Andrew . The Symbolic Construction of Reality : The Legacy of Ernst Cassirer ( 2008 ) ( excerpt and text search ) - Burtt , Edwin Arthur . The Metaphysical Foundations of Modern Physical Science , London : Paul Trencher - Folkvord Ingvild & Hoel Aud Sissel ( eds. ) , Ernst Cassirer on Form and Technology : Contemporary Readings , ( 2012 ) , Basingstoke , Palgrave MacMillan ( ) . - Friedman , Michael . A Parting of the Ways : Carnap , Cassirer , and Heidegger ( 2000 ) ( excerpt and text search ) - Gordon , Peter Eli . Continental Divide : Heidegger , Cassirer , Davos ( 2010 ) - Krois , John Michael . Cassirer : Symbolic Forms and History ( Yale University Press 1987 ) - Lassègue , Jean . Cassirer’s Transformation : From a Transcendental to a Semiotic Philosophy of Forms . Springer , 2020 . ( Studies in Applied Philosophy , Epistemology and Rational Ethics book series . volume 55 ) Online - Lipton , David R . Ernst Cassirer : The Dilemma of a Liberal Intellectual in Germany , 1914-1933 ( 1978 ) - Lofts . Steve G . Ernst Cassirer : A Repetition of Modernity ( 2000 ) SUNY Press , : at Google Books - Magerski , Christine . Reaching Beyond the Supra-Historical Sphere : from Cassirers Philosophy of Symbolic Forms to Bourdieus Sociology of Symbolic Forms . ´´Pierre Bourdieu and the Field of Cultural Production.´´ Ed . J . Browitt . University of Delaware Press ( 2004 ) : 21-29 . - Schilpp , Paul Arthur ( ed. ) . The Philosophy of Ernst Cassirer ( 1949 ) archive.org - Schultz , William . Cassirer & Langer on Myth ( 2nd ed . 2000 ) ( excerpt and text search ) - Skidelsky , Edward . Ernst Cassirer : The Last Philosopher of Culture ( Princeton University Press , 2008 ) , 288 pp . . - Hardy , Anton G . Symbol Philosophy and the Opening into Consciousness and Creativity ( 2014 ) External links . - History of the Cassirer Family - Ernst Cassirer in family context - Centre for Intercultural Studies - . General Collection , Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library . Yale University . - . General Collection , Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library , Yale University .
|
[
"University of Oxford"
] |
[
{
"text": " Ernst Alfred Cassirer ( ; ; July 28 , 1874 – April 13 , 1945 ) was a German philosopher . Trained within the Neo-Kantian Marburg School , he initially followed his mentor Hermann Cohen in attempting to supply an idealistic philosophy of science . After Cohens death , Cassirer developed a theory of symbolism and used it to expand phenomenology of knowledge into a more general philosophy of culture . Cassirer was one of the leading 20th-century advocates of philosophical idealism . His most famous work is the Philosophy of Symbolic Forms ( 1923–1929 ) .",
"title": "Ernst Cassirer"
},
{
"text": "Though his work received a mixed reception shortly after his death , more recent scholarship has remarked upon Cassirers role as a strident defender of the moral idealism of the Enlightenment era and the cause of liberal democracy at a time when the rise of fascism had made such advocacy unfashionable . Within the international Jewish community , Cassirers work has additionally been seen as part of a long tradition of thought on ethical philosophy .",
"title": "Ernst Cassirer"
},
{
"text": " Born in Breslau in Silesia ( modern-day southwest Poland ) , into a Jewish family , Cassirer studied literature and philosophy at the University of Marburg ( where he completed his doctoral work in 1899 with a dissertation on René Descartess analysis of mathematical and natural scientific knowledge entitled [ Descartes Critique of Mathematical and Scientific Knowledge ] ) and at the University of Berlin ( where he completed his habilitation in 1906 with the dissertation [ The Problem of Knowledge in Philosophy and Science in the Modern Age : Volume I ] ) .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "Politically , Cassirer supported the liberal German Democratic Party ( DDP ) . After working for many years as a at the Friedrich Wilhelm University in Berlin , Cassirer was elected in 1919 to the philosophy chair at the newly founded University of Hamburg , where he lectured until 1933 , supervising amongst others the doctoral theses of Joachim Ritter and Leo Strauss . Because he was Jewish , he left Germany after the Nazis came to power in 1933 .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": " After leaving Germany he taught for a couple of years at the University of Oxford , before becoming a professor at Gothenburg University . When Cassirer considered Sweden too unsafe , he applied for a post at Harvard University , but was rejected because thirty years earlier he had rejected a job offer from them . In 1941 he became a visiting professor at Yale University , then moved to Columbia University in New York City , where he lectured from 1943 until his death in 1945 .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "Cassirer died of a heart attack in April 1945 in New York City . His grave is located in Westwood , New Jersey , on the Cedar Park Beth-El Cemeteries in the graves of the Congregation Habonim . His son , Heinz Cassirer , was also a Kantian scholar .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": " Other members of his prominent family included the neurologist Richard Cassirer , the publisher and gallery owner Bruno Cassirer and the art dealer and editor Paul Cassirer .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": " Donald Phillip Verene , who published some of Cassirers papers kept at Yale University , gave this overview of his ideas :",
"title": "Influences"
},
{
"text": "Cassirer as a thinker became an embodiment of Kantian principles , but also of much more , of an overall movement of spirit stretching from the Renaissance to the Enlightenment , and on to Herder’s conception of history , Goethe’s poetry , Wilhelm von Humboldt’s study of the Kavi language , Schelling’s , Hegel’s Phenomenology of Spirit , and Vischer’s conception of the aesthetic symbol , among many others . Cassirer’s own position is born through a mastery of the whole development of this world of the humanistic understanding , which included the rise of the scientific world view —",
"title": "Influences"
},
{
"text": "a mastery evident both in his historical works and in his systematic philosophy .",
"title": "Influences"
},
{
"text": " Cassirers first major published writings were a history of modern thought from the Renaissance to Kant . In accordance with his Marburg neo-Kantianism he concentrated upon epistemology . His reading of the scientific revolution , in books such as The Individual and the Cosmos in Renaissance Philosophy ( 1927 ) , as a Platonic application of mathematics to nature , influenced historians such as E . A . Burtt , E . J . Dijksterhuis , and Alexandre Koyré .",
"title": "History of science"
},
{
"text": " In Substance and Function ( 1910 ) , he writes about late nineteenth-century developments in physics including relativity theory and the foundations of mathematics . In Einsteins Theory of Relativity ( 1921 ) he defended the claim that modern physics supports a neo-Kantian conception of knowledge . He also wrote a book about Quantum mechanics called Determinism and Indeterminism in Modern Physics ( 1936 ) . Philosophy of symbolic forms .",
"title": "Philosophy of science"
},
{
"text": "At Hamburg Cassirer discovered the Library of the Cultural Sciences founded by Aby Warburg . Warburg was an art historian who was particularly interested in ritual and myth as sources of surviving forms of emotional expression . In Philosophy of Symbolic Forms ( 1923–29 ) Cassirer argues that man ( as he put it in his more popular 1944 book Essay on Man ) is a symbolic animal . Whereas animals perceive their world by instincts and direct sensory perception , humans create a universe of symbolic meanings . Cassirer is particularly interested in natural language and myth . He",
"title": "Philosophy of science"
},
{
"text": "argues that science and mathematics developed from natural language , and religion and art from myth .",
"title": "Philosophy of science"
},
{
"text": " In 1929 Cassirer took part in a historically significant encounter with Martin Heidegger in Davos during the Second Davos Hochschulkurs ( the Cassirer–Heidegger debate ) . Cassirer argues that while Kants Critique of Pure Reason emphasizes human temporality and finitude , he also sought to situate human cognition within a broader conception of humanity . Cassirer challenges Heideggers relativism by invoking the universal validity of truths discovered by the exact and moral sciences . Philosophy of the Enlightenment .",
"title": "The Cassirer–Heidegger debate"
},
{
"text": "Cassirer believed that reasons self-realization leads to human liberation . Mazlish ( 2000 ) , however , notes that Cassirer in his The Philosophy of the Enlightenment ( 1932 ) focuses exclusively on ideas , ignoring the political and social context in which they were produced .",
"title": "The Cassirer–Heidegger debate"
},
{
"text": " The Logic of the Cultural Sciences . In The Logic of the Cultural Sciences ( 1942 ) Cassirer argues that objective and universal validity can be achieved not only in the sciences , but also in practical , cultural , moral , and aesthetic phenomena . Although inter-subjective objective validity in the natural sciences derives from universal laws of nature , Cassirer asserts that an analogous type of inter-subjective objective validity takes place in the cultural sciences . The Myth of the State .",
"title": "The Cassirer–Heidegger debate"
},
{
"text": "Cassirers last work , The Myth of the State ( 1946 ) , was published posthumously ; at one level it is an attempt to understand the intellectual origins of Nazi Germany . Cassirer sees Nazi Germany as a society in which the dangerous power of myth is not checked or subdued by superior forces . The book discusses the opposition of logos and mythos in Greek thought , Platos Republic , the medieval theory of the state , Machiavelli , Thomas Carlyles writings on hero worship , the racial theories of Arthur de Gobineau , and Hegel . Cassirer",
"title": "The Cassirer–Heidegger debate"
},
{
"text": "claimed that in 20th-century politics there was a return , with the passive acquiescence of Martin Heidegger , to the irrationality of myth , and in particular to a belief that there is such a thing as destiny . Of this passive acquiescence , Cassirer says that in departing from Husserls belief in an objective , logical basis for philosophy , Heidegger attenuated the ability of philosophy to oppose the resurgence of myth in German politics of the 1930s .",
"title": "The Cassirer–Heidegger debate"
},
{
"text": " - Leibniz System in seinem wissenschaftlichen Grundlagen ( 1902 ) - The Problem of Knowledge : Philosophy , Science , and History since Hegel [ Das Erkenntnisproblem in der Philosophie und Wissenschaft der neueren Zeit ] ( 1906–1920 ) , English translation 1950 ( online edition ) - Kant und die moderne Mathematik . Kant-Studien ( 1907 ) - Substance and Function [ Substanzbegriff und Funktionsbegriff ] ( 1910 ) and Einsteins Theory of Relativity [ Einsteinschen Relativitätstheorie ] ( 1921 ) , English translation 1923 ( online edition )",
"title": "Partial bibliography"
},
{
"text": "- Freedom and Form [ Freiheit und Form ] ( 1916 )",
"title": "Partial bibliography"
},
{
"text": " - Kants Life and Thought [ Kants Leben und Lehre ] ( 1918 ) , English translation 1981 - Philosophy of Symbolic Forms [ Philosophie der symbolischen Formen ] ( 1923–29 ) , English translation 1953–1957 - Volume One : Language [ Erster Teil : Die Sprache ] ( 1923 ) , English translation 1955 - Volume Two : Mythical Thought [ Zweiter Teil : Das mythische Denken ] ( 1925 ) , English translation 1955 - Volume Three : The Phenomenology of Knowledge [ Dritter Teil : Phänomenologie der Erkenntnis ] ( 1929 ) , English translation 1957",
"title": "Partial bibliography"
},
{
"text": "- Language and Myth [ Sprache und Mythos ] ( 1925 ) , English translation 1946 by Susanne K . Langer",
"title": "Partial bibliography"
},
{
"text": " - The Individual and the Cosmos in Renaissance Philosophy [ Individuum und Kosmos in der Philosophie der Renaissance ] ( 1927 ) , English translation 1963 by Mario Domandi - Erkenntnistheorie nebst den Grenzfragen der Logik und Denkpsychologie . Jahrbücher der Philosophie 3 , 31-92 ( 1927 ) - Die Idee der republikanischen Verfassung ( 1929 ) - Kant und das Problem der Metaphysik . Bemerkungen zu Martin Heideggers Kantinterpretation . Kant-Studien 26 , 1-16 ( 1931 ) - Philosophy of the Enlightenment [ Die Philosophie der Aufklärung ] ( 1932 ) , English translation 1951",
"title": "Partial bibliography"
},
{
"text": "- Determinism and Indeterminism in Modern Physics : Historical and Systematic Studies of the Problem of Causality [ Determinismus und Indeterminismus in der modernen Physik ] ( 1936 ) , English translation 1956",
"title": "Partial bibliography"
},
{
"text": " - The Logic of the Cultural Sciences [ Zur Logik der Kulturwissenschaften ] ( 1942 ) , English translation 2000 by Steve G . Lofts ( previously translated in 1961 as The Logic of the Humanities ) - An Essay on Man ( written and published in English ) ( 1944 ) ( books.google.com ) - The Myth of the State ( written and published in English ) ( posthumous ) ( 1946 ) ( books.google.com )",
"title": "Partial bibliography"
},
{
"text": "- Symbol , Myth , and Culture : Essays and Lectures of Ernst Cassirer , 1935-1945 , ed . by Donald Phillip Verene ( March 11 , 1981 )",
"title": "Partial bibliography"
},
{
"text": " - Ernst Cassirer : Gesammelte Werke . Hamburger Ausgabe . Electronic Edition . ( 2016 ) – The electronic version of the definitive edition of Cassirers works , published in print by Felix Meiner Verlag , and electronically in the Past Masters series . - The Warburg Years ( 1919-1933 ) : Essays on Language , Art , Myth , and Technology . Translated and with an Introduction by S . G . Lofts with A . Calcagno . New Haven & London : Yale University Press .",
"title": "Partial bibliography"
},
{
"text": " - Aubenque , Pierre , et al . Philosophie und Politik : Die Davoser Disputation zwischen Ernst Cassirer und Martin Heidgger in der Retrospektive . Internationale Zeitschrift für Philosophie , 2 : 290-312 - Barash , Jeffrey Andrew . The Symbolic Construction of Reality : The Legacy of Ernst Cassirer ( 2008 ) ( excerpt and text search ) - Burtt , Edwin Arthur . The Metaphysical Foundations of Modern Physical Science , London : Paul Trencher",
"title": "Further reading"
},
{
"text": "- Folkvord Ingvild & Hoel Aud Sissel ( eds. ) , Ernst Cassirer on Form and Technology : Contemporary Readings , ( 2012 ) , Basingstoke , Palgrave MacMillan ( ) .",
"title": "Further reading"
},
{
"text": " - Friedman , Michael . A Parting of the Ways : Carnap , Cassirer , and Heidegger ( 2000 ) ( excerpt and text search ) - Gordon , Peter Eli . Continental Divide : Heidegger , Cassirer , Davos ( 2010 ) - Krois , John Michael . Cassirer : Symbolic Forms and History ( Yale University Press 1987 )",
"title": "Further reading"
},
{
"text": "- Lassègue , Jean . Cassirer’s Transformation : From a Transcendental to a Semiotic Philosophy of Forms . Springer , 2020 . ( Studies in Applied Philosophy , Epistemology and Rational Ethics book series . volume 55 ) Online",
"title": "Further reading"
},
{
"text": " - Lipton , David R . Ernst Cassirer : The Dilemma of a Liberal Intellectual in Germany , 1914-1933 ( 1978 ) - Lofts . Steve G . Ernst Cassirer : A Repetition of Modernity ( 2000 ) SUNY Press , : at Google Books - Magerski , Christine . Reaching Beyond the Supra-Historical Sphere : from Cassirers Philosophy of Symbolic Forms to Bourdieus Sociology of Symbolic Forms . ´´Pierre Bourdieu and the Field of Cultural Production.´´ Ed . J . Browitt . University of Delaware Press ( 2004 ) : 21-29 .",
"title": "Further reading"
},
{
"text": "- Schilpp , Paul Arthur ( ed. ) . The Philosophy of Ernst Cassirer ( 1949 ) archive.org",
"title": "Further reading"
},
{
"text": " - Schultz , William . Cassirer & Langer on Myth ( 2nd ed . 2000 ) ( excerpt and text search ) - Skidelsky , Edward . Ernst Cassirer : The Last Philosopher of Culture ( Princeton University Press , 2008 ) , 288 pp . . - Hardy , Anton G . Symbol Philosophy and the Opening into Consciousness and Creativity ( 2014 )",
"title": "Further reading"
},
{
"text": " - History of the Cassirer Family - Ernst Cassirer in family context - Centre for Intercultural Studies - . General Collection , Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library . Yale University . - . General Collection , Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library , Yale University .",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Ernst_Cassirer#P108#2
|
Who did Ernst Cassirer work for in late 1930s?
|
Ernst Cassirer Ernst Alfred Cassirer ( ; ; July 28 , 1874 – April 13 , 1945 ) was a German philosopher . Trained within the Neo-Kantian Marburg School , he initially followed his mentor Hermann Cohen in attempting to supply an idealistic philosophy of science . After Cohens death , Cassirer developed a theory of symbolism and used it to expand phenomenology of knowledge into a more general philosophy of culture . Cassirer was one of the leading 20th-century advocates of philosophical idealism . His most famous work is the Philosophy of Symbolic Forms ( 1923–1929 ) . Though his work received a mixed reception shortly after his death , more recent scholarship has remarked upon Cassirers role as a strident defender of the moral idealism of the Enlightenment era and the cause of liberal democracy at a time when the rise of fascism had made such advocacy unfashionable . Within the international Jewish community , Cassirers work has additionally been seen as part of a long tradition of thought on ethical philosophy . Biography . Born in Breslau in Silesia ( modern-day southwest Poland ) , into a Jewish family , Cassirer studied literature and philosophy at the University of Marburg ( where he completed his doctoral work in 1899 with a dissertation on René Descartess analysis of mathematical and natural scientific knowledge entitled [ Descartes Critique of Mathematical and Scientific Knowledge ] ) and at the University of Berlin ( where he completed his habilitation in 1906 with the dissertation [ The Problem of Knowledge in Philosophy and Science in the Modern Age : Volume I ] ) . Politically , Cassirer supported the liberal German Democratic Party ( DDP ) . After working for many years as a at the Friedrich Wilhelm University in Berlin , Cassirer was elected in 1919 to the philosophy chair at the newly founded University of Hamburg , where he lectured until 1933 , supervising amongst others the doctoral theses of Joachim Ritter and Leo Strauss . Because he was Jewish , he left Germany after the Nazis came to power in 1933 . After leaving Germany he taught for a couple of years at the University of Oxford , before becoming a professor at Gothenburg University . When Cassirer considered Sweden too unsafe , he applied for a post at Harvard University , but was rejected because thirty years earlier he had rejected a job offer from them . In 1941 he became a visiting professor at Yale University , then moved to Columbia University in New York City , where he lectured from 1943 until his death in 1945 . Cassirer died of a heart attack in April 1945 in New York City . His grave is located in Westwood , New Jersey , on the Cedar Park Beth-El Cemeteries in the graves of the Congregation Habonim . His son , Heinz Cassirer , was also a Kantian scholar . Other members of his prominent family included the neurologist Richard Cassirer , the publisher and gallery owner Bruno Cassirer and the art dealer and editor Paul Cassirer . Influences . Donald Phillip Verene , who published some of Cassirers papers kept at Yale University , gave this overview of his ideas : Cassirer as a thinker became an embodiment of Kantian principles , but also of much more , of an overall movement of spirit stretching from the Renaissance to the Enlightenment , and on to Herder’s conception of history , Goethe’s poetry , Wilhelm von Humboldt’s study of the Kavi language , Schelling’s , Hegel’s Phenomenology of Spirit , and Vischer’s conception of the aesthetic symbol , among many others . Cassirer’s own position is born through a mastery of the whole development of this world of the humanistic understanding , which included the rise of the scientific world view — a mastery evident both in his historical works and in his systematic philosophy . Work . History of science . Cassirers first major published writings were a history of modern thought from the Renaissance to Kant . In accordance with his Marburg neo-Kantianism he concentrated upon epistemology . His reading of the scientific revolution , in books such as The Individual and the Cosmos in Renaissance Philosophy ( 1927 ) , as a Platonic application of mathematics to nature , influenced historians such as E . A . Burtt , E . J . Dijksterhuis , and Alexandre Koyré . Philosophy of science . In Substance and Function ( 1910 ) , he writes about late nineteenth-century developments in physics including relativity theory and the foundations of mathematics . In Einsteins Theory of Relativity ( 1921 ) he defended the claim that modern physics supports a neo-Kantian conception of knowledge . He also wrote a book about Quantum mechanics called Determinism and Indeterminism in Modern Physics ( 1936 ) . Philosophy of symbolic forms . At Hamburg Cassirer discovered the Library of the Cultural Sciences founded by Aby Warburg . Warburg was an art historian who was particularly interested in ritual and myth as sources of surviving forms of emotional expression . In Philosophy of Symbolic Forms ( 1923–29 ) Cassirer argues that man ( as he put it in his more popular 1944 book Essay on Man ) is a symbolic animal . Whereas animals perceive their world by instincts and direct sensory perception , humans create a universe of symbolic meanings . Cassirer is particularly interested in natural language and myth . He argues that science and mathematics developed from natural language , and religion and art from myth . The Cassirer–Heidegger debate . In 1929 Cassirer took part in a historically significant encounter with Martin Heidegger in Davos during the Second Davos Hochschulkurs ( the Cassirer–Heidegger debate ) . Cassirer argues that while Kants Critique of Pure Reason emphasizes human temporality and finitude , he also sought to situate human cognition within a broader conception of humanity . Cassirer challenges Heideggers relativism by invoking the universal validity of truths discovered by the exact and moral sciences . Philosophy of the Enlightenment . Cassirer believed that reasons self-realization leads to human liberation . Mazlish ( 2000 ) , however , notes that Cassirer in his The Philosophy of the Enlightenment ( 1932 ) focuses exclusively on ideas , ignoring the political and social context in which they were produced . The Logic of the Cultural Sciences . In The Logic of the Cultural Sciences ( 1942 ) Cassirer argues that objective and universal validity can be achieved not only in the sciences , but also in practical , cultural , moral , and aesthetic phenomena . Although inter-subjective objective validity in the natural sciences derives from universal laws of nature , Cassirer asserts that an analogous type of inter-subjective objective validity takes place in the cultural sciences . The Myth of the State . Cassirers last work , The Myth of the State ( 1946 ) , was published posthumously ; at one level it is an attempt to understand the intellectual origins of Nazi Germany . Cassirer sees Nazi Germany as a society in which the dangerous power of myth is not checked or subdued by superior forces . The book discusses the opposition of logos and mythos in Greek thought , Platos Republic , the medieval theory of the state , Machiavelli , Thomas Carlyles writings on hero worship , the racial theories of Arthur de Gobineau , and Hegel . Cassirer claimed that in 20th-century politics there was a return , with the passive acquiescence of Martin Heidegger , to the irrationality of myth , and in particular to a belief that there is such a thing as destiny . Of this passive acquiescence , Cassirer says that in departing from Husserls belief in an objective , logical basis for philosophy , Heidegger attenuated the ability of philosophy to oppose the resurgence of myth in German politics of the 1930s . Partial bibliography . - Leibniz System in seinem wissenschaftlichen Grundlagen ( 1902 ) - The Problem of Knowledge : Philosophy , Science , and History since Hegel [ Das Erkenntnisproblem in der Philosophie und Wissenschaft der neueren Zeit ] ( 1906–1920 ) , English translation 1950 ( online edition ) - Kant und die moderne Mathematik . Kant-Studien ( 1907 ) - Substance and Function [ Substanzbegriff und Funktionsbegriff ] ( 1910 ) and Einsteins Theory of Relativity [ Einsteinschen Relativitätstheorie ] ( 1921 ) , English translation 1923 ( online edition ) - Freedom and Form [ Freiheit und Form ] ( 1916 ) - Kants Life and Thought [ Kants Leben und Lehre ] ( 1918 ) , English translation 1981 - Philosophy of Symbolic Forms [ Philosophie der symbolischen Formen ] ( 1923–29 ) , English translation 1953–1957 - Volume One : Language [ Erster Teil : Die Sprache ] ( 1923 ) , English translation 1955 - Volume Two : Mythical Thought [ Zweiter Teil : Das mythische Denken ] ( 1925 ) , English translation 1955 - Volume Three : The Phenomenology of Knowledge [ Dritter Teil : Phänomenologie der Erkenntnis ] ( 1929 ) , English translation 1957 - Language and Myth [ Sprache und Mythos ] ( 1925 ) , English translation 1946 by Susanne K . Langer - The Individual and the Cosmos in Renaissance Philosophy [ Individuum und Kosmos in der Philosophie der Renaissance ] ( 1927 ) , English translation 1963 by Mario Domandi - Erkenntnistheorie nebst den Grenzfragen der Logik und Denkpsychologie . Jahrbücher der Philosophie 3 , 31-92 ( 1927 ) - Die Idee der republikanischen Verfassung ( 1929 ) - Kant und das Problem der Metaphysik . Bemerkungen zu Martin Heideggers Kantinterpretation . Kant-Studien 26 , 1-16 ( 1931 ) - Philosophy of the Enlightenment [ Die Philosophie der Aufklärung ] ( 1932 ) , English translation 1951 - Determinism and Indeterminism in Modern Physics : Historical and Systematic Studies of the Problem of Causality [ Determinismus und Indeterminismus in der modernen Physik ] ( 1936 ) , English translation 1956 - The Logic of the Cultural Sciences [ Zur Logik der Kulturwissenschaften ] ( 1942 ) , English translation 2000 by Steve G . Lofts ( previously translated in 1961 as The Logic of the Humanities ) - An Essay on Man ( written and published in English ) ( 1944 ) ( books.google.com ) - The Myth of the State ( written and published in English ) ( posthumous ) ( 1946 ) ( books.google.com ) - Symbol , Myth , and Culture : Essays and Lectures of Ernst Cassirer , 1935-1945 , ed . by Donald Phillip Verene ( March 11 , 1981 ) - Ernst Cassirer : Gesammelte Werke . Hamburger Ausgabe . Electronic Edition . ( 2016 ) – The electronic version of the definitive edition of Cassirers works , published in print by Felix Meiner Verlag , and electronically in the Past Masters series . - The Warburg Years ( 1919-1933 ) : Essays on Language , Art , Myth , and Technology . Translated and with an Introduction by S . G . Lofts with A . Calcagno . New Haven & London : Yale University Press . Further reading . - Aubenque , Pierre , et al . Philosophie und Politik : Die Davoser Disputation zwischen Ernst Cassirer und Martin Heidgger in der Retrospektive . Internationale Zeitschrift für Philosophie , 2 : 290-312 - Barash , Jeffrey Andrew . The Symbolic Construction of Reality : The Legacy of Ernst Cassirer ( 2008 ) ( excerpt and text search ) - Burtt , Edwin Arthur . The Metaphysical Foundations of Modern Physical Science , London : Paul Trencher - Folkvord Ingvild & Hoel Aud Sissel ( eds. ) , Ernst Cassirer on Form and Technology : Contemporary Readings , ( 2012 ) , Basingstoke , Palgrave MacMillan ( ) . - Friedman , Michael . A Parting of the Ways : Carnap , Cassirer , and Heidegger ( 2000 ) ( excerpt and text search ) - Gordon , Peter Eli . Continental Divide : Heidegger , Cassirer , Davos ( 2010 ) - Krois , John Michael . Cassirer : Symbolic Forms and History ( Yale University Press 1987 ) - Lassègue , Jean . Cassirer’s Transformation : From a Transcendental to a Semiotic Philosophy of Forms . Springer , 2020 . ( Studies in Applied Philosophy , Epistemology and Rational Ethics book series . volume 55 ) Online - Lipton , David R . Ernst Cassirer : The Dilemma of a Liberal Intellectual in Germany , 1914-1933 ( 1978 ) - Lofts . Steve G . Ernst Cassirer : A Repetition of Modernity ( 2000 ) SUNY Press , : at Google Books - Magerski , Christine . Reaching Beyond the Supra-Historical Sphere : from Cassirers Philosophy of Symbolic Forms to Bourdieus Sociology of Symbolic Forms . ´´Pierre Bourdieu and the Field of Cultural Production.´´ Ed . J . Browitt . University of Delaware Press ( 2004 ) : 21-29 . - Schilpp , Paul Arthur ( ed. ) . The Philosophy of Ernst Cassirer ( 1949 ) archive.org - Schultz , William . Cassirer & Langer on Myth ( 2nd ed . 2000 ) ( excerpt and text search ) - Skidelsky , Edward . Ernst Cassirer : The Last Philosopher of Culture ( Princeton University Press , 2008 ) , 288 pp . . - Hardy , Anton G . Symbol Philosophy and the Opening into Consciousness and Creativity ( 2014 ) External links . - History of the Cassirer Family - Ernst Cassirer in family context - Centre for Intercultural Studies - . General Collection , Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library . Yale University . - . General Collection , Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library , Yale University .
|
[
"Gothenburg University"
] |
[
{
"text": " Ernst Alfred Cassirer ( ; ; July 28 , 1874 – April 13 , 1945 ) was a German philosopher . Trained within the Neo-Kantian Marburg School , he initially followed his mentor Hermann Cohen in attempting to supply an idealistic philosophy of science . After Cohens death , Cassirer developed a theory of symbolism and used it to expand phenomenology of knowledge into a more general philosophy of culture . Cassirer was one of the leading 20th-century advocates of philosophical idealism . His most famous work is the Philosophy of Symbolic Forms ( 1923–1929 ) .",
"title": "Ernst Cassirer"
},
{
"text": "Though his work received a mixed reception shortly after his death , more recent scholarship has remarked upon Cassirers role as a strident defender of the moral idealism of the Enlightenment era and the cause of liberal democracy at a time when the rise of fascism had made such advocacy unfashionable . Within the international Jewish community , Cassirers work has additionally been seen as part of a long tradition of thought on ethical philosophy .",
"title": "Ernst Cassirer"
},
{
"text": " Born in Breslau in Silesia ( modern-day southwest Poland ) , into a Jewish family , Cassirer studied literature and philosophy at the University of Marburg ( where he completed his doctoral work in 1899 with a dissertation on René Descartess analysis of mathematical and natural scientific knowledge entitled [ Descartes Critique of Mathematical and Scientific Knowledge ] ) and at the University of Berlin ( where he completed his habilitation in 1906 with the dissertation [ The Problem of Knowledge in Philosophy and Science in the Modern Age : Volume I ] ) .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "Politically , Cassirer supported the liberal German Democratic Party ( DDP ) . After working for many years as a at the Friedrich Wilhelm University in Berlin , Cassirer was elected in 1919 to the philosophy chair at the newly founded University of Hamburg , where he lectured until 1933 , supervising amongst others the doctoral theses of Joachim Ritter and Leo Strauss . Because he was Jewish , he left Germany after the Nazis came to power in 1933 .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": " After leaving Germany he taught for a couple of years at the University of Oxford , before becoming a professor at Gothenburg University . When Cassirer considered Sweden too unsafe , he applied for a post at Harvard University , but was rejected because thirty years earlier he had rejected a job offer from them . In 1941 he became a visiting professor at Yale University , then moved to Columbia University in New York City , where he lectured from 1943 until his death in 1945 .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "Cassirer died of a heart attack in April 1945 in New York City . His grave is located in Westwood , New Jersey , on the Cedar Park Beth-El Cemeteries in the graves of the Congregation Habonim . His son , Heinz Cassirer , was also a Kantian scholar .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": " Other members of his prominent family included the neurologist Richard Cassirer , the publisher and gallery owner Bruno Cassirer and the art dealer and editor Paul Cassirer .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": " Donald Phillip Verene , who published some of Cassirers papers kept at Yale University , gave this overview of his ideas :",
"title": "Influences"
},
{
"text": "Cassirer as a thinker became an embodiment of Kantian principles , but also of much more , of an overall movement of spirit stretching from the Renaissance to the Enlightenment , and on to Herder’s conception of history , Goethe’s poetry , Wilhelm von Humboldt’s study of the Kavi language , Schelling’s , Hegel’s Phenomenology of Spirit , and Vischer’s conception of the aesthetic symbol , among many others . Cassirer’s own position is born through a mastery of the whole development of this world of the humanistic understanding , which included the rise of the scientific world view —",
"title": "Influences"
},
{
"text": "a mastery evident both in his historical works and in his systematic philosophy .",
"title": "Influences"
},
{
"text": " Cassirers first major published writings were a history of modern thought from the Renaissance to Kant . In accordance with his Marburg neo-Kantianism he concentrated upon epistemology . His reading of the scientific revolution , in books such as The Individual and the Cosmos in Renaissance Philosophy ( 1927 ) , as a Platonic application of mathematics to nature , influenced historians such as E . A . Burtt , E . J . Dijksterhuis , and Alexandre Koyré .",
"title": "History of science"
},
{
"text": " In Substance and Function ( 1910 ) , he writes about late nineteenth-century developments in physics including relativity theory and the foundations of mathematics . In Einsteins Theory of Relativity ( 1921 ) he defended the claim that modern physics supports a neo-Kantian conception of knowledge . He also wrote a book about Quantum mechanics called Determinism and Indeterminism in Modern Physics ( 1936 ) . Philosophy of symbolic forms .",
"title": "Philosophy of science"
},
{
"text": "At Hamburg Cassirer discovered the Library of the Cultural Sciences founded by Aby Warburg . Warburg was an art historian who was particularly interested in ritual and myth as sources of surviving forms of emotional expression . In Philosophy of Symbolic Forms ( 1923–29 ) Cassirer argues that man ( as he put it in his more popular 1944 book Essay on Man ) is a symbolic animal . Whereas animals perceive their world by instincts and direct sensory perception , humans create a universe of symbolic meanings . Cassirer is particularly interested in natural language and myth . He",
"title": "Philosophy of science"
},
{
"text": "argues that science and mathematics developed from natural language , and religion and art from myth .",
"title": "Philosophy of science"
},
{
"text": " In 1929 Cassirer took part in a historically significant encounter with Martin Heidegger in Davos during the Second Davos Hochschulkurs ( the Cassirer–Heidegger debate ) . Cassirer argues that while Kants Critique of Pure Reason emphasizes human temporality and finitude , he also sought to situate human cognition within a broader conception of humanity . Cassirer challenges Heideggers relativism by invoking the universal validity of truths discovered by the exact and moral sciences . Philosophy of the Enlightenment .",
"title": "The Cassirer–Heidegger debate"
},
{
"text": "Cassirer believed that reasons self-realization leads to human liberation . Mazlish ( 2000 ) , however , notes that Cassirer in his The Philosophy of the Enlightenment ( 1932 ) focuses exclusively on ideas , ignoring the political and social context in which they were produced .",
"title": "The Cassirer–Heidegger debate"
},
{
"text": " The Logic of the Cultural Sciences . In The Logic of the Cultural Sciences ( 1942 ) Cassirer argues that objective and universal validity can be achieved not only in the sciences , but also in practical , cultural , moral , and aesthetic phenomena . Although inter-subjective objective validity in the natural sciences derives from universal laws of nature , Cassirer asserts that an analogous type of inter-subjective objective validity takes place in the cultural sciences . The Myth of the State .",
"title": "The Cassirer–Heidegger debate"
},
{
"text": "Cassirers last work , The Myth of the State ( 1946 ) , was published posthumously ; at one level it is an attempt to understand the intellectual origins of Nazi Germany . Cassirer sees Nazi Germany as a society in which the dangerous power of myth is not checked or subdued by superior forces . The book discusses the opposition of logos and mythos in Greek thought , Platos Republic , the medieval theory of the state , Machiavelli , Thomas Carlyles writings on hero worship , the racial theories of Arthur de Gobineau , and Hegel . Cassirer",
"title": "The Cassirer–Heidegger debate"
},
{
"text": "claimed that in 20th-century politics there was a return , with the passive acquiescence of Martin Heidegger , to the irrationality of myth , and in particular to a belief that there is such a thing as destiny . Of this passive acquiescence , Cassirer says that in departing from Husserls belief in an objective , logical basis for philosophy , Heidegger attenuated the ability of philosophy to oppose the resurgence of myth in German politics of the 1930s .",
"title": "The Cassirer–Heidegger debate"
},
{
"text": " - Leibniz System in seinem wissenschaftlichen Grundlagen ( 1902 ) - The Problem of Knowledge : Philosophy , Science , and History since Hegel [ Das Erkenntnisproblem in der Philosophie und Wissenschaft der neueren Zeit ] ( 1906–1920 ) , English translation 1950 ( online edition ) - Kant und die moderne Mathematik . Kant-Studien ( 1907 ) - Substance and Function [ Substanzbegriff und Funktionsbegriff ] ( 1910 ) and Einsteins Theory of Relativity [ Einsteinschen Relativitätstheorie ] ( 1921 ) , English translation 1923 ( online edition )",
"title": "Partial bibliography"
},
{
"text": "- Freedom and Form [ Freiheit und Form ] ( 1916 )",
"title": "Partial bibliography"
},
{
"text": " - Kants Life and Thought [ Kants Leben und Lehre ] ( 1918 ) , English translation 1981 - Philosophy of Symbolic Forms [ Philosophie der symbolischen Formen ] ( 1923–29 ) , English translation 1953–1957 - Volume One : Language [ Erster Teil : Die Sprache ] ( 1923 ) , English translation 1955 - Volume Two : Mythical Thought [ Zweiter Teil : Das mythische Denken ] ( 1925 ) , English translation 1955 - Volume Three : The Phenomenology of Knowledge [ Dritter Teil : Phänomenologie der Erkenntnis ] ( 1929 ) , English translation 1957",
"title": "Partial bibliography"
},
{
"text": "- Language and Myth [ Sprache und Mythos ] ( 1925 ) , English translation 1946 by Susanne K . Langer",
"title": "Partial bibliography"
},
{
"text": " - The Individual and the Cosmos in Renaissance Philosophy [ Individuum und Kosmos in der Philosophie der Renaissance ] ( 1927 ) , English translation 1963 by Mario Domandi - Erkenntnistheorie nebst den Grenzfragen der Logik und Denkpsychologie . Jahrbücher der Philosophie 3 , 31-92 ( 1927 ) - Die Idee der republikanischen Verfassung ( 1929 ) - Kant und das Problem der Metaphysik . Bemerkungen zu Martin Heideggers Kantinterpretation . Kant-Studien 26 , 1-16 ( 1931 ) - Philosophy of the Enlightenment [ Die Philosophie der Aufklärung ] ( 1932 ) , English translation 1951",
"title": "Partial bibliography"
},
{
"text": "- Determinism and Indeterminism in Modern Physics : Historical and Systematic Studies of the Problem of Causality [ Determinismus und Indeterminismus in der modernen Physik ] ( 1936 ) , English translation 1956",
"title": "Partial bibliography"
},
{
"text": " - The Logic of the Cultural Sciences [ Zur Logik der Kulturwissenschaften ] ( 1942 ) , English translation 2000 by Steve G . Lofts ( previously translated in 1961 as The Logic of the Humanities ) - An Essay on Man ( written and published in English ) ( 1944 ) ( books.google.com ) - The Myth of the State ( written and published in English ) ( posthumous ) ( 1946 ) ( books.google.com )",
"title": "Partial bibliography"
},
{
"text": "- Symbol , Myth , and Culture : Essays and Lectures of Ernst Cassirer , 1935-1945 , ed . by Donald Phillip Verene ( March 11 , 1981 )",
"title": "Partial bibliography"
},
{
"text": " - Ernst Cassirer : Gesammelte Werke . Hamburger Ausgabe . Electronic Edition . ( 2016 ) – The electronic version of the definitive edition of Cassirers works , published in print by Felix Meiner Verlag , and electronically in the Past Masters series . - The Warburg Years ( 1919-1933 ) : Essays on Language , Art , Myth , and Technology . Translated and with an Introduction by S . G . Lofts with A . Calcagno . New Haven & London : Yale University Press .",
"title": "Partial bibliography"
},
{
"text": " - Aubenque , Pierre , et al . Philosophie und Politik : Die Davoser Disputation zwischen Ernst Cassirer und Martin Heidgger in der Retrospektive . Internationale Zeitschrift für Philosophie , 2 : 290-312 - Barash , Jeffrey Andrew . The Symbolic Construction of Reality : The Legacy of Ernst Cassirer ( 2008 ) ( excerpt and text search ) - Burtt , Edwin Arthur . The Metaphysical Foundations of Modern Physical Science , London : Paul Trencher",
"title": "Further reading"
},
{
"text": "- Folkvord Ingvild & Hoel Aud Sissel ( eds. ) , Ernst Cassirer on Form and Technology : Contemporary Readings , ( 2012 ) , Basingstoke , Palgrave MacMillan ( ) .",
"title": "Further reading"
},
{
"text": " - Friedman , Michael . A Parting of the Ways : Carnap , Cassirer , and Heidegger ( 2000 ) ( excerpt and text search ) - Gordon , Peter Eli . Continental Divide : Heidegger , Cassirer , Davos ( 2010 ) - Krois , John Michael . Cassirer : Symbolic Forms and History ( Yale University Press 1987 )",
"title": "Further reading"
},
{
"text": "- Lassègue , Jean . Cassirer’s Transformation : From a Transcendental to a Semiotic Philosophy of Forms . Springer , 2020 . ( Studies in Applied Philosophy , Epistemology and Rational Ethics book series . volume 55 ) Online",
"title": "Further reading"
},
{
"text": " - Lipton , David R . Ernst Cassirer : The Dilemma of a Liberal Intellectual in Germany , 1914-1933 ( 1978 ) - Lofts . Steve G . Ernst Cassirer : A Repetition of Modernity ( 2000 ) SUNY Press , : at Google Books - Magerski , Christine . Reaching Beyond the Supra-Historical Sphere : from Cassirers Philosophy of Symbolic Forms to Bourdieus Sociology of Symbolic Forms . ´´Pierre Bourdieu and the Field of Cultural Production.´´ Ed . J . Browitt . University of Delaware Press ( 2004 ) : 21-29 .",
"title": "Further reading"
},
{
"text": "- Schilpp , Paul Arthur ( ed. ) . The Philosophy of Ernst Cassirer ( 1949 ) archive.org",
"title": "Further reading"
},
{
"text": " - Schultz , William . Cassirer & Langer on Myth ( 2nd ed . 2000 ) ( excerpt and text search ) - Skidelsky , Edward . Ernst Cassirer : The Last Philosopher of Culture ( Princeton University Press , 2008 ) , 288 pp . . - Hardy , Anton G . Symbol Philosophy and the Opening into Consciousness and Creativity ( 2014 )",
"title": "Further reading"
},
{
"text": " - History of the Cassirer Family - Ernst Cassirer in family context - Centre for Intercultural Studies - . General Collection , Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library . Yale University . - . General Collection , Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library , Yale University .",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Ernst_Cassirer#P108#3
|
Who did Ernst Cassirer work for in Apr 1943?
|
Ernst Cassirer Ernst Alfred Cassirer ( ; ; July 28 , 1874 – April 13 , 1945 ) was a German philosopher . Trained within the Neo-Kantian Marburg School , he initially followed his mentor Hermann Cohen in attempting to supply an idealistic philosophy of science . After Cohens death , Cassirer developed a theory of symbolism and used it to expand phenomenology of knowledge into a more general philosophy of culture . Cassirer was one of the leading 20th-century advocates of philosophical idealism . His most famous work is the Philosophy of Symbolic Forms ( 1923–1929 ) . Though his work received a mixed reception shortly after his death , more recent scholarship has remarked upon Cassirers role as a strident defender of the moral idealism of the Enlightenment era and the cause of liberal democracy at a time when the rise of fascism had made such advocacy unfashionable . Within the international Jewish community , Cassirers work has additionally been seen as part of a long tradition of thought on ethical philosophy . Biography . Born in Breslau in Silesia ( modern-day southwest Poland ) , into a Jewish family , Cassirer studied literature and philosophy at the University of Marburg ( where he completed his doctoral work in 1899 with a dissertation on René Descartess analysis of mathematical and natural scientific knowledge entitled [ Descartes Critique of Mathematical and Scientific Knowledge ] ) and at the University of Berlin ( where he completed his habilitation in 1906 with the dissertation [ The Problem of Knowledge in Philosophy and Science in the Modern Age : Volume I ] ) . Politically , Cassirer supported the liberal German Democratic Party ( DDP ) . After working for many years as a at the Friedrich Wilhelm University in Berlin , Cassirer was elected in 1919 to the philosophy chair at the newly founded University of Hamburg , where he lectured until 1933 , supervising amongst others the doctoral theses of Joachim Ritter and Leo Strauss . Because he was Jewish , he left Germany after the Nazis came to power in 1933 . After leaving Germany he taught for a couple of years at the University of Oxford , before becoming a professor at Gothenburg University . When Cassirer considered Sweden too unsafe , he applied for a post at Harvard University , but was rejected because thirty years earlier he had rejected a job offer from them . In 1941 he became a visiting professor at Yale University , then moved to Columbia University in New York City , where he lectured from 1943 until his death in 1945 . Cassirer died of a heart attack in April 1945 in New York City . His grave is located in Westwood , New Jersey , on the Cedar Park Beth-El Cemeteries in the graves of the Congregation Habonim . His son , Heinz Cassirer , was also a Kantian scholar . Other members of his prominent family included the neurologist Richard Cassirer , the publisher and gallery owner Bruno Cassirer and the art dealer and editor Paul Cassirer . Influences . Donald Phillip Verene , who published some of Cassirers papers kept at Yale University , gave this overview of his ideas : Cassirer as a thinker became an embodiment of Kantian principles , but also of much more , of an overall movement of spirit stretching from the Renaissance to the Enlightenment , and on to Herder’s conception of history , Goethe’s poetry , Wilhelm von Humboldt’s study of the Kavi language , Schelling’s , Hegel’s Phenomenology of Spirit , and Vischer’s conception of the aesthetic symbol , among many others . Cassirer’s own position is born through a mastery of the whole development of this world of the humanistic understanding , which included the rise of the scientific world view — a mastery evident both in his historical works and in his systematic philosophy . Work . History of science . Cassirers first major published writings were a history of modern thought from the Renaissance to Kant . In accordance with his Marburg neo-Kantianism he concentrated upon epistemology . His reading of the scientific revolution , in books such as The Individual and the Cosmos in Renaissance Philosophy ( 1927 ) , as a Platonic application of mathematics to nature , influenced historians such as E . A . Burtt , E . J . Dijksterhuis , and Alexandre Koyré . Philosophy of science . In Substance and Function ( 1910 ) , he writes about late nineteenth-century developments in physics including relativity theory and the foundations of mathematics . In Einsteins Theory of Relativity ( 1921 ) he defended the claim that modern physics supports a neo-Kantian conception of knowledge . He also wrote a book about Quantum mechanics called Determinism and Indeterminism in Modern Physics ( 1936 ) . Philosophy of symbolic forms . At Hamburg Cassirer discovered the Library of the Cultural Sciences founded by Aby Warburg . Warburg was an art historian who was particularly interested in ritual and myth as sources of surviving forms of emotional expression . In Philosophy of Symbolic Forms ( 1923–29 ) Cassirer argues that man ( as he put it in his more popular 1944 book Essay on Man ) is a symbolic animal . Whereas animals perceive their world by instincts and direct sensory perception , humans create a universe of symbolic meanings . Cassirer is particularly interested in natural language and myth . He argues that science and mathematics developed from natural language , and religion and art from myth . The Cassirer–Heidegger debate . In 1929 Cassirer took part in a historically significant encounter with Martin Heidegger in Davos during the Second Davos Hochschulkurs ( the Cassirer–Heidegger debate ) . Cassirer argues that while Kants Critique of Pure Reason emphasizes human temporality and finitude , he also sought to situate human cognition within a broader conception of humanity . Cassirer challenges Heideggers relativism by invoking the universal validity of truths discovered by the exact and moral sciences . Philosophy of the Enlightenment . Cassirer believed that reasons self-realization leads to human liberation . Mazlish ( 2000 ) , however , notes that Cassirer in his The Philosophy of the Enlightenment ( 1932 ) focuses exclusively on ideas , ignoring the political and social context in which they were produced . The Logic of the Cultural Sciences . In The Logic of the Cultural Sciences ( 1942 ) Cassirer argues that objective and universal validity can be achieved not only in the sciences , but also in practical , cultural , moral , and aesthetic phenomena . Although inter-subjective objective validity in the natural sciences derives from universal laws of nature , Cassirer asserts that an analogous type of inter-subjective objective validity takes place in the cultural sciences . The Myth of the State . Cassirers last work , The Myth of the State ( 1946 ) , was published posthumously ; at one level it is an attempt to understand the intellectual origins of Nazi Germany . Cassirer sees Nazi Germany as a society in which the dangerous power of myth is not checked or subdued by superior forces . The book discusses the opposition of logos and mythos in Greek thought , Platos Republic , the medieval theory of the state , Machiavelli , Thomas Carlyles writings on hero worship , the racial theories of Arthur de Gobineau , and Hegel . Cassirer claimed that in 20th-century politics there was a return , with the passive acquiescence of Martin Heidegger , to the irrationality of myth , and in particular to a belief that there is such a thing as destiny . Of this passive acquiescence , Cassirer says that in departing from Husserls belief in an objective , logical basis for philosophy , Heidegger attenuated the ability of philosophy to oppose the resurgence of myth in German politics of the 1930s . Partial bibliography . - Leibniz System in seinem wissenschaftlichen Grundlagen ( 1902 ) - The Problem of Knowledge : Philosophy , Science , and History since Hegel [ Das Erkenntnisproblem in der Philosophie und Wissenschaft der neueren Zeit ] ( 1906–1920 ) , English translation 1950 ( online edition ) - Kant und die moderne Mathematik . Kant-Studien ( 1907 ) - Substance and Function [ Substanzbegriff und Funktionsbegriff ] ( 1910 ) and Einsteins Theory of Relativity [ Einsteinschen Relativitätstheorie ] ( 1921 ) , English translation 1923 ( online edition ) - Freedom and Form [ Freiheit und Form ] ( 1916 ) - Kants Life and Thought [ Kants Leben und Lehre ] ( 1918 ) , English translation 1981 - Philosophy of Symbolic Forms [ Philosophie der symbolischen Formen ] ( 1923–29 ) , English translation 1953–1957 - Volume One : Language [ Erster Teil : Die Sprache ] ( 1923 ) , English translation 1955 - Volume Two : Mythical Thought [ Zweiter Teil : Das mythische Denken ] ( 1925 ) , English translation 1955 - Volume Three : The Phenomenology of Knowledge [ Dritter Teil : Phänomenologie der Erkenntnis ] ( 1929 ) , English translation 1957 - Language and Myth [ Sprache und Mythos ] ( 1925 ) , English translation 1946 by Susanne K . Langer - The Individual and the Cosmos in Renaissance Philosophy [ Individuum und Kosmos in der Philosophie der Renaissance ] ( 1927 ) , English translation 1963 by Mario Domandi - Erkenntnistheorie nebst den Grenzfragen der Logik und Denkpsychologie . Jahrbücher der Philosophie 3 , 31-92 ( 1927 ) - Die Idee der republikanischen Verfassung ( 1929 ) - Kant und das Problem der Metaphysik . Bemerkungen zu Martin Heideggers Kantinterpretation . Kant-Studien 26 , 1-16 ( 1931 ) - Philosophy of the Enlightenment [ Die Philosophie der Aufklärung ] ( 1932 ) , English translation 1951 - Determinism and Indeterminism in Modern Physics : Historical and Systematic Studies of the Problem of Causality [ Determinismus und Indeterminismus in der modernen Physik ] ( 1936 ) , English translation 1956 - The Logic of the Cultural Sciences [ Zur Logik der Kulturwissenschaften ] ( 1942 ) , English translation 2000 by Steve G . Lofts ( previously translated in 1961 as The Logic of the Humanities ) - An Essay on Man ( written and published in English ) ( 1944 ) ( books.google.com ) - The Myth of the State ( written and published in English ) ( posthumous ) ( 1946 ) ( books.google.com ) - Symbol , Myth , and Culture : Essays and Lectures of Ernst Cassirer , 1935-1945 , ed . by Donald Phillip Verene ( March 11 , 1981 ) - Ernst Cassirer : Gesammelte Werke . Hamburger Ausgabe . Electronic Edition . ( 2016 ) – The electronic version of the definitive edition of Cassirers works , published in print by Felix Meiner Verlag , and electronically in the Past Masters series . - The Warburg Years ( 1919-1933 ) : Essays on Language , Art , Myth , and Technology . Translated and with an Introduction by S . G . Lofts with A . Calcagno . New Haven & London : Yale University Press . Further reading . - Aubenque , Pierre , et al . Philosophie und Politik : Die Davoser Disputation zwischen Ernst Cassirer und Martin Heidgger in der Retrospektive . Internationale Zeitschrift für Philosophie , 2 : 290-312 - Barash , Jeffrey Andrew . The Symbolic Construction of Reality : The Legacy of Ernst Cassirer ( 2008 ) ( excerpt and text search ) - Burtt , Edwin Arthur . The Metaphysical Foundations of Modern Physical Science , London : Paul Trencher - Folkvord Ingvild & Hoel Aud Sissel ( eds. ) , Ernst Cassirer on Form and Technology : Contemporary Readings , ( 2012 ) , Basingstoke , Palgrave MacMillan ( ) . - Friedman , Michael . A Parting of the Ways : Carnap , Cassirer , and Heidegger ( 2000 ) ( excerpt and text search ) - Gordon , Peter Eli . Continental Divide : Heidegger , Cassirer , Davos ( 2010 ) - Krois , John Michael . Cassirer : Symbolic Forms and History ( Yale University Press 1987 ) - Lassègue , Jean . Cassirer’s Transformation : From a Transcendental to a Semiotic Philosophy of Forms . Springer , 2020 . ( Studies in Applied Philosophy , Epistemology and Rational Ethics book series . volume 55 ) Online - Lipton , David R . Ernst Cassirer : The Dilemma of a Liberal Intellectual in Germany , 1914-1933 ( 1978 ) - Lofts . Steve G . Ernst Cassirer : A Repetition of Modernity ( 2000 ) SUNY Press , : at Google Books - Magerski , Christine . Reaching Beyond the Supra-Historical Sphere : from Cassirers Philosophy of Symbolic Forms to Bourdieus Sociology of Symbolic Forms . ´´Pierre Bourdieu and the Field of Cultural Production.´´ Ed . J . Browitt . University of Delaware Press ( 2004 ) : 21-29 . - Schilpp , Paul Arthur ( ed. ) . The Philosophy of Ernst Cassirer ( 1949 ) archive.org - Schultz , William . Cassirer & Langer on Myth ( 2nd ed . 2000 ) ( excerpt and text search ) - Skidelsky , Edward . Ernst Cassirer : The Last Philosopher of Culture ( Princeton University Press , 2008 ) , 288 pp . . - Hardy , Anton G . Symbol Philosophy and the Opening into Consciousness and Creativity ( 2014 ) External links . - History of the Cassirer Family - Ernst Cassirer in family context - Centre for Intercultural Studies - . General Collection , Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library . Yale University . - . General Collection , Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library , Yale University .
|
[
"Yale University"
] |
[
{
"text": " Ernst Alfred Cassirer ( ; ; July 28 , 1874 – April 13 , 1945 ) was a German philosopher . Trained within the Neo-Kantian Marburg School , he initially followed his mentor Hermann Cohen in attempting to supply an idealistic philosophy of science . After Cohens death , Cassirer developed a theory of symbolism and used it to expand phenomenology of knowledge into a more general philosophy of culture . Cassirer was one of the leading 20th-century advocates of philosophical idealism . His most famous work is the Philosophy of Symbolic Forms ( 1923–1929 ) .",
"title": "Ernst Cassirer"
},
{
"text": "Though his work received a mixed reception shortly after his death , more recent scholarship has remarked upon Cassirers role as a strident defender of the moral idealism of the Enlightenment era and the cause of liberal democracy at a time when the rise of fascism had made such advocacy unfashionable . Within the international Jewish community , Cassirers work has additionally been seen as part of a long tradition of thought on ethical philosophy .",
"title": "Ernst Cassirer"
},
{
"text": " Born in Breslau in Silesia ( modern-day southwest Poland ) , into a Jewish family , Cassirer studied literature and philosophy at the University of Marburg ( where he completed his doctoral work in 1899 with a dissertation on René Descartess analysis of mathematical and natural scientific knowledge entitled [ Descartes Critique of Mathematical and Scientific Knowledge ] ) and at the University of Berlin ( where he completed his habilitation in 1906 with the dissertation [ The Problem of Knowledge in Philosophy and Science in the Modern Age : Volume I ] ) .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "Politically , Cassirer supported the liberal German Democratic Party ( DDP ) . After working for many years as a at the Friedrich Wilhelm University in Berlin , Cassirer was elected in 1919 to the philosophy chair at the newly founded University of Hamburg , where he lectured until 1933 , supervising amongst others the doctoral theses of Joachim Ritter and Leo Strauss . Because he was Jewish , he left Germany after the Nazis came to power in 1933 .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": " After leaving Germany he taught for a couple of years at the University of Oxford , before becoming a professor at Gothenburg University . When Cassirer considered Sweden too unsafe , he applied for a post at Harvard University , but was rejected because thirty years earlier he had rejected a job offer from them . In 1941 he became a visiting professor at Yale University , then moved to Columbia University in New York City , where he lectured from 1943 until his death in 1945 .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "Cassirer died of a heart attack in April 1945 in New York City . His grave is located in Westwood , New Jersey , on the Cedar Park Beth-El Cemeteries in the graves of the Congregation Habonim . His son , Heinz Cassirer , was also a Kantian scholar .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": " Other members of his prominent family included the neurologist Richard Cassirer , the publisher and gallery owner Bruno Cassirer and the art dealer and editor Paul Cassirer .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": " Donald Phillip Verene , who published some of Cassirers papers kept at Yale University , gave this overview of his ideas :",
"title": "Influences"
},
{
"text": "Cassirer as a thinker became an embodiment of Kantian principles , but also of much more , of an overall movement of spirit stretching from the Renaissance to the Enlightenment , and on to Herder’s conception of history , Goethe’s poetry , Wilhelm von Humboldt’s study of the Kavi language , Schelling’s , Hegel’s Phenomenology of Spirit , and Vischer’s conception of the aesthetic symbol , among many others . Cassirer’s own position is born through a mastery of the whole development of this world of the humanistic understanding , which included the rise of the scientific world view —",
"title": "Influences"
},
{
"text": "a mastery evident both in his historical works and in his systematic philosophy .",
"title": "Influences"
},
{
"text": " Cassirers first major published writings were a history of modern thought from the Renaissance to Kant . In accordance with his Marburg neo-Kantianism he concentrated upon epistemology . His reading of the scientific revolution , in books such as The Individual and the Cosmos in Renaissance Philosophy ( 1927 ) , as a Platonic application of mathematics to nature , influenced historians such as E . A . Burtt , E . J . Dijksterhuis , and Alexandre Koyré .",
"title": "History of science"
},
{
"text": " In Substance and Function ( 1910 ) , he writes about late nineteenth-century developments in physics including relativity theory and the foundations of mathematics . In Einsteins Theory of Relativity ( 1921 ) he defended the claim that modern physics supports a neo-Kantian conception of knowledge . He also wrote a book about Quantum mechanics called Determinism and Indeterminism in Modern Physics ( 1936 ) . Philosophy of symbolic forms .",
"title": "Philosophy of science"
},
{
"text": "At Hamburg Cassirer discovered the Library of the Cultural Sciences founded by Aby Warburg . Warburg was an art historian who was particularly interested in ritual and myth as sources of surviving forms of emotional expression . In Philosophy of Symbolic Forms ( 1923–29 ) Cassirer argues that man ( as he put it in his more popular 1944 book Essay on Man ) is a symbolic animal . Whereas animals perceive their world by instincts and direct sensory perception , humans create a universe of symbolic meanings . Cassirer is particularly interested in natural language and myth . He",
"title": "Philosophy of science"
},
{
"text": "argues that science and mathematics developed from natural language , and religion and art from myth .",
"title": "Philosophy of science"
},
{
"text": " In 1929 Cassirer took part in a historically significant encounter with Martin Heidegger in Davos during the Second Davos Hochschulkurs ( the Cassirer–Heidegger debate ) . Cassirer argues that while Kants Critique of Pure Reason emphasizes human temporality and finitude , he also sought to situate human cognition within a broader conception of humanity . Cassirer challenges Heideggers relativism by invoking the universal validity of truths discovered by the exact and moral sciences . Philosophy of the Enlightenment .",
"title": "The Cassirer–Heidegger debate"
},
{
"text": "Cassirer believed that reasons self-realization leads to human liberation . Mazlish ( 2000 ) , however , notes that Cassirer in his The Philosophy of the Enlightenment ( 1932 ) focuses exclusively on ideas , ignoring the political and social context in which they were produced .",
"title": "The Cassirer–Heidegger debate"
},
{
"text": " The Logic of the Cultural Sciences . In The Logic of the Cultural Sciences ( 1942 ) Cassirer argues that objective and universal validity can be achieved not only in the sciences , but also in practical , cultural , moral , and aesthetic phenomena . Although inter-subjective objective validity in the natural sciences derives from universal laws of nature , Cassirer asserts that an analogous type of inter-subjective objective validity takes place in the cultural sciences . The Myth of the State .",
"title": "The Cassirer–Heidegger debate"
},
{
"text": "Cassirers last work , The Myth of the State ( 1946 ) , was published posthumously ; at one level it is an attempt to understand the intellectual origins of Nazi Germany . Cassirer sees Nazi Germany as a society in which the dangerous power of myth is not checked or subdued by superior forces . The book discusses the opposition of logos and mythos in Greek thought , Platos Republic , the medieval theory of the state , Machiavelli , Thomas Carlyles writings on hero worship , the racial theories of Arthur de Gobineau , and Hegel . Cassirer",
"title": "The Cassirer–Heidegger debate"
},
{
"text": "claimed that in 20th-century politics there was a return , with the passive acquiescence of Martin Heidegger , to the irrationality of myth , and in particular to a belief that there is such a thing as destiny . Of this passive acquiescence , Cassirer says that in departing from Husserls belief in an objective , logical basis for philosophy , Heidegger attenuated the ability of philosophy to oppose the resurgence of myth in German politics of the 1930s .",
"title": "The Cassirer–Heidegger debate"
},
{
"text": " - Leibniz System in seinem wissenschaftlichen Grundlagen ( 1902 ) - The Problem of Knowledge : Philosophy , Science , and History since Hegel [ Das Erkenntnisproblem in der Philosophie und Wissenschaft der neueren Zeit ] ( 1906–1920 ) , English translation 1950 ( online edition ) - Kant und die moderne Mathematik . Kant-Studien ( 1907 ) - Substance and Function [ Substanzbegriff und Funktionsbegriff ] ( 1910 ) and Einsteins Theory of Relativity [ Einsteinschen Relativitätstheorie ] ( 1921 ) , English translation 1923 ( online edition )",
"title": "Partial bibliography"
},
{
"text": "- Freedom and Form [ Freiheit und Form ] ( 1916 )",
"title": "Partial bibliography"
},
{
"text": " - Kants Life and Thought [ Kants Leben und Lehre ] ( 1918 ) , English translation 1981 - Philosophy of Symbolic Forms [ Philosophie der symbolischen Formen ] ( 1923–29 ) , English translation 1953–1957 - Volume One : Language [ Erster Teil : Die Sprache ] ( 1923 ) , English translation 1955 - Volume Two : Mythical Thought [ Zweiter Teil : Das mythische Denken ] ( 1925 ) , English translation 1955 - Volume Three : The Phenomenology of Knowledge [ Dritter Teil : Phänomenologie der Erkenntnis ] ( 1929 ) , English translation 1957",
"title": "Partial bibliography"
},
{
"text": "- Language and Myth [ Sprache und Mythos ] ( 1925 ) , English translation 1946 by Susanne K . Langer",
"title": "Partial bibliography"
},
{
"text": " - The Individual and the Cosmos in Renaissance Philosophy [ Individuum und Kosmos in der Philosophie der Renaissance ] ( 1927 ) , English translation 1963 by Mario Domandi - Erkenntnistheorie nebst den Grenzfragen der Logik und Denkpsychologie . Jahrbücher der Philosophie 3 , 31-92 ( 1927 ) - Die Idee der republikanischen Verfassung ( 1929 ) - Kant und das Problem der Metaphysik . Bemerkungen zu Martin Heideggers Kantinterpretation . Kant-Studien 26 , 1-16 ( 1931 ) - Philosophy of the Enlightenment [ Die Philosophie der Aufklärung ] ( 1932 ) , English translation 1951",
"title": "Partial bibliography"
},
{
"text": "- Determinism and Indeterminism in Modern Physics : Historical and Systematic Studies of the Problem of Causality [ Determinismus und Indeterminismus in der modernen Physik ] ( 1936 ) , English translation 1956",
"title": "Partial bibliography"
},
{
"text": " - The Logic of the Cultural Sciences [ Zur Logik der Kulturwissenschaften ] ( 1942 ) , English translation 2000 by Steve G . Lofts ( previously translated in 1961 as The Logic of the Humanities ) - An Essay on Man ( written and published in English ) ( 1944 ) ( books.google.com ) - The Myth of the State ( written and published in English ) ( posthumous ) ( 1946 ) ( books.google.com )",
"title": "Partial bibliography"
},
{
"text": "- Symbol , Myth , and Culture : Essays and Lectures of Ernst Cassirer , 1935-1945 , ed . by Donald Phillip Verene ( March 11 , 1981 )",
"title": "Partial bibliography"
},
{
"text": " - Ernst Cassirer : Gesammelte Werke . Hamburger Ausgabe . Electronic Edition . ( 2016 ) – The electronic version of the definitive edition of Cassirers works , published in print by Felix Meiner Verlag , and electronically in the Past Masters series . - The Warburg Years ( 1919-1933 ) : Essays on Language , Art , Myth , and Technology . Translated and with an Introduction by S . G . Lofts with A . Calcagno . New Haven & London : Yale University Press .",
"title": "Partial bibliography"
},
{
"text": " - Aubenque , Pierre , et al . Philosophie und Politik : Die Davoser Disputation zwischen Ernst Cassirer und Martin Heidgger in der Retrospektive . Internationale Zeitschrift für Philosophie , 2 : 290-312 - Barash , Jeffrey Andrew . The Symbolic Construction of Reality : The Legacy of Ernst Cassirer ( 2008 ) ( excerpt and text search ) - Burtt , Edwin Arthur . The Metaphysical Foundations of Modern Physical Science , London : Paul Trencher",
"title": "Further reading"
},
{
"text": "- Folkvord Ingvild & Hoel Aud Sissel ( eds. ) , Ernst Cassirer on Form and Technology : Contemporary Readings , ( 2012 ) , Basingstoke , Palgrave MacMillan ( ) .",
"title": "Further reading"
},
{
"text": " - Friedman , Michael . A Parting of the Ways : Carnap , Cassirer , and Heidegger ( 2000 ) ( excerpt and text search ) - Gordon , Peter Eli . Continental Divide : Heidegger , Cassirer , Davos ( 2010 ) - Krois , John Michael . Cassirer : Symbolic Forms and History ( Yale University Press 1987 )",
"title": "Further reading"
},
{
"text": "- Lassègue , Jean . Cassirer’s Transformation : From a Transcendental to a Semiotic Philosophy of Forms . Springer , 2020 . ( Studies in Applied Philosophy , Epistemology and Rational Ethics book series . volume 55 ) Online",
"title": "Further reading"
},
{
"text": " - Lipton , David R . Ernst Cassirer : The Dilemma of a Liberal Intellectual in Germany , 1914-1933 ( 1978 ) - Lofts . Steve G . Ernst Cassirer : A Repetition of Modernity ( 2000 ) SUNY Press , : at Google Books - Magerski , Christine . Reaching Beyond the Supra-Historical Sphere : from Cassirers Philosophy of Symbolic Forms to Bourdieus Sociology of Symbolic Forms . ´´Pierre Bourdieu and the Field of Cultural Production.´´ Ed . J . Browitt . University of Delaware Press ( 2004 ) : 21-29 .",
"title": "Further reading"
},
{
"text": "- Schilpp , Paul Arthur ( ed. ) . The Philosophy of Ernst Cassirer ( 1949 ) archive.org",
"title": "Further reading"
},
{
"text": " - Schultz , William . Cassirer & Langer on Myth ( 2nd ed . 2000 ) ( excerpt and text search ) - Skidelsky , Edward . Ernst Cassirer : The Last Philosopher of Culture ( Princeton University Press , 2008 ) , 288 pp . . - Hardy , Anton G . Symbol Philosophy and the Opening into Consciousness and Creativity ( 2014 )",
"title": "Further reading"
},
{
"text": " - History of the Cassirer Family - Ernst Cassirer in family context - Centre for Intercultural Studies - . General Collection , Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library . Yale University . - . General Collection , Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library , Yale University .",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Ernst_Cassirer#P108#4
|
Who did Ernst Cassirer work for in Mar 1944?
|
Ernst Cassirer Ernst Alfred Cassirer ( ; ; July 28 , 1874 – April 13 , 1945 ) was a German philosopher . Trained within the Neo-Kantian Marburg School , he initially followed his mentor Hermann Cohen in attempting to supply an idealistic philosophy of science . After Cohens death , Cassirer developed a theory of symbolism and used it to expand phenomenology of knowledge into a more general philosophy of culture . Cassirer was one of the leading 20th-century advocates of philosophical idealism . His most famous work is the Philosophy of Symbolic Forms ( 1923–1929 ) . Though his work received a mixed reception shortly after his death , more recent scholarship has remarked upon Cassirers role as a strident defender of the moral idealism of the Enlightenment era and the cause of liberal democracy at a time when the rise of fascism had made such advocacy unfashionable . Within the international Jewish community , Cassirers work has additionally been seen as part of a long tradition of thought on ethical philosophy . Biography . Born in Breslau in Silesia ( modern-day southwest Poland ) , into a Jewish family , Cassirer studied literature and philosophy at the University of Marburg ( where he completed his doctoral work in 1899 with a dissertation on René Descartess analysis of mathematical and natural scientific knowledge entitled [ Descartes Critique of Mathematical and Scientific Knowledge ] ) and at the University of Berlin ( where he completed his habilitation in 1906 with the dissertation [ The Problem of Knowledge in Philosophy and Science in the Modern Age : Volume I ] ) . Politically , Cassirer supported the liberal German Democratic Party ( DDP ) . After working for many years as a at the Friedrich Wilhelm University in Berlin , Cassirer was elected in 1919 to the philosophy chair at the newly founded University of Hamburg , where he lectured until 1933 , supervising amongst others the doctoral theses of Joachim Ritter and Leo Strauss . Because he was Jewish , he left Germany after the Nazis came to power in 1933 . After leaving Germany he taught for a couple of years at the University of Oxford , before becoming a professor at Gothenburg University . When Cassirer considered Sweden too unsafe , he applied for a post at Harvard University , but was rejected because thirty years earlier he had rejected a job offer from them . In 1941 he became a visiting professor at Yale University , then moved to Columbia University in New York City , where he lectured from 1943 until his death in 1945 . Cassirer died of a heart attack in April 1945 in New York City . His grave is located in Westwood , New Jersey , on the Cedar Park Beth-El Cemeteries in the graves of the Congregation Habonim . His son , Heinz Cassirer , was also a Kantian scholar . Other members of his prominent family included the neurologist Richard Cassirer , the publisher and gallery owner Bruno Cassirer and the art dealer and editor Paul Cassirer . Influences . Donald Phillip Verene , who published some of Cassirers papers kept at Yale University , gave this overview of his ideas : Cassirer as a thinker became an embodiment of Kantian principles , but also of much more , of an overall movement of spirit stretching from the Renaissance to the Enlightenment , and on to Herder’s conception of history , Goethe’s poetry , Wilhelm von Humboldt’s study of the Kavi language , Schelling’s , Hegel’s Phenomenology of Spirit , and Vischer’s conception of the aesthetic symbol , among many others . Cassirer’s own position is born through a mastery of the whole development of this world of the humanistic understanding , which included the rise of the scientific world view — a mastery evident both in his historical works and in his systematic philosophy . Work . History of science . Cassirers first major published writings were a history of modern thought from the Renaissance to Kant . In accordance with his Marburg neo-Kantianism he concentrated upon epistemology . His reading of the scientific revolution , in books such as The Individual and the Cosmos in Renaissance Philosophy ( 1927 ) , as a Platonic application of mathematics to nature , influenced historians such as E . A . Burtt , E . J . Dijksterhuis , and Alexandre Koyré . Philosophy of science . In Substance and Function ( 1910 ) , he writes about late nineteenth-century developments in physics including relativity theory and the foundations of mathematics . In Einsteins Theory of Relativity ( 1921 ) he defended the claim that modern physics supports a neo-Kantian conception of knowledge . He also wrote a book about Quantum mechanics called Determinism and Indeterminism in Modern Physics ( 1936 ) . Philosophy of symbolic forms . At Hamburg Cassirer discovered the Library of the Cultural Sciences founded by Aby Warburg . Warburg was an art historian who was particularly interested in ritual and myth as sources of surviving forms of emotional expression . In Philosophy of Symbolic Forms ( 1923–29 ) Cassirer argues that man ( as he put it in his more popular 1944 book Essay on Man ) is a symbolic animal . Whereas animals perceive their world by instincts and direct sensory perception , humans create a universe of symbolic meanings . Cassirer is particularly interested in natural language and myth . He argues that science and mathematics developed from natural language , and religion and art from myth . The Cassirer–Heidegger debate . In 1929 Cassirer took part in a historically significant encounter with Martin Heidegger in Davos during the Second Davos Hochschulkurs ( the Cassirer–Heidegger debate ) . Cassirer argues that while Kants Critique of Pure Reason emphasizes human temporality and finitude , he also sought to situate human cognition within a broader conception of humanity . Cassirer challenges Heideggers relativism by invoking the universal validity of truths discovered by the exact and moral sciences . Philosophy of the Enlightenment . Cassirer believed that reasons self-realization leads to human liberation . Mazlish ( 2000 ) , however , notes that Cassirer in his The Philosophy of the Enlightenment ( 1932 ) focuses exclusively on ideas , ignoring the political and social context in which they were produced . The Logic of the Cultural Sciences . In The Logic of the Cultural Sciences ( 1942 ) Cassirer argues that objective and universal validity can be achieved not only in the sciences , but also in practical , cultural , moral , and aesthetic phenomena . Although inter-subjective objective validity in the natural sciences derives from universal laws of nature , Cassirer asserts that an analogous type of inter-subjective objective validity takes place in the cultural sciences . The Myth of the State . Cassirers last work , The Myth of the State ( 1946 ) , was published posthumously ; at one level it is an attempt to understand the intellectual origins of Nazi Germany . Cassirer sees Nazi Germany as a society in which the dangerous power of myth is not checked or subdued by superior forces . The book discusses the opposition of logos and mythos in Greek thought , Platos Republic , the medieval theory of the state , Machiavelli , Thomas Carlyles writings on hero worship , the racial theories of Arthur de Gobineau , and Hegel . Cassirer claimed that in 20th-century politics there was a return , with the passive acquiescence of Martin Heidegger , to the irrationality of myth , and in particular to a belief that there is such a thing as destiny . Of this passive acquiescence , Cassirer says that in departing from Husserls belief in an objective , logical basis for philosophy , Heidegger attenuated the ability of philosophy to oppose the resurgence of myth in German politics of the 1930s . Partial bibliography . - Leibniz System in seinem wissenschaftlichen Grundlagen ( 1902 ) - The Problem of Knowledge : Philosophy , Science , and History since Hegel [ Das Erkenntnisproblem in der Philosophie und Wissenschaft der neueren Zeit ] ( 1906–1920 ) , English translation 1950 ( online edition ) - Kant und die moderne Mathematik . Kant-Studien ( 1907 ) - Substance and Function [ Substanzbegriff und Funktionsbegriff ] ( 1910 ) and Einsteins Theory of Relativity [ Einsteinschen Relativitätstheorie ] ( 1921 ) , English translation 1923 ( online edition ) - Freedom and Form [ Freiheit und Form ] ( 1916 ) - Kants Life and Thought [ Kants Leben und Lehre ] ( 1918 ) , English translation 1981 - Philosophy of Symbolic Forms [ Philosophie der symbolischen Formen ] ( 1923–29 ) , English translation 1953–1957 - Volume One : Language [ Erster Teil : Die Sprache ] ( 1923 ) , English translation 1955 - Volume Two : Mythical Thought [ Zweiter Teil : Das mythische Denken ] ( 1925 ) , English translation 1955 - Volume Three : The Phenomenology of Knowledge [ Dritter Teil : Phänomenologie der Erkenntnis ] ( 1929 ) , English translation 1957 - Language and Myth [ Sprache und Mythos ] ( 1925 ) , English translation 1946 by Susanne K . Langer - The Individual and the Cosmos in Renaissance Philosophy [ Individuum und Kosmos in der Philosophie der Renaissance ] ( 1927 ) , English translation 1963 by Mario Domandi - Erkenntnistheorie nebst den Grenzfragen der Logik und Denkpsychologie . Jahrbücher der Philosophie 3 , 31-92 ( 1927 ) - Die Idee der republikanischen Verfassung ( 1929 ) - Kant und das Problem der Metaphysik . Bemerkungen zu Martin Heideggers Kantinterpretation . Kant-Studien 26 , 1-16 ( 1931 ) - Philosophy of the Enlightenment [ Die Philosophie der Aufklärung ] ( 1932 ) , English translation 1951 - Determinism and Indeterminism in Modern Physics : Historical and Systematic Studies of the Problem of Causality [ Determinismus und Indeterminismus in der modernen Physik ] ( 1936 ) , English translation 1956 - The Logic of the Cultural Sciences [ Zur Logik der Kulturwissenschaften ] ( 1942 ) , English translation 2000 by Steve G . Lofts ( previously translated in 1961 as The Logic of the Humanities ) - An Essay on Man ( written and published in English ) ( 1944 ) ( books.google.com ) - The Myth of the State ( written and published in English ) ( posthumous ) ( 1946 ) ( books.google.com ) - Symbol , Myth , and Culture : Essays and Lectures of Ernst Cassirer , 1935-1945 , ed . by Donald Phillip Verene ( March 11 , 1981 ) - Ernst Cassirer : Gesammelte Werke . Hamburger Ausgabe . Electronic Edition . ( 2016 ) – The electronic version of the definitive edition of Cassirers works , published in print by Felix Meiner Verlag , and electronically in the Past Masters series . - The Warburg Years ( 1919-1933 ) : Essays on Language , Art , Myth , and Technology . Translated and with an Introduction by S . G . Lofts with A . Calcagno . New Haven & London : Yale University Press . Further reading . - Aubenque , Pierre , et al . Philosophie und Politik : Die Davoser Disputation zwischen Ernst Cassirer und Martin Heidgger in der Retrospektive . Internationale Zeitschrift für Philosophie , 2 : 290-312 - Barash , Jeffrey Andrew . The Symbolic Construction of Reality : The Legacy of Ernst Cassirer ( 2008 ) ( excerpt and text search ) - Burtt , Edwin Arthur . The Metaphysical Foundations of Modern Physical Science , London : Paul Trencher - Folkvord Ingvild & Hoel Aud Sissel ( eds. ) , Ernst Cassirer on Form and Technology : Contemporary Readings , ( 2012 ) , Basingstoke , Palgrave MacMillan ( ) . - Friedman , Michael . A Parting of the Ways : Carnap , Cassirer , and Heidegger ( 2000 ) ( excerpt and text search ) - Gordon , Peter Eli . Continental Divide : Heidegger , Cassirer , Davos ( 2010 ) - Krois , John Michael . Cassirer : Symbolic Forms and History ( Yale University Press 1987 ) - Lassègue , Jean . Cassirer’s Transformation : From a Transcendental to a Semiotic Philosophy of Forms . Springer , 2020 . ( Studies in Applied Philosophy , Epistemology and Rational Ethics book series . volume 55 ) Online - Lipton , David R . Ernst Cassirer : The Dilemma of a Liberal Intellectual in Germany , 1914-1933 ( 1978 ) - Lofts . Steve G . Ernst Cassirer : A Repetition of Modernity ( 2000 ) SUNY Press , : at Google Books - Magerski , Christine . Reaching Beyond the Supra-Historical Sphere : from Cassirers Philosophy of Symbolic Forms to Bourdieus Sociology of Symbolic Forms . ´´Pierre Bourdieu and the Field of Cultural Production.´´ Ed . J . Browitt . University of Delaware Press ( 2004 ) : 21-29 . - Schilpp , Paul Arthur ( ed. ) . The Philosophy of Ernst Cassirer ( 1949 ) archive.org - Schultz , William . Cassirer & Langer on Myth ( 2nd ed . 2000 ) ( excerpt and text search ) - Skidelsky , Edward . Ernst Cassirer : The Last Philosopher of Culture ( Princeton University Press , 2008 ) , 288 pp . . - Hardy , Anton G . Symbol Philosophy and the Opening into Consciousness and Creativity ( 2014 ) External links . - History of the Cassirer Family - Ernst Cassirer in family context - Centre for Intercultural Studies - . General Collection , Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library . Yale University . - . General Collection , Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library , Yale University .
|
[
"Columbia University"
] |
[
{
"text": " Ernst Alfred Cassirer ( ; ; July 28 , 1874 – April 13 , 1945 ) was a German philosopher . Trained within the Neo-Kantian Marburg School , he initially followed his mentor Hermann Cohen in attempting to supply an idealistic philosophy of science . After Cohens death , Cassirer developed a theory of symbolism and used it to expand phenomenology of knowledge into a more general philosophy of culture . Cassirer was one of the leading 20th-century advocates of philosophical idealism . His most famous work is the Philosophy of Symbolic Forms ( 1923–1929 ) .",
"title": "Ernst Cassirer"
},
{
"text": "Though his work received a mixed reception shortly after his death , more recent scholarship has remarked upon Cassirers role as a strident defender of the moral idealism of the Enlightenment era and the cause of liberal democracy at a time when the rise of fascism had made such advocacy unfashionable . Within the international Jewish community , Cassirers work has additionally been seen as part of a long tradition of thought on ethical philosophy .",
"title": "Ernst Cassirer"
},
{
"text": " Born in Breslau in Silesia ( modern-day southwest Poland ) , into a Jewish family , Cassirer studied literature and philosophy at the University of Marburg ( where he completed his doctoral work in 1899 with a dissertation on René Descartess analysis of mathematical and natural scientific knowledge entitled [ Descartes Critique of Mathematical and Scientific Knowledge ] ) and at the University of Berlin ( where he completed his habilitation in 1906 with the dissertation [ The Problem of Knowledge in Philosophy and Science in the Modern Age : Volume I ] ) .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "Politically , Cassirer supported the liberal German Democratic Party ( DDP ) . After working for many years as a at the Friedrich Wilhelm University in Berlin , Cassirer was elected in 1919 to the philosophy chair at the newly founded University of Hamburg , where he lectured until 1933 , supervising amongst others the doctoral theses of Joachim Ritter and Leo Strauss . Because he was Jewish , he left Germany after the Nazis came to power in 1933 .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": " After leaving Germany he taught for a couple of years at the University of Oxford , before becoming a professor at Gothenburg University . When Cassirer considered Sweden too unsafe , he applied for a post at Harvard University , but was rejected because thirty years earlier he had rejected a job offer from them . In 1941 he became a visiting professor at Yale University , then moved to Columbia University in New York City , where he lectured from 1943 until his death in 1945 .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "Cassirer died of a heart attack in April 1945 in New York City . His grave is located in Westwood , New Jersey , on the Cedar Park Beth-El Cemeteries in the graves of the Congregation Habonim . His son , Heinz Cassirer , was also a Kantian scholar .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": " Other members of his prominent family included the neurologist Richard Cassirer , the publisher and gallery owner Bruno Cassirer and the art dealer and editor Paul Cassirer .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": " Donald Phillip Verene , who published some of Cassirers papers kept at Yale University , gave this overview of his ideas :",
"title": "Influences"
},
{
"text": "Cassirer as a thinker became an embodiment of Kantian principles , but also of much more , of an overall movement of spirit stretching from the Renaissance to the Enlightenment , and on to Herder’s conception of history , Goethe’s poetry , Wilhelm von Humboldt’s study of the Kavi language , Schelling’s , Hegel’s Phenomenology of Spirit , and Vischer’s conception of the aesthetic symbol , among many others . Cassirer’s own position is born through a mastery of the whole development of this world of the humanistic understanding , which included the rise of the scientific world view —",
"title": "Influences"
},
{
"text": "a mastery evident both in his historical works and in his systematic philosophy .",
"title": "Influences"
},
{
"text": " Cassirers first major published writings were a history of modern thought from the Renaissance to Kant . In accordance with his Marburg neo-Kantianism he concentrated upon epistemology . His reading of the scientific revolution , in books such as The Individual and the Cosmos in Renaissance Philosophy ( 1927 ) , as a Platonic application of mathematics to nature , influenced historians such as E . A . Burtt , E . J . Dijksterhuis , and Alexandre Koyré .",
"title": "History of science"
},
{
"text": " In Substance and Function ( 1910 ) , he writes about late nineteenth-century developments in physics including relativity theory and the foundations of mathematics . In Einsteins Theory of Relativity ( 1921 ) he defended the claim that modern physics supports a neo-Kantian conception of knowledge . He also wrote a book about Quantum mechanics called Determinism and Indeterminism in Modern Physics ( 1936 ) . Philosophy of symbolic forms .",
"title": "Philosophy of science"
},
{
"text": "At Hamburg Cassirer discovered the Library of the Cultural Sciences founded by Aby Warburg . Warburg was an art historian who was particularly interested in ritual and myth as sources of surviving forms of emotional expression . In Philosophy of Symbolic Forms ( 1923–29 ) Cassirer argues that man ( as he put it in his more popular 1944 book Essay on Man ) is a symbolic animal . Whereas animals perceive their world by instincts and direct sensory perception , humans create a universe of symbolic meanings . Cassirer is particularly interested in natural language and myth . He",
"title": "Philosophy of science"
},
{
"text": "argues that science and mathematics developed from natural language , and religion and art from myth .",
"title": "Philosophy of science"
},
{
"text": " In 1929 Cassirer took part in a historically significant encounter with Martin Heidegger in Davos during the Second Davos Hochschulkurs ( the Cassirer–Heidegger debate ) . Cassirer argues that while Kants Critique of Pure Reason emphasizes human temporality and finitude , he also sought to situate human cognition within a broader conception of humanity . Cassirer challenges Heideggers relativism by invoking the universal validity of truths discovered by the exact and moral sciences . Philosophy of the Enlightenment .",
"title": "The Cassirer–Heidegger debate"
},
{
"text": "Cassirer believed that reasons self-realization leads to human liberation . Mazlish ( 2000 ) , however , notes that Cassirer in his The Philosophy of the Enlightenment ( 1932 ) focuses exclusively on ideas , ignoring the political and social context in which they were produced .",
"title": "The Cassirer–Heidegger debate"
},
{
"text": " The Logic of the Cultural Sciences . In The Logic of the Cultural Sciences ( 1942 ) Cassirer argues that objective and universal validity can be achieved not only in the sciences , but also in practical , cultural , moral , and aesthetic phenomena . Although inter-subjective objective validity in the natural sciences derives from universal laws of nature , Cassirer asserts that an analogous type of inter-subjective objective validity takes place in the cultural sciences . The Myth of the State .",
"title": "The Cassirer–Heidegger debate"
},
{
"text": "Cassirers last work , The Myth of the State ( 1946 ) , was published posthumously ; at one level it is an attempt to understand the intellectual origins of Nazi Germany . Cassirer sees Nazi Germany as a society in which the dangerous power of myth is not checked or subdued by superior forces . The book discusses the opposition of logos and mythos in Greek thought , Platos Republic , the medieval theory of the state , Machiavelli , Thomas Carlyles writings on hero worship , the racial theories of Arthur de Gobineau , and Hegel . Cassirer",
"title": "The Cassirer–Heidegger debate"
},
{
"text": "claimed that in 20th-century politics there was a return , with the passive acquiescence of Martin Heidegger , to the irrationality of myth , and in particular to a belief that there is such a thing as destiny . Of this passive acquiescence , Cassirer says that in departing from Husserls belief in an objective , logical basis for philosophy , Heidegger attenuated the ability of philosophy to oppose the resurgence of myth in German politics of the 1930s .",
"title": "The Cassirer–Heidegger debate"
},
{
"text": " - Leibniz System in seinem wissenschaftlichen Grundlagen ( 1902 ) - The Problem of Knowledge : Philosophy , Science , and History since Hegel [ Das Erkenntnisproblem in der Philosophie und Wissenschaft der neueren Zeit ] ( 1906–1920 ) , English translation 1950 ( online edition ) - Kant und die moderne Mathematik . Kant-Studien ( 1907 ) - Substance and Function [ Substanzbegriff und Funktionsbegriff ] ( 1910 ) and Einsteins Theory of Relativity [ Einsteinschen Relativitätstheorie ] ( 1921 ) , English translation 1923 ( online edition )",
"title": "Partial bibliography"
},
{
"text": "- Freedom and Form [ Freiheit und Form ] ( 1916 )",
"title": "Partial bibliography"
},
{
"text": " - Kants Life and Thought [ Kants Leben und Lehre ] ( 1918 ) , English translation 1981 - Philosophy of Symbolic Forms [ Philosophie der symbolischen Formen ] ( 1923–29 ) , English translation 1953–1957 - Volume One : Language [ Erster Teil : Die Sprache ] ( 1923 ) , English translation 1955 - Volume Two : Mythical Thought [ Zweiter Teil : Das mythische Denken ] ( 1925 ) , English translation 1955 - Volume Three : The Phenomenology of Knowledge [ Dritter Teil : Phänomenologie der Erkenntnis ] ( 1929 ) , English translation 1957",
"title": "Partial bibliography"
},
{
"text": "- Language and Myth [ Sprache und Mythos ] ( 1925 ) , English translation 1946 by Susanne K . Langer",
"title": "Partial bibliography"
},
{
"text": " - The Individual and the Cosmos in Renaissance Philosophy [ Individuum und Kosmos in der Philosophie der Renaissance ] ( 1927 ) , English translation 1963 by Mario Domandi - Erkenntnistheorie nebst den Grenzfragen der Logik und Denkpsychologie . Jahrbücher der Philosophie 3 , 31-92 ( 1927 ) - Die Idee der republikanischen Verfassung ( 1929 ) - Kant und das Problem der Metaphysik . Bemerkungen zu Martin Heideggers Kantinterpretation . Kant-Studien 26 , 1-16 ( 1931 ) - Philosophy of the Enlightenment [ Die Philosophie der Aufklärung ] ( 1932 ) , English translation 1951",
"title": "Partial bibliography"
},
{
"text": "- Determinism and Indeterminism in Modern Physics : Historical and Systematic Studies of the Problem of Causality [ Determinismus und Indeterminismus in der modernen Physik ] ( 1936 ) , English translation 1956",
"title": "Partial bibliography"
},
{
"text": " - The Logic of the Cultural Sciences [ Zur Logik der Kulturwissenschaften ] ( 1942 ) , English translation 2000 by Steve G . Lofts ( previously translated in 1961 as The Logic of the Humanities ) - An Essay on Man ( written and published in English ) ( 1944 ) ( books.google.com ) - The Myth of the State ( written and published in English ) ( posthumous ) ( 1946 ) ( books.google.com )",
"title": "Partial bibliography"
},
{
"text": "- Symbol , Myth , and Culture : Essays and Lectures of Ernst Cassirer , 1935-1945 , ed . by Donald Phillip Verene ( March 11 , 1981 )",
"title": "Partial bibliography"
},
{
"text": " - Ernst Cassirer : Gesammelte Werke . Hamburger Ausgabe . Electronic Edition . ( 2016 ) – The electronic version of the definitive edition of Cassirers works , published in print by Felix Meiner Verlag , and electronically in the Past Masters series . - The Warburg Years ( 1919-1933 ) : Essays on Language , Art , Myth , and Technology . Translated and with an Introduction by S . G . Lofts with A . Calcagno . New Haven & London : Yale University Press .",
"title": "Partial bibliography"
},
{
"text": " - Aubenque , Pierre , et al . Philosophie und Politik : Die Davoser Disputation zwischen Ernst Cassirer und Martin Heidgger in der Retrospektive . Internationale Zeitschrift für Philosophie , 2 : 290-312 - Barash , Jeffrey Andrew . The Symbolic Construction of Reality : The Legacy of Ernst Cassirer ( 2008 ) ( excerpt and text search ) - Burtt , Edwin Arthur . The Metaphysical Foundations of Modern Physical Science , London : Paul Trencher",
"title": "Further reading"
},
{
"text": "- Folkvord Ingvild & Hoel Aud Sissel ( eds. ) , Ernst Cassirer on Form and Technology : Contemporary Readings , ( 2012 ) , Basingstoke , Palgrave MacMillan ( ) .",
"title": "Further reading"
},
{
"text": " - Friedman , Michael . A Parting of the Ways : Carnap , Cassirer , and Heidegger ( 2000 ) ( excerpt and text search ) - Gordon , Peter Eli . Continental Divide : Heidegger , Cassirer , Davos ( 2010 ) - Krois , John Michael . Cassirer : Symbolic Forms and History ( Yale University Press 1987 )",
"title": "Further reading"
},
{
"text": "- Lassègue , Jean . Cassirer’s Transformation : From a Transcendental to a Semiotic Philosophy of Forms . Springer , 2020 . ( Studies in Applied Philosophy , Epistemology and Rational Ethics book series . volume 55 ) Online",
"title": "Further reading"
},
{
"text": " - Lipton , David R . Ernst Cassirer : The Dilemma of a Liberal Intellectual in Germany , 1914-1933 ( 1978 ) - Lofts . Steve G . Ernst Cassirer : A Repetition of Modernity ( 2000 ) SUNY Press , : at Google Books - Magerski , Christine . Reaching Beyond the Supra-Historical Sphere : from Cassirers Philosophy of Symbolic Forms to Bourdieus Sociology of Symbolic Forms . ´´Pierre Bourdieu and the Field of Cultural Production.´´ Ed . J . Browitt . University of Delaware Press ( 2004 ) : 21-29 .",
"title": "Further reading"
},
{
"text": "- Schilpp , Paul Arthur ( ed. ) . The Philosophy of Ernst Cassirer ( 1949 ) archive.org",
"title": "Further reading"
},
{
"text": " - Schultz , William . Cassirer & Langer on Myth ( 2nd ed . 2000 ) ( excerpt and text search ) - Skidelsky , Edward . Ernst Cassirer : The Last Philosopher of Culture ( Princeton University Press , 2008 ) , 288 pp . . - Hardy , Anton G . Symbol Philosophy and the Opening into Consciousness and Creativity ( 2014 )",
"title": "Further reading"
},
{
"text": " - History of the Cassirer Family - Ernst Cassirer in family context - Centre for Intercultural Studies - . General Collection , Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library . Yale University . - . General Collection , Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library , Yale University .",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Multinational_Corps_Northeast#P1037#0
|
Who directed or managed Multinational Corps Northeast before Sep 2002?
|
Multinational Corps Northeast Multinational Corps Northeast was formed on 18 September 1999 at Szczecin , Poland , which became its headquarters . It evolved from what was for many years the only multinational corps in NATO , Allied Land Forces Schleswig-Holstein and Jutland ( LANDJUT ) ( in its turn , a part of Allied Forces Northern Europe ) . From 1962 LANDJUT had been responsible for the defence of the Baltic Approaches from a headquarters at Rendsburg , Germany . It comprised the 6th Panzergrenadier Division and the Danish Jutland Division . History . A tri-national working group was established following the July 1997 decision that Poland was to be admitted to NATO with the aim of establishing the corps as part of NATO’s Main Defence Forces . Its missions are three-fold : to participate in the collective defence of NATO territory , under Article 5 of the North Atlantic Treaty , to contribute to multinational crisis management including peace support operations , and to provide command and control for humanitarian , rescue , and disaster relief operations . In July 1997 , Ministers of Defence of Denmark , Germany and Poland decided to establish a Danish-German-Polish Corps . This corps was to be named Multinational Corps Northeast with its headquarters located in Szczecin , Poland . The Headquarters Allied Land Forces Schleswig-Holstein and Jutland ( LANDJUT ) from Rendsburg in Germany was to form the nucleus of this new command . Ministers of Defence of Denmark , Germany and Poland signed the Corps Convention in 1998 , when Poland was not a member of NATO yet , but the date of the country’s accession ( 12 March 1999 ) had already been set . On 18 September 1999 , the three Framework Nations – Denmark , Germany , Poland – could hoist their flags in the Baltic Barracks , the seat of the Corps in Szczecin . The Corps has significantly developed decisively since that time . Though it is a NATO-affiliated formation , the Corps Convention is a trilateral agreement between the three nations . The positions of commander , deputy commander , and chief of staff rotate between the three nations . For common purposes of practice and training the corps was assigned to Joint Sub-Regional Command Northeast ( JSRC NE ) , at Karup , Denmark . For Article 5 common defence purposes , the Corps was to have been assigned either to JSRC NE or the JSRC Centre at Heidelberg , Germany . Following the latest reorganisation , it might report if designated for operations in Central Europe to Allied Force Command Heidelberg . The 14th Panzergrenadier Division of the German Army used to be part of the Corps , but disbanded at the end of 2008 . Due to its geographical location , the only NATO HQ East of the former Iron Curtain , Multinational Corps North East has a key function in the integration of new NATO member states . This is reflected in the structure of its personnel . Officers and NCOs from the Czech Republic , Estonia , Latvia , Lithuania and Slovakia are serving at Multinational Corps North East . Since April 2004 , the flags of Estonia , Latvia and Lithuania have been fluttering at the Headquarters . In January 2005 , Slovakia joined Multinational Corps Northeast , whereas the Czech Republic - in October 2005 . The US flag was hoisted in November 2006 indicating the US membership in the Corps . In July 2008 , first Romanian officers arrived to serve at the HQ . In August 2009 , Slovenia entered the MNC NE family . In January 2012 , Croatia officially became the twelfth nation of the Corps . In July 2013 , the flag of Hungary was hoisted in Baltic Barracks . Sweden , a non-NATO member , sent its representative to the Baltic Barracks in autumn 2014 . In 2015 Turkish , British , French and Dutch officers started their tours of duty in Szczecin . Canada , Iceland , Belgium , Norway and Greece joined the Corps in 2016 . In 2005 , during the Compact Eagle exercise , the headquarters achieved full operational capability . From January to August 2007 a considerable number of personnel from Multinational Corps Northeast were put at the disposal of ISAFs headquarters in Kabul , Afghanistan . On 5 February 2015 , a trilateral statement by the Corps Convention countries stated , in part , that - At the NATO Summit in September 2014 the Ministers of Defence from Germany , Poland and Denmark informed their colleagues and signed a statement that they had decided to raise the level of readiness of the Headquarters MNC NE from a Forces of Lower Readiness Headquarters to a High Readiness Force Headquarters and to enhance its capability to address future threats and challenges . - ..the level of readiness [ of the corps will be raised ] and fulfil a joint and regional role within the framework of NATO’s Readiness Action Plan , for both Assurance and Adaptation Measures in order to exercise command and control in the full range of Alliance missions in the north-eastern region ( Estonia , Latvia , Lithuania and Poland ) of the Alliance with the emphasis on Article 5 operations including command and control over the Very High Readiness Joint Task Force ( VJTF ) . Additionally , MNC NE will execute command and control over the NATO Force Integration Units ( NFIUs ) in Estonia , Latvia , Lithuania and Poland . In June 2016 , during the exercise Brilliant Capability 16 the Corps has become operationally capable to assume command of the Very High Readiness Joint Task Force , also referred to as the “spearhead force” . Mission in Afghanistan . The MNC NE staff was assigned to the ISAF mission and officially took over their duties for the first time on 4 February 2007 . Nearly 160 officers and non-commissioned officers spent over 6 month in Kabul . The majority of the MNC NE staff filled the posts in a newly established composite ISAF Headquarters in Kabul , where they proved their excellent level of preparedness and dedication to work . From February to August 2010 , the personnel of the Corps participated in the ISAF mission for the second time . The majority of approximately 130 officers and non-commissioned officers filled the posts at the ISAF Joint Command , a tactical level headquarters . Serving at different branches , they were gaining valuable mission experience and improving their skills . The third deployment with the participation of more than 120 soldiers from the Corps and partnering formations started in January 2014 and ended in January 2015 . As soon as the ISAF mandate expired , the Resolute Support mission commenced in January 2015 , based on the successes and commitments of the international community in Afghanistan . Mission : ISAF , Afghanistan - February - August 2007 - February - August 2010 - January 2014 - January 2015 Affiliated Forces . - HQ-Coy ( Szczecin ) - Command Support Brigade ( HQ Szczecin ) - 12th Infantry Division ( Poland ) ( HQ Szczecin ) - 2nd Legion Mechanized Brigade in Złocieniec - 7th Coastal Defense Brigade in Słupsk - 12th Mechanised Brigade in Szczecin - 5th Artillery Regiment in Sulechów - 8th Air Defence Regiment in Koszalin - 12th Command Battalion in Szczeci Commanders . - 1999-2001 – LTG Henrik Ekmann - Deputy Corps Commander – MG Edward Pietrzyk ( since 2000 BG Zdzisław Goral ) - Chief of Staff – BG Joachim Sachau - 2001-2003 – LTG Zygmunt Sadowski - Deputy Corps Commander – MG Rolf Schneider - Chief of Staff – BG Karl Nielsen - 2004-2006 – LTG Egon Ramms - Deputy Corps Commander – MG Rolf Schneider ( since 2004 MG Jan Andersen ) - Chief of Staff – BG Karl Nielsen ( since 2004 BG Henryk Skarżyński ) - 2006-2009 – LTG Zdzisław Goral - Deputy Corps Commander – MG Jan Andersen ( since 2008 MG Ole Køppen ) - Chief of Staff – BG Josef Heinrichs ( since 2008 BG Josef Heinrichs ) - 2009-2012 – LTG Rainer Korff - Deputy Corps Commander – MG Ryszard Sorokosz ( since 2012 MG Bogusław Samol ) - Chief of Staff – BG Morten Danielsson - 2013-2015 – LTG Bogusław Samol ( since December 2012 ) - Deputy Corps Commander – BG Morten Danielsson ( since May 2013 MG Agner Rokos ) - Chief of Staff – BG Lutz Niemann - 2015–2018 LTG Manfred Hofmann - Deputy Corps Commander – BG Krzysztof Król ( till January 2016 MG Agner Rokos ) - Chief of Staff – BG Per Orluff Knudsen ( till January 2016 BG Lutz Niemann ) - 2018–present – LTG Sławomir Wojciechowski - Deputy Corps Commander – Major General Ulrich Hellebjerg - Chief of Staff – BG Wolf-Jürgen Stahl
|
[
"Zygmunt Sadowski"
] |
[
{
"text": " Multinational Corps Northeast was formed on 18 September 1999 at Szczecin , Poland , which became its headquarters . It evolved from what was for many years the only multinational corps in NATO , Allied Land Forces Schleswig-Holstein and Jutland ( LANDJUT ) ( in its turn , a part of Allied Forces Northern Europe ) . From 1962 LANDJUT had been responsible for the defence of the Baltic Approaches from a headquarters at Rendsburg , Germany . It comprised the 6th Panzergrenadier Division and the Danish Jutland Division .",
"title": "Multinational Corps Northeast"
},
{
"text": " A tri-national working group was established following the July 1997 decision that Poland was to be admitted to NATO with the aim of establishing the corps as part of NATO’s Main Defence Forces . Its missions are three-fold : to participate in the collective defence of NATO territory , under Article 5 of the North Atlantic Treaty , to contribute to multinational crisis management including peace support operations , and to provide command and control for humanitarian , rescue , and disaster relief operations .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "In July 1997 , Ministers of Defence of Denmark , Germany and Poland decided to establish a Danish-German-Polish Corps . This corps was to be named Multinational Corps Northeast with its headquarters located in Szczecin , Poland . The Headquarters Allied Land Forces Schleswig-Holstein and Jutland ( LANDJUT ) from Rendsburg in Germany was to form the nucleus of this new command . Ministers of Defence of Denmark , Germany and Poland signed the Corps Convention in 1998 , when Poland was not a member of NATO yet , but the date of the country’s accession ( 12 March 1999",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": ") had already been set . On 18 September 1999 , the three Framework Nations – Denmark , Germany , Poland – could hoist their flags in the Baltic Barracks , the seat of the Corps in Szczecin . The Corps has significantly developed decisively since that time .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Though it is a NATO-affiliated formation , the Corps Convention is a trilateral agreement between the three nations . The positions of commander , deputy commander , and chief of staff rotate between the three nations . For common purposes of practice and training the corps was assigned to Joint Sub-Regional Command Northeast ( JSRC NE ) , at Karup , Denmark . For Article 5 common defence purposes , the Corps was to have been assigned either to JSRC NE or the JSRC Centre at Heidelberg , Germany . Following the latest reorganisation , it might report if designated",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "for operations in Central Europe to Allied Force Command Heidelberg . The 14th Panzergrenadier Division of the German Army used to be part of the Corps , but disbanded at the end of 2008 .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Due to its geographical location , the only NATO HQ East of the former Iron Curtain , Multinational Corps North East has a key function in the integration of new NATO member states . This is reflected in the structure of its personnel . Officers and NCOs from the Czech Republic , Estonia , Latvia , Lithuania and Slovakia are serving at Multinational Corps North East . Since April 2004 , the flags of Estonia , Latvia and Lithuania have been fluttering at the Headquarters . In January 2005 , Slovakia joined Multinational Corps Northeast , whereas the Czech Republic",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "- in October 2005 . The US flag was hoisted in November 2006 indicating the US membership in the Corps . In July 2008 , first Romanian officers arrived to serve at the HQ . In August 2009 , Slovenia entered the MNC NE family . In January 2012 , Croatia officially became the twelfth nation of the Corps . In July 2013 , the flag of Hungary was hoisted in Baltic Barracks . Sweden , a non-NATO member , sent its representative to the Baltic Barracks in autumn 2014 . In 2015 Turkish , British , French and Dutch",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "officers started their tours of duty in Szczecin . Canada , Iceland , Belgium , Norway and Greece joined the Corps in 2016 .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " In 2005 , during the Compact Eagle exercise , the headquarters achieved full operational capability . From January to August 2007 a considerable number of personnel from Multinational Corps Northeast were put at the disposal of ISAFs headquarters in Kabul , Afghanistan . On 5 February 2015 , a trilateral statement by the Corps Convention countries stated , in part , that",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "- At the NATO Summit in September 2014 the Ministers of Defence from Germany , Poland and Denmark informed their colleagues and signed a statement that they had decided to raise the level of readiness of the Headquarters MNC NE from a Forces of Lower Readiness Headquarters to a High Readiness Force Headquarters and to enhance its capability to address future threats and challenges .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "- ..the level of readiness [ of the corps will be raised ] and fulfil a joint and regional role within the framework of NATO’s Readiness Action Plan , for both Assurance and Adaptation Measures in order to exercise command and control in the full range of Alliance missions in the north-eastern region ( Estonia , Latvia , Lithuania and Poland ) of the Alliance with the emphasis on Article 5 operations including command and control over the Very High Readiness Joint Task Force ( VJTF ) . Additionally , MNC NE will execute command and control over the NATO",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Force Integration Units ( NFIUs ) in Estonia , Latvia , Lithuania and Poland .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " In June 2016 , during the exercise Brilliant Capability 16 the Corps has become operationally capable to assume command of the Very High Readiness Joint Task Force , also referred to as the “spearhead force” .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " The MNC NE staff was assigned to the ISAF mission and officially took over their duties for the first time on 4 February 2007 . Nearly 160 officers and non-commissioned officers spent over 6 month in",
"title": "Mission in Afghanistan"
},
{
"text": "Kabul . The majority of the MNC NE staff filled the posts in a newly established composite ISAF Headquarters in Kabul , where they proved their excellent level of preparedness and dedication to work . From February to August 2010 , the personnel of the Corps participated in the ISAF mission for the second time . The majority of approximately 130 officers and non-commissioned officers filled the posts at the ISAF Joint Command , a tactical level headquarters . Serving at different branches , they were gaining valuable mission experience and improving their skills . The third deployment with the",
"title": "Mission in Afghanistan"
},
{
"text": "participation of more than 120 soldiers from the Corps and partnering formations started in January 2014 and ended in January 2015 . As soon as the ISAF mandate expired , the Resolute Support mission commenced in January 2015 , based on the successes and commitments of the international community in Afghanistan .",
"title": "Mission in Afghanistan"
},
{
"text": " Mission : ISAF , Afghanistan - February - August 2007 - February - August 2010 - January 2014 - January 2015",
"title": "Mission in Afghanistan"
},
{
"text": " - HQ-Coy ( Szczecin ) - Command Support Brigade ( HQ Szczecin ) - 12th Infantry Division ( Poland ) ( HQ Szczecin ) - 2nd Legion Mechanized Brigade in Złocieniec - 7th Coastal Defense Brigade in Słupsk - 12th Mechanised Brigade in Szczecin - 5th Artillery Regiment in Sulechów - 8th Air Defence Regiment in Koszalin - 12th Command Battalion in Szczeci",
"title": "Affiliated Forces"
},
{
"text": " - 1999-2001 – LTG Henrik Ekmann - Deputy Corps Commander – MG Edward Pietrzyk ( since 2000 BG Zdzisław Goral ) - Chief of Staff – BG Joachim Sachau - 2001-2003 – LTG Zygmunt Sadowski - Deputy Corps Commander – MG Rolf Schneider - Chief of Staff – BG Karl Nielsen - 2004-2006 – LTG Egon Ramms - Deputy Corps Commander – MG Rolf Schneider ( since 2004 MG Jan Andersen ) - Chief of Staff – BG Karl Nielsen ( since 2004 BG Henryk Skarżyński ) - 2006-2009 – LTG Zdzisław Goral",
"title": "Commanders"
},
{
"text": "- Deputy Corps Commander – MG Jan Andersen ( since 2008 MG Ole Køppen )",
"title": "Commanders"
},
{
"text": " - Chief of Staff – BG Josef Heinrichs ( since 2008 BG Josef Heinrichs ) - 2009-2012 – LTG Rainer Korff - Deputy Corps Commander – MG Ryszard Sorokosz ( since 2012 MG Bogusław Samol ) - Chief of Staff – BG Morten Danielsson - 2013-2015 – LTG Bogusław Samol ( since December 2012 ) - Deputy Corps Commander – BG Morten Danielsson ( since May 2013 MG Agner Rokos ) - Chief of Staff – BG Lutz Niemann - 2015–2018 LTG Manfred Hofmann",
"title": "Commanders"
},
{
"text": "- Deputy Corps Commander – BG Krzysztof Król ( till January 2016 MG Agner Rokos )",
"title": "Commanders"
},
{
"text": " - Chief of Staff – BG Per Orluff Knudsen ( till January 2016 BG Lutz Niemann ) - 2018–present – LTG Sławomir Wojciechowski - Deputy Corps Commander – Major General Ulrich Hellebjerg - Chief of Staff – BG Wolf-Jürgen Stahl",
"title": "Commanders"
}
] |
/wiki/Multinational_Corps_Northeast#P1037#1
|
Who directed or managed Multinational Corps Northeast in Feb 2005?
|
Multinational Corps Northeast Multinational Corps Northeast was formed on 18 September 1999 at Szczecin , Poland , which became its headquarters . It evolved from what was for many years the only multinational corps in NATO , Allied Land Forces Schleswig-Holstein and Jutland ( LANDJUT ) ( in its turn , a part of Allied Forces Northern Europe ) . From 1962 LANDJUT had been responsible for the defence of the Baltic Approaches from a headquarters at Rendsburg , Germany . It comprised the 6th Panzergrenadier Division and the Danish Jutland Division . History . A tri-national working group was established following the July 1997 decision that Poland was to be admitted to NATO with the aim of establishing the corps as part of NATO’s Main Defence Forces . Its missions are three-fold : to participate in the collective defence of NATO territory , under Article 5 of the North Atlantic Treaty , to contribute to multinational crisis management including peace support operations , and to provide command and control for humanitarian , rescue , and disaster relief operations . In July 1997 , Ministers of Defence of Denmark , Germany and Poland decided to establish a Danish-German-Polish Corps . This corps was to be named Multinational Corps Northeast with its headquarters located in Szczecin , Poland . The Headquarters Allied Land Forces Schleswig-Holstein and Jutland ( LANDJUT ) from Rendsburg in Germany was to form the nucleus of this new command . Ministers of Defence of Denmark , Germany and Poland signed the Corps Convention in 1998 , when Poland was not a member of NATO yet , but the date of the country’s accession ( 12 March 1999 ) had already been set . On 18 September 1999 , the three Framework Nations – Denmark , Germany , Poland – could hoist their flags in the Baltic Barracks , the seat of the Corps in Szczecin . The Corps has significantly developed decisively since that time . Though it is a NATO-affiliated formation , the Corps Convention is a trilateral agreement between the three nations . The positions of commander , deputy commander , and chief of staff rotate between the three nations . For common purposes of practice and training the corps was assigned to Joint Sub-Regional Command Northeast ( JSRC NE ) , at Karup , Denmark . For Article 5 common defence purposes , the Corps was to have been assigned either to JSRC NE or the JSRC Centre at Heidelberg , Germany . Following the latest reorganisation , it might report if designated for operations in Central Europe to Allied Force Command Heidelberg . The 14th Panzergrenadier Division of the German Army used to be part of the Corps , but disbanded at the end of 2008 . Due to its geographical location , the only NATO HQ East of the former Iron Curtain , Multinational Corps North East has a key function in the integration of new NATO member states . This is reflected in the structure of its personnel . Officers and NCOs from the Czech Republic , Estonia , Latvia , Lithuania and Slovakia are serving at Multinational Corps North East . Since April 2004 , the flags of Estonia , Latvia and Lithuania have been fluttering at the Headquarters . In January 2005 , Slovakia joined Multinational Corps Northeast , whereas the Czech Republic - in October 2005 . The US flag was hoisted in November 2006 indicating the US membership in the Corps . In July 2008 , first Romanian officers arrived to serve at the HQ . In August 2009 , Slovenia entered the MNC NE family . In January 2012 , Croatia officially became the twelfth nation of the Corps . In July 2013 , the flag of Hungary was hoisted in Baltic Barracks . Sweden , a non-NATO member , sent its representative to the Baltic Barracks in autumn 2014 . In 2015 Turkish , British , French and Dutch officers started their tours of duty in Szczecin . Canada , Iceland , Belgium , Norway and Greece joined the Corps in 2016 . In 2005 , during the Compact Eagle exercise , the headquarters achieved full operational capability . From January to August 2007 a considerable number of personnel from Multinational Corps Northeast were put at the disposal of ISAFs headquarters in Kabul , Afghanistan . On 5 February 2015 , a trilateral statement by the Corps Convention countries stated , in part , that - At the NATO Summit in September 2014 the Ministers of Defence from Germany , Poland and Denmark informed their colleagues and signed a statement that they had decided to raise the level of readiness of the Headquarters MNC NE from a Forces of Lower Readiness Headquarters to a High Readiness Force Headquarters and to enhance its capability to address future threats and challenges . - ..the level of readiness [ of the corps will be raised ] and fulfil a joint and regional role within the framework of NATO’s Readiness Action Plan , for both Assurance and Adaptation Measures in order to exercise command and control in the full range of Alliance missions in the north-eastern region ( Estonia , Latvia , Lithuania and Poland ) of the Alliance with the emphasis on Article 5 operations including command and control over the Very High Readiness Joint Task Force ( VJTF ) . Additionally , MNC NE will execute command and control over the NATO Force Integration Units ( NFIUs ) in Estonia , Latvia , Lithuania and Poland . In June 2016 , during the exercise Brilliant Capability 16 the Corps has become operationally capable to assume command of the Very High Readiness Joint Task Force , also referred to as the “spearhead force” . Mission in Afghanistan . The MNC NE staff was assigned to the ISAF mission and officially took over their duties for the first time on 4 February 2007 . Nearly 160 officers and non-commissioned officers spent over 6 month in Kabul . The majority of the MNC NE staff filled the posts in a newly established composite ISAF Headquarters in Kabul , where they proved their excellent level of preparedness and dedication to work . From February to August 2010 , the personnel of the Corps participated in the ISAF mission for the second time . The majority of approximately 130 officers and non-commissioned officers filled the posts at the ISAF Joint Command , a tactical level headquarters . Serving at different branches , they were gaining valuable mission experience and improving their skills . The third deployment with the participation of more than 120 soldiers from the Corps and partnering formations started in January 2014 and ended in January 2015 . As soon as the ISAF mandate expired , the Resolute Support mission commenced in January 2015 , based on the successes and commitments of the international community in Afghanistan . Mission : ISAF , Afghanistan - February - August 2007 - February - August 2010 - January 2014 - January 2015 Affiliated Forces . - HQ-Coy ( Szczecin ) - Command Support Brigade ( HQ Szczecin ) - 12th Infantry Division ( Poland ) ( HQ Szczecin ) - 2nd Legion Mechanized Brigade in Złocieniec - 7th Coastal Defense Brigade in Słupsk - 12th Mechanised Brigade in Szczecin - 5th Artillery Regiment in Sulechów - 8th Air Defence Regiment in Koszalin - 12th Command Battalion in Szczeci Commanders . - 1999-2001 – LTG Henrik Ekmann - Deputy Corps Commander – MG Edward Pietrzyk ( since 2000 BG Zdzisław Goral ) - Chief of Staff – BG Joachim Sachau - 2001-2003 – LTG Zygmunt Sadowski - Deputy Corps Commander – MG Rolf Schneider - Chief of Staff – BG Karl Nielsen - 2004-2006 – LTG Egon Ramms - Deputy Corps Commander – MG Rolf Schneider ( since 2004 MG Jan Andersen ) - Chief of Staff – BG Karl Nielsen ( since 2004 BG Henryk Skarżyński ) - 2006-2009 – LTG Zdzisław Goral - Deputy Corps Commander – MG Jan Andersen ( since 2008 MG Ole Køppen ) - Chief of Staff – BG Josef Heinrichs ( since 2008 BG Josef Heinrichs ) - 2009-2012 – LTG Rainer Korff - Deputy Corps Commander – MG Ryszard Sorokosz ( since 2012 MG Bogusław Samol ) - Chief of Staff – BG Morten Danielsson - 2013-2015 – LTG Bogusław Samol ( since December 2012 ) - Deputy Corps Commander – BG Morten Danielsson ( since May 2013 MG Agner Rokos ) - Chief of Staff – BG Lutz Niemann - 2015–2018 LTG Manfred Hofmann - Deputy Corps Commander – BG Krzysztof Król ( till January 2016 MG Agner Rokos ) - Chief of Staff – BG Per Orluff Knudsen ( till January 2016 BG Lutz Niemann ) - 2018–present – LTG Sławomir Wojciechowski - Deputy Corps Commander – Major General Ulrich Hellebjerg - Chief of Staff – BG Wolf-Jürgen Stahl
|
[
"Egon Ramms"
] |
[
{
"text": " Multinational Corps Northeast was formed on 18 September 1999 at Szczecin , Poland , which became its headquarters . It evolved from what was for many years the only multinational corps in NATO , Allied Land Forces Schleswig-Holstein and Jutland ( LANDJUT ) ( in its turn , a part of Allied Forces Northern Europe ) . From 1962 LANDJUT had been responsible for the defence of the Baltic Approaches from a headquarters at Rendsburg , Germany . It comprised the 6th Panzergrenadier Division and the Danish Jutland Division .",
"title": "Multinational Corps Northeast"
},
{
"text": " A tri-national working group was established following the July 1997 decision that Poland was to be admitted to NATO with the aim of establishing the corps as part of NATO’s Main Defence Forces . Its missions are three-fold : to participate in the collective defence of NATO territory , under Article 5 of the North Atlantic Treaty , to contribute to multinational crisis management including peace support operations , and to provide command and control for humanitarian , rescue , and disaster relief operations .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "In July 1997 , Ministers of Defence of Denmark , Germany and Poland decided to establish a Danish-German-Polish Corps . This corps was to be named Multinational Corps Northeast with its headquarters located in Szczecin , Poland . The Headquarters Allied Land Forces Schleswig-Holstein and Jutland ( LANDJUT ) from Rendsburg in Germany was to form the nucleus of this new command . Ministers of Defence of Denmark , Germany and Poland signed the Corps Convention in 1998 , when Poland was not a member of NATO yet , but the date of the country’s accession ( 12 March 1999",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": ") had already been set . On 18 September 1999 , the three Framework Nations – Denmark , Germany , Poland – could hoist their flags in the Baltic Barracks , the seat of the Corps in Szczecin . The Corps has significantly developed decisively since that time .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Though it is a NATO-affiliated formation , the Corps Convention is a trilateral agreement between the three nations . The positions of commander , deputy commander , and chief of staff rotate between the three nations . For common purposes of practice and training the corps was assigned to Joint Sub-Regional Command Northeast ( JSRC NE ) , at Karup , Denmark . For Article 5 common defence purposes , the Corps was to have been assigned either to JSRC NE or the JSRC Centre at Heidelberg , Germany . Following the latest reorganisation , it might report if designated",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "for operations in Central Europe to Allied Force Command Heidelberg . The 14th Panzergrenadier Division of the German Army used to be part of the Corps , but disbanded at the end of 2008 .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Due to its geographical location , the only NATO HQ East of the former Iron Curtain , Multinational Corps North East has a key function in the integration of new NATO member states . This is reflected in the structure of its personnel . Officers and NCOs from the Czech Republic , Estonia , Latvia , Lithuania and Slovakia are serving at Multinational Corps North East . Since April 2004 , the flags of Estonia , Latvia and Lithuania have been fluttering at the Headquarters . In January 2005 , Slovakia joined Multinational Corps Northeast , whereas the Czech Republic",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "- in October 2005 . The US flag was hoisted in November 2006 indicating the US membership in the Corps . In July 2008 , first Romanian officers arrived to serve at the HQ . In August 2009 , Slovenia entered the MNC NE family . In January 2012 , Croatia officially became the twelfth nation of the Corps . In July 2013 , the flag of Hungary was hoisted in Baltic Barracks . Sweden , a non-NATO member , sent its representative to the Baltic Barracks in autumn 2014 . In 2015 Turkish , British , French and Dutch",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "officers started their tours of duty in Szczecin . Canada , Iceland , Belgium , Norway and Greece joined the Corps in 2016 .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " In 2005 , during the Compact Eagle exercise , the headquarters achieved full operational capability . From January to August 2007 a considerable number of personnel from Multinational Corps Northeast were put at the disposal of ISAFs headquarters in Kabul , Afghanistan . On 5 February 2015 , a trilateral statement by the Corps Convention countries stated , in part , that",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "- At the NATO Summit in September 2014 the Ministers of Defence from Germany , Poland and Denmark informed their colleagues and signed a statement that they had decided to raise the level of readiness of the Headquarters MNC NE from a Forces of Lower Readiness Headquarters to a High Readiness Force Headquarters and to enhance its capability to address future threats and challenges .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "- ..the level of readiness [ of the corps will be raised ] and fulfil a joint and regional role within the framework of NATO’s Readiness Action Plan , for both Assurance and Adaptation Measures in order to exercise command and control in the full range of Alliance missions in the north-eastern region ( Estonia , Latvia , Lithuania and Poland ) of the Alliance with the emphasis on Article 5 operations including command and control over the Very High Readiness Joint Task Force ( VJTF ) . Additionally , MNC NE will execute command and control over the NATO",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Force Integration Units ( NFIUs ) in Estonia , Latvia , Lithuania and Poland .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " In June 2016 , during the exercise Brilliant Capability 16 the Corps has become operationally capable to assume command of the Very High Readiness Joint Task Force , also referred to as the “spearhead force” .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " The MNC NE staff was assigned to the ISAF mission and officially took over their duties for the first time on 4 February 2007 . Nearly 160 officers and non-commissioned officers spent over 6 month in",
"title": "Mission in Afghanistan"
},
{
"text": "Kabul . The majority of the MNC NE staff filled the posts in a newly established composite ISAF Headquarters in Kabul , where they proved their excellent level of preparedness and dedication to work . From February to August 2010 , the personnel of the Corps participated in the ISAF mission for the second time . The majority of approximately 130 officers and non-commissioned officers filled the posts at the ISAF Joint Command , a tactical level headquarters . Serving at different branches , they were gaining valuable mission experience and improving their skills . The third deployment with the",
"title": "Mission in Afghanistan"
},
{
"text": "participation of more than 120 soldiers from the Corps and partnering formations started in January 2014 and ended in January 2015 . As soon as the ISAF mandate expired , the Resolute Support mission commenced in January 2015 , based on the successes and commitments of the international community in Afghanistan .",
"title": "Mission in Afghanistan"
},
{
"text": " Mission : ISAF , Afghanistan - February - August 2007 - February - August 2010 - January 2014 - January 2015",
"title": "Mission in Afghanistan"
},
{
"text": " - HQ-Coy ( Szczecin ) - Command Support Brigade ( HQ Szczecin ) - 12th Infantry Division ( Poland ) ( HQ Szczecin ) - 2nd Legion Mechanized Brigade in Złocieniec - 7th Coastal Defense Brigade in Słupsk - 12th Mechanised Brigade in Szczecin - 5th Artillery Regiment in Sulechów - 8th Air Defence Regiment in Koszalin - 12th Command Battalion in Szczeci",
"title": "Affiliated Forces"
},
{
"text": " - 1999-2001 – LTG Henrik Ekmann - Deputy Corps Commander – MG Edward Pietrzyk ( since 2000 BG Zdzisław Goral ) - Chief of Staff – BG Joachim Sachau - 2001-2003 – LTG Zygmunt Sadowski - Deputy Corps Commander – MG Rolf Schneider - Chief of Staff – BG Karl Nielsen - 2004-2006 – LTG Egon Ramms - Deputy Corps Commander – MG Rolf Schneider ( since 2004 MG Jan Andersen ) - Chief of Staff – BG Karl Nielsen ( since 2004 BG Henryk Skarżyński ) - 2006-2009 – LTG Zdzisław Goral",
"title": "Commanders"
},
{
"text": "- Deputy Corps Commander – MG Jan Andersen ( since 2008 MG Ole Køppen )",
"title": "Commanders"
},
{
"text": " - Chief of Staff – BG Josef Heinrichs ( since 2008 BG Josef Heinrichs ) - 2009-2012 – LTG Rainer Korff - Deputy Corps Commander – MG Ryszard Sorokosz ( since 2012 MG Bogusław Samol ) - Chief of Staff – BG Morten Danielsson - 2013-2015 – LTG Bogusław Samol ( since December 2012 ) - Deputy Corps Commander – BG Morten Danielsson ( since May 2013 MG Agner Rokos ) - Chief of Staff – BG Lutz Niemann - 2015–2018 LTG Manfred Hofmann",
"title": "Commanders"
},
{
"text": "- Deputy Corps Commander – BG Krzysztof Król ( till January 2016 MG Agner Rokos )",
"title": "Commanders"
},
{
"text": " - Chief of Staff – BG Per Orluff Knudsen ( till January 2016 BG Lutz Niemann ) - 2018–present – LTG Sławomir Wojciechowski - Deputy Corps Commander – Major General Ulrich Hellebjerg - Chief of Staff – BG Wolf-Jürgen Stahl",
"title": "Commanders"
}
] |
/wiki/Multinational_Corps_Northeast#P1037#2
|
Who directed or managed Multinational Corps Northeast between Jun 2009 and Jul 2009?
|
Multinational Corps Northeast Multinational Corps Northeast was formed on 18 September 1999 at Szczecin , Poland , which became its headquarters . It evolved from what was for many years the only multinational corps in NATO , Allied Land Forces Schleswig-Holstein and Jutland ( LANDJUT ) ( in its turn , a part of Allied Forces Northern Europe ) . From 1962 LANDJUT had been responsible for the defence of the Baltic Approaches from a headquarters at Rendsburg , Germany . It comprised the 6th Panzergrenadier Division and the Danish Jutland Division . History . A tri-national working group was established following the July 1997 decision that Poland was to be admitted to NATO with the aim of establishing the corps as part of NATO’s Main Defence Forces . Its missions are three-fold : to participate in the collective defence of NATO territory , under Article 5 of the North Atlantic Treaty , to contribute to multinational crisis management including peace support operations , and to provide command and control for humanitarian , rescue , and disaster relief operations . In July 1997 , Ministers of Defence of Denmark , Germany and Poland decided to establish a Danish-German-Polish Corps . This corps was to be named Multinational Corps Northeast with its headquarters located in Szczecin , Poland . The Headquarters Allied Land Forces Schleswig-Holstein and Jutland ( LANDJUT ) from Rendsburg in Germany was to form the nucleus of this new command . Ministers of Defence of Denmark , Germany and Poland signed the Corps Convention in 1998 , when Poland was not a member of NATO yet , but the date of the country’s accession ( 12 March 1999 ) had already been set . On 18 September 1999 , the three Framework Nations – Denmark , Germany , Poland – could hoist their flags in the Baltic Barracks , the seat of the Corps in Szczecin . The Corps has significantly developed decisively since that time . Though it is a NATO-affiliated formation , the Corps Convention is a trilateral agreement between the three nations . The positions of commander , deputy commander , and chief of staff rotate between the three nations . For common purposes of practice and training the corps was assigned to Joint Sub-Regional Command Northeast ( JSRC NE ) , at Karup , Denmark . For Article 5 common defence purposes , the Corps was to have been assigned either to JSRC NE or the JSRC Centre at Heidelberg , Germany . Following the latest reorganisation , it might report if designated for operations in Central Europe to Allied Force Command Heidelberg . The 14th Panzergrenadier Division of the German Army used to be part of the Corps , but disbanded at the end of 2008 . Due to its geographical location , the only NATO HQ East of the former Iron Curtain , Multinational Corps North East has a key function in the integration of new NATO member states . This is reflected in the structure of its personnel . Officers and NCOs from the Czech Republic , Estonia , Latvia , Lithuania and Slovakia are serving at Multinational Corps North East . Since April 2004 , the flags of Estonia , Latvia and Lithuania have been fluttering at the Headquarters . In January 2005 , Slovakia joined Multinational Corps Northeast , whereas the Czech Republic - in October 2005 . The US flag was hoisted in November 2006 indicating the US membership in the Corps . In July 2008 , first Romanian officers arrived to serve at the HQ . In August 2009 , Slovenia entered the MNC NE family . In January 2012 , Croatia officially became the twelfth nation of the Corps . In July 2013 , the flag of Hungary was hoisted in Baltic Barracks . Sweden , a non-NATO member , sent its representative to the Baltic Barracks in autumn 2014 . In 2015 Turkish , British , French and Dutch officers started their tours of duty in Szczecin . Canada , Iceland , Belgium , Norway and Greece joined the Corps in 2016 . In 2005 , during the Compact Eagle exercise , the headquarters achieved full operational capability . From January to August 2007 a considerable number of personnel from Multinational Corps Northeast were put at the disposal of ISAFs headquarters in Kabul , Afghanistan . On 5 February 2015 , a trilateral statement by the Corps Convention countries stated , in part , that - At the NATO Summit in September 2014 the Ministers of Defence from Germany , Poland and Denmark informed their colleagues and signed a statement that they had decided to raise the level of readiness of the Headquarters MNC NE from a Forces of Lower Readiness Headquarters to a High Readiness Force Headquarters and to enhance its capability to address future threats and challenges . - ..the level of readiness [ of the corps will be raised ] and fulfil a joint and regional role within the framework of NATO’s Readiness Action Plan , for both Assurance and Adaptation Measures in order to exercise command and control in the full range of Alliance missions in the north-eastern region ( Estonia , Latvia , Lithuania and Poland ) of the Alliance with the emphasis on Article 5 operations including command and control over the Very High Readiness Joint Task Force ( VJTF ) . Additionally , MNC NE will execute command and control over the NATO Force Integration Units ( NFIUs ) in Estonia , Latvia , Lithuania and Poland . In June 2016 , during the exercise Brilliant Capability 16 the Corps has become operationally capable to assume command of the Very High Readiness Joint Task Force , also referred to as the “spearhead force” . Mission in Afghanistan . The MNC NE staff was assigned to the ISAF mission and officially took over their duties for the first time on 4 February 2007 . Nearly 160 officers and non-commissioned officers spent over 6 month in Kabul . The majority of the MNC NE staff filled the posts in a newly established composite ISAF Headquarters in Kabul , where they proved their excellent level of preparedness and dedication to work . From February to August 2010 , the personnel of the Corps participated in the ISAF mission for the second time . The majority of approximately 130 officers and non-commissioned officers filled the posts at the ISAF Joint Command , a tactical level headquarters . Serving at different branches , they were gaining valuable mission experience and improving their skills . The third deployment with the participation of more than 120 soldiers from the Corps and partnering formations started in January 2014 and ended in January 2015 . As soon as the ISAF mandate expired , the Resolute Support mission commenced in January 2015 , based on the successes and commitments of the international community in Afghanistan . Mission : ISAF , Afghanistan - February - August 2007 - February - August 2010 - January 2014 - January 2015 Affiliated Forces . - HQ-Coy ( Szczecin ) - Command Support Brigade ( HQ Szczecin ) - 12th Infantry Division ( Poland ) ( HQ Szczecin ) - 2nd Legion Mechanized Brigade in Złocieniec - 7th Coastal Defense Brigade in Słupsk - 12th Mechanised Brigade in Szczecin - 5th Artillery Regiment in Sulechów - 8th Air Defence Regiment in Koszalin - 12th Command Battalion in Szczeci Commanders . - 1999-2001 – LTG Henrik Ekmann - Deputy Corps Commander – MG Edward Pietrzyk ( since 2000 BG Zdzisław Goral ) - Chief of Staff – BG Joachim Sachau - 2001-2003 – LTG Zygmunt Sadowski - Deputy Corps Commander – MG Rolf Schneider - Chief of Staff – BG Karl Nielsen - 2004-2006 – LTG Egon Ramms - Deputy Corps Commander – MG Rolf Schneider ( since 2004 MG Jan Andersen ) - Chief of Staff – BG Karl Nielsen ( since 2004 BG Henryk Skarżyński ) - 2006-2009 – LTG Zdzisław Goral - Deputy Corps Commander – MG Jan Andersen ( since 2008 MG Ole Køppen ) - Chief of Staff – BG Josef Heinrichs ( since 2008 BG Josef Heinrichs ) - 2009-2012 – LTG Rainer Korff - Deputy Corps Commander – MG Ryszard Sorokosz ( since 2012 MG Bogusław Samol ) - Chief of Staff – BG Morten Danielsson - 2013-2015 – LTG Bogusław Samol ( since December 2012 ) - Deputy Corps Commander – BG Morten Danielsson ( since May 2013 MG Agner Rokos ) - Chief of Staff – BG Lutz Niemann - 2015–2018 LTG Manfred Hofmann - Deputy Corps Commander – BG Krzysztof Król ( till January 2016 MG Agner Rokos ) - Chief of Staff – BG Per Orluff Knudsen ( till January 2016 BG Lutz Niemann ) - 2018–present – LTG Sławomir Wojciechowski - Deputy Corps Commander – Major General Ulrich Hellebjerg - Chief of Staff – BG Wolf-Jürgen Stahl
|
[
"Zdzisław Goral"
] |
[
{
"text": " Multinational Corps Northeast was formed on 18 September 1999 at Szczecin , Poland , which became its headquarters . It evolved from what was for many years the only multinational corps in NATO , Allied Land Forces Schleswig-Holstein and Jutland ( LANDJUT ) ( in its turn , a part of Allied Forces Northern Europe ) . From 1962 LANDJUT had been responsible for the defence of the Baltic Approaches from a headquarters at Rendsburg , Germany . It comprised the 6th Panzergrenadier Division and the Danish Jutland Division .",
"title": "Multinational Corps Northeast"
},
{
"text": " A tri-national working group was established following the July 1997 decision that Poland was to be admitted to NATO with the aim of establishing the corps as part of NATO’s Main Defence Forces . Its missions are three-fold : to participate in the collective defence of NATO territory , under Article 5 of the North Atlantic Treaty , to contribute to multinational crisis management including peace support operations , and to provide command and control for humanitarian , rescue , and disaster relief operations .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "In July 1997 , Ministers of Defence of Denmark , Germany and Poland decided to establish a Danish-German-Polish Corps . This corps was to be named Multinational Corps Northeast with its headquarters located in Szczecin , Poland . The Headquarters Allied Land Forces Schleswig-Holstein and Jutland ( LANDJUT ) from Rendsburg in Germany was to form the nucleus of this new command . Ministers of Defence of Denmark , Germany and Poland signed the Corps Convention in 1998 , when Poland was not a member of NATO yet , but the date of the country’s accession ( 12 March 1999",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": ") had already been set . On 18 September 1999 , the three Framework Nations – Denmark , Germany , Poland – could hoist their flags in the Baltic Barracks , the seat of the Corps in Szczecin . The Corps has significantly developed decisively since that time .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Though it is a NATO-affiliated formation , the Corps Convention is a trilateral agreement between the three nations . The positions of commander , deputy commander , and chief of staff rotate between the three nations . For common purposes of practice and training the corps was assigned to Joint Sub-Regional Command Northeast ( JSRC NE ) , at Karup , Denmark . For Article 5 common defence purposes , the Corps was to have been assigned either to JSRC NE or the JSRC Centre at Heidelberg , Germany . Following the latest reorganisation , it might report if designated",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "for operations in Central Europe to Allied Force Command Heidelberg . The 14th Panzergrenadier Division of the German Army used to be part of the Corps , but disbanded at the end of 2008 .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Due to its geographical location , the only NATO HQ East of the former Iron Curtain , Multinational Corps North East has a key function in the integration of new NATO member states . This is reflected in the structure of its personnel . Officers and NCOs from the Czech Republic , Estonia , Latvia , Lithuania and Slovakia are serving at Multinational Corps North East . Since April 2004 , the flags of Estonia , Latvia and Lithuania have been fluttering at the Headquarters . In January 2005 , Slovakia joined Multinational Corps Northeast , whereas the Czech Republic",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "- in October 2005 . The US flag was hoisted in November 2006 indicating the US membership in the Corps . In July 2008 , first Romanian officers arrived to serve at the HQ . In August 2009 , Slovenia entered the MNC NE family . In January 2012 , Croatia officially became the twelfth nation of the Corps . In July 2013 , the flag of Hungary was hoisted in Baltic Barracks . Sweden , a non-NATO member , sent its representative to the Baltic Barracks in autumn 2014 . In 2015 Turkish , British , French and Dutch",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "officers started their tours of duty in Szczecin . Canada , Iceland , Belgium , Norway and Greece joined the Corps in 2016 .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " In 2005 , during the Compact Eagle exercise , the headquarters achieved full operational capability . From January to August 2007 a considerable number of personnel from Multinational Corps Northeast were put at the disposal of ISAFs headquarters in Kabul , Afghanistan . On 5 February 2015 , a trilateral statement by the Corps Convention countries stated , in part , that",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "- At the NATO Summit in September 2014 the Ministers of Defence from Germany , Poland and Denmark informed their colleagues and signed a statement that they had decided to raise the level of readiness of the Headquarters MNC NE from a Forces of Lower Readiness Headquarters to a High Readiness Force Headquarters and to enhance its capability to address future threats and challenges .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "- ..the level of readiness [ of the corps will be raised ] and fulfil a joint and regional role within the framework of NATO’s Readiness Action Plan , for both Assurance and Adaptation Measures in order to exercise command and control in the full range of Alliance missions in the north-eastern region ( Estonia , Latvia , Lithuania and Poland ) of the Alliance with the emphasis on Article 5 operations including command and control over the Very High Readiness Joint Task Force ( VJTF ) . Additionally , MNC NE will execute command and control over the NATO",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Force Integration Units ( NFIUs ) in Estonia , Latvia , Lithuania and Poland .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " In June 2016 , during the exercise Brilliant Capability 16 the Corps has become operationally capable to assume command of the Very High Readiness Joint Task Force , also referred to as the “spearhead force” .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " The MNC NE staff was assigned to the ISAF mission and officially took over their duties for the first time on 4 February 2007 . Nearly 160 officers and non-commissioned officers spent over 6 month in",
"title": "Mission in Afghanistan"
},
{
"text": "Kabul . The majority of the MNC NE staff filled the posts in a newly established composite ISAF Headquarters in Kabul , where they proved their excellent level of preparedness and dedication to work . From February to August 2010 , the personnel of the Corps participated in the ISAF mission for the second time . The majority of approximately 130 officers and non-commissioned officers filled the posts at the ISAF Joint Command , a tactical level headquarters . Serving at different branches , they were gaining valuable mission experience and improving their skills . The third deployment with the",
"title": "Mission in Afghanistan"
},
{
"text": "participation of more than 120 soldiers from the Corps and partnering formations started in January 2014 and ended in January 2015 . As soon as the ISAF mandate expired , the Resolute Support mission commenced in January 2015 , based on the successes and commitments of the international community in Afghanistan .",
"title": "Mission in Afghanistan"
},
{
"text": " Mission : ISAF , Afghanistan - February - August 2007 - February - August 2010 - January 2014 - January 2015",
"title": "Mission in Afghanistan"
},
{
"text": " - HQ-Coy ( Szczecin ) - Command Support Brigade ( HQ Szczecin ) - 12th Infantry Division ( Poland ) ( HQ Szczecin ) - 2nd Legion Mechanized Brigade in Złocieniec - 7th Coastal Defense Brigade in Słupsk - 12th Mechanised Brigade in Szczecin - 5th Artillery Regiment in Sulechów - 8th Air Defence Regiment in Koszalin - 12th Command Battalion in Szczeci",
"title": "Affiliated Forces"
},
{
"text": " - 1999-2001 – LTG Henrik Ekmann - Deputy Corps Commander – MG Edward Pietrzyk ( since 2000 BG Zdzisław Goral ) - Chief of Staff – BG Joachim Sachau - 2001-2003 – LTG Zygmunt Sadowski - Deputy Corps Commander – MG Rolf Schneider - Chief of Staff – BG Karl Nielsen - 2004-2006 – LTG Egon Ramms - Deputy Corps Commander – MG Rolf Schneider ( since 2004 MG Jan Andersen ) - Chief of Staff – BG Karl Nielsen ( since 2004 BG Henryk Skarżyński ) - 2006-2009 – LTG Zdzisław Goral",
"title": "Commanders"
},
{
"text": "- Deputy Corps Commander – MG Jan Andersen ( since 2008 MG Ole Køppen )",
"title": "Commanders"
},
{
"text": " - Chief of Staff – BG Josef Heinrichs ( since 2008 BG Josef Heinrichs ) - 2009-2012 – LTG Rainer Korff - Deputy Corps Commander – MG Ryszard Sorokosz ( since 2012 MG Bogusław Samol ) - Chief of Staff – BG Morten Danielsson - 2013-2015 – LTG Bogusław Samol ( since December 2012 ) - Deputy Corps Commander – BG Morten Danielsson ( since May 2013 MG Agner Rokos ) - Chief of Staff – BG Lutz Niemann - 2015–2018 LTG Manfred Hofmann",
"title": "Commanders"
},
{
"text": "- Deputy Corps Commander – BG Krzysztof Król ( till January 2016 MG Agner Rokos )",
"title": "Commanders"
},
{
"text": " - Chief of Staff – BG Per Orluff Knudsen ( till January 2016 BG Lutz Niemann ) - 2018–present – LTG Sławomir Wojciechowski - Deputy Corps Commander – Major General Ulrich Hellebjerg - Chief of Staff – BG Wolf-Jürgen Stahl",
"title": "Commanders"
}
] |
/wiki/Multinational_Corps_Northeast#P1037#3
|
Who directed or managed Multinational Corps Northeast in Mar 2010?
|
Multinational Corps Northeast Multinational Corps Northeast was formed on 18 September 1999 at Szczecin , Poland , which became its headquarters . It evolved from what was for many years the only multinational corps in NATO , Allied Land Forces Schleswig-Holstein and Jutland ( LANDJUT ) ( in its turn , a part of Allied Forces Northern Europe ) . From 1962 LANDJUT had been responsible for the defence of the Baltic Approaches from a headquarters at Rendsburg , Germany . It comprised the 6th Panzergrenadier Division and the Danish Jutland Division . History . A tri-national working group was established following the July 1997 decision that Poland was to be admitted to NATO with the aim of establishing the corps as part of NATO’s Main Defence Forces . Its missions are three-fold : to participate in the collective defence of NATO territory , under Article 5 of the North Atlantic Treaty , to contribute to multinational crisis management including peace support operations , and to provide command and control for humanitarian , rescue , and disaster relief operations . In July 1997 , Ministers of Defence of Denmark , Germany and Poland decided to establish a Danish-German-Polish Corps . This corps was to be named Multinational Corps Northeast with its headquarters located in Szczecin , Poland . The Headquarters Allied Land Forces Schleswig-Holstein and Jutland ( LANDJUT ) from Rendsburg in Germany was to form the nucleus of this new command . Ministers of Defence of Denmark , Germany and Poland signed the Corps Convention in 1998 , when Poland was not a member of NATO yet , but the date of the country’s accession ( 12 March 1999 ) had already been set . On 18 September 1999 , the three Framework Nations – Denmark , Germany , Poland – could hoist their flags in the Baltic Barracks , the seat of the Corps in Szczecin . The Corps has significantly developed decisively since that time . Though it is a NATO-affiliated formation , the Corps Convention is a trilateral agreement between the three nations . The positions of commander , deputy commander , and chief of staff rotate between the three nations . For common purposes of practice and training the corps was assigned to Joint Sub-Regional Command Northeast ( JSRC NE ) , at Karup , Denmark . For Article 5 common defence purposes , the Corps was to have been assigned either to JSRC NE or the JSRC Centre at Heidelberg , Germany . Following the latest reorganisation , it might report if designated for operations in Central Europe to Allied Force Command Heidelberg . The 14th Panzergrenadier Division of the German Army used to be part of the Corps , but disbanded at the end of 2008 . Due to its geographical location , the only NATO HQ East of the former Iron Curtain , Multinational Corps North East has a key function in the integration of new NATO member states . This is reflected in the structure of its personnel . Officers and NCOs from the Czech Republic , Estonia , Latvia , Lithuania and Slovakia are serving at Multinational Corps North East . Since April 2004 , the flags of Estonia , Latvia and Lithuania have been fluttering at the Headquarters . In January 2005 , Slovakia joined Multinational Corps Northeast , whereas the Czech Republic - in October 2005 . The US flag was hoisted in November 2006 indicating the US membership in the Corps . In July 2008 , first Romanian officers arrived to serve at the HQ . In August 2009 , Slovenia entered the MNC NE family . In January 2012 , Croatia officially became the twelfth nation of the Corps . In July 2013 , the flag of Hungary was hoisted in Baltic Barracks . Sweden , a non-NATO member , sent its representative to the Baltic Barracks in autumn 2014 . In 2015 Turkish , British , French and Dutch officers started their tours of duty in Szczecin . Canada , Iceland , Belgium , Norway and Greece joined the Corps in 2016 . In 2005 , during the Compact Eagle exercise , the headquarters achieved full operational capability . From January to August 2007 a considerable number of personnel from Multinational Corps Northeast were put at the disposal of ISAFs headquarters in Kabul , Afghanistan . On 5 February 2015 , a trilateral statement by the Corps Convention countries stated , in part , that - At the NATO Summit in September 2014 the Ministers of Defence from Germany , Poland and Denmark informed their colleagues and signed a statement that they had decided to raise the level of readiness of the Headquarters MNC NE from a Forces of Lower Readiness Headquarters to a High Readiness Force Headquarters and to enhance its capability to address future threats and challenges . - ..the level of readiness [ of the corps will be raised ] and fulfil a joint and regional role within the framework of NATO’s Readiness Action Plan , for both Assurance and Adaptation Measures in order to exercise command and control in the full range of Alliance missions in the north-eastern region ( Estonia , Latvia , Lithuania and Poland ) of the Alliance with the emphasis on Article 5 operations including command and control over the Very High Readiness Joint Task Force ( VJTF ) . Additionally , MNC NE will execute command and control over the NATO Force Integration Units ( NFIUs ) in Estonia , Latvia , Lithuania and Poland . In June 2016 , during the exercise Brilliant Capability 16 the Corps has become operationally capable to assume command of the Very High Readiness Joint Task Force , also referred to as the “spearhead force” . Mission in Afghanistan . The MNC NE staff was assigned to the ISAF mission and officially took over their duties for the first time on 4 February 2007 . Nearly 160 officers and non-commissioned officers spent over 6 month in Kabul . The majority of the MNC NE staff filled the posts in a newly established composite ISAF Headquarters in Kabul , where they proved their excellent level of preparedness and dedication to work . From February to August 2010 , the personnel of the Corps participated in the ISAF mission for the second time . The majority of approximately 130 officers and non-commissioned officers filled the posts at the ISAF Joint Command , a tactical level headquarters . Serving at different branches , they were gaining valuable mission experience and improving their skills . The third deployment with the participation of more than 120 soldiers from the Corps and partnering formations started in January 2014 and ended in January 2015 . As soon as the ISAF mandate expired , the Resolute Support mission commenced in January 2015 , based on the successes and commitments of the international community in Afghanistan . Mission : ISAF , Afghanistan - February - August 2007 - February - August 2010 - January 2014 - January 2015 Affiliated Forces . - HQ-Coy ( Szczecin ) - Command Support Brigade ( HQ Szczecin ) - 12th Infantry Division ( Poland ) ( HQ Szczecin ) - 2nd Legion Mechanized Brigade in Złocieniec - 7th Coastal Defense Brigade in Słupsk - 12th Mechanised Brigade in Szczecin - 5th Artillery Regiment in Sulechów - 8th Air Defence Regiment in Koszalin - 12th Command Battalion in Szczeci Commanders . - 1999-2001 – LTG Henrik Ekmann - Deputy Corps Commander – MG Edward Pietrzyk ( since 2000 BG Zdzisław Goral ) - Chief of Staff – BG Joachim Sachau - 2001-2003 – LTG Zygmunt Sadowski - Deputy Corps Commander – MG Rolf Schneider - Chief of Staff – BG Karl Nielsen - 2004-2006 – LTG Egon Ramms - Deputy Corps Commander – MG Rolf Schneider ( since 2004 MG Jan Andersen ) - Chief of Staff – BG Karl Nielsen ( since 2004 BG Henryk Skarżyński ) - 2006-2009 – LTG Zdzisław Goral - Deputy Corps Commander – MG Jan Andersen ( since 2008 MG Ole Køppen ) - Chief of Staff – BG Josef Heinrichs ( since 2008 BG Josef Heinrichs ) - 2009-2012 – LTG Rainer Korff - Deputy Corps Commander – MG Ryszard Sorokosz ( since 2012 MG Bogusław Samol ) - Chief of Staff – BG Morten Danielsson - 2013-2015 – LTG Bogusław Samol ( since December 2012 ) - Deputy Corps Commander – BG Morten Danielsson ( since May 2013 MG Agner Rokos ) - Chief of Staff – BG Lutz Niemann - 2015–2018 LTG Manfred Hofmann - Deputy Corps Commander – BG Krzysztof Król ( till January 2016 MG Agner Rokos ) - Chief of Staff – BG Per Orluff Knudsen ( till January 2016 BG Lutz Niemann ) - 2018–present – LTG Sławomir Wojciechowski - Deputy Corps Commander – Major General Ulrich Hellebjerg - Chief of Staff – BG Wolf-Jürgen Stahl
|
[
"Rainer Korff"
] |
[
{
"text": " Multinational Corps Northeast was formed on 18 September 1999 at Szczecin , Poland , which became its headquarters . It evolved from what was for many years the only multinational corps in NATO , Allied Land Forces Schleswig-Holstein and Jutland ( LANDJUT ) ( in its turn , a part of Allied Forces Northern Europe ) . From 1962 LANDJUT had been responsible for the defence of the Baltic Approaches from a headquarters at Rendsburg , Germany . It comprised the 6th Panzergrenadier Division and the Danish Jutland Division .",
"title": "Multinational Corps Northeast"
},
{
"text": " A tri-national working group was established following the July 1997 decision that Poland was to be admitted to NATO with the aim of establishing the corps as part of NATO’s Main Defence Forces . Its missions are three-fold : to participate in the collective defence of NATO territory , under Article 5 of the North Atlantic Treaty , to contribute to multinational crisis management including peace support operations , and to provide command and control for humanitarian , rescue , and disaster relief operations .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "In July 1997 , Ministers of Defence of Denmark , Germany and Poland decided to establish a Danish-German-Polish Corps . This corps was to be named Multinational Corps Northeast with its headquarters located in Szczecin , Poland . The Headquarters Allied Land Forces Schleswig-Holstein and Jutland ( LANDJUT ) from Rendsburg in Germany was to form the nucleus of this new command . Ministers of Defence of Denmark , Germany and Poland signed the Corps Convention in 1998 , when Poland was not a member of NATO yet , but the date of the country’s accession ( 12 March 1999",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": ") had already been set . On 18 September 1999 , the three Framework Nations – Denmark , Germany , Poland – could hoist their flags in the Baltic Barracks , the seat of the Corps in Szczecin . The Corps has significantly developed decisively since that time .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Though it is a NATO-affiliated formation , the Corps Convention is a trilateral agreement between the three nations . The positions of commander , deputy commander , and chief of staff rotate between the three nations . For common purposes of practice and training the corps was assigned to Joint Sub-Regional Command Northeast ( JSRC NE ) , at Karup , Denmark . For Article 5 common defence purposes , the Corps was to have been assigned either to JSRC NE or the JSRC Centre at Heidelberg , Germany . Following the latest reorganisation , it might report if designated",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "for operations in Central Europe to Allied Force Command Heidelberg . The 14th Panzergrenadier Division of the German Army used to be part of the Corps , but disbanded at the end of 2008 .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Due to its geographical location , the only NATO HQ East of the former Iron Curtain , Multinational Corps North East has a key function in the integration of new NATO member states . This is reflected in the structure of its personnel . Officers and NCOs from the Czech Republic , Estonia , Latvia , Lithuania and Slovakia are serving at Multinational Corps North East . Since April 2004 , the flags of Estonia , Latvia and Lithuania have been fluttering at the Headquarters . In January 2005 , Slovakia joined Multinational Corps Northeast , whereas the Czech Republic",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "- in October 2005 . The US flag was hoisted in November 2006 indicating the US membership in the Corps . In July 2008 , first Romanian officers arrived to serve at the HQ . In August 2009 , Slovenia entered the MNC NE family . In January 2012 , Croatia officially became the twelfth nation of the Corps . In July 2013 , the flag of Hungary was hoisted in Baltic Barracks . Sweden , a non-NATO member , sent its representative to the Baltic Barracks in autumn 2014 . In 2015 Turkish , British , French and Dutch",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "officers started their tours of duty in Szczecin . Canada , Iceland , Belgium , Norway and Greece joined the Corps in 2016 .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " In 2005 , during the Compact Eagle exercise , the headquarters achieved full operational capability . From January to August 2007 a considerable number of personnel from Multinational Corps Northeast were put at the disposal of ISAFs headquarters in Kabul , Afghanistan . On 5 February 2015 , a trilateral statement by the Corps Convention countries stated , in part , that",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "- At the NATO Summit in September 2014 the Ministers of Defence from Germany , Poland and Denmark informed their colleagues and signed a statement that they had decided to raise the level of readiness of the Headquarters MNC NE from a Forces of Lower Readiness Headquarters to a High Readiness Force Headquarters and to enhance its capability to address future threats and challenges .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "- ..the level of readiness [ of the corps will be raised ] and fulfil a joint and regional role within the framework of NATO’s Readiness Action Plan , for both Assurance and Adaptation Measures in order to exercise command and control in the full range of Alliance missions in the north-eastern region ( Estonia , Latvia , Lithuania and Poland ) of the Alliance with the emphasis on Article 5 operations including command and control over the Very High Readiness Joint Task Force ( VJTF ) . Additionally , MNC NE will execute command and control over the NATO",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Force Integration Units ( NFIUs ) in Estonia , Latvia , Lithuania and Poland .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " In June 2016 , during the exercise Brilliant Capability 16 the Corps has become operationally capable to assume command of the Very High Readiness Joint Task Force , also referred to as the “spearhead force” .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " The MNC NE staff was assigned to the ISAF mission and officially took over their duties for the first time on 4 February 2007 . Nearly 160 officers and non-commissioned officers spent over 6 month in",
"title": "Mission in Afghanistan"
},
{
"text": "Kabul . The majority of the MNC NE staff filled the posts in a newly established composite ISAF Headquarters in Kabul , where they proved their excellent level of preparedness and dedication to work . From February to August 2010 , the personnel of the Corps participated in the ISAF mission for the second time . The majority of approximately 130 officers and non-commissioned officers filled the posts at the ISAF Joint Command , a tactical level headquarters . Serving at different branches , they were gaining valuable mission experience and improving their skills . The third deployment with the",
"title": "Mission in Afghanistan"
},
{
"text": "participation of more than 120 soldiers from the Corps and partnering formations started in January 2014 and ended in January 2015 . As soon as the ISAF mandate expired , the Resolute Support mission commenced in January 2015 , based on the successes and commitments of the international community in Afghanistan .",
"title": "Mission in Afghanistan"
},
{
"text": " Mission : ISAF , Afghanistan - February - August 2007 - February - August 2010 - January 2014 - January 2015",
"title": "Mission in Afghanistan"
},
{
"text": " - HQ-Coy ( Szczecin ) - Command Support Brigade ( HQ Szczecin ) - 12th Infantry Division ( Poland ) ( HQ Szczecin ) - 2nd Legion Mechanized Brigade in Złocieniec - 7th Coastal Defense Brigade in Słupsk - 12th Mechanised Brigade in Szczecin - 5th Artillery Regiment in Sulechów - 8th Air Defence Regiment in Koszalin - 12th Command Battalion in Szczeci",
"title": "Affiliated Forces"
},
{
"text": " - 1999-2001 – LTG Henrik Ekmann - Deputy Corps Commander – MG Edward Pietrzyk ( since 2000 BG Zdzisław Goral ) - Chief of Staff – BG Joachim Sachau - 2001-2003 – LTG Zygmunt Sadowski - Deputy Corps Commander – MG Rolf Schneider - Chief of Staff – BG Karl Nielsen - 2004-2006 – LTG Egon Ramms - Deputy Corps Commander – MG Rolf Schneider ( since 2004 MG Jan Andersen ) - Chief of Staff – BG Karl Nielsen ( since 2004 BG Henryk Skarżyński ) - 2006-2009 – LTG Zdzisław Goral",
"title": "Commanders"
},
{
"text": "- Deputy Corps Commander – MG Jan Andersen ( since 2008 MG Ole Køppen )",
"title": "Commanders"
},
{
"text": " - Chief of Staff – BG Josef Heinrichs ( since 2008 BG Josef Heinrichs ) - 2009-2012 – LTG Rainer Korff - Deputy Corps Commander – MG Ryszard Sorokosz ( since 2012 MG Bogusław Samol ) - Chief of Staff – BG Morten Danielsson - 2013-2015 – LTG Bogusław Samol ( since December 2012 ) - Deputy Corps Commander – BG Morten Danielsson ( since May 2013 MG Agner Rokos ) - Chief of Staff – BG Lutz Niemann - 2015–2018 LTG Manfred Hofmann",
"title": "Commanders"
},
{
"text": "- Deputy Corps Commander – BG Krzysztof Król ( till January 2016 MG Agner Rokos )",
"title": "Commanders"
},
{
"text": " - Chief of Staff – BG Per Orluff Knudsen ( till January 2016 BG Lutz Niemann ) - 2018–present – LTG Sławomir Wojciechowski - Deputy Corps Commander – Major General Ulrich Hellebjerg - Chief of Staff – BG Wolf-Jürgen Stahl",
"title": "Commanders"
}
] |
/wiki/Multinational_Corps_Northeast#P1037#4
|
Who directed or managed Multinational Corps Northeast in Mar 2013?
|
Multinational Corps Northeast Multinational Corps Northeast was formed on 18 September 1999 at Szczecin , Poland , which became its headquarters . It evolved from what was for many years the only multinational corps in NATO , Allied Land Forces Schleswig-Holstein and Jutland ( LANDJUT ) ( in its turn , a part of Allied Forces Northern Europe ) . From 1962 LANDJUT had been responsible for the defence of the Baltic Approaches from a headquarters at Rendsburg , Germany . It comprised the 6th Panzergrenadier Division and the Danish Jutland Division . History . A tri-national working group was established following the July 1997 decision that Poland was to be admitted to NATO with the aim of establishing the corps as part of NATO’s Main Defence Forces . Its missions are three-fold : to participate in the collective defence of NATO territory , under Article 5 of the North Atlantic Treaty , to contribute to multinational crisis management including peace support operations , and to provide command and control for humanitarian , rescue , and disaster relief operations . In July 1997 , Ministers of Defence of Denmark , Germany and Poland decided to establish a Danish-German-Polish Corps . This corps was to be named Multinational Corps Northeast with its headquarters located in Szczecin , Poland . The Headquarters Allied Land Forces Schleswig-Holstein and Jutland ( LANDJUT ) from Rendsburg in Germany was to form the nucleus of this new command . Ministers of Defence of Denmark , Germany and Poland signed the Corps Convention in 1998 , when Poland was not a member of NATO yet , but the date of the country’s accession ( 12 March 1999 ) had already been set . On 18 September 1999 , the three Framework Nations – Denmark , Germany , Poland – could hoist their flags in the Baltic Barracks , the seat of the Corps in Szczecin . The Corps has significantly developed decisively since that time . Though it is a NATO-affiliated formation , the Corps Convention is a trilateral agreement between the three nations . The positions of commander , deputy commander , and chief of staff rotate between the three nations . For common purposes of practice and training the corps was assigned to Joint Sub-Regional Command Northeast ( JSRC NE ) , at Karup , Denmark . For Article 5 common defence purposes , the Corps was to have been assigned either to JSRC NE or the JSRC Centre at Heidelberg , Germany . Following the latest reorganisation , it might report if designated for operations in Central Europe to Allied Force Command Heidelberg . The 14th Panzergrenadier Division of the German Army used to be part of the Corps , but disbanded at the end of 2008 . Due to its geographical location , the only NATO HQ East of the former Iron Curtain , Multinational Corps North East has a key function in the integration of new NATO member states . This is reflected in the structure of its personnel . Officers and NCOs from the Czech Republic , Estonia , Latvia , Lithuania and Slovakia are serving at Multinational Corps North East . Since April 2004 , the flags of Estonia , Latvia and Lithuania have been fluttering at the Headquarters . In January 2005 , Slovakia joined Multinational Corps Northeast , whereas the Czech Republic - in October 2005 . The US flag was hoisted in November 2006 indicating the US membership in the Corps . In July 2008 , first Romanian officers arrived to serve at the HQ . In August 2009 , Slovenia entered the MNC NE family . In January 2012 , Croatia officially became the twelfth nation of the Corps . In July 2013 , the flag of Hungary was hoisted in Baltic Barracks . Sweden , a non-NATO member , sent its representative to the Baltic Barracks in autumn 2014 . In 2015 Turkish , British , French and Dutch officers started their tours of duty in Szczecin . Canada , Iceland , Belgium , Norway and Greece joined the Corps in 2016 . In 2005 , during the Compact Eagle exercise , the headquarters achieved full operational capability . From January to August 2007 a considerable number of personnel from Multinational Corps Northeast were put at the disposal of ISAFs headquarters in Kabul , Afghanistan . On 5 February 2015 , a trilateral statement by the Corps Convention countries stated , in part , that - At the NATO Summit in September 2014 the Ministers of Defence from Germany , Poland and Denmark informed their colleagues and signed a statement that they had decided to raise the level of readiness of the Headquarters MNC NE from a Forces of Lower Readiness Headquarters to a High Readiness Force Headquarters and to enhance its capability to address future threats and challenges . - ..the level of readiness [ of the corps will be raised ] and fulfil a joint and regional role within the framework of NATO’s Readiness Action Plan , for both Assurance and Adaptation Measures in order to exercise command and control in the full range of Alliance missions in the north-eastern region ( Estonia , Latvia , Lithuania and Poland ) of the Alliance with the emphasis on Article 5 operations including command and control over the Very High Readiness Joint Task Force ( VJTF ) . Additionally , MNC NE will execute command and control over the NATO Force Integration Units ( NFIUs ) in Estonia , Latvia , Lithuania and Poland . In June 2016 , during the exercise Brilliant Capability 16 the Corps has become operationally capable to assume command of the Very High Readiness Joint Task Force , also referred to as the “spearhead force” . Mission in Afghanistan . The MNC NE staff was assigned to the ISAF mission and officially took over their duties for the first time on 4 February 2007 . Nearly 160 officers and non-commissioned officers spent over 6 month in Kabul . The majority of the MNC NE staff filled the posts in a newly established composite ISAF Headquarters in Kabul , where they proved their excellent level of preparedness and dedication to work . From February to August 2010 , the personnel of the Corps participated in the ISAF mission for the second time . The majority of approximately 130 officers and non-commissioned officers filled the posts at the ISAF Joint Command , a tactical level headquarters . Serving at different branches , they were gaining valuable mission experience and improving their skills . The third deployment with the participation of more than 120 soldiers from the Corps and partnering formations started in January 2014 and ended in January 2015 . As soon as the ISAF mandate expired , the Resolute Support mission commenced in January 2015 , based on the successes and commitments of the international community in Afghanistan . Mission : ISAF , Afghanistan - February - August 2007 - February - August 2010 - January 2014 - January 2015 Affiliated Forces . - HQ-Coy ( Szczecin ) - Command Support Brigade ( HQ Szczecin ) - 12th Infantry Division ( Poland ) ( HQ Szczecin ) - 2nd Legion Mechanized Brigade in Złocieniec - 7th Coastal Defense Brigade in Słupsk - 12th Mechanised Brigade in Szczecin - 5th Artillery Regiment in Sulechów - 8th Air Defence Regiment in Koszalin - 12th Command Battalion in Szczeci Commanders . - 1999-2001 – LTG Henrik Ekmann - Deputy Corps Commander – MG Edward Pietrzyk ( since 2000 BG Zdzisław Goral ) - Chief of Staff – BG Joachim Sachau - 2001-2003 – LTG Zygmunt Sadowski - Deputy Corps Commander – MG Rolf Schneider - Chief of Staff – BG Karl Nielsen - 2004-2006 – LTG Egon Ramms - Deputy Corps Commander – MG Rolf Schneider ( since 2004 MG Jan Andersen ) - Chief of Staff – BG Karl Nielsen ( since 2004 BG Henryk Skarżyński ) - 2006-2009 – LTG Zdzisław Goral - Deputy Corps Commander – MG Jan Andersen ( since 2008 MG Ole Køppen ) - Chief of Staff – BG Josef Heinrichs ( since 2008 BG Josef Heinrichs ) - 2009-2012 – LTG Rainer Korff - Deputy Corps Commander – MG Ryszard Sorokosz ( since 2012 MG Bogusław Samol ) - Chief of Staff – BG Morten Danielsson - 2013-2015 – LTG Bogusław Samol ( since December 2012 ) - Deputy Corps Commander – BG Morten Danielsson ( since May 2013 MG Agner Rokos ) - Chief of Staff – BG Lutz Niemann - 2015–2018 LTG Manfred Hofmann - Deputy Corps Commander – BG Krzysztof Król ( till January 2016 MG Agner Rokos ) - Chief of Staff – BG Per Orluff Knudsen ( till January 2016 BG Lutz Niemann ) - 2018–present – LTG Sławomir Wojciechowski - Deputy Corps Commander – Major General Ulrich Hellebjerg - Chief of Staff – BG Wolf-Jürgen Stahl
|
[
"Bogusław Samol"
] |
[
{
"text": " Multinational Corps Northeast was formed on 18 September 1999 at Szczecin , Poland , which became its headquarters . It evolved from what was for many years the only multinational corps in NATO , Allied Land Forces Schleswig-Holstein and Jutland ( LANDJUT ) ( in its turn , a part of Allied Forces Northern Europe ) . From 1962 LANDJUT had been responsible for the defence of the Baltic Approaches from a headquarters at Rendsburg , Germany . It comprised the 6th Panzergrenadier Division and the Danish Jutland Division .",
"title": "Multinational Corps Northeast"
},
{
"text": " A tri-national working group was established following the July 1997 decision that Poland was to be admitted to NATO with the aim of establishing the corps as part of NATO’s Main Defence Forces . Its missions are three-fold : to participate in the collective defence of NATO territory , under Article 5 of the North Atlantic Treaty , to contribute to multinational crisis management including peace support operations , and to provide command and control for humanitarian , rescue , and disaster relief operations .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "In July 1997 , Ministers of Defence of Denmark , Germany and Poland decided to establish a Danish-German-Polish Corps . This corps was to be named Multinational Corps Northeast with its headquarters located in Szczecin , Poland . The Headquarters Allied Land Forces Schleswig-Holstein and Jutland ( LANDJUT ) from Rendsburg in Germany was to form the nucleus of this new command . Ministers of Defence of Denmark , Germany and Poland signed the Corps Convention in 1998 , when Poland was not a member of NATO yet , but the date of the country’s accession ( 12 March 1999",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": ") had already been set . On 18 September 1999 , the three Framework Nations – Denmark , Germany , Poland – could hoist their flags in the Baltic Barracks , the seat of the Corps in Szczecin . The Corps has significantly developed decisively since that time .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Though it is a NATO-affiliated formation , the Corps Convention is a trilateral agreement between the three nations . The positions of commander , deputy commander , and chief of staff rotate between the three nations . For common purposes of practice and training the corps was assigned to Joint Sub-Regional Command Northeast ( JSRC NE ) , at Karup , Denmark . For Article 5 common defence purposes , the Corps was to have been assigned either to JSRC NE or the JSRC Centre at Heidelberg , Germany . Following the latest reorganisation , it might report if designated",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "for operations in Central Europe to Allied Force Command Heidelberg . The 14th Panzergrenadier Division of the German Army used to be part of the Corps , but disbanded at the end of 2008 .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Due to its geographical location , the only NATO HQ East of the former Iron Curtain , Multinational Corps North East has a key function in the integration of new NATO member states . This is reflected in the structure of its personnel . Officers and NCOs from the Czech Republic , Estonia , Latvia , Lithuania and Slovakia are serving at Multinational Corps North East . Since April 2004 , the flags of Estonia , Latvia and Lithuania have been fluttering at the Headquarters . In January 2005 , Slovakia joined Multinational Corps Northeast , whereas the Czech Republic",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "- in October 2005 . The US flag was hoisted in November 2006 indicating the US membership in the Corps . In July 2008 , first Romanian officers arrived to serve at the HQ . In August 2009 , Slovenia entered the MNC NE family . In January 2012 , Croatia officially became the twelfth nation of the Corps . In July 2013 , the flag of Hungary was hoisted in Baltic Barracks . Sweden , a non-NATO member , sent its representative to the Baltic Barracks in autumn 2014 . In 2015 Turkish , British , French and Dutch",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "officers started their tours of duty in Szczecin . Canada , Iceland , Belgium , Norway and Greece joined the Corps in 2016 .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " In 2005 , during the Compact Eagle exercise , the headquarters achieved full operational capability . From January to August 2007 a considerable number of personnel from Multinational Corps Northeast were put at the disposal of ISAFs headquarters in Kabul , Afghanistan . On 5 February 2015 , a trilateral statement by the Corps Convention countries stated , in part , that",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "- At the NATO Summit in September 2014 the Ministers of Defence from Germany , Poland and Denmark informed their colleagues and signed a statement that they had decided to raise the level of readiness of the Headquarters MNC NE from a Forces of Lower Readiness Headquarters to a High Readiness Force Headquarters and to enhance its capability to address future threats and challenges .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "- ..the level of readiness [ of the corps will be raised ] and fulfil a joint and regional role within the framework of NATO’s Readiness Action Plan , for both Assurance and Adaptation Measures in order to exercise command and control in the full range of Alliance missions in the north-eastern region ( Estonia , Latvia , Lithuania and Poland ) of the Alliance with the emphasis on Article 5 operations including command and control over the Very High Readiness Joint Task Force ( VJTF ) . Additionally , MNC NE will execute command and control over the NATO",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Force Integration Units ( NFIUs ) in Estonia , Latvia , Lithuania and Poland .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " In June 2016 , during the exercise Brilliant Capability 16 the Corps has become operationally capable to assume command of the Very High Readiness Joint Task Force , also referred to as the “spearhead force” .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " The MNC NE staff was assigned to the ISAF mission and officially took over their duties for the first time on 4 February 2007 . Nearly 160 officers and non-commissioned officers spent over 6 month in",
"title": "Mission in Afghanistan"
},
{
"text": "Kabul . The majority of the MNC NE staff filled the posts in a newly established composite ISAF Headquarters in Kabul , where they proved their excellent level of preparedness and dedication to work . From February to August 2010 , the personnel of the Corps participated in the ISAF mission for the second time . The majority of approximately 130 officers and non-commissioned officers filled the posts at the ISAF Joint Command , a tactical level headquarters . Serving at different branches , they were gaining valuable mission experience and improving their skills . The third deployment with the",
"title": "Mission in Afghanistan"
},
{
"text": "participation of more than 120 soldiers from the Corps and partnering formations started in January 2014 and ended in January 2015 . As soon as the ISAF mandate expired , the Resolute Support mission commenced in January 2015 , based on the successes and commitments of the international community in Afghanistan .",
"title": "Mission in Afghanistan"
},
{
"text": " Mission : ISAF , Afghanistan - February - August 2007 - February - August 2010 - January 2014 - January 2015",
"title": "Mission in Afghanistan"
},
{
"text": " - HQ-Coy ( Szczecin ) - Command Support Brigade ( HQ Szczecin ) - 12th Infantry Division ( Poland ) ( HQ Szczecin ) - 2nd Legion Mechanized Brigade in Złocieniec - 7th Coastal Defense Brigade in Słupsk - 12th Mechanised Brigade in Szczecin - 5th Artillery Regiment in Sulechów - 8th Air Defence Regiment in Koszalin - 12th Command Battalion in Szczeci",
"title": "Affiliated Forces"
},
{
"text": " - 1999-2001 – LTG Henrik Ekmann - Deputy Corps Commander – MG Edward Pietrzyk ( since 2000 BG Zdzisław Goral ) - Chief of Staff – BG Joachim Sachau - 2001-2003 – LTG Zygmunt Sadowski - Deputy Corps Commander – MG Rolf Schneider - Chief of Staff – BG Karl Nielsen - 2004-2006 – LTG Egon Ramms - Deputy Corps Commander – MG Rolf Schneider ( since 2004 MG Jan Andersen ) - Chief of Staff – BG Karl Nielsen ( since 2004 BG Henryk Skarżyński ) - 2006-2009 – LTG Zdzisław Goral",
"title": "Commanders"
},
{
"text": "- Deputy Corps Commander – MG Jan Andersen ( since 2008 MG Ole Køppen )",
"title": "Commanders"
},
{
"text": " - Chief of Staff – BG Josef Heinrichs ( since 2008 BG Josef Heinrichs ) - 2009-2012 – LTG Rainer Korff - Deputy Corps Commander – MG Ryszard Sorokosz ( since 2012 MG Bogusław Samol ) - Chief of Staff – BG Morten Danielsson - 2013-2015 – LTG Bogusław Samol ( since December 2012 ) - Deputy Corps Commander – BG Morten Danielsson ( since May 2013 MG Agner Rokos ) - Chief of Staff – BG Lutz Niemann - 2015–2018 LTG Manfred Hofmann",
"title": "Commanders"
},
{
"text": "- Deputy Corps Commander – BG Krzysztof Król ( till January 2016 MG Agner Rokos )",
"title": "Commanders"
},
{
"text": " - Chief of Staff – BG Per Orluff Knudsen ( till January 2016 BG Lutz Niemann ) - 2018–present – LTG Sławomir Wojciechowski - Deputy Corps Commander – Major General Ulrich Hellebjerg - Chief of Staff – BG Wolf-Jürgen Stahl",
"title": "Commanders"
}
] |
/wiki/Sheppard_Frere#P108#0
|
What was the name of the employer Sheppard Frere work for between Jul 1947 and Mar 1952?
|
Sheppard Frere Sheppard Sunderland Frere , CBE , FSA , FBA ( 23 August 1916 – 26 February 2015 ) was a British historian and archaeologist who studied the Roman Empire . He was a fellow at All Souls College , Oxford . Biography . The son of Noel Gray Frere , of the Colonial Service , and his wife Agnes ( née Sutherland ) , Sheppard Sam Frere was born in 1916 . He was educated at Lancing College and Magdalene College , Cambridge . He was a master at Epsom College from 1938–41 , and became classics master and housemaster at Lancing College from 1945 to 1954 , when he was in charge of the excavations at Canterbury during his summer vacations . He made a number of broadcasts about his work at that time . He left Lancing in 1954 to become a university lecturer in archaeology at the University of Manchester . His family details and dates are given under the family of Frere in Burkes Landed Gentry for 1969 . For three seasons early in the 1970s , he was in charge of the archaeological summer school that excavated the Roman fort at Strageath , near Crieff , in Perthshire . Between 1955 and 1961 he excavated at Verulamium . He then became Professor of the Archaeology of the Roman Provinces at the University of London from 1961 to 1966 before becoming Professor of the Archaeology of the Roman Empire at Oxford University , where his communicative lectures at the Archaeological Institute , almost always illustrated with visual tools , on Iron Age and Roman Britain and the Rhine frontier of the Roman Empire were well attended . He was married in 1961 to Janet , daughter of Edward Graham Hoare , and had two children , Sarah Barbara Ruth ( born 1962 ) and Bartle Henry David Hoare ( born 1963 ) . He was a 4th cousin of paleontologist Mary Leakey . Frere was elected as a Fellow of the British Academy in 1971 , and became a CBE in 1976 . He became an Honorary Corresponding Member of the Deutsches Archäologisches Institut in 1964 , and a fellow in 1967 . He died in 2015 , aged 98 . Works . - Problems of the Iron Age in Southern Britain ; papers given at a C.B.A . conference held at the Institute of Archaeology , 12 to 14 December 1958 . Edited by S . S . Frere . [ London , University of London , Institute of Archaeology , 1961 ] . - Britannia : A History of Roman Britain , Cambridge , Mass. , Harvard University Press , 1967 . Or , London , Routledge & K . Paul , 1967 . - London : Cardinal , 1974 . - Revised edition . London ; Boston : Routledge & Kegan Paul , 1978 . - 3rd ed. , extensively rev . London ; New York : Routledge & Kegan Paul , 1987 . - 4th ed. , revised . Folio Society , 1999 . - Verulamium Excavations , London , Society of Antiquaries of London ; ( Distributed by Thames and Hudson ) , 1972-<1983 > . ( v . 1 ) - Roman Britain from the Air ( with J . K . S . St Joseph ) . Cambridge [ Cambridgeshire ] ; New York : Cambridge University Press , 1983 . - Trajan’s Column : a new edition of the Cichorius plates ; introduction , commentary , and notes by and Sheppard Frere . Gloucester , UK ; Wolfboro , New Hampshire , US : Alan Sutton , 1988 . - Strageath : excavations within the Roman fort , 1973-86 ; by S . S . Frere and J . J . Wilkes ; with contributions by Anne Anderson .. . [ et al. ] . London : Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies , 1989 . - The Roman inscriptions of Britain . II , Instrumentum domesticum ( personal belongings and the like ) ; by R.G . Collingwood , R.P . Wright , S . Frere , M . Roxan , R . Tomlin . Stroud : Published for the Administrators of the Haverfield Bequest by Alan Sutton Publishing ) , 1990-95 . - Excavations at Bowes and Lease Rigg Roman Forts ; by S . Frere . Leeds : Yorkshire Archaeological Society , 2009 . Festschriften . - Rome and her Northern Provinces : papers presented to Sheppard Frere in honour of his retirement from the Chair of the Archaeology of the Roman Empire , University of Oxford , 1983 ; edited by Brian Hartley and John Wacher . Gloucester [ Gloucestershire ] : A . Sutton , 1983 . ( Includes A bibliography of the published works of Sheppard Frere : p . 4-12. ) - Romanitas : essays on Roman archaeology in honour of Sheppard Frere on the occasion of his ninetieth birthday ; edited by R . J . A . Wilson . Oxford : Oxbow , 2006 . ; External links . - Sheppard Frere at stalbansmuseums.org.uk ( image of Frere sometime between 1955–61 ) - Frere , Prof . Sheppard Sunderland , Whos Who 2011 , A & C Black , 2011 ; online edn , Oxford University Press , Dec 2010 . - Sheppard Frere , Archaeologist - Obituary , The Telegraph , 13 March 2015 .
|
[
"Lancing College"
] |
[
{
"text": " Sheppard Sunderland Frere , CBE , FSA , FBA ( 23 August 1916 – 26 February 2015 ) was a British historian and archaeologist who studied the Roman Empire . He was a fellow at All Souls College , Oxford .",
"title": "Sheppard Frere"
},
{
"text": "The son of Noel Gray Frere , of the Colonial Service , and his wife Agnes ( née Sutherland ) , Sheppard Sam Frere was born in 1916 . He was educated at Lancing College and Magdalene College , Cambridge . He was a master at Epsom College from 1938–41 , and became classics master and housemaster at Lancing College from 1945 to 1954 , when he was in charge of the excavations at Canterbury during his summer vacations . He made a number of broadcasts about his work at that time . He left Lancing in 1954 to become",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "a university lecturer in archaeology at the University of Manchester . His family details and dates are given under the family of Frere in Burkes Landed Gentry for 1969 . For three seasons early in the 1970s , he was in charge of the archaeological summer school that excavated the Roman fort at Strageath , near Crieff , in Perthshire .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "Between 1955 and 1961 he excavated at Verulamium . He then became Professor of the Archaeology of the Roman Provinces at the University of London from 1961 to 1966 before becoming Professor of the Archaeology of the Roman Empire at Oxford University , where his communicative lectures at the Archaeological Institute , almost always illustrated with visual tools , on Iron Age and Roman Britain and the Rhine frontier of the Roman Empire were well attended . He was married in 1961 to Janet , daughter of Edward Graham Hoare , and had two children , Sarah Barbara Ruth (",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "born 1962 ) and Bartle Henry David Hoare ( born 1963 ) . He was a 4th cousin of paleontologist Mary Leakey .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": " Frere was elected as a Fellow of the British Academy in 1971 , and became a CBE in 1976 . He became an Honorary Corresponding Member of the Deutsches Archäologisches Institut in 1964 , and a fellow in 1967 . He died in 2015 , aged 98 .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": " - Problems of the Iron Age in Southern Britain ; papers given at a C.B.A . conference held at the Institute of Archaeology , 12 to 14 December 1958 . Edited by S . S . Frere . [ London , University of London , Institute of Archaeology , 1961 ] . - Britannia : A History of Roman Britain , Cambridge , Mass. , Harvard University Press , 1967 . Or , London , Routledge & K . Paul , 1967 . - London : Cardinal , 1974 .",
"title": "Works"
},
{
"text": "- Revised edition . London ; Boston : Routledge & Kegan Paul , 1978 .",
"title": "Works"
},
{
"text": " - 3rd ed. , extensively rev . London ; New York : Routledge & Kegan Paul , 1987 . - 4th ed. , revised . Folio Society , 1999 . - Verulamium Excavations , London , Society of Antiquaries of London ; ( Distributed by Thames and Hudson ) , 1972-<1983 > . ( v . 1 ) - Roman Britain from the Air ( with J . K . S . St Joseph ) . Cambridge [ Cambridgeshire ] ; New York : Cambridge University Press , 1983 .",
"title": "Works"
},
{
"text": "- Trajan’s Column : a new edition of the Cichorius plates ; introduction , commentary , and notes by and Sheppard Frere . Gloucester , UK ; Wolfboro , New Hampshire , US : Alan Sutton , 1988 .",
"title": "Works"
},
{
"text": " - Strageath : excavations within the Roman fort , 1973-86 ; by S . S . Frere and J . J . Wilkes ; with contributions by Anne Anderson .. . [ et al. ] . London : Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies , 1989 .",
"title": "Works"
},
{
"text": "- The Roman inscriptions of Britain . II , Instrumentum domesticum ( personal belongings and the like ) ; by R.G . Collingwood , R.P . Wright , S . Frere , M . Roxan , R . Tomlin . Stroud : Published for the Administrators of the Haverfield Bequest by Alan Sutton Publishing ) , 1990-95 .",
"title": "Works"
},
{
"text": " - Excavations at Bowes and Lease Rigg Roman Forts ; by S . Frere . Leeds : Yorkshire Archaeological Society , 2009 .",
"title": "Works"
},
{
"text": " - Rome and her Northern Provinces : papers presented to Sheppard Frere in honour of his retirement from the Chair of the Archaeology of the Roman Empire , University of Oxford , 1983 ; edited by Brian Hartley and John Wacher . Gloucester [ Gloucestershire ] : A . Sutton , 1983 . ( Includes A bibliography of the published works of Sheppard Frere : p . 4-12. )",
"title": "Festschriften"
},
{
"text": "- Romanitas : essays on Roman archaeology in honour of Sheppard Frere on the occasion of his ninetieth birthday ; edited by R . J . A . Wilson . Oxford : Oxbow , 2006 . ;",
"title": "Festschriften"
},
{
"text": " - Sheppard Frere at stalbansmuseums.org.uk ( image of Frere sometime between 1955–61 ) - Frere , Prof . Sheppard Sunderland , Whos Who 2011 , A & C Black , 2011 ; online edn , Oxford University Press , Dec 2010 . - Sheppard Frere , Archaeologist - Obituary , The Telegraph , 13 March 2015 .",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Sheppard_Frere#P108#1
|
What was the name of the employer Sheppard Frere work for in Feb 1954?
|
Sheppard Frere Sheppard Sunderland Frere , CBE , FSA , FBA ( 23 August 1916 – 26 February 2015 ) was a British historian and archaeologist who studied the Roman Empire . He was a fellow at All Souls College , Oxford . Biography . The son of Noel Gray Frere , of the Colonial Service , and his wife Agnes ( née Sutherland ) , Sheppard Sam Frere was born in 1916 . He was educated at Lancing College and Magdalene College , Cambridge . He was a master at Epsom College from 1938–41 , and became classics master and housemaster at Lancing College from 1945 to 1954 , when he was in charge of the excavations at Canterbury during his summer vacations . He made a number of broadcasts about his work at that time . He left Lancing in 1954 to become a university lecturer in archaeology at the University of Manchester . His family details and dates are given under the family of Frere in Burkes Landed Gentry for 1969 . For three seasons early in the 1970s , he was in charge of the archaeological summer school that excavated the Roman fort at Strageath , near Crieff , in Perthshire . Between 1955 and 1961 he excavated at Verulamium . He then became Professor of the Archaeology of the Roman Provinces at the University of London from 1961 to 1966 before becoming Professor of the Archaeology of the Roman Empire at Oxford University , where his communicative lectures at the Archaeological Institute , almost always illustrated with visual tools , on Iron Age and Roman Britain and the Rhine frontier of the Roman Empire were well attended . He was married in 1961 to Janet , daughter of Edward Graham Hoare , and had two children , Sarah Barbara Ruth ( born 1962 ) and Bartle Henry David Hoare ( born 1963 ) . He was a 4th cousin of paleontologist Mary Leakey . Frere was elected as a Fellow of the British Academy in 1971 , and became a CBE in 1976 . He became an Honorary Corresponding Member of the Deutsches Archäologisches Institut in 1964 , and a fellow in 1967 . He died in 2015 , aged 98 . Works . - Problems of the Iron Age in Southern Britain ; papers given at a C.B.A . conference held at the Institute of Archaeology , 12 to 14 December 1958 . Edited by S . S . Frere . [ London , University of London , Institute of Archaeology , 1961 ] . - Britannia : A History of Roman Britain , Cambridge , Mass. , Harvard University Press , 1967 . Or , London , Routledge & K . Paul , 1967 . - London : Cardinal , 1974 . - Revised edition . London ; Boston : Routledge & Kegan Paul , 1978 . - 3rd ed. , extensively rev . London ; New York : Routledge & Kegan Paul , 1987 . - 4th ed. , revised . Folio Society , 1999 . - Verulamium Excavations , London , Society of Antiquaries of London ; ( Distributed by Thames and Hudson ) , 1972-<1983 > . ( v . 1 ) - Roman Britain from the Air ( with J . K . S . St Joseph ) . Cambridge [ Cambridgeshire ] ; New York : Cambridge University Press , 1983 . - Trajan’s Column : a new edition of the Cichorius plates ; introduction , commentary , and notes by and Sheppard Frere . Gloucester , UK ; Wolfboro , New Hampshire , US : Alan Sutton , 1988 . - Strageath : excavations within the Roman fort , 1973-86 ; by S . S . Frere and J . J . Wilkes ; with contributions by Anne Anderson .. . [ et al. ] . London : Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies , 1989 . - The Roman inscriptions of Britain . II , Instrumentum domesticum ( personal belongings and the like ) ; by R.G . Collingwood , R.P . Wright , S . Frere , M . Roxan , R . Tomlin . Stroud : Published for the Administrators of the Haverfield Bequest by Alan Sutton Publishing ) , 1990-95 . - Excavations at Bowes and Lease Rigg Roman Forts ; by S . Frere . Leeds : Yorkshire Archaeological Society , 2009 . Festschriften . - Rome and her Northern Provinces : papers presented to Sheppard Frere in honour of his retirement from the Chair of the Archaeology of the Roman Empire , University of Oxford , 1983 ; edited by Brian Hartley and John Wacher . Gloucester [ Gloucestershire ] : A . Sutton , 1983 . ( Includes A bibliography of the published works of Sheppard Frere : p . 4-12. ) - Romanitas : essays on Roman archaeology in honour of Sheppard Frere on the occasion of his ninetieth birthday ; edited by R . J . A . Wilson . Oxford : Oxbow , 2006 . ; External links . - Sheppard Frere at stalbansmuseums.org.uk ( image of Frere sometime between 1955–61 ) - Frere , Prof . Sheppard Sunderland , Whos Who 2011 , A & C Black , 2011 ; online edn , Oxford University Press , Dec 2010 . - Sheppard Frere , Archaeologist - Obituary , The Telegraph , 13 March 2015 .
|
[
"University of Manchester"
] |
[
{
"text": " Sheppard Sunderland Frere , CBE , FSA , FBA ( 23 August 1916 – 26 February 2015 ) was a British historian and archaeologist who studied the Roman Empire . He was a fellow at All Souls College , Oxford .",
"title": "Sheppard Frere"
},
{
"text": "The son of Noel Gray Frere , of the Colonial Service , and his wife Agnes ( née Sutherland ) , Sheppard Sam Frere was born in 1916 . He was educated at Lancing College and Magdalene College , Cambridge . He was a master at Epsom College from 1938–41 , and became classics master and housemaster at Lancing College from 1945 to 1954 , when he was in charge of the excavations at Canterbury during his summer vacations . He made a number of broadcasts about his work at that time . He left Lancing in 1954 to become",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "a university lecturer in archaeology at the University of Manchester . His family details and dates are given under the family of Frere in Burkes Landed Gentry for 1969 . For three seasons early in the 1970s , he was in charge of the archaeological summer school that excavated the Roman fort at Strageath , near Crieff , in Perthshire .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "Between 1955 and 1961 he excavated at Verulamium . He then became Professor of the Archaeology of the Roman Provinces at the University of London from 1961 to 1966 before becoming Professor of the Archaeology of the Roman Empire at Oxford University , where his communicative lectures at the Archaeological Institute , almost always illustrated with visual tools , on Iron Age and Roman Britain and the Rhine frontier of the Roman Empire were well attended . He was married in 1961 to Janet , daughter of Edward Graham Hoare , and had two children , Sarah Barbara Ruth (",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "born 1962 ) and Bartle Henry David Hoare ( born 1963 ) . He was a 4th cousin of paleontologist Mary Leakey .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": " Frere was elected as a Fellow of the British Academy in 1971 , and became a CBE in 1976 . He became an Honorary Corresponding Member of the Deutsches Archäologisches Institut in 1964 , and a fellow in 1967 . He died in 2015 , aged 98 .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": " - Problems of the Iron Age in Southern Britain ; papers given at a C.B.A . conference held at the Institute of Archaeology , 12 to 14 December 1958 . Edited by S . S . Frere . [ London , University of London , Institute of Archaeology , 1961 ] . - Britannia : A History of Roman Britain , Cambridge , Mass. , Harvard University Press , 1967 . Or , London , Routledge & K . Paul , 1967 . - London : Cardinal , 1974 .",
"title": "Works"
},
{
"text": "- Revised edition . London ; Boston : Routledge & Kegan Paul , 1978 .",
"title": "Works"
},
{
"text": " - 3rd ed. , extensively rev . London ; New York : Routledge & Kegan Paul , 1987 . - 4th ed. , revised . Folio Society , 1999 . - Verulamium Excavations , London , Society of Antiquaries of London ; ( Distributed by Thames and Hudson ) , 1972-<1983 > . ( v . 1 ) - Roman Britain from the Air ( with J . K . S . St Joseph ) . Cambridge [ Cambridgeshire ] ; New York : Cambridge University Press , 1983 .",
"title": "Works"
},
{
"text": "- Trajan’s Column : a new edition of the Cichorius plates ; introduction , commentary , and notes by and Sheppard Frere . Gloucester , UK ; Wolfboro , New Hampshire , US : Alan Sutton , 1988 .",
"title": "Works"
},
{
"text": " - Strageath : excavations within the Roman fort , 1973-86 ; by S . S . Frere and J . J . Wilkes ; with contributions by Anne Anderson .. . [ et al. ] . London : Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies , 1989 .",
"title": "Works"
},
{
"text": "- The Roman inscriptions of Britain . II , Instrumentum domesticum ( personal belongings and the like ) ; by R.G . Collingwood , R.P . Wright , S . Frere , M . Roxan , R . Tomlin . Stroud : Published for the Administrators of the Haverfield Bequest by Alan Sutton Publishing ) , 1990-95 .",
"title": "Works"
},
{
"text": " - Excavations at Bowes and Lease Rigg Roman Forts ; by S . Frere . Leeds : Yorkshire Archaeological Society , 2009 .",
"title": "Works"
},
{
"text": " - Rome and her Northern Provinces : papers presented to Sheppard Frere in honour of his retirement from the Chair of the Archaeology of the Roman Empire , University of Oxford , 1983 ; edited by Brian Hartley and John Wacher . Gloucester [ Gloucestershire ] : A . Sutton , 1983 . ( Includes A bibliography of the published works of Sheppard Frere : p . 4-12. )",
"title": "Festschriften"
},
{
"text": "- Romanitas : essays on Roman archaeology in honour of Sheppard Frere on the occasion of his ninetieth birthday ; edited by R . J . A . Wilson . Oxford : Oxbow , 2006 . ;",
"title": "Festschriften"
},
{
"text": " - Sheppard Frere at stalbansmuseums.org.uk ( image of Frere sometime between 1955–61 ) - Frere , Prof . Sheppard Sunderland , Whos Who 2011 , A & C Black , 2011 ; online edn , Oxford University Press , Dec 2010 . - Sheppard Frere , Archaeologist - Obituary , The Telegraph , 13 March 2015 .",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Sheppard_Frere#P108#2
|
What was the name of the employer Sheppard Frere work for between Jul 1955 and Jun 1965?
|
Sheppard Frere Sheppard Sunderland Frere , CBE , FSA , FBA ( 23 August 1916 – 26 February 2015 ) was a British historian and archaeologist who studied the Roman Empire . He was a fellow at All Souls College , Oxford . Biography . The son of Noel Gray Frere , of the Colonial Service , and his wife Agnes ( née Sutherland ) , Sheppard Sam Frere was born in 1916 . He was educated at Lancing College and Magdalene College , Cambridge . He was a master at Epsom College from 1938–41 , and became classics master and housemaster at Lancing College from 1945 to 1954 , when he was in charge of the excavations at Canterbury during his summer vacations . He made a number of broadcasts about his work at that time . He left Lancing in 1954 to become a university lecturer in archaeology at the University of Manchester . His family details and dates are given under the family of Frere in Burkes Landed Gentry for 1969 . For three seasons early in the 1970s , he was in charge of the archaeological summer school that excavated the Roman fort at Strageath , near Crieff , in Perthshire . Between 1955 and 1961 he excavated at Verulamium . He then became Professor of the Archaeology of the Roman Provinces at the University of London from 1961 to 1966 before becoming Professor of the Archaeology of the Roman Empire at Oxford University , where his communicative lectures at the Archaeological Institute , almost always illustrated with visual tools , on Iron Age and Roman Britain and the Rhine frontier of the Roman Empire were well attended . He was married in 1961 to Janet , daughter of Edward Graham Hoare , and had two children , Sarah Barbara Ruth ( born 1962 ) and Bartle Henry David Hoare ( born 1963 ) . He was a 4th cousin of paleontologist Mary Leakey . Frere was elected as a Fellow of the British Academy in 1971 , and became a CBE in 1976 . He became an Honorary Corresponding Member of the Deutsches Archäologisches Institut in 1964 , and a fellow in 1967 . He died in 2015 , aged 98 . Works . - Problems of the Iron Age in Southern Britain ; papers given at a C.B.A . conference held at the Institute of Archaeology , 12 to 14 December 1958 . Edited by S . S . Frere . [ London , University of London , Institute of Archaeology , 1961 ] . - Britannia : A History of Roman Britain , Cambridge , Mass. , Harvard University Press , 1967 . Or , London , Routledge & K . Paul , 1967 . - London : Cardinal , 1974 . - Revised edition . London ; Boston : Routledge & Kegan Paul , 1978 . - 3rd ed. , extensively rev . London ; New York : Routledge & Kegan Paul , 1987 . - 4th ed. , revised . Folio Society , 1999 . - Verulamium Excavations , London , Society of Antiquaries of London ; ( Distributed by Thames and Hudson ) , 1972-<1983 > . ( v . 1 ) - Roman Britain from the Air ( with J . K . S . St Joseph ) . Cambridge [ Cambridgeshire ] ; New York : Cambridge University Press , 1983 . - Trajan’s Column : a new edition of the Cichorius plates ; introduction , commentary , and notes by and Sheppard Frere . Gloucester , UK ; Wolfboro , New Hampshire , US : Alan Sutton , 1988 . - Strageath : excavations within the Roman fort , 1973-86 ; by S . S . Frere and J . J . Wilkes ; with contributions by Anne Anderson .. . [ et al. ] . London : Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies , 1989 . - The Roman inscriptions of Britain . II , Instrumentum domesticum ( personal belongings and the like ) ; by R.G . Collingwood , R.P . Wright , S . Frere , M . Roxan , R . Tomlin . Stroud : Published for the Administrators of the Haverfield Bequest by Alan Sutton Publishing ) , 1990-95 . - Excavations at Bowes and Lease Rigg Roman Forts ; by S . Frere . Leeds : Yorkshire Archaeological Society , 2009 . Festschriften . - Rome and her Northern Provinces : papers presented to Sheppard Frere in honour of his retirement from the Chair of the Archaeology of the Roman Empire , University of Oxford , 1983 ; edited by Brian Hartley and John Wacher . Gloucester [ Gloucestershire ] : A . Sutton , 1983 . ( Includes A bibliography of the published works of Sheppard Frere : p . 4-12. ) - Romanitas : essays on Roman archaeology in honour of Sheppard Frere on the occasion of his ninetieth birthday ; edited by R . J . A . Wilson . Oxford : Oxbow , 2006 . ; External links . - Sheppard Frere at stalbansmuseums.org.uk ( image of Frere sometime between 1955–61 ) - Frere , Prof . Sheppard Sunderland , Whos Who 2011 , A & C Black , 2011 ; online edn , Oxford University Press , Dec 2010 . - Sheppard Frere , Archaeologist - Obituary , The Telegraph , 13 March 2015 .
|
[
"Institute of Archaeology"
] |
[
{
"text": " Sheppard Sunderland Frere , CBE , FSA , FBA ( 23 August 1916 – 26 February 2015 ) was a British historian and archaeologist who studied the Roman Empire . He was a fellow at All Souls College , Oxford .",
"title": "Sheppard Frere"
},
{
"text": "The son of Noel Gray Frere , of the Colonial Service , and his wife Agnes ( née Sutherland ) , Sheppard Sam Frere was born in 1916 . He was educated at Lancing College and Magdalene College , Cambridge . He was a master at Epsom College from 1938–41 , and became classics master and housemaster at Lancing College from 1945 to 1954 , when he was in charge of the excavations at Canterbury during his summer vacations . He made a number of broadcasts about his work at that time . He left Lancing in 1954 to become",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "a university lecturer in archaeology at the University of Manchester . His family details and dates are given under the family of Frere in Burkes Landed Gentry for 1969 . For three seasons early in the 1970s , he was in charge of the archaeological summer school that excavated the Roman fort at Strageath , near Crieff , in Perthshire .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "Between 1955 and 1961 he excavated at Verulamium . He then became Professor of the Archaeology of the Roman Provinces at the University of London from 1961 to 1966 before becoming Professor of the Archaeology of the Roman Empire at Oxford University , where his communicative lectures at the Archaeological Institute , almost always illustrated with visual tools , on Iron Age and Roman Britain and the Rhine frontier of the Roman Empire were well attended . He was married in 1961 to Janet , daughter of Edward Graham Hoare , and had two children , Sarah Barbara Ruth (",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "born 1962 ) and Bartle Henry David Hoare ( born 1963 ) . He was a 4th cousin of paleontologist Mary Leakey .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": " Frere was elected as a Fellow of the British Academy in 1971 , and became a CBE in 1976 . He became an Honorary Corresponding Member of the Deutsches Archäologisches Institut in 1964 , and a fellow in 1967 . He died in 2015 , aged 98 .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": " - Problems of the Iron Age in Southern Britain ; papers given at a C.B.A . conference held at the Institute of Archaeology , 12 to 14 December 1958 . Edited by S . S . Frere . [ London , University of London , Institute of Archaeology , 1961 ] . - Britannia : A History of Roman Britain , Cambridge , Mass. , Harvard University Press , 1967 . Or , London , Routledge & K . Paul , 1967 . - London : Cardinal , 1974 .",
"title": "Works"
},
{
"text": "- Revised edition . London ; Boston : Routledge & Kegan Paul , 1978 .",
"title": "Works"
},
{
"text": " - 3rd ed. , extensively rev . London ; New York : Routledge & Kegan Paul , 1987 . - 4th ed. , revised . Folio Society , 1999 . - Verulamium Excavations , London , Society of Antiquaries of London ; ( Distributed by Thames and Hudson ) , 1972-<1983 > . ( v . 1 ) - Roman Britain from the Air ( with J . K . S . St Joseph ) . Cambridge [ Cambridgeshire ] ; New York : Cambridge University Press , 1983 .",
"title": "Works"
},
{
"text": "- Trajan’s Column : a new edition of the Cichorius plates ; introduction , commentary , and notes by and Sheppard Frere . Gloucester , UK ; Wolfboro , New Hampshire , US : Alan Sutton , 1988 .",
"title": "Works"
},
{
"text": " - Strageath : excavations within the Roman fort , 1973-86 ; by S . S . Frere and J . J . Wilkes ; with contributions by Anne Anderson .. . [ et al. ] . London : Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies , 1989 .",
"title": "Works"
},
{
"text": "- The Roman inscriptions of Britain . II , Instrumentum domesticum ( personal belongings and the like ) ; by R.G . Collingwood , R.P . Wright , S . Frere , M . Roxan , R . Tomlin . Stroud : Published for the Administrators of the Haverfield Bequest by Alan Sutton Publishing ) , 1990-95 .",
"title": "Works"
},
{
"text": " - Excavations at Bowes and Lease Rigg Roman Forts ; by S . Frere . Leeds : Yorkshire Archaeological Society , 2009 .",
"title": "Works"
},
{
"text": " - Rome and her Northern Provinces : papers presented to Sheppard Frere in honour of his retirement from the Chair of the Archaeology of the Roman Empire , University of Oxford , 1983 ; edited by Brian Hartley and John Wacher . Gloucester [ Gloucestershire ] : A . Sutton , 1983 . ( Includes A bibliography of the published works of Sheppard Frere : p . 4-12. )",
"title": "Festschriften"
},
{
"text": "- Romanitas : essays on Roman archaeology in honour of Sheppard Frere on the occasion of his ninetieth birthday ; edited by R . J . A . Wilson . Oxford : Oxbow , 2006 . ;",
"title": "Festschriften"
},
{
"text": " - Sheppard Frere at stalbansmuseums.org.uk ( image of Frere sometime between 1955–61 ) - Frere , Prof . Sheppard Sunderland , Whos Who 2011 , A & C Black , 2011 ; online edn , Oxford University Press , Dec 2010 . - Sheppard Frere , Archaeologist - Obituary , The Telegraph , 13 March 2015 .",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Sheppard_Frere#P108#3
|
What was the name of the employer Sheppard Frere work for in Aug 1979?
|
Sheppard Frere Sheppard Sunderland Frere , CBE , FSA , FBA ( 23 August 1916 – 26 February 2015 ) was a British historian and archaeologist who studied the Roman Empire . He was a fellow at All Souls College , Oxford . Biography . The son of Noel Gray Frere , of the Colonial Service , and his wife Agnes ( née Sutherland ) , Sheppard Sam Frere was born in 1916 . He was educated at Lancing College and Magdalene College , Cambridge . He was a master at Epsom College from 1938–41 , and became classics master and housemaster at Lancing College from 1945 to 1954 , when he was in charge of the excavations at Canterbury during his summer vacations . He made a number of broadcasts about his work at that time . He left Lancing in 1954 to become a university lecturer in archaeology at the University of Manchester . His family details and dates are given under the family of Frere in Burkes Landed Gentry for 1969 . For three seasons early in the 1970s , he was in charge of the archaeological summer school that excavated the Roman fort at Strageath , near Crieff , in Perthshire . Between 1955 and 1961 he excavated at Verulamium . He then became Professor of the Archaeology of the Roman Provinces at the University of London from 1961 to 1966 before becoming Professor of the Archaeology of the Roman Empire at Oxford University , where his communicative lectures at the Archaeological Institute , almost always illustrated with visual tools , on Iron Age and Roman Britain and the Rhine frontier of the Roman Empire were well attended . He was married in 1961 to Janet , daughter of Edward Graham Hoare , and had two children , Sarah Barbara Ruth ( born 1962 ) and Bartle Henry David Hoare ( born 1963 ) . He was a 4th cousin of paleontologist Mary Leakey . Frere was elected as a Fellow of the British Academy in 1971 , and became a CBE in 1976 . He became an Honorary Corresponding Member of the Deutsches Archäologisches Institut in 1964 , and a fellow in 1967 . He died in 2015 , aged 98 . Works . - Problems of the Iron Age in Southern Britain ; papers given at a C.B.A . conference held at the Institute of Archaeology , 12 to 14 December 1958 . Edited by S . S . Frere . [ London , University of London , Institute of Archaeology , 1961 ] . - Britannia : A History of Roman Britain , Cambridge , Mass. , Harvard University Press , 1967 . Or , London , Routledge & K . Paul , 1967 . - London : Cardinal , 1974 . - Revised edition . London ; Boston : Routledge & Kegan Paul , 1978 . - 3rd ed. , extensively rev . London ; New York : Routledge & Kegan Paul , 1987 . - 4th ed. , revised . Folio Society , 1999 . - Verulamium Excavations , London , Society of Antiquaries of London ; ( Distributed by Thames and Hudson ) , 1972-<1983 > . ( v . 1 ) - Roman Britain from the Air ( with J . K . S . St Joseph ) . Cambridge [ Cambridgeshire ] ; New York : Cambridge University Press , 1983 . - Trajan’s Column : a new edition of the Cichorius plates ; introduction , commentary , and notes by and Sheppard Frere . Gloucester , UK ; Wolfboro , New Hampshire , US : Alan Sutton , 1988 . - Strageath : excavations within the Roman fort , 1973-86 ; by S . S . Frere and J . J . Wilkes ; with contributions by Anne Anderson .. . [ et al. ] . London : Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies , 1989 . - The Roman inscriptions of Britain . II , Instrumentum domesticum ( personal belongings and the like ) ; by R.G . Collingwood , R.P . Wright , S . Frere , M . Roxan , R . Tomlin . Stroud : Published for the Administrators of the Haverfield Bequest by Alan Sutton Publishing ) , 1990-95 . - Excavations at Bowes and Lease Rigg Roman Forts ; by S . Frere . Leeds : Yorkshire Archaeological Society , 2009 . Festschriften . - Rome and her Northern Provinces : papers presented to Sheppard Frere in honour of his retirement from the Chair of the Archaeology of the Roman Empire , University of Oxford , 1983 ; edited by Brian Hartley and John Wacher . Gloucester [ Gloucestershire ] : A . Sutton , 1983 . ( Includes A bibliography of the published works of Sheppard Frere : p . 4-12. ) - Romanitas : essays on Roman archaeology in honour of Sheppard Frere on the occasion of his ninetieth birthday ; edited by R . J . A . Wilson . Oxford : Oxbow , 2006 . ; External links . - Sheppard Frere at stalbansmuseums.org.uk ( image of Frere sometime between 1955–61 ) - Frere , Prof . Sheppard Sunderland , Whos Who 2011 , A & C Black , 2011 ; online edn , Oxford University Press , Dec 2010 . - Sheppard Frere , Archaeologist - Obituary , The Telegraph , 13 March 2015 .
|
[
"University of Oxford"
] |
[
{
"text": " Sheppard Sunderland Frere , CBE , FSA , FBA ( 23 August 1916 – 26 February 2015 ) was a British historian and archaeologist who studied the Roman Empire . He was a fellow at All Souls College , Oxford .",
"title": "Sheppard Frere"
},
{
"text": "The son of Noel Gray Frere , of the Colonial Service , and his wife Agnes ( née Sutherland ) , Sheppard Sam Frere was born in 1916 . He was educated at Lancing College and Magdalene College , Cambridge . He was a master at Epsom College from 1938–41 , and became classics master and housemaster at Lancing College from 1945 to 1954 , when he was in charge of the excavations at Canterbury during his summer vacations . He made a number of broadcasts about his work at that time . He left Lancing in 1954 to become",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "a university lecturer in archaeology at the University of Manchester . His family details and dates are given under the family of Frere in Burkes Landed Gentry for 1969 . For three seasons early in the 1970s , he was in charge of the archaeological summer school that excavated the Roman fort at Strageath , near Crieff , in Perthshire .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "Between 1955 and 1961 he excavated at Verulamium . He then became Professor of the Archaeology of the Roman Provinces at the University of London from 1961 to 1966 before becoming Professor of the Archaeology of the Roman Empire at Oxford University , where his communicative lectures at the Archaeological Institute , almost always illustrated with visual tools , on Iron Age and Roman Britain and the Rhine frontier of the Roman Empire were well attended . He was married in 1961 to Janet , daughter of Edward Graham Hoare , and had two children , Sarah Barbara Ruth (",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "born 1962 ) and Bartle Henry David Hoare ( born 1963 ) . He was a 4th cousin of paleontologist Mary Leakey .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": " Frere was elected as a Fellow of the British Academy in 1971 , and became a CBE in 1976 . He became an Honorary Corresponding Member of the Deutsches Archäologisches Institut in 1964 , and a fellow in 1967 . He died in 2015 , aged 98 .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": " - Problems of the Iron Age in Southern Britain ; papers given at a C.B.A . conference held at the Institute of Archaeology , 12 to 14 December 1958 . Edited by S . S . Frere . [ London , University of London , Institute of Archaeology , 1961 ] . - Britannia : A History of Roman Britain , Cambridge , Mass. , Harvard University Press , 1967 . Or , London , Routledge & K . Paul , 1967 . - London : Cardinal , 1974 .",
"title": "Works"
},
{
"text": "- Revised edition . London ; Boston : Routledge & Kegan Paul , 1978 .",
"title": "Works"
},
{
"text": " - 3rd ed. , extensively rev . London ; New York : Routledge & Kegan Paul , 1987 . - 4th ed. , revised . Folio Society , 1999 . - Verulamium Excavations , London , Society of Antiquaries of London ; ( Distributed by Thames and Hudson ) , 1972-<1983 > . ( v . 1 ) - Roman Britain from the Air ( with J . K . S . St Joseph ) . Cambridge [ Cambridgeshire ] ; New York : Cambridge University Press , 1983 .",
"title": "Works"
},
{
"text": "- Trajan’s Column : a new edition of the Cichorius plates ; introduction , commentary , and notes by and Sheppard Frere . Gloucester , UK ; Wolfboro , New Hampshire , US : Alan Sutton , 1988 .",
"title": "Works"
},
{
"text": " - Strageath : excavations within the Roman fort , 1973-86 ; by S . S . Frere and J . J . Wilkes ; with contributions by Anne Anderson .. . [ et al. ] . London : Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies , 1989 .",
"title": "Works"
},
{
"text": "- The Roman inscriptions of Britain . II , Instrumentum domesticum ( personal belongings and the like ) ; by R.G . Collingwood , R.P . Wright , S . Frere , M . Roxan , R . Tomlin . Stroud : Published for the Administrators of the Haverfield Bequest by Alan Sutton Publishing ) , 1990-95 .",
"title": "Works"
},
{
"text": " - Excavations at Bowes and Lease Rigg Roman Forts ; by S . Frere . Leeds : Yorkshire Archaeological Society , 2009 .",
"title": "Works"
},
{
"text": " - Rome and her Northern Provinces : papers presented to Sheppard Frere in honour of his retirement from the Chair of the Archaeology of the Roman Empire , University of Oxford , 1983 ; edited by Brian Hartley and John Wacher . Gloucester [ Gloucestershire ] : A . Sutton , 1983 . ( Includes A bibliography of the published works of Sheppard Frere : p . 4-12. )",
"title": "Festschriften"
},
{
"text": "- Romanitas : essays on Roman archaeology in honour of Sheppard Frere on the occasion of his ninetieth birthday ; edited by R . J . A . Wilson . Oxford : Oxbow , 2006 . ;",
"title": "Festschriften"
},
{
"text": " - Sheppard Frere at stalbansmuseums.org.uk ( image of Frere sometime between 1955–61 ) - Frere , Prof . Sheppard Sunderland , Whos Who 2011 , A & C Black , 2011 ; online edn , Oxford University Press , Dec 2010 . - Sheppard Frere , Archaeologist - Obituary , The Telegraph , 13 March 2015 .",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Pirate_Party_(Sweden)#P488#0
|
Who was the chair of Pirate Party (Sweden) before Nov 2009?
|
Pirate Party ( Sweden ) The Pirate Party ( ) is a political party in Sweden founded in 2006 . Its sudden popularity has given rise to parties with the same name and similar goals in Europe and worldwide , forming the International Pirate Party movement . The Pirate Party was initially formed to reform laws regarding copyright and patents . The party agenda includes support for strengthening the individuals right to privacy , both on the Internet and in everyday life , and the transparency of state administration . The Pirate Party has intentionally chosen to be bloc independent of the traditional left-right scale to pursue their political agenda with all mainstream parties . The party originally stayed neutral on other matters , but started broadening into other political areas in 2012 . The Pirate Party participated in the 2006 Riksdag elections and gained 0.63% of the votes , making them the third largest party outside parliament . In terms of membership , it passed the Green Party in December 2008 , the Left Party in February 2009 , the Liberal Peoples Party and the Christian Democrats in April 2009 , and the Centre Party in May 2009 , making it , for the time being , the third largest political party in Sweden by membership . The Pirate Partys associated youth organisation , Young Pirate ( ) , was , for a part of 2009 and 2010 , the largest political youth organisation in Sweden by membership count . The Pirate Party came 5th in the 2009 European Parliament elections with 7.13% of the vote and 1 MEP ( increasing to 2 after ratification of the Lisbon Treaty ) . Christian Engström became the first MEP for the party , and Amelia Andersdotter took the second seat on 1 December 2009 . Rick Falkvinge , founder of the party , stepped down on 1 January 2011 after five years as party leader , making vice leader Anna Troberg the party leader . On 1 December 2014 , Anna Troberg announced that she would not be available for re-election in 2015 after her term ended on 31 December 2014 . Declaration of principles . The party advocates a severe reduction of economic sole right of copyrighted works , which today exist for 70 years after the creators death . They also advocate releasing all non-commercial sharing of copyrighted material , which means that all films , phonograms and programs can be shared freely as long as the operation isnt run commercially . The party also has personal privacy as a core value , and is critical towards laws such as ACTA , IPRED , the Telecoms Package , and the change in legislation regulating the National Defence Radio Establishment ( FRA ) . The party advocates strengthened individual privacy , are against the Data Retention Directive , wants to elevate secrecy of correspondence to general secrecy of communication , and create a constitutional right to privacy . The party also seeks to modify the laws of intellectual property ( copyright and patent ) , but doesnt want to change the laws of trademarks or industrial design rights . The party views itself as a defender of the individuals civil rights especially with regards to surveillance , government accountability and political and business corruption . Before the Swedish general election of 2010 the party stayed neutral in all other political matters , and could be considered a single-issue party . After 2010 the party started opening up for a broader political agenda . A new declaration of principles was formed in 2011 , and at the spring member meeting of 2012 several new political standpoints were decided on areas such as school , research and health care . History . Founding . The website for the Pirate Party was launched on 1 January 2006 ( at 20.30 CEST ) , marking the foundation of the Party . Six phases were presented on the website , with phase one being the collection of at least 2,000 signatures ( 500 more than required ) to be handed over to the Swedish Election Authority before the 4th of February ( the deadline for registering being February 28 ) , so that the Party would be allowed to participate in the upcoming 17 September general election . In less than 24 hours after the opening of the website , the Party had collected over 2,000 signatures ( 2,268 at 16.05 CEST ) . By the morning of the 3rd of January , the Party closed the signature collection . In about 36 hours , they had gathered 4,725 signatures . As signatories are required by Swedish election law to identify themselves when giving support for a new party , international media reported this as a significant feat , given the nature of the Party . However , signatures presented to the election authorities are required to be handwritten . The goal of at least 1,500 handwritten signatures was reached February 10 and the final confirmation from the authorities was presented three days later . The Party claimed to have recruited 900 members within the first month , each member paying a membership fee of 5 Swedish kronor ( approx . US$0.69 , c.2006 ) , payable by SMS ( The Party has since changed to free member registration ) . Phases two to five included registering with the Election Authority , getting candidates for the Riksdag , raising money for printing ballots , and preparing an organization for the election , including local organizations in all municipalities of Sweden with a population in excess of 50,000 , which in 2005 meant 43 municipalities . During this phase fundraising was also started , with an initial goal of raising 1 million SEK ( $126,409 ) . The sixth and final phase was the election itself . The Party , which claims that there are between 800,000 and 1.1 million active file sharers in Sweden , hoped that at least 225,000 ( 4% of all the voters in Sweden ) of those would vote for the party , granting them membership in Parliament . Initial media attention . Media quickly picked up on the movement . On Monday 2 January 2006 , a large Swedish financial newspaper , Dagens Industri , produced a story on what was happening . By 3 pm , the media seemed irritated that no owner of the website was listed or easy to track down ; some reports listed the website as not serious and a PR stunt . However , the largest Swedish tabloid , Aftonbladet , managed to track down the Party leader Rickard Falkvinge at work . Falkvinge , however , was unable to explain the Partys positions while at work , bringing this information gathering effort to an abrupt end . On 3 January 2006 , all the major Swedish news outlets had produced stories on the Party . Aftonbladet posted an online poll indicating that its readers gave the Party a 61% approval rating , and IDG produced a longer front page interview with Falkvinge in the afternoon . IDG also posted an online poll similar to the first , with similar results . The Party website was also slashdotted . The Pirate Partys web server received one million hits on its first day of operation , two million the next . On 4 January , international media and radio stations picked up the story . A major Swedish radio station broadcast an interview with Falkvinge about the unexpected amount of attention the initiative received . More attention followed on Thursday , including coverage by the BBC World Service , the first global radio station to produce a story on the Pirate Party initiative . At the end of the first week , the Pirate Party platform had been covered by over 500 English-language and over 600 Swedish-language media outlets . The Pirate Bay trial . On 31 May 2006 , Swedish police raided a facility hosting The Pirate Bay ( and Piratbyrån , along with over 200 other independent site owners , hosted at the same facility ) , leading to a breakthrough for the Pirate Party in the public eye . Before the raid , the Party was steadily growing with some ten new members every day , but the raid caused a surge of 500 new members by the end of the day , with a membership count of 2,680 . The next day another 930 people had registered membership , giving a total of 3,611 members , more than doubling their original number . During parts of 2006 Mikael Viborg , who is also known as the legal advisor of the popular BitTorrent tracker , The Pirate Bay was a board member of the Pirate Party . On 3 June 2006 , the Party performed a pirate demonstration in Stockholm and Gothenburg . The demonstration was in collaboration with the youth sections of some other political parties ( the Young Liberals , Young Greens and Young Left ) . Within a few days the file sharing issue had become the focus of national debate , followed by national as well as international media . Along with criticizing the approach to restricting Pirate Bays file sharing by the Minister for Justice Thomas Bodström , the right to free information and rule of law became the Partys main standpoints . The Pirate Party had over 50,189 members – more members than 5 of the 7 parties in the Swedish Parliament – and was the third largest political party in Sweden by member count . Pirate Partys youth organisation , Young Pirate , had more than 21,800 members , making it the largest political youth organisation in Sweden . Since 17 April 2009 , the party had more than tripled in size . Large increases in membership were associated with the controversial legislative change regulating signals intelligence , the IPRED law regarding copyright holder access to ISP subscriber information and the trial against The Pirate Bay . On 17 April 2009 the court reached a guilty verdict in the Pirate Bay trial and on the same day the Pirate Party gained 3,000 new members within 7 hours , making it larger in terms of members than 3 of the 7 parties in the Parliament of Sweden . A total of over 9,000 new members joined the party on that day and the day after . One week later it reached 40,000 members , compared to 15,000 members before the verdict . On 30 April 2009 , a newspaper election poll reported the Pirate Party vote to be 5.1% for the upcoming European Parliament election . Another more recent poll conducted by polling organization Demoskop for newspaper Upsala Nya Tidning gave the party 7.9% . The party eventually received 7.1% of the vote in the 7th June election , and won a seat in the European Parliament . 2010s decade . On 18 May 2010 , The Pirate Bay started hosting its site through bandwidth delivered from the Pirate Party . On 17 August 2010 , it was announced that the Pirate Party will be hosting and managing many of WikiLeaks new servers . The party donates servers and bandwidth to WikiLeaks without charge . Technicians of the party will make sure that the servers are maintained and working . On 19 September 2010 , the party won 0.7% of the votes in the 2010 general election , slightly increasing its performance in comparison to the 2006 general election . On 1 January 2011 , the party celebrated its five-year anniversary with a Bambuser live broadcast with party leader Rick Falkvinge and vice party leader Anna Troberg . Live in the video , Falkvinge sent a tweet saying he stepped down as party leader , and he announced that his successor would be Troberg . Falkvinge now works as an evangelist , spreading the politics of the Pirate Party in and out of Europe . In December 2011 , the party launched Free & Social , a social networking/microblogging service . In the 2014 general election and the 2014 European Parliament election the party won 0.4% respectively 2.2% of the votes and consequently lost their seats in the European Parliament . In the 2018 general election and the 2019 European Parliament election the party won 0.1% respectively 0.6% of the votes . After peaking at about 50,000 in late 2009 the membership numbers did steadily decline to about 2,500 party members in early 2020 . Political impact . National . Less than a week before the 2006 elections , the Green Party shifted their stance on copyright reform . Additionally , both the Moderate Party and the Left Party changed their stances on internet downloads , and both prime ministerial candidates stated publicly that it shouldnt be illegal for young people to share files . Several influential analysts have credited the Pirate Party and its rising popularity for this shift in the political climate ; these include a panel of senior editors at International Data Group and political analysts at the largest morning newspaper , Dagens Nyheter . Additionally , the then Swedish Minister of Justice Thomas Bodström , announced on 9 June that he was willing to negotiate a possible revision of the law introduced in 2005 that made unauthorised downloading of copyrighted material illegal , introducing a new tax on broadband Internet access , but he later denied having changed his stance on the issue . After the 2006 elections , the issue faded from the public debate . In January 2008 , seven Swedish members of parliament from the conservative Moderate Party , senior member of the governing Alliance coalition , authored a piece in a Swedish tabloid calling for the complete decriminalisation of filesharing . The Swedish members of parliament wrote that Decriminalising all non-commercial file sharing and forcing the market to adapt is not just the best solution . Its the only solution , unless we want an ever more extensive control of what citizens do on the Internet . International . Outside Sweden , pirate parties have been started in some 33 countries , inspired by the Swedish initiative . They cooperate through Pirate Parties International ( PPI ) . The Pirate Party of Germany gained seats in the city council of Münster and Aachen in August 2009 , and in the federal election a month later they received 2.0% of the party list votes , becoming the biggest party outside the Bundestag . In the election to the Abgeordnetenhaus in Berlin in September 2011 , the Pirate Party received 9% of the votes and , for the first time in Germany , gained seats in a state parliament . Free software . Richard Stallman has expressed concern that the Pirate Partys goal of reducing copyright term to 5 years could harm the free software movement . Many free software licenses , mainly the GPL , are based on long-term copyrights . Stallman argues that if copyright terms are reduced to 5 years , proprietary software vendors would be able to take free software and use it in proprietary software once the copyright expires . But proprietary software is restricted by EULAs in addition to copyright , and the source code is not available , rendering the proprietary software unusable for free software developers even after its copyright expires . Stallman suggests that under this new copyright law , proprietary software developers should put their code in escrow when the softwares binaries are released and then release their software into the public domain immediately after their copyright expires . Election results , voter base . 2006 Swedish general election . The Pirate Party attracted 34,918 votes in the Swedish general election of 2006 , their first participation at an election for parliament since the founding of the party less than 9 months prior . With 0.63% of the overall votes , it became the 10th biggest party of more than 40 participating . However , a voting result of less than 4% of the total votes does not qualify the party for seats in the Swedish Parliament . Getting more than 1% of the vote would have granted the party financial assistance from the state for printing ballots which is costly in Sweden , while at least 2.5% would grant them state funds for campaigning in the next election . Despite the setbacks , Falkvinge began planning for the Swedish general election in 2010 . 2009 European Parliament election . In the first pre-election poll before the 2009 European Parliament election , the Pirate Party registered at 5.1% , which would be enough to get a seat in the parliament . The support for the party was concentrated among younger voters , especially those of ages 18–29 ( where it was the second largest party ) and 30–44 ( where it was the fourth largest ) . By 22 May 2009 , a Demoskop poll showed a 7.9% support amongst Swedish voters , making the Pirate Party the third largest party . A week later this had grown to 8.2% and a projected two seats in Parliament , with 21.8% support amongst people aged 18–29 . The partys top two candidates were Christian Engström and Amelia Andersdotter . A model-based prediction for the 2009 European Parliament election by political scientists estimated on 4 June 2009 that the Pirate Party could be the third largest party from Sweden , gaining 2 seats . The Pirate Party got enough votes for at least one seat of the 18 available seats Sweden then had at the European Parliament , getting 7.1% of the Swedish votes . Following the ratification of the Treaty of Lisbon , a second seat was given to Amelia Andersdotter on December 1 , 2009 . The Pirate Party joined The Greens-European Free Alliance group . The Pirate Party of Germany also participated in the European Parliament elections , which was their first participation in a nationwide election , and achieved 0.9% in Germany , getting 230,000 votes . They missed the 5% level by a wide margin but qualified for public funding . 2010 election . In the 2010 general election , the Pirate Party increased their percentage of the vote by 0.02% , bringing it to a total of 0.65% , remaining under the required amount to gain a seat , but becoming the biggest party outside of Parliament . Relations to other Swedish pirate organizations . There are three major pirate organisations in Sweden : the political Pirate Party , the now-defunct NGO Piratbyrån ( Pirate Bureau ) , and the BitTorrent tracker The Pirate Bay . Of these three , Piratbyrån and The Pirate Bay share a common history but are now separate , whereas the Pirate Party developed on a completely separate and parallel track , founded by Falkvinge , and was initially unrelated to the other two . This was until 18 May 2010 , when the Pirate Party became The Pirate Bays ISP in response to an injunction that temporarily shut down access to The Pirate Bay , with the Pirate Party stating that It is time to take the bull by the horns and stand up for what we believe is a legitimate activity .
|
[
"Rick Falkvinge"
] |
[
{
"text": " The Pirate Party ( ) is a political party in Sweden founded in 2006 . Its sudden popularity has given rise to parties with the same name and similar goals in Europe and worldwide , forming the International Pirate Party movement .",
"title": "Pirate Party ( Sweden )"
},
{
"text": "The Pirate Party was initially formed to reform laws regarding copyright and patents . The party agenda includes support for strengthening the individuals right to privacy , both on the Internet and in everyday life , and the transparency of state administration . The Pirate Party has intentionally chosen to be bloc independent of the traditional left-right scale to pursue their political agenda with all mainstream parties . The party originally stayed neutral on other matters , but started broadening into other political areas in 2012 .",
"title": "Pirate Party ( Sweden )"
},
{
"text": "The Pirate Party participated in the 2006 Riksdag elections and gained 0.63% of the votes , making them the third largest party outside parliament . In terms of membership , it passed the Green Party in December 2008 , the Left Party in February 2009 , the Liberal Peoples Party and the Christian Democrats in April 2009 , and the Centre Party in May 2009 , making it , for the time being , the third largest political party in Sweden by membership . The Pirate Partys associated youth organisation , Young Pirate ( ) , was , for a",
"title": "Pirate Party ( Sweden )"
},
{
"text": "part of 2009 and 2010 , the largest political youth organisation in Sweden by membership count .",
"title": "Pirate Party ( Sweden )"
},
{
"text": " The Pirate Party came 5th in the 2009 European Parliament elections with 7.13% of the vote and 1 MEP ( increasing to 2 after ratification of the Lisbon Treaty ) . Christian Engström became the first MEP for the party , and Amelia Andersdotter took the second seat on 1 December 2009 . Rick Falkvinge , founder of the party , stepped down on 1 January 2011 after five years as party leader , making vice leader Anna Troberg the party leader .",
"title": "Pirate Party ( Sweden )"
},
{
"text": "On 1 December 2014 , Anna Troberg announced that she would not be available for re-election in 2015 after her term ended on 31 December 2014 .",
"title": "Pirate Party ( Sweden )"
},
{
"text": " The party advocates a severe reduction of economic sole right of copyrighted works , which today exist for 70 years after the creators death . They also advocate releasing all non-commercial sharing of copyrighted material , which means that all films , phonograms and programs can be shared freely as long as the operation isnt run commercially . The party also has personal privacy as a core value , and is critical towards laws such as ACTA , IPRED , the Telecoms Package , and the change in legislation regulating the National Defence Radio Establishment ( FRA ) .",
"title": "Declaration of principles"
},
{
"text": "The party advocates strengthened individual privacy , are against the Data Retention Directive , wants to elevate secrecy of correspondence to general secrecy of communication , and create a constitutional right to privacy . The party also seeks to modify the laws of intellectual property ( copyright and patent ) , but doesnt want to change the laws of trademarks or industrial design rights . The party views itself as a defender of the individuals civil rights especially with regards to surveillance , government accountability and political and business corruption .",
"title": "Declaration of principles"
},
{
"text": " Before the Swedish general election of 2010 the party stayed neutral in all other political matters , and could be considered a single-issue party . After 2010 the party started opening up for a broader political agenda . A new declaration of principles was formed in 2011 , and at the spring member meeting of 2012 several new political standpoints were decided on areas such as school , research and health care .",
"title": "Declaration of principles"
},
{
"text": "The website for the Pirate Party was launched on 1 January 2006 ( at 20.30 CEST ) , marking the foundation of the Party . Six phases were presented on the website , with phase one being the collection of at least 2,000 signatures ( 500 more than required ) to be handed over to the Swedish Election Authority before the 4th of February ( the deadline for registering being February 28 ) , so that the Party would be allowed to participate in the upcoming 17 September general election . In less than 24 hours after the opening of",
"title": "Founding"
},
{
"text": "the website , the Party had collected over 2,000 signatures ( 2,268 at 16.05 CEST ) .",
"title": "Founding"
},
{
"text": "By the morning of the 3rd of January , the Party closed the signature collection . In about 36 hours , they had gathered 4,725 signatures . As signatories are required by Swedish election law to identify themselves when giving support for a new party , international media reported this as a significant feat , given the nature of the Party . However , signatures presented to the election authorities are required to be handwritten . The goal of at least 1,500 handwritten signatures was reached February 10 and the final confirmation from the authorities was presented three days later",
"title": "Founding"
},
{
"text": ". The Party claimed to have recruited 900 members within the first month , each member paying a membership fee of 5 Swedish kronor ( approx . US$0.69 , c.2006 ) , payable by SMS ( The Party has since changed to free member registration ) .",
"title": "Founding"
},
{
"text": " Phases two to five included registering with the Election Authority , getting candidates for the Riksdag , raising money for printing ballots , and preparing an organization for the election , including local organizations in all municipalities of Sweden with a population in excess of 50,000 , which in 2005 meant 43 municipalities . During this phase fundraising was also started , with an initial goal of raising 1 million SEK ( $126,409 ) .",
"title": "Founding"
},
{
"text": "The sixth and final phase was the election itself . The Party , which claims that there are between 800,000 and 1.1 million active file sharers in Sweden , hoped that at least 225,000 ( 4% of all the voters in Sweden ) of those would vote for the party , granting them membership in Parliament .",
"title": "Founding"
},
{
"text": "Media quickly picked up on the movement . On Monday 2 January 2006 , a large Swedish financial newspaper , Dagens Industri , produced a story on what was happening . By 3 pm , the media seemed irritated that no owner of the website was listed or easy to track down ; some reports listed the website as not serious and a PR stunt . However , the largest Swedish tabloid , Aftonbladet , managed to track down the Party leader Rickard Falkvinge at work . Falkvinge , however , was unable to explain the Partys positions while at",
"title": "Initial media attention"
},
{
"text": "work , bringing this information gathering effort to an abrupt end .",
"title": "Initial media attention"
},
{
"text": " On 3 January 2006 , all the major Swedish news outlets had produced stories on the Party . Aftonbladet posted an online poll indicating that its readers gave the Party a 61% approval rating , and IDG produced a longer front page interview with Falkvinge in the afternoon . IDG also posted an online poll similar to the first , with similar results . The Party website was also slashdotted . The Pirate Partys web server received one million hits on its first day of operation , two million the next .",
"title": "Initial media attention"
},
{
"text": "On 4 January , international media and radio stations picked up the story . A major Swedish radio station broadcast an interview with Falkvinge about the unexpected amount of attention the initiative received . More attention followed on Thursday , including coverage by the BBC World Service , the first global radio station to produce a story on the Pirate Party initiative .",
"title": "Initial media attention"
},
{
"text": " At the end of the first week , the Pirate Party platform had been covered by over 500 English-language and over 600 Swedish-language media outlets . The Pirate Bay trial .",
"title": "Initial media attention"
},
{
"text": "On 31 May 2006 , Swedish police raided a facility hosting The Pirate Bay ( and Piratbyrån , along with over 200 other independent site owners , hosted at the same facility ) , leading to a breakthrough for the Pirate Party in the public eye . Before the raid , the Party was steadily growing with some ten new members every day , but the raid caused a surge of 500 new members by the end of the day , with a membership count of 2,680 . The next day another 930 people had registered membership , giving a",
"title": "Initial media attention"
},
{
"text": "total of 3,611 members , more than doubling their original number . During parts of 2006 Mikael Viborg , who is also known as the legal advisor of the popular BitTorrent tracker , The Pirate Bay was a board member of the Pirate Party .",
"title": "Initial media attention"
},
{
"text": "On 3 June 2006 , the Party performed a pirate demonstration in Stockholm and Gothenburg . The demonstration was in collaboration with the youth sections of some other political parties ( the Young Liberals , Young Greens and Young Left ) . Within a few days the file sharing issue had become the focus of national debate , followed by national as well as international media . Along with criticizing the approach to restricting Pirate Bays file sharing by the Minister for Justice Thomas Bodström , the right to free information and rule of law became the Partys main standpoints",
"title": "Initial media attention"
},
{
"text": ".",
"title": "Initial media attention"
},
{
"text": "The Pirate Party had over 50,189 members – more members than 5 of the 7 parties in the Swedish Parliament – and was the third largest political party in Sweden by member count . Pirate Partys youth organisation , Young Pirate , had more than 21,800 members , making it the largest political youth organisation in Sweden . Since 17 April 2009 , the party had more than tripled in size . Large increases in membership were associated with the controversial legislative change regulating signals intelligence , the IPRED law regarding copyright holder access to ISP subscriber information and the",
"title": "Initial media attention"
},
{
"text": "trial against The Pirate Bay . On 17 April 2009 the court reached a guilty verdict in the Pirate Bay trial and on the same day the Pirate Party gained 3,000 new members within 7 hours , making it larger in terms of members than 3 of the 7 parties in the Parliament of Sweden . A total of over 9,000 new members joined the party on that day and the day after . One week later it reached 40,000 members , compared to 15,000 members before the verdict .",
"title": "Initial media attention"
},
{
"text": " On 30 April 2009 , a newspaper election poll reported the Pirate Party vote to be 5.1% for the upcoming European Parliament election . Another more recent poll conducted by polling organization Demoskop for newspaper Upsala Nya Tidning gave the party 7.9% . The party eventually received 7.1% of the vote in the 7th June election , and won a seat in the European Parliament . 2010s decade . On 18 May 2010 , The Pirate Bay started hosting its site through bandwidth delivered from the Pirate Party .",
"title": "Initial media attention"
},
{
"text": "On 17 August 2010 , it was announced that the Pirate Party will be hosting and managing many of WikiLeaks new servers . The party donates servers and bandwidth to WikiLeaks without charge . Technicians of the party will make sure that the servers are maintained and working .",
"title": "Initial media attention"
},
{
"text": " On 19 September 2010 , the party won 0.7% of the votes in the 2010 general election , slightly increasing its performance in comparison to the 2006 general election .",
"title": "Initial media attention"
},
{
"text": "On 1 January 2011 , the party celebrated its five-year anniversary with a Bambuser live broadcast with party leader Rick Falkvinge and vice party leader Anna Troberg . Live in the video , Falkvinge sent a tweet saying he stepped down as party leader , and he announced that his successor would be Troberg . Falkvinge now works as an evangelist , spreading the politics of the Pirate Party in and out of Europe .",
"title": "Initial media attention"
},
{
"text": " In December 2011 , the party launched Free & Social , a social networking/microblogging service . In the 2014 general election and the 2014 European Parliament election the party won 0.4% respectively 2.2% of the votes and consequently lost their seats in the European Parliament . In the 2018 general election and the 2019 European Parliament election the party won 0.1% respectively 0.6% of the votes . After peaking at about 50,000 in late 2009 the membership numbers did steadily decline to about 2,500 party members in early 2020 .",
"title": "Initial media attention"
},
{
"text": " Less than a week before the 2006 elections , the Green Party shifted their stance on copyright reform . Additionally , both the Moderate Party and the Left Party changed their stances on internet downloads , and both prime ministerial candidates stated publicly that it shouldnt be illegal for young people to share files . Several influential analysts have credited the Pirate Party and its rising popularity for this shift in the political climate ; these include a panel of senior editors at International Data Group and political analysts at the largest morning newspaper , Dagens Nyheter .",
"title": "National"
},
{
"text": "Additionally , the then Swedish Minister of Justice Thomas Bodström , announced on 9 June that he was willing to negotiate a possible revision of the law introduced in 2005 that made unauthorised downloading of copyrighted material illegal , introducing a new tax on broadband Internet access , but he later denied having changed his stance on the issue .",
"title": "National"
},
{
"text": " After the 2006 elections , the issue faded from the public debate . In January 2008 , seven Swedish members of parliament from the conservative Moderate Party , senior member of the governing Alliance coalition , authored a piece in a Swedish tabloid calling for the complete decriminalisation of filesharing . The Swedish members of parliament wrote that Decriminalising all non-commercial file sharing and forcing the market to adapt is not just the best solution . Its the only solution , unless we want an ever more extensive control of what citizens do on the Internet .",
"title": "National"
},
{
"text": " Outside Sweden , pirate parties have been started in some 33 countries , inspired by the Swedish initiative . They cooperate through Pirate Parties International ( PPI ) .",
"title": "International"
},
{
"text": "The Pirate Party of Germany gained seats in the city council of Münster and Aachen in August 2009 , and in the federal election a month later they received 2.0% of the party list votes , becoming the biggest party outside the Bundestag . In the election to the Abgeordnetenhaus in Berlin in September 2011 , the Pirate Party received 9% of the votes and , for the first time in Germany , gained seats in a state parliament .",
"title": "International"
},
{
"text": "Richard Stallman has expressed concern that the Pirate Partys goal of reducing copyright term to 5 years could harm the free software movement . Many free software licenses , mainly the GPL , are based on long-term copyrights . Stallman argues that if copyright terms are reduced to 5 years , proprietary software vendors would be able to take free software and use it in proprietary software once the copyright expires . But proprietary software is restricted by EULAs in addition to copyright , and the source code is not available , rendering the proprietary software unusable for free software",
"title": "Free software"
},
{
"text": "developers even after its copyright expires . Stallman suggests that under this new copyright law , proprietary software developers should put their code in escrow when the softwares binaries are released and then release their software into the public domain immediately after their copyright expires .",
"title": "Free software"
},
{
"text": "The Pirate Party attracted 34,918 votes in the Swedish general election of 2006 , their first participation at an election for parliament since the founding of the party less than 9 months prior . With 0.63% of the overall votes , it became the 10th biggest party of more than 40 participating . However , a voting result of less than 4% of the total votes does not qualify the party for seats in the Swedish Parliament . Getting more than 1% of the vote would have granted the party financial assistance from the state for printing ballots which is",
"title": "Free software"
},
{
"text": "costly in Sweden , while at least 2.5% would grant them state funds for campaigning in the next election . Despite the setbacks , Falkvinge began planning for the Swedish general election in 2010 .",
"title": "Free software"
},
{
"text": " 2009 European Parliament election . In the first pre-election poll before the 2009 European Parliament election , the Pirate Party registered at 5.1% , which would be enough to get a seat in the parliament . The support for the party was concentrated among younger voters , especially those of ages 18–29 ( where it was the second largest party ) and 30–44 ( where it was the fourth largest ) .",
"title": "Free software"
},
{
"text": "By 22 May 2009 , a Demoskop poll showed a 7.9% support amongst Swedish voters , making the Pirate Party the third largest party . A week later this had grown to 8.2% and a projected two seats in Parliament , with 21.8% support amongst people aged 18–29 . The partys top two candidates were Christian Engström and Amelia Andersdotter .",
"title": "Free software"
},
{
"text": " A model-based prediction for the 2009 European Parliament election by political scientists estimated on 4 June 2009 that the Pirate Party could be the third largest party from Sweden , gaining 2 seats . The Pirate Party got enough votes for at least one seat of the 18 available seats Sweden then had at the European Parliament , getting 7.1% of the Swedish votes . Following the ratification of the Treaty of Lisbon , a second seat was given to Amelia Andersdotter on December 1 , 2009 . The Pirate Party joined The Greens-European Free Alliance group .",
"title": "Free software"
},
{
"text": "The Pirate Party of Germany also participated in the European Parliament elections , which was their first participation in a nationwide election , and achieved 0.9% in Germany , getting 230,000 votes . They missed the 5% level by a wide margin but qualified for public funding .",
"title": "Free software"
},
{
"text": " 2010 election . In the 2010 general election , the Pirate Party increased their percentage of the vote by 0.02% , bringing it to a total of 0.65% , remaining under the required amount to gain a seat , but becoming the biggest party outside of Parliament . Relations to other Swedish pirate organizations .",
"title": "Free software"
},
{
"text": "There are three major pirate organisations in Sweden : the political Pirate Party , the now-defunct NGO Piratbyrån ( Pirate Bureau ) , and the BitTorrent tracker The Pirate Bay . Of these three , Piratbyrån and The Pirate Bay share a common history but are now separate , whereas the Pirate Party developed on a completely separate and parallel track , founded by Falkvinge , and was initially unrelated to the other two . This was until 18 May 2010 , when the Pirate Party became The Pirate Bays ISP in response to an injunction that temporarily shut down",
"title": "Free software"
},
{
"text": "access to The Pirate Bay , with the Pirate Party stating that It is time to take the bull by the horns and stand up for what we believe is a legitimate activity .",
"title": "Free software"
}
] |
/wiki/Pirate_Party_(Sweden)#P488#1
|
Who was the chair of Pirate Party (Sweden) between Jan 2011 and Dec 2012?
|
Pirate Party ( Sweden ) The Pirate Party ( ) is a political party in Sweden founded in 2006 . Its sudden popularity has given rise to parties with the same name and similar goals in Europe and worldwide , forming the International Pirate Party movement . The Pirate Party was initially formed to reform laws regarding copyright and patents . The party agenda includes support for strengthening the individuals right to privacy , both on the Internet and in everyday life , and the transparency of state administration . The Pirate Party has intentionally chosen to be bloc independent of the traditional left-right scale to pursue their political agenda with all mainstream parties . The party originally stayed neutral on other matters , but started broadening into other political areas in 2012 . The Pirate Party participated in the 2006 Riksdag elections and gained 0.63% of the votes , making them the third largest party outside parliament . In terms of membership , it passed the Green Party in December 2008 , the Left Party in February 2009 , the Liberal Peoples Party and the Christian Democrats in April 2009 , and the Centre Party in May 2009 , making it , for the time being , the third largest political party in Sweden by membership . The Pirate Partys associated youth organisation , Young Pirate ( ) , was , for a part of 2009 and 2010 , the largest political youth organisation in Sweden by membership count . The Pirate Party came 5th in the 2009 European Parliament elections with 7.13% of the vote and 1 MEP ( increasing to 2 after ratification of the Lisbon Treaty ) . Christian Engström became the first MEP for the party , and Amelia Andersdotter took the second seat on 1 December 2009 . Rick Falkvinge , founder of the party , stepped down on 1 January 2011 after five years as party leader , making vice leader Anna Troberg the party leader . On 1 December 2014 , Anna Troberg announced that she would not be available for re-election in 2015 after her term ended on 31 December 2014 . Declaration of principles . The party advocates a severe reduction of economic sole right of copyrighted works , which today exist for 70 years after the creators death . They also advocate releasing all non-commercial sharing of copyrighted material , which means that all films , phonograms and programs can be shared freely as long as the operation isnt run commercially . The party also has personal privacy as a core value , and is critical towards laws such as ACTA , IPRED , the Telecoms Package , and the change in legislation regulating the National Defence Radio Establishment ( FRA ) . The party advocates strengthened individual privacy , are against the Data Retention Directive , wants to elevate secrecy of correspondence to general secrecy of communication , and create a constitutional right to privacy . The party also seeks to modify the laws of intellectual property ( copyright and patent ) , but doesnt want to change the laws of trademarks or industrial design rights . The party views itself as a defender of the individuals civil rights especially with regards to surveillance , government accountability and political and business corruption . Before the Swedish general election of 2010 the party stayed neutral in all other political matters , and could be considered a single-issue party . After 2010 the party started opening up for a broader political agenda . A new declaration of principles was formed in 2011 , and at the spring member meeting of 2012 several new political standpoints were decided on areas such as school , research and health care . History . Founding . The website for the Pirate Party was launched on 1 January 2006 ( at 20.30 CEST ) , marking the foundation of the Party . Six phases were presented on the website , with phase one being the collection of at least 2,000 signatures ( 500 more than required ) to be handed over to the Swedish Election Authority before the 4th of February ( the deadline for registering being February 28 ) , so that the Party would be allowed to participate in the upcoming 17 September general election . In less than 24 hours after the opening of the website , the Party had collected over 2,000 signatures ( 2,268 at 16.05 CEST ) . By the morning of the 3rd of January , the Party closed the signature collection . In about 36 hours , they had gathered 4,725 signatures . As signatories are required by Swedish election law to identify themselves when giving support for a new party , international media reported this as a significant feat , given the nature of the Party . However , signatures presented to the election authorities are required to be handwritten . The goal of at least 1,500 handwritten signatures was reached February 10 and the final confirmation from the authorities was presented three days later . The Party claimed to have recruited 900 members within the first month , each member paying a membership fee of 5 Swedish kronor ( approx . US$0.69 , c.2006 ) , payable by SMS ( The Party has since changed to free member registration ) . Phases two to five included registering with the Election Authority , getting candidates for the Riksdag , raising money for printing ballots , and preparing an organization for the election , including local organizations in all municipalities of Sweden with a population in excess of 50,000 , which in 2005 meant 43 municipalities . During this phase fundraising was also started , with an initial goal of raising 1 million SEK ( $126,409 ) . The sixth and final phase was the election itself . The Party , which claims that there are between 800,000 and 1.1 million active file sharers in Sweden , hoped that at least 225,000 ( 4% of all the voters in Sweden ) of those would vote for the party , granting them membership in Parliament . Initial media attention . Media quickly picked up on the movement . On Monday 2 January 2006 , a large Swedish financial newspaper , Dagens Industri , produced a story on what was happening . By 3 pm , the media seemed irritated that no owner of the website was listed or easy to track down ; some reports listed the website as not serious and a PR stunt . However , the largest Swedish tabloid , Aftonbladet , managed to track down the Party leader Rickard Falkvinge at work . Falkvinge , however , was unable to explain the Partys positions while at work , bringing this information gathering effort to an abrupt end . On 3 January 2006 , all the major Swedish news outlets had produced stories on the Party . Aftonbladet posted an online poll indicating that its readers gave the Party a 61% approval rating , and IDG produced a longer front page interview with Falkvinge in the afternoon . IDG also posted an online poll similar to the first , with similar results . The Party website was also slashdotted . The Pirate Partys web server received one million hits on its first day of operation , two million the next . On 4 January , international media and radio stations picked up the story . A major Swedish radio station broadcast an interview with Falkvinge about the unexpected amount of attention the initiative received . More attention followed on Thursday , including coverage by the BBC World Service , the first global radio station to produce a story on the Pirate Party initiative . At the end of the first week , the Pirate Party platform had been covered by over 500 English-language and over 600 Swedish-language media outlets . The Pirate Bay trial . On 31 May 2006 , Swedish police raided a facility hosting The Pirate Bay ( and Piratbyrån , along with over 200 other independent site owners , hosted at the same facility ) , leading to a breakthrough for the Pirate Party in the public eye . Before the raid , the Party was steadily growing with some ten new members every day , but the raid caused a surge of 500 new members by the end of the day , with a membership count of 2,680 . The next day another 930 people had registered membership , giving a total of 3,611 members , more than doubling their original number . During parts of 2006 Mikael Viborg , who is also known as the legal advisor of the popular BitTorrent tracker , The Pirate Bay was a board member of the Pirate Party . On 3 June 2006 , the Party performed a pirate demonstration in Stockholm and Gothenburg . The demonstration was in collaboration with the youth sections of some other political parties ( the Young Liberals , Young Greens and Young Left ) . Within a few days the file sharing issue had become the focus of national debate , followed by national as well as international media . Along with criticizing the approach to restricting Pirate Bays file sharing by the Minister for Justice Thomas Bodström , the right to free information and rule of law became the Partys main standpoints . The Pirate Party had over 50,189 members – more members than 5 of the 7 parties in the Swedish Parliament – and was the third largest political party in Sweden by member count . Pirate Partys youth organisation , Young Pirate , had more than 21,800 members , making it the largest political youth organisation in Sweden . Since 17 April 2009 , the party had more than tripled in size . Large increases in membership were associated with the controversial legislative change regulating signals intelligence , the IPRED law regarding copyright holder access to ISP subscriber information and the trial against The Pirate Bay . On 17 April 2009 the court reached a guilty verdict in the Pirate Bay trial and on the same day the Pirate Party gained 3,000 new members within 7 hours , making it larger in terms of members than 3 of the 7 parties in the Parliament of Sweden . A total of over 9,000 new members joined the party on that day and the day after . One week later it reached 40,000 members , compared to 15,000 members before the verdict . On 30 April 2009 , a newspaper election poll reported the Pirate Party vote to be 5.1% for the upcoming European Parliament election . Another more recent poll conducted by polling organization Demoskop for newspaper Upsala Nya Tidning gave the party 7.9% . The party eventually received 7.1% of the vote in the 7th June election , and won a seat in the European Parliament . 2010s decade . On 18 May 2010 , The Pirate Bay started hosting its site through bandwidth delivered from the Pirate Party . On 17 August 2010 , it was announced that the Pirate Party will be hosting and managing many of WikiLeaks new servers . The party donates servers and bandwidth to WikiLeaks without charge . Technicians of the party will make sure that the servers are maintained and working . On 19 September 2010 , the party won 0.7% of the votes in the 2010 general election , slightly increasing its performance in comparison to the 2006 general election . On 1 January 2011 , the party celebrated its five-year anniversary with a Bambuser live broadcast with party leader Rick Falkvinge and vice party leader Anna Troberg . Live in the video , Falkvinge sent a tweet saying he stepped down as party leader , and he announced that his successor would be Troberg . Falkvinge now works as an evangelist , spreading the politics of the Pirate Party in and out of Europe . In December 2011 , the party launched Free & Social , a social networking/microblogging service . In the 2014 general election and the 2014 European Parliament election the party won 0.4% respectively 2.2% of the votes and consequently lost their seats in the European Parliament . In the 2018 general election and the 2019 European Parliament election the party won 0.1% respectively 0.6% of the votes . After peaking at about 50,000 in late 2009 the membership numbers did steadily decline to about 2,500 party members in early 2020 . Political impact . National . Less than a week before the 2006 elections , the Green Party shifted their stance on copyright reform . Additionally , both the Moderate Party and the Left Party changed their stances on internet downloads , and both prime ministerial candidates stated publicly that it shouldnt be illegal for young people to share files . Several influential analysts have credited the Pirate Party and its rising popularity for this shift in the political climate ; these include a panel of senior editors at International Data Group and political analysts at the largest morning newspaper , Dagens Nyheter . Additionally , the then Swedish Minister of Justice Thomas Bodström , announced on 9 June that he was willing to negotiate a possible revision of the law introduced in 2005 that made unauthorised downloading of copyrighted material illegal , introducing a new tax on broadband Internet access , but he later denied having changed his stance on the issue . After the 2006 elections , the issue faded from the public debate . In January 2008 , seven Swedish members of parliament from the conservative Moderate Party , senior member of the governing Alliance coalition , authored a piece in a Swedish tabloid calling for the complete decriminalisation of filesharing . The Swedish members of parliament wrote that Decriminalising all non-commercial file sharing and forcing the market to adapt is not just the best solution . Its the only solution , unless we want an ever more extensive control of what citizens do on the Internet . International . Outside Sweden , pirate parties have been started in some 33 countries , inspired by the Swedish initiative . They cooperate through Pirate Parties International ( PPI ) . The Pirate Party of Germany gained seats in the city council of Münster and Aachen in August 2009 , and in the federal election a month later they received 2.0% of the party list votes , becoming the biggest party outside the Bundestag . In the election to the Abgeordnetenhaus in Berlin in September 2011 , the Pirate Party received 9% of the votes and , for the first time in Germany , gained seats in a state parliament . Free software . Richard Stallman has expressed concern that the Pirate Partys goal of reducing copyright term to 5 years could harm the free software movement . Many free software licenses , mainly the GPL , are based on long-term copyrights . Stallman argues that if copyright terms are reduced to 5 years , proprietary software vendors would be able to take free software and use it in proprietary software once the copyright expires . But proprietary software is restricted by EULAs in addition to copyright , and the source code is not available , rendering the proprietary software unusable for free software developers even after its copyright expires . Stallman suggests that under this new copyright law , proprietary software developers should put their code in escrow when the softwares binaries are released and then release their software into the public domain immediately after their copyright expires . Election results , voter base . 2006 Swedish general election . The Pirate Party attracted 34,918 votes in the Swedish general election of 2006 , their first participation at an election for parliament since the founding of the party less than 9 months prior . With 0.63% of the overall votes , it became the 10th biggest party of more than 40 participating . However , a voting result of less than 4% of the total votes does not qualify the party for seats in the Swedish Parliament . Getting more than 1% of the vote would have granted the party financial assistance from the state for printing ballots which is costly in Sweden , while at least 2.5% would grant them state funds for campaigning in the next election . Despite the setbacks , Falkvinge began planning for the Swedish general election in 2010 . 2009 European Parliament election . In the first pre-election poll before the 2009 European Parliament election , the Pirate Party registered at 5.1% , which would be enough to get a seat in the parliament . The support for the party was concentrated among younger voters , especially those of ages 18–29 ( where it was the second largest party ) and 30–44 ( where it was the fourth largest ) . By 22 May 2009 , a Demoskop poll showed a 7.9% support amongst Swedish voters , making the Pirate Party the third largest party . A week later this had grown to 8.2% and a projected two seats in Parliament , with 21.8% support amongst people aged 18–29 . The partys top two candidates were Christian Engström and Amelia Andersdotter . A model-based prediction for the 2009 European Parliament election by political scientists estimated on 4 June 2009 that the Pirate Party could be the third largest party from Sweden , gaining 2 seats . The Pirate Party got enough votes for at least one seat of the 18 available seats Sweden then had at the European Parliament , getting 7.1% of the Swedish votes . Following the ratification of the Treaty of Lisbon , a second seat was given to Amelia Andersdotter on December 1 , 2009 . The Pirate Party joined The Greens-European Free Alliance group . The Pirate Party of Germany also participated in the European Parliament elections , which was their first participation in a nationwide election , and achieved 0.9% in Germany , getting 230,000 votes . They missed the 5% level by a wide margin but qualified for public funding . 2010 election . In the 2010 general election , the Pirate Party increased their percentage of the vote by 0.02% , bringing it to a total of 0.65% , remaining under the required amount to gain a seat , but becoming the biggest party outside of Parliament . Relations to other Swedish pirate organizations . There are three major pirate organisations in Sweden : the political Pirate Party , the now-defunct NGO Piratbyrån ( Pirate Bureau ) , and the BitTorrent tracker The Pirate Bay . Of these three , Piratbyrån and The Pirate Bay share a common history but are now separate , whereas the Pirate Party developed on a completely separate and parallel track , founded by Falkvinge , and was initially unrelated to the other two . This was until 18 May 2010 , when the Pirate Party became The Pirate Bays ISP in response to an injunction that temporarily shut down access to The Pirate Bay , with the Pirate Party stating that It is time to take the bull by the horns and stand up for what we believe is a legitimate activity .
|
[
"Anna Troberg"
] |
[
{
"text": " The Pirate Party ( ) is a political party in Sweden founded in 2006 . Its sudden popularity has given rise to parties with the same name and similar goals in Europe and worldwide , forming the International Pirate Party movement .",
"title": "Pirate Party ( Sweden )"
},
{
"text": "The Pirate Party was initially formed to reform laws regarding copyright and patents . The party agenda includes support for strengthening the individuals right to privacy , both on the Internet and in everyday life , and the transparency of state administration . The Pirate Party has intentionally chosen to be bloc independent of the traditional left-right scale to pursue their political agenda with all mainstream parties . The party originally stayed neutral on other matters , but started broadening into other political areas in 2012 .",
"title": "Pirate Party ( Sweden )"
},
{
"text": "The Pirate Party participated in the 2006 Riksdag elections and gained 0.63% of the votes , making them the third largest party outside parliament . In terms of membership , it passed the Green Party in December 2008 , the Left Party in February 2009 , the Liberal Peoples Party and the Christian Democrats in April 2009 , and the Centre Party in May 2009 , making it , for the time being , the third largest political party in Sweden by membership . The Pirate Partys associated youth organisation , Young Pirate ( ) , was , for a",
"title": "Pirate Party ( Sweden )"
},
{
"text": "part of 2009 and 2010 , the largest political youth organisation in Sweden by membership count .",
"title": "Pirate Party ( Sweden )"
},
{
"text": " The Pirate Party came 5th in the 2009 European Parliament elections with 7.13% of the vote and 1 MEP ( increasing to 2 after ratification of the Lisbon Treaty ) . Christian Engström became the first MEP for the party , and Amelia Andersdotter took the second seat on 1 December 2009 . Rick Falkvinge , founder of the party , stepped down on 1 January 2011 after five years as party leader , making vice leader Anna Troberg the party leader .",
"title": "Pirate Party ( Sweden )"
},
{
"text": "On 1 December 2014 , Anna Troberg announced that she would not be available for re-election in 2015 after her term ended on 31 December 2014 .",
"title": "Pirate Party ( Sweden )"
},
{
"text": " The party advocates a severe reduction of economic sole right of copyrighted works , which today exist for 70 years after the creators death . They also advocate releasing all non-commercial sharing of copyrighted material , which means that all films , phonograms and programs can be shared freely as long as the operation isnt run commercially . The party also has personal privacy as a core value , and is critical towards laws such as ACTA , IPRED , the Telecoms Package , and the change in legislation regulating the National Defence Radio Establishment ( FRA ) .",
"title": "Declaration of principles"
},
{
"text": "The party advocates strengthened individual privacy , are against the Data Retention Directive , wants to elevate secrecy of correspondence to general secrecy of communication , and create a constitutional right to privacy . The party also seeks to modify the laws of intellectual property ( copyright and patent ) , but doesnt want to change the laws of trademarks or industrial design rights . The party views itself as a defender of the individuals civil rights especially with regards to surveillance , government accountability and political and business corruption .",
"title": "Declaration of principles"
},
{
"text": " Before the Swedish general election of 2010 the party stayed neutral in all other political matters , and could be considered a single-issue party . After 2010 the party started opening up for a broader political agenda . A new declaration of principles was formed in 2011 , and at the spring member meeting of 2012 several new political standpoints were decided on areas such as school , research and health care .",
"title": "Declaration of principles"
},
{
"text": "The website for the Pirate Party was launched on 1 January 2006 ( at 20.30 CEST ) , marking the foundation of the Party . Six phases were presented on the website , with phase one being the collection of at least 2,000 signatures ( 500 more than required ) to be handed over to the Swedish Election Authority before the 4th of February ( the deadline for registering being February 28 ) , so that the Party would be allowed to participate in the upcoming 17 September general election . In less than 24 hours after the opening of",
"title": "Founding"
},
{
"text": "the website , the Party had collected over 2,000 signatures ( 2,268 at 16.05 CEST ) .",
"title": "Founding"
},
{
"text": "By the morning of the 3rd of January , the Party closed the signature collection . In about 36 hours , they had gathered 4,725 signatures . As signatories are required by Swedish election law to identify themselves when giving support for a new party , international media reported this as a significant feat , given the nature of the Party . However , signatures presented to the election authorities are required to be handwritten . The goal of at least 1,500 handwritten signatures was reached February 10 and the final confirmation from the authorities was presented three days later",
"title": "Founding"
},
{
"text": ". The Party claimed to have recruited 900 members within the first month , each member paying a membership fee of 5 Swedish kronor ( approx . US$0.69 , c.2006 ) , payable by SMS ( The Party has since changed to free member registration ) .",
"title": "Founding"
},
{
"text": " Phases two to five included registering with the Election Authority , getting candidates for the Riksdag , raising money for printing ballots , and preparing an organization for the election , including local organizations in all municipalities of Sweden with a population in excess of 50,000 , which in 2005 meant 43 municipalities . During this phase fundraising was also started , with an initial goal of raising 1 million SEK ( $126,409 ) .",
"title": "Founding"
},
{
"text": "The sixth and final phase was the election itself . The Party , which claims that there are between 800,000 and 1.1 million active file sharers in Sweden , hoped that at least 225,000 ( 4% of all the voters in Sweden ) of those would vote for the party , granting them membership in Parliament .",
"title": "Founding"
},
{
"text": "Media quickly picked up on the movement . On Monday 2 January 2006 , a large Swedish financial newspaper , Dagens Industri , produced a story on what was happening . By 3 pm , the media seemed irritated that no owner of the website was listed or easy to track down ; some reports listed the website as not serious and a PR stunt . However , the largest Swedish tabloid , Aftonbladet , managed to track down the Party leader Rickard Falkvinge at work . Falkvinge , however , was unable to explain the Partys positions while at",
"title": "Initial media attention"
},
{
"text": "work , bringing this information gathering effort to an abrupt end .",
"title": "Initial media attention"
},
{
"text": " On 3 January 2006 , all the major Swedish news outlets had produced stories on the Party . Aftonbladet posted an online poll indicating that its readers gave the Party a 61% approval rating , and IDG produced a longer front page interview with Falkvinge in the afternoon . IDG also posted an online poll similar to the first , with similar results . The Party website was also slashdotted . The Pirate Partys web server received one million hits on its first day of operation , two million the next .",
"title": "Initial media attention"
},
{
"text": "On 4 January , international media and radio stations picked up the story . A major Swedish radio station broadcast an interview with Falkvinge about the unexpected amount of attention the initiative received . More attention followed on Thursday , including coverage by the BBC World Service , the first global radio station to produce a story on the Pirate Party initiative .",
"title": "Initial media attention"
},
{
"text": " At the end of the first week , the Pirate Party platform had been covered by over 500 English-language and over 600 Swedish-language media outlets . The Pirate Bay trial .",
"title": "Initial media attention"
},
{
"text": "On 31 May 2006 , Swedish police raided a facility hosting The Pirate Bay ( and Piratbyrån , along with over 200 other independent site owners , hosted at the same facility ) , leading to a breakthrough for the Pirate Party in the public eye . Before the raid , the Party was steadily growing with some ten new members every day , but the raid caused a surge of 500 new members by the end of the day , with a membership count of 2,680 . The next day another 930 people had registered membership , giving a",
"title": "Initial media attention"
},
{
"text": "total of 3,611 members , more than doubling their original number . During parts of 2006 Mikael Viborg , who is also known as the legal advisor of the popular BitTorrent tracker , The Pirate Bay was a board member of the Pirate Party .",
"title": "Initial media attention"
},
{
"text": "On 3 June 2006 , the Party performed a pirate demonstration in Stockholm and Gothenburg . The demonstration was in collaboration with the youth sections of some other political parties ( the Young Liberals , Young Greens and Young Left ) . Within a few days the file sharing issue had become the focus of national debate , followed by national as well as international media . Along with criticizing the approach to restricting Pirate Bays file sharing by the Minister for Justice Thomas Bodström , the right to free information and rule of law became the Partys main standpoints",
"title": "Initial media attention"
},
{
"text": ".",
"title": "Initial media attention"
},
{
"text": "The Pirate Party had over 50,189 members – more members than 5 of the 7 parties in the Swedish Parliament – and was the third largest political party in Sweden by member count . Pirate Partys youth organisation , Young Pirate , had more than 21,800 members , making it the largest political youth organisation in Sweden . Since 17 April 2009 , the party had more than tripled in size . Large increases in membership were associated with the controversial legislative change regulating signals intelligence , the IPRED law regarding copyright holder access to ISP subscriber information and the",
"title": "Initial media attention"
},
{
"text": "trial against The Pirate Bay . On 17 April 2009 the court reached a guilty verdict in the Pirate Bay trial and on the same day the Pirate Party gained 3,000 new members within 7 hours , making it larger in terms of members than 3 of the 7 parties in the Parliament of Sweden . A total of over 9,000 new members joined the party on that day and the day after . One week later it reached 40,000 members , compared to 15,000 members before the verdict .",
"title": "Initial media attention"
},
{
"text": " On 30 April 2009 , a newspaper election poll reported the Pirate Party vote to be 5.1% for the upcoming European Parliament election . Another more recent poll conducted by polling organization Demoskop for newspaper Upsala Nya Tidning gave the party 7.9% . The party eventually received 7.1% of the vote in the 7th June election , and won a seat in the European Parliament . 2010s decade . On 18 May 2010 , The Pirate Bay started hosting its site through bandwidth delivered from the Pirate Party .",
"title": "Initial media attention"
},
{
"text": "On 17 August 2010 , it was announced that the Pirate Party will be hosting and managing many of WikiLeaks new servers . The party donates servers and bandwidth to WikiLeaks without charge . Technicians of the party will make sure that the servers are maintained and working .",
"title": "Initial media attention"
},
{
"text": " On 19 September 2010 , the party won 0.7% of the votes in the 2010 general election , slightly increasing its performance in comparison to the 2006 general election .",
"title": "Initial media attention"
},
{
"text": "On 1 January 2011 , the party celebrated its five-year anniversary with a Bambuser live broadcast with party leader Rick Falkvinge and vice party leader Anna Troberg . Live in the video , Falkvinge sent a tweet saying he stepped down as party leader , and he announced that his successor would be Troberg . Falkvinge now works as an evangelist , spreading the politics of the Pirate Party in and out of Europe .",
"title": "Initial media attention"
},
{
"text": " In December 2011 , the party launched Free & Social , a social networking/microblogging service . In the 2014 general election and the 2014 European Parliament election the party won 0.4% respectively 2.2% of the votes and consequently lost their seats in the European Parliament . In the 2018 general election and the 2019 European Parliament election the party won 0.1% respectively 0.6% of the votes . After peaking at about 50,000 in late 2009 the membership numbers did steadily decline to about 2,500 party members in early 2020 .",
"title": "Initial media attention"
},
{
"text": " Less than a week before the 2006 elections , the Green Party shifted their stance on copyright reform . Additionally , both the Moderate Party and the Left Party changed their stances on internet downloads , and both prime ministerial candidates stated publicly that it shouldnt be illegal for young people to share files . Several influential analysts have credited the Pirate Party and its rising popularity for this shift in the political climate ; these include a panel of senior editors at International Data Group and political analysts at the largest morning newspaper , Dagens Nyheter .",
"title": "National"
},
{
"text": "Additionally , the then Swedish Minister of Justice Thomas Bodström , announced on 9 June that he was willing to negotiate a possible revision of the law introduced in 2005 that made unauthorised downloading of copyrighted material illegal , introducing a new tax on broadband Internet access , but he later denied having changed his stance on the issue .",
"title": "National"
},
{
"text": " After the 2006 elections , the issue faded from the public debate . In January 2008 , seven Swedish members of parliament from the conservative Moderate Party , senior member of the governing Alliance coalition , authored a piece in a Swedish tabloid calling for the complete decriminalisation of filesharing . The Swedish members of parliament wrote that Decriminalising all non-commercial file sharing and forcing the market to adapt is not just the best solution . Its the only solution , unless we want an ever more extensive control of what citizens do on the Internet .",
"title": "National"
},
{
"text": " Outside Sweden , pirate parties have been started in some 33 countries , inspired by the Swedish initiative . They cooperate through Pirate Parties International ( PPI ) .",
"title": "International"
},
{
"text": "The Pirate Party of Germany gained seats in the city council of Münster and Aachen in August 2009 , and in the federal election a month later they received 2.0% of the party list votes , becoming the biggest party outside the Bundestag . In the election to the Abgeordnetenhaus in Berlin in September 2011 , the Pirate Party received 9% of the votes and , for the first time in Germany , gained seats in a state parliament .",
"title": "International"
},
{
"text": "Richard Stallman has expressed concern that the Pirate Partys goal of reducing copyright term to 5 years could harm the free software movement . Many free software licenses , mainly the GPL , are based on long-term copyrights . Stallman argues that if copyright terms are reduced to 5 years , proprietary software vendors would be able to take free software and use it in proprietary software once the copyright expires . But proprietary software is restricted by EULAs in addition to copyright , and the source code is not available , rendering the proprietary software unusable for free software",
"title": "Free software"
},
{
"text": "developers even after its copyright expires . Stallman suggests that under this new copyright law , proprietary software developers should put their code in escrow when the softwares binaries are released and then release their software into the public domain immediately after their copyright expires .",
"title": "Free software"
},
{
"text": "The Pirate Party attracted 34,918 votes in the Swedish general election of 2006 , their first participation at an election for parliament since the founding of the party less than 9 months prior . With 0.63% of the overall votes , it became the 10th biggest party of more than 40 participating . However , a voting result of less than 4% of the total votes does not qualify the party for seats in the Swedish Parliament . Getting more than 1% of the vote would have granted the party financial assistance from the state for printing ballots which is",
"title": "Free software"
},
{
"text": "costly in Sweden , while at least 2.5% would grant them state funds for campaigning in the next election . Despite the setbacks , Falkvinge began planning for the Swedish general election in 2010 .",
"title": "Free software"
},
{
"text": " 2009 European Parliament election . In the first pre-election poll before the 2009 European Parliament election , the Pirate Party registered at 5.1% , which would be enough to get a seat in the parliament . The support for the party was concentrated among younger voters , especially those of ages 18–29 ( where it was the second largest party ) and 30–44 ( where it was the fourth largest ) .",
"title": "Free software"
},
{
"text": "By 22 May 2009 , a Demoskop poll showed a 7.9% support amongst Swedish voters , making the Pirate Party the third largest party . A week later this had grown to 8.2% and a projected two seats in Parliament , with 21.8% support amongst people aged 18–29 . The partys top two candidates were Christian Engström and Amelia Andersdotter .",
"title": "Free software"
},
{
"text": " A model-based prediction for the 2009 European Parliament election by political scientists estimated on 4 June 2009 that the Pirate Party could be the third largest party from Sweden , gaining 2 seats . The Pirate Party got enough votes for at least one seat of the 18 available seats Sweden then had at the European Parliament , getting 7.1% of the Swedish votes . Following the ratification of the Treaty of Lisbon , a second seat was given to Amelia Andersdotter on December 1 , 2009 . The Pirate Party joined The Greens-European Free Alliance group .",
"title": "Free software"
},
{
"text": "The Pirate Party of Germany also participated in the European Parliament elections , which was their first participation in a nationwide election , and achieved 0.9% in Germany , getting 230,000 votes . They missed the 5% level by a wide margin but qualified for public funding .",
"title": "Free software"
},
{
"text": " 2010 election . In the 2010 general election , the Pirate Party increased their percentage of the vote by 0.02% , bringing it to a total of 0.65% , remaining under the required amount to gain a seat , but becoming the biggest party outside of Parliament . Relations to other Swedish pirate organizations .",
"title": "Free software"
},
{
"text": "There are three major pirate organisations in Sweden : the political Pirate Party , the now-defunct NGO Piratbyrån ( Pirate Bureau ) , and the BitTorrent tracker The Pirate Bay . Of these three , Piratbyrån and The Pirate Bay share a common history but are now separate , whereas the Pirate Party developed on a completely separate and parallel track , founded by Falkvinge , and was initially unrelated to the other two . This was until 18 May 2010 , when the Pirate Party became The Pirate Bays ISP in response to an injunction that temporarily shut down",
"title": "Free software"
},
{
"text": "access to The Pirate Bay , with the Pirate Party stating that It is time to take the bull by the horns and stand up for what we believe is a legitimate activity .",
"title": "Free software"
}
] |
/wiki/Pirate_Party_(Sweden)#P488#2
|
Who was the chair of Pirate Party (Sweden) between Jan 2016 and Oct 2016?
|
Pirate Party ( Sweden ) The Pirate Party ( ) is a political party in Sweden founded in 2006 . Its sudden popularity has given rise to parties with the same name and similar goals in Europe and worldwide , forming the International Pirate Party movement . The Pirate Party was initially formed to reform laws regarding copyright and patents . The party agenda includes support for strengthening the individuals right to privacy , both on the Internet and in everyday life , and the transparency of state administration . The Pirate Party has intentionally chosen to be bloc independent of the traditional left-right scale to pursue their political agenda with all mainstream parties . The party originally stayed neutral on other matters , but started broadening into other political areas in 2012 . The Pirate Party participated in the 2006 Riksdag elections and gained 0.63% of the votes , making them the third largest party outside parliament . In terms of membership , it passed the Green Party in December 2008 , the Left Party in February 2009 , the Liberal Peoples Party and the Christian Democrats in April 2009 , and the Centre Party in May 2009 , making it , for the time being , the third largest political party in Sweden by membership . The Pirate Partys associated youth organisation , Young Pirate ( ) , was , for a part of 2009 and 2010 , the largest political youth organisation in Sweden by membership count . The Pirate Party came 5th in the 2009 European Parliament elections with 7.13% of the vote and 1 MEP ( increasing to 2 after ratification of the Lisbon Treaty ) . Christian Engström became the first MEP for the party , and Amelia Andersdotter took the second seat on 1 December 2009 . Rick Falkvinge , founder of the party , stepped down on 1 January 2011 after five years as party leader , making vice leader Anna Troberg the party leader . On 1 December 2014 , Anna Troberg announced that she would not be available for re-election in 2015 after her term ended on 31 December 2014 . Declaration of principles . The party advocates a severe reduction of economic sole right of copyrighted works , which today exist for 70 years after the creators death . They also advocate releasing all non-commercial sharing of copyrighted material , which means that all films , phonograms and programs can be shared freely as long as the operation isnt run commercially . The party also has personal privacy as a core value , and is critical towards laws such as ACTA , IPRED , the Telecoms Package , and the change in legislation regulating the National Defence Radio Establishment ( FRA ) . The party advocates strengthened individual privacy , are against the Data Retention Directive , wants to elevate secrecy of correspondence to general secrecy of communication , and create a constitutional right to privacy . The party also seeks to modify the laws of intellectual property ( copyright and patent ) , but doesnt want to change the laws of trademarks or industrial design rights . The party views itself as a defender of the individuals civil rights especially with regards to surveillance , government accountability and political and business corruption . Before the Swedish general election of 2010 the party stayed neutral in all other political matters , and could be considered a single-issue party . After 2010 the party started opening up for a broader political agenda . A new declaration of principles was formed in 2011 , and at the spring member meeting of 2012 several new political standpoints were decided on areas such as school , research and health care . History . Founding . The website for the Pirate Party was launched on 1 January 2006 ( at 20.30 CEST ) , marking the foundation of the Party . Six phases were presented on the website , with phase one being the collection of at least 2,000 signatures ( 500 more than required ) to be handed over to the Swedish Election Authority before the 4th of February ( the deadline for registering being February 28 ) , so that the Party would be allowed to participate in the upcoming 17 September general election . In less than 24 hours after the opening of the website , the Party had collected over 2,000 signatures ( 2,268 at 16.05 CEST ) . By the morning of the 3rd of January , the Party closed the signature collection . In about 36 hours , they had gathered 4,725 signatures . As signatories are required by Swedish election law to identify themselves when giving support for a new party , international media reported this as a significant feat , given the nature of the Party . However , signatures presented to the election authorities are required to be handwritten . The goal of at least 1,500 handwritten signatures was reached February 10 and the final confirmation from the authorities was presented three days later . The Party claimed to have recruited 900 members within the first month , each member paying a membership fee of 5 Swedish kronor ( approx . US$0.69 , c.2006 ) , payable by SMS ( The Party has since changed to free member registration ) . Phases two to five included registering with the Election Authority , getting candidates for the Riksdag , raising money for printing ballots , and preparing an organization for the election , including local organizations in all municipalities of Sweden with a population in excess of 50,000 , which in 2005 meant 43 municipalities . During this phase fundraising was also started , with an initial goal of raising 1 million SEK ( $126,409 ) . The sixth and final phase was the election itself . The Party , which claims that there are between 800,000 and 1.1 million active file sharers in Sweden , hoped that at least 225,000 ( 4% of all the voters in Sweden ) of those would vote for the party , granting them membership in Parliament . Initial media attention . Media quickly picked up on the movement . On Monday 2 January 2006 , a large Swedish financial newspaper , Dagens Industri , produced a story on what was happening . By 3 pm , the media seemed irritated that no owner of the website was listed or easy to track down ; some reports listed the website as not serious and a PR stunt . However , the largest Swedish tabloid , Aftonbladet , managed to track down the Party leader Rickard Falkvinge at work . Falkvinge , however , was unable to explain the Partys positions while at work , bringing this information gathering effort to an abrupt end . On 3 January 2006 , all the major Swedish news outlets had produced stories on the Party . Aftonbladet posted an online poll indicating that its readers gave the Party a 61% approval rating , and IDG produced a longer front page interview with Falkvinge in the afternoon . IDG also posted an online poll similar to the first , with similar results . The Party website was also slashdotted . The Pirate Partys web server received one million hits on its first day of operation , two million the next . On 4 January , international media and radio stations picked up the story . A major Swedish radio station broadcast an interview with Falkvinge about the unexpected amount of attention the initiative received . More attention followed on Thursday , including coverage by the BBC World Service , the first global radio station to produce a story on the Pirate Party initiative . At the end of the first week , the Pirate Party platform had been covered by over 500 English-language and over 600 Swedish-language media outlets . The Pirate Bay trial . On 31 May 2006 , Swedish police raided a facility hosting The Pirate Bay ( and Piratbyrån , along with over 200 other independent site owners , hosted at the same facility ) , leading to a breakthrough for the Pirate Party in the public eye . Before the raid , the Party was steadily growing with some ten new members every day , but the raid caused a surge of 500 new members by the end of the day , with a membership count of 2,680 . The next day another 930 people had registered membership , giving a total of 3,611 members , more than doubling their original number . During parts of 2006 Mikael Viborg , who is also known as the legal advisor of the popular BitTorrent tracker , The Pirate Bay was a board member of the Pirate Party . On 3 June 2006 , the Party performed a pirate demonstration in Stockholm and Gothenburg . The demonstration was in collaboration with the youth sections of some other political parties ( the Young Liberals , Young Greens and Young Left ) . Within a few days the file sharing issue had become the focus of national debate , followed by national as well as international media . Along with criticizing the approach to restricting Pirate Bays file sharing by the Minister for Justice Thomas Bodström , the right to free information and rule of law became the Partys main standpoints . The Pirate Party had over 50,189 members – more members than 5 of the 7 parties in the Swedish Parliament – and was the third largest political party in Sweden by member count . Pirate Partys youth organisation , Young Pirate , had more than 21,800 members , making it the largest political youth organisation in Sweden . Since 17 April 2009 , the party had more than tripled in size . Large increases in membership were associated with the controversial legislative change regulating signals intelligence , the IPRED law regarding copyright holder access to ISP subscriber information and the trial against The Pirate Bay . On 17 April 2009 the court reached a guilty verdict in the Pirate Bay trial and on the same day the Pirate Party gained 3,000 new members within 7 hours , making it larger in terms of members than 3 of the 7 parties in the Parliament of Sweden . A total of over 9,000 new members joined the party on that day and the day after . One week later it reached 40,000 members , compared to 15,000 members before the verdict . On 30 April 2009 , a newspaper election poll reported the Pirate Party vote to be 5.1% for the upcoming European Parliament election . Another more recent poll conducted by polling organization Demoskop for newspaper Upsala Nya Tidning gave the party 7.9% . The party eventually received 7.1% of the vote in the 7th June election , and won a seat in the European Parliament . 2010s decade . On 18 May 2010 , The Pirate Bay started hosting its site through bandwidth delivered from the Pirate Party . On 17 August 2010 , it was announced that the Pirate Party will be hosting and managing many of WikiLeaks new servers . The party donates servers and bandwidth to WikiLeaks without charge . Technicians of the party will make sure that the servers are maintained and working . On 19 September 2010 , the party won 0.7% of the votes in the 2010 general election , slightly increasing its performance in comparison to the 2006 general election . On 1 January 2011 , the party celebrated its five-year anniversary with a Bambuser live broadcast with party leader Rick Falkvinge and vice party leader Anna Troberg . Live in the video , Falkvinge sent a tweet saying he stepped down as party leader , and he announced that his successor would be Troberg . Falkvinge now works as an evangelist , spreading the politics of the Pirate Party in and out of Europe . In December 2011 , the party launched Free & Social , a social networking/microblogging service . In the 2014 general election and the 2014 European Parliament election the party won 0.4% respectively 2.2% of the votes and consequently lost their seats in the European Parliament . In the 2018 general election and the 2019 European Parliament election the party won 0.1% respectively 0.6% of the votes . After peaking at about 50,000 in late 2009 the membership numbers did steadily decline to about 2,500 party members in early 2020 . Political impact . National . Less than a week before the 2006 elections , the Green Party shifted their stance on copyright reform . Additionally , both the Moderate Party and the Left Party changed their stances on internet downloads , and both prime ministerial candidates stated publicly that it shouldnt be illegal for young people to share files . Several influential analysts have credited the Pirate Party and its rising popularity for this shift in the political climate ; these include a panel of senior editors at International Data Group and political analysts at the largest morning newspaper , Dagens Nyheter . Additionally , the then Swedish Minister of Justice Thomas Bodström , announced on 9 June that he was willing to negotiate a possible revision of the law introduced in 2005 that made unauthorised downloading of copyrighted material illegal , introducing a new tax on broadband Internet access , but he later denied having changed his stance on the issue . After the 2006 elections , the issue faded from the public debate . In January 2008 , seven Swedish members of parliament from the conservative Moderate Party , senior member of the governing Alliance coalition , authored a piece in a Swedish tabloid calling for the complete decriminalisation of filesharing . The Swedish members of parliament wrote that Decriminalising all non-commercial file sharing and forcing the market to adapt is not just the best solution . Its the only solution , unless we want an ever more extensive control of what citizens do on the Internet . International . Outside Sweden , pirate parties have been started in some 33 countries , inspired by the Swedish initiative . They cooperate through Pirate Parties International ( PPI ) . The Pirate Party of Germany gained seats in the city council of Münster and Aachen in August 2009 , and in the federal election a month later they received 2.0% of the party list votes , becoming the biggest party outside the Bundestag . In the election to the Abgeordnetenhaus in Berlin in September 2011 , the Pirate Party received 9% of the votes and , for the first time in Germany , gained seats in a state parliament . Free software . Richard Stallman has expressed concern that the Pirate Partys goal of reducing copyright term to 5 years could harm the free software movement . Many free software licenses , mainly the GPL , are based on long-term copyrights . Stallman argues that if copyright terms are reduced to 5 years , proprietary software vendors would be able to take free software and use it in proprietary software once the copyright expires . But proprietary software is restricted by EULAs in addition to copyright , and the source code is not available , rendering the proprietary software unusable for free software developers even after its copyright expires . Stallman suggests that under this new copyright law , proprietary software developers should put their code in escrow when the softwares binaries are released and then release their software into the public domain immediately after their copyright expires . Election results , voter base . 2006 Swedish general election . The Pirate Party attracted 34,918 votes in the Swedish general election of 2006 , their first participation at an election for parliament since the founding of the party less than 9 months prior . With 0.63% of the overall votes , it became the 10th biggest party of more than 40 participating . However , a voting result of less than 4% of the total votes does not qualify the party for seats in the Swedish Parliament . Getting more than 1% of the vote would have granted the party financial assistance from the state for printing ballots which is costly in Sweden , while at least 2.5% would grant them state funds for campaigning in the next election . Despite the setbacks , Falkvinge began planning for the Swedish general election in 2010 . 2009 European Parliament election . In the first pre-election poll before the 2009 European Parliament election , the Pirate Party registered at 5.1% , which would be enough to get a seat in the parliament . The support for the party was concentrated among younger voters , especially those of ages 18–29 ( where it was the second largest party ) and 30–44 ( where it was the fourth largest ) . By 22 May 2009 , a Demoskop poll showed a 7.9% support amongst Swedish voters , making the Pirate Party the third largest party . A week later this had grown to 8.2% and a projected two seats in Parliament , with 21.8% support amongst people aged 18–29 . The partys top two candidates were Christian Engström and Amelia Andersdotter . A model-based prediction for the 2009 European Parliament election by political scientists estimated on 4 June 2009 that the Pirate Party could be the third largest party from Sweden , gaining 2 seats . The Pirate Party got enough votes for at least one seat of the 18 available seats Sweden then had at the European Parliament , getting 7.1% of the Swedish votes . Following the ratification of the Treaty of Lisbon , a second seat was given to Amelia Andersdotter on December 1 , 2009 . The Pirate Party joined The Greens-European Free Alliance group . The Pirate Party of Germany also participated in the European Parliament elections , which was their first participation in a nationwide election , and achieved 0.9% in Germany , getting 230,000 votes . They missed the 5% level by a wide margin but qualified for public funding . 2010 election . In the 2010 general election , the Pirate Party increased their percentage of the vote by 0.02% , bringing it to a total of 0.65% , remaining under the required amount to gain a seat , but becoming the biggest party outside of Parliament . Relations to other Swedish pirate organizations . There are three major pirate organisations in Sweden : the political Pirate Party , the now-defunct NGO Piratbyrån ( Pirate Bureau ) , and the BitTorrent tracker The Pirate Bay . Of these three , Piratbyrån and The Pirate Bay share a common history but are now separate , whereas the Pirate Party developed on a completely separate and parallel track , founded by Falkvinge , and was initially unrelated to the other two . This was until 18 May 2010 , when the Pirate Party became The Pirate Bays ISP in response to an injunction that temporarily shut down access to The Pirate Bay , with the Pirate Party stating that It is time to take the bull by the horns and stand up for what we believe is a legitimate activity .
|
[
""
] |
[
{
"text": " The Pirate Party ( ) is a political party in Sweden founded in 2006 . Its sudden popularity has given rise to parties with the same name and similar goals in Europe and worldwide , forming the International Pirate Party movement .",
"title": "Pirate Party ( Sweden )"
},
{
"text": "The Pirate Party was initially formed to reform laws regarding copyright and patents . The party agenda includes support for strengthening the individuals right to privacy , both on the Internet and in everyday life , and the transparency of state administration . The Pirate Party has intentionally chosen to be bloc independent of the traditional left-right scale to pursue their political agenda with all mainstream parties . The party originally stayed neutral on other matters , but started broadening into other political areas in 2012 .",
"title": "Pirate Party ( Sweden )"
},
{
"text": "The Pirate Party participated in the 2006 Riksdag elections and gained 0.63% of the votes , making them the third largest party outside parliament . In terms of membership , it passed the Green Party in December 2008 , the Left Party in February 2009 , the Liberal Peoples Party and the Christian Democrats in April 2009 , and the Centre Party in May 2009 , making it , for the time being , the third largest political party in Sweden by membership . The Pirate Partys associated youth organisation , Young Pirate ( ) , was , for a",
"title": "Pirate Party ( Sweden )"
},
{
"text": "part of 2009 and 2010 , the largest political youth organisation in Sweden by membership count .",
"title": "Pirate Party ( Sweden )"
},
{
"text": " The Pirate Party came 5th in the 2009 European Parliament elections with 7.13% of the vote and 1 MEP ( increasing to 2 after ratification of the Lisbon Treaty ) . Christian Engström became the first MEP for the party , and Amelia Andersdotter took the second seat on 1 December 2009 . Rick Falkvinge , founder of the party , stepped down on 1 January 2011 after five years as party leader , making vice leader Anna Troberg the party leader .",
"title": "Pirate Party ( Sweden )"
},
{
"text": "On 1 December 2014 , Anna Troberg announced that she would not be available for re-election in 2015 after her term ended on 31 December 2014 .",
"title": "Pirate Party ( Sweden )"
},
{
"text": " The party advocates a severe reduction of economic sole right of copyrighted works , which today exist for 70 years after the creators death . They also advocate releasing all non-commercial sharing of copyrighted material , which means that all films , phonograms and programs can be shared freely as long as the operation isnt run commercially . The party also has personal privacy as a core value , and is critical towards laws such as ACTA , IPRED , the Telecoms Package , and the change in legislation regulating the National Defence Radio Establishment ( FRA ) .",
"title": "Declaration of principles"
},
{
"text": "The party advocates strengthened individual privacy , are against the Data Retention Directive , wants to elevate secrecy of correspondence to general secrecy of communication , and create a constitutional right to privacy . The party also seeks to modify the laws of intellectual property ( copyright and patent ) , but doesnt want to change the laws of trademarks or industrial design rights . The party views itself as a defender of the individuals civil rights especially with regards to surveillance , government accountability and political and business corruption .",
"title": "Declaration of principles"
},
{
"text": " Before the Swedish general election of 2010 the party stayed neutral in all other political matters , and could be considered a single-issue party . After 2010 the party started opening up for a broader political agenda . A new declaration of principles was formed in 2011 , and at the spring member meeting of 2012 several new political standpoints were decided on areas such as school , research and health care .",
"title": "Declaration of principles"
},
{
"text": "The website for the Pirate Party was launched on 1 January 2006 ( at 20.30 CEST ) , marking the foundation of the Party . Six phases were presented on the website , with phase one being the collection of at least 2,000 signatures ( 500 more than required ) to be handed over to the Swedish Election Authority before the 4th of February ( the deadline for registering being February 28 ) , so that the Party would be allowed to participate in the upcoming 17 September general election . In less than 24 hours after the opening of",
"title": "Founding"
},
{
"text": "the website , the Party had collected over 2,000 signatures ( 2,268 at 16.05 CEST ) .",
"title": "Founding"
},
{
"text": "By the morning of the 3rd of January , the Party closed the signature collection . In about 36 hours , they had gathered 4,725 signatures . As signatories are required by Swedish election law to identify themselves when giving support for a new party , international media reported this as a significant feat , given the nature of the Party . However , signatures presented to the election authorities are required to be handwritten . The goal of at least 1,500 handwritten signatures was reached February 10 and the final confirmation from the authorities was presented three days later",
"title": "Founding"
},
{
"text": ". The Party claimed to have recruited 900 members within the first month , each member paying a membership fee of 5 Swedish kronor ( approx . US$0.69 , c.2006 ) , payable by SMS ( The Party has since changed to free member registration ) .",
"title": "Founding"
},
{
"text": " Phases two to five included registering with the Election Authority , getting candidates for the Riksdag , raising money for printing ballots , and preparing an organization for the election , including local organizations in all municipalities of Sweden with a population in excess of 50,000 , which in 2005 meant 43 municipalities . During this phase fundraising was also started , with an initial goal of raising 1 million SEK ( $126,409 ) .",
"title": "Founding"
},
{
"text": "The sixth and final phase was the election itself . The Party , which claims that there are between 800,000 and 1.1 million active file sharers in Sweden , hoped that at least 225,000 ( 4% of all the voters in Sweden ) of those would vote for the party , granting them membership in Parliament .",
"title": "Founding"
},
{
"text": "Media quickly picked up on the movement . On Monday 2 January 2006 , a large Swedish financial newspaper , Dagens Industri , produced a story on what was happening . By 3 pm , the media seemed irritated that no owner of the website was listed or easy to track down ; some reports listed the website as not serious and a PR stunt . However , the largest Swedish tabloid , Aftonbladet , managed to track down the Party leader Rickard Falkvinge at work . Falkvinge , however , was unable to explain the Partys positions while at",
"title": "Initial media attention"
},
{
"text": "work , bringing this information gathering effort to an abrupt end .",
"title": "Initial media attention"
},
{
"text": " On 3 January 2006 , all the major Swedish news outlets had produced stories on the Party . Aftonbladet posted an online poll indicating that its readers gave the Party a 61% approval rating , and IDG produced a longer front page interview with Falkvinge in the afternoon . IDG also posted an online poll similar to the first , with similar results . The Party website was also slashdotted . The Pirate Partys web server received one million hits on its first day of operation , two million the next .",
"title": "Initial media attention"
},
{
"text": "On 4 January , international media and radio stations picked up the story . A major Swedish radio station broadcast an interview with Falkvinge about the unexpected amount of attention the initiative received . More attention followed on Thursday , including coverage by the BBC World Service , the first global radio station to produce a story on the Pirate Party initiative .",
"title": "Initial media attention"
},
{
"text": " At the end of the first week , the Pirate Party platform had been covered by over 500 English-language and over 600 Swedish-language media outlets . The Pirate Bay trial .",
"title": "Initial media attention"
},
{
"text": "On 31 May 2006 , Swedish police raided a facility hosting The Pirate Bay ( and Piratbyrån , along with over 200 other independent site owners , hosted at the same facility ) , leading to a breakthrough for the Pirate Party in the public eye . Before the raid , the Party was steadily growing with some ten new members every day , but the raid caused a surge of 500 new members by the end of the day , with a membership count of 2,680 . The next day another 930 people had registered membership , giving a",
"title": "Initial media attention"
},
{
"text": "total of 3,611 members , more than doubling their original number . During parts of 2006 Mikael Viborg , who is also known as the legal advisor of the popular BitTorrent tracker , The Pirate Bay was a board member of the Pirate Party .",
"title": "Initial media attention"
},
{
"text": "On 3 June 2006 , the Party performed a pirate demonstration in Stockholm and Gothenburg . The demonstration was in collaboration with the youth sections of some other political parties ( the Young Liberals , Young Greens and Young Left ) . Within a few days the file sharing issue had become the focus of national debate , followed by national as well as international media . Along with criticizing the approach to restricting Pirate Bays file sharing by the Minister for Justice Thomas Bodström , the right to free information and rule of law became the Partys main standpoints",
"title": "Initial media attention"
},
{
"text": ".",
"title": "Initial media attention"
},
{
"text": "The Pirate Party had over 50,189 members – more members than 5 of the 7 parties in the Swedish Parliament – and was the third largest political party in Sweden by member count . Pirate Partys youth organisation , Young Pirate , had more than 21,800 members , making it the largest political youth organisation in Sweden . Since 17 April 2009 , the party had more than tripled in size . Large increases in membership were associated with the controversial legislative change regulating signals intelligence , the IPRED law regarding copyright holder access to ISP subscriber information and the",
"title": "Initial media attention"
},
{
"text": "trial against The Pirate Bay . On 17 April 2009 the court reached a guilty verdict in the Pirate Bay trial and on the same day the Pirate Party gained 3,000 new members within 7 hours , making it larger in terms of members than 3 of the 7 parties in the Parliament of Sweden . A total of over 9,000 new members joined the party on that day and the day after . One week later it reached 40,000 members , compared to 15,000 members before the verdict .",
"title": "Initial media attention"
},
{
"text": " On 30 April 2009 , a newspaper election poll reported the Pirate Party vote to be 5.1% for the upcoming European Parliament election . Another more recent poll conducted by polling organization Demoskop for newspaper Upsala Nya Tidning gave the party 7.9% . The party eventually received 7.1% of the vote in the 7th June election , and won a seat in the European Parliament . 2010s decade . On 18 May 2010 , The Pirate Bay started hosting its site through bandwidth delivered from the Pirate Party .",
"title": "Initial media attention"
},
{
"text": "On 17 August 2010 , it was announced that the Pirate Party will be hosting and managing many of WikiLeaks new servers . The party donates servers and bandwidth to WikiLeaks without charge . Technicians of the party will make sure that the servers are maintained and working .",
"title": "Initial media attention"
},
{
"text": " On 19 September 2010 , the party won 0.7% of the votes in the 2010 general election , slightly increasing its performance in comparison to the 2006 general election .",
"title": "Initial media attention"
},
{
"text": "On 1 January 2011 , the party celebrated its five-year anniversary with a Bambuser live broadcast with party leader Rick Falkvinge and vice party leader Anna Troberg . Live in the video , Falkvinge sent a tweet saying he stepped down as party leader , and he announced that his successor would be Troberg . Falkvinge now works as an evangelist , spreading the politics of the Pirate Party in and out of Europe .",
"title": "Initial media attention"
},
{
"text": " In December 2011 , the party launched Free & Social , a social networking/microblogging service . In the 2014 general election and the 2014 European Parliament election the party won 0.4% respectively 2.2% of the votes and consequently lost their seats in the European Parliament . In the 2018 general election and the 2019 European Parliament election the party won 0.1% respectively 0.6% of the votes . After peaking at about 50,000 in late 2009 the membership numbers did steadily decline to about 2,500 party members in early 2020 .",
"title": "Initial media attention"
},
{
"text": " Less than a week before the 2006 elections , the Green Party shifted their stance on copyright reform . Additionally , both the Moderate Party and the Left Party changed their stances on internet downloads , and both prime ministerial candidates stated publicly that it shouldnt be illegal for young people to share files . Several influential analysts have credited the Pirate Party and its rising popularity for this shift in the political climate ; these include a panel of senior editors at International Data Group and political analysts at the largest morning newspaper , Dagens Nyheter .",
"title": "National"
},
{
"text": "Additionally , the then Swedish Minister of Justice Thomas Bodström , announced on 9 June that he was willing to negotiate a possible revision of the law introduced in 2005 that made unauthorised downloading of copyrighted material illegal , introducing a new tax on broadband Internet access , but he later denied having changed his stance on the issue .",
"title": "National"
},
{
"text": " After the 2006 elections , the issue faded from the public debate . In January 2008 , seven Swedish members of parliament from the conservative Moderate Party , senior member of the governing Alliance coalition , authored a piece in a Swedish tabloid calling for the complete decriminalisation of filesharing . The Swedish members of parliament wrote that Decriminalising all non-commercial file sharing and forcing the market to adapt is not just the best solution . Its the only solution , unless we want an ever more extensive control of what citizens do on the Internet .",
"title": "National"
},
{
"text": " Outside Sweden , pirate parties have been started in some 33 countries , inspired by the Swedish initiative . They cooperate through Pirate Parties International ( PPI ) .",
"title": "International"
},
{
"text": "The Pirate Party of Germany gained seats in the city council of Münster and Aachen in August 2009 , and in the federal election a month later they received 2.0% of the party list votes , becoming the biggest party outside the Bundestag . In the election to the Abgeordnetenhaus in Berlin in September 2011 , the Pirate Party received 9% of the votes and , for the first time in Germany , gained seats in a state parliament .",
"title": "International"
},
{
"text": "Richard Stallman has expressed concern that the Pirate Partys goal of reducing copyright term to 5 years could harm the free software movement . Many free software licenses , mainly the GPL , are based on long-term copyrights . Stallman argues that if copyright terms are reduced to 5 years , proprietary software vendors would be able to take free software and use it in proprietary software once the copyright expires . But proprietary software is restricted by EULAs in addition to copyright , and the source code is not available , rendering the proprietary software unusable for free software",
"title": "Free software"
},
{
"text": "developers even after its copyright expires . Stallman suggests that under this new copyright law , proprietary software developers should put their code in escrow when the softwares binaries are released and then release their software into the public domain immediately after their copyright expires .",
"title": "Free software"
},
{
"text": "The Pirate Party attracted 34,918 votes in the Swedish general election of 2006 , their first participation at an election for parliament since the founding of the party less than 9 months prior . With 0.63% of the overall votes , it became the 10th biggest party of more than 40 participating . However , a voting result of less than 4% of the total votes does not qualify the party for seats in the Swedish Parliament . Getting more than 1% of the vote would have granted the party financial assistance from the state for printing ballots which is",
"title": "Free software"
},
{
"text": "costly in Sweden , while at least 2.5% would grant them state funds for campaigning in the next election . Despite the setbacks , Falkvinge began planning for the Swedish general election in 2010 .",
"title": "Free software"
},
{
"text": " 2009 European Parliament election . In the first pre-election poll before the 2009 European Parliament election , the Pirate Party registered at 5.1% , which would be enough to get a seat in the parliament . The support for the party was concentrated among younger voters , especially those of ages 18–29 ( where it was the second largest party ) and 30–44 ( where it was the fourth largest ) .",
"title": "Free software"
},
{
"text": "By 22 May 2009 , a Demoskop poll showed a 7.9% support amongst Swedish voters , making the Pirate Party the third largest party . A week later this had grown to 8.2% and a projected two seats in Parliament , with 21.8% support amongst people aged 18–29 . The partys top two candidates were Christian Engström and Amelia Andersdotter .",
"title": "Free software"
},
{
"text": " A model-based prediction for the 2009 European Parliament election by political scientists estimated on 4 June 2009 that the Pirate Party could be the third largest party from Sweden , gaining 2 seats . The Pirate Party got enough votes for at least one seat of the 18 available seats Sweden then had at the European Parliament , getting 7.1% of the Swedish votes . Following the ratification of the Treaty of Lisbon , a second seat was given to Amelia Andersdotter on December 1 , 2009 . The Pirate Party joined The Greens-European Free Alliance group .",
"title": "Free software"
},
{
"text": "The Pirate Party of Germany also participated in the European Parliament elections , which was their first participation in a nationwide election , and achieved 0.9% in Germany , getting 230,000 votes . They missed the 5% level by a wide margin but qualified for public funding .",
"title": "Free software"
},
{
"text": " 2010 election . In the 2010 general election , the Pirate Party increased their percentage of the vote by 0.02% , bringing it to a total of 0.65% , remaining under the required amount to gain a seat , but becoming the biggest party outside of Parliament . Relations to other Swedish pirate organizations .",
"title": "Free software"
},
{
"text": "There are three major pirate organisations in Sweden : the political Pirate Party , the now-defunct NGO Piratbyrån ( Pirate Bureau ) , and the BitTorrent tracker The Pirate Bay . Of these three , Piratbyrån and The Pirate Bay share a common history but are now separate , whereas the Pirate Party developed on a completely separate and parallel track , founded by Falkvinge , and was initially unrelated to the other two . This was until 18 May 2010 , when the Pirate Party became The Pirate Bays ISP in response to an injunction that temporarily shut down",
"title": "Free software"
},
{
"text": "access to The Pirate Bay , with the Pirate Party stating that It is time to take the bull by the horns and stand up for what we believe is a legitimate activity .",
"title": "Free software"
}
] |
/wiki/Alexander_Keirincx#P937#0
|
What was the working location for Alexander Keirincx before Oct 1619?
|
Alexander Keirincx Alexander Keirincx ( Antwerp , 23 January 1600 – Amsterdam , 1652 ) was a Flemish landscape painter who is known for his wooded landscapes with figures as well as his portraits of English castles and country houses . After training in his native Antwerp , he worked in Utrecht and ultimately to Amsterdam in the Dutch Republic . During a period of sojourn in England in the late 1630s he worked on commissions for the English king . He was a regular collaborator of Cornelis van Poelenburch . Life . Alexander Keirincx was born in Antwerp on 23 January 1600 as the son of Matthijs Keirincx and Anna Mason . He became a master in the Antwerp guild of St . Luke in the guild year 1618–1619 . While it is not recorded who his master was , it has been suggested that it was the leading Antwerp landscape painter Abraham Govaerts . He married Clara Mattheusen on 18 June 1622 . In the guild year 1623-1624 Artus Verhoeven was registered as his pupil . It is possible he visited England in 1625 as three drawings with a pen and washed showing a view of parliament house in London and the Westminster and dated 1625 were recorded in the 18th century . He is for the last time mentioned in Antwerp in 1626 . He is recorded in Amsterdam in 1629 . He was residing in Utrecht in 1632 and may have stayed there until 1637 . It is also possible that he returned to Amsterdam in 1632 where he would have stayed until 1636 . In August 1637 he is recorded in London where he resided until 1641 . He was in the service of King Charles I for whom he painted a series of ten or more paintings of royal castles and places in England and Scotland . He spent time working in Yorkshire and Scotland in 1639 . His time in London overlapped with the residence in England of Utrecht painter Cornelis van Poelenburgh who Keirincx knew from Utrecht . The two artists regularly collaborated with each other . He had returned to Amsterdam in 1641 and obtained citizenship of that city on 30 January 1652 . He died in Amsterdam not long before 7 October 1652 . Work . Keirincx was a specialist landscape painter who is known for his wooded landscapes with figures and portrayals of English castles and country houses . His career and contributions to art history and especially to the development of painting in Britain have long been obscured by mistaken identity , lack of documentation and variant name spellings . In particular , he has erroneously been identified with the English painter Jacob or Johann Carings or Cierings ( c . 1590-1646 ) . Like his presumed master Abraham Govaerts Keirincx initially specialized in small cabinet-sized forest landscapes in the manner of Jan Brueghel the Elder and Gillis van Coninxloo . Also like Govaerts , Keirincxs early works typically show history , mythological or biblical subjects within a Mannerist three-color , schematic landscape bracketed by repoussoir trees . However , during the 1620s and 1630s his landscapes become increasingly naturalistic , influenced by Dutch tonalism in the manner of Pieter de Molyn , Jan van Goyen and others . A key event in Keirincxs career was his sojourn in England during which he received a commission of King Charles I of ten landscape paintings . These depicted mainly views of the kings castles and houses in Northern England and Scotland produced between May 1639 and mid-1640 . Charles commission was likely politically motivated , originally intended to celebrate his campaign and victory over the Scots during the first of the Bishops Wars and when that didnt materialize , a face-saving measure upon the return of his properties by the Scots . One example , Distant View of York at Tate Britain , shows an important site in the campaign of the First Bishops War . The importance of this series and its impact on later painting in Britain is hard to overstate , as Keirincx combined the aesthetic landscape tradition with that of the taste for detailed , topographical views , firmly grounded in Caroline court culture . His are the first house portraits which became a well-established trend in painting in Britain by the later 17th century as practiced for example by Jan Siberechts and Jan Griffier the Elder . Seventeenth-century artistic practice often relied on collaborations between specialist painters . Keirincx was the most frequent collaborator of the Dutch painter Cornelis van Poelenburgh . While the two artists lived near each other in Utrecht during the period between 1632 and 1636 and in London from 1637 to 1641 , their collaboration was not limited to those years . In their collaborations Keirincx usually painted the landscape to which Poelenburgh added the figures . However , in one instance it was Poelenburgh who painted the landscape and figures to which Keirincx added a tree . Fifteen paintings have survived on which they have collaborated , but the artists likely collaborated on more works . Two of the collaborations are signed by both artists , one by Van Poelenburgh only , and most of the others by Keirincx alone . The paintings signed by both artists are the Arcadian landscape with dancing figures ( 1633 , Kunsthalle Bremen ) and the ( 1629 , Musée Fabre ) . Infrared reflectography revealed that in the Forest landscape with figures , van Poelenburgh made some adjustments to the landscape painted first by Keirincx , likely to integrate his figures better into the landscape .
|
[
""
] |
[
{
"text": " Alexander Keirincx ( Antwerp , 23 January 1600 – Amsterdam , 1652 ) was a Flemish landscape painter who is known for his wooded landscapes with figures as well as his portraits of English castles and country houses . After training in his native Antwerp , he worked in Utrecht and ultimately to Amsterdam in the Dutch Republic . During a period of sojourn in England in the late 1630s he worked on commissions for the English king . He was a regular collaborator of Cornelis van Poelenburch .",
"title": "Alexander Keirincx"
},
{
"text": " Alexander Keirincx was born in Antwerp on 23 January 1600 as the son of Matthijs Keirincx and Anna Mason . He became a master in the Antwerp guild of St . Luke in the guild year 1618–1619 . While it is not recorded who his master was , it has been suggested that it was the leading Antwerp landscape painter Abraham Govaerts .",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"text": "He married Clara Mattheusen on 18 June 1622 . In the guild year 1623-1624 Artus Verhoeven was registered as his pupil . It is possible he visited England in 1625 as three drawings with a pen and washed showing a view of parliament house in London and the Westminster and dated 1625 were recorded in the 18th century . He is for the last time mentioned in Antwerp in 1626 . He is recorded in Amsterdam in 1629 . He was residing in Utrecht in 1632 and may have stayed there until 1637 . It is also possible that he",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"text": "returned to Amsterdam in 1632 where he would have stayed until 1636 .",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"text": " In August 1637 he is recorded in London where he resided until 1641 . He was in the service of King Charles I for whom he painted a series of ten or more paintings of royal castles and places in England and Scotland . He spent time working in Yorkshire and Scotland in 1639 . His time in London overlapped with the residence in England of Utrecht painter Cornelis van Poelenburgh who Keirincx knew from Utrecht . The two artists regularly collaborated with each other .",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"text": "He had returned to Amsterdam in 1641 and obtained citizenship of that city on 30 January 1652 . He died in Amsterdam not long before 7 October 1652 .",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"text": " Keirincx was a specialist landscape painter who is known for his wooded landscapes with figures and portrayals of English castles and country houses . His career and contributions to art history and especially to the development of painting in Britain have long been obscured by mistaken identity , lack of documentation and variant name spellings . In particular , he has erroneously been identified with the English painter Jacob or Johann Carings or Cierings ( c . 1590-1646 ) .",
"title": "Work"
},
{
"text": "Like his presumed master Abraham Govaerts Keirincx initially specialized in small cabinet-sized forest landscapes in the manner of Jan Brueghel the Elder and Gillis van Coninxloo . Also like Govaerts , Keirincxs early works typically show history , mythological or biblical subjects within a Mannerist three-color , schematic landscape bracketed by repoussoir trees . However , during the 1620s and 1630s his landscapes become increasingly naturalistic , influenced by Dutch tonalism in the manner of Pieter de Molyn , Jan van Goyen and others .",
"title": "Work"
},
{
"text": "A key event in Keirincxs career was his sojourn in England during which he received a commission of King Charles I of ten landscape paintings . These depicted mainly views of the kings castles and houses in Northern England and Scotland produced between May 1639 and mid-1640 . Charles commission was likely politically motivated , originally intended to celebrate his campaign and victory over the Scots during the first of the Bishops Wars and when that didnt materialize , a face-saving measure upon the return of his properties by the Scots . One example , Distant View of York at",
"title": "Work"
},
{
"text": "Tate Britain , shows an important site in the campaign of the First Bishops War . The importance of this series and its impact on later painting in Britain is hard to overstate , as Keirincx combined the aesthetic landscape tradition with that of the taste for detailed , topographical views , firmly grounded in Caroline court culture . His are the first house portraits which became a well-established trend in painting in Britain by the later 17th century as practiced for example by Jan Siberechts and Jan Griffier the Elder .",
"title": "Work"
},
{
"text": "Seventeenth-century artistic practice often relied on collaborations between specialist painters . Keirincx was the most frequent collaborator of the Dutch painter Cornelis van Poelenburgh . While the two artists lived near each other in Utrecht during the period between 1632 and 1636 and in London from 1637 to 1641 , their collaboration was not limited to those years . In their collaborations Keirincx usually painted the landscape to which Poelenburgh added the figures . However , in one instance it was Poelenburgh who painted the landscape and figures to which Keirincx added a tree . Fifteen paintings have survived on",
"title": "Work"
},
{
"text": "which they have collaborated , but the artists likely collaborated on more works . Two of the collaborations are signed by both artists , one by Van Poelenburgh only , and most of the others by Keirincx alone . The paintings signed by both artists are the Arcadian landscape with dancing figures ( 1633 , Kunsthalle Bremen ) and the ( 1629 , Musée Fabre ) . Infrared reflectography revealed that in the Forest landscape with figures , van Poelenburgh made some adjustments to the landscape painted first by Keirincx , likely to integrate his figures better into the landscape",
"title": "Work"
},
{
"text": ".",
"title": "Work"
}
] |
/wiki/Alexander_Keirincx#P937#1
|
What was the working location for Alexander Keirincx in Nov 1632?
|
Alexander Keirincx Alexander Keirincx ( Antwerp , 23 January 1600 – Amsterdam , 1652 ) was a Flemish landscape painter who is known for his wooded landscapes with figures as well as his portraits of English castles and country houses . After training in his native Antwerp , he worked in Utrecht and ultimately to Amsterdam in the Dutch Republic . During a period of sojourn in England in the late 1630s he worked on commissions for the English king . He was a regular collaborator of Cornelis van Poelenburch . Life . Alexander Keirincx was born in Antwerp on 23 January 1600 as the son of Matthijs Keirincx and Anna Mason . He became a master in the Antwerp guild of St . Luke in the guild year 1618–1619 . While it is not recorded who his master was , it has been suggested that it was the leading Antwerp landscape painter Abraham Govaerts . He married Clara Mattheusen on 18 June 1622 . In the guild year 1623-1624 Artus Verhoeven was registered as his pupil . It is possible he visited England in 1625 as three drawings with a pen and washed showing a view of parliament house in London and the Westminster and dated 1625 were recorded in the 18th century . He is for the last time mentioned in Antwerp in 1626 . He is recorded in Amsterdam in 1629 . He was residing in Utrecht in 1632 and may have stayed there until 1637 . It is also possible that he returned to Amsterdam in 1632 where he would have stayed until 1636 . In August 1637 he is recorded in London where he resided until 1641 . He was in the service of King Charles I for whom he painted a series of ten or more paintings of royal castles and places in England and Scotland . He spent time working in Yorkshire and Scotland in 1639 . His time in London overlapped with the residence in England of Utrecht painter Cornelis van Poelenburgh who Keirincx knew from Utrecht . The two artists regularly collaborated with each other . He had returned to Amsterdam in 1641 and obtained citizenship of that city on 30 January 1652 . He died in Amsterdam not long before 7 October 1652 . Work . Keirincx was a specialist landscape painter who is known for his wooded landscapes with figures and portrayals of English castles and country houses . His career and contributions to art history and especially to the development of painting in Britain have long been obscured by mistaken identity , lack of documentation and variant name spellings . In particular , he has erroneously been identified with the English painter Jacob or Johann Carings or Cierings ( c . 1590-1646 ) . Like his presumed master Abraham Govaerts Keirincx initially specialized in small cabinet-sized forest landscapes in the manner of Jan Brueghel the Elder and Gillis van Coninxloo . Also like Govaerts , Keirincxs early works typically show history , mythological or biblical subjects within a Mannerist three-color , schematic landscape bracketed by repoussoir trees . However , during the 1620s and 1630s his landscapes become increasingly naturalistic , influenced by Dutch tonalism in the manner of Pieter de Molyn , Jan van Goyen and others . A key event in Keirincxs career was his sojourn in England during which he received a commission of King Charles I of ten landscape paintings . These depicted mainly views of the kings castles and houses in Northern England and Scotland produced between May 1639 and mid-1640 . Charles commission was likely politically motivated , originally intended to celebrate his campaign and victory over the Scots during the first of the Bishops Wars and when that didnt materialize , a face-saving measure upon the return of his properties by the Scots . One example , Distant View of York at Tate Britain , shows an important site in the campaign of the First Bishops War . The importance of this series and its impact on later painting in Britain is hard to overstate , as Keirincx combined the aesthetic landscape tradition with that of the taste for detailed , topographical views , firmly grounded in Caroline court culture . His are the first house portraits which became a well-established trend in painting in Britain by the later 17th century as practiced for example by Jan Siberechts and Jan Griffier the Elder . Seventeenth-century artistic practice often relied on collaborations between specialist painters . Keirincx was the most frequent collaborator of the Dutch painter Cornelis van Poelenburgh . While the two artists lived near each other in Utrecht during the period between 1632 and 1636 and in London from 1637 to 1641 , their collaboration was not limited to those years . In their collaborations Keirincx usually painted the landscape to which Poelenburgh added the figures . However , in one instance it was Poelenburgh who painted the landscape and figures to which Keirincx added a tree . Fifteen paintings have survived on which they have collaborated , but the artists likely collaborated on more works . Two of the collaborations are signed by both artists , one by Van Poelenburgh only , and most of the others by Keirincx alone . The paintings signed by both artists are the Arcadian landscape with dancing figures ( 1633 , Kunsthalle Bremen ) and the ( 1629 , Musée Fabre ) . Infrared reflectography revealed that in the Forest landscape with figures , van Poelenburgh made some adjustments to the landscape painted first by Keirincx , likely to integrate his figures better into the landscape .
|
[
"Amsterdam"
] |
[
{
"text": " Alexander Keirincx ( Antwerp , 23 January 1600 – Amsterdam , 1652 ) was a Flemish landscape painter who is known for his wooded landscapes with figures as well as his portraits of English castles and country houses . After training in his native Antwerp , he worked in Utrecht and ultimately to Amsterdam in the Dutch Republic . During a period of sojourn in England in the late 1630s he worked on commissions for the English king . He was a regular collaborator of Cornelis van Poelenburch .",
"title": "Alexander Keirincx"
},
{
"text": " Alexander Keirincx was born in Antwerp on 23 January 1600 as the son of Matthijs Keirincx and Anna Mason . He became a master in the Antwerp guild of St . Luke in the guild year 1618–1619 . While it is not recorded who his master was , it has been suggested that it was the leading Antwerp landscape painter Abraham Govaerts .",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"text": "He married Clara Mattheusen on 18 June 1622 . In the guild year 1623-1624 Artus Verhoeven was registered as his pupil . It is possible he visited England in 1625 as three drawings with a pen and washed showing a view of parliament house in London and the Westminster and dated 1625 were recorded in the 18th century . He is for the last time mentioned in Antwerp in 1626 . He is recorded in Amsterdam in 1629 . He was residing in Utrecht in 1632 and may have stayed there until 1637 . It is also possible that he",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"text": "returned to Amsterdam in 1632 where he would have stayed until 1636 .",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"text": " In August 1637 he is recorded in London where he resided until 1641 . He was in the service of King Charles I for whom he painted a series of ten or more paintings of royal castles and places in England and Scotland . He spent time working in Yorkshire and Scotland in 1639 . His time in London overlapped with the residence in England of Utrecht painter Cornelis van Poelenburgh who Keirincx knew from Utrecht . The two artists regularly collaborated with each other .",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"text": "He had returned to Amsterdam in 1641 and obtained citizenship of that city on 30 January 1652 . He died in Amsterdam not long before 7 October 1652 .",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"text": " Keirincx was a specialist landscape painter who is known for his wooded landscapes with figures and portrayals of English castles and country houses . His career and contributions to art history and especially to the development of painting in Britain have long been obscured by mistaken identity , lack of documentation and variant name spellings . In particular , he has erroneously been identified with the English painter Jacob or Johann Carings or Cierings ( c . 1590-1646 ) .",
"title": "Work"
},
{
"text": "Like his presumed master Abraham Govaerts Keirincx initially specialized in small cabinet-sized forest landscapes in the manner of Jan Brueghel the Elder and Gillis van Coninxloo . Also like Govaerts , Keirincxs early works typically show history , mythological or biblical subjects within a Mannerist three-color , schematic landscape bracketed by repoussoir trees . However , during the 1620s and 1630s his landscapes become increasingly naturalistic , influenced by Dutch tonalism in the manner of Pieter de Molyn , Jan van Goyen and others .",
"title": "Work"
},
{
"text": "A key event in Keirincxs career was his sojourn in England during which he received a commission of King Charles I of ten landscape paintings . These depicted mainly views of the kings castles and houses in Northern England and Scotland produced between May 1639 and mid-1640 . Charles commission was likely politically motivated , originally intended to celebrate his campaign and victory over the Scots during the first of the Bishops Wars and when that didnt materialize , a face-saving measure upon the return of his properties by the Scots . One example , Distant View of York at",
"title": "Work"
},
{
"text": "Tate Britain , shows an important site in the campaign of the First Bishops War . The importance of this series and its impact on later painting in Britain is hard to overstate , as Keirincx combined the aesthetic landscape tradition with that of the taste for detailed , topographical views , firmly grounded in Caroline court culture . His are the first house portraits which became a well-established trend in painting in Britain by the later 17th century as practiced for example by Jan Siberechts and Jan Griffier the Elder .",
"title": "Work"
},
{
"text": "Seventeenth-century artistic practice often relied on collaborations between specialist painters . Keirincx was the most frequent collaborator of the Dutch painter Cornelis van Poelenburgh . While the two artists lived near each other in Utrecht during the period between 1632 and 1636 and in London from 1637 to 1641 , their collaboration was not limited to those years . In their collaborations Keirincx usually painted the landscape to which Poelenburgh added the figures . However , in one instance it was Poelenburgh who painted the landscape and figures to which Keirincx added a tree . Fifteen paintings have survived on",
"title": "Work"
},
{
"text": "which they have collaborated , but the artists likely collaborated on more works . Two of the collaborations are signed by both artists , one by Van Poelenburgh only , and most of the others by Keirincx alone . The paintings signed by both artists are the Arcadian landscape with dancing figures ( 1633 , Kunsthalle Bremen ) and the ( 1629 , Musée Fabre ) . Infrared reflectography revealed that in the Forest landscape with figures , van Poelenburgh made some adjustments to the landscape painted first by Keirincx , likely to integrate his figures better into the landscape",
"title": "Work"
},
{
"text": ".",
"title": "Work"
}
] |
/wiki/Alexander_Keirincx#P937#2
|
What was the working location for Alexander Keirincx between Jul 1638 and Aug 1639?
|
Alexander Keirincx Alexander Keirincx ( Antwerp , 23 January 1600 – Amsterdam , 1652 ) was a Flemish landscape painter who is known for his wooded landscapes with figures as well as his portraits of English castles and country houses . After training in his native Antwerp , he worked in Utrecht and ultimately to Amsterdam in the Dutch Republic . During a period of sojourn in England in the late 1630s he worked on commissions for the English king . He was a regular collaborator of Cornelis van Poelenburch . Life . Alexander Keirincx was born in Antwerp on 23 January 1600 as the son of Matthijs Keirincx and Anna Mason . He became a master in the Antwerp guild of St . Luke in the guild year 1618–1619 . While it is not recorded who his master was , it has been suggested that it was the leading Antwerp landscape painter Abraham Govaerts . He married Clara Mattheusen on 18 June 1622 . In the guild year 1623-1624 Artus Verhoeven was registered as his pupil . It is possible he visited England in 1625 as three drawings with a pen and washed showing a view of parliament house in London and the Westminster and dated 1625 were recorded in the 18th century . He is for the last time mentioned in Antwerp in 1626 . He is recorded in Amsterdam in 1629 . He was residing in Utrecht in 1632 and may have stayed there until 1637 . It is also possible that he returned to Amsterdam in 1632 where he would have stayed until 1636 . In August 1637 he is recorded in London where he resided until 1641 . He was in the service of King Charles I for whom he painted a series of ten or more paintings of royal castles and places in England and Scotland . He spent time working in Yorkshire and Scotland in 1639 . His time in London overlapped with the residence in England of Utrecht painter Cornelis van Poelenburgh who Keirincx knew from Utrecht . The two artists regularly collaborated with each other . He had returned to Amsterdam in 1641 and obtained citizenship of that city on 30 January 1652 . He died in Amsterdam not long before 7 October 1652 . Work . Keirincx was a specialist landscape painter who is known for his wooded landscapes with figures and portrayals of English castles and country houses . His career and contributions to art history and especially to the development of painting in Britain have long been obscured by mistaken identity , lack of documentation and variant name spellings . In particular , he has erroneously been identified with the English painter Jacob or Johann Carings or Cierings ( c . 1590-1646 ) . Like his presumed master Abraham Govaerts Keirincx initially specialized in small cabinet-sized forest landscapes in the manner of Jan Brueghel the Elder and Gillis van Coninxloo . Also like Govaerts , Keirincxs early works typically show history , mythological or biblical subjects within a Mannerist three-color , schematic landscape bracketed by repoussoir trees . However , during the 1620s and 1630s his landscapes become increasingly naturalistic , influenced by Dutch tonalism in the manner of Pieter de Molyn , Jan van Goyen and others . A key event in Keirincxs career was his sojourn in England during which he received a commission of King Charles I of ten landscape paintings . These depicted mainly views of the kings castles and houses in Northern England and Scotland produced between May 1639 and mid-1640 . Charles commission was likely politically motivated , originally intended to celebrate his campaign and victory over the Scots during the first of the Bishops Wars and when that didnt materialize , a face-saving measure upon the return of his properties by the Scots . One example , Distant View of York at Tate Britain , shows an important site in the campaign of the First Bishops War . The importance of this series and its impact on later painting in Britain is hard to overstate , as Keirincx combined the aesthetic landscape tradition with that of the taste for detailed , topographical views , firmly grounded in Caroline court culture . His are the first house portraits which became a well-established trend in painting in Britain by the later 17th century as practiced for example by Jan Siberechts and Jan Griffier the Elder . Seventeenth-century artistic practice often relied on collaborations between specialist painters . Keirincx was the most frequent collaborator of the Dutch painter Cornelis van Poelenburgh . While the two artists lived near each other in Utrecht during the period between 1632 and 1636 and in London from 1637 to 1641 , their collaboration was not limited to those years . In their collaborations Keirincx usually painted the landscape to which Poelenburgh added the figures . However , in one instance it was Poelenburgh who painted the landscape and figures to which Keirincx added a tree . Fifteen paintings have survived on which they have collaborated , but the artists likely collaborated on more works . Two of the collaborations are signed by both artists , one by Van Poelenburgh only , and most of the others by Keirincx alone . The paintings signed by both artists are the Arcadian landscape with dancing figures ( 1633 , Kunsthalle Bremen ) and the ( 1629 , Musée Fabre ) . Infrared reflectography revealed that in the Forest landscape with figures , van Poelenburgh made some adjustments to the landscape painted first by Keirincx , likely to integrate his figures better into the landscape .
|
[
"London"
] |
[
{
"text": " Alexander Keirincx ( Antwerp , 23 January 1600 – Amsterdam , 1652 ) was a Flemish landscape painter who is known for his wooded landscapes with figures as well as his portraits of English castles and country houses . After training in his native Antwerp , he worked in Utrecht and ultimately to Amsterdam in the Dutch Republic . During a period of sojourn in England in the late 1630s he worked on commissions for the English king . He was a regular collaborator of Cornelis van Poelenburch .",
"title": "Alexander Keirincx"
},
{
"text": " Alexander Keirincx was born in Antwerp on 23 January 1600 as the son of Matthijs Keirincx and Anna Mason . He became a master in the Antwerp guild of St . Luke in the guild year 1618–1619 . While it is not recorded who his master was , it has been suggested that it was the leading Antwerp landscape painter Abraham Govaerts .",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"text": "He married Clara Mattheusen on 18 June 1622 . In the guild year 1623-1624 Artus Verhoeven was registered as his pupil . It is possible he visited England in 1625 as three drawings with a pen and washed showing a view of parliament house in London and the Westminster and dated 1625 were recorded in the 18th century . He is for the last time mentioned in Antwerp in 1626 . He is recorded in Amsterdam in 1629 . He was residing in Utrecht in 1632 and may have stayed there until 1637 . It is also possible that he",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"text": "returned to Amsterdam in 1632 where he would have stayed until 1636 .",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"text": " In August 1637 he is recorded in London where he resided until 1641 . He was in the service of King Charles I for whom he painted a series of ten or more paintings of royal castles and places in England and Scotland . He spent time working in Yorkshire and Scotland in 1639 . His time in London overlapped with the residence in England of Utrecht painter Cornelis van Poelenburgh who Keirincx knew from Utrecht . The two artists regularly collaborated with each other .",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"text": "He had returned to Amsterdam in 1641 and obtained citizenship of that city on 30 January 1652 . He died in Amsterdam not long before 7 October 1652 .",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"text": " Keirincx was a specialist landscape painter who is known for his wooded landscapes with figures and portrayals of English castles and country houses . His career and contributions to art history and especially to the development of painting in Britain have long been obscured by mistaken identity , lack of documentation and variant name spellings . In particular , he has erroneously been identified with the English painter Jacob or Johann Carings or Cierings ( c . 1590-1646 ) .",
"title": "Work"
},
{
"text": "Like his presumed master Abraham Govaerts Keirincx initially specialized in small cabinet-sized forest landscapes in the manner of Jan Brueghel the Elder and Gillis van Coninxloo . Also like Govaerts , Keirincxs early works typically show history , mythological or biblical subjects within a Mannerist three-color , schematic landscape bracketed by repoussoir trees . However , during the 1620s and 1630s his landscapes become increasingly naturalistic , influenced by Dutch tonalism in the manner of Pieter de Molyn , Jan van Goyen and others .",
"title": "Work"
},
{
"text": "A key event in Keirincxs career was his sojourn in England during which he received a commission of King Charles I of ten landscape paintings . These depicted mainly views of the kings castles and houses in Northern England and Scotland produced between May 1639 and mid-1640 . Charles commission was likely politically motivated , originally intended to celebrate his campaign and victory over the Scots during the first of the Bishops Wars and when that didnt materialize , a face-saving measure upon the return of his properties by the Scots . One example , Distant View of York at",
"title": "Work"
},
{
"text": "Tate Britain , shows an important site in the campaign of the First Bishops War . The importance of this series and its impact on later painting in Britain is hard to overstate , as Keirincx combined the aesthetic landscape tradition with that of the taste for detailed , topographical views , firmly grounded in Caroline court culture . His are the first house portraits which became a well-established trend in painting in Britain by the later 17th century as practiced for example by Jan Siberechts and Jan Griffier the Elder .",
"title": "Work"
},
{
"text": "Seventeenth-century artistic practice often relied on collaborations between specialist painters . Keirincx was the most frequent collaborator of the Dutch painter Cornelis van Poelenburgh . While the two artists lived near each other in Utrecht during the period between 1632 and 1636 and in London from 1637 to 1641 , their collaboration was not limited to those years . In their collaborations Keirincx usually painted the landscape to which Poelenburgh added the figures . However , in one instance it was Poelenburgh who painted the landscape and figures to which Keirincx added a tree . Fifteen paintings have survived on",
"title": "Work"
},
{
"text": "which they have collaborated , but the artists likely collaborated on more works . Two of the collaborations are signed by both artists , one by Van Poelenburgh only , and most of the others by Keirincx alone . The paintings signed by both artists are the Arcadian landscape with dancing figures ( 1633 , Kunsthalle Bremen ) and the ( 1629 , Musée Fabre ) . Infrared reflectography revealed that in the Forest landscape with figures , van Poelenburgh made some adjustments to the landscape painted first by Keirincx , likely to integrate his figures better into the landscape",
"title": "Work"
},
{
"text": ".",
"title": "Work"
}
] |
/wiki/Alexander_Keirincx#P937#3
|
What was the working location for Alexander Keirincx after Dec 1641?
|
Alexander Keirincx Alexander Keirincx ( Antwerp , 23 January 1600 – Amsterdam , 1652 ) was a Flemish landscape painter who is known for his wooded landscapes with figures as well as his portraits of English castles and country houses . After training in his native Antwerp , he worked in Utrecht and ultimately to Amsterdam in the Dutch Republic . During a period of sojourn in England in the late 1630s he worked on commissions for the English king . He was a regular collaborator of Cornelis van Poelenburch . Life . Alexander Keirincx was born in Antwerp on 23 January 1600 as the son of Matthijs Keirincx and Anna Mason . He became a master in the Antwerp guild of St . Luke in the guild year 1618–1619 . While it is not recorded who his master was , it has been suggested that it was the leading Antwerp landscape painter Abraham Govaerts . He married Clara Mattheusen on 18 June 1622 . In the guild year 1623-1624 Artus Verhoeven was registered as his pupil . It is possible he visited England in 1625 as three drawings with a pen and washed showing a view of parliament house in London and the Westminster and dated 1625 were recorded in the 18th century . He is for the last time mentioned in Antwerp in 1626 . He is recorded in Amsterdam in 1629 . He was residing in Utrecht in 1632 and may have stayed there until 1637 . It is also possible that he returned to Amsterdam in 1632 where he would have stayed until 1636 . In August 1637 he is recorded in London where he resided until 1641 . He was in the service of King Charles I for whom he painted a series of ten or more paintings of royal castles and places in England and Scotland . He spent time working in Yorkshire and Scotland in 1639 . His time in London overlapped with the residence in England of Utrecht painter Cornelis van Poelenburgh who Keirincx knew from Utrecht . The two artists regularly collaborated with each other . He had returned to Amsterdam in 1641 and obtained citizenship of that city on 30 January 1652 . He died in Amsterdam not long before 7 October 1652 . Work . Keirincx was a specialist landscape painter who is known for his wooded landscapes with figures and portrayals of English castles and country houses . His career and contributions to art history and especially to the development of painting in Britain have long been obscured by mistaken identity , lack of documentation and variant name spellings . In particular , he has erroneously been identified with the English painter Jacob or Johann Carings or Cierings ( c . 1590-1646 ) . Like his presumed master Abraham Govaerts Keirincx initially specialized in small cabinet-sized forest landscapes in the manner of Jan Brueghel the Elder and Gillis van Coninxloo . Also like Govaerts , Keirincxs early works typically show history , mythological or biblical subjects within a Mannerist three-color , schematic landscape bracketed by repoussoir trees . However , during the 1620s and 1630s his landscapes become increasingly naturalistic , influenced by Dutch tonalism in the manner of Pieter de Molyn , Jan van Goyen and others . A key event in Keirincxs career was his sojourn in England during which he received a commission of King Charles I of ten landscape paintings . These depicted mainly views of the kings castles and houses in Northern England and Scotland produced between May 1639 and mid-1640 . Charles commission was likely politically motivated , originally intended to celebrate his campaign and victory over the Scots during the first of the Bishops Wars and when that didnt materialize , a face-saving measure upon the return of his properties by the Scots . One example , Distant View of York at Tate Britain , shows an important site in the campaign of the First Bishops War . The importance of this series and its impact on later painting in Britain is hard to overstate , as Keirincx combined the aesthetic landscape tradition with that of the taste for detailed , topographical views , firmly grounded in Caroline court culture . His are the first house portraits which became a well-established trend in painting in Britain by the later 17th century as practiced for example by Jan Siberechts and Jan Griffier the Elder . Seventeenth-century artistic practice often relied on collaborations between specialist painters . Keirincx was the most frequent collaborator of the Dutch painter Cornelis van Poelenburgh . While the two artists lived near each other in Utrecht during the period between 1632 and 1636 and in London from 1637 to 1641 , their collaboration was not limited to those years . In their collaborations Keirincx usually painted the landscape to which Poelenburgh added the figures . However , in one instance it was Poelenburgh who painted the landscape and figures to which Keirincx added a tree . Fifteen paintings have survived on which they have collaborated , but the artists likely collaborated on more works . Two of the collaborations are signed by both artists , one by Van Poelenburgh only , and most of the others by Keirincx alone . The paintings signed by both artists are the Arcadian landscape with dancing figures ( 1633 , Kunsthalle Bremen ) and the ( 1629 , Musée Fabre ) . Infrared reflectography revealed that in the Forest landscape with figures , van Poelenburgh made some adjustments to the landscape painted first by Keirincx , likely to integrate his figures better into the landscape .
|
[
"Amsterdam"
] |
[
{
"text": " Alexander Keirincx ( Antwerp , 23 January 1600 – Amsterdam , 1652 ) was a Flemish landscape painter who is known for his wooded landscapes with figures as well as his portraits of English castles and country houses . After training in his native Antwerp , he worked in Utrecht and ultimately to Amsterdam in the Dutch Republic . During a period of sojourn in England in the late 1630s he worked on commissions for the English king . He was a regular collaborator of Cornelis van Poelenburch .",
"title": "Alexander Keirincx"
},
{
"text": " Alexander Keirincx was born in Antwerp on 23 January 1600 as the son of Matthijs Keirincx and Anna Mason . He became a master in the Antwerp guild of St . Luke in the guild year 1618–1619 . While it is not recorded who his master was , it has been suggested that it was the leading Antwerp landscape painter Abraham Govaerts .",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"text": "He married Clara Mattheusen on 18 June 1622 . In the guild year 1623-1624 Artus Verhoeven was registered as his pupil . It is possible he visited England in 1625 as three drawings with a pen and washed showing a view of parliament house in London and the Westminster and dated 1625 were recorded in the 18th century . He is for the last time mentioned in Antwerp in 1626 . He is recorded in Amsterdam in 1629 . He was residing in Utrecht in 1632 and may have stayed there until 1637 . It is also possible that he",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"text": "returned to Amsterdam in 1632 where he would have stayed until 1636 .",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"text": " In August 1637 he is recorded in London where he resided until 1641 . He was in the service of King Charles I for whom he painted a series of ten or more paintings of royal castles and places in England and Scotland . He spent time working in Yorkshire and Scotland in 1639 . His time in London overlapped with the residence in England of Utrecht painter Cornelis van Poelenburgh who Keirincx knew from Utrecht . The two artists regularly collaborated with each other .",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"text": "He had returned to Amsterdam in 1641 and obtained citizenship of that city on 30 January 1652 . He died in Amsterdam not long before 7 October 1652 .",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"text": " Keirincx was a specialist landscape painter who is known for his wooded landscapes with figures and portrayals of English castles and country houses . His career and contributions to art history and especially to the development of painting in Britain have long been obscured by mistaken identity , lack of documentation and variant name spellings . In particular , he has erroneously been identified with the English painter Jacob or Johann Carings or Cierings ( c . 1590-1646 ) .",
"title": "Work"
},
{
"text": "Like his presumed master Abraham Govaerts Keirincx initially specialized in small cabinet-sized forest landscapes in the manner of Jan Brueghel the Elder and Gillis van Coninxloo . Also like Govaerts , Keirincxs early works typically show history , mythological or biblical subjects within a Mannerist three-color , schematic landscape bracketed by repoussoir trees . However , during the 1620s and 1630s his landscapes become increasingly naturalistic , influenced by Dutch tonalism in the manner of Pieter de Molyn , Jan van Goyen and others .",
"title": "Work"
},
{
"text": "A key event in Keirincxs career was his sojourn in England during which he received a commission of King Charles I of ten landscape paintings . These depicted mainly views of the kings castles and houses in Northern England and Scotland produced between May 1639 and mid-1640 . Charles commission was likely politically motivated , originally intended to celebrate his campaign and victory over the Scots during the first of the Bishops Wars and when that didnt materialize , a face-saving measure upon the return of his properties by the Scots . One example , Distant View of York at",
"title": "Work"
},
{
"text": "Tate Britain , shows an important site in the campaign of the First Bishops War . The importance of this series and its impact on later painting in Britain is hard to overstate , as Keirincx combined the aesthetic landscape tradition with that of the taste for detailed , topographical views , firmly grounded in Caroline court culture . His are the first house portraits which became a well-established trend in painting in Britain by the later 17th century as practiced for example by Jan Siberechts and Jan Griffier the Elder .",
"title": "Work"
},
{
"text": "Seventeenth-century artistic practice often relied on collaborations between specialist painters . Keirincx was the most frequent collaborator of the Dutch painter Cornelis van Poelenburgh . While the two artists lived near each other in Utrecht during the period between 1632 and 1636 and in London from 1637 to 1641 , their collaboration was not limited to those years . In their collaborations Keirincx usually painted the landscape to which Poelenburgh added the figures . However , in one instance it was Poelenburgh who painted the landscape and figures to which Keirincx added a tree . Fifteen paintings have survived on",
"title": "Work"
},
{
"text": "which they have collaborated , but the artists likely collaborated on more works . Two of the collaborations are signed by both artists , one by Van Poelenburgh only , and most of the others by Keirincx alone . The paintings signed by both artists are the Arcadian landscape with dancing figures ( 1633 , Kunsthalle Bremen ) and the ( 1629 , Musée Fabre ) . Infrared reflectography revealed that in the Forest landscape with figures , van Poelenburgh made some adjustments to the landscape painted first by Keirincx , likely to integrate his figures better into the landscape",
"title": "Work"
},
{
"text": ".",
"title": "Work"
}
] |
/wiki/Julian_Draxler#P54#0
|
Which team did the player Julian Draxler belong to between Mar 2010 and Oct 2010?
|
Julian Draxler Julian Draxler ( born 20 September 1993 ) is a German professional footballer who plays as an attacking midfielder for Ligue 1 club Paris Saint-Germain and the Germany national team . He is known for his ability to use both feet , his speed , and the power of his shot . Draxler made his Bundesliga debut for Schalke 04 aged 17 in January 2011 , and in May of that year scored the first goal as the side won the DFB-Pokal Final . In total , he played 171 competitive matches for Schalke , scoring 30 goals , before transferring to VfL Wolfsburg in 2015 . In January 2017 , he joined PSG . A full international with over 40 caps since 2012 , he was part of the Germany squad who won the 2014 FIFA World Cup , reached the semi-finals of UEFA Euro 2016 and was the captain of the side that won the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup , a tournament in which Draxler was awarded the Golden Ball trophy as the best player of the competition . Club career . Schalke 04 . Draxler made his Bundesliga debut on 15 January 2011 in a 0–1 loss to Hamburger SV . At that time , he was the fourth-youngest Bundesliga player ever and the youngest in Schalkes history . One week later , in Schalkes 1–0 win against Hannover 96 , he became the second-youngest field player after Nuri Şahin to start a Bundesliga match . On 25 January 2011 , Julian Draxler came on as a substitute for Peer Kluge in the quarter-finals of the 2010–11 DFB-Pokal against 1 . FC Nürnberg in the second half of extra time . He scored his first goal for Schalke 04 in the dying seconds of the same match to ensure a 3–2 for his club . He scored his first Bundesliga goal on 1 April 2011 against FC St . Pauli . Draxler opened the scoring in Schalkes 2011 DFB-Pokal Final victory over MSV Duisburg , volleying in from outside the area , scoring the first of what proved to be five unanswered goals for Schalke . He finished the 2010–11 season with 1 goal in 15 league appearances , two goals in three DFB-Pokal appearances and six UEFA Champions League appearances . In the 2011–12 season , Draxler played an important part in securing third place and 2011–12 UEFA Champions League qualification for Schalke , appearing in 30 of 34 Bundesliga matches , mainly on the left side of midfield to accommodate Lewis Holtby in a central role . He also had a goal in two DFB-Pokal matches , two goals in the UEFA Europa League , and an appearance in the DFL-Supercup . The following season , Draxler continued to prove himself to be an important first team player , scoring in matches against Greuther Fürth , Werder Bremen , Borussia Mönchengladbach and in a high-scoring 5–4 victory against Hannover 96 . Draxler continued to play an important role after Holtbys departure and the signing of Michel Bastos , allowing Draxler to impress in his favoured attacking midfield position , including two goals in a 4–1 victory at VfL Wolfsburg . While scoring in a 2–1 win to complete a league double over rivals Borussia Dortmund , Draxler became Schalkes youngest ever player to appear in 100 competitive games . On 3 May , he scored the matchs only goal as Schalke defeated Borussia Mönchengladbach 1–0 at Borussia-Park . Draxler finished the 2012–13 season as Schalkes joint top goalscorer in the Bundesliga – along with striker Klaas-Jan Huntelaar – after finishing the season with ten goals . He also scored two goals in three DFB-Pokal matches and one goal in six UEFA Champions League matches . In May 2013 , amid rumours of interest from English Premier League clubs as well as from Borussia Dortmund , Draxler extended his contract for a further two years , until 30 June 2018 . On 2 October 2013 , Draxler scored in a 1–0 away win against Basel in the 2013–14 UEFA Champions League . This win took Schalke 04 to the top of their group . In the final match of the Champions League group stage , Draxler opened the scoring for Schalke in a 2–0 victory against Basel , taking them through to the knockout phase of the tournament . He finished the 2013–14 season with 2 goals in 26 appearances in the Bundesliga , two appearances in the DFB-Pokal and four goals in ten appearances in the Champions League . He would go on to score 2 goals in 19 appearances in all competitions in the following season . On 27 July 2015 , Schalke rejected a bid of €15 million from Juventus , after reports that the Italian side and Draxler had already agreed personal terms . Schalke general manager Horst Heldt felt the offer was far too low and informed Juventus that there would be no further talks . On 31 August 2015 , Draxler signed for VfL Wolfsburg . His final match was a 3–0 loss to Wolfsburg three days prior to the transfer . He finished his 2015–16 account for Schalke with one goal in three Bundesliga matches and a DFB-Pokal match . VfL Wolfsburg . On 31 August 2015 , Draxler signed for VfL Wolfsburg on a five-year deal for a reported initial fee of €36 million plus add-ons . He scored his first goal for Wolfsburg on 15 September 2015 , in a 1–0 win over CSKA Moscow on his Champions League debut for the club . On 31 October , he registered his first Bundesliga goal with the Wolves , scoring the winner after appearing as a substitute against Bayer Leverkusen . In the knockout phase of the 2015–16 Champions League , against Gent , Draxler scored twice in a 3–2 away win in the first leg . On 8 March in the second leg at the Volkswagen Arena , he assisted André Schürrle for the only goal of the match as Wolfsburg reached the quarter-finals for the first time in club history . However , media sources reported that Draxler had failed to fulfill expectations with the Wolves and often appeared like a foreign body in the team . He ended the 2015–16 season with 8 goals and 7 assists from 28 appearances . Ahead of the 2016–17 season , Draxler announced that he wished to leave VfL Wolfsburg and that the club would allow him to transfer if it received an attractive offer . Despite reported interest from Arsenal and Paris Saint-Germain , Draxler could not secure a transfer away from Wolfsburg during the summer transfer window . On his return to the Wolfsburg team , Draxler was loudly booed by the clubs supporters and described the following four months as the worst first half of a season of my career . Paris Saint-Germain . On 24 December 2016 , it was announced on VfL Wolfsburgs website that Draxler would be joining Paris Saint-Germain on a four-year contract , for a reported fee of €42 million , pending a medical examination . The transfer was officially completed on 3 January 2017 . 2016–17 season . On 7 January , Draxler made his competitive debut for PSG in a Coupe de France fixture against Bastia at the Parc des Princes . He scored the final goal of a 7–0 victory in the 89th minute , after being assisted by Hatem Ben Arfa . Draxler debuted in Ligue 1 seven days later and scored the matchs only goal as the champions won 1–0 away at Rennes . On 1 February , he scored twice against the same opposition in the Coupe de France to take him to four goals in five appearances in French football . On 14 February , Draxler scored on his first Champions League appearance for PSG , a 4–0 home win over Barcelona in the round of 16 . On 26 February , he scored after appearing as a substitute in PSGs 5–1 win against rivals Marseille in Le Classique at the Stade Vélodrome . On 1 April , Draxler scored the opening goal in PSGs 4–1 win over Monaco in the 2017 Coupe de la Ligue Final . 2020–21 season . Draxler scored his first goal of the 2020–21 season in a 1–0 win against Metz on 16 September 2020 . This was his first goal since the 2018–19 season . In a 4–0 victory against Dijon on 24 October , Draxler suffered a hamstring injury ; he made his return on 16 December in a 2–0 win over Lorient . International career . On 9 August 2011 , Draxler scored on his debut for the Germany under-21 side in the 4–1 win over Cyprus in a 2013 UEFA European Under-21 Championship qualifier . On 7 May 2012 , he was one of two uncapped players called up into the provisional squad for the UEFA Euro 2012 senior side for Germany . On 26 May 2012 , he made his debut for the senior side in Germanys 5–3 loss to Switzerland , coming on as a substitute to replace Lukas Podolski in the 62nd minute . His first international goal was scored on 2 June 2013 in a friendly against the United States . The goal was scored in the 81st minute to bring the score to 3–4 , finishing a rebound off goalkeeper Tim Howard . Draxler captained Germany in a goalless friendly against Poland in Hamburg on 13 May 2014 , a match in which seven of his teammates were debutants . In June 2014 , Draxler was named in Germanys 23-man squad for the 2014 FIFA World Cup . He made his first World Cup appearance as a 76th-minute substitute for Sami Khedira in the semi-final 7–1 victory over Brazil . On 13 July , he was an unused substitute as Germany defeated Argentina at the Maracanã Stadium to win its fourth World Cup . Draxler made only two appearances for the world champions during the Euro 2016 qualifying campaign . However , he started on the left side of Germanys attack in four of their six matches at Euro 2016 finals , also appearing as a substitute in the quarter-final against Italy and converting his kick in the 6–5 penalty shootout win . He was named Man of the Match for his performance against Slovakia , assisting Mario Gómezs second goal before scoring the third himself in a 3–0 win . Draxler was named captain of an inexperienced Germany squad for the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup , scoring a penalty kick in the teams opening match as they defeated Australia 3–2 . Following Germanys title win , Draxler was awarded the Golden Ball as best player of the tournament . On 4 June 2018 , Germanys manager Joachim Löw included Draxler in his final 23-man squad for the 2018 FIFA World Cup . On 17 June , Draxler made a World Cup appearance during their opening match against Mexico in which the Germans lost 1–0 . Playing style . Draxler is two-footed and known for his speed and intensity in one-on-one situations . He is mainly deployed as a left winger but he can also be deployed as a right winger and as an attacking midfielder . In his Schalke 04 youth career , Draxler was deployed mainly as an attacking midfielder where he always felt most at home . In addition , Draxler is known for possessing a powerful and impressive shot . In January 2014 , Draxler was named by The Observer as one of the ten most promising young players in Europe . FIFAs official website describes Draxler as tall , fast , with a keen eye for goal , and an exceptional talent in one-on-one situations from his regular position as a left-sided attacking midfielder . Personal life . Draxler was born in Gladbeck , North Rhine-Westphalia . He attended the Heisenberg-Gymnasium in Gladbeck before changing to Gesamtschule Berger Feld in 2011 . In his childhood , he would regularly go with his father to watch Schalke 04s home matches and since then has been a fan of the club . Draxler was engaged to his childhood sweetheart , Lena Stiffel . In 2019 , he started dating a French dancer and choreographer , Sethanie Taing . Honours . Schalke 04 - DFB-Pokal : 2010–11 - DFL-Supercup : 2011 Paris Saint-Germain - Ligue 1 : 2017–18 , 2018–19 , 2019–20 - Coupe de France : 2016–17 , 2017–18 , 2019–20 , 2020–21 ; runner-up : 2018–19 - Coupe de la Ligue : 2016–17 , 2017–18 , 2019–20 - Trophée des Champions : 2017 , 2020 - UEFA Champions League runner-up : 2019–20 Germany - FIFA World Cup : 2014 - FIFA Confederations Cup : 2017 Individual - Fritz Walter Medal U18 Gold Medal : 2011 - Sportschau Goal of the Year Award : 2013 ( shared with Raúl ) - kicker Bundesliga Team of the Season : 2013–14 - Bundesliga Young Player of the Year : 2013–14 - FIFA Confederations Cup Golden Ball : 2017
|
[
"Schalke 04"
] |
[
{
"text": " Julian Draxler ( born 20 September 1993 ) is a German professional footballer who plays as an attacking midfielder for Ligue 1 club Paris Saint-Germain and the Germany national team . He is known for his ability to use both feet , his speed , and the power of his shot .",
"title": "Julian Draxler"
},
{
"text": "Draxler made his Bundesliga debut for Schalke 04 aged 17 in January 2011 , and in May of that year scored the first goal as the side won the DFB-Pokal Final . In total , he played 171 competitive matches for Schalke , scoring 30 goals , before transferring to VfL Wolfsburg in 2015 . In January 2017 , he joined PSG .",
"title": "Julian Draxler"
},
{
"text": " A full international with over 40 caps since 2012 , he was part of the Germany squad who won the 2014 FIFA World Cup , reached the semi-finals of UEFA Euro 2016 and was the captain of the side that won the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup , a tournament in which Draxler was awarded the Golden Ball trophy as the best player of the competition .",
"title": "Julian Draxler"
},
{
"text": " Draxler made his Bundesliga debut on 15 January 2011 in a 0–1 loss to Hamburger SV . At that time , he was the fourth-youngest Bundesliga player ever and the youngest in Schalkes history . One week later , in Schalkes 1–0 win against Hannover 96 , he became the second-youngest field player after Nuri Şahin to start a Bundesliga match .",
"title": "Schalke 04"
},
{
"text": "On 25 January 2011 , Julian Draxler came on as a substitute for Peer Kluge in the quarter-finals of the 2010–11 DFB-Pokal against 1 . FC Nürnberg in the second half of extra time . He scored his first goal for Schalke 04 in the dying seconds of the same match to ensure a 3–2 for his club . He scored his first Bundesliga goal on 1 April 2011 against FC St . Pauli . Draxler opened the scoring in Schalkes 2011 DFB-Pokal Final victory over MSV Duisburg , volleying in from outside the area , scoring the first of",
"title": "Schalke 04"
},
{
"text": "what proved to be five unanswered goals for Schalke . He finished the 2010–11 season with 1 goal in 15 league appearances , two goals in three DFB-Pokal appearances and six UEFA Champions League appearances .",
"title": "Schalke 04"
},
{
"text": " In the 2011–12 season , Draxler played an important part in securing third place and 2011–12 UEFA Champions League qualification for Schalke , appearing in 30 of 34 Bundesliga matches , mainly on the left side of midfield to accommodate Lewis Holtby in a central role . He also had a goal in two DFB-Pokal matches , two goals in the UEFA Europa League , and an appearance in the DFL-Supercup .",
"title": "Schalke 04"
},
{
"text": "The following season , Draxler continued to prove himself to be an important first team player , scoring in matches against Greuther Fürth , Werder Bremen , Borussia Mönchengladbach and in a high-scoring 5–4 victory against Hannover 96 . Draxler continued to play an important role after Holtbys departure and the signing of Michel Bastos , allowing Draxler to impress in his favoured attacking midfield position , including two goals in a 4–1 victory at VfL Wolfsburg . While scoring in a 2–1 win to complete a league double over rivals Borussia Dortmund , Draxler became Schalkes youngest ever player",
"title": "Schalke 04"
},
{
"text": "to appear in 100 competitive games . On 3 May , he scored the matchs only goal as Schalke defeated Borussia Mönchengladbach 1–0 at Borussia-Park . Draxler finished the 2012–13 season as Schalkes joint top goalscorer in the Bundesliga – along with striker Klaas-Jan Huntelaar – after finishing the season with ten goals . He also scored two goals in three DFB-Pokal matches and one goal in six UEFA Champions League matches .",
"title": "Schalke 04"
},
{
"text": "In May 2013 , amid rumours of interest from English Premier League clubs as well as from Borussia Dortmund , Draxler extended his contract for a further two years , until 30 June 2018 . On 2 October 2013 , Draxler scored in a 1–0 away win against Basel in the 2013–14 UEFA Champions League . This win took Schalke 04 to the top of their group . In the final match of the Champions League group stage , Draxler opened the scoring for Schalke in a 2–0 victory against Basel , taking them through to the knockout phase of",
"title": "Schalke 04"
},
{
"text": "the tournament . He finished the 2013–14 season with 2 goals in 26 appearances in the Bundesliga , two appearances in the DFB-Pokal and four goals in ten appearances in the Champions League .",
"title": "Schalke 04"
},
{
"text": " He would go on to score 2 goals in 19 appearances in all competitions in the following season .",
"title": "Schalke 04"
},
{
"text": "On 27 July 2015 , Schalke rejected a bid of €15 million from Juventus , after reports that the Italian side and Draxler had already agreed personal terms . Schalke general manager Horst Heldt felt the offer was far too low and informed Juventus that there would be no further talks . On 31 August 2015 , Draxler signed for VfL Wolfsburg . His final match was a 3–0 loss to Wolfsburg three days prior to the transfer . He finished his 2015–16 account for Schalke with one goal in three Bundesliga matches and a DFB-Pokal match .",
"title": "Schalke 04"
},
{
"text": " On 31 August 2015 , Draxler signed for VfL Wolfsburg on a five-year deal for a reported initial fee of €36 million plus add-ons . He scored his first goal for Wolfsburg on 15 September 2015 , in a 1–0 win over CSKA Moscow on his Champions League debut for the club . On 31 October , he registered his first Bundesliga goal with the Wolves , scoring the winner after appearing as a substitute against Bayer Leverkusen .",
"title": "VfL Wolfsburg"
},
{
"text": "In the knockout phase of the 2015–16 Champions League , against Gent , Draxler scored twice in a 3–2 away win in the first leg . On 8 March in the second leg at the Volkswagen Arena , he assisted André Schürrle for the only goal of the match as Wolfsburg reached the quarter-finals for the first time in club history . However , media sources reported that Draxler had failed to fulfill expectations with the Wolves and often appeared like a foreign body in the team . He ended the 2015–16 season with 8 goals and 7 assists from",
"title": "VfL Wolfsburg"
},
{
"text": "28 appearances .",
"title": "VfL Wolfsburg"
},
{
"text": " Ahead of the 2016–17 season , Draxler announced that he wished to leave VfL Wolfsburg and that the club would allow him to transfer if it received an attractive offer . Despite reported interest from Arsenal and Paris Saint-Germain , Draxler could not secure a transfer away from Wolfsburg during the summer transfer window . On his return to the Wolfsburg team , Draxler was loudly booed by the clubs supporters and described the following four months as the worst first half of a season of my career .",
"title": "VfL Wolfsburg"
},
{
"text": " On 24 December 2016 , it was announced on VfL Wolfsburgs website that Draxler would be joining Paris Saint-Germain on a four-year contract , for a reported fee of €42 million , pending a medical examination . The transfer was officially completed on 3 January 2017 . 2016–17 season .",
"title": "Paris Saint-Germain"
},
{
"text": "On 7 January , Draxler made his competitive debut for PSG in a Coupe de France fixture against Bastia at the Parc des Princes . He scored the final goal of a 7–0 victory in the 89th minute , after being assisted by Hatem Ben Arfa . Draxler debuted in Ligue 1 seven days later and scored the matchs only goal as the champions won 1–0 away at Rennes . On 1 February , he scored twice against the same opposition in the Coupe de France to take him to four goals in five appearances in French football .",
"title": "Paris Saint-Germain"
},
{
"text": " On 14 February , Draxler scored on his first Champions League appearance for PSG , a 4–0 home win over Barcelona in the round of 16 . On 26 February , he scored after appearing as a substitute in PSGs 5–1 win against rivals Marseille in Le Classique at the Stade Vélodrome . On 1 April , Draxler scored the opening goal in PSGs 4–1 win over Monaco in the 2017 Coupe de la Ligue Final . 2020–21 season .",
"title": "Paris Saint-Germain"
},
{
"text": "Draxler scored his first goal of the 2020–21 season in a 1–0 win against Metz on 16 September 2020 . This was his first goal since the 2018–19 season . In a 4–0 victory against Dijon on 24 October , Draxler suffered a hamstring injury ; he made his return on 16 December in a 2–0 win over Lorient .",
"title": "Paris Saint-Germain"
},
{
"text": " On 9 August 2011 , Draxler scored on his debut for the Germany under-21 side in the 4–1 win over Cyprus in a 2013 UEFA European Under-21 Championship qualifier .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "On 7 May 2012 , he was one of two uncapped players called up into the provisional squad for the UEFA Euro 2012 senior side for Germany . On 26 May 2012 , he made his debut for the senior side in Germanys 5–3 loss to Switzerland , coming on as a substitute to replace Lukas Podolski in the 62nd minute . His first international goal was scored on 2 June 2013 in a friendly against the United States . The goal was scored in the 81st minute to bring the score to 3–4 , finishing a rebound off goalkeeper",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "Tim Howard .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " Draxler captained Germany in a goalless friendly against Poland in Hamburg on 13 May 2014 , a match in which seven of his teammates were debutants . In June 2014 , Draxler was named in Germanys 23-man squad for the 2014 FIFA World Cup . He made his first World Cup appearance as a 76th-minute substitute for Sami Khedira in the semi-final 7–1 victory over Brazil . On 13 July , he was an unused substitute as Germany defeated Argentina at the Maracanã Stadium to win its fourth World Cup .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "Draxler made only two appearances for the world champions during the Euro 2016 qualifying campaign . However , he started on the left side of Germanys attack in four of their six matches at Euro 2016 finals , also appearing as a substitute in the quarter-final against Italy and converting his kick in the 6–5 penalty shootout win . He was named Man of the Match for his performance against Slovakia , assisting Mario Gómezs second goal before scoring the third himself in a 3–0 win .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " Draxler was named captain of an inexperienced Germany squad for the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup , scoring a penalty kick in the teams opening match as they defeated Australia 3–2 . Following Germanys title win , Draxler was awarded the Golden Ball as best player of the tournament . On 4 June 2018 , Germanys manager Joachim Löw included Draxler in his final 23-man squad for the 2018 FIFA World Cup . On 17 June , Draxler made a World Cup appearance during their opening match against Mexico in which the Germans lost 1–0 .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " Draxler is two-footed and known for his speed and intensity in one-on-one situations . He is mainly deployed as a left winger but he can also be deployed as a right winger and as an attacking midfielder . In his Schalke 04 youth career , Draxler was deployed mainly as an attacking midfielder where he always felt most at home . In addition , Draxler is known for possessing a powerful and impressive shot . In January 2014 , Draxler was named by The Observer as one of the ten most promising young players in Europe .",
"title": "Playing style"
},
{
"text": "FIFAs official website describes Draxler as tall , fast , with a keen eye for goal , and an exceptional talent in one-on-one situations from his regular position as a left-sided attacking midfielder .",
"title": "Playing style"
},
{
"text": " Draxler was born in Gladbeck , North Rhine-Westphalia . He attended the Heisenberg-Gymnasium in Gladbeck before changing to Gesamtschule Berger Feld in 2011 . In his childhood , he would regularly go with his father to watch Schalke 04s home matches and since then has been a fan of the club . Draxler was engaged to his childhood sweetheart , Lena Stiffel . In 2019 , he started dating a French dancer and choreographer , Sethanie Taing .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " - Ligue 1 : 2017–18 , 2018–19 , 2019–20 - Coupe de France : 2016–17 , 2017–18 , 2019–20 , 2020–21 ; runner-up : 2018–19 - Coupe de la Ligue : 2016–17 , 2017–18 , 2019–20 - Trophée des Champions : 2017 , 2020 - UEFA Champions League runner-up : 2019–20",
"title": "Paris Saint-Germain"
},
{
"text": " - Fritz Walter Medal U18 Gold Medal : 2011 - Sportschau Goal of the Year Award : 2013 ( shared with Raúl ) - kicker Bundesliga Team of the Season : 2013–14 - Bundesliga Young Player of the Year : 2013–14 - FIFA Confederations Cup Golden Ball : 2017",
"title": "Individual"
}
] |
/wiki/Julian_Draxler#P54#1
|
Which team did the player Julian Draxler belong to in May 2011?
|
Julian Draxler Julian Draxler ( born 20 September 1993 ) is a German professional footballer who plays as an attacking midfielder for Ligue 1 club Paris Saint-Germain and the Germany national team . He is known for his ability to use both feet , his speed , and the power of his shot . Draxler made his Bundesliga debut for Schalke 04 aged 17 in January 2011 , and in May of that year scored the first goal as the side won the DFB-Pokal Final . In total , he played 171 competitive matches for Schalke , scoring 30 goals , before transferring to VfL Wolfsburg in 2015 . In January 2017 , he joined PSG . A full international with over 40 caps since 2012 , he was part of the Germany squad who won the 2014 FIFA World Cup , reached the semi-finals of UEFA Euro 2016 and was the captain of the side that won the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup , a tournament in which Draxler was awarded the Golden Ball trophy as the best player of the competition . Club career . Schalke 04 . Draxler made his Bundesliga debut on 15 January 2011 in a 0–1 loss to Hamburger SV . At that time , he was the fourth-youngest Bundesliga player ever and the youngest in Schalkes history . One week later , in Schalkes 1–0 win against Hannover 96 , he became the second-youngest field player after Nuri Şahin to start a Bundesliga match . On 25 January 2011 , Julian Draxler came on as a substitute for Peer Kluge in the quarter-finals of the 2010–11 DFB-Pokal against 1 . FC Nürnberg in the second half of extra time . He scored his first goal for Schalke 04 in the dying seconds of the same match to ensure a 3–2 for his club . He scored his first Bundesliga goal on 1 April 2011 against FC St . Pauli . Draxler opened the scoring in Schalkes 2011 DFB-Pokal Final victory over MSV Duisburg , volleying in from outside the area , scoring the first of what proved to be five unanswered goals for Schalke . He finished the 2010–11 season with 1 goal in 15 league appearances , two goals in three DFB-Pokal appearances and six UEFA Champions League appearances . In the 2011–12 season , Draxler played an important part in securing third place and 2011–12 UEFA Champions League qualification for Schalke , appearing in 30 of 34 Bundesliga matches , mainly on the left side of midfield to accommodate Lewis Holtby in a central role . He also had a goal in two DFB-Pokal matches , two goals in the UEFA Europa League , and an appearance in the DFL-Supercup . The following season , Draxler continued to prove himself to be an important first team player , scoring in matches against Greuther Fürth , Werder Bremen , Borussia Mönchengladbach and in a high-scoring 5–4 victory against Hannover 96 . Draxler continued to play an important role after Holtbys departure and the signing of Michel Bastos , allowing Draxler to impress in his favoured attacking midfield position , including two goals in a 4–1 victory at VfL Wolfsburg . While scoring in a 2–1 win to complete a league double over rivals Borussia Dortmund , Draxler became Schalkes youngest ever player to appear in 100 competitive games . On 3 May , he scored the matchs only goal as Schalke defeated Borussia Mönchengladbach 1–0 at Borussia-Park . Draxler finished the 2012–13 season as Schalkes joint top goalscorer in the Bundesliga – along with striker Klaas-Jan Huntelaar – after finishing the season with ten goals . He also scored two goals in three DFB-Pokal matches and one goal in six UEFA Champions League matches . In May 2013 , amid rumours of interest from English Premier League clubs as well as from Borussia Dortmund , Draxler extended his contract for a further two years , until 30 June 2018 . On 2 October 2013 , Draxler scored in a 1–0 away win against Basel in the 2013–14 UEFA Champions League . This win took Schalke 04 to the top of their group . In the final match of the Champions League group stage , Draxler opened the scoring for Schalke in a 2–0 victory against Basel , taking them through to the knockout phase of the tournament . He finished the 2013–14 season with 2 goals in 26 appearances in the Bundesliga , two appearances in the DFB-Pokal and four goals in ten appearances in the Champions League . He would go on to score 2 goals in 19 appearances in all competitions in the following season . On 27 July 2015 , Schalke rejected a bid of €15 million from Juventus , after reports that the Italian side and Draxler had already agreed personal terms . Schalke general manager Horst Heldt felt the offer was far too low and informed Juventus that there would be no further talks . On 31 August 2015 , Draxler signed for VfL Wolfsburg . His final match was a 3–0 loss to Wolfsburg three days prior to the transfer . He finished his 2015–16 account for Schalke with one goal in three Bundesliga matches and a DFB-Pokal match . VfL Wolfsburg . On 31 August 2015 , Draxler signed for VfL Wolfsburg on a five-year deal for a reported initial fee of €36 million plus add-ons . He scored his first goal for Wolfsburg on 15 September 2015 , in a 1–0 win over CSKA Moscow on his Champions League debut for the club . On 31 October , he registered his first Bundesliga goal with the Wolves , scoring the winner after appearing as a substitute against Bayer Leverkusen . In the knockout phase of the 2015–16 Champions League , against Gent , Draxler scored twice in a 3–2 away win in the first leg . On 8 March in the second leg at the Volkswagen Arena , he assisted André Schürrle for the only goal of the match as Wolfsburg reached the quarter-finals for the first time in club history . However , media sources reported that Draxler had failed to fulfill expectations with the Wolves and often appeared like a foreign body in the team . He ended the 2015–16 season with 8 goals and 7 assists from 28 appearances . Ahead of the 2016–17 season , Draxler announced that he wished to leave VfL Wolfsburg and that the club would allow him to transfer if it received an attractive offer . Despite reported interest from Arsenal and Paris Saint-Germain , Draxler could not secure a transfer away from Wolfsburg during the summer transfer window . On his return to the Wolfsburg team , Draxler was loudly booed by the clubs supporters and described the following four months as the worst first half of a season of my career . Paris Saint-Germain . On 24 December 2016 , it was announced on VfL Wolfsburgs website that Draxler would be joining Paris Saint-Germain on a four-year contract , for a reported fee of €42 million , pending a medical examination . The transfer was officially completed on 3 January 2017 . 2016–17 season . On 7 January , Draxler made his competitive debut for PSG in a Coupe de France fixture against Bastia at the Parc des Princes . He scored the final goal of a 7–0 victory in the 89th minute , after being assisted by Hatem Ben Arfa . Draxler debuted in Ligue 1 seven days later and scored the matchs only goal as the champions won 1–0 away at Rennes . On 1 February , he scored twice against the same opposition in the Coupe de France to take him to four goals in five appearances in French football . On 14 February , Draxler scored on his first Champions League appearance for PSG , a 4–0 home win over Barcelona in the round of 16 . On 26 February , he scored after appearing as a substitute in PSGs 5–1 win against rivals Marseille in Le Classique at the Stade Vélodrome . On 1 April , Draxler scored the opening goal in PSGs 4–1 win over Monaco in the 2017 Coupe de la Ligue Final . 2020–21 season . Draxler scored his first goal of the 2020–21 season in a 1–0 win against Metz on 16 September 2020 . This was his first goal since the 2018–19 season . In a 4–0 victory against Dijon on 24 October , Draxler suffered a hamstring injury ; he made his return on 16 December in a 2–0 win over Lorient . International career . On 9 August 2011 , Draxler scored on his debut for the Germany under-21 side in the 4–1 win over Cyprus in a 2013 UEFA European Under-21 Championship qualifier . On 7 May 2012 , he was one of two uncapped players called up into the provisional squad for the UEFA Euro 2012 senior side for Germany . On 26 May 2012 , he made his debut for the senior side in Germanys 5–3 loss to Switzerland , coming on as a substitute to replace Lukas Podolski in the 62nd minute . His first international goal was scored on 2 June 2013 in a friendly against the United States . The goal was scored in the 81st minute to bring the score to 3–4 , finishing a rebound off goalkeeper Tim Howard . Draxler captained Germany in a goalless friendly against Poland in Hamburg on 13 May 2014 , a match in which seven of his teammates were debutants . In June 2014 , Draxler was named in Germanys 23-man squad for the 2014 FIFA World Cup . He made his first World Cup appearance as a 76th-minute substitute for Sami Khedira in the semi-final 7–1 victory over Brazil . On 13 July , he was an unused substitute as Germany defeated Argentina at the Maracanã Stadium to win its fourth World Cup . Draxler made only two appearances for the world champions during the Euro 2016 qualifying campaign . However , he started on the left side of Germanys attack in four of their six matches at Euro 2016 finals , also appearing as a substitute in the quarter-final against Italy and converting his kick in the 6–5 penalty shootout win . He was named Man of the Match for his performance against Slovakia , assisting Mario Gómezs second goal before scoring the third himself in a 3–0 win . Draxler was named captain of an inexperienced Germany squad for the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup , scoring a penalty kick in the teams opening match as they defeated Australia 3–2 . Following Germanys title win , Draxler was awarded the Golden Ball as best player of the tournament . On 4 June 2018 , Germanys manager Joachim Löw included Draxler in his final 23-man squad for the 2018 FIFA World Cup . On 17 June , Draxler made a World Cup appearance during their opening match against Mexico in which the Germans lost 1–0 . Playing style . Draxler is two-footed and known for his speed and intensity in one-on-one situations . He is mainly deployed as a left winger but he can also be deployed as a right winger and as an attacking midfielder . In his Schalke 04 youth career , Draxler was deployed mainly as an attacking midfielder where he always felt most at home . In addition , Draxler is known for possessing a powerful and impressive shot . In January 2014 , Draxler was named by The Observer as one of the ten most promising young players in Europe . FIFAs official website describes Draxler as tall , fast , with a keen eye for goal , and an exceptional talent in one-on-one situations from his regular position as a left-sided attacking midfielder . Personal life . Draxler was born in Gladbeck , North Rhine-Westphalia . He attended the Heisenberg-Gymnasium in Gladbeck before changing to Gesamtschule Berger Feld in 2011 . In his childhood , he would regularly go with his father to watch Schalke 04s home matches and since then has been a fan of the club . Draxler was engaged to his childhood sweetheart , Lena Stiffel . In 2019 , he started dating a French dancer and choreographer , Sethanie Taing . Honours . Schalke 04 - DFB-Pokal : 2010–11 - DFL-Supercup : 2011 Paris Saint-Germain - Ligue 1 : 2017–18 , 2018–19 , 2019–20 - Coupe de France : 2016–17 , 2017–18 , 2019–20 , 2020–21 ; runner-up : 2018–19 - Coupe de la Ligue : 2016–17 , 2017–18 , 2019–20 - Trophée des Champions : 2017 , 2020 - UEFA Champions League runner-up : 2019–20 Germany - FIFA World Cup : 2014 - FIFA Confederations Cup : 2017 Individual - Fritz Walter Medal U18 Gold Medal : 2011 - Sportschau Goal of the Year Award : 2013 ( shared with Raúl ) - kicker Bundesliga Team of the Season : 2013–14 - Bundesliga Young Player of the Year : 2013–14 - FIFA Confederations Cup Golden Ball : 2017
|
[
"Schalke"
] |
[
{
"text": " Julian Draxler ( born 20 September 1993 ) is a German professional footballer who plays as an attacking midfielder for Ligue 1 club Paris Saint-Germain and the Germany national team . He is known for his ability to use both feet , his speed , and the power of his shot .",
"title": "Julian Draxler"
},
{
"text": "Draxler made his Bundesliga debut for Schalke 04 aged 17 in January 2011 , and in May of that year scored the first goal as the side won the DFB-Pokal Final . In total , he played 171 competitive matches for Schalke , scoring 30 goals , before transferring to VfL Wolfsburg in 2015 . In January 2017 , he joined PSG .",
"title": "Julian Draxler"
},
{
"text": " A full international with over 40 caps since 2012 , he was part of the Germany squad who won the 2014 FIFA World Cup , reached the semi-finals of UEFA Euro 2016 and was the captain of the side that won the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup , a tournament in which Draxler was awarded the Golden Ball trophy as the best player of the competition .",
"title": "Julian Draxler"
},
{
"text": " Draxler made his Bundesliga debut on 15 January 2011 in a 0–1 loss to Hamburger SV . At that time , he was the fourth-youngest Bundesliga player ever and the youngest in Schalkes history . One week later , in Schalkes 1–0 win against Hannover 96 , he became the second-youngest field player after Nuri Şahin to start a Bundesliga match .",
"title": "Schalke 04"
},
{
"text": "On 25 January 2011 , Julian Draxler came on as a substitute for Peer Kluge in the quarter-finals of the 2010–11 DFB-Pokal against 1 . FC Nürnberg in the second half of extra time . He scored his first goal for Schalke 04 in the dying seconds of the same match to ensure a 3–2 for his club . He scored his first Bundesliga goal on 1 April 2011 against FC St . Pauli . Draxler opened the scoring in Schalkes 2011 DFB-Pokal Final victory over MSV Duisburg , volleying in from outside the area , scoring the first of",
"title": "Schalke 04"
},
{
"text": "what proved to be five unanswered goals for Schalke . He finished the 2010–11 season with 1 goal in 15 league appearances , two goals in three DFB-Pokal appearances and six UEFA Champions League appearances .",
"title": "Schalke 04"
},
{
"text": " In the 2011–12 season , Draxler played an important part in securing third place and 2011–12 UEFA Champions League qualification for Schalke , appearing in 30 of 34 Bundesliga matches , mainly on the left side of midfield to accommodate Lewis Holtby in a central role . He also had a goal in two DFB-Pokal matches , two goals in the UEFA Europa League , and an appearance in the DFL-Supercup .",
"title": "Schalke 04"
},
{
"text": "The following season , Draxler continued to prove himself to be an important first team player , scoring in matches against Greuther Fürth , Werder Bremen , Borussia Mönchengladbach and in a high-scoring 5–4 victory against Hannover 96 . Draxler continued to play an important role after Holtbys departure and the signing of Michel Bastos , allowing Draxler to impress in his favoured attacking midfield position , including two goals in a 4–1 victory at VfL Wolfsburg . While scoring in a 2–1 win to complete a league double over rivals Borussia Dortmund , Draxler became Schalkes youngest ever player",
"title": "Schalke 04"
},
{
"text": "to appear in 100 competitive games . On 3 May , he scored the matchs only goal as Schalke defeated Borussia Mönchengladbach 1–0 at Borussia-Park . Draxler finished the 2012–13 season as Schalkes joint top goalscorer in the Bundesliga – along with striker Klaas-Jan Huntelaar – after finishing the season with ten goals . He also scored two goals in three DFB-Pokal matches and one goal in six UEFA Champions League matches .",
"title": "Schalke 04"
},
{
"text": "In May 2013 , amid rumours of interest from English Premier League clubs as well as from Borussia Dortmund , Draxler extended his contract for a further two years , until 30 June 2018 . On 2 October 2013 , Draxler scored in a 1–0 away win against Basel in the 2013–14 UEFA Champions League . This win took Schalke 04 to the top of their group . In the final match of the Champions League group stage , Draxler opened the scoring for Schalke in a 2–0 victory against Basel , taking them through to the knockout phase of",
"title": "Schalke 04"
},
{
"text": "the tournament . He finished the 2013–14 season with 2 goals in 26 appearances in the Bundesliga , two appearances in the DFB-Pokal and four goals in ten appearances in the Champions League .",
"title": "Schalke 04"
},
{
"text": " He would go on to score 2 goals in 19 appearances in all competitions in the following season .",
"title": "Schalke 04"
},
{
"text": "On 27 July 2015 , Schalke rejected a bid of €15 million from Juventus , after reports that the Italian side and Draxler had already agreed personal terms . Schalke general manager Horst Heldt felt the offer was far too low and informed Juventus that there would be no further talks . On 31 August 2015 , Draxler signed for VfL Wolfsburg . His final match was a 3–0 loss to Wolfsburg three days prior to the transfer . He finished his 2015–16 account for Schalke with one goal in three Bundesliga matches and a DFB-Pokal match .",
"title": "Schalke 04"
},
{
"text": " On 31 August 2015 , Draxler signed for VfL Wolfsburg on a five-year deal for a reported initial fee of €36 million plus add-ons . He scored his first goal for Wolfsburg on 15 September 2015 , in a 1–0 win over CSKA Moscow on his Champions League debut for the club . On 31 October , he registered his first Bundesliga goal with the Wolves , scoring the winner after appearing as a substitute against Bayer Leverkusen .",
"title": "VfL Wolfsburg"
},
{
"text": "In the knockout phase of the 2015–16 Champions League , against Gent , Draxler scored twice in a 3–2 away win in the first leg . On 8 March in the second leg at the Volkswagen Arena , he assisted André Schürrle for the only goal of the match as Wolfsburg reached the quarter-finals for the first time in club history . However , media sources reported that Draxler had failed to fulfill expectations with the Wolves and often appeared like a foreign body in the team . He ended the 2015–16 season with 8 goals and 7 assists from",
"title": "VfL Wolfsburg"
},
{
"text": "28 appearances .",
"title": "VfL Wolfsburg"
},
{
"text": " Ahead of the 2016–17 season , Draxler announced that he wished to leave VfL Wolfsburg and that the club would allow him to transfer if it received an attractive offer . Despite reported interest from Arsenal and Paris Saint-Germain , Draxler could not secure a transfer away from Wolfsburg during the summer transfer window . On his return to the Wolfsburg team , Draxler was loudly booed by the clubs supporters and described the following four months as the worst first half of a season of my career .",
"title": "VfL Wolfsburg"
},
{
"text": " On 24 December 2016 , it was announced on VfL Wolfsburgs website that Draxler would be joining Paris Saint-Germain on a four-year contract , for a reported fee of €42 million , pending a medical examination . The transfer was officially completed on 3 January 2017 . 2016–17 season .",
"title": "Paris Saint-Germain"
},
{
"text": "On 7 January , Draxler made his competitive debut for PSG in a Coupe de France fixture against Bastia at the Parc des Princes . He scored the final goal of a 7–0 victory in the 89th minute , after being assisted by Hatem Ben Arfa . Draxler debuted in Ligue 1 seven days later and scored the matchs only goal as the champions won 1–0 away at Rennes . On 1 February , he scored twice against the same opposition in the Coupe de France to take him to four goals in five appearances in French football .",
"title": "Paris Saint-Germain"
},
{
"text": " On 14 February , Draxler scored on his first Champions League appearance for PSG , a 4–0 home win over Barcelona in the round of 16 . On 26 February , he scored after appearing as a substitute in PSGs 5–1 win against rivals Marseille in Le Classique at the Stade Vélodrome . On 1 April , Draxler scored the opening goal in PSGs 4–1 win over Monaco in the 2017 Coupe de la Ligue Final . 2020–21 season .",
"title": "Paris Saint-Germain"
},
{
"text": "Draxler scored his first goal of the 2020–21 season in a 1–0 win against Metz on 16 September 2020 . This was his first goal since the 2018–19 season . In a 4–0 victory against Dijon on 24 October , Draxler suffered a hamstring injury ; he made his return on 16 December in a 2–0 win over Lorient .",
"title": "Paris Saint-Germain"
},
{
"text": " On 9 August 2011 , Draxler scored on his debut for the Germany under-21 side in the 4–1 win over Cyprus in a 2013 UEFA European Under-21 Championship qualifier .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "On 7 May 2012 , he was one of two uncapped players called up into the provisional squad for the UEFA Euro 2012 senior side for Germany . On 26 May 2012 , he made his debut for the senior side in Germanys 5–3 loss to Switzerland , coming on as a substitute to replace Lukas Podolski in the 62nd minute . His first international goal was scored on 2 June 2013 in a friendly against the United States . The goal was scored in the 81st minute to bring the score to 3–4 , finishing a rebound off goalkeeper",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "Tim Howard .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " Draxler captained Germany in a goalless friendly against Poland in Hamburg on 13 May 2014 , a match in which seven of his teammates were debutants . In June 2014 , Draxler was named in Germanys 23-man squad for the 2014 FIFA World Cup . He made his first World Cup appearance as a 76th-minute substitute for Sami Khedira in the semi-final 7–1 victory over Brazil . On 13 July , he was an unused substitute as Germany defeated Argentina at the Maracanã Stadium to win its fourth World Cup .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "Draxler made only two appearances for the world champions during the Euro 2016 qualifying campaign . However , he started on the left side of Germanys attack in four of their six matches at Euro 2016 finals , also appearing as a substitute in the quarter-final against Italy and converting his kick in the 6–5 penalty shootout win . He was named Man of the Match for his performance against Slovakia , assisting Mario Gómezs second goal before scoring the third himself in a 3–0 win .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " Draxler was named captain of an inexperienced Germany squad for the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup , scoring a penalty kick in the teams opening match as they defeated Australia 3–2 . Following Germanys title win , Draxler was awarded the Golden Ball as best player of the tournament . On 4 June 2018 , Germanys manager Joachim Löw included Draxler in his final 23-man squad for the 2018 FIFA World Cup . On 17 June , Draxler made a World Cup appearance during their opening match against Mexico in which the Germans lost 1–0 .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " Draxler is two-footed and known for his speed and intensity in one-on-one situations . He is mainly deployed as a left winger but he can also be deployed as a right winger and as an attacking midfielder . In his Schalke 04 youth career , Draxler was deployed mainly as an attacking midfielder where he always felt most at home . In addition , Draxler is known for possessing a powerful and impressive shot . In January 2014 , Draxler was named by The Observer as one of the ten most promising young players in Europe .",
"title": "Playing style"
},
{
"text": "FIFAs official website describes Draxler as tall , fast , with a keen eye for goal , and an exceptional talent in one-on-one situations from his regular position as a left-sided attacking midfielder .",
"title": "Playing style"
},
{
"text": " Draxler was born in Gladbeck , North Rhine-Westphalia . He attended the Heisenberg-Gymnasium in Gladbeck before changing to Gesamtschule Berger Feld in 2011 . In his childhood , he would regularly go with his father to watch Schalke 04s home matches and since then has been a fan of the club . Draxler was engaged to his childhood sweetheart , Lena Stiffel . In 2019 , he started dating a French dancer and choreographer , Sethanie Taing .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " - Ligue 1 : 2017–18 , 2018–19 , 2019–20 - Coupe de France : 2016–17 , 2017–18 , 2019–20 , 2020–21 ; runner-up : 2018–19 - Coupe de la Ligue : 2016–17 , 2017–18 , 2019–20 - Trophée des Champions : 2017 , 2020 - UEFA Champions League runner-up : 2019–20",
"title": "Paris Saint-Germain"
},
{
"text": " - Fritz Walter Medal U18 Gold Medal : 2011 - Sportschau Goal of the Year Award : 2013 ( shared with Raúl ) - kicker Bundesliga Team of the Season : 2013–14 - Bundesliga Young Player of the Year : 2013–14 - FIFA Confederations Cup Golden Ball : 2017",
"title": "Individual"
}
] |
/wiki/Julian_Draxler#P54#2
|
Which team did the player Julian Draxler belong to between May 2012 and Mar 2014?
|
Julian Draxler Julian Draxler ( born 20 September 1993 ) is a German professional footballer who plays as an attacking midfielder for Ligue 1 club Paris Saint-Germain and the Germany national team . He is known for his ability to use both feet , his speed , and the power of his shot . Draxler made his Bundesliga debut for Schalke 04 aged 17 in January 2011 , and in May of that year scored the first goal as the side won the DFB-Pokal Final . In total , he played 171 competitive matches for Schalke , scoring 30 goals , before transferring to VfL Wolfsburg in 2015 . In January 2017 , he joined PSG . A full international with over 40 caps since 2012 , he was part of the Germany squad who won the 2014 FIFA World Cup , reached the semi-finals of UEFA Euro 2016 and was the captain of the side that won the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup , a tournament in which Draxler was awarded the Golden Ball trophy as the best player of the competition . Club career . Schalke 04 . Draxler made his Bundesliga debut on 15 January 2011 in a 0–1 loss to Hamburger SV . At that time , he was the fourth-youngest Bundesliga player ever and the youngest in Schalkes history . One week later , in Schalkes 1–0 win against Hannover 96 , he became the second-youngest field player after Nuri Şahin to start a Bundesliga match . On 25 January 2011 , Julian Draxler came on as a substitute for Peer Kluge in the quarter-finals of the 2010–11 DFB-Pokal against 1 . FC Nürnberg in the second half of extra time . He scored his first goal for Schalke 04 in the dying seconds of the same match to ensure a 3–2 for his club . He scored his first Bundesliga goal on 1 April 2011 against FC St . Pauli . Draxler opened the scoring in Schalkes 2011 DFB-Pokal Final victory over MSV Duisburg , volleying in from outside the area , scoring the first of what proved to be five unanswered goals for Schalke . He finished the 2010–11 season with 1 goal in 15 league appearances , two goals in three DFB-Pokal appearances and six UEFA Champions League appearances . In the 2011–12 season , Draxler played an important part in securing third place and 2011–12 UEFA Champions League qualification for Schalke , appearing in 30 of 34 Bundesliga matches , mainly on the left side of midfield to accommodate Lewis Holtby in a central role . He also had a goal in two DFB-Pokal matches , two goals in the UEFA Europa League , and an appearance in the DFL-Supercup . The following season , Draxler continued to prove himself to be an important first team player , scoring in matches against Greuther Fürth , Werder Bremen , Borussia Mönchengladbach and in a high-scoring 5–4 victory against Hannover 96 . Draxler continued to play an important role after Holtbys departure and the signing of Michel Bastos , allowing Draxler to impress in his favoured attacking midfield position , including two goals in a 4–1 victory at VfL Wolfsburg . While scoring in a 2–1 win to complete a league double over rivals Borussia Dortmund , Draxler became Schalkes youngest ever player to appear in 100 competitive games . On 3 May , he scored the matchs only goal as Schalke defeated Borussia Mönchengladbach 1–0 at Borussia-Park . Draxler finished the 2012–13 season as Schalkes joint top goalscorer in the Bundesliga – along with striker Klaas-Jan Huntelaar – after finishing the season with ten goals . He also scored two goals in three DFB-Pokal matches and one goal in six UEFA Champions League matches . In May 2013 , amid rumours of interest from English Premier League clubs as well as from Borussia Dortmund , Draxler extended his contract for a further two years , until 30 June 2018 . On 2 October 2013 , Draxler scored in a 1–0 away win against Basel in the 2013–14 UEFA Champions League . This win took Schalke 04 to the top of their group . In the final match of the Champions League group stage , Draxler opened the scoring for Schalke in a 2–0 victory against Basel , taking them through to the knockout phase of the tournament . He finished the 2013–14 season with 2 goals in 26 appearances in the Bundesliga , two appearances in the DFB-Pokal and four goals in ten appearances in the Champions League . He would go on to score 2 goals in 19 appearances in all competitions in the following season . On 27 July 2015 , Schalke rejected a bid of €15 million from Juventus , after reports that the Italian side and Draxler had already agreed personal terms . Schalke general manager Horst Heldt felt the offer was far too low and informed Juventus that there would be no further talks . On 31 August 2015 , Draxler signed for VfL Wolfsburg . His final match was a 3–0 loss to Wolfsburg three days prior to the transfer . He finished his 2015–16 account for Schalke with one goal in three Bundesliga matches and a DFB-Pokal match . VfL Wolfsburg . On 31 August 2015 , Draxler signed for VfL Wolfsburg on a five-year deal for a reported initial fee of €36 million plus add-ons . He scored his first goal for Wolfsburg on 15 September 2015 , in a 1–0 win over CSKA Moscow on his Champions League debut for the club . On 31 October , he registered his first Bundesliga goal with the Wolves , scoring the winner after appearing as a substitute against Bayer Leverkusen . In the knockout phase of the 2015–16 Champions League , against Gent , Draxler scored twice in a 3–2 away win in the first leg . On 8 March in the second leg at the Volkswagen Arena , he assisted André Schürrle for the only goal of the match as Wolfsburg reached the quarter-finals for the first time in club history . However , media sources reported that Draxler had failed to fulfill expectations with the Wolves and often appeared like a foreign body in the team . He ended the 2015–16 season with 8 goals and 7 assists from 28 appearances . Ahead of the 2016–17 season , Draxler announced that he wished to leave VfL Wolfsburg and that the club would allow him to transfer if it received an attractive offer . Despite reported interest from Arsenal and Paris Saint-Germain , Draxler could not secure a transfer away from Wolfsburg during the summer transfer window . On his return to the Wolfsburg team , Draxler was loudly booed by the clubs supporters and described the following four months as the worst first half of a season of my career . Paris Saint-Germain . On 24 December 2016 , it was announced on VfL Wolfsburgs website that Draxler would be joining Paris Saint-Germain on a four-year contract , for a reported fee of €42 million , pending a medical examination . The transfer was officially completed on 3 January 2017 . 2016–17 season . On 7 January , Draxler made his competitive debut for PSG in a Coupe de France fixture against Bastia at the Parc des Princes . He scored the final goal of a 7–0 victory in the 89th minute , after being assisted by Hatem Ben Arfa . Draxler debuted in Ligue 1 seven days later and scored the matchs only goal as the champions won 1–0 away at Rennes . On 1 February , he scored twice against the same opposition in the Coupe de France to take him to four goals in five appearances in French football . On 14 February , Draxler scored on his first Champions League appearance for PSG , a 4–0 home win over Barcelona in the round of 16 . On 26 February , he scored after appearing as a substitute in PSGs 5–1 win against rivals Marseille in Le Classique at the Stade Vélodrome . On 1 April , Draxler scored the opening goal in PSGs 4–1 win over Monaco in the 2017 Coupe de la Ligue Final . 2020–21 season . Draxler scored his first goal of the 2020–21 season in a 1–0 win against Metz on 16 September 2020 . This was his first goal since the 2018–19 season . In a 4–0 victory against Dijon on 24 October , Draxler suffered a hamstring injury ; he made his return on 16 December in a 2–0 win over Lorient . International career . On 9 August 2011 , Draxler scored on his debut for the Germany under-21 side in the 4–1 win over Cyprus in a 2013 UEFA European Under-21 Championship qualifier . On 7 May 2012 , he was one of two uncapped players called up into the provisional squad for the UEFA Euro 2012 senior side for Germany . On 26 May 2012 , he made his debut for the senior side in Germanys 5–3 loss to Switzerland , coming on as a substitute to replace Lukas Podolski in the 62nd minute . His first international goal was scored on 2 June 2013 in a friendly against the United States . The goal was scored in the 81st minute to bring the score to 3–4 , finishing a rebound off goalkeeper Tim Howard . Draxler captained Germany in a goalless friendly against Poland in Hamburg on 13 May 2014 , a match in which seven of his teammates were debutants . In June 2014 , Draxler was named in Germanys 23-man squad for the 2014 FIFA World Cup . He made his first World Cup appearance as a 76th-minute substitute for Sami Khedira in the semi-final 7–1 victory over Brazil . On 13 July , he was an unused substitute as Germany defeated Argentina at the Maracanã Stadium to win its fourth World Cup . Draxler made only two appearances for the world champions during the Euro 2016 qualifying campaign . However , he started on the left side of Germanys attack in four of their six matches at Euro 2016 finals , also appearing as a substitute in the quarter-final against Italy and converting his kick in the 6–5 penalty shootout win . He was named Man of the Match for his performance against Slovakia , assisting Mario Gómezs second goal before scoring the third himself in a 3–0 win . Draxler was named captain of an inexperienced Germany squad for the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup , scoring a penalty kick in the teams opening match as they defeated Australia 3–2 . Following Germanys title win , Draxler was awarded the Golden Ball as best player of the tournament . On 4 June 2018 , Germanys manager Joachim Löw included Draxler in his final 23-man squad for the 2018 FIFA World Cup . On 17 June , Draxler made a World Cup appearance during their opening match against Mexico in which the Germans lost 1–0 . Playing style . Draxler is two-footed and known for his speed and intensity in one-on-one situations . He is mainly deployed as a left winger but he can also be deployed as a right winger and as an attacking midfielder . In his Schalke 04 youth career , Draxler was deployed mainly as an attacking midfielder where he always felt most at home . In addition , Draxler is known for possessing a powerful and impressive shot . In January 2014 , Draxler was named by The Observer as one of the ten most promising young players in Europe . FIFAs official website describes Draxler as tall , fast , with a keen eye for goal , and an exceptional talent in one-on-one situations from his regular position as a left-sided attacking midfielder . Personal life . Draxler was born in Gladbeck , North Rhine-Westphalia . He attended the Heisenberg-Gymnasium in Gladbeck before changing to Gesamtschule Berger Feld in 2011 . In his childhood , he would regularly go with his father to watch Schalke 04s home matches and since then has been a fan of the club . Draxler was engaged to his childhood sweetheart , Lena Stiffel . In 2019 , he started dating a French dancer and choreographer , Sethanie Taing . Honours . Schalke 04 - DFB-Pokal : 2010–11 - DFL-Supercup : 2011 Paris Saint-Germain - Ligue 1 : 2017–18 , 2018–19 , 2019–20 - Coupe de France : 2016–17 , 2017–18 , 2019–20 , 2020–21 ; runner-up : 2018–19 - Coupe de la Ligue : 2016–17 , 2017–18 , 2019–20 - Trophée des Champions : 2017 , 2020 - UEFA Champions League runner-up : 2019–20 Germany - FIFA World Cup : 2014 - FIFA Confederations Cup : 2017 Individual - Fritz Walter Medal U18 Gold Medal : 2011 - Sportschau Goal of the Year Award : 2013 ( shared with Raúl ) - kicker Bundesliga Team of the Season : 2013–14 - Bundesliga Young Player of the Year : 2013–14 - FIFA Confederations Cup Golden Ball : 2017
|
[
"Schalke 04"
] |
[
{
"text": " Julian Draxler ( born 20 September 1993 ) is a German professional footballer who plays as an attacking midfielder for Ligue 1 club Paris Saint-Germain and the Germany national team . He is known for his ability to use both feet , his speed , and the power of his shot .",
"title": "Julian Draxler"
},
{
"text": "Draxler made his Bundesliga debut for Schalke 04 aged 17 in January 2011 , and in May of that year scored the first goal as the side won the DFB-Pokal Final . In total , he played 171 competitive matches for Schalke , scoring 30 goals , before transferring to VfL Wolfsburg in 2015 . In January 2017 , he joined PSG .",
"title": "Julian Draxler"
},
{
"text": " A full international with over 40 caps since 2012 , he was part of the Germany squad who won the 2014 FIFA World Cup , reached the semi-finals of UEFA Euro 2016 and was the captain of the side that won the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup , a tournament in which Draxler was awarded the Golden Ball trophy as the best player of the competition .",
"title": "Julian Draxler"
},
{
"text": " Draxler made his Bundesliga debut on 15 January 2011 in a 0–1 loss to Hamburger SV . At that time , he was the fourth-youngest Bundesliga player ever and the youngest in Schalkes history . One week later , in Schalkes 1–0 win against Hannover 96 , he became the second-youngest field player after Nuri Şahin to start a Bundesliga match .",
"title": "Schalke 04"
},
{
"text": "On 25 January 2011 , Julian Draxler came on as a substitute for Peer Kluge in the quarter-finals of the 2010–11 DFB-Pokal against 1 . FC Nürnberg in the second half of extra time . He scored his first goal for Schalke 04 in the dying seconds of the same match to ensure a 3–2 for his club . He scored his first Bundesliga goal on 1 April 2011 against FC St . Pauli . Draxler opened the scoring in Schalkes 2011 DFB-Pokal Final victory over MSV Duisburg , volleying in from outside the area , scoring the first of",
"title": "Schalke 04"
},
{
"text": "what proved to be five unanswered goals for Schalke . He finished the 2010–11 season with 1 goal in 15 league appearances , two goals in three DFB-Pokal appearances and six UEFA Champions League appearances .",
"title": "Schalke 04"
},
{
"text": " In the 2011–12 season , Draxler played an important part in securing third place and 2011–12 UEFA Champions League qualification for Schalke , appearing in 30 of 34 Bundesliga matches , mainly on the left side of midfield to accommodate Lewis Holtby in a central role . He also had a goal in two DFB-Pokal matches , two goals in the UEFA Europa League , and an appearance in the DFL-Supercup .",
"title": "Schalke 04"
},
{
"text": "The following season , Draxler continued to prove himself to be an important first team player , scoring in matches against Greuther Fürth , Werder Bremen , Borussia Mönchengladbach and in a high-scoring 5–4 victory against Hannover 96 . Draxler continued to play an important role after Holtbys departure and the signing of Michel Bastos , allowing Draxler to impress in his favoured attacking midfield position , including two goals in a 4–1 victory at VfL Wolfsburg . While scoring in a 2–1 win to complete a league double over rivals Borussia Dortmund , Draxler became Schalkes youngest ever player",
"title": "Schalke 04"
},
{
"text": "to appear in 100 competitive games . On 3 May , he scored the matchs only goal as Schalke defeated Borussia Mönchengladbach 1–0 at Borussia-Park . Draxler finished the 2012–13 season as Schalkes joint top goalscorer in the Bundesliga – along with striker Klaas-Jan Huntelaar – after finishing the season with ten goals . He also scored two goals in three DFB-Pokal matches and one goal in six UEFA Champions League matches .",
"title": "Schalke 04"
},
{
"text": "In May 2013 , amid rumours of interest from English Premier League clubs as well as from Borussia Dortmund , Draxler extended his contract for a further two years , until 30 June 2018 . On 2 October 2013 , Draxler scored in a 1–0 away win against Basel in the 2013–14 UEFA Champions League . This win took Schalke 04 to the top of their group . In the final match of the Champions League group stage , Draxler opened the scoring for Schalke in a 2–0 victory against Basel , taking them through to the knockout phase of",
"title": "Schalke 04"
},
{
"text": "the tournament . He finished the 2013–14 season with 2 goals in 26 appearances in the Bundesliga , two appearances in the DFB-Pokal and four goals in ten appearances in the Champions League .",
"title": "Schalke 04"
},
{
"text": " He would go on to score 2 goals in 19 appearances in all competitions in the following season .",
"title": "Schalke 04"
},
{
"text": "On 27 July 2015 , Schalke rejected a bid of €15 million from Juventus , after reports that the Italian side and Draxler had already agreed personal terms . Schalke general manager Horst Heldt felt the offer was far too low and informed Juventus that there would be no further talks . On 31 August 2015 , Draxler signed for VfL Wolfsburg . His final match was a 3–0 loss to Wolfsburg three days prior to the transfer . He finished his 2015–16 account for Schalke with one goal in three Bundesliga matches and a DFB-Pokal match .",
"title": "Schalke 04"
},
{
"text": " On 31 August 2015 , Draxler signed for VfL Wolfsburg on a five-year deal for a reported initial fee of €36 million plus add-ons . He scored his first goal for Wolfsburg on 15 September 2015 , in a 1–0 win over CSKA Moscow on his Champions League debut for the club . On 31 October , he registered his first Bundesliga goal with the Wolves , scoring the winner after appearing as a substitute against Bayer Leverkusen .",
"title": "VfL Wolfsburg"
},
{
"text": "In the knockout phase of the 2015–16 Champions League , against Gent , Draxler scored twice in a 3–2 away win in the first leg . On 8 March in the second leg at the Volkswagen Arena , he assisted André Schürrle for the only goal of the match as Wolfsburg reached the quarter-finals for the first time in club history . However , media sources reported that Draxler had failed to fulfill expectations with the Wolves and often appeared like a foreign body in the team . He ended the 2015–16 season with 8 goals and 7 assists from",
"title": "VfL Wolfsburg"
},
{
"text": "28 appearances .",
"title": "VfL Wolfsburg"
},
{
"text": " Ahead of the 2016–17 season , Draxler announced that he wished to leave VfL Wolfsburg and that the club would allow him to transfer if it received an attractive offer . Despite reported interest from Arsenal and Paris Saint-Germain , Draxler could not secure a transfer away from Wolfsburg during the summer transfer window . On his return to the Wolfsburg team , Draxler was loudly booed by the clubs supporters and described the following four months as the worst first half of a season of my career .",
"title": "VfL Wolfsburg"
},
{
"text": " On 24 December 2016 , it was announced on VfL Wolfsburgs website that Draxler would be joining Paris Saint-Germain on a four-year contract , for a reported fee of €42 million , pending a medical examination . The transfer was officially completed on 3 January 2017 . 2016–17 season .",
"title": "Paris Saint-Germain"
},
{
"text": "On 7 January , Draxler made his competitive debut for PSG in a Coupe de France fixture against Bastia at the Parc des Princes . He scored the final goal of a 7–0 victory in the 89th minute , after being assisted by Hatem Ben Arfa . Draxler debuted in Ligue 1 seven days later and scored the matchs only goal as the champions won 1–0 away at Rennes . On 1 February , he scored twice against the same opposition in the Coupe de France to take him to four goals in five appearances in French football .",
"title": "Paris Saint-Germain"
},
{
"text": " On 14 February , Draxler scored on his first Champions League appearance for PSG , a 4–0 home win over Barcelona in the round of 16 . On 26 February , he scored after appearing as a substitute in PSGs 5–1 win against rivals Marseille in Le Classique at the Stade Vélodrome . On 1 April , Draxler scored the opening goal in PSGs 4–1 win over Monaco in the 2017 Coupe de la Ligue Final . 2020–21 season .",
"title": "Paris Saint-Germain"
},
{
"text": "Draxler scored his first goal of the 2020–21 season in a 1–0 win against Metz on 16 September 2020 . This was his first goal since the 2018–19 season . In a 4–0 victory against Dijon on 24 October , Draxler suffered a hamstring injury ; he made his return on 16 December in a 2–0 win over Lorient .",
"title": "Paris Saint-Germain"
},
{
"text": " On 9 August 2011 , Draxler scored on his debut for the Germany under-21 side in the 4–1 win over Cyprus in a 2013 UEFA European Under-21 Championship qualifier .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "On 7 May 2012 , he was one of two uncapped players called up into the provisional squad for the UEFA Euro 2012 senior side for Germany . On 26 May 2012 , he made his debut for the senior side in Germanys 5–3 loss to Switzerland , coming on as a substitute to replace Lukas Podolski in the 62nd minute . His first international goal was scored on 2 June 2013 in a friendly against the United States . The goal was scored in the 81st minute to bring the score to 3–4 , finishing a rebound off goalkeeper",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "Tim Howard .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " Draxler captained Germany in a goalless friendly against Poland in Hamburg on 13 May 2014 , a match in which seven of his teammates were debutants . In June 2014 , Draxler was named in Germanys 23-man squad for the 2014 FIFA World Cup . He made his first World Cup appearance as a 76th-minute substitute for Sami Khedira in the semi-final 7–1 victory over Brazil . On 13 July , he was an unused substitute as Germany defeated Argentina at the Maracanã Stadium to win its fourth World Cup .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "Draxler made only two appearances for the world champions during the Euro 2016 qualifying campaign . However , he started on the left side of Germanys attack in four of their six matches at Euro 2016 finals , also appearing as a substitute in the quarter-final against Italy and converting his kick in the 6–5 penalty shootout win . He was named Man of the Match for his performance against Slovakia , assisting Mario Gómezs second goal before scoring the third himself in a 3–0 win .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " Draxler was named captain of an inexperienced Germany squad for the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup , scoring a penalty kick in the teams opening match as they defeated Australia 3–2 . Following Germanys title win , Draxler was awarded the Golden Ball as best player of the tournament . On 4 June 2018 , Germanys manager Joachim Löw included Draxler in his final 23-man squad for the 2018 FIFA World Cup . On 17 June , Draxler made a World Cup appearance during their opening match against Mexico in which the Germans lost 1–0 .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " Draxler is two-footed and known for his speed and intensity in one-on-one situations . He is mainly deployed as a left winger but he can also be deployed as a right winger and as an attacking midfielder . In his Schalke 04 youth career , Draxler was deployed mainly as an attacking midfielder where he always felt most at home . In addition , Draxler is known for possessing a powerful and impressive shot . In January 2014 , Draxler was named by The Observer as one of the ten most promising young players in Europe .",
"title": "Playing style"
},
{
"text": "FIFAs official website describes Draxler as tall , fast , with a keen eye for goal , and an exceptional talent in one-on-one situations from his regular position as a left-sided attacking midfielder .",
"title": "Playing style"
},
{
"text": " Draxler was born in Gladbeck , North Rhine-Westphalia . He attended the Heisenberg-Gymnasium in Gladbeck before changing to Gesamtschule Berger Feld in 2011 . In his childhood , he would regularly go with his father to watch Schalke 04s home matches and since then has been a fan of the club . Draxler was engaged to his childhood sweetheart , Lena Stiffel . In 2019 , he started dating a French dancer and choreographer , Sethanie Taing .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " - Ligue 1 : 2017–18 , 2018–19 , 2019–20 - Coupe de France : 2016–17 , 2017–18 , 2019–20 , 2020–21 ; runner-up : 2018–19 - Coupe de la Ligue : 2016–17 , 2017–18 , 2019–20 - Trophée des Champions : 2017 , 2020 - UEFA Champions League runner-up : 2019–20",
"title": "Paris Saint-Germain"
},
{
"text": " - Fritz Walter Medal U18 Gold Medal : 2011 - Sportschau Goal of the Year Award : 2013 ( shared with Raúl ) - kicker Bundesliga Team of the Season : 2013–14 - Bundesliga Young Player of the Year : 2013–14 - FIFA Confederations Cup Golden Ball : 2017",
"title": "Individual"
}
] |
/wiki/Julian_Draxler#P54#3
|
Which team did the player Julian Draxler belong to between Aug 2015 and Nov 2015?
|
Julian Draxler Julian Draxler ( born 20 September 1993 ) is a German professional footballer who plays as an attacking midfielder for Ligue 1 club Paris Saint-Germain and the Germany national team . He is known for his ability to use both feet , his speed , and the power of his shot . Draxler made his Bundesliga debut for Schalke 04 aged 17 in January 2011 , and in May of that year scored the first goal as the side won the DFB-Pokal Final . In total , he played 171 competitive matches for Schalke , scoring 30 goals , before transferring to VfL Wolfsburg in 2015 . In January 2017 , he joined PSG . A full international with over 40 caps since 2012 , he was part of the Germany squad who won the 2014 FIFA World Cup , reached the semi-finals of UEFA Euro 2016 and was the captain of the side that won the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup , a tournament in which Draxler was awarded the Golden Ball trophy as the best player of the competition . Club career . Schalke 04 . Draxler made his Bundesliga debut on 15 January 2011 in a 0–1 loss to Hamburger SV . At that time , he was the fourth-youngest Bundesliga player ever and the youngest in Schalkes history . One week later , in Schalkes 1–0 win against Hannover 96 , he became the second-youngest field player after Nuri Şahin to start a Bundesliga match . On 25 January 2011 , Julian Draxler came on as a substitute for Peer Kluge in the quarter-finals of the 2010–11 DFB-Pokal against 1 . FC Nürnberg in the second half of extra time . He scored his first goal for Schalke 04 in the dying seconds of the same match to ensure a 3–2 for his club . He scored his first Bundesliga goal on 1 April 2011 against FC St . Pauli . Draxler opened the scoring in Schalkes 2011 DFB-Pokal Final victory over MSV Duisburg , volleying in from outside the area , scoring the first of what proved to be five unanswered goals for Schalke . He finished the 2010–11 season with 1 goal in 15 league appearances , two goals in three DFB-Pokal appearances and six UEFA Champions League appearances . In the 2011–12 season , Draxler played an important part in securing third place and 2011–12 UEFA Champions League qualification for Schalke , appearing in 30 of 34 Bundesliga matches , mainly on the left side of midfield to accommodate Lewis Holtby in a central role . He also had a goal in two DFB-Pokal matches , two goals in the UEFA Europa League , and an appearance in the DFL-Supercup . The following season , Draxler continued to prove himself to be an important first team player , scoring in matches against Greuther Fürth , Werder Bremen , Borussia Mönchengladbach and in a high-scoring 5–4 victory against Hannover 96 . Draxler continued to play an important role after Holtbys departure and the signing of Michel Bastos , allowing Draxler to impress in his favoured attacking midfield position , including two goals in a 4–1 victory at VfL Wolfsburg . While scoring in a 2–1 win to complete a league double over rivals Borussia Dortmund , Draxler became Schalkes youngest ever player to appear in 100 competitive games . On 3 May , he scored the matchs only goal as Schalke defeated Borussia Mönchengladbach 1–0 at Borussia-Park . Draxler finished the 2012–13 season as Schalkes joint top goalscorer in the Bundesliga – along with striker Klaas-Jan Huntelaar – after finishing the season with ten goals . He also scored two goals in three DFB-Pokal matches and one goal in six UEFA Champions League matches . In May 2013 , amid rumours of interest from English Premier League clubs as well as from Borussia Dortmund , Draxler extended his contract for a further two years , until 30 June 2018 . On 2 October 2013 , Draxler scored in a 1–0 away win against Basel in the 2013–14 UEFA Champions League . This win took Schalke 04 to the top of their group . In the final match of the Champions League group stage , Draxler opened the scoring for Schalke in a 2–0 victory against Basel , taking them through to the knockout phase of the tournament . He finished the 2013–14 season with 2 goals in 26 appearances in the Bundesliga , two appearances in the DFB-Pokal and four goals in ten appearances in the Champions League . He would go on to score 2 goals in 19 appearances in all competitions in the following season . On 27 July 2015 , Schalke rejected a bid of €15 million from Juventus , after reports that the Italian side and Draxler had already agreed personal terms . Schalke general manager Horst Heldt felt the offer was far too low and informed Juventus that there would be no further talks . On 31 August 2015 , Draxler signed for VfL Wolfsburg . His final match was a 3–0 loss to Wolfsburg three days prior to the transfer . He finished his 2015–16 account for Schalke with one goal in three Bundesliga matches and a DFB-Pokal match . VfL Wolfsburg . On 31 August 2015 , Draxler signed for VfL Wolfsburg on a five-year deal for a reported initial fee of €36 million plus add-ons . He scored his first goal for Wolfsburg on 15 September 2015 , in a 1–0 win over CSKA Moscow on his Champions League debut for the club . On 31 October , he registered his first Bundesliga goal with the Wolves , scoring the winner after appearing as a substitute against Bayer Leverkusen . In the knockout phase of the 2015–16 Champions League , against Gent , Draxler scored twice in a 3–2 away win in the first leg . On 8 March in the second leg at the Volkswagen Arena , he assisted André Schürrle for the only goal of the match as Wolfsburg reached the quarter-finals for the first time in club history . However , media sources reported that Draxler had failed to fulfill expectations with the Wolves and often appeared like a foreign body in the team . He ended the 2015–16 season with 8 goals and 7 assists from 28 appearances . Ahead of the 2016–17 season , Draxler announced that he wished to leave VfL Wolfsburg and that the club would allow him to transfer if it received an attractive offer . Despite reported interest from Arsenal and Paris Saint-Germain , Draxler could not secure a transfer away from Wolfsburg during the summer transfer window . On his return to the Wolfsburg team , Draxler was loudly booed by the clubs supporters and described the following four months as the worst first half of a season of my career . Paris Saint-Germain . On 24 December 2016 , it was announced on VfL Wolfsburgs website that Draxler would be joining Paris Saint-Germain on a four-year contract , for a reported fee of €42 million , pending a medical examination . The transfer was officially completed on 3 January 2017 . 2016–17 season . On 7 January , Draxler made his competitive debut for PSG in a Coupe de France fixture against Bastia at the Parc des Princes . He scored the final goal of a 7–0 victory in the 89th minute , after being assisted by Hatem Ben Arfa . Draxler debuted in Ligue 1 seven days later and scored the matchs only goal as the champions won 1–0 away at Rennes . On 1 February , he scored twice against the same opposition in the Coupe de France to take him to four goals in five appearances in French football . On 14 February , Draxler scored on his first Champions League appearance for PSG , a 4–0 home win over Barcelona in the round of 16 . On 26 February , he scored after appearing as a substitute in PSGs 5–1 win against rivals Marseille in Le Classique at the Stade Vélodrome . On 1 April , Draxler scored the opening goal in PSGs 4–1 win over Monaco in the 2017 Coupe de la Ligue Final . 2020–21 season . Draxler scored his first goal of the 2020–21 season in a 1–0 win against Metz on 16 September 2020 . This was his first goal since the 2018–19 season . In a 4–0 victory against Dijon on 24 October , Draxler suffered a hamstring injury ; he made his return on 16 December in a 2–0 win over Lorient . International career . On 9 August 2011 , Draxler scored on his debut for the Germany under-21 side in the 4–1 win over Cyprus in a 2013 UEFA European Under-21 Championship qualifier . On 7 May 2012 , he was one of two uncapped players called up into the provisional squad for the UEFA Euro 2012 senior side for Germany . On 26 May 2012 , he made his debut for the senior side in Germanys 5–3 loss to Switzerland , coming on as a substitute to replace Lukas Podolski in the 62nd minute . His first international goal was scored on 2 June 2013 in a friendly against the United States . The goal was scored in the 81st minute to bring the score to 3–4 , finishing a rebound off goalkeeper Tim Howard . Draxler captained Germany in a goalless friendly against Poland in Hamburg on 13 May 2014 , a match in which seven of his teammates were debutants . In June 2014 , Draxler was named in Germanys 23-man squad for the 2014 FIFA World Cup . He made his first World Cup appearance as a 76th-minute substitute for Sami Khedira in the semi-final 7–1 victory over Brazil . On 13 July , he was an unused substitute as Germany defeated Argentina at the Maracanã Stadium to win its fourth World Cup . Draxler made only two appearances for the world champions during the Euro 2016 qualifying campaign . However , he started on the left side of Germanys attack in four of their six matches at Euro 2016 finals , also appearing as a substitute in the quarter-final against Italy and converting his kick in the 6–5 penalty shootout win . He was named Man of the Match for his performance against Slovakia , assisting Mario Gómezs second goal before scoring the third himself in a 3–0 win . Draxler was named captain of an inexperienced Germany squad for the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup , scoring a penalty kick in the teams opening match as they defeated Australia 3–2 . Following Germanys title win , Draxler was awarded the Golden Ball as best player of the tournament . On 4 June 2018 , Germanys manager Joachim Löw included Draxler in his final 23-man squad for the 2018 FIFA World Cup . On 17 June , Draxler made a World Cup appearance during their opening match against Mexico in which the Germans lost 1–0 . Playing style . Draxler is two-footed and known for his speed and intensity in one-on-one situations . He is mainly deployed as a left winger but he can also be deployed as a right winger and as an attacking midfielder . In his Schalke 04 youth career , Draxler was deployed mainly as an attacking midfielder where he always felt most at home . In addition , Draxler is known for possessing a powerful and impressive shot . In January 2014 , Draxler was named by The Observer as one of the ten most promising young players in Europe . FIFAs official website describes Draxler as tall , fast , with a keen eye for goal , and an exceptional talent in one-on-one situations from his regular position as a left-sided attacking midfielder . Personal life . Draxler was born in Gladbeck , North Rhine-Westphalia . He attended the Heisenberg-Gymnasium in Gladbeck before changing to Gesamtschule Berger Feld in 2011 . In his childhood , he would regularly go with his father to watch Schalke 04s home matches and since then has been a fan of the club . Draxler was engaged to his childhood sweetheart , Lena Stiffel . In 2019 , he started dating a French dancer and choreographer , Sethanie Taing . Honours . Schalke 04 - DFB-Pokal : 2010–11 - DFL-Supercup : 2011 Paris Saint-Germain - Ligue 1 : 2017–18 , 2018–19 , 2019–20 - Coupe de France : 2016–17 , 2017–18 , 2019–20 , 2020–21 ; runner-up : 2018–19 - Coupe de la Ligue : 2016–17 , 2017–18 , 2019–20 - Trophée des Champions : 2017 , 2020 - UEFA Champions League runner-up : 2019–20 Germany - FIFA World Cup : 2014 - FIFA Confederations Cup : 2017 Individual - Fritz Walter Medal U18 Gold Medal : 2011 - Sportschau Goal of the Year Award : 2013 ( shared with Raúl ) - kicker Bundesliga Team of the Season : 2013–14 - Bundesliga Young Player of the Year : 2013–14 - FIFA Confederations Cup Golden Ball : 2017
|
[
"VfL Wolfsburg"
] |
[
{
"text": " Julian Draxler ( born 20 September 1993 ) is a German professional footballer who plays as an attacking midfielder for Ligue 1 club Paris Saint-Germain and the Germany national team . He is known for his ability to use both feet , his speed , and the power of his shot .",
"title": "Julian Draxler"
},
{
"text": "Draxler made his Bundesliga debut for Schalke 04 aged 17 in January 2011 , and in May of that year scored the first goal as the side won the DFB-Pokal Final . In total , he played 171 competitive matches for Schalke , scoring 30 goals , before transferring to VfL Wolfsburg in 2015 . In January 2017 , he joined PSG .",
"title": "Julian Draxler"
},
{
"text": " A full international with over 40 caps since 2012 , he was part of the Germany squad who won the 2014 FIFA World Cup , reached the semi-finals of UEFA Euro 2016 and was the captain of the side that won the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup , a tournament in which Draxler was awarded the Golden Ball trophy as the best player of the competition .",
"title": "Julian Draxler"
},
{
"text": " Draxler made his Bundesliga debut on 15 January 2011 in a 0–1 loss to Hamburger SV . At that time , he was the fourth-youngest Bundesliga player ever and the youngest in Schalkes history . One week later , in Schalkes 1–0 win against Hannover 96 , he became the second-youngest field player after Nuri Şahin to start a Bundesliga match .",
"title": "Schalke 04"
},
{
"text": "On 25 January 2011 , Julian Draxler came on as a substitute for Peer Kluge in the quarter-finals of the 2010–11 DFB-Pokal against 1 . FC Nürnberg in the second half of extra time . He scored his first goal for Schalke 04 in the dying seconds of the same match to ensure a 3–2 for his club . He scored his first Bundesliga goal on 1 April 2011 against FC St . Pauli . Draxler opened the scoring in Schalkes 2011 DFB-Pokal Final victory over MSV Duisburg , volleying in from outside the area , scoring the first of",
"title": "Schalke 04"
},
{
"text": "what proved to be five unanswered goals for Schalke . He finished the 2010–11 season with 1 goal in 15 league appearances , two goals in three DFB-Pokal appearances and six UEFA Champions League appearances .",
"title": "Schalke 04"
},
{
"text": " In the 2011–12 season , Draxler played an important part in securing third place and 2011–12 UEFA Champions League qualification for Schalke , appearing in 30 of 34 Bundesliga matches , mainly on the left side of midfield to accommodate Lewis Holtby in a central role . He also had a goal in two DFB-Pokal matches , two goals in the UEFA Europa League , and an appearance in the DFL-Supercup .",
"title": "Schalke 04"
},
{
"text": "The following season , Draxler continued to prove himself to be an important first team player , scoring in matches against Greuther Fürth , Werder Bremen , Borussia Mönchengladbach and in a high-scoring 5–4 victory against Hannover 96 . Draxler continued to play an important role after Holtbys departure and the signing of Michel Bastos , allowing Draxler to impress in his favoured attacking midfield position , including two goals in a 4–1 victory at VfL Wolfsburg . While scoring in a 2–1 win to complete a league double over rivals Borussia Dortmund , Draxler became Schalkes youngest ever player",
"title": "Schalke 04"
},
{
"text": "to appear in 100 competitive games . On 3 May , he scored the matchs only goal as Schalke defeated Borussia Mönchengladbach 1–0 at Borussia-Park . Draxler finished the 2012–13 season as Schalkes joint top goalscorer in the Bundesliga – along with striker Klaas-Jan Huntelaar – after finishing the season with ten goals . He also scored two goals in three DFB-Pokal matches and one goal in six UEFA Champions League matches .",
"title": "Schalke 04"
},
{
"text": "In May 2013 , amid rumours of interest from English Premier League clubs as well as from Borussia Dortmund , Draxler extended his contract for a further two years , until 30 June 2018 . On 2 October 2013 , Draxler scored in a 1–0 away win against Basel in the 2013–14 UEFA Champions League . This win took Schalke 04 to the top of their group . In the final match of the Champions League group stage , Draxler opened the scoring for Schalke in a 2–0 victory against Basel , taking them through to the knockout phase of",
"title": "Schalke 04"
},
{
"text": "the tournament . He finished the 2013–14 season with 2 goals in 26 appearances in the Bundesliga , two appearances in the DFB-Pokal and four goals in ten appearances in the Champions League .",
"title": "Schalke 04"
},
{
"text": " He would go on to score 2 goals in 19 appearances in all competitions in the following season .",
"title": "Schalke 04"
},
{
"text": "On 27 July 2015 , Schalke rejected a bid of €15 million from Juventus , after reports that the Italian side and Draxler had already agreed personal terms . Schalke general manager Horst Heldt felt the offer was far too low and informed Juventus that there would be no further talks . On 31 August 2015 , Draxler signed for VfL Wolfsburg . His final match was a 3–0 loss to Wolfsburg three days prior to the transfer . He finished his 2015–16 account for Schalke with one goal in three Bundesliga matches and a DFB-Pokal match .",
"title": "Schalke 04"
},
{
"text": " On 31 August 2015 , Draxler signed for VfL Wolfsburg on a five-year deal for a reported initial fee of €36 million plus add-ons . He scored his first goal for Wolfsburg on 15 September 2015 , in a 1–0 win over CSKA Moscow on his Champions League debut for the club . On 31 October , he registered his first Bundesliga goal with the Wolves , scoring the winner after appearing as a substitute against Bayer Leverkusen .",
"title": "VfL Wolfsburg"
},
{
"text": "In the knockout phase of the 2015–16 Champions League , against Gent , Draxler scored twice in a 3–2 away win in the first leg . On 8 March in the second leg at the Volkswagen Arena , he assisted André Schürrle for the only goal of the match as Wolfsburg reached the quarter-finals for the first time in club history . However , media sources reported that Draxler had failed to fulfill expectations with the Wolves and often appeared like a foreign body in the team . He ended the 2015–16 season with 8 goals and 7 assists from",
"title": "VfL Wolfsburg"
},
{
"text": "28 appearances .",
"title": "VfL Wolfsburg"
},
{
"text": " Ahead of the 2016–17 season , Draxler announced that he wished to leave VfL Wolfsburg and that the club would allow him to transfer if it received an attractive offer . Despite reported interest from Arsenal and Paris Saint-Germain , Draxler could not secure a transfer away from Wolfsburg during the summer transfer window . On his return to the Wolfsburg team , Draxler was loudly booed by the clubs supporters and described the following four months as the worst first half of a season of my career .",
"title": "VfL Wolfsburg"
},
{
"text": " On 24 December 2016 , it was announced on VfL Wolfsburgs website that Draxler would be joining Paris Saint-Germain on a four-year contract , for a reported fee of €42 million , pending a medical examination . The transfer was officially completed on 3 January 2017 . 2016–17 season .",
"title": "Paris Saint-Germain"
},
{
"text": "On 7 January , Draxler made his competitive debut for PSG in a Coupe de France fixture against Bastia at the Parc des Princes . He scored the final goal of a 7–0 victory in the 89th minute , after being assisted by Hatem Ben Arfa . Draxler debuted in Ligue 1 seven days later and scored the matchs only goal as the champions won 1–0 away at Rennes . On 1 February , he scored twice against the same opposition in the Coupe de France to take him to four goals in five appearances in French football .",
"title": "Paris Saint-Germain"
},
{
"text": " On 14 February , Draxler scored on his first Champions League appearance for PSG , a 4–0 home win over Barcelona in the round of 16 . On 26 February , he scored after appearing as a substitute in PSGs 5–1 win against rivals Marseille in Le Classique at the Stade Vélodrome . On 1 April , Draxler scored the opening goal in PSGs 4–1 win over Monaco in the 2017 Coupe de la Ligue Final . 2020–21 season .",
"title": "Paris Saint-Germain"
},
{
"text": "Draxler scored his first goal of the 2020–21 season in a 1–0 win against Metz on 16 September 2020 . This was his first goal since the 2018–19 season . In a 4–0 victory against Dijon on 24 October , Draxler suffered a hamstring injury ; he made his return on 16 December in a 2–0 win over Lorient .",
"title": "Paris Saint-Germain"
},
{
"text": " On 9 August 2011 , Draxler scored on his debut for the Germany under-21 side in the 4–1 win over Cyprus in a 2013 UEFA European Under-21 Championship qualifier .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "On 7 May 2012 , he was one of two uncapped players called up into the provisional squad for the UEFA Euro 2012 senior side for Germany . On 26 May 2012 , he made his debut for the senior side in Germanys 5–3 loss to Switzerland , coming on as a substitute to replace Lukas Podolski in the 62nd minute . His first international goal was scored on 2 June 2013 in a friendly against the United States . The goal was scored in the 81st minute to bring the score to 3–4 , finishing a rebound off goalkeeper",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "Tim Howard .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " Draxler captained Germany in a goalless friendly against Poland in Hamburg on 13 May 2014 , a match in which seven of his teammates were debutants . In June 2014 , Draxler was named in Germanys 23-man squad for the 2014 FIFA World Cup . He made his first World Cup appearance as a 76th-minute substitute for Sami Khedira in the semi-final 7–1 victory over Brazil . On 13 July , he was an unused substitute as Germany defeated Argentina at the Maracanã Stadium to win its fourth World Cup .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "Draxler made only two appearances for the world champions during the Euro 2016 qualifying campaign . However , he started on the left side of Germanys attack in four of their six matches at Euro 2016 finals , also appearing as a substitute in the quarter-final against Italy and converting his kick in the 6–5 penalty shootout win . He was named Man of the Match for his performance against Slovakia , assisting Mario Gómezs second goal before scoring the third himself in a 3–0 win .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " Draxler was named captain of an inexperienced Germany squad for the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup , scoring a penalty kick in the teams opening match as they defeated Australia 3–2 . Following Germanys title win , Draxler was awarded the Golden Ball as best player of the tournament . On 4 June 2018 , Germanys manager Joachim Löw included Draxler in his final 23-man squad for the 2018 FIFA World Cup . On 17 June , Draxler made a World Cup appearance during their opening match against Mexico in which the Germans lost 1–0 .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " Draxler is two-footed and known for his speed and intensity in one-on-one situations . He is mainly deployed as a left winger but he can also be deployed as a right winger and as an attacking midfielder . In his Schalke 04 youth career , Draxler was deployed mainly as an attacking midfielder where he always felt most at home . In addition , Draxler is known for possessing a powerful and impressive shot . In January 2014 , Draxler was named by The Observer as one of the ten most promising young players in Europe .",
"title": "Playing style"
},
{
"text": "FIFAs official website describes Draxler as tall , fast , with a keen eye for goal , and an exceptional talent in one-on-one situations from his regular position as a left-sided attacking midfielder .",
"title": "Playing style"
},
{
"text": " Draxler was born in Gladbeck , North Rhine-Westphalia . He attended the Heisenberg-Gymnasium in Gladbeck before changing to Gesamtschule Berger Feld in 2011 . In his childhood , he would regularly go with his father to watch Schalke 04s home matches and since then has been a fan of the club . Draxler was engaged to his childhood sweetheart , Lena Stiffel . In 2019 , he started dating a French dancer and choreographer , Sethanie Taing .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " - Ligue 1 : 2017–18 , 2018–19 , 2019–20 - Coupe de France : 2016–17 , 2017–18 , 2019–20 , 2020–21 ; runner-up : 2018–19 - Coupe de la Ligue : 2016–17 , 2017–18 , 2019–20 - Trophée des Champions : 2017 , 2020 - UEFA Champions League runner-up : 2019–20",
"title": "Paris Saint-Germain"
},
{
"text": " - Fritz Walter Medal U18 Gold Medal : 2011 - Sportschau Goal of the Year Award : 2013 ( shared with Raúl ) - kicker Bundesliga Team of the Season : 2013–14 - Bundesliga Young Player of the Year : 2013–14 - FIFA Confederations Cup Golden Ball : 2017",
"title": "Individual"
}
] |
/wiki/Julian_Draxler#P54#4
|
Which team did the player Julian Draxler belong to in Sep 2016?
|
Julian Draxler Julian Draxler ( born 20 September 1993 ) is a German professional footballer who plays as an attacking midfielder for Ligue 1 club Paris Saint-Germain and the Germany national team . He is known for his ability to use both feet , his speed , and the power of his shot . Draxler made his Bundesliga debut for Schalke 04 aged 17 in January 2011 , and in May of that year scored the first goal as the side won the DFB-Pokal Final . In total , he played 171 competitive matches for Schalke , scoring 30 goals , before transferring to VfL Wolfsburg in 2015 . In January 2017 , he joined PSG . A full international with over 40 caps since 2012 , he was part of the Germany squad who won the 2014 FIFA World Cup , reached the semi-finals of UEFA Euro 2016 and was the captain of the side that won the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup , a tournament in which Draxler was awarded the Golden Ball trophy as the best player of the competition . Club career . Schalke 04 . Draxler made his Bundesliga debut on 15 January 2011 in a 0–1 loss to Hamburger SV . At that time , he was the fourth-youngest Bundesliga player ever and the youngest in Schalkes history . One week later , in Schalkes 1–0 win against Hannover 96 , he became the second-youngest field player after Nuri Şahin to start a Bundesliga match . On 25 January 2011 , Julian Draxler came on as a substitute for Peer Kluge in the quarter-finals of the 2010–11 DFB-Pokal against 1 . FC Nürnberg in the second half of extra time . He scored his first goal for Schalke 04 in the dying seconds of the same match to ensure a 3–2 for his club . He scored his first Bundesliga goal on 1 April 2011 against FC St . Pauli . Draxler opened the scoring in Schalkes 2011 DFB-Pokal Final victory over MSV Duisburg , volleying in from outside the area , scoring the first of what proved to be five unanswered goals for Schalke . He finished the 2010–11 season with 1 goal in 15 league appearances , two goals in three DFB-Pokal appearances and six UEFA Champions League appearances . In the 2011–12 season , Draxler played an important part in securing third place and 2011–12 UEFA Champions League qualification for Schalke , appearing in 30 of 34 Bundesliga matches , mainly on the left side of midfield to accommodate Lewis Holtby in a central role . He also had a goal in two DFB-Pokal matches , two goals in the UEFA Europa League , and an appearance in the DFL-Supercup . The following season , Draxler continued to prove himself to be an important first team player , scoring in matches against Greuther Fürth , Werder Bremen , Borussia Mönchengladbach and in a high-scoring 5–4 victory against Hannover 96 . Draxler continued to play an important role after Holtbys departure and the signing of Michel Bastos , allowing Draxler to impress in his favoured attacking midfield position , including two goals in a 4–1 victory at VfL Wolfsburg . While scoring in a 2–1 win to complete a league double over rivals Borussia Dortmund , Draxler became Schalkes youngest ever player to appear in 100 competitive games . On 3 May , he scored the matchs only goal as Schalke defeated Borussia Mönchengladbach 1–0 at Borussia-Park . Draxler finished the 2012–13 season as Schalkes joint top goalscorer in the Bundesliga – along with striker Klaas-Jan Huntelaar – after finishing the season with ten goals . He also scored two goals in three DFB-Pokal matches and one goal in six UEFA Champions League matches . In May 2013 , amid rumours of interest from English Premier League clubs as well as from Borussia Dortmund , Draxler extended his contract for a further two years , until 30 June 2018 . On 2 October 2013 , Draxler scored in a 1–0 away win against Basel in the 2013–14 UEFA Champions League . This win took Schalke 04 to the top of their group . In the final match of the Champions League group stage , Draxler opened the scoring for Schalke in a 2–0 victory against Basel , taking them through to the knockout phase of the tournament . He finished the 2013–14 season with 2 goals in 26 appearances in the Bundesliga , two appearances in the DFB-Pokal and four goals in ten appearances in the Champions League . He would go on to score 2 goals in 19 appearances in all competitions in the following season . On 27 July 2015 , Schalke rejected a bid of €15 million from Juventus , after reports that the Italian side and Draxler had already agreed personal terms . Schalke general manager Horst Heldt felt the offer was far too low and informed Juventus that there would be no further talks . On 31 August 2015 , Draxler signed for VfL Wolfsburg . His final match was a 3–0 loss to Wolfsburg three days prior to the transfer . He finished his 2015–16 account for Schalke with one goal in three Bundesliga matches and a DFB-Pokal match . VfL Wolfsburg . On 31 August 2015 , Draxler signed for VfL Wolfsburg on a five-year deal for a reported initial fee of €36 million plus add-ons . He scored his first goal for Wolfsburg on 15 September 2015 , in a 1–0 win over CSKA Moscow on his Champions League debut for the club . On 31 October , he registered his first Bundesliga goal with the Wolves , scoring the winner after appearing as a substitute against Bayer Leverkusen . In the knockout phase of the 2015–16 Champions League , against Gent , Draxler scored twice in a 3–2 away win in the first leg . On 8 March in the second leg at the Volkswagen Arena , he assisted André Schürrle for the only goal of the match as Wolfsburg reached the quarter-finals for the first time in club history . However , media sources reported that Draxler had failed to fulfill expectations with the Wolves and often appeared like a foreign body in the team . He ended the 2015–16 season with 8 goals and 7 assists from 28 appearances . Ahead of the 2016–17 season , Draxler announced that he wished to leave VfL Wolfsburg and that the club would allow him to transfer if it received an attractive offer . Despite reported interest from Arsenal and Paris Saint-Germain , Draxler could not secure a transfer away from Wolfsburg during the summer transfer window . On his return to the Wolfsburg team , Draxler was loudly booed by the clubs supporters and described the following four months as the worst first half of a season of my career . Paris Saint-Germain . On 24 December 2016 , it was announced on VfL Wolfsburgs website that Draxler would be joining Paris Saint-Germain on a four-year contract , for a reported fee of €42 million , pending a medical examination . The transfer was officially completed on 3 January 2017 . 2016–17 season . On 7 January , Draxler made his competitive debut for PSG in a Coupe de France fixture against Bastia at the Parc des Princes . He scored the final goal of a 7–0 victory in the 89th minute , after being assisted by Hatem Ben Arfa . Draxler debuted in Ligue 1 seven days later and scored the matchs only goal as the champions won 1–0 away at Rennes . On 1 February , he scored twice against the same opposition in the Coupe de France to take him to four goals in five appearances in French football . On 14 February , Draxler scored on his first Champions League appearance for PSG , a 4–0 home win over Barcelona in the round of 16 . On 26 February , he scored after appearing as a substitute in PSGs 5–1 win against rivals Marseille in Le Classique at the Stade Vélodrome . On 1 April , Draxler scored the opening goal in PSGs 4–1 win over Monaco in the 2017 Coupe de la Ligue Final . 2020–21 season . Draxler scored his first goal of the 2020–21 season in a 1–0 win against Metz on 16 September 2020 . This was his first goal since the 2018–19 season . In a 4–0 victory against Dijon on 24 October , Draxler suffered a hamstring injury ; he made his return on 16 December in a 2–0 win over Lorient . International career . On 9 August 2011 , Draxler scored on his debut for the Germany under-21 side in the 4–1 win over Cyprus in a 2013 UEFA European Under-21 Championship qualifier . On 7 May 2012 , he was one of two uncapped players called up into the provisional squad for the UEFA Euro 2012 senior side for Germany . On 26 May 2012 , he made his debut for the senior side in Germanys 5–3 loss to Switzerland , coming on as a substitute to replace Lukas Podolski in the 62nd minute . His first international goal was scored on 2 June 2013 in a friendly against the United States . The goal was scored in the 81st minute to bring the score to 3–4 , finishing a rebound off goalkeeper Tim Howard . Draxler captained Germany in a goalless friendly against Poland in Hamburg on 13 May 2014 , a match in which seven of his teammates were debutants . In June 2014 , Draxler was named in Germanys 23-man squad for the 2014 FIFA World Cup . He made his first World Cup appearance as a 76th-minute substitute for Sami Khedira in the semi-final 7–1 victory over Brazil . On 13 July , he was an unused substitute as Germany defeated Argentina at the Maracanã Stadium to win its fourth World Cup . Draxler made only two appearances for the world champions during the Euro 2016 qualifying campaign . However , he started on the left side of Germanys attack in four of their six matches at Euro 2016 finals , also appearing as a substitute in the quarter-final against Italy and converting his kick in the 6–5 penalty shootout win . He was named Man of the Match for his performance against Slovakia , assisting Mario Gómezs second goal before scoring the third himself in a 3–0 win . Draxler was named captain of an inexperienced Germany squad for the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup , scoring a penalty kick in the teams opening match as they defeated Australia 3–2 . Following Germanys title win , Draxler was awarded the Golden Ball as best player of the tournament . On 4 June 2018 , Germanys manager Joachim Löw included Draxler in his final 23-man squad for the 2018 FIFA World Cup . On 17 June , Draxler made a World Cup appearance during their opening match against Mexico in which the Germans lost 1–0 . Playing style . Draxler is two-footed and known for his speed and intensity in one-on-one situations . He is mainly deployed as a left winger but he can also be deployed as a right winger and as an attacking midfielder . In his Schalke 04 youth career , Draxler was deployed mainly as an attacking midfielder where he always felt most at home . In addition , Draxler is known for possessing a powerful and impressive shot . In January 2014 , Draxler was named by The Observer as one of the ten most promising young players in Europe . FIFAs official website describes Draxler as tall , fast , with a keen eye for goal , and an exceptional talent in one-on-one situations from his regular position as a left-sided attacking midfielder . Personal life . Draxler was born in Gladbeck , North Rhine-Westphalia . He attended the Heisenberg-Gymnasium in Gladbeck before changing to Gesamtschule Berger Feld in 2011 . In his childhood , he would regularly go with his father to watch Schalke 04s home matches and since then has been a fan of the club . Draxler was engaged to his childhood sweetheart , Lena Stiffel . In 2019 , he started dating a French dancer and choreographer , Sethanie Taing . Honours . Schalke 04 - DFB-Pokal : 2010–11 - DFL-Supercup : 2011 Paris Saint-Germain - Ligue 1 : 2017–18 , 2018–19 , 2019–20 - Coupe de France : 2016–17 , 2017–18 , 2019–20 , 2020–21 ; runner-up : 2018–19 - Coupe de la Ligue : 2016–17 , 2017–18 , 2019–20 - Trophée des Champions : 2017 , 2020 - UEFA Champions League runner-up : 2019–20 Germany - FIFA World Cup : 2014 - FIFA Confederations Cup : 2017 Individual - Fritz Walter Medal U18 Gold Medal : 2011 - Sportschau Goal of the Year Award : 2013 ( shared with Raúl ) - kicker Bundesliga Team of the Season : 2013–14 - Bundesliga Young Player of the Year : 2013–14 - FIFA Confederations Cup Golden Ball : 2017
|
[
"VfL Wolfsburg"
] |
[
{
"text": " Julian Draxler ( born 20 September 1993 ) is a German professional footballer who plays as an attacking midfielder for Ligue 1 club Paris Saint-Germain and the Germany national team . He is known for his ability to use both feet , his speed , and the power of his shot .",
"title": "Julian Draxler"
},
{
"text": "Draxler made his Bundesliga debut for Schalke 04 aged 17 in January 2011 , and in May of that year scored the first goal as the side won the DFB-Pokal Final . In total , he played 171 competitive matches for Schalke , scoring 30 goals , before transferring to VfL Wolfsburg in 2015 . In January 2017 , he joined PSG .",
"title": "Julian Draxler"
},
{
"text": " A full international with over 40 caps since 2012 , he was part of the Germany squad who won the 2014 FIFA World Cup , reached the semi-finals of UEFA Euro 2016 and was the captain of the side that won the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup , a tournament in which Draxler was awarded the Golden Ball trophy as the best player of the competition .",
"title": "Julian Draxler"
},
{
"text": " Draxler made his Bundesliga debut on 15 January 2011 in a 0–1 loss to Hamburger SV . At that time , he was the fourth-youngest Bundesliga player ever and the youngest in Schalkes history . One week later , in Schalkes 1–0 win against Hannover 96 , he became the second-youngest field player after Nuri Şahin to start a Bundesliga match .",
"title": "Schalke 04"
},
{
"text": "On 25 January 2011 , Julian Draxler came on as a substitute for Peer Kluge in the quarter-finals of the 2010–11 DFB-Pokal against 1 . FC Nürnberg in the second half of extra time . He scored his first goal for Schalke 04 in the dying seconds of the same match to ensure a 3–2 for his club . He scored his first Bundesliga goal on 1 April 2011 against FC St . Pauli . Draxler opened the scoring in Schalkes 2011 DFB-Pokal Final victory over MSV Duisburg , volleying in from outside the area , scoring the first of",
"title": "Schalke 04"
},
{
"text": "what proved to be five unanswered goals for Schalke . He finished the 2010–11 season with 1 goal in 15 league appearances , two goals in three DFB-Pokal appearances and six UEFA Champions League appearances .",
"title": "Schalke 04"
},
{
"text": " In the 2011–12 season , Draxler played an important part in securing third place and 2011–12 UEFA Champions League qualification for Schalke , appearing in 30 of 34 Bundesliga matches , mainly on the left side of midfield to accommodate Lewis Holtby in a central role . He also had a goal in two DFB-Pokal matches , two goals in the UEFA Europa League , and an appearance in the DFL-Supercup .",
"title": "Schalke 04"
},
{
"text": "The following season , Draxler continued to prove himself to be an important first team player , scoring in matches against Greuther Fürth , Werder Bremen , Borussia Mönchengladbach and in a high-scoring 5–4 victory against Hannover 96 . Draxler continued to play an important role after Holtbys departure and the signing of Michel Bastos , allowing Draxler to impress in his favoured attacking midfield position , including two goals in a 4–1 victory at VfL Wolfsburg . While scoring in a 2–1 win to complete a league double over rivals Borussia Dortmund , Draxler became Schalkes youngest ever player",
"title": "Schalke 04"
},
{
"text": "to appear in 100 competitive games . On 3 May , he scored the matchs only goal as Schalke defeated Borussia Mönchengladbach 1–0 at Borussia-Park . Draxler finished the 2012–13 season as Schalkes joint top goalscorer in the Bundesliga – along with striker Klaas-Jan Huntelaar – after finishing the season with ten goals . He also scored two goals in three DFB-Pokal matches and one goal in six UEFA Champions League matches .",
"title": "Schalke 04"
},
{
"text": "In May 2013 , amid rumours of interest from English Premier League clubs as well as from Borussia Dortmund , Draxler extended his contract for a further two years , until 30 June 2018 . On 2 October 2013 , Draxler scored in a 1–0 away win against Basel in the 2013–14 UEFA Champions League . This win took Schalke 04 to the top of their group . In the final match of the Champions League group stage , Draxler opened the scoring for Schalke in a 2–0 victory against Basel , taking them through to the knockout phase of",
"title": "Schalke 04"
},
{
"text": "the tournament . He finished the 2013–14 season with 2 goals in 26 appearances in the Bundesliga , two appearances in the DFB-Pokal and four goals in ten appearances in the Champions League .",
"title": "Schalke 04"
},
{
"text": " He would go on to score 2 goals in 19 appearances in all competitions in the following season .",
"title": "Schalke 04"
},
{
"text": "On 27 July 2015 , Schalke rejected a bid of €15 million from Juventus , after reports that the Italian side and Draxler had already agreed personal terms . Schalke general manager Horst Heldt felt the offer was far too low and informed Juventus that there would be no further talks . On 31 August 2015 , Draxler signed for VfL Wolfsburg . His final match was a 3–0 loss to Wolfsburg three days prior to the transfer . He finished his 2015–16 account for Schalke with one goal in three Bundesliga matches and a DFB-Pokal match .",
"title": "Schalke 04"
},
{
"text": " On 31 August 2015 , Draxler signed for VfL Wolfsburg on a five-year deal for a reported initial fee of €36 million plus add-ons . He scored his first goal for Wolfsburg on 15 September 2015 , in a 1–0 win over CSKA Moscow on his Champions League debut for the club . On 31 October , he registered his first Bundesliga goal with the Wolves , scoring the winner after appearing as a substitute against Bayer Leverkusen .",
"title": "VfL Wolfsburg"
},
{
"text": "In the knockout phase of the 2015–16 Champions League , against Gent , Draxler scored twice in a 3–2 away win in the first leg . On 8 March in the second leg at the Volkswagen Arena , he assisted André Schürrle for the only goal of the match as Wolfsburg reached the quarter-finals for the first time in club history . However , media sources reported that Draxler had failed to fulfill expectations with the Wolves and often appeared like a foreign body in the team . He ended the 2015–16 season with 8 goals and 7 assists from",
"title": "VfL Wolfsburg"
},
{
"text": "28 appearances .",
"title": "VfL Wolfsburg"
},
{
"text": " Ahead of the 2016–17 season , Draxler announced that he wished to leave VfL Wolfsburg and that the club would allow him to transfer if it received an attractive offer . Despite reported interest from Arsenal and Paris Saint-Germain , Draxler could not secure a transfer away from Wolfsburg during the summer transfer window . On his return to the Wolfsburg team , Draxler was loudly booed by the clubs supporters and described the following four months as the worst first half of a season of my career .",
"title": "VfL Wolfsburg"
},
{
"text": " On 24 December 2016 , it was announced on VfL Wolfsburgs website that Draxler would be joining Paris Saint-Germain on a four-year contract , for a reported fee of €42 million , pending a medical examination . The transfer was officially completed on 3 January 2017 . 2016–17 season .",
"title": "Paris Saint-Germain"
},
{
"text": "On 7 January , Draxler made his competitive debut for PSG in a Coupe de France fixture against Bastia at the Parc des Princes . He scored the final goal of a 7–0 victory in the 89th minute , after being assisted by Hatem Ben Arfa . Draxler debuted in Ligue 1 seven days later and scored the matchs only goal as the champions won 1–0 away at Rennes . On 1 February , he scored twice against the same opposition in the Coupe de France to take him to four goals in five appearances in French football .",
"title": "Paris Saint-Germain"
},
{
"text": " On 14 February , Draxler scored on his first Champions League appearance for PSG , a 4–0 home win over Barcelona in the round of 16 . On 26 February , he scored after appearing as a substitute in PSGs 5–1 win against rivals Marseille in Le Classique at the Stade Vélodrome . On 1 April , Draxler scored the opening goal in PSGs 4–1 win over Monaco in the 2017 Coupe de la Ligue Final . 2020–21 season .",
"title": "Paris Saint-Germain"
},
{
"text": "Draxler scored his first goal of the 2020–21 season in a 1–0 win against Metz on 16 September 2020 . This was his first goal since the 2018–19 season . In a 4–0 victory against Dijon on 24 October , Draxler suffered a hamstring injury ; he made his return on 16 December in a 2–0 win over Lorient .",
"title": "Paris Saint-Germain"
},
{
"text": " On 9 August 2011 , Draxler scored on his debut for the Germany under-21 side in the 4–1 win over Cyprus in a 2013 UEFA European Under-21 Championship qualifier .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "On 7 May 2012 , he was one of two uncapped players called up into the provisional squad for the UEFA Euro 2012 senior side for Germany . On 26 May 2012 , he made his debut for the senior side in Germanys 5–3 loss to Switzerland , coming on as a substitute to replace Lukas Podolski in the 62nd minute . His first international goal was scored on 2 June 2013 in a friendly against the United States . The goal was scored in the 81st minute to bring the score to 3–4 , finishing a rebound off goalkeeper",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "Tim Howard .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " Draxler captained Germany in a goalless friendly against Poland in Hamburg on 13 May 2014 , a match in which seven of his teammates were debutants . In June 2014 , Draxler was named in Germanys 23-man squad for the 2014 FIFA World Cup . He made his first World Cup appearance as a 76th-minute substitute for Sami Khedira in the semi-final 7–1 victory over Brazil . On 13 July , he was an unused substitute as Germany defeated Argentina at the Maracanã Stadium to win its fourth World Cup .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "Draxler made only two appearances for the world champions during the Euro 2016 qualifying campaign . However , he started on the left side of Germanys attack in four of their six matches at Euro 2016 finals , also appearing as a substitute in the quarter-final against Italy and converting his kick in the 6–5 penalty shootout win . He was named Man of the Match for his performance against Slovakia , assisting Mario Gómezs second goal before scoring the third himself in a 3–0 win .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " Draxler was named captain of an inexperienced Germany squad for the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup , scoring a penalty kick in the teams opening match as they defeated Australia 3–2 . Following Germanys title win , Draxler was awarded the Golden Ball as best player of the tournament . On 4 June 2018 , Germanys manager Joachim Löw included Draxler in his final 23-man squad for the 2018 FIFA World Cup . On 17 June , Draxler made a World Cup appearance during their opening match against Mexico in which the Germans lost 1–0 .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " Draxler is two-footed and known for his speed and intensity in one-on-one situations . He is mainly deployed as a left winger but he can also be deployed as a right winger and as an attacking midfielder . In his Schalke 04 youth career , Draxler was deployed mainly as an attacking midfielder where he always felt most at home . In addition , Draxler is known for possessing a powerful and impressive shot . In January 2014 , Draxler was named by The Observer as one of the ten most promising young players in Europe .",
"title": "Playing style"
},
{
"text": "FIFAs official website describes Draxler as tall , fast , with a keen eye for goal , and an exceptional talent in one-on-one situations from his regular position as a left-sided attacking midfielder .",
"title": "Playing style"
},
{
"text": " Draxler was born in Gladbeck , North Rhine-Westphalia . He attended the Heisenberg-Gymnasium in Gladbeck before changing to Gesamtschule Berger Feld in 2011 . In his childhood , he would regularly go with his father to watch Schalke 04s home matches and since then has been a fan of the club . Draxler was engaged to his childhood sweetheart , Lena Stiffel . In 2019 , he started dating a French dancer and choreographer , Sethanie Taing .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " - Ligue 1 : 2017–18 , 2018–19 , 2019–20 - Coupe de France : 2016–17 , 2017–18 , 2019–20 , 2020–21 ; runner-up : 2018–19 - Coupe de la Ligue : 2016–17 , 2017–18 , 2019–20 - Trophée des Champions : 2017 , 2020 - UEFA Champions League runner-up : 2019–20",
"title": "Paris Saint-Germain"
},
{
"text": " - Fritz Walter Medal U18 Gold Medal : 2011 - Sportschau Goal of the Year Award : 2013 ( shared with Raúl ) - kicker Bundesliga Team of the Season : 2013–14 - Bundesliga Young Player of the Year : 2013–14 - FIFA Confederations Cup Golden Ball : 2017",
"title": "Individual"
}
] |
/wiki/Julian_Draxler#P54#5
|
Which team did the player Julian Draxler belong to after Sep 2017?
|
Julian Draxler Julian Draxler ( born 20 September 1993 ) is a German professional footballer who plays as an attacking midfielder for Ligue 1 club Paris Saint-Germain and the Germany national team . He is known for his ability to use both feet , his speed , and the power of his shot . Draxler made his Bundesliga debut for Schalke 04 aged 17 in January 2011 , and in May of that year scored the first goal as the side won the DFB-Pokal Final . In total , he played 171 competitive matches for Schalke , scoring 30 goals , before transferring to VfL Wolfsburg in 2015 . In January 2017 , he joined PSG . A full international with over 40 caps since 2012 , he was part of the Germany squad who won the 2014 FIFA World Cup , reached the semi-finals of UEFA Euro 2016 and was the captain of the side that won the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup , a tournament in which Draxler was awarded the Golden Ball trophy as the best player of the competition . Club career . Schalke 04 . Draxler made his Bundesliga debut on 15 January 2011 in a 0–1 loss to Hamburger SV . At that time , he was the fourth-youngest Bundesliga player ever and the youngest in Schalkes history . One week later , in Schalkes 1–0 win against Hannover 96 , he became the second-youngest field player after Nuri Şahin to start a Bundesliga match . On 25 January 2011 , Julian Draxler came on as a substitute for Peer Kluge in the quarter-finals of the 2010–11 DFB-Pokal against 1 . FC Nürnberg in the second half of extra time . He scored his first goal for Schalke 04 in the dying seconds of the same match to ensure a 3–2 for his club . He scored his first Bundesliga goal on 1 April 2011 against FC St . Pauli . Draxler opened the scoring in Schalkes 2011 DFB-Pokal Final victory over MSV Duisburg , volleying in from outside the area , scoring the first of what proved to be five unanswered goals for Schalke . He finished the 2010–11 season with 1 goal in 15 league appearances , two goals in three DFB-Pokal appearances and six UEFA Champions League appearances . In the 2011–12 season , Draxler played an important part in securing third place and 2011–12 UEFA Champions League qualification for Schalke , appearing in 30 of 34 Bundesliga matches , mainly on the left side of midfield to accommodate Lewis Holtby in a central role . He also had a goal in two DFB-Pokal matches , two goals in the UEFA Europa League , and an appearance in the DFL-Supercup . The following season , Draxler continued to prove himself to be an important first team player , scoring in matches against Greuther Fürth , Werder Bremen , Borussia Mönchengladbach and in a high-scoring 5–4 victory against Hannover 96 . Draxler continued to play an important role after Holtbys departure and the signing of Michel Bastos , allowing Draxler to impress in his favoured attacking midfield position , including two goals in a 4–1 victory at VfL Wolfsburg . While scoring in a 2–1 win to complete a league double over rivals Borussia Dortmund , Draxler became Schalkes youngest ever player to appear in 100 competitive games . On 3 May , he scored the matchs only goal as Schalke defeated Borussia Mönchengladbach 1–0 at Borussia-Park . Draxler finished the 2012–13 season as Schalkes joint top goalscorer in the Bundesliga – along with striker Klaas-Jan Huntelaar – after finishing the season with ten goals . He also scored two goals in three DFB-Pokal matches and one goal in six UEFA Champions League matches . In May 2013 , amid rumours of interest from English Premier League clubs as well as from Borussia Dortmund , Draxler extended his contract for a further two years , until 30 June 2018 . On 2 October 2013 , Draxler scored in a 1–0 away win against Basel in the 2013–14 UEFA Champions League . This win took Schalke 04 to the top of their group . In the final match of the Champions League group stage , Draxler opened the scoring for Schalke in a 2–0 victory against Basel , taking them through to the knockout phase of the tournament . He finished the 2013–14 season with 2 goals in 26 appearances in the Bundesliga , two appearances in the DFB-Pokal and four goals in ten appearances in the Champions League . He would go on to score 2 goals in 19 appearances in all competitions in the following season . On 27 July 2015 , Schalke rejected a bid of €15 million from Juventus , after reports that the Italian side and Draxler had already agreed personal terms . Schalke general manager Horst Heldt felt the offer was far too low and informed Juventus that there would be no further talks . On 31 August 2015 , Draxler signed for VfL Wolfsburg . His final match was a 3–0 loss to Wolfsburg three days prior to the transfer . He finished his 2015–16 account for Schalke with one goal in three Bundesliga matches and a DFB-Pokal match . VfL Wolfsburg . On 31 August 2015 , Draxler signed for VfL Wolfsburg on a five-year deal for a reported initial fee of €36 million plus add-ons . He scored his first goal for Wolfsburg on 15 September 2015 , in a 1–0 win over CSKA Moscow on his Champions League debut for the club . On 31 October , he registered his first Bundesliga goal with the Wolves , scoring the winner after appearing as a substitute against Bayer Leverkusen . In the knockout phase of the 2015–16 Champions League , against Gent , Draxler scored twice in a 3–2 away win in the first leg . On 8 March in the second leg at the Volkswagen Arena , he assisted André Schürrle for the only goal of the match as Wolfsburg reached the quarter-finals for the first time in club history . However , media sources reported that Draxler had failed to fulfill expectations with the Wolves and often appeared like a foreign body in the team . He ended the 2015–16 season with 8 goals and 7 assists from 28 appearances . Ahead of the 2016–17 season , Draxler announced that he wished to leave VfL Wolfsburg and that the club would allow him to transfer if it received an attractive offer . Despite reported interest from Arsenal and Paris Saint-Germain , Draxler could not secure a transfer away from Wolfsburg during the summer transfer window . On his return to the Wolfsburg team , Draxler was loudly booed by the clubs supporters and described the following four months as the worst first half of a season of my career . Paris Saint-Germain . On 24 December 2016 , it was announced on VfL Wolfsburgs website that Draxler would be joining Paris Saint-Germain on a four-year contract , for a reported fee of €42 million , pending a medical examination . The transfer was officially completed on 3 January 2017 . 2016–17 season . On 7 January , Draxler made his competitive debut for PSG in a Coupe de France fixture against Bastia at the Parc des Princes . He scored the final goal of a 7–0 victory in the 89th minute , after being assisted by Hatem Ben Arfa . Draxler debuted in Ligue 1 seven days later and scored the matchs only goal as the champions won 1–0 away at Rennes . On 1 February , he scored twice against the same opposition in the Coupe de France to take him to four goals in five appearances in French football . On 14 February , Draxler scored on his first Champions League appearance for PSG , a 4–0 home win over Barcelona in the round of 16 . On 26 February , he scored after appearing as a substitute in PSGs 5–1 win against rivals Marseille in Le Classique at the Stade Vélodrome . On 1 April , Draxler scored the opening goal in PSGs 4–1 win over Monaco in the 2017 Coupe de la Ligue Final . 2020–21 season . Draxler scored his first goal of the 2020–21 season in a 1–0 win against Metz on 16 September 2020 . This was his first goal since the 2018–19 season . In a 4–0 victory against Dijon on 24 October , Draxler suffered a hamstring injury ; he made his return on 16 December in a 2–0 win over Lorient . International career . On 9 August 2011 , Draxler scored on his debut for the Germany under-21 side in the 4–1 win over Cyprus in a 2013 UEFA European Under-21 Championship qualifier . On 7 May 2012 , he was one of two uncapped players called up into the provisional squad for the UEFA Euro 2012 senior side for Germany . On 26 May 2012 , he made his debut for the senior side in Germanys 5–3 loss to Switzerland , coming on as a substitute to replace Lukas Podolski in the 62nd minute . His first international goal was scored on 2 June 2013 in a friendly against the United States . The goal was scored in the 81st minute to bring the score to 3–4 , finishing a rebound off goalkeeper Tim Howard . Draxler captained Germany in a goalless friendly against Poland in Hamburg on 13 May 2014 , a match in which seven of his teammates were debutants . In June 2014 , Draxler was named in Germanys 23-man squad for the 2014 FIFA World Cup . He made his first World Cup appearance as a 76th-minute substitute for Sami Khedira in the semi-final 7–1 victory over Brazil . On 13 July , he was an unused substitute as Germany defeated Argentina at the Maracanã Stadium to win its fourth World Cup . Draxler made only two appearances for the world champions during the Euro 2016 qualifying campaign . However , he started on the left side of Germanys attack in four of their six matches at Euro 2016 finals , also appearing as a substitute in the quarter-final against Italy and converting his kick in the 6–5 penalty shootout win . He was named Man of the Match for his performance against Slovakia , assisting Mario Gómezs second goal before scoring the third himself in a 3–0 win . Draxler was named captain of an inexperienced Germany squad for the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup , scoring a penalty kick in the teams opening match as they defeated Australia 3–2 . Following Germanys title win , Draxler was awarded the Golden Ball as best player of the tournament . On 4 June 2018 , Germanys manager Joachim Löw included Draxler in his final 23-man squad for the 2018 FIFA World Cup . On 17 June , Draxler made a World Cup appearance during their opening match against Mexico in which the Germans lost 1–0 . Playing style . Draxler is two-footed and known for his speed and intensity in one-on-one situations . He is mainly deployed as a left winger but he can also be deployed as a right winger and as an attacking midfielder . In his Schalke 04 youth career , Draxler was deployed mainly as an attacking midfielder where he always felt most at home . In addition , Draxler is known for possessing a powerful and impressive shot . In January 2014 , Draxler was named by The Observer as one of the ten most promising young players in Europe . FIFAs official website describes Draxler as tall , fast , with a keen eye for goal , and an exceptional talent in one-on-one situations from his regular position as a left-sided attacking midfielder . Personal life . Draxler was born in Gladbeck , North Rhine-Westphalia . He attended the Heisenberg-Gymnasium in Gladbeck before changing to Gesamtschule Berger Feld in 2011 . In his childhood , he would regularly go with his father to watch Schalke 04s home matches and since then has been a fan of the club . Draxler was engaged to his childhood sweetheart , Lena Stiffel . In 2019 , he started dating a French dancer and choreographer , Sethanie Taing . Honours . Schalke 04 - DFB-Pokal : 2010–11 - DFL-Supercup : 2011 Paris Saint-Germain - Ligue 1 : 2017–18 , 2018–19 , 2019–20 - Coupe de France : 2016–17 , 2017–18 , 2019–20 , 2020–21 ; runner-up : 2018–19 - Coupe de la Ligue : 2016–17 , 2017–18 , 2019–20 - Trophée des Champions : 2017 , 2020 - UEFA Champions League runner-up : 2019–20 Germany - FIFA World Cup : 2014 - FIFA Confederations Cup : 2017 Individual - Fritz Walter Medal U18 Gold Medal : 2011 - Sportschau Goal of the Year Award : 2013 ( shared with Raúl ) - kicker Bundesliga Team of the Season : 2013–14 - Bundesliga Young Player of the Year : 2013–14 - FIFA Confederations Cup Golden Ball : 2017
|
[
"Paris Saint-Germain"
] |
[
{
"text": " Julian Draxler ( born 20 September 1993 ) is a German professional footballer who plays as an attacking midfielder for Ligue 1 club Paris Saint-Germain and the Germany national team . He is known for his ability to use both feet , his speed , and the power of his shot .",
"title": "Julian Draxler"
},
{
"text": "Draxler made his Bundesliga debut for Schalke 04 aged 17 in January 2011 , and in May of that year scored the first goal as the side won the DFB-Pokal Final . In total , he played 171 competitive matches for Schalke , scoring 30 goals , before transferring to VfL Wolfsburg in 2015 . In January 2017 , he joined PSG .",
"title": "Julian Draxler"
},
{
"text": " A full international with over 40 caps since 2012 , he was part of the Germany squad who won the 2014 FIFA World Cup , reached the semi-finals of UEFA Euro 2016 and was the captain of the side that won the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup , a tournament in which Draxler was awarded the Golden Ball trophy as the best player of the competition .",
"title": "Julian Draxler"
},
{
"text": " Draxler made his Bundesliga debut on 15 January 2011 in a 0–1 loss to Hamburger SV . At that time , he was the fourth-youngest Bundesliga player ever and the youngest in Schalkes history . One week later , in Schalkes 1–0 win against Hannover 96 , he became the second-youngest field player after Nuri Şahin to start a Bundesliga match .",
"title": "Schalke 04"
},
{
"text": "On 25 January 2011 , Julian Draxler came on as a substitute for Peer Kluge in the quarter-finals of the 2010–11 DFB-Pokal against 1 . FC Nürnberg in the second half of extra time . He scored his first goal for Schalke 04 in the dying seconds of the same match to ensure a 3–2 for his club . He scored his first Bundesliga goal on 1 April 2011 against FC St . Pauli . Draxler opened the scoring in Schalkes 2011 DFB-Pokal Final victory over MSV Duisburg , volleying in from outside the area , scoring the first of",
"title": "Schalke 04"
},
{
"text": "what proved to be five unanswered goals for Schalke . He finished the 2010–11 season with 1 goal in 15 league appearances , two goals in three DFB-Pokal appearances and six UEFA Champions League appearances .",
"title": "Schalke 04"
},
{
"text": " In the 2011–12 season , Draxler played an important part in securing third place and 2011–12 UEFA Champions League qualification for Schalke , appearing in 30 of 34 Bundesliga matches , mainly on the left side of midfield to accommodate Lewis Holtby in a central role . He also had a goal in two DFB-Pokal matches , two goals in the UEFA Europa League , and an appearance in the DFL-Supercup .",
"title": "Schalke 04"
},
{
"text": "The following season , Draxler continued to prove himself to be an important first team player , scoring in matches against Greuther Fürth , Werder Bremen , Borussia Mönchengladbach and in a high-scoring 5–4 victory against Hannover 96 . Draxler continued to play an important role after Holtbys departure and the signing of Michel Bastos , allowing Draxler to impress in his favoured attacking midfield position , including two goals in a 4–1 victory at VfL Wolfsburg . While scoring in a 2–1 win to complete a league double over rivals Borussia Dortmund , Draxler became Schalkes youngest ever player",
"title": "Schalke 04"
},
{
"text": "to appear in 100 competitive games . On 3 May , he scored the matchs only goal as Schalke defeated Borussia Mönchengladbach 1–0 at Borussia-Park . Draxler finished the 2012–13 season as Schalkes joint top goalscorer in the Bundesliga – along with striker Klaas-Jan Huntelaar – after finishing the season with ten goals . He also scored two goals in three DFB-Pokal matches and one goal in six UEFA Champions League matches .",
"title": "Schalke 04"
},
{
"text": "In May 2013 , amid rumours of interest from English Premier League clubs as well as from Borussia Dortmund , Draxler extended his contract for a further two years , until 30 June 2018 . On 2 October 2013 , Draxler scored in a 1–0 away win against Basel in the 2013–14 UEFA Champions League . This win took Schalke 04 to the top of their group . In the final match of the Champions League group stage , Draxler opened the scoring for Schalke in a 2–0 victory against Basel , taking them through to the knockout phase of",
"title": "Schalke 04"
},
{
"text": "the tournament . He finished the 2013–14 season with 2 goals in 26 appearances in the Bundesliga , two appearances in the DFB-Pokal and four goals in ten appearances in the Champions League .",
"title": "Schalke 04"
},
{
"text": " He would go on to score 2 goals in 19 appearances in all competitions in the following season .",
"title": "Schalke 04"
},
{
"text": "On 27 July 2015 , Schalke rejected a bid of €15 million from Juventus , after reports that the Italian side and Draxler had already agreed personal terms . Schalke general manager Horst Heldt felt the offer was far too low and informed Juventus that there would be no further talks . On 31 August 2015 , Draxler signed for VfL Wolfsburg . His final match was a 3–0 loss to Wolfsburg three days prior to the transfer . He finished his 2015–16 account for Schalke with one goal in three Bundesliga matches and a DFB-Pokal match .",
"title": "Schalke 04"
},
{
"text": " On 31 August 2015 , Draxler signed for VfL Wolfsburg on a five-year deal for a reported initial fee of €36 million plus add-ons . He scored his first goal for Wolfsburg on 15 September 2015 , in a 1–0 win over CSKA Moscow on his Champions League debut for the club . On 31 October , he registered his first Bundesliga goal with the Wolves , scoring the winner after appearing as a substitute against Bayer Leverkusen .",
"title": "VfL Wolfsburg"
},
{
"text": "In the knockout phase of the 2015–16 Champions League , against Gent , Draxler scored twice in a 3–2 away win in the first leg . On 8 March in the second leg at the Volkswagen Arena , he assisted André Schürrle for the only goal of the match as Wolfsburg reached the quarter-finals for the first time in club history . However , media sources reported that Draxler had failed to fulfill expectations with the Wolves and often appeared like a foreign body in the team . He ended the 2015–16 season with 8 goals and 7 assists from",
"title": "VfL Wolfsburg"
},
{
"text": "28 appearances .",
"title": "VfL Wolfsburg"
},
{
"text": " Ahead of the 2016–17 season , Draxler announced that he wished to leave VfL Wolfsburg and that the club would allow him to transfer if it received an attractive offer . Despite reported interest from Arsenal and Paris Saint-Germain , Draxler could not secure a transfer away from Wolfsburg during the summer transfer window . On his return to the Wolfsburg team , Draxler was loudly booed by the clubs supporters and described the following four months as the worst first half of a season of my career .",
"title": "VfL Wolfsburg"
},
{
"text": " On 24 December 2016 , it was announced on VfL Wolfsburgs website that Draxler would be joining Paris Saint-Germain on a four-year contract , for a reported fee of €42 million , pending a medical examination . The transfer was officially completed on 3 January 2017 . 2016–17 season .",
"title": "Paris Saint-Germain"
},
{
"text": "On 7 January , Draxler made his competitive debut for PSG in a Coupe de France fixture against Bastia at the Parc des Princes . He scored the final goal of a 7–0 victory in the 89th minute , after being assisted by Hatem Ben Arfa . Draxler debuted in Ligue 1 seven days later and scored the matchs only goal as the champions won 1–0 away at Rennes . On 1 February , he scored twice against the same opposition in the Coupe de France to take him to four goals in five appearances in French football .",
"title": "Paris Saint-Germain"
},
{
"text": " On 14 February , Draxler scored on his first Champions League appearance for PSG , a 4–0 home win over Barcelona in the round of 16 . On 26 February , he scored after appearing as a substitute in PSGs 5–1 win against rivals Marseille in Le Classique at the Stade Vélodrome . On 1 April , Draxler scored the opening goal in PSGs 4–1 win over Monaco in the 2017 Coupe de la Ligue Final . 2020–21 season .",
"title": "Paris Saint-Germain"
},
{
"text": "Draxler scored his first goal of the 2020–21 season in a 1–0 win against Metz on 16 September 2020 . This was his first goal since the 2018–19 season . In a 4–0 victory against Dijon on 24 October , Draxler suffered a hamstring injury ; he made his return on 16 December in a 2–0 win over Lorient .",
"title": "Paris Saint-Germain"
},
{
"text": " On 9 August 2011 , Draxler scored on his debut for the Germany under-21 side in the 4–1 win over Cyprus in a 2013 UEFA European Under-21 Championship qualifier .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "On 7 May 2012 , he was one of two uncapped players called up into the provisional squad for the UEFA Euro 2012 senior side for Germany . On 26 May 2012 , he made his debut for the senior side in Germanys 5–3 loss to Switzerland , coming on as a substitute to replace Lukas Podolski in the 62nd minute . His first international goal was scored on 2 June 2013 in a friendly against the United States . The goal was scored in the 81st minute to bring the score to 3–4 , finishing a rebound off goalkeeper",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "Tim Howard .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " Draxler captained Germany in a goalless friendly against Poland in Hamburg on 13 May 2014 , a match in which seven of his teammates were debutants . In June 2014 , Draxler was named in Germanys 23-man squad for the 2014 FIFA World Cup . He made his first World Cup appearance as a 76th-minute substitute for Sami Khedira in the semi-final 7–1 victory over Brazil . On 13 July , he was an unused substitute as Germany defeated Argentina at the Maracanã Stadium to win its fourth World Cup .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "Draxler made only two appearances for the world champions during the Euro 2016 qualifying campaign . However , he started on the left side of Germanys attack in four of their six matches at Euro 2016 finals , also appearing as a substitute in the quarter-final against Italy and converting his kick in the 6–5 penalty shootout win . He was named Man of the Match for his performance against Slovakia , assisting Mario Gómezs second goal before scoring the third himself in a 3–0 win .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " Draxler was named captain of an inexperienced Germany squad for the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup , scoring a penalty kick in the teams opening match as they defeated Australia 3–2 . Following Germanys title win , Draxler was awarded the Golden Ball as best player of the tournament . On 4 June 2018 , Germanys manager Joachim Löw included Draxler in his final 23-man squad for the 2018 FIFA World Cup . On 17 June , Draxler made a World Cup appearance during their opening match against Mexico in which the Germans lost 1–0 .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " Draxler is two-footed and known for his speed and intensity in one-on-one situations . He is mainly deployed as a left winger but he can also be deployed as a right winger and as an attacking midfielder . In his Schalke 04 youth career , Draxler was deployed mainly as an attacking midfielder where he always felt most at home . In addition , Draxler is known for possessing a powerful and impressive shot . In January 2014 , Draxler was named by The Observer as one of the ten most promising young players in Europe .",
"title": "Playing style"
},
{
"text": "FIFAs official website describes Draxler as tall , fast , with a keen eye for goal , and an exceptional talent in one-on-one situations from his regular position as a left-sided attacking midfielder .",
"title": "Playing style"
},
{
"text": " Draxler was born in Gladbeck , North Rhine-Westphalia . He attended the Heisenberg-Gymnasium in Gladbeck before changing to Gesamtschule Berger Feld in 2011 . In his childhood , he would regularly go with his father to watch Schalke 04s home matches and since then has been a fan of the club . Draxler was engaged to his childhood sweetheart , Lena Stiffel . In 2019 , he started dating a French dancer and choreographer , Sethanie Taing .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " - Ligue 1 : 2017–18 , 2018–19 , 2019–20 - Coupe de France : 2016–17 , 2017–18 , 2019–20 , 2020–21 ; runner-up : 2018–19 - Coupe de la Ligue : 2016–17 , 2017–18 , 2019–20 - Trophée des Champions : 2017 , 2020 - UEFA Champions League runner-up : 2019–20",
"title": "Paris Saint-Germain"
},
{
"text": " - Fritz Walter Medal U18 Gold Medal : 2011 - Sportschau Goal of the Year Award : 2013 ( shared with Raúl ) - kicker Bundesliga Team of the Season : 2013–14 - Bundesliga Young Player of the Year : 2013–14 - FIFA Confederations Cup Golden Ball : 2017",
"title": "Individual"
}
] |
/wiki/Ron_Greenwood#P54#0
|
Ron Greenwood played for which team between Sep 1948 and Nov 1948?
|
Ron Greenwood Ronald Greenwood CBE ( 11 November 1921 – 9 February 2006 ) was an English football player and manager , best known for being manager of the English national football team from 1977 until 1982 , as well as being manager of West Ham United for 13 years , a time during which the club gained much of its fame . His final role in football was managing the England national football team . Early years . Ron Greenwood was born at 15 Lennox Street , Worsthorne , near Burnley , Lancashire , but moved to London in 1931 during the Depression . He was educated at the Wembley County Grammar School which now forms part of Alperton Community School in Middlesex , leaving at the age of 14 to be an apprentice sign-writer . He served with an RAF mobile radio unit first of all in Northern Ireland and later in France during the Second World War . Playing career . Greenwood played as a centre-half , joining Chelsea as an amateur whilst training as an apprentice sign-writer . During World War II he served in the Royal Air Force in Northern Ireland and guested for Belfast Celtic . In 1945 , he left Chelsea for Bradford Park Avenue and made 59 league appearances over the next four seasons . In 1949 , Greenwood moved to the club he supported as a boy , Brentford , his £9,500 fee breaking the clubs incoming transfer record . He made 147 appearances and scored one goal . After three years at Brentford , he returned to Chelsea , where he played 66 times and won a First Division winners medal in 1954–55 under Ted Drake . That summer , he moved to Fulham , where he made another 42 league appearances before retiring at the end of the 1955–56 season . He was never capped for his country , though he did make a single B team appearance , whilst at Brentford , in a 1–0 victory against the Netherlands , on 23 March 1952 , at the Olympishe Stadion , Amsterdam . At the end of his playing career in 1956 , Greenwood became an active freemason attending the Lodge of Proven Fellowship No . 6225 , but resigned in 1977 . Coaching career . After retiring Greenwood moved into coaching . He coached Eastbourne United , Oxford University ( where he came to the attention of Sir Harold Thompson , a future Chairman of The Football Association ) , and England youth teams . He combined the England under-23 post with being the assistant manager at Arsenal under George Swindin , having moved to Highbury in December 1957 . He remained there until April 1961 , when he was selected by chairman Reg Pratt to replace Ted Fenton as manager of West Ham United . Greenwoods reign at West Ham brought them sizeable success . He oversaw the development of players such as the 1966 FIFA World Cup-winning trio of Bobby Moore , Geoff Hurst and Martin Peters , and under him the Hammers won the FA Cup in 1964 and the European Cup Winners Cup in 1965 – the first two major trophies of their history . West Hams league form under Greenwood was less impressive , usually finishing in the lower half of the First Division table , though they did come 6th in 1972–73 . In his final season , West Ham finished 18th , just one point from relegation . He moved upstairs in 1974 , becoming the clubs general manager for the next three years , with John Lyall being placed in charge of the first team . In the first season of this arrangement , West Ham won another FA Cup . After England coach Don Revies resignation , Greenwood was appointed full-time manager , ending his 16-year association with West Ham United . Under Greenwood , England qualified for UEFA Euro 1980 , where they were knocked out in the group stages . England also qualified for the 1982 FIFA World Cup under Greenwood , their first World Cup in twelve years . England came through the tournament unbeaten , but were knocked out in the second group stage after 0–0 draws against West Germany and Spain . Greenwood retired from football after the 1982 World Cup , with the national coachs job going to Bobby Robson . One major landmark during Greenwoods tenure was the selection of the first black player for England , Viv Anderson , in 1978 . Greenwood stated Yellow , purple or black – if theyre good enough , Ill pick them . Life after football . After his career in football Greenwood was a regular analyst on BBC Radio . He died on 9 February 2006 , aged 84 , after a long struggle with Alzheimers disease . When West Ham played Birmingham City in a Premier League fixture on 13 February 2006 , a one-minute silence was held in Greenwoods memory . West Ham won the game 3–0 . The Town Council of Loughton , where Greenwood lived during his time as West Ham manager , erected a blue plaque to his memory on one of his former houses in the town , 22 Brooklyn Avenue : this was unveiled by Sir Trevor Brooking and the Town Mayor , Chris Pond on 28 October 2008 . The Heritage Foundation charity erected a blue plaque in Greenwoods memory at West Hams Upton Park , which was unveiled by his family on 21 January 2007 . Greenwood was inducted into the English Football Hall of Fame in 2006 , recognising his achievements as a manager in the English game . He is also a member of the FA and LMA Halls of Fame . He was survived by his widow , Lucy . He is buried in the Town Cemetery at Sudbury in Suffolk . Honours . Player . Chelsea . - First Division - Winners : 1954-55 Manager . West Ham United . - European Cup Winners Cup - Winners : 1965 - FA Cup - Winners : 1964 - FA Charity Shield - Winners : 1964 ( shared ) External links . - Obituary from BBC Sport - Obituary from The Times - Obituary from The Guardian
|
[
"Bradford Park Avenue"
] |
[
{
"text": " Ronald Greenwood CBE ( 11 November 1921 – 9 February 2006 ) was an English football player and manager , best known for being manager of the English national football team from 1977 until 1982 , as well as being manager of West Ham United for 13 years , a time during which the club gained much of its fame . His final role in football was managing the England national football team .",
"title": "Ron Greenwood"
},
{
"text": " Ron Greenwood was born at 15 Lennox Street , Worsthorne , near Burnley , Lancashire , but moved to London in 1931 during the Depression . He was educated at the Wembley County Grammar School which now forms part of Alperton Community School in Middlesex , leaving at the age of 14 to be an apprentice sign-writer . He served with an RAF mobile radio unit first of all in Northern Ireland and later in France during the Second World War .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": " Greenwood played as a centre-half , joining Chelsea as an amateur whilst training as an apprentice sign-writer . During World War II he served in the Royal Air Force in Northern Ireland and guested for Belfast Celtic . In 1945 , he left Chelsea for Bradford Park Avenue and made 59 league appearances over the next four seasons .",
"title": "Playing career"
},
{
"text": "In 1949 , Greenwood moved to the club he supported as a boy , Brentford , his £9,500 fee breaking the clubs incoming transfer record . He made 147 appearances and scored one goal . After three years at Brentford , he returned to Chelsea , where he played 66 times and won a First Division winners medal in 1954–55 under Ted Drake . That summer , he moved to Fulham , where he made another 42 league appearances before retiring at the end of the 1955–56 season . He was never capped for his country , though he did",
"title": "Playing career"
},
{
"text": "make a single B team appearance , whilst at Brentford , in a 1–0 victory against the Netherlands , on 23 March 1952 , at the Olympishe Stadion , Amsterdam . At the end of his playing career in 1956 , Greenwood became an active freemason attending the Lodge of Proven Fellowship No . 6225 , but resigned in 1977 .",
"title": "Playing career"
},
{
"text": " After retiring Greenwood moved into coaching . He coached Eastbourne United , Oxford University ( where he came to the attention of Sir Harold Thompson , a future Chairman of The Football Association ) , and England youth teams . He combined the England under-23 post with being the assistant manager at Arsenal under George Swindin , having moved to Highbury in December 1957 . He remained there until April 1961 , when he was selected by chairman Reg Pratt to replace Ted Fenton as manager of West Ham United .",
"title": "Coaching career"
},
{
"text": "Greenwoods reign at West Ham brought them sizeable success . He oversaw the development of players such as the 1966 FIFA World Cup-winning trio of Bobby Moore , Geoff Hurst and Martin Peters , and under him the Hammers won the FA Cup in 1964 and the European Cup Winners Cup in 1965 – the first two major trophies of their history . West Hams league form under Greenwood was less impressive , usually finishing in the lower half of the First Division table , though they did come 6th in 1972–73 . In his final season , West Ham",
"title": "Coaching career"
},
{
"text": "finished 18th , just one point from relegation .",
"title": "Coaching career"
},
{
"text": " He moved upstairs in 1974 , becoming the clubs general manager for the next three years , with John Lyall being placed in charge of the first team . In the first season of this arrangement , West Ham won another FA Cup .",
"title": "Coaching career"
},
{
"text": "After England coach Don Revies resignation , Greenwood was appointed full-time manager , ending his 16-year association with West Ham United . Under Greenwood , England qualified for UEFA Euro 1980 , where they were knocked out in the group stages . England also qualified for the 1982 FIFA World Cup under Greenwood , their first World Cup in twelve years . England came through the tournament unbeaten , but were knocked out in the second group stage after 0–0 draws against West Germany and Spain .",
"title": "Coaching career"
},
{
"text": " Greenwood retired from football after the 1982 World Cup , with the national coachs job going to Bobby Robson . One major landmark during Greenwoods tenure was the selection of the first black player for England , Viv Anderson , in 1978 . Greenwood stated Yellow , purple or black – if theyre good enough , Ill pick them .",
"title": "Coaching career"
},
{
"text": " After his career in football Greenwood was a regular analyst on BBC Radio . He died on 9 February 2006 , aged 84 , after a long struggle with Alzheimers disease . When West Ham played Birmingham City in a Premier League fixture on 13 February 2006 , a one-minute silence was held in Greenwoods memory . West Ham won the game 3–0 .",
"title": "Life after football"
},
{
"text": "The Town Council of Loughton , where Greenwood lived during his time as West Ham manager , erected a blue plaque to his memory on one of his former houses in the town , 22 Brooklyn Avenue : this was unveiled by Sir Trevor Brooking and the Town Mayor , Chris Pond on 28 October 2008 . The Heritage Foundation charity erected a blue plaque in Greenwoods memory at West Hams Upton Park , which was unveiled by his family on 21 January 2007 .",
"title": "Life after football"
},
{
"text": " Greenwood was inducted into the English Football Hall of Fame in 2006 , recognising his achievements as a manager in the English game . He is also a member of the FA and LMA Halls of Fame . He was survived by his widow , Lucy . He is buried in the Town Cemetery at Sudbury in Suffolk .",
"title": "Life after football"
},
{
"text": " - European Cup Winners Cup - Winners : 1965 - FA Cup - Winners : 1964 - FA Charity Shield - Winners : 1964 ( shared )",
"title": "West Ham United"
},
{
"text": " - Obituary from BBC Sport - Obituary from The Times - Obituary from The Guardian",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Ron_Greenwood#P54#1
|
Ron Greenwood played for which team between Jul 1949 and Mar 1950?
|
Ron Greenwood Ronald Greenwood CBE ( 11 November 1921 – 9 February 2006 ) was an English football player and manager , best known for being manager of the English national football team from 1977 until 1982 , as well as being manager of West Ham United for 13 years , a time during which the club gained much of its fame . His final role in football was managing the England national football team . Early years . Ron Greenwood was born at 15 Lennox Street , Worsthorne , near Burnley , Lancashire , but moved to London in 1931 during the Depression . He was educated at the Wembley County Grammar School which now forms part of Alperton Community School in Middlesex , leaving at the age of 14 to be an apprentice sign-writer . He served with an RAF mobile radio unit first of all in Northern Ireland and later in France during the Second World War . Playing career . Greenwood played as a centre-half , joining Chelsea as an amateur whilst training as an apprentice sign-writer . During World War II he served in the Royal Air Force in Northern Ireland and guested for Belfast Celtic . In 1945 , he left Chelsea for Bradford Park Avenue and made 59 league appearances over the next four seasons . In 1949 , Greenwood moved to the club he supported as a boy , Brentford , his £9,500 fee breaking the clubs incoming transfer record . He made 147 appearances and scored one goal . After three years at Brentford , he returned to Chelsea , where he played 66 times and won a First Division winners medal in 1954–55 under Ted Drake . That summer , he moved to Fulham , where he made another 42 league appearances before retiring at the end of the 1955–56 season . He was never capped for his country , though he did make a single B team appearance , whilst at Brentford , in a 1–0 victory against the Netherlands , on 23 March 1952 , at the Olympishe Stadion , Amsterdam . At the end of his playing career in 1956 , Greenwood became an active freemason attending the Lodge of Proven Fellowship No . 6225 , but resigned in 1977 . Coaching career . After retiring Greenwood moved into coaching . He coached Eastbourne United , Oxford University ( where he came to the attention of Sir Harold Thompson , a future Chairman of The Football Association ) , and England youth teams . He combined the England under-23 post with being the assistant manager at Arsenal under George Swindin , having moved to Highbury in December 1957 . He remained there until April 1961 , when he was selected by chairman Reg Pratt to replace Ted Fenton as manager of West Ham United . Greenwoods reign at West Ham brought them sizeable success . He oversaw the development of players such as the 1966 FIFA World Cup-winning trio of Bobby Moore , Geoff Hurst and Martin Peters , and under him the Hammers won the FA Cup in 1964 and the European Cup Winners Cup in 1965 – the first two major trophies of their history . West Hams league form under Greenwood was less impressive , usually finishing in the lower half of the First Division table , though they did come 6th in 1972–73 . In his final season , West Ham finished 18th , just one point from relegation . He moved upstairs in 1974 , becoming the clubs general manager for the next three years , with John Lyall being placed in charge of the first team . In the first season of this arrangement , West Ham won another FA Cup . After England coach Don Revies resignation , Greenwood was appointed full-time manager , ending his 16-year association with West Ham United . Under Greenwood , England qualified for UEFA Euro 1980 , where they were knocked out in the group stages . England also qualified for the 1982 FIFA World Cup under Greenwood , their first World Cup in twelve years . England came through the tournament unbeaten , but were knocked out in the second group stage after 0–0 draws against West Germany and Spain . Greenwood retired from football after the 1982 World Cup , with the national coachs job going to Bobby Robson . One major landmark during Greenwoods tenure was the selection of the first black player for England , Viv Anderson , in 1978 . Greenwood stated Yellow , purple or black – if theyre good enough , Ill pick them . Life after football . After his career in football Greenwood was a regular analyst on BBC Radio . He died on 9 February 2006 , aged 84 , after a long struggle with Alzheimers disease . When West Ham played Birmingham City in a Premier League fixture on 13 February 2006 , a one-minute silence was held in Greenwoods memory . West Ham won the game 3–0 . The Town Council of Loughton , where Greenwood lived during his time as West Ham manager , erected a blue plaque to his memory on one of his former houses in the town , 22 Brooklyn Avenue : this was unveiled by Sir Trevor Brooking and the Town Mayor , Chris Pond on 28 October 2008 . The Heritage Foundation charity erected a blue plaque in Greenwoods memory at West Hams Upton Park , which was unveiled by his family on 21 January 2007 . Greenwood was inducted into the English Football Hall of Fame in 2006 , recognising his achievements as a manager in the English game . He is also a member of the FA and LMA Halls of Fame . He was survived by his widow , Lucy . He is buried in the Town Cemetery at Sudbury in Suffolk . Honours . Player . Chelsea . - First Division - Winners : 1954-55 Manager . West Ham United . - European Cup Winners Cup - Winners : 1965 - FA Cup - Winners : 1964 - FA Charity Shield - Winners : 1964 ( shared ) External links . - Obituary from BBC Sport - Obituary from The Times - Obituary from The Guardian
|
[
""
] |
[
{
"text": " Ronald Greenwood CBE ( 11 November 1921 – 9 February 2006 ) was an English football player and manager , best known for being manager of the English national football team from 1977 until 1982 , as well as being manager of West Ham United for 13 years , a time during which the club gained much of its fame . His final role in football was managing the England national football team .",
"title": "Ron Greenwood"
},
{
"text": " Ron Greenwood was born at 15 Lennox Street , Worsthorne , near Burnley , Lancashire , but moved to London in 1931 during the Depression . He was educated at the Wembley County Grammar School which now forms part of Alperton Community School in Middlesex , leaving at the age of 14 to be an apprentice sign-writer . He served with an RAF mobile radio unit first of all in Northern Ireland and later in France during the Second World War .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": " Greenwood played as a centre-half , joining Chelsea as an amateur whilst training as an apprentice sign-writer . During World War II he served in the Royal Air Force in Northern Ireland and guested for Belfast Celtic . In 1945 , he left Chelsea for Bradford Park Avenue and made 59 league appearances over the next four seasons .",
"title": "Playing career"
},
{
"text": "In 1949 , Greenwood moved to the club he supported as a boy , Brentford , his £9,500 fee breaking the clubs incoming transfer record . He made 147 appearances and scored one goal . After three years at Brentford , he returned to Chelsea , where he played 66 times and won a First Division winners medal in 1954–55 under Ted Drake . That summer , he moved to Fulham , where he made another 42 league appearances before retiring at the end of the 1955–56 season . He was never capped for his country , though he did",
"title": "Playing career"
},
{
"text": "make a single B team appearance , whilst at Brentford , in a 1–0 victory against the Netherlands , on 23 March 1952 , at the Olympishe Stadion , Amsterdam . At the end of his playing career in 1956 , Greenwood became an active freemason attending the Lodge of Proven Fellowship No . 6225 , but resigned in 1977 .",
"title": "Playing career"
},
{
"text": " After retiring Greenwood moved into coaching . He coached Eastbourne United , Oxford University ( where he came to the attention of Sir Harold Thompson , a future Chairman of The Football Association ) , and England youth teams . He combined the England under-23 post with being the assistant manager at Arsenal under George Swindin , having moved to Highbury in December 1957 . He remained there until April 1961 , when he was selected by chairman Reg Pratt to replace Ted Fenton as manager of West Ham United .",
"title": "Coaching career"
},
{
"text": "Greenwoods reign at West Ham brought them sizeable success . He oversaw the development of players such as the 1966 FIFA World Cup-winning trio of Bobby Moore , Geoff Hurst and Martin Peters , and under him the Hammers won the FA Cup in 1964 and the European Cup Winners Cup in 1965 – the first two major trophies of their history . West Hams league form under Greenwood was less impressive , usually finishing in the lower half of the First Division table , though they did come 6th in 1972–73 . In his final season , West Ham",
"title": "Coaching career"
},
{
"text": "finished 18th , just one point from relegation .",
"title": "Coaching career"
},
{
"text": " He moved upstairs in 1974 , becoming the clubs general manager for the next three years , with John Lyall being placed in charge of the first team . In the first season of this arrangement , West Ham won another FA Cup .",
"title": "Coaching career"
},
{
"text": "After England coach Don Revies resignation , Greenwood was appointed full-time manager , ending his 16-year association with West Ham United . Under Greenwood , England qualified for UEFA Euro 1980 , where they were knocked out in the group stages . England also qualified for the 1982 FIFA World Cup under Greenwood , their first World Cup in twelve years . England came through the tournament unbeaten , but were knocked out in the second group stage after 0–0 draws against West Germany and Spain .",
"title": "Coaching career"
},
{
"text": " Greenwood retired from football after the 1982 World Cup , with the national coachs job going to Bobby Robson . One major landmark during Greenwoods tenure was the selection of the first black player for England , Viv Anderson , in 1978 . Greenwood stated Yellow , purple or black – if theyre good enough , Ill pick them .",
"title": "Coaching career"
},
{
"text": " After his career in football Greenwood was a regular analyst on BBC Radio . He died on 9 February 2006 , aged 84 , after a long struggle with Alzheimers disease . When West Ham played Birmingham City in a Premier League fixture on 13 February 2006 , a one-minute silence was held in Greenwoods memory . West Ham won the game 3–0 .",
"title": "Life after football"
},
{
"text": "The Town Council of Loughton , where Greenwood lived during his time as West Ham manager , erected a blue plaque to his memory on one of his former houses in the town , 22 Brooklyn Avenue : this was unveiled by Sir Trevor Brooking and the Town Mayor , Chris Pond on 28 October 2008 . The Heritage Foundation charity erected a blue plaque in Greenwoods memory at West Hams Upton Park , which was unveiled by his family on 21 January 2007 .",
"title": "Life after football"
},
{
"text": " Greenwood was inducted into the English Football Hall of Fame in 2006 , recognising his achievements as a manager in the English game . He is also a member of the FA and LMA Halls of Fame . He was survived by his widow , Lucy . He is buried in the Town Cemetery at Sudbury in Suffolk .",
"title": "Life after football"
},
{
"text": " - European Cup Winners Cup - Winners : 1965 - FA Cup - Winners : 1964 - FA Charity Shield - Winners : 1964 ( shared )",
"title": "West Ham United"
},
{
"text": " - Obituary from BBC Sport - Obituary from The Times - Obituary from The Guardian",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Ron_Greenwood#P54#2
|
Ron Greenwood played for which team between Nov 1954 and Dec 1954?
|
Ron Greenwood Ronald Greenwood CBE ( 11 November 1921 – 9 February 2006 ) was an English football player and manager , best known for being manager of the English national football team from 1977 until 1982 , as well as being manager of West Ham United for 13 years , a time during which the club gained much of its fame . His final role in football was managing the England national football team . Early years . Ron Greenwood was born at 15 Lennox Street , Worsthorne , near Burnley , Lancashire , but moved to London in 1931 during the Depression . He was educated at the Wembley County Grammar School which now forms part of Alperton Community School in Middlesex , leaving at the age of 14 to be an apprentice sign-writer . He served with an RAF mobile radio unit first of all in Northern Ireland and later in France during the Second World War . Playing career . Greenwood played as a centre-half , joining Chelsea as an amateur whilst training as an apprentice sign-writer . During World War II he served in the Royal Air Force in Northern Ireland and guested for Belfast Celtic . In 1945 , he left Chelsea for Bradford Park Avenue and made 59 league appearances over the next four seasons . In 1949 , Greenwood moved to the club he supported as a boy , Brentford , his £9,500 fee breaking the clubs incoming transfer record . He made 147 appearances and scored one goal . After three years at Brentford , he returned to Chelsea , where he played 66 times and won a First Division winners medal in 1954–55 under Ted Drake . That summer , he moved to Fulham , where he made another 42 league appearances before retiring at the end of the 1955–56 season . He was never capped for his country , though he did make a single B team appearance , whilst at Brentford , in a 1–0 victory against the Netherlands , on 23 March 1952 , at the Olympishe Stadion , Amsterdam . At the end of his playing career in 1956 , Greenwood became an active freemason attending the Lodge of Proven Fellowship No . 6225 , but resigned in 1977 . Coaching career . After retiring Greenwood moved into coaching . He coached Eastbourne United , Oxford University ( where he came to the attention of Sir Harold Thompson , a future Chairman of The Football Association ) , and England youth teams . He combined the England under-23 post with being the assistant manager at Arsenal under George Swindin , having moved to Highbury in December 1957 . He remained there until April 1961 , when he was selected by chairman Reg Pratt to replace Ted Fenton as manager of West Ham United . Greenwoods reign at West Ham brought them sizeable success . He oversaw the development of players such as the 1966 FIFA World Cup-winning trio of Bobby Moore , Geoff Hurst and Martin Peters , and under him the Hammers won the FA Cup in 1964 and the European Cup Winners Cup in 1965 – the first two major trophies of their history . West Hams league form under Greenwood was less impressive , usually finishing in the lower half of the First Division table , though they did come 6th in 1972–73 . In his final season , West Ham finished 18th , just one point from relegation . He moved upstairs in 1974 , becoming the clubs general manager for the next three years , with John Lyall being placed in charge of the first team . In the first season of this arrangement , West Ham won another FA Cup . After England coach Don Revies resignation , Greenwood was appointed full-time manager , ending his 16-year association with West Ham United . Under Greenwood , England qualified for UEFA Euro 1980 , where they were knocked out in the group stages . England also qualified for the 1982 FIFA World Cup under Greenwood , their first World Cup in twelve years . England came through the tournament unbeaten , but were knocked out in the second group stage after 0–0 draws against West Germany and Spain . Greenwood retired from football after the 1982 World Cup , with the national coachs job going to Bobby Robson . One major landmark during Greenwoods tenure was the selection of the first black player for England , Viv Anderson , in 1978 . Greenwood stated Yellow , purple or black – if theyre good enough , Ill pick them . Life after football . After his career in football Greenwood was a regular analyst on BBC Radio . He died on 9 February 2006 , aged 84 , after a long struggle with Alzheimers disease . When West Ham played Birmingham City in a Premier League fixture on 13 February 2006 , a one-minute silence was held in Greenwoods memory . West Ham won the game 3–0 . The Town Council of Loughton , where Greenwood lived during his time as West Ham manager , erected a blue plaque to his memory on one of his former houses in the town , 22 Brooklyn Avenue : this was unveiled by Sir Trevor Brooking and the Town Mayor , Chris Pond on 28 October 2008 . The Heritage Foundation charity erected a blue plaque in Greenwoods memory at West Hams Upton Park , which was unveiled by his family on 21 January 2007 . Greenwood was inducted into the English Football Hall of Fame in 2006 , recognising his achievements as a manager in the English game . He is also a member of the FA and LMA Halls of Fame . He was survived by his widow , Lucy . He is buried in the Town Cemetery at Sudbury in Suffolk . Honours . Player . Chelsea . - First Division - Winners : 1954-55 Manager . West Ham United . - European Cup Winners Cup - Winners : 1965 - FA Cup - Winners : 1964 - FA Charity Shield - Winners : 1964 ( shared ) External links . - Obituary from BBC Sport - Obituary from The Times - Obituary from The Guardian
|
[
"Chelsea"
] |
[
{
"text": " Ronald Greenwood CBE ( 11 November 1921 – 9 February 2006 ) was an English football player and manager , best known for being manager of the English national football team from 1977 until 1982 , as well as being manager of West Ham United for 13 years , a time during which the club gained much of its fame . His final role in football was managing the England national football team .",
"title": "Ron Greenwood"
},
{
"text": " Ron Greenwood was born at 15 Lennox Street , Worsthorne , near Burnley , Lancashire , but moved to London in 1931 during the Depression . He was educated at the Wembley County Grammar School which now forms part of Alperton Community School in Middlesex , leaving at the age of 14 to be an apprentice sign-writer . He served with an RAF mobile radio unit first of all in Northern Ireland and later in France during the Second World War .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": " Greenwood played as a centre-half , joining Chelsea as an amateur whilst training as an apprentice sign-writer . During World War II he served in the Royal Air Force in Northern Ireland and guested for Belfast Celtic . In 1945 , he left Chelsea for Bradford Park Avenue and made 59 league appearances over the next four seasons .",
"title": "Playing career"
},
{
"text": "In 1949 , Greenwood moved to the club he supported as a boy , Brentford , his £9,500 fee breaking the clubs incoming transfer record . He made 147 appearances and scored one goal . After three years at Brentford , he returned to Chelsea , where he played 66 times and won a First Division winners medal in 1954–55 under Ted Drake . That summer , he moved to Fulham , where he made another 42 league appearances before retiring at the end of the 1955–56 season . He was never capped for his country , though he did",
"title": "Playing career"
},
{
"text": "make a single B team appearance , whilst at Brentford , in a 1–0 victory against the Netherlands , on 23 March 1952 , at the Olympishe Stadion , Amsterdam . At the end of his playing career in 1956 , Greenwood became an active freemason attending the Lodge of Proven Fellowship No . 6225 , but resigned in 1977 .",
"title": "Playing career"
},
{
"text": " After retiring Greenwood moved into coaching . He coached Eastbourne United , Oxford University ( where he came to the attention of Sir Harold Thompson , a future Chairman of The Football Association ) , and England youth teams . He combined the England under-23 post with being the assistant manager at Arsenal under George Swindin , having moved to Highbury in December 1957 . He remained there until April 1961 , when he was selected by chairman Reg Pratt to replace Ted Fenton as manager of West Ham United .",
"title": "Coaching career"
},
{
"text": "Greenwoods reign at West Ham brought them sizeable success . He oversaw the development of players such as the 1966 FIFA World Cup-winning trio of Bobby Moore , Geoff Hurst and Martin Peters , and under him the Hammers won the FA Cup in 1964 and the European Cup Winners Cup in 1965 – the first two major trophies of their history . West Hams league form under Greenwood was less impressive , usually finishing in the lower half of the First Division table , though they did come 6th in 1972–73 . In his final season , West Ham",
"title": "Coaching career"
},
{
"text": "finished 18th , just one point from relegation .",
"title": "Coaching career"
},
{
"text": " He moved upstairs in 1974 , becoming the clubs general manager for the next three years , with John Lyall being placed in charge of the first team . In the first season of this arrangement , West Ham won another FA Cup .",
"title": "Coaching career"
},
{
"text": "After England coach Don Revies resignation , Greenwood was appointed full-time manager , ending his 16-year association with West Ham United . Under Greenwood , England qualified for UEFA Euro 1980 , where they were knocked out in the group stages . England also qualified for the 1982 FIFA World Cup under Greenwood , their first World Cup in twelve years . England came through the tournament unbeaten , but were knocked out in the second group stage after 0–0 draws against West Germany and Spain .",
"title": "Coaching career"
},
{
"text": " Greenwood retired from football after the 1982 World Cup , with the national coachs job going to Bobby Robson . One major landmark during Greenwoods tenure was the selection of the first black player for England , Viv Anderson , in 1978 . Greenwood stated Yellow , purple or black – if theyre good enough , Ill pick them .",
"title": "Coaching career"
},
{
"text": " After his career in football Greenwood was a regular analyst on BBC Radio . He died on 9 February 2006 , aged 84 , after a long struggle with Alzheimers disease . When West Ham played Birmingham City in a Premier League fixture on 13 February 2006 , a one-minute silence was held in Greenwoods memory . West Ham won the game 3–0 .",
"title": "Life after football"
},
{
"text": "The Town Council of Loughton , where Greenwood lived during his time as West Ham manager , erected a blue plaque to his memory on one of his former houses in the town , 22 Brooklyn Avenue : this was unveiled by Sir Trevor Brooking and the Town Mayor , Chris Pond on 28 October 2008 . The Heritage Foundation charity erected a blue plaque in Greenwoods memory at West Hams Upton Park , which was unveiled by his family on 21 January 2007 .",
"title": "Life after football"
},
{
"text": " Greenwood was inducted into the English Football Hall of Fame in 2006 , recognising his achievements as a manager in the English game . He is also a member of the FA and LMA Halls of Fame . He was survived by his widow , Lucy . He is buried in the Town Cemetery at Sudbury in Suffolk .",
"title": "Life after football"
},
{
"text": " - European Cup Winners Cup - Winners : 1965 - FA Cup - Winners : 1964 - FA Charity Shield - Winners : 1964 ( shared )",
"title": "West Ham United"
},
{
"text": " - Obituary from BBC Sport - Obituary from The Times - Obituary from The Guardian",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Ron_Greenwood#P54#3
|
Ron Greenwood played for which team between Oct 1955 and Nov 1955?
|
Ron Greenwood Ronald Greenwood CBE ( 11 November 1921 – 9 February 2006 ) was an English football player and manager , best known for being manager of the English national football team from 1977 until 1982 , as well as being manager of West Ham United for 13 years , a time during which the club gained much of its fame . His final role in football was managing the England national football team . Early years . Ron Greenwood was born at 15 Lennox Street , Worsthorne , near Burnley , Lancashire , but moved to London in 1931 during the Depression . He was educated at the Wembley County Grammar School which now forms part of Alperton Community School in Middlesex , leaving at the age of 14 to be an apprentice sign-writer . He served with an RAF mobile radio unit first of all in Northern Ireland and later in France during the Second World War . Playing career . Greenwood played as a centre-half , joining Chelsea as an amateur whilst training as an apprentice sign-writer . During World War II he served in the Royal Air Force in Northern Ireland and guested for Belfast Celtic . In 1945 , he left Chelsea for Bradford Park Avenue and made 59 league appearances over the next four seasons . In 1949 , Greenwood moved to the club he supported as a boy , Brentford , his £9,500 fee breaking the clubs incoming transfer record . He made 147 appearances and scored one goal . After three years at Brentford , he returned to Chelsea , where he played 66 times and won a First Division winners medal in 1954–55 under Ted Drake . That summer , he moved to Fulham , where he made another 42 league appearances before retiring at the end of the 1955–56 season . He was never capped for his country , though he did make a single B team appearance , whilst at Brentford , in a 1–0 victory against the Netherlands , on 23 March 1952 , at the Olympishe Stadion , Amsterdam . At the end of his playing career in 1956 , Greenwood became an active freemason attending the Lodge of Proven Fellowship No . 6225 , but resigned in 1977 . Coaching career . After retiring Greenwood moved into coaching . He coached Eastbourne United , Oxford University ( where he came to the attention of Sir Harold Thompson , a future Chairman of The Football Association ) , and England youth teams . He combined the England under-23 post with being the assistant manager at Arsenal under George Swindin , having moved to Highbury in December 1957 . He remained there until April 1961 , when he was selected by chairman Reg Pratt to replace Ted Fenton as manager of West Ham United . Greenwoods reign at West Ham brought them sizeable success . He oversaw the development of players such as the 1966 FIFA World Cup-winning trio of Bobby Moore , Geoff Hurst and Martin Peters , and under him the Hammers won the FA Cup in 1964 and the European Cup Winners Cup in 1965 – the first two major trophies of their history . West Hams league form under Greenwood was less impressive , usually finishing in the lower half of the First Division table , though they did come 6th in 1972–73 . In his final season , West Ham finished 18th , just one point from relegation . He moved upstairs in 1974 , becoming the clubs general manager for the next three years , with John Lyall being placed in charge of the first team . In the first season of this arrangement , West Ham won another FA Cup . After England coach Don Revies resignation , Greenwood was appointed full-time manager , ending his 16-year association with West Ham United . Under Greenwood , England qualified for UEFA Euro 1980 , where they were knocked out in the group stages . England also qualified for the 1982 FIFA World Cup under Greenwood , their first World Cup in twelve years . England came through the tournament unbeaten , but were knocked out in the second group stage after 0–0 draws against West Germany and Spain . Greenwood retired from football after the 1982 World Cup , with the national coachs job going to Bobby Robson . One major landmark during Greenwoods tenure was the selection of the first black player for England , Viv Anderson , in 1978 . Greenwood stated Yellow , purple or black – if theyre good enough , Ill pick them . Life after football . After his career in football Greenwood was a regular analyst on BBC Radio . He died on 9 February 2006 , aged 84 , after a long struggle with Alzheimers disease . When West Ham played Birmingham City in a Premier League fixture on 13 February 2006 , a one-minute silence was held in Greenwoods memory . West Ham won the game 3–0 . The Town Council of Loughton , where Greenwood lived during his time as West Ham manager , erected a blue plaque to his memory on one of his former houses in the town , 22 Brooklyn Avenue : this was unveiled by Sir Trevor Brooking and the Town Mayor , Chris Pond on 28 October 2008 . The Heritage Foundation charity erected a blue plaque in Greenwoods memory at West Hams Upton Park , which was unveiled by his family on 21 January 2007 . Greenwood was inducted into the English Football Hall of Fame in 2006 , recognising his achievements as a manager in the English game . He is also a member of the FA and LMA Halls of Fame . He was survived by his widow , Lucy . He is buried in the Town Cemetery at Sudbury in Suffolk . Honours . Player . Chelsea . - First Division - Winners : 1954-55 Manager . West Ham United . - European Cup Winners Cup - Winners : 1965 - FA Cup - Winners : 1964 - FA Charity Shield - Winners : 1964 ( shared ) External links . - Obituary from BBC Sport - Obituary from The Times - Obituary from The Guardian
|
[
"Fulham"
] |
[
{
"text": " Ronald Greenwood CBE ( 11 November 1921 – 9 February 2006 ) was an English football player and manager , best known for being manager of the English national football team from 1977 until 1982 , as well as being manager of West Ham United for 13 years , a time during which the club gained much of its fame . His final role in football was managing the England national football team .",
"title": "Ron Greenwood"
},
{
"text": " Ron Greenwood was born at 15 Lennox Street , Worsthorne , near Burnley , Lancashire , but moved to London in 1931 during the Depression . He was educated at the Wembley County Grammar School which now forms part of Alperton Community School in Middlesex , leaving at the age of 14 to be an apprentice sign-writer . He served with an RAF mobile radio unit first of all in Northern Ireland and later in France during the Second World War .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": " Greenwood played as a centre-half , joining Chelsea as an amateur whilst training as an apprentice sign-writer . During World War II he served in the Royal Air Force in Northern Ireland and guested for Belfast Celtic . In 1945 , he left Chelsea for Bradford Park Avenue and made 59 league appearances over the next four seasons .",
"title": "Playing career"
},
{
"text": "In 1949 , Greenwood moved to the club he supported as a boy , Brentford , his £9,500 fee breaking the clubs incoming transfer record . He made 147 appearances and scored one goal . After three years at Brentford , he returned to Chelsea , where he played 66 times and won a First Division winners medal in 1954–55 under Ted Drake . That summer , he moved to Fulham , where he made another 42 league appearances before retiring at the end of the 1955–56 season . He was never capped for his country , though he did",
"title": "Playing career"
},
{
"text": "make a single B team appearance , whilst at Brentford , in a 1–0 victory against the Netherlands , on 23 March 1952 , at the Olympishe Stadion , Amsterdam . At the end of his playing career in 1956 , Greenwood became an active freemason attending the Lodge of Proven Fellowship No . 6225 , but resigned in 1977 .",
"title": "Playing career"
},
{
"text": " After retiring Greenwood moved into coaching . He coached Eastbourne United , Oxford University ( where he came to the attention of Sir Harold Thompson , a future Chairman of The Football Association ) , and England youth teams . He combined the England under-23 post with being the assistant manager at Arsenal under George Swindin , having moved to Highbury in December 1957 . He remained there until April 1961 , when he was selected by chairman Reg Pratt to replace Ted Fenton as manager of West Ham United .",
"title": "Coaching career"
},
{
"text": "Greenwoods reign at West Ham brought them sizeable success . He oversaw the development of players such as the 1966 FIFA World Cup-winning trio of Bobby Moore , Geoff Hurst and Martin Peters , and under him the Hammers won the FA Cup in 1964 and the European Cup Winners Cup in 1965 – the first two major trophies of their history . West Hams league form under Greenwood was less impressive , usually finishing in the lower half of the First Division table , though they did come 6th in 1972–73 . In his final season , West Ham",
"title": "Coaching career"
},
{
"text": "finished 18th , just one point from relegation .",
"title": "Coaching career"
},
{
"text": " He moved upstairs in 1974 , becoming the clubs general manager for the next three years , with John Lyall being placed in charge of the first team . In the first season of this arrangement , West Ham won another FA Cup .",
"title": "Coaching career"
},
{
"text": "After England coach Don Revies resignation , Greenwood was appointed full-time manager , ending his 16-year association with West Ham United . Under Greenwood , England qualified for UEFA Euro 1980 , where they were knocked out in the group stages . England also qualified for the 1982 FIFA World Cup under Greenwood , their first World Cup in twelve years . England came through the tournament unbeaten , but were knocked out in the second group stage after 0–0 draws against West Germany and Spain .",
"title": "Coaching career"
},
{
"text": " Greenwood retired from football after the 1982 World Cup , with the national coachs job going to Bobby Robson . One major landmark during Greenwoods tenure was the selection of the first black player for England , Viv Anderson , in 1978 . Greenwood stated Yellow , purple or black – if theyre good enough , Ill pick them .",
"title": "Coaching career"
},
{
"text": " After his career in football Greenwood was a regular analyst on BBC Radio . He died on 9 February 2006 , aged 84 , after a long struggle with Alzheimers disease . When West Ham played Birmingham City in a Premier League fixture on 13 February 2006 , a one-minute silence was held in Greenwoods memory . West Ham won the game 3–0 .",
"title": "Life after football"
},
{
"text": "The Town Council of Loughton , where Greenwood lived during his time as West Ham manager , erected a blue plaque to his memory on one of his former houses in the town , 22 Brooklyn Avenue : this was unveiled by Sir Trevor Brooking and the Town Mayor , Chris Pond on 28 October 2008 . The Heritage Foundation charity erected a blue plaque in Greenwoods memory at West Hams Upton Park , which was unveiled by his family on 21 January 2007 .",
"title": "Life after football"
},
{
"text": " Greenwood was inducted into the English Football Hall of Fame in 2006 , recognising his achievements as a manager in the English game . He is also a member of the FA and LMA Halls of Fame . He was survived by his widow , Lucy . He is buried in the Town Cemetery at Sudbury in Suffolk .",
"title": "Life after football"
},
{
"text": " - European Cup Winners Cup - Winners : 1965 - FA Cup - Winners : 1964 - FA Charity Shield - Winners : 1964 ( shared )",
"title": "West Ham United"
},
{
"text": " - Obituary from BBC Sport - Obituary from The Times - Obituary from The Guardian",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Hemananda_Biswal#P39#0
|
Hemananda Biswal took which position between Jan 1977 and Mar 1977?
|
Hemananda Biswal Hemananda Biswal ( born 1 December 1939 ) is a leader of the Indian National Congress , and a former Chief Minister of Odisha , who was in office from 7 December 1989 to 5 March 1990 and again from 6 December 1999 to 5 March 2000 ; and was again elected as an MP from Sundergarh in 2009 . He is the first Tribal chief Minister of Odisha . Early life . His Fathers Name was Late Shri Basudev Biswal and Mothers Name was Late Smt . Trimani Biswal . He was born on 1 December 1939 in Thakurpada village , Jharsuguda District ( Odisha ) . He was married with Smt . Urmila Biswal and blessed with 5 Daughters . Educational Qualifications . He did Intermediate From Government College , Sundargarh . By Profession he is an Agriculturist . Positions held . 1 . 1967-71 Chairman , Kirmira Panchayat Samiti 2 . From 1974 to 1977 and from 1980 to 2004 he was worked as a Member of Orissa Legislative Assembly ( 6 terms ) 3 . 1980-81 Member , Committee on Public Accounts 4 . 1982-83 Chairman , Committee on Public Undertakings 5 . 1984-85 Member , Amenities Committee 6 . 1985-1986 Minister of State , Health & Family Welfare ( Orissa Government ) 7 . 1987-88 Member , Committee on Petitions 8 . 1989-90 Leader of House , Orissa State Legislative Assembly Member , Select Committee on the Orissa Prevention of Anti-Social , Communal and others Dangerous Activities Bill Chief Minister , Orissa 1990-92 Member , House Committee on Linguistic Minorities 1991-92 Member , Library Committee 1992-93 Member , Subject Committee on Rural Development 1992-1995 Member , Amenities Committee From 1995 to 1998 he worked as a Deputy Chief Minister ( Minister in-Charge of Panchayati Raj , Housing and Public Grievances and Pension Administration ) in Orissa Government . 1999-2000 Leader of House , Orissa state Legislative Assembly Deputy Chief Minister , Orissa Chief Minister , Orissa 2001-2004 Member , Committee on Previleges 2002-2004 Member , House Committee on Rehabilitation 2009 Elected to 15th Lok Sabha Member , Consultative Committee , Ministry of Coal Member , Consultative Committee , Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation Member , General Purposes Committee 6 Aug . 2009 Member , Committee on Public Undertakings 31 Aug . 2009 Chairman , Committee on Labour 1 May 2010 Member , Committee on Public Undertakings Literary , Artistic & Scientific Accomplishments Associated with many literary and cultural organization of Orissa and Patron of organisation working for restoration of Tribal art and culture in Western Orissa ; and Founder President , Dhauli College of Arts and Crafts , Bhubaneswar , Orissa Social And Cultural Activities Chief Patron , TYAGA , Burla , Sambalpur ; organizer of Yuvak Sangha , Tribal Welfare Sangha , athletics association , drama association and educational institutions ; participated in plays as an actor during school and college career Special Interests Reading books , magazines and biography Favourite Pastime and Recreation Gardening , photography , travelling and games Sports and Clubs Football , javelin throw , badminton and volleyball Other Information President ( i ) Orissa Pradesh Congress Committee , 1998-1999 ; ( ii ) Orissa State Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe Legislative Coordination Council , BBSR ; ( iii ) Orissa Adivasi Mangala Samiti , Bhubaneswar ; ( iv ) Dhauli College of Arts and Crafts , Bhubaneswar , Orissa ; and ( v ) Dr . B.R . Ambedkar College of Technology , Dumduma , Bhubaneswar , Orissa ; President Governing Body ( i ) S.M.P . College , Kirmira , Jharsuguda , Orissa ; ( ii ) P.S . College , Laikera , Jharsuguda , Orissa ; ( iii ) P.S . College , Kolabira , Jharsuguda , Orissa ; ( iv ) P.S . College , Bhatlaida , Jharsuguda , Orissa ; and ( v ) Arda College , Arda , Jharsuguda , Orissa;Vice President , Jharsuguda Land Development Bank from 1968-1974 ; Special Invitee ( i ) CWC , AICC , 2004 ; and ( ii ) House Committee on Sareikela and Kharsuan ; Advisor , Rajiv Gandhi Panchayati Raj Sangathan , Orissa State Committee , Bhubaneswar ; Founder Member , Governing Body of L.N . College , Jharsuguda , Orissa ; and Member Indian Parliamentary Group , Orissa Chapter External links . - Orissa Chief Ministers List - Orissa Chief Ministers - Profile of Hemanand Biswal - Orisha - India Government Archive - Official biographical sketch in Parliament of India website
|
[
""
] |
[
{
"text": " Hemananda Biswal ( born 1 December 1939 ) is a leader of the Indian National Congress , and a former Chief Minister of Odisha , who was in office from 7 December 1989 to 5 March 1990 and again from 6 December 1999 to 5 March 2000 ; and was again elected as an MP from Sundergarh in 2009 . He is the first Tribal chief Minister of Odisha .",
"title": "Hemananda Biswal"
},
{
"text": " His Fathers Name was Late Shri Basudev Biswal and Mothers Name was Late Smt . Trimani Biswal . He was born on 1 December 1939 in Thakurpada village , Jharsuguda District ( Odisha ) . He was married with Smt . Urmila Biswal and blessed with 5 Daughters .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " 1 . 1967-71 Chairman , Kirmira Panchayat Samiti 2 . From 1974 to 1977 and from 1980 to 2004 he was worked as a Member of Orissa Legislative Assembly ( 6 terms ) 3 . 1980-81 Member , Committee on Public Accounts 4 . 1982-83 Chairman , Committee on Public Undertakings 5 . 1984-85 Member , Amenities Committee 6 . 1985-1986 Minister of State , Health & Family Welfare ( Orissa Government ) 7 . 1987-88 Member , Committee on Petitions 8 . 1989-90 Leader of House , Orissa State Legislative Assembly",
"title": "Positions held"
},
{
"text": "Member , Select Committee on the Orissa Prevention of Anti-Social , Communal and others Dangerous Activities Bill",
"title": "Positions held"
},
{
"text": " 1990-92 Member , House Committee on Linguistic Minorities 1991-92 Member , Library Committee 1992-93 Member , Subject Committee on Rural Development 1992-1995 Member , Amenities Committee From 1995 to 1998 he worked as a Deputy Chief Minister ( Minister in-Charge of Panchayati Raj , Housing and Public Grievances and Pension Administration ) in Orissa Government . 1999-2000 Leader of House , Orissa state Legislative Assembly Deputy Chief Minister , Orissa",
"title": "Chief Minister , Orissa"
},
{
"text": " 2001-2004 Member , Committee on Previleges 2002-2004 Member , House Committee on Rehabilitation 2009 Elected to 15th Lok Sabha Member , Consultative Committee , Ministry of Coal Member , Consultative Committee , Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation Member , General Purposes Committee 6 Aug . 2009 Member , Committee on Public Undertakings 31 Aug . 2009 Chairman , Committee on Labour 1 May 2010 Member , Committee on Public Undertakings Literary , Artistic & Scientific Accomplishments",
"title": "Chief Minister , Orissa"
},
{
"text": "Associated with many literary and cultural organization of Orissa and Patron of organisation working for restoration of Tribal art and culture in Western Orissa ; and Founder President , Dhauli College of Arts and Crafts , Bhubaneswar , Orissa",
"title": "Chief Minister , Orissa"
},
{
"text": " Chief Patron , TYAGA , Burla , Sambalpur ; organizer of Yuvak Sangha , Tribal Welfare Sangha , athletics association , drama association and educational institutions ; participated in plays as an actor during school and college career",
"title": "Social And Cultural Activities"
},
{
"text": " ( i ) Orissa Pradesh Congress Committee , 1998-1999 ; ( ii ) Orissa State Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe Legislative Coordination Council , BBSR ; ( iii ) Orissa Adivasi Mangala Samiti , Bhubaneswar ; ( iv ) Dhauli College of Arts and Crafts , Bhubaneswar , Orissa ; and ( v ) Dr . B.R . Ambedkar College of Technology , Dumduma , Bhubaneswar , Orissa ; President Governing Body ( i ) S.M.P . College , Kirmira , Jharsuguda , Orissa ; ( ii ) P.S . College , Laikera , Jharsuguda , Orissa ;",
"title": "President"
},
{
"text": "( iii ) P.S . College , Kolabira , Jharsuguda , Orissa ;",
"title": "President"
},
{
"text": " ( iv ) P.S . College , Bhatlaida , Jharsuguda , Orissa ; and ( v ) Arda College , Arda , Jharsuguda , Orissa;Vice President , Jharsuguda Land Development Bank from 1968-1974 ; Special Invitee ( i ) CWC , AICC , 2004 ; and ( ii ) House Committee on Sareikela and Kharsuan ; Advisor , Rajiv Gandhi Panchayati Raj Sangathan , Orissa State Committee , Bhubaneswar ; Founder Member , Governing Body of L.N . College , Jharsuguda , Orissa ; and Member Indian Parliamentary Group , Orissa Chapter",
"title": "President"
},
{
"text": " - Orissa Chief Ministers List - Orissa Chief Ministers - Profile of Hemanand Biswal - Orisha - India Government Archive - Official biographical sketch in Parliament of India website",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Hemananda_Biswal#P39#1
|
Hemananda Biswal took which position between Jun 1986 and Nov 1986?
|
Hemananda Biswal Hemananda Biswal ( born 1 December 1939 ) is a leader of the Indian National Congress , and a former Chief Minister of Odisha , who was in office from 7 December 1989 to 5 March 1990 and again from 6 December 1999 to 5 March 2000 ; and was again elected as an MP from Sundergarh in 2009 . He is the first Tribal chief Minister of Odisha . Early life . His Fathers Name was Late Shri Basudev Biswal and Mothers Name was Late Smt . Trimani Biswal . He was born on 1 December 1939 in Thakurpada village , Jharsuguda District ( Odisha ) . He was married with Smt . Urmila Biswal and blessed with 5 Daughters . Educational Qualifications . He did Intermediate From Government College , Sundargarh . By Profession he is an Agriculturist . Positions held . 1 . 1967-71 Chairman , Kirmira Panchayat Samiti 2 . From 1974 to 1977 and from 1980 to 2004 he was worked as a Member of Orissa Legislative Assembly ( 6 terms ) 3 . 1980-81 Member , Committee on Public Accounts 4 . 1982-83 Chairman , Committee on Public Undertakings 5 . 1984-85 Member , Amenities Committee 6 . 1985-1986 Minister of State , Health & Family Welfare ( Orissa Government ) 7 . 1987-88 Member , Committee on Petitions 8 . 1989-90 Leader of House , Orissa State Legislative Assembly Member , Select Committee on the Orissa Prevention of Anti-Social , Communal and others Dangerous Activities Bill Chief Minister , Orissa 1990-92 Member , House Committee on Linguistic Minorities 1991-92 Member , Library Committee 1992-93 Member , Subject Committee on Rural Development 1992-1995 Member , Amenities Committee From 1995 to 1998 he worked as a Deputy Chief Minister ( Minister in-Charge of Panchayati Raj , Housing and Public Grievances and Pension Administration ) in Orissa Government . 1999-2000 Leader of House , Orissa state Legislative Assembly Deputy Chief Minister , Orissa Chief Minister , Orissa 2001-2004 Member , Committee on Previleges 2002-2004 Member , House Committee on Rehabilitation 2009 Elected to 15th Lok Sabha Member , Consultative Committee , Ministry of Coal Member , Consultative Committee , Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation Member , General Purposes Committee 6 Aug . 2009 Member , Committee on Public Undertakings 31 Aug . 2009 Chairman , Committee on Labour 1 May 2010 Member , Committee on Public Undertakings Literary , Artistic & Scientific Accomplishments Associated with many literary and cultural organization of Orissa and Patron of organisation working for restoration of Tribal art and culture in Western Orissa ; and Founder President , Dhauli College of Arts and Crafts , Bhubaneswar , Orissa Social And Cultural Activities Chief Patron , TYAGA , Burla , Sambalpur ; organizer of Yuvak Sangha , Tribal Welfare Sangha , athletics association , drama association and educational institutions ; participated in plays as an actor during school and college career Special Interests Reading books , magazines and biography Favourite Pastime and Recreation Gardening , photography , travelling and games Sports and Clubs Football , javelin throw , badminton and volleyball Other Information President ( i ) Orissa Pradesh Congress Committee , 1998-1999 ; ( ii ) Orissa State Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe Legislative Coordination Council , BBSR ; ( iii ) Orissa Adivasi Mangala Samiti , Bhubaneswar ; ( iv ) Dhauli College of Arts and Crafts , Bhubaneswar , Orissa ; and ( v ) Dr . B.R . Ambedkar College of Technology , Dumduma , Bhubaneswar , Orissa ; President Governing Body ( i ) S.M.P . College , Kirmira , Jharsuguda , Orissa ; ( ii ) P.S . College , Laikera , Jharsuguda , Orissa ; ( iii ) P.S . College , Kolabira , Jharsuguda , Orissa ; ( iv ) P.S . College , Bhatlaida , Jharsuguda , Orissa ; and ( v ) Arda College , Arda , Jharsuguda , Orissa;Vice President , Jharsuguda Land Development Bank from 1968-1974 ; Special Invitee ( i ) CWC , AICC , 2004 ; and ( ii ) House Committee on Sareikela and Kharsuan ; Advisor , Rajiv Gandhi Panchayati Raj Sangathan , Orissa State Committee , Bhubaneswar ; Founder Member , Governing Body of L.N . College , Jharsuguda , Orissa ; and Member Indian Parliamentary Group , Orissa Chapter External links . - Orissa Chief Ministers List - Orissa Chief Ministers - Profile of Hemanand Biswal - Orisha - India Government Archive - Official biographical sketch in Parliament of India website
|
[
""
] |
[
{
"text": " Hemananda Biswal ( born 1 December 1939 ) is a leader of the Indian National Congress , and a former Chief Minister of Odisha , who was in office from 7 December 1989 to 5 March 1990 and again from 6 December 1999 to 5 March 2000 ; and was again elected as an MP from Sundergarh in 2009 . He is the first Tribal chief Minister of Odisha .",
"title": "Hemananda Biswal"
},
{
"text": " His Fathers Name was Late Shri Basudev Biswal and Mothers Name was Late Smt . Trimani Biswal . He was born on 1 December 1939 in Thakurpada village , Jharsuguda District ( Odisha ) . He was married with Smt . Urmila Biswal and blessed with 5 Daughters .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " 1 . 1967-71 Chairman , Kirmira Panchayat Samiti 2 . From 1974 to 1977 and from 1980 to 2004 he was worked as a Member of Orissa Legislative Assembly ( 6 terms ) 3 . 1980-81 Member , Committee on Public Accounts 4 . 1982-83 Chairman , Committee on Public Undertakings 5 . 1984-85 Member , Amenities Committee 6 . 1985-1986 Minister of State , Health & Family Welfare ( Orissa Government ) 7 . 1987-88 Member , Committee on Petitions 8 . 1989-90 Leader of House , Orissa State Legislative Assembly",
"title": "Positions held"
},
{
"text": "Member , Select Committee on the Orissa Prevention of Anti-Social , Communal and others Dangerous Activities Bill",
"title": "Positions held"
},
{
"text": " 1990-92 Member , House Committee on Linguistic Minorities 1991-92 Member , Library Committee 1992-93 Member , Subject Committee on Rural Development 1992-1995 Member , Amenities Committee From 1995 to 1998 he worked as a Deputy Chief Minister ( Minister in-Charge of Panchayati Raj , Housing and Public Grievances and Pension Administration ) in Orissa Government . 1999-2000 Leader of House , Orissa state Legislative Assembly Deputy Chief Minister , Orissa",
"title": "Chief Minister , Orissa"
},
{
"text": " 2001-2004 Member , Committee on Previleges 2002-2004 Member , House Committee on Rehabilitation 2009 Elected to 15th Lok Sabha Member , Consultative Committee , Ministry of Coal Member , Consultative Committee , Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation Member , General Purposes Committee 6 Aug . 2009 Member , Committee on Public Undertakings 31 Aug . 2009 Chairman , Committee on Labour 1 May 2010 Member , Committee on Public Undertakings Literary , Artistic & Scientific Accomplishments",
"title": "Chief Minister , Orissa"
},
{
"text": "Associated with many literary and cultural organization of Orissa and Patron of organisation working for restoration of Tribal art and culture in Western Orissa ; and Founder President , Dhauli College of Arts and Crafts , Bhubaneswar , Orissa",
"title": "Chief Minister , Orissa"
},
{
"text": " Chief Patron , TYAGA , Burla , Sambalpur ; organizer of Yuvak Sangha , Tribal Welfare Sangha , athletics association , drama association and educational institutions ; participated in plays as an actor during school and college career",
"title": "Social And Cultural Activities"
},
{
"text": " ( i ) Orissa Pradesh Congress Committee , 1998-1999 ; ( ii ) Orissa State Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe Legislative Coordination Council , BBSR ; ( iii ) Orissa Adivasi Mangala Samiti , Bhubaneswar ; ( iv ) Dhauli College of Arts and Crafts , Bhubaneswar , Orissa ; and ( v ) Dr . B.R . Ambedkar College of Technology , Dumduma , Bhubaneswar , Orissa ; President Governing Body ( i ) S.M.P . College , Kirmira , Jharsuguda , Orissa ; ( ii ) P.S . College , Laikera , Jharsuguda , Orissa ;",
"title": "President"
},
{
"text": "( iii ) P.S . College , Kolabira , Jharsuguda , Orissa ;",
"title": "President"
},
{
"text": " ( iv ) P.S . College , Bhatlaida , Jharsuguda , Orissa ; and ( v ) Arda College , Arda , Jharsuguda , Orissa;Vice President , Jharsuguda Land Development Bank from 1968-1974 ; Special Invitee ( i ) CWC , AICC , 2004 ; and ( ii ) House Committee on Sareikela and Kharsuan ; Advisor , Rajiv Gandhi Panchayati Raj Sangathan , Orissa State Committee , Bhubaneswar ; Founder Member , Governing Body of L.N . College , Jharsuguda , Orissa ; and Member Indian Parliamentary Group , Orissa Chapter",
"title": "President"
},
{
"text": " - Orissa Chief Ministers List - Orissa Chief Ministers - Profile of Hemanand Biswal - Orisha - India Government Archive - Official biographical sketch in Parliament of India website",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Hemananda_Biswal#P39#2
|
Hemananda Biswal took which position in Mar 1990?
|
Hemananda Biswal Hemananda Biswal ( born 1 December 1939 ) is a leader of the Indian National Congress , and a former Chief Minister of Odisha , who was in office from 7 December 1989 to 5 March 1990 and again from 6 December 1999 to 5 March 2000 ; and was again elected as an MP from Sundergarh in 2009 . He is the first Tribal chief Minister of Odisha . Early life . His Fathers Name was Late Shri Basudev Biswal and Mothers Name was Late Smt . Trimani Biswal . He was born on 1 December 1939 in Thakurpada village , Jharsuguda District ( Odisha ) . He was married with Smt . Urmila Biswal and blessed with 5 Daughters . Educational Qualifications . He did Intermediate From Government College , Sundargarh . By Profession he is an Agriculturist . Positions held . 1 . 1967-71 Chairman , Kirmira Panchayat Samiti 2 . From 1974 to 1977 and from 1980 to 2004 he was worked as a Member of Orissa Legislative Assembly ( 6 terms ) 3 . 1980-81 Member , Committee on Public Accounts 4 . 1982-83 Chairman , Committee on Public Undertakings 5 . 1984-85 Member , Amenities Committee 6 . 1985-1986 Minister of State , Health & Family Welfare ( Orissa Government ) 7 . 1987-88 Member , Committee on Petitions 8 . 1989-90 Leader of House , Orissa State Legislative Assembly Member , Select Committee on the Orissa Prevention of Anti-Social , Communal and others Dangerous Activities Bill Chief Minister , Orissa 1990-92 Member , House Committee on Linguistic Minorities 1991-92 Member , Library Committee 1992-93 Member , Subject Committee on Rural Development 1992-1995 Member , Amenities Committee From 1995 to 1998 he worked as a Deputy Chief Minister ( Minister in-Charge of Panchayati Raj , Housing and Public Grievances and Pension Administration ) in Orissa Government . 1999-2000 Leader of House , Orissa state Legislative Assembly Deputy Chief Minister , Orissa Chief Minister , Orissa 2001-2004 Member , Committee on Previleges 2002-2004 Member , House Committee on Rehabilitation 2009 Elected to 15th Lok Sabha Member , Consultative Committee , Ministry of Coal Member , Consultative Committee , Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation Member , General Purposes Committee 6 Aug . 2009 Member , Committee on Public Undertakings 31 Aug . 2009 Chairman , Committee on Labour 1 May 2010 Member , Committee on Public Undertakings Literary , Artistic & Scientific Accomplishments Associated with many literary and cultural organization of Orissa and Patron of organisation working for restoration of Tribal art and culture in Western Orissa ; and Founder President , Dhauli College of Arts and Crafts , Bhubaneswar , Orissa Social And Cultural Activities Chief Patron , TYAGA , Burla , Sambalpur ; organizer of Yuvak Sangha , Tribal Welfare Sangha , athletics association , drama association and educational institutions ; participated in plays as an actor during school and college career Special Interests Reading books , magazines and biography Favourite Pastime and Recreation Gardening , photography , travelling and games Sports and Clubs Football , javelin throw , badminton and volleyball Other Information President ( i ) Orissa Pradesh Congress Committee , 1998-1999 ; ( ii ) Orissa State Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe Legislative Coordination Council , BBSR ; ( iii ) Orissa Adivasi Mangala Samiti , Bhubaneswar ; ( iv ) Dhauli College of Arts and Crafts , Bhubaneswar , Orissa ; and ( v ) Dr . B.R . Ambedkar College of Technology , Dumduma , Bhubaneswar , Orissa ; President Governing Body ( i ) S.M.P . College , Kirmira , Jharsuguda , Orissa ; ( ii ) P.S . College , Laikera , Jharsuguda , Orissa ; ( iii ) P.S . College , Kolabira , Jharsuguda , Orissa ; ( iv ) P.S . College , Bhatlaida , Jharsuguda , Orissa ; and ( v ) Arda College , Arda , Jharsuguda , Orissa;Vice President , Jharsuguda Land Development Bank from 1968-1974 ; Special Invitee ( i ) CWC , AICC , 2004 ; and ( ii ) House Committee on Sareikela and Kharsuan ; Advisor , Rajiv Gandhi Panchayati Raj Sangathan , Orissa State Committee , Bhubaneswar ; Founder Member , Governing Body of L.N . College , Jharsuguda , Orissa ; and Member Indian Parliamentary Group , Orissa Chapter External links . - Orissa Chief Ministers List - Orissa Chief Ministers - Profile of Hemanand Biswal - Orisha - India Government Archive - Official biographical sketch in Parliament of India website
|
[
"Chief Minister of Odisha"
] |
[
{
"text": " Hemananda Biswal ( born 1 December 1939 ) is a leader of the Indian National Congress , and a former Chief Minister of Odisha , who was in office from 7 December 1989 to 5 March 1990 and again from 6 December 1999 to 5 March 2000 ; and was again elected as an MP from Sundergarh in 2009 . He is the first Tribal chief Minister of Odisha .",
"title": "Hemananda Biswal"
},
{
"text": " His Fathers Name was Late Shri Basudev Biswal and Mothers Name was Late Smt . Trimani Biswal . He was born on 1 December 1939 in Thakurpada village , Jharsuguda District ( Odisha ) . He was married with Smt . Urmila Biswal and blessed with 5 Daughters .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " 1 . 1967-71 Chairman , Kirmira Panchayat Samiti 2 . From 1974 to 1977 and from 1980 to 2004 he was worked as a Member of Orissa Legislative Assembly ( 6 terms ) 3 . 1980-81 Member , Committee on Public Accounts 4 . 1982-83 Chairman , Committee on Public Undertakings 5 . 1984-85 Member , Amenities Committee 6 . 1985-1986 Minister of State , Health & Family Welfare ( Orissa Government ) 7 . 1987-88 Member , Committee on Petitions 8 . 1989-90 Leader of House , Orissa State Legislative Assembly",
"title": "Positions held"
},
{
"text": "Member , Select Committee on the Orissa Prevention of Anti-Social , Communal and others Dangerous Activities Bill",
"title": "Positions held"
},
{
"text": " 1990-92 Member , House Committee on Linguistic Minorities 1991-92 Member , Library Committee 1992-93 Member , Subject Committee on Rural Development 1992-1995 Member , Amenities Committee From 1995 to 1998 he worked as a Deputy Chief Minister ( Minister in-Charge of Panchayati Raj , Housing and Public Grievances and Pension Administration ) in Orissa Government . 1999-2000 Leader of House , Orissa state Legislative Assembly Deputy Chief Minister , Orissa",
"title": "Chief Minister , Orissa"
},
{
"text": " 2001-2004 Member , Committee on Previleges 2002-2004 Member , House Committee on Rehabilitation 2009 Elected to 15th Lok Sabha Member , Consultative Committee , Ministry of Coal Member , Consultative Committee , Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation Member , General Purposes Committee 6 Aug . 2009 Member , Committee on Public Undertakings 31 Aug . 2009 Chairman , Committee on Labour 1 May 2010 Member , Committee on Public Undertakings Literary , Artistic & Scientific Accomplishments",
"title": "Chief Minister , Orissa"
},
{
"text": "Associated with many literary and cultural organization of Orissa and Patron of organisation working for restoration of Tribal art and culture in Western Orissa ; and Founder President , Dhauli College of Arts and Crafts , Bhubaneswar , Orissa",
"title": "Chief Minister , Orissa"
},
{
"text": " Chief Patron , TYAGA , Burla , Sambalpur ; organizer of Yuvak Sangha , Tribal Welfare Sangha , athletics association , drama association and educational institutions ; participated in plays as an actor during school and college career",
"title": "Social And Cultural Activities"
},
{
"text": " ( i ) Orissa Pradesh Congress Committee , 1998-1999 ; ( ii ) Orissa State Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe Legislative Coordination Council , BBSR ; ( iii ) Orissa Adivasi Mangala Samiti , Bhubaneswar ; ( iv ) Dhauli College of Arts and Crafts , Bhubaneswar , Orissa ; and ( v ) Dr . B.R . Ambedkar College of Technology , Dumduma , Bhubaneswar , Orissa ; President Governing Body ( i ) S.M.P . College , Kirmira , Jharsuguda , Orissa ; ( ii ) P.S . College , Laikera , Jharsuguda , Orissa ;",
"title": "President"
},
{
"text": "( iii ) P.S . College , Kolabira , Jharsuguda , Orissa ;",
"title": "President"
},
{
"text": " ( iv ) P.S . College , Bhatlaida , Jharsuguda , Orissa ; and ( v ) Arda College , Arda , Jharsuguda , Orissa;Vice President , Jharsuguda Land Development Bank from 1968-1974 ; Special Invitee ( i ) CWC , AICC , 2004 ; and ( ii ) House Committee on Sareikela and Kharsuan ; Advisor , Rajiv Gandhi Panchayati Raj Sangathan , Orissa State Committee , Bhubaneswar ; Founder Member , Governing Body of L.N . College , Jharsuguda , Orissa ; and Member Indian Parliamentary Group , Orissa Chapter",
"title": "President"
},
{
"text": " - Orissa Chief Ministers List - Orissa Chief Ministers - Profile of Hemanand Biswal - Orisha - India Government Archive - Official biographical sketch in Parliament of India website",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Hemananda_Biswal#P39#3
|
Hemananda Biswal took which position in Jun 1997?
|
Hemananda Biswal Hemananda Biswal ( born 1 December 1939 ) is a leader of the Indian National Congress , and a former Chief Minister of Odisha , who was in office from 7 December 1989 to 5 March 1990 and again from 6 December 1999 to 5 March 2000 ; and was again elected as an MP from Sundergarh in 2009 . He is the first Tribal chief Minister of Odisha . Early life . His Fathers Name was Late Shri Basudev Biswal and Mothers Name was Late Smt . Trimani Biswal . He was born on 1 December 1939 in Thakurpada village , Jharsuguda District ( Odisha ) . He was married with Smt . Urmila Biswal and blessed with 5 Daughters . Educational Qualifications . He did Intermediate From Government College , Sundargarh . By Profession he is an Agriculturist . Positions held . 1 . 1967-71 Chairman , Kirmira Panchayat Samiti 2 . From 1974 to 1977 and from 1980 to 2004 he was worked as a Member of Orissa Legislative Assembly ( 6 terms ) 3 . 1980-81 Member , Committee on Public Accounts 4 . 1982-83 Chairman , Committee on Public Undertakings 5 . 1984-85 Member , Amenities Committee 6 . 1985-1986 Minister of State , Health & Family Welfare ( Orissa Government ) 7 . 1987-88 Member , Committee on Petitions 8 . 1989-90 Leader of House , Orissa State Legislative Assembly Member , Select Committee on the Orissa Prevention of Anti-Social , Communal and others Dangerous Activities Bill Chief Minister , Orissa 1990-92 Member , House Committee on Linguistic Minorities 1991-92 Member , Library Committee 1992-93 Member , Subject Committee on Rural Development 1992-1995 Member , Amenities Committee From 1995 to 1998 he worked as a Deputy Chief Minister ( Minister in-Charge of Panchayati Raj , Housing and Public Grievances and Pension Administration ) in Orissa Government . 1999-2000 Leader of House , Orissa state Legislative Assembly Deputy Chief Minister , Orissa Chief Minister , Orissa 2001-2004 Member , Committee on Previleges 2002-2004 Member , House Committee on Rehabilitation 2009 Elected to 15th Lok Sabha Member , Consultative Committee , Ministry of Coal Member , Consultative Committee , Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation Member , General Purposes Committee 6 Aug . 2009 Member , Committee on Public Undertakings 31 Aug . 2009 Chairman , Committee on Labour 1 May 2010 Member , Committee on Public Undertakings Literary , Artistic & Scientific Accomplishments Associated with many literary and cultural organization of Orissa and Patron of organisation working for restoration of Tribal art and culture in Western Orissa ; and Founder President , Dhauli College of Arts and Crafts , Bhubaneswar , Orissa Social And Cultural Activities Chief Patron , TYAGA , Burla , Sambalpur ; organizer of Yuvak Sangha , Tribal Welfare Sangha , athletics association , drama association and educational institutions ; participated in plays as an actor during school and college career Special Interests Reading books , magazines and biography Favourite Pastime and Recreation Gardening , photography , travelling and games Sports and Clubs Football , javelin throw , badminton and volleyball Other Information President ( i ) Orissa Pradesh Congress Committee , 1998-1999 ; ( ii ) Orissa State Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe Legislative Coordination Council , BBSR ; ( iii ) Orissa Adivasi Mangala Samiti , Bhubaneswar ; ( iv ) Dhauli College of Arts and Crafts , Bhubaneswar , Orissa ; and ( v ) Dr . B.R . Ambedkar College of Technology , Dumduma , Bhubaneswar , Orissa ; President Governing Body ( i ) S.M.P . College , Kirmira , Jharsuguda , Orissa ; ( ii ) P.S . College , Laikera , Jharsuguda , Orissa ; ( iii ) P.S . College , Kolabira , Jharsuguda , Orissa ; ( iv ) P.S . College , Bhatlaida , Jharsuguda , Orissa ; and ( v ) Arda College , Arda , Jharsuguda , Orissa;Vice President , Jharsuguda Land Development Bank from 1968-1974 ; Special Invitee ( i ) CWC , AICC , 2004 ; and ( ii ) House Committee on Sareikela and Kharsuan ; Advisor , Rajiv Gandhi Panchayati Raj Sangathan , Orissa State Committee , Bhubaneswar ; Founder Member , Governing Body of L.N . College , Jharsuguda , Orissa ; and Member Indian Parliamentary Group , Orissa Chapter External links . - Orissa Chief Ministers List - Orissa Chief Ministers - Profile of Hemanand Biswal - Orisha - India Government Archive - Official biographical sketch in Parliament of India website
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[
""
] |
[
{
"text": " Hemananda Biswal ( born 1 December 1939 ) is a leader of the Indian National Congress , and a former Chief Minister of Odisha , who was in office from 7 December 1989 to 5 March 1990 and again from 6 December 1999 to 5 March 2000 ; and was again elected as an MP from Sundergarh in 2009 . He is the first Tribal chief Minister of Odisha .",
"title": "Hemananda Biswal"
},
{
"text": " His Fathers Name was Late Shri Basudev Biswal and Mothers Name was Late Smt . Trimani Biswal . He was born on 1 December 1939 in Thakurpada village , Jharsuguda District ( Odisha ) . He was married with Smt . Urmila Biswal and blessed with 5 Daughters .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " 1 . 1967-71 Chairman , Kirmira Panchayat Samiti 2 . From 1974 to 1977 and from 1980 to 2004 he was worked as a Member of Orissa Legislative Assembly ( 6 terms ) 3 . 1980-81 Member , Committee on Public Accounts 4 . 1982-83 Chairman , Committee on Public Undertakings 5 . 1984-85 Member , Amenities Committee 6 . 1985-1986 Minister of State , Health & Family Welfare ( Orissa Government ) 7 . 1987-88 Member , Committee on Petitions 8 . 1989-90 Leader of House , Orissa State Legislative Assembly",
"title": "Positions held"
},
{
"text": "Member , Select Committee on the Orissa Prevention of Anti-Social , Communal and others Dangerous Activities Bill",
"title": "Positions held"
},
{
"text": " 1990-92 Member , House Committee on Linguistic Minorities 1991-92 Member , Library Committee 1992-93 Member , Subject Committee on Rural Development 1992-1995 Member , Amenities Committee From 1995 to 1998 he worked as a Deputy Chief Minister ( Minister in-Charge of Panchayati Raj , Housing and Public Grievances and Pension Administration ) in Orissa Government . 1999-2000 Leader of House , Orissa state Legislative Assembly Deputy Chief Minister , Orissa",
"title": "Chief Minister , Orissa"
},
{
"text": " 2001-2004 Member , Committee on Previleges 2002-2004 Member , House Committee on Rehabilitation 2009 Elected to 15th Lok Sabha Member , Consultative Committee , Ministry of Coal Member , Consultative Committee , Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation Member , General Purposes Committee 6 Aug . 2009 Member , Committee on Public Undertakings 31 Aug . 2009 Chairman , Committee on Labour 1 May 2010 Member , Committee on Public Undertakings Literary , Artistic & Scientific Accomplishments",
"title": "Chief Minister , Orissa"
},
{
"text": "Associated with many literary and cultural organization of Orissa and Patron of organisation working for restoration of Tribal art and culture in Western Orissa ; and Founder President , Dhauli College of Arts and Crafts , Bhubaneswar , Orissa",
"title": "Chief Minister , Orissa"
},
{
"text": " Chief Patron , TYAGA , Burla , Sambalpur ; organizer of Yuvak Sangha , Tribal Welfare Sangha , athletics association , drama association and educational institutions ; participated in plays as an actor during school and college career",
"title": "Social And Cultural Activities"
},
{
"text": " ( i ) Orissa Pradesh Congress Committee , 1998-1999 ; ( ii ) Orissa State Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe Legislative Coordination Council , BBSR ; ( iii ) Orissa Adivasi Mangala Samiti , Bhubaneswar ; ( iv ) Dhauli College of Arts and Crafts , Bhubaneswar , Orissa ; and ( v ) Dr . B.R . Ambedkar College of Technology , Dumduma , Bhubaneswar , Orissa ; President Governing Body ( i ) S.M.P . College , Kirmira , Jharsuguda , Orissa ; ( ii ) P.S . College , Laikera , Jharsuguda , Orissa ;",
"title": "President"
},
{
"text": "( iii ) P.S . College , Kolabira , Jharsuguda , Orissa ;",
"title": "President"
},
{
"text": " ( iv ) P.S . College , Bhatlaida , Jharsuguda , Orissa ; and ( v ) Arda College , Arda , Jharsuguda , Orissa;Vice President , Jharsuguda Land Development Bank from 1968-1974 ; Special Invitee ( i ) CWC , AICC , 2004 ; and ( ii ) House Committee on Sareikela and Kharsuan ; Advisor , Rajiv Gandhi Panchayati Raj Sangathan , Orissa State Committee , Bhubaneswar ; Founder Member , Governing Body of L.N . College , Jharsuguda , Orissa ; and Member Indian Parliamentary Group , Orissa Chapter",
"title": "President"
},
{
"text": " - Orissa Chief Ministers List - Orissa Chief Ministers - Profile of Hemanand Biswal - Orisha - India Government Archive - Official biographical sketch in Parliament of India website",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Hemananda_Biswal#P39#4
|
Hemananda Biswal took which position in Dec 1999?
|
Hemananda Biswal Hemananda Biswal ( born 1 December 1939 ) is a leader of the Indian National Congress , and a former Chief Minister of Odisha , who was in office from 7 December 1989 to 5 March 1990 and again from 6 December 1999 to 5 March 2000 ; and was again elected as an MP from Sundergarh in 2009 . He is the first Tribal chief Minister of Odisha . Early life . His Fathers Name was Late Shri Basudev Biswal and Mothers Name was Late Smt . Trimani Biswal . He was born on 1 December 1939 in Thakurpada village , Jharsuguda District ( Odisha ) . He was married with Smt . Urmila Biswal and blessed with 5 Daughters . Educational Qualifications . He did Intermediate From Government College , Sundargarh . By Profession he is an Agriculturist . Positions held . 1 . 1967-71 Chairman , Kirmira Panchayat Samiti 2 . From 1974 to 1977 and from 1980 to 2004 he was worked as a Member of Orissa Legislative Assembly ( 6 terms ) 3 . 1980-81 Member , Committee on Public Accounts 4 . 1982-83 Chairman , Committee on Public Undertakings 5 . 1984-85 Member , Amenities Committee 6 . 1985-1986 Minister of State , Health & Family Welfare ( Orissa Government ) 7 . 1987-88 Member , Committee on Petitions 8 . 1989-90 Leader of House , Orissa State Legislative Assembly Member , Select Committee on the Orissa Prevention of Anti-Social , Communal and others Dangerous Activities Bill Chief Minister , Orissa 1990-92 Member , House Committee on Linguistic Minorities 1991-92 Member , Library Committee 1992-93 Member , Subject Committee on Rural Development 1992-1995 Member , Amenities Committee From 1995 to 1998 he worked as a Deputy Chief Minister ( Minister in-Charge of Panchayati Raj , Housing and Public Grievances and Pension Administration ) in Orissa Government . 1999-2000 Leader of House , Orissa state Legislative Assembly Deputy Chief Minister , Orissa Chief Minister , Orissa 2001-2004 Member , Committee on Previleges 2002-2004 Member , House Committee on Rehabilitation 2009 Elected to 15th Lok Sabha Member , Consultative Committee , Ministry of Coal Member , Consultative Committee , Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation Member , General Purposes Committee 6 Aug . 2009 Member , Committee on Public Undertakings 31 Aug . 2009 Chairman , Committee on Labour 1 May 2010 Member , Committee on Public Undertakings Literary , Artistic & Scientific Accomplishments Associated with many literary and cultural organization of Orissa and Patron of organisation working for restoration of Tribal art and culture in Western Orissa ; and Founder President , Dhauli College of Arts and Crafts , Bhubaneswar , Orissa Social And Cultural Activities Chief Patron , TYAGA , Burla , Sambalpur ; organizer of Yuvak Sangha , Tribal Welfare Sangha , athletics association , drama association and educational institutions ; participated in plays as an actor during school and college career Special Interests Reading books , magazines and biography Favourite Pastime and Recreation Gardening , photography , travelling and games Sports and Clubs Football , javelin throw , badminton and volleyball Other Information President ( i ) Orissa Pradesh Congress Committee , 1998-1999 ; ( ii ) Orissa State Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe Legislative Coordination Council , BBSR ; ( iii ) Orissa Adivasi Mangala Samiti , Bhubaneswar ; ( iv ) Dhauli College of Arts and Crafts , Bhubaneswar , Orissa ; and ( v ) Dr . B.R . Ambedkar College of Technology , Dumduma , Bhubaneswar , Orissa ; President Governing Body ( i ) S.M.P . College , Kirmira , Jharsuguda , Orissa ; ( ii ) P.S . College , Laikera , Jharsuguda , Orissa ; ( iii ) P.S . College , Kolabira , Jharsuguda , Orissa ; ( iv ) P.S . College , Bhatlaida , Jharsuguda , Orissa ; and ( v ) Arda College , Arda , Jharsuguda , Orissa;Vice President , Jharsuguda Land Development Bank from 1968-1974 ; Special Invitee ( i ) CWC , AICC , 2004 ; and ( ii ) House Committee on Sareikela and Kharsuan ; Advisor , Rajiv Gandhi Panchayati Raj Sangathan , Orissa State Committee , Bhubaneswar ; Founder Member , Governing Body of L.N . College , Jharsuguda , Orissa ; and Member Indian Parliamentary Group , Orissa Chapter External links . - Orissa Chief Ministers List - Orissa Chief Ministers - Profile of Hemanand Biswal - Orisha - India Government Archive - Official biographical sketch in Parliament of India website
|
[
"Chief Minister of Odisha"
] |
[
{
"text": " Hemananda Biswal ( born 1 December 1939 ) is a leader of the Indian National Congress , and a former Chief Minister of Odisha , who was in office from 7 December 1989 to 5 March 1990 and again from 6 December 1999 to 5 March 2000 ; and was again elected as an MP from Sundergarh in 2009 . He is the first Tribal chief Minister of Odisha .",
"title": "Hemananda Biswal"
},
{
"text": " His Fathers Name was Late Shri Basudev Biswal and Mothers Name was Late Smt . Trimani Biswal . He was born on 1 December 1939 in Thakurpada village , Jharsuguda District ( Odisha ) . He was married with Smt . Urmila Biswal and blessed with 5 Daughters .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " 1 . 1967-71 Chairman , Kirmira Panchayat Samiti 2 . From 1974 to 1977 and from 1980 to 2004 he was worked as a Member of Orissa Legislative Assembly ( 6 terms ) 3 . 1980-81 Member , Committee on Public Accounts 4 . 1982-83 Chairman , Committee on Public Undertakings 5 . 1984-85 Member , Amenities Committee 6 . 1985-1986 Minister of State , Health & Family Welfare ( Orissa Government ) 7 . 1987-88 Member , Committee on Petitions 8 . 1989-90 Leader of House , Orissa State Legislative Assembly",
"title": "Positions held"
},
{
"text": "Member , Select Committee on the Orissa Prevention of Anti-Social , Communal and others Dangerous Activities Bill",
"title": "Positions held"
},
{
"text": " 1990-92 Member , House Committee on Linguistic Minorities 1991-92 Member , Library Committee 1992-93 Member , Subject Committee on Rural Development 1992-1995 Member , Amenities Committee From 1995 to 1998 he worked as a Deputy Chief Minister ( Minister in-Charge of Panchayati Raj , Housing and Public Grievances and Pension Administration ) in Orissa Government . 1999-2000 Leader of House , Orissa state Legislative Assembly Deputy Chief Minister , Orissa",
"title": "Chief Minister , Orissa"
},
{
"text": " 2001-2004 Member , Committee on Previleges 2002-2004 Member , House Committee on Rehabilitation 2009 Elected to 15th Lok Sabha Member , Consultative Committee , Ministry of Coal Member , Consultative Committee , Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation Member , General Purposes Committee 6 Aug . 2009 Member , Committee on Public Undertakings 31 Aug . 2009 Chairman , Committee on Labour 1 May 2010 Member , Committee on Public Undertakings Literary , Artistic & Scientific Accomplishments",
"title": "Chief Minister , Orissa"
},
{
"text": "Associated with many literary and cultural organization of Orissa and Patron of organisation working for restoration of Tribal art and culture in Western Orissa ; and Founder President , Dhauli College of Arts and Crafts , Bhubaneswar , Orissa",
"title": "Chief Minister , Orissa"
},
{
"text": " Chief Patron , TYAGA , Burla , Sambalpur ; organizer of Yuvak Sangha , Tribal Welfare Sangha , athletics association , drama association and educational institutions ; participated in plays as an actor during school and college career",
"title": "Social And Cultural Activities"
},
{
"text": " ( i ) Orissa Pradesh Congress Committee , 1998-1999 ; ( ii ) Orissa State Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe Legislative Coordination Council , BBSR ; ( iii ) Orissa Adivasi Mangala Samiti , Bhubaneswar ; ( iv ) Dhauli College of Arts and Crafts , Bhubaneswar , Orissa ; and ( v ) Dr . B.R . Ambedkar College of Technology , Dumduma , Bhubaneswar , Orissa ; President Governing Body ( i ) S.M.P . College , Kirmira , Jharsuguda , Orissa ; ( ii ) P.S . College , Laikera , Jharsuguda , Orissa ;",
"title": "President"
},
{
"text": "( iii ) P.S . College , Kolabira , Jharsuguda , Orissa ;",
"title": "President"
},
{
"text": " ( iv ) P.S . College , Bhatlaida , Jharsuguda , Orissa ; and ( v ) Arda College , Arda , Jharsuguda , Orissa;Vice President , Jharsuguda Land Development Bank from 1968-1974 ; Special Invitee ( i ) CWC , AICC , 2004 ; and ( ii ) House Committee on Sareikela and Kharsuan ; Advisor , Rajiv Gandhi Panchayati Raj Sangathan , Orissa State Committee , Bhubaneswar ; Founder Member , Governing Body of L.N . College , Jharsuguda , Orissa ; and Member Indian Parliamentary Group , Orissa Chapter",
"title": "President"
},
{
"text": " - Orissa Chief Ministers List - Orissa Chief Ministers - Profile of Hemanand Biswal - Orisha - India Government Archive - Official biographical sketch in Parliament of India website",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Hemananda_Biswal#P39#5
|
Hemananda Biswal took which position in Jan 2001?
|
Hemananda Biswal Hemananda Biswal ( born 1 December 1939 ) is a leader of the Indian National Congress , and a former Chief Minister of Odisha , who was in office from 7 December 1989 to 5 March 1990 and again from 6 December 1999 to 5 March 2000 ; and was again elected as an MP from Sundergarh in 2009 . He is the first Tribal chief Minister of Odisha . Early life . His Fathers Name was Late Shri Basudev Biswal and Mothers Name was Late Smt . Trimani Biswal . He was born on 1 December 1939 in Thakurpada village , Jharsuguda District ( Odisha ) . He was married with Smt . Urmila Biswal and blessed with 5 Daughters . Educational Qualifications . He did Intermediate From Government College , Sundargarh . By Profession he is an Agriculturist . Positions held . 1 . 1967-71 Chairman , Kirmira Panchayat Samiti 2 . From 1974 to 1977 and from 1980 to 2004 he was worked as a Member of Orissa Legislative Assembly ( 6 terms ) 3 . 1980-81 Member , Committee on Public Accounts 4 . 1982-83 Chairman , Committee on Public Undertakings 5 . 1984-85 Member , Amenities Committee 6 . 1985-1986 Minister of State , Health & Family Welfare ( Orissa Government ) 7 . 1987-88 Member , Committee on Petitions 8 . 1989-90 Leader of House , Orissa State Legislative Assembly Member , Select Committee on the Orissa Prevention of Anti-Social , Communal and others Dangerous Activities Bill Chief Minister , Orissa 1990-92 Member , House Committee on Linguistic Minorities 1991-92 Member , Library Committee 1992-93 Member , Subject Committee on Rural Development 1992-1995 Member , Amenities Committee From 1995 to 1998 he worked as a Deputy Chief Minister ( Minister in-Charge of Panchayati Raj , Housing and Public Grievances and Pension Administration ) in Orissa Government . 1999-2000 Leader of House , Orissa state Legislative Assembly Deputy Chief Minister , Orissa Chief Minister , Orissa 2001-2004 Member , Committee on Previleges 2002-2004 Member , House Committee on Rehabilitation 2009 Elected to 15th Lok Sabha Member , Consultative Committee , Ministry of Coal Member , Consultative Committee , Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation Member , General Purposes Committee 6 Aug . 2009 Member , Committee on Public Undertakings 31 Aug . 2009 Chairman , Committee on Labour 1 May 2010 Member , Committee on Public Undertakings Literary , Artistic & Scientific Accomplishments Associated with many literary and cultural organization of Orissa and Patron of organisation working for restoration of Tribal art and culture in Western Orissa ; and Founder President , Dhauli College of Arts and Crafts , Bhubaneswar , Orissa Social And Cultural Activities Chief Patron , TYAGA , Burla , Sambalpur ; organizer of Yuvak Sangha , Tribal Welfare Sangha , athletics association , drama association and educational institutions ; participated in plays as an actor during school and college career Special Interests Reading books , magazines and biography Favourite Pastime and Recreation Gardening , photography , travelling and games Sports and Clubs Football , javelin throw , badminton and volleyball Other Information President ( i ) Orissa Pradesh Congress Committee , 1998-1999 ; ( ii ) Orissa State Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe Legislative Coordination Council , BBSR ; ( iii ) Orissa Adivasi Mangala Samiti , Bhubaneswar ; ( iv ) Dhauli College of Arts and Crafts , Bhubaneswar , Orissa ; and ( v ) Dr . B.R . Ambedkar College of Technology , Dumduma , Bhubaneswar , Orissa ; President Governing Body ( i ) S.M.P . College , Kirmira , Jharsuguda , Orissa ; ( ii ) P.S . College , Laikera , Jharsuguda , Orissa ; ( iii ) P.S . College , Kolabira , Jharsuguda , Orissa ; ( iv ) P.S . College , Bhatlaida , Jharsuguda , Orissa ; and ( v ) Arda College , Arda , Jharsuguda , Orissa;Vice President , Jharsuguda Land Development Bank from 1968-1974 ; Special Invitee ( i ) CWC , AICC , 2004 ; and ( ii ) House Committee on Sareikela and Kharsuan ; Advisor , Rajiv Gandhi Panchayati Raj Sangathan , Orissa State Committee , Bhubaneswar ; Founder Member , Governing Body of L.N . College , Jharsuguda , Orissa ; and Member Indian Parliamentary Group , Orissa Chapter External links . - Orissa Chief Ministers List - Orissa Chief Ministers - Profile of Hemanand Biswal - Orisha - India Government Archive - Official biographical sketch in Parliament of India website
|
[
""
] |
[
{
"text": " Hemananda Biswal ( born 1 December 1939 ) is a leader of the Indian National Congress , and a former Chief Minister of Odisha , who was in office from 7 December 1989 to 5 March 1990 and again from 6 December 1999 to 5 March 2000 ; and was again elected as an MP from Sundergarh in 2009 . He is the first Tribal chief Minister of Odisha .",
"title": "Hemananda Biswal"
},
{
"text": " His Fathers Name was Late Shri Basudev Biswal and Mothers Name was Late Smt . Trimani Biswal . He was born on 1 December 1939 in Thakurpada village , Jharsuguda District ( Odisha ) . He was married with Smt . Urmila Biswal and blessed with 5 Daughters .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " 1 . 1967-71 Chairman , Kirmira Panchayat Samiti 2 . From 1974 to 1977 and from 1980 to 2004 he was worked as a Member of Orissa Legislative Assembly ( 6 terms ) 3 . 1980-81 Member , Committee on Public Accounts 4 . 1982-83 Chairman , Committee on Public Undertakings 5 . 1984-85 Member , Amenities Committee 6 . 1985-1986 Minister of State , Health & Family Welfare ( Orissa Government ) 7 . 1987-88 Member , Committee on Petitions 8 . 1989-90 Leader of House , Orissa State Legislative Assembly",
"title": "Positions held"
},
{
"text": "Member , Select Committee on the Orissa Prevention of Anti-Social , Communal and others Dangerous Activities Bill",
"title": "Positions held"
},
{
"text": " 1990-92 Member , House Committee on Linguistic Minorities 1991-92 Member , Library Committee 1992-93 Member , Subject Committee on Rural Development 1992-1995 Member , Amenities Committee From 1995 to 1998 he worked as a Deputy Chief Minister ( Minister in-Charge of Panchayati Raj , Housing and Public Grievances and Pension Administration ) in Orissa Government . 1999-2000 Leader of House , Orissa state Legislative Assembly Deputy Chief Minister , Orissa",
"title": "Chief Minister , Orissa"
},
{
"text": " 2001-2004 Member , Committee on Previleges 2002-2004 Member , House Committee on Rehabilitation 2009 Elected to 15th Lok Sabha Member , Consultative Committee , Ministry of Coal Member , Consultative Committee , Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation Member , General Purposes Committee 6 Aug . 2009 Member , Committee on Public Undertakings 31 Aug . 2009 Chairman , Committee on Labour 1 May 2010 Member , Committee on Public Undertakings Literary , Artistic & Scientific Accomplishments",
"title": "Chief Minister , Orissa"
},
{
"text": "Associated with many literary and cultural organization of Orissa and Patron of organisation working for restoration of Tribal art and culture in Western Orissa ; and Founder President , Dhauli College of Arts and Crafts , Bhubaneswar , Orissa",
"title": "Chief Minister , Orissa"
},
{
"text": " Chief Patron , TYAGA , Burla , Sambalpur ; organizer of Yuvak Sangha , Tribal Welfare Sangha , athletics association , drama association and educational institutions ; participated in plays as an actor during school and college career",
"title": "Social And Cultural Activities"
},
{
"text": " ( i ) Orissa Pradesh Congress Committee , 1998-1999 ; ( ii ) Orissa State Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe Legislative Coordination Council , BBSR ; ( iii ) Orissa Adivasi Mangala Samiti , Bhubaneswar ; ( iv ) Dhauli College of Arts and Crafts , Bhubaneswar , Orissa ; and ( v ) Dr . B.R . Ambedkar College of Technology , Dumduma , Bhubaneswar , Orissa ; President Governing Body ( i ) S.M.P . College , Kirmira , Jharsuguda , Orissa ; ( ii ) P.S . College , Laikera , Jharsuguda , Orissa ;",
"title": "President"
},
{
"text": "( iii ) P.S . College , Kolabira , Jharsuguda , Orissa ;",
"title": "President"
},
{
"text": " ( iv ) P.S . College , Bhatlaida , Jharsuguda , Orissa ; and ( v ) Arda College , Arda , Jharsuguda , Orissa;Vice President , Jharsuguda Land Development Bank from 1968-1974 ; Special Invitee ( i ) CWC , AICC , 2004 ; and ( ii ) House Committee on Sareikela and Kharsuan ; Advisor , Rajiv Gandhi Panchayati Raj Sangathan , Orissa State Committee , Bhubaneswar ; Founder Member , Governing Body of L.N . College , Jharsuguda , Orissa ; and Member Indian Parliamentary Group , Orissa Chapter",
"title": "President"
},
{
"text": " - Orissa Chief Ministers List - Orissa Chief Ministers - Profile of Hemanand Biswal - Orisha - India Government Archive - Official biographical sketch in Parliament of India website",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Fred_(footballer,_born_1993)#P54#0
|
Fred (footballer, born 1993) played for which team between Apr 2011 and Jan 2012?
|
Fred ( footballer , born 1993 ) Frederico Rodrigues de Paula Santos ( born 5 March 1993 ) , known as Fred , is a Brazilian professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for club Manchester United and the Brazil national team . Fred started his career at Brazilian club Internacional , where he won the Campeonato Gaúcho twice . In June 2013 , he signed for Ukrainian club Shakhtar Donetsk , where he won three Ukrainian Premier League titles . In 2018 , Fred signed for Manchester United . Fred represented Brazil at under-20 level , before making his senior international debut in November 2014 . He was part of Brazils squad for the 2015 Copa América in Chile , starting in their first two Group C matches as they reached the quarter-finals . He was named in Brazils final 23-man squad for the 2018 FIFA World Cup . Club career . Early career . Born in Belo Horizonte , Fred spent six years of his childhood at local club Atlético Mineiro , before joining Porto Alegre in 2009 . One year later , he joined Internacional . He initially represented the club at various youth levels and helped them win six titles in 2010 , including the Copa Santiago and Copa FGF . He made his professional debut aged 18 on 26 January 2012 , against Cerâmica in the Campeonato Gaúcho . He scored his first goal in professional football on 18 July 2012 , in a Série A game against his former club Atlético Mineiro . Overall , he scored eight goals in 55 appearances for Internacional and won the Campeonato Gaúcho twice . Shakhtar Donetsk . On 26 June 2013 , Fred signed for Ukrainian team Shakhtar Donetsk in a deal worth €15 million . He scored two goals on his competitive debut in the Ukrainian Super Cup , helping Shakhtar to a 3–1 victory over Chornomorets Odesa . During the Ukrainian crisis , Fred was among the six Shakhtar players who refused to return to Donetsk in July 2014 following a pre-season friendly against Olympique Lyonnais in France . A few days later , he returned to Ukraine after the club relocated training sessions to Kyiv . On 21 February 2018 , Fred scored a free-kick , his first goal in the UEFA Champions League , in a 2–1 round of 16 first-leg victory against AS Roma . With Shakhtar , Fred won 10 trophies , including three Ukrainian Premier League titles . Manchester United . On 5 June 2018 , Premier League club Manchester United reached an agreement to sign Fred for a reported fee of £47 million . He agreed a five-year contract with the option to extend for a further year . On 11 August , he made his club debut in a 2–1 victory over Leicester City in their first league game of the season . Fred scored his first goal for United against Wolverhampton Wanderers on 22 September 2018 , in a 1–1 league draw at home . On 7 December 2019 , Fred was allegedly racially abused by Manchester City fans during the Manchester derby . On 27 February 2020 , Fred scored two goals and assisted another in Uniteds UEFA Europa League round of 32 match against Club Brugge , which they won 5–0 and 6–1 on aggregate . On 2 February 2021 , Fred played a full 90 minutes in Manchester Uniteds Premier League record-equalling 9–0 home win against Southampton . On 11 April 2021 , Fred scored the equalising goal at the 57th minute in Manchester Uniteds Premier League game against Tottenham Hotspur , in which the Red Devils won 3–1 , after Spurss Son Heung-min scored at the 40th minute of the match . International career . Fred played three times for the Brazil under-20 team at the 2013 South American Youth Football Championship . He made his debut for the Brazil national team on 12 November 2014 , as a substitute in a 4–0 victory over Turkey in Istanbul . Due to an injury to Luiz Gustavo , Fred was called up to Brazils squad for the 2015 Copa América in Chile , starting in their first two Group C matches as they reached the quarter-finals . He was initially selected in the Brazil under-23 squad for the 2016 Olympic Games . However , he was not released to play in the tournament by Shakhtar Donetsk and was replaced in the squad by Walace . In May 2018 , he was named in Tites final 23-man squad for the 2018 FIFA World Cup in Russia , but failed to make an appearance at the tournament . Doping case . Fred tested positive for the banned diuretic hydrochlorothiazide in a sample collected during the 2015 Copa América . In July 2015 , he released a statement claiming he was innocent , while awaiting the results of a second sample . Shakhtar Donetsk were cleared by UEFA to select him at the start of the 2015–16 season , after a complaint by Fenerbahçe over his appearance in a Champions League third qualifying round game . On 15 December 2015 , he received a one-year suspension from CONMEBOL , preventing him from playing in any CONMEBOL sanctioned games , but allowing him to continue playing for Shakhtar . On 5 February 2016 , FIFA extended the ban to cover all football worldwide for one year , backdated to 27 June 2015 . In March 2016 , the World Anti-Doping Agency ( WADA ) appealed to the Court of Arbitration for Sport ( CAS ) against the ban , believing it to be potentially lenient . In March 2017 , after Fred had returned from the suspension , an agreement was reached with WADA before the CAS hearing that resulted in him being unable to play football until July 2017 . Honours . Internacional - Campeonato Gaúcho : 2012 , 2013 Shakhtar Donetsk - Ukrainian Premier League : 2013–14 , 2016–17 , 2017–18 - Ukrainian Cup : 2017–18 - Ukrainian Super Cup : 2013 , 2015 Manchester United - UEFA Europa League runner-up : 2020–21 Individual - UEFA Europa League Squad of the Season : 2019–20
|
[
"Internacional"
] |
[
{
"text": " Frederico Rodrigues de Paula Santos ( born 5 March 1993 ) , known as Fred , is a Brazilian professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for club Manchester United and the Brazil national team . Fred started his career at Brazilian club Internacional , where he won the Campeonato Gaúcho twice . In June 2013 , he signed for Ukrainian club Shakhtar Donetsk , where he won three Ukrainian Premier League titles . In 2018 , Fred signed for Manchester United .",
"title": "Fred ( footballer , born 1993 )"
},
{
"text": "Fred represented Brazil at under-20 level , before making his senior international debut in November 2014 . He was part of Brazils squad for the 2015 Copa América in Chile , starting in their first two Group C matches as they reached the quarter-finals . He was named in Brazils final 23-man squad for the 2018 FIFA World Cup .",
"title": "Fred ( footballer , born 1993 )"
},
{
"text": "Born in Belo Horizonte , Fred spent six years of his childhood at local club Atlético Mineiro , before joining Porto Alegre in 2009 . One year later , he joined Internacional . He initially represented the club at various youth levels and helped them win six titles in 2010 , including the Copa Santiago and Copa FGF . He made his professional debut aged 18 on 26 January 2012 , against Cerâmica in the Campeonato Gaúcho . He scored his first goal in professional football on 18 July 2012 , in a Série A game against his former club",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "Atlético Mineiro . Overall , he scored eight goals in 55 appearances for Internacional and won the Campeonato Gaúcho twice .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": " On 26 June 2013 , Fred signed for Ukrainian team Shakhtar Donetsk in a deal worth €15 million . He scored two goals on his competitive debut in the Ukrainian Super Cup , helping Shakhtar to a 3–1 victory over Chornomorets Odesa . During the Ukrainian crisis , Fred was among the six Shakhtar players who refused to return to Donetsk in July 2014 following a pre-season friendly against Olympique Lyonnais in France . A few days later , he returned to Ukraine after the club relocated training sessions to Kyiv .",
"title": "Shakhtar Donetsk"
},
{
"text": "On 21 February 2018 , Fred scored a free-kick , his first goal in the UEFA Champions League , in a 2–1 round of 16 first-leg victory against AS Roma .",
"title": "Shakhtar Donetsk"
},
{
"text": " With Shakhtar , Fred won 10 trophies , including three Ukrainian Premier League titles .",
"title": "Shakhtar Donetsk"
},
{
"text": " On 5 June 2018 , Premier League club Manchester United reached an agreement to sign Fred for a reported fee of £47 million . He agreed a five-year contract with the option to extend for a further year . On 11 August , he made his club debut in a 2–1 victory over Leicester City in their first league game of the season . Fred scored his first goal for United against Wolverhampton Wanderers on 22 September 2018 , in a 1–1 league draw at home .",
"title": "Manchester United"
},
{
"text": "On 7 December 2019 , Fred was allegedly racially abused by Manchester City fans during the Manchester derby . On 27 February 2020 , Fred scored two goals and assisted another in Uniteds UEFA Europa League round of 32 match against Club Brugge , which they won 5–0 and 6–1 on aggregate .",
"title": "Manchester United"
},
{
"text": " On 2 February 2021 , Fred played a full 90 minutes in Manchester Uniteds Premier League record-equalling 9–0 home win against Southampton . On 11 April 2021 , Fred scored the equalising goal at the 57th minute in Manchester Uniteds Premier League game against Tottenham Hotspur , in which the Red Devils won 3–1 , after Spurss Son Heung-min scored at the 40th minute of the match .",
"title": "Manchester United"
},
{
"text": " Fred played three times for the Brazil under-20 team at the 2013 South American Youth Football Championship . He made his debut for the Brazil national team on 12 November 2014 , as a substitute in a 4–0 victory over Turkey in Istanbul . Due to an injury to Luiz Gustavo , Fred was called up to Brazils squad for the 2015 Copa América in Chile , starting in their first two Group C matches as they reached the quarter-finals .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "He was initially selected in the Brazil under-23 squad for the 2016 Olympic Games . However , he was not released to play in the tournament by Shakhtar Donetsk and was replaced in the squad by Walace .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " In May 2018 , he was named in Tites final 23-man squad for the 2018 FIFA World Cup in Russia , but failed to make an appearance at the tournament .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " Fred tested positive for the banned diuretic hydrochlorothiazide in a sample collected during the 2015 Copa América . In July 2015 , he released a statement claiming he was innocent , while awaiting the results of a second sample . Shakhtar Donetsk were cleared by UEFA to select him at the start of the 2015–16 season , after a complaint by Fenerbahçe over his appearance in a Champions League third qualifying round game .",
"title": "Doping case"
},
{
"text": "On 15 December 2015 , he received a one-year suspension from CONMEBOL , preventing him from playing in any CONMEBOL sanctioned games , but allowing him to continue playing for Shakhtar . On 5 February 2016 , FIFA extended the ban to cover all football worldwide for one year , backdated to 27 June 2015 . In March 2016 , the World Anti-Doping Agency ( WADA ) appealed to the Court of Arbitration for Sport ( CAS ) against the ban , believing it to be potentially lenient . In March 2017 , after Fred had returned from the suspension",
"title": "Doping case"
},
{
"text": ", an agreement was reached with WADA before the CAS hearing that resulted in him being unable to play football until July 2017 .",
"title": "Doping case"
},
{
"text": " - Ukrainian Premier League : 2013–14 , 2016–17 , 2017–18 - Ukrainian Cup : 2017–18 - Ukrainian Super Cup : 2013 , 2015",
"title": "Shakhtar Donetsk"
},
{
"text": " - UEFA Europa League Squad of the Season : 2019–20",
"title": "Individual"
}
] |
/wiki/Fred_(footballer,_born_1993)#P54#1
|
Fred (footballer, born 1993) played for which team in Nov 2013?
|
Fred ( footballer , born 1993 ) Frederico Rodrigues de Paula Santos ( born 5 March 1993 ) , known as Fred , is a Brazilian professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for club Manchester United and the Brazil national team . Fred started his career at Brazilian club Internacional , where he won the Campeonato Gaúcho twice . In June 2013 , he signed for Ukrainian club Shakhtar Donetsk , where he won three Ukrainian Premier League titles . In 2018 , Fred signed for Manchester United . Fred represented Brazil at under-20 level , before making his senior international debut in November 2014 . He was part of Brazils squad for the 2015 Copa América in Chile , starting in their first two Group C matches as they reached the quarter-finals . He was named in Brazils final 23-man squad for the 2018 FIFA World Cup . Club career . Early career . Born in Belo Horizonte , Fred spent six years of his childhood at local club Atlético Mineiro , before joining Porto Alegre in 2009 . One year later , he joined Internacional . He initially represented the club at various youth levels and helped them win six titles in 2010 , including the Copa Santiago and Copa FGF . He made his professional debut aged 18 on 26 January 2012 , against Cerâmica in the Campeonato Gaúcho . He scored his first goal in professional football on 18 July 2012 , in a Série A game against his former club Atlético Mineiro . Overall , he scored eight goals in 55 appearances for Internacional and won the Campeonato Gaúcho twice . Shakhtar Donetsk . On 26 June 2013 , Fred signed for Ukrainian team Shakhtar Donetsk in a deal worth €15 million . He scored two goals on his competitive debut in the Ukrainian Super Cup , helping Shakhtar to a 3–1 victory over Chornomorets Odesa . During the Ukrainian crisis , Fred was among the six Shakhtar players who refused to return to Donetsk in July 2014 following a pre-season friendly against Olympique Lyonnais in France . A few days later , he returned to Ukraine after the club relocated training sessions to Kyiv . On 21 February 2018 , Fred scored a free-kick , his first goal in the UEFA Champions League , in a 2–1 round of 16 first-leg victory against AS Roma . With Shakhtar , Fred won 10 trophies , including three Ukrainian Premier League titles . Manchester United . On 5 June 2018 , Premier League club Manchester United reached an agreement to sign Fred for a reported fee of £47 million . He agreed a five-year contract with the option to extend for a further year . On 11 August , he made his club debut in a 2–1 victory over Leicester City in their first league game of the season . Fred scored his first goal for United against Wolverhampton Wanderers on 22 September 2018 , in a 1–1 league draw at home . On 7 December 2019 , Fred was allegedly racially abused by Manchester City fans during the Manchester derby . On 27 February 2020 , Fred scored two goals and assisted another in Uniteds UEFA Europa League round of 32 match against Club Brugge , which they won 5–0 and 6–1 on aggregate . On 2 February 2021 , Fred played a full 90 minutes in Manchester Uniteds Premier League record-equalling 9–0 home win against Southampton . On 11 April 2021 , Fred scored the equalising goal at the 57th minute in Manchester Uniteds Premier League game against Tottenham Hotspur , in which the Red Devils won 3–1 , after Spurss Son Heung-min scored at the 40th minute of the match . International career . Fred played three times for the Brazil under-20 team at the 2013 South American Youth Football Championship . He made his debut for the Brazil national team on 12 November 2014 , as a substitute in a 4–0 victory over Turkey in Istanbul . Due to an injury to Luiz Gustavo , Fred was called up to Brazils squad for the 2015 Copa América in Chile , starting in their first two Group C matches as they reached the quarter-finals . He was initially selected in the Brazil under-23 squad for the 2016 Olympic Games . However , he was not released to play in the tournament by Shakhtar Donetsk and was replaced in the squad by Walace . In May 2018 , he was named in Tites final 23-man squad for the 2018 FIFA World Cup in Russia , but failed to make an appearance at the tournament . Doping case . Fred tested positive for the banned diuretic hydrochlorothiazide in a sample collected during the 2015 Copa América . In July 2015 , he released a statement claiming he was innocent , while awaiting the results of a second sample . Shakhtar Donetsk were cleared by UEFA to select him at the start of the 2015–16 season , after a complaint by Fenerbahçe over his appearance in a Champions League third qualifying round game . On 15 December 2015 , he received a one-year suspension from CONMEBOL , preventing him from playing in any CONMEBOL sanctioned games , but allowing him to continue playing for Shakhtar . On 5 February 2016 , FIFA extended the ban to cover all football worldwide for one year , backdated to 27 June 2015 . In March 2016 , the World Anti-Doping Agency ( WADA ) appealed to the Court of Arbitration for Sport ( CAS ) against the ban , believing it to be potentially lenient . In March 2017 , after Fred had returned from the suspension , an agreement was reached with WADA before the CAS hearing that resulted in him being unable to play football until July 2017 . Honours . Internacional - Campeonato Gaúcho : 2012 , 2013 Shakhtar Donetsk - Ukrainian Premier League : 2013–14 , 2016–17 , 2017–18 - Ukrainian Cup : 2017–18 - Ukrainian Super Cup : 2013 , 2015 Manchester United - UEFA Europa League runner-up : 2020–21 Individual - UEFA Europa League Squad of the Season : 2019–20
|
[
"Shakhtar Donetsk"
] |
[
{
"text": " Frederico Rodrigues de Paula Santos ( born 5 March 1993 ) , known as Fred , is a Brazilian professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for club Manchester United and the Brazil national team . Fred started his career at Brazilian club Internacional , where he won the Campeonato Gaúcho twice . In June 2013 , he signed for Ukrainian club Shakhtar Donetsk , where he won three Ukrainian Premier League titles . In 2018 , Fred signed for Manchester United .",
"title": "Fred ( footballer , born 1993 )"
},
{
"text": "Fred represented Brazil at under-20 level , before making his senior international debut in November 2014 . He was part of Brazils squad for the 2015 Copa América in Chile , starting in their first two Group C matches as they reached the quarter-finals . He was named in Brazils final 23-man squad for the 2018 FIFA World Cup .",
"title": "Fred ( footballer , born 1993 )"
},
{
"text": "Born in Belo Horizonte , Fred spent six years of his childhood at local club Atlético Mineiro , before joining Porto Alegre in 2009 . One year later , he joined Internacional . He initially represented the club at various youth levels and helped them win six titles in 2010 , including the Copa Santiago and Copa FGF . He made his professional debut aged 18 on 26 January 2012 , against Cerâmica in the Campeonato Gaúcho . He scored his first goal in professional football on 18 July 2012 , in a Série A game against his former club",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "Atlético Mineiro . Overall , he scored eight goals in 55 appearances for Internacional and won the Campeonato Gaúcho twice .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": " On 26 June 2013 , Fred signed for Ukrainian team Shakhtar Donetsk in a deal worth €15 million . He scored two goals on his competitive debut in the Ukrainian Super Cup , helping Shakhtar to a 3–1 victory over Chornomorets Odesa . During the Ukrainian crisis , Fred was among the six Shakhtar players who refused to return to Donetsk in July 2014 following a pre-season friendly against Olympique Lyonnais in France . A few days later , he returned to Ukraine after the club relocated training sessions to Kyiv .",
"title": "Shakhtar Donetsk"
},
{
"text": "On 21 February 2018 , Fred scored a free-kick , his first goal in the UEFA Champions League , in a 2–1 round of 16 first-leg victory against AS Roma .",
"title": "Shakhtar Donetsk"
},
{
"text": " With Shakhtar , Fred won 10 trophies , including three Ukrainian Premier League titles .",
"title": "Shakhtar Donetsk"
},
{
"text": " On 5 June 2018 , Premier League club Manchester United reached an agreement to sign Fred for a reported fee of £47 million . He agreed a five-year contract with the option to extend for a further year . On 11 August , he made his club debut in a 2–1 victory over Leicester City in their first league game of the season . Fred scored his first goal for United against Wolverhampton Wanderers on 22 September 2018 , in a 1–1 league draw at home .",
"title": "Manchester United"
},
{
"text": "On 7 December 2019 , Fred was allegedly racially abused by Manchester City fans during the Manchester derby . On 27 February 2020 , Fred scored two goals and assisted another in Uniteds UEFA Europa League round of 32 match against Club Brugge , which they won 5–0 and 6–1 on aggregate .",
"title": "Manchester United"
},
{
"text": " On 2 February 2021 , Fred played a full 90 minutes in Manchester Uniteds Premier League record-equalling 9–0 home win against Southampton . On 11 April 2021 , Fred scored the equalising goal at the 57th minute in Manchester Uniteds Premier League game against Tottenham Hotspur , in which the Red Devils won 3–1 , after Spurss Son Heung-min scored at the 40th minute of the match .",
"title": "Manchester United"
},
{
"text": " Fred played three times for the Brazil under-20 team at the 2013 South American Youth Football Championship . He made his debut for the Brazil national team on 12 November 2014 , as a substitute in a 4–0 victory over Turkey in Istanbul . Due to an injury to Luiz Gustavo , Fred was called up to Brazils squad for the 2015 Copa América in Chile , starting in their first two Group C matches as they reached the quarter-finals .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "He was initially selected in the Brazil under-23 squad for the 2016 Olympic Games . However , he was not released to play in the tournament by Shakhtar Donetsk and was replaced in the squad by Walace .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " In May 2018 , he was named in Tites final 23-man squad for the 2018 FIFA World Cup in Russia , but failed to make an appearance at the tournament .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " Fred tested positive for the banned diuretic hydrochlorothiazide in a sample collected during the 2015 Copa América . In July 2015 , he released a statement claiming he was innocent , while awaiting the results of a second sample . Shakhtar Donetsk were cleared by UEFA to select him at the start of the 2015–16 season , after a complaint by Fenerbahçe over his appearance in a Champions League third qualifying round game .",
"title": "Doping case"
},
{
"text": "On 15 December 2015 , he received a one-year suspension from CONMEBOL , preventing him from playing in any CONMEBOL sanctioned games , but allowing him to continue playing for Shakhtar . On 5 February 2016 , FIFA extended the ban to cover all football worldwide for one year , backdated to 27 June 2015 . In March 2016 , the World Anti-Doping Agency ( WADA ) appealed to the Court of Arbitration for Sport ( CAS ) against the ban , believing it to be potentially lenient . In March 2017 , after Fred had returned from the suspension",
"title": "Doping case"
},
{
"text": ", an agreement was reached with WADA before the CAS hearing that resulted in him being unable to play football until July 2017 .",
"title": "Doping case"
},
{
"text": " - Ukrainian Premier League : 2013–14 , 2016–17 , 2017–18 - Ukrainian Cup : 2017–18 - Ukrainian Super Cup : 2013 , 2015",
"title": "Shakhtar Donetsk"
},
{
"text": " - UEFA Europa League Squad of the Season : 2019–20",
"title": "Individual"
}
] |
/wiki/Fred_(footballer,_born_1993)#P54#2
|
Fred (footballer, born 1993) played for which team after Jul 2014?
|
Fred ( footballer , born 1993 ) Frederico Rodrigues de Paula Santos ( born 5 March 1993 ) , known as Fred , is a Brazilian professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for club Manchester United and the Brazil national team . Fred started his career at Brazilian club Internacional , where he won the Campeonato Gaúcho twice . In June 2013 , he signed for Ukrainian club Shakhtar Donetsk , where he won three Ukrainian Premier League titles . In 2018 , Fred signed for Manchester United . Fred represented Brazil at under-20 level , before making his senior international debut in November 2014 . He was part of Brazils squad for the 2015 Copa América in Chile , starting in their first two Group C matches as they reached the quarter-finals . He was named in Brazils final 23-man squad for the 2018 FIFA World Cup . Club career . Early career . Born in Belo Horizonte , Fred spent six years of his childhood at local club Atlético Mineiro , before joining Porto Alegre in 2009 . One year later , he joined Internacional . He initially represented the club at various youth levels and helped them win six titles in 2010 , including the Copa Santiago and Copa FGF . He made his professional debut aged 18 on 26 January 2012 , against Cerâmica in the Campeonato Gaúcho . He scored his first goal in professional football on 18 July 2012 , in a Série A game against his former club Atlético Mineiro . Overall , he scored eight goals in 55 appearances for Internacional and won the Campeonato Gaúcho twice . Shakhtar Donetsk . On 26 June 2013 , Fred signed for Ukrainian team Shakhtar Donetsk in a deal worth €15 million . He scored two goals on his competitive debut in the Ukrainian Super Cup , helping Shakhtar to a 3–1 victory over Chornomorets Odesa . During the Ukrainian crisis , Fred was among the six Shakhtar players who refused to return to Donetsk in July 2014 following a pre-season friendly against Olympique Lyonnais in France . A few days later , he returned to Ukraine after the club relocated training sessions to Kyiv . On 21 February 2018 , Fred scored a free-kick , his first goal in the UEFA Champions League , in a 2–1 round of 16 first-leg victory against AS Roma . With Shakhtar , Fred won 10 trophies , including three Ukrainian Premier League titles . Manchester United . On 5 June 2018 , Premier League club Manchester United reached an agreement to sign Fred for a reported fee of £47 million . He agreed a five-year contract with the option to extend for a further year . On 11 August , he made his club debut in a 2–1 victory over Leicester City in their first league game of the season . Fred scored his first goal for United against Wolverhampton Wanderers on 22 September 2018 , in a 1–1 league draw at home . On 7 December 2019 , Fred was allegedly racially abused by Manchester City fans during the Manchester derby . On 27 February 2020 , Fred scored two goals and assisted another in Uniteds UEFA Europa League round of 32 match against Club Brugge , which they won 5–0 and 6–1 on aggregate . On 2 February 2021 , Fred played a full 90 minutes in Manchester Uniteds Premier League record-equalling 9–0 home win against Southampton . On 11 April 2021 , Fred scored the equalising goal at the 57th minute in Manchester Uniteds Premier League game against Tottenham Hotspur , in which the Red Devils won 3–1 , after Spurss Son Heung-min scored at the 40th minute of the match . International career . Fred played three times for the Brazil under-20 team at the 2013 South American Youth Football Championship . He made his debut for the Brazil national team on 12 November 2014 , as a substitute in a 4–0 victory over Turkey in Istanbul . Due to an injury to Luiz Gustavo , Fred was called up to Brazils squad for the 2015 Copa América in Chile , starting in their first two Group C matches as they reached the quarter-finals . He was initially selected in the Brazil under-23 squad for the 2016 Olympic Games . However , he was not released to play in the tournament by Shakhtar Donetsk and was replaced in the squad by Walace . In May 2018 , he was named in Tites final 23-man squad for the 2018 FIFA World Cup in Russia , but failed to make an appearance at the tournament . Doping case . Fred tested positive for the banned diuretic hydrochlorothiazide in a sample collected during the 2015 Copa América . In July 2015 , he released a statement claiming he was innocent , while awaiting the results of a second sample . Shakhtar Donetsk were cleared by UEFA to select him at the start of the 2015–16 season , after a complaint by Fenerbahçe over his appearance in a Champions League third qualifying round game . On 15 December 2015 , he received a one-year suspension from CONMEBOL , preventing him from playing in any CONMEBOL sanctioned games , but allowing him to continue playing for Shakhtar . On 5 February 2016 , FIFA extended the ban to cover all football worldwide for one year , backdated to 27 June 2015 . In March 2016 , the World Anti-Doping Agency ( WADA ) appealed to the Court of Arbitration for Sport ( CAS ) against the ban , believing it to be potentially lenient . In March 2017 , after Fred had returned from the suspension , an agreement was reached with WADA before the CAS hearing that resulted in him being unable to play football until July 2017 . Honours . Internacional - Campeonato Gaúcho : 2012 , 2013 Shakhtar Donetsk - Ukrainian Premier League : 2013–14 , 2016–17 , 2017–18 - Ukrainian Cup : 2017–18 - Ukrainian Super Cup : 2013 , 2015 Manchester United - UEFA Europa League runner-up : 2020–21 Individual - UEFA Europa League Squad of the Season : 2019–20
|
[
"Brazil national team"
] |
[
{
"text": " Frederico Rodrigues de Paula Santos ( born 5 March 1993 ) , known as Fred , is a Brazilian professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for club Manchester United and the Brazil national team . Fred started his career at Brazilian club Internacional , where he won the Campeonato Gaúcho twice . In June 2013 , he signed for Ukrainian club Shakhtar Donetsk , where he won three Ukrainian Premier League titles . In 2018 , Fred signed for Manchester United .",
"title": "Fred ( footballer , born 1993 )"
},
{
"text": "Fred represented Brazil at under-20 level , before making his senior international debut in November 2014 . He was part of Brazils squad for the 2015 Copa América in Chile , starting in their first two Group C matches as they reached the quarter-finals . He was named in Brazils final 23-man squad for the 2018 FIFA World Cup .",
"title": "Fred ( footballer , born 1993 )"
},
{
"text": "Born in Belo Horizonte , Fred spent six years of his childhood at local club Atlético Mineiro , before joining Porto Alegre in 2009 . One year later , he joined Internacional . He initially represented the club at various youth levels and helped them win six titles in 2010 , including the Copa Santiago and Copa FGF . He made his professional debut aged 18 on 26 January 2012 , against Cerâmica in the Campeonato Gaúcho . He scored his first goal in professional football on 18 July 2012 , in a Série A game against his former club",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "Atlético Mineiro . Overall , he scored eight goals in 55 appearances for Internacional and won the Campeonato Gaúcho twice .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": " On 26 June 2013 , Fred signed for Ukrainian team Shakhtar Donetsk in a deal worth €15 million . He scored two goals on his competitive debut in the Ukrainian Super Cup , helping Shakhtar to a 3–1 victory over Chornomorets Odesa . During the Ukrainian crisis , Fred was among the six Shakhtar players who refused to return to Donetsk in July 2014 following a pre-season friendly against Olympique Lyonnais in France . A few days later , he returned to Ukraine after the club relocated training sessions to Kyiv .",
"title": "Shakhtar Donetsk"
},
{
"text": "On 21 February 2018 , Fred scored a free-kick , his first goal in the UEFA Champions League , in a 2–1 round of 16 first-leg victory against AS Roma .",
"title": "Shakhtar Donetsk"
},
{
"text": " With Shakhtar , Fred won 10 trophies , including three Ukrainian Premier League titles .",
"title": "Shakhtar Donetsk"
},
{
"text": " On 5 June 2018 , Premier League club Manchester United reached an agreement to sign Fred for a reported fee of £47 million . He agreed a five-year contract with the option to extend for a further year . On 11 August , he made his club debut in a 2–1 victory over Leicester City in their first league game of the season . Fred scored his first goal for United against Wolverhampton Wanderers on 22 September 2018 , in a 1–1 league draw at home .",
"title": "Manchester United"
},
{
"text": "On 7 December 2019 , Fred was allegedly racially abused by Manchester City fans during the Manchester derby . On 27 February 2020 , Fred scored two goals and assisted another in Uniteds UEFA Europa League round of 32 match against Club Brugge , which they won 5–0 and 6–1 on aggregate .",
"title": "Manchester United"
},
{
"text": " On 2 February 2021 , Fred played a full 90 minutes in Manchester Uniteds Premier League record-equalling 9–0 home win against Southampton . On 11 April 2021 , Fred scored the equalising goal at the 57th minute in Manchester Uniteds Premier League game against Tottenham Hotspur , in which the Red Devils won 3–1 , after Spurss Son Heung-min scored at the 40th minute of the match .",
"title": "Manchester United"
},
{
"text": " Fred played three times for the Brazil under-20 team at the 2013 South American Youth Football Championship . He made his debut for the Brazil national team on 12 November 2014 , as a substitute in a 4–0 victory over Turkey in Istanbul . Due to an injury to Luiz Gustavo , Fred was called up to Brazils squad for the 2015 Copa América in Chile , starting in their first two Group C matches as they reached the quarter-finals .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "He was initially selected in the Brazil under-23 squad for the 2016 Olympic Games . However , he was not released to play in the tournament by Shakhtar Donetsk and was replaced in the squad by Walace .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " In May 2018 , he was named in Tites final 23-man squad for the 2018 FIFA World Cup in Russia , but failed to make an appearance at the tournament .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " Fred tested positive for the banned diuretic hydrochlorothiazide in a sample collected during the 2015 Copa América . In July 2015 , he released a statement claiming he was innocent , while awaiting the results of a second sample . Shakhtar Donetsk were cleared by UEFA to select him at the start of the 2015–16 season , after a complaint by Fenerbahçe over his appearance in a Champions League third qualifying round game .",
"title": "Doping case"
},
{
"text": "On 15 December 2015 , he received a one-year suspension from CONMEBOL , preventing him from playing in any CONMEBOL sanctioned games , but allowing him to continue playing for Shakhtar . On 5 February 2016 , FIFA extended the ban to cover all football worldwide for one year , backdated to 27 June 2015 . In March 2016 , the World Anti-Doping Agency ( WADA ) appealed to the Court of Arbitration for Sport ( CAS ) against the ban , believing it to be potentially lenient . In March 2017 , after Fred had returned from the suspension",
"title": "Doping case"
},
{
"text": ", an agreement was reached with WADA before the CAS hearing that resulted in him being unable to play football until July 2017 .",
"title": "Doping case"
},
{
"text": " - Ukrainian Premier League : 2013–14 , 2016–17 , 2017–18 - Ukrainian Cup : 2017–18 - Ukrainian Super Cup : 2013 , 2015",
"title": "Shakhtar Donetsk"
},
{
"text": " - UEFA Europa League Squad of the Season : 2019–20",
"title": "Individual"
}
] |
/wiki/Calvin_Mac-Intosch#P54#0
|
Calvin Mac-Intosch played for which team in Aug 2009?
|
Calvin Mac-Intosch Calvin Leonard Mac-Intosch ( born 9 August 1989 ) is a Dutch professional footballer who plays as a centre back for Eerste Divisie side SC Cambuur . A former youth team player at Ajax , he turned professional at HFC Haarlem in 2009 . Following Haarlems bankruptcy in January 2010 , he moved on to SC Telstar . He spent four full seasons at Telstar , and made 91 league and cup appearances , before he moved up to the Eredivisie to play for SC Cambuur in May 2014 . He signed with English club Port Vale in July 2016 . He returned to the Netherlands to play for Almere City in January 2017 . He joined Norwegian side Notodden in 2018 , before again returning to Netherlands to sign for Fortuna Sittard in February 2019 . He rejoined former club Cambuur in May 2019 and helped them to win the Eerste Divisie title in the 2020–21 season . Career . Haarlem . Mac-Intosch spent 12 years at the Academy at Ajax and carried the club logo on the pitch during the 1998 UEFA Champions League final at the Amsterdam Arena . However he struggled with injuries and never featured in a first-team game . He joined Haarlem in June 2009 , having been released by Ajax . He made his first team debut for Haarlem against SC Veendam at Haarlem Stadion on 7 August 2009 . He scored his first goal for the club 17 days later against AGOVV Apeldoorn . On 30 October , he was sent off against FC Eindhoven . On 13 December , he received the second red card of his career against FC Volendam at the Kras Stadion . He made a total of 22 Eerste Divisie ( second tier ) appearances for Haarlem before the club were made bankrupt and dissolved midway through the 2009–10 season . He quickly found a new club , ending the season with Telstar . He featured 13 times for Telstar , and received the third red card of his season in a 1–0 defeat to PEC Zwolle at the IJsseldelta Stadion on 12 February . Telstar ended the season in 18th place , finishing ahead of relegated FC Oss on goal difference . Telstar . He played nine games in the 2009–10 season as Telstar rose to 14th place , and scored his first goal for the club in a 1–1 draw with Go Ahead Eagles on 29 April . However , he played just once in the 2011–12 campaign . He went on to secure a first team place in the 2012–13 season , and played 31 games as the White Lions posted a 14th-place finish in the league . He scored four goals in 37 appearances in the 2013–14 campaign , helping Telstar to a 15th-place finish . Cambuur . He signed a one-year contract with Eredivisie ( first tier ) club Cambuur in May 2014 . He made 23 appearances throughout the 2014–15 campaign as the Yellow-Blues posted a 12th-place finish , and he signed a new one-year contract in March 2015 . He missed four months of the 2015–16 season with a knee injury picked up in early November , and underwent surgery to correct the problem . He played 15 games throughout the season , and scored twice ; once in a 2–2 draw with De Graafschap and the other in a 6–2 defeat at PSV Eindhoven . Cambuur were relegated in last place , and Mac-Intosch was released at the end of the season . Port Vale . In July 2016 , Mac-Intosch signed a two-year contract with English League One club Port Vale . He started two of the clubs opening three games of the 2016–17 season , but then went seven weeks without a game , and after being booked whilst the Valiants conceded two early goals he was substituted just 28 minutes into a 2–2 draw with Oxford United at Vale Park on 22 October . He started just three league games despite being named in the matchday squad 22 times as the form of Nathan Smith and Remie Streete left him with limited first team opportunities , and he left the club by mutual consent in January 2017 shortly after Michael Brown succeeded Bruno Ribeiro as manager . Almere City . Mac-Intosch returned to the Eerste Divisie following his spell in England and signed a one-and-half year contract with Jack de Giers Almere City in January 2017 . He scored three goals in 13 games to help the Sheepheads qualify for the play-offs at the end of the 2016–17 season . However they exited the play-offs at the first round following a 6–2 aggregate defeat to Helmond Sport . Citys aim for the 2017–18 season was to again reach the play-offs . They succeeded in their aim but manager still stated he was not satisfied with the defence and de Gier did not extend his contract at the club . Notodden . He joined Norwegian 1 . divisjon side Notodden midway through the 2018 season . Fortuna Sittard . On 20 February 2019 , Mac-Intosch signed a contract with Eredivisie club Fortuna Sittard to run until the end of the 2018–19 season , following a successful trial spell ; he joined the club after a wave of injuries to central defenders which left Wessel Dammers , Anthony Syhre , Kai Heerings and Branislav Niňaj unavailable . Return to Cambuur . On 24 May 2019 , Mac-Intosch signed a two-year contract , with an option for a further year , at former club Cambuur . Technical manager Foeke Booy said that he was a stable and reliable player . At the time the 2019–20 season was halted due to the COVID-19 pandemic in the Netherlands , Cambuur were top of the Eerste Divisie and Mac-Intosch was credited with leading the defensive line as they also boasted the best defensive record in the division . The Royal Dutch Football Association ( KNVB ) ruled that Cambuur would not be promoted , despite the club sitting 11 points ahead of the play-off places . Manager Henk de Jong called the decision the greatest disgrace ever in Dutch sport . Mac-Intosch made 37 appearances in the 2020–21 season , helping Cambuur to win promotion as Eerste Divisie title winners . The club celebrated with a helicopter ride , though Mac-Intosch declined to go on the trip , stating that I think [ it is ] too much . But I saw some videos of the guys and they seemed to enjoy it , so I enjoy as well then . To be honest , I thought it would be military helicopter , but it [ looks ] somewhat old-fashioned . You know ; I am fine in an airplane but a helicopter.. . hmm , not for me . Style of play . In December 2014 , he was described as a dark Jaap Stam by FOX Sports analyst Jan van Halst . Mac-Intosch responded by saying I wouldnt say that . Im just Calvin Mac-Intosch , and stated that though he was a tough centre-back , he was not overly rough . Personal life . Born in the Netherlands , Mac-Intosh is of Surinamese descent .
|
[
"HFC Haarlem"
] |
[
{
"text": " Calvin Leonard Mac-Intosch ( born 9 August 1989 ) is a Dutch professional footballer who plays as a centre back for Eerste Divisie side SC Cambuur .",
"title": "Calvin Mac-Intosch"
},
{
"text": "A former youth team player at Ajax , he turned professional at HFC Haarlem in 2009 . Following Haarlems bankruptcy in January 2010 , he moved on to SC Telstar . He spent four full seasons at Telstar , and made 91 league and cup appearances , before he moved up to the Eredivisie to play for SC Cambuur in May 2014 . He signed with English club Port Vale in July 2016 . He returned to the Netherlands to play for Almere City in January 2017 . He joined Norwegian side Notodden in 2018 , before again returning to",
"title": "Calvin Mac-Intosch"
},
{
"text": "Netherlands to sign for Fortuna Sittard in February 2019 . He rejoined former club Cambuur in May 2019 and helped them to win the Eerste Divisie title in the 2020–21 season .",
"title": "Calvin Mac-Intosch"
},
{
"text": "Mac-Intosch spent 12 years at the Academy at Ajax and carried the club logo on the pitch during the 1998 UEFA Champions League final at the Amsterdam Arena . However he struggled with injuries and never featured in a first-team game . He joined Haarlem in June 2009 , having been released by Ajax . He made his first team debut for Haarlem against SC Veendam at Haarlem Stadion on 7 August 2009 . He scored his first goal for the club 17 days later against AGOVV Apeldoorn . On 30 October , he was sent off against FC Eindhoven",
"title": "Haarlem"
},
{
"text": ". On 13 December , he received the second red card of his career against FC Volendam at the Kras Stadion . He made a total of 22 Eerste Divisie ( second tier ) appearances for Haarlem before the club were made bankrupt and dissolved midway through the 2009–10 season . He quickly found a new club , ending the season with Telstar . He featured 13 times for Telstar , and received the third red card of his season in a 1–0 defeat to PEC Zwolle at the IJsseldelta Stadion on 12 February . Telstar ended the season in",
"title": "Haarlem"
},
{
"text": "18th place , finishing ahead of relegated FC Oss on goal difference .",
"title": "Haarlem"
},
{
"text": " He played nine games in the 2009–10 season as Telstar rose to 14th place , and scored his first goal for the club in a 1–1 draw with Go Ahead Eagles on 29 April . However , he played just once in the 2011–12 campaign . He went on to secure a first team place in the 2012–13 season , and played 31 games as the White Lions posted a 14th-place finish in the league . He scored four goals in 37 appearances in the 2013–14 campaign , helping Telstar to a 15th-place finish .",
"title": "Telstar"
},
{
"text": "He signed a one-year contract with Eredivisie ( first tier ) club Cambuur in May 2014 . He made 23 appearances throughout the 2014–15 campaign as the Yellow-Blues posted a 12th-place finish , and he signed a new one-year contract in March 2015 . He missed four months of the 2015–16 season with a knee injury picked up in early November , and underwent surgery to correct the problem . He played 15 games throughout the season , and scored twice ; once in a 2–2 draw with De Graafschap and the other in a 6–2 defeat at PSV Eindhoven",
"title": "Cambuur"
},
{
"text": ". Cambuur were relegated in last place , and Mac-Intosch was released at the end of the season .",
"title": "Cambuur"
},
{
"text": "In July 2016 , Mac-Intosch signed a two-year contract with English League One club Port Vale . He started two of the clubs opening three games of the 2016–17 season , but then went seven weeks without a game , and after being booked whilst the Valiants conceded two early goals he was substituted just 28 minutes into a 2–2 draw with Oxford United at Vale Park on 22 October . He started just three league games despite being named in the matchday squad 22 times as the form of Nathan Smith and Remie Streete left him with limited first",
"title": "Port Vale"
},
{
"text": "team opportunities , and he left the club by mutual consent in January 2017 shortly after Michael Brown succeeded Bruno Ribeiro as manager .",
"title": "Port Vale"
},
{
"text": "Mac-Intosch returned to the Eerste Divisie following his spell in England and signed a one-and-half year contract with Jack de Giers Almere City in January 2017 . He scored three goals in 13 games to help the Sheepheads qualify for the play-offs at the end of the 2016–17 season . However they exited the play-offs at the first round following a 6–2 aggregate defeat to Helmond Sport . Citys aim for the 2017–18 season was to again reach the play-offs . They succeeded in their aim but manager still stated he was not satisfied with the defence and de Gier",
"title": "Almere City"
},
{
"text": "did not extend his contract at the club .",
"title": "Almere City"
},
{
"text": " On 20 February 2019 , Mac-Intosch signed a contract with Eredivisie club Fortuna Sittard to run until the end of the 2018–19 season , following a successful trial spell ; he joined the club after a wave of injuries to central defenders which left Wessel Dammers , Anthony Syhre , Kai Heerings and Branislav Niňaj unavailable .",
"title": "Fortuna Sittard"
},
{
"text": "On 24 May 2019 , Mac-Intosch signed a two-year contract , with an option for a further year , at former club Cambuur . Technical manager Foeke Booy said that he was a stable and reliable player . At the time the 2019–20 season was halted due to the COVID-19 pandemic in the Netherlands , Cambuur were top of the Eerste Divisie and Mac-Intosch was credited with leading the defensive line as they also boasted the best defensive record in the division . The Royal Dutch Football Association ( KNVB ) ruled that Cambuur would not be promoted , despite",
"title": "Return to Cambuur"
},
{
"text": "the club sitting 11 points ahead of the play-off places . Manager Henk de Jong called the decision the greatest disgrace ever in Dutch sport . Mac-Intosch made 37 appearances in the 2020–21 season , helping Cambuur to win promotion as Eerste Divisie title winners . The club celebrated with a helicopter ride , though Mac-Intosch declined to go on the trip , stating that I think [ it is ] too much . But I saw some videos of the guys and they seemed to enjoy it , so I enjoy as well then . To be honest ,",
"title": "Return to Cambuur"
},
{
"text": "I thought it would be military helicopter , but it [ looks ] somewhat old-fashioned . You know ; I am fine in an airplane but a helicopter.. . hmm , not for me .",
"title": "Return to Cambuur"
},
{
"text": " In December 2014 , he was described as a dark Jaap Stam by FOX Sports analyst Jan van Halst . Mac-Intosch responded by saying I wouldnt say that . Im just Calvin Mac-Intosch , and stated that though he was a tough centre-back , he was not overly rough .",
"title": "Style of play"
},
{
"text": " Born in the Netherlands , Mac-Intosh is of Surinamese descent .",
"title": "Personal life"
}
] |
/wiki/Calvin_Mac-Intosch#P54#1
|
Calvin Mac-Intosch played for which team between Aug 2010 and Nov 2010?
|
Calvin Mac-Intosch Calvin Leonard Mac-Intosch ( born 9 August 1989 ) is a Dutch professional footballer who plays as a centre back for Eerste Divisie side SC Cambuur . A former youth team player at Ajax , he turned professional at HFC Haarlem in 2009 . Following Haarlems bankruptcy in January 2010 , he moved on to SC Telstar . He spent four full seasons at Telstar , and made 91 league and cup appearances , before he moved up to the Eredivisie to play for SC Cambuur in May 2014 . He signed with English club Port Vale in July 2016 . He returned to the Netherlands to play for Almere City in January 2017 . He joined Norwegian side Notodden in 2018 , before again returning to Netherlands to sign for Fortuna Sittard in February 2019 . He rejoined former club Cambuur in May 2019 and helped them to win the Eerste Divisie title in the 2020–21 season . Career . Haarlem . Mac-Intosch spent 12 years at the Academy at Ajax and carried the club logo on the pitch during the 1998 UEFA Champions League final at the Amsterdam Arena . However he struggled with injuries and never featured in a first-team game . He joined Haarlem in June 2009 , having been released by Ajax . He made his first team debut for Haarlem against SC Veendam at Haarlem Stadion on 7 August 2009 . He scored his first goal for the club 17 days later against AGOVV Apeldoorn . On 30 October , he was sent off against FC Eindhoven . On 13 December , he received the second red card of his career against FC Volendam at the Kras Stadion . He made a total of 22 Eerste Divisie ( second tier ) appearances for Haarlem before the club were made bankrupt and dissolved midway through the 2009–10 season . He quickly found a new club , ending the season with Telstar . He featured 13 times for Telstar , and received the third red card of his season in a 1–0 defeat to PEC Zwolle at the IJsseldelta Stadion on 12 February . Telstar ended the season in 18th place , finishing ahead of relegated FC Oss on goal difference . Telstar . He played nine games in the 2009–10 season as Telstar rose to 14th place , and scored his first goal for the club in a 1–1 draw with Go Ahead Eagles on 29 April . However , he played just once in the 2011–12 campaign . He went on to secure a first team place in the 2012–13 season , and played 31 games as the White Lions posted a 14th-place finish in the league . He scored four goals in 37 appearances in the 2013–14 campaign , helping Telstar to a 15th-place finish . Cambuur . He signed a one-year contract with Eredivisie ( first tier ) club Cambuur in May 2014 . He made 23 appearances throughout the 2014–15 campaign as the Yellow-Blues posted a 12th-place finish , and he signed a new one-year contract in March 2015 . He missed four months of the 2015–16 season with a knee injury picked up in early November , and underwent surgery to correct the problem . He played 15 games throughout the season , and scored twice ; once in a 2–2 draw with De Graafschap and the other in a 6–2 defeat at PSV Eindhoven . Cambuur were relegated in last place , and Mac-Intosch was released at the end of the season . Port Vale . In July 2016 , Mac-Intosch signed a two-year contract with English League One club Port Vale . He started two of the clubs opening three games of the 2016–17 season , but then went seven weeks without a game , and after being booked whilst the Valiants conceded two early goals he was substituted just 28 minutes into a 2–2 draw with Oxford United at Vale Park on 22 October . He started just three league games despite being named in the matchday squad 22 times as the form of Nathan Smith and Remie Streete left him with limited first team opportunities , and he left the club by mutual consent in January 2017 shortly after Michael Brown succeeded Bruno Ribeiro as manager . Almere City . Mac-Intosch returned to the Eerste Divisie following his spell in England and signed a one-and-half year contract with Jack de Giers Almere City in January 2017 . He scored three goals in 13 games to help the Sheepheads qualify for the play-offs at the end of the 2016–17 season . However they exited the play-offs at the first round following a 6–2 aggregate defeat to Helmond Sport . Citys aim for the 2017–18 season was to again reach the play-offs . They succeeded in their aim but manager still stated he was not satisfied with the defence and de Gier did not extend his contract at the club . Notodden . He joined Norwegian 1 . divisjon side Notodden midway through the 2018 season . Fortuna Sittard . On 20 February 2019 , Mac-Intosch signed a contract with Eredivisie club Fortuna Sittard to run until the end of the 2018–19 season , following a successful trial spell ; he joined the club after a wave of injuries to central defenders which left Wessel Dammers , Anthony Syhre , Kai Heerings and Branislav Niňaj unavailable . Return to Cambuur . On 24 May 2019 , Mac-Intosch signed a two-year contract , with an option for a further year , at former club Cambuur . Technical manager Foeke Booy said that he was a stable and reliable player . At the time the 2019–20 season was halted due to the COVID-19 pandemic in the Netherlands , Cambuur were top of the Eerste Divisie and Mac-Intosch was credited with leading the defensive line as they also boasted the best defensive record in the division . The Royal Dutch Football Association ( KNVB ) ruled that Cambuur would not be promoted , despite the club sitting 11 points ahead of the play-off places . Manager Henk de Jong called the decision the greatest disgrace ever in Dutch sport . Mac-Intosch made 37 appearances in the 2020–21 season , helping Cambuur to win promotion as Eerste Divisie title winners . The club celebrated with a helicopter ride , though Mac-Intosch declined to go on the trip , stating that I think [ it is ] too much . But I saw some videos of the guys and they seemed to enjoy it , so I enjoy as well then . To be honest , I thought it would be military helicopter , but it [ looks ] somewhat old-fashioned . You know ; I am fine in an airplane but a helicopter.. . hmm , not for me . Style of play . In December 2014 , he was described as a dark Jaap Stam by FOX Sports analyst Jan van Halst . Mac-Intosch responded by saying I wouldnt say that . Im just Calvin Mac-Intosch , and stated that though he was a tough centre-back , he was not overly rough . Personal life . Born in the Netherlands , Mac-Intosh is of Surinamese descent .
|
[
"SC Telstar"
] |
[
{
"text": " Calvin Leonard Mac-Intosch ( born 9 August 1989 ) is a Dutch professional footballer who plays as a centre back for Eerste Divisie side SC Cambuur .",
"title": "Calvin Mac-Intosch"
},
{
"text": "A former youth team player at Ajax , he turned professional at HFC Haarlem in 2009 . Following Haarlems bankruptcy in January 2010 , he moved on to SC Telstar . He spent four full seasons at Telstar , and made 91 league and cup appearances , before he moved up to the Eredivisie to play for SC Cambuur in May 2014 . He signed with English club Port Vale in July 2016 . He returned to the Netherlands to play for Almere City in January 2017 . He joined Norwegian side Notodden in 2018 , before again returning to",
"title": "Calvin Mac-Intosch"
},
{
"text": "Netherlands to sign for Fortuna Sittard in February 2019 . He rejoined former club Cambuur in May 2019 and helped them to win the Eerste Divisie title in the 2020–21 season .",
"title": "Calvin Mac-Intosch"
},
{
"text": "Mac-Intosch spent 12 years at the Academy at Ajax and carried the club logo on the pitch during the 1998 UEFA Champions League final at the Amsterdam Arena . However he struggled with injuries and never featured in a first-team game . He joined Haarlem in June 2009 , having been released by Ajax . He made his first team debut for Haarlem against SC Veendam at Haarlem Stadion on 7 August 2009 . He scored his first goal for the club 17 days later against AGOVV Apeldoorn . On 30 October , he was sent off against FC Eindhoven",
"title": "Haarlem"
},
{
"text": ". On 13 December , he received the second red card of his career against FC Volendam at the Kras Stadion . He made a total of 22 Eerste Divisie ( second tier ) appearances for Haarlem before the club were made bankrupt and dissolved midway through the 2009–10 season . He quickly found a new club , ending the season with Telstar . He featured 13 times for Telstar , and received the third red card of his season in a 1–0 defeat to PEC Zwolle at the IJsseldelta Stadion on 12 February . Telstar ended the season in",
"title": "Haarlem"
},
{
"text": "18th place , finishing ahead of relegated FC Oss on goal difference .",
"title": "Haarlem"
},
{
"text": " He played nine games in the 2009–10 season as Telstar rose to 14th place , and scored his first goal for the club in a 1–1 draw with Go Ahead Eagles on 29 April . However , he played just once in the 2011–12 campaign . He went on to secure a first team place in the 2012–13 season , and played 31 games as the White Lions posted a 14th-place finish in the league . He scored four goals in 37 appearances in the 2013–14 campaign , helping Telstar to a 15th-place finish .",
"title": "Telstar"
},
{
"text": "He signed a one-year contract with Eredivisie ( first tier ) club Cambuur in May 2014 . He made 23 appearances throughout the 2014–15 campaign as the Yellow-Blues posted a 12th-place finish , and he signed a new one-year contract in March 2015 . He missed four months of the 2015–16 season with a knee injury picked up in early November , and underwent surgery to correct the problem . He played 15 games throughout the season , and scored twice ; once in a 2–2 draw with De Graafschap and the other in a 6–2 defeat at PSV Eindhoven",
"title": "Cambuur"
},
{
"text": ". Cambuur were relegated in last place , and Mac-Intosch was released at the end of the season .",
"title": "Cambuur"
},
{
"text": "In July 2016 , Mac-Intosch signed a two-year contract with English League One club Port Vale . He started two of the clubs opening three games of the 2016–17 season , but then went seven weeks without a game , and after being booked whilst the Valiants conceded two early goals he was substituted just 28 minutes into a 2–2 draw with Oxford United at Vale Park on 22 October . He started just three league games despite being named in the matchday squad 22 times as the form of Nathan Smith and Remie Streete left him with limited first",
"title": "Port Vale"
},
{
"text": "team opportunities , and he left the club by mutual consent in January 2017 shortly after Michael Brown succeeded Bruno Ribeiro as manager .",
"title": "Port Vale"
},
{
"text": "Mac-Intosch returned to the Eerste Divisie following his spell in England and signed a one-and-half year contract with Jack de Giers Almere City in January 2017 . He scored three goals in 13 games to help the Sheepheads qualify for the play-offs at the end of the 2016–17 season . However they exited the play-offs at the first round following a 6–2 aggregate defeat to Helmond Sport . Citys aim for the 2017–18 season was to again reach the play-offs . They succeeded in their aim but manager still stated he was not satisfied with the defence and de Gier",
"title": "Almere City"
},
{
"text": "did not extend his contract at the club .",
"title": "Almere City"
},
{
"text": " On 20 February 2019 , Mac-Intosch signed a contract with Eredivisie club Fortuna Sittard to run until the end of the 2018–19 season , following a successful trial spell ; he joined the club after a wave of injuries to central defenders which left Wessel Dammers , Anthony Syhre , Kai Heerings and Branislav Niňaj unavailable .",
"title": "Fortuna Sittard"
},
{
"text": "On 24 May 2019 , Mac-Intosch signed a two-year contract , with an option for a further year , at former club Cambuur . Technical manager Foeke Booy said that he was a stable and reliable player . At the time the 2019–20 season was halted due to the COVID-19 pandemic in the Netherlands , Cambuur were top of the Eerste Divisie and Mac-Intosch was credited with leading the defensive line as they also boasted the best defensive record in the division . The Royal Dutch Football Association ( KNVB ) ruled that Cambuur would not be promoted , despite",
"title": "Return to Cambuur"
},
{
"text": "the club sitting 11 points ahead of the play-off places . Manager Henk de Jong called the decision the greatest disgrace ever in Dutch sport . Mac-Intosch made 37 appearances in the 2020–21 season , helping Cambuur to win promotion as Eerste Divisie title winners . The club celebrated with a helicopter ride , though Mac-Intosch declined to go on the trip , stating that I think [ it is ] too much . But I saw some videos of the guys and they seemed to enjoy it , so I enjoy as well then . To be honest ,",
"title": "Return to Cambuur"
},
{
"text": "I thought it would be military helicopter , but it [ looks ] somewhat old-fashioned . You know ; I am fine in an airplane but a helicopter.. . hmm , not for me .",
"title": "Return to Cambuur"
},
{
"text": " In December 2014 , he was described as a dark Jaap Stam by FOX Sports analyst Jan van Halst . Mac-Intosch responded by saying I wouldnt say that . Im just Calvin Mac-Intosch , and stated that though he was a tough centre-back , he was not overly rough .",
"title": "Style of play"
},
{
"text": " Born in the Netherlands , Mac-Intosh is of Surinamese descent .",
"title": "Personal life"
}
] |
/wiki/Calvin_Mac-Intosch#P54#2
|
Calvin Mac-Intosch played for which team in Oct 2014?
|
Calvin Mac-Intosch Calvin Leonard Mac-Intosch ( born 9 August 1989 ) is a Dutch professional footballer who plays as a centre back for Eerste Divisie side SC Cambuur . A former youth team player at Ajax , he turned professional at HFC Haarlem in 2009 . Following Haarlems bankruptcy in January 2010 , he moved on to SC Telstar . He spent four full seasons at Telstar , and made 91 league and cup appearances , before he moved up to the Eredivisie to play for SC Cambuur in May 2014 . He signed with English club Port Vale in July 2016 . He returned to the Netherlands to play for Almere City in January 2017 . He joined Norwegian side Notodden in 2018 , before again returning to Netherlands to sign for Fortuna Sittard in February 2019 . He rejoined former club Cambuur in May 2019 and helped them to win the Eerste Divisie title in the 2020–21 season . Career . Haarlem . Mac-Intosch spent 12 years at the Academy at Ajax and carried the club logo on the pitch during the 1998 UEFA Champions League final at the Amsterdam Arena . However he struggled with injuries and never featured in a first-team game . He joined Haarlem in June 2009 , having been released by Ajax . He made his first team debut for Haarlem against SC Veendam at Haarlem Stadion on 7 August 2009 . He scored his first goal for the club 17 days later against AGOVV Apeldoorn . On 30 October , he was sent off against FC Eindhoven . On 13 December , he received the second red card of his career against FC Volendam at the Kras Stadion . He made a total of 22 Eerste Divisie ( second tier ) appearances for Haarlem before the club were made bankrupt and dissolved midway through the 2009–10 season . He quickly found a new club , ending the season with Telstar . He featured 13 times for Telstar , and received the third red card of his season in a 1–0 defeat to PEC Zwolle at the IJsseldelta Stadion on 12 February . Telstar ended the season in 18th place , finishing ahead of relegated FC Oss on goal difference . Telstar . He played nine games in the 2009–10 season as Telstar rose to 14th place , and scored his first goal for the club in a 1–1 draw with Go Ahead Eagles on 29 April . However , he played just once in the 2011–12 campaign . He went on to secure a first team place in the 2012–13 season , and played 31 games as the White Lions posted a 14th-place finish in the league . He scored four goals in 37 appearances in the 2013–14 campaign , helping Telstar to a 15th-place finish . Cambuur . He signed a one-year contract with Eredivisie ( first tier ) club Cambuur in May 2014 . He made 23 appearances throughout the 2014–15 campaign as the Yellow-Blues posted a 12th-place finish , and he signed a new one-year contract in March 2015 . He missed four months of the 2015–16 season with a knee injury picked up in early November , and underwent surgery to correct the problem . He played 15 games throughout the season , and scored twice ; once in a 2–2 draw with De Graafschap and the other in a 6–2 defeat at PSV Eindhoven . Cambuur were relegated in last place , and Mac-Intosch was released at the end of the season . Port Vale . In July 2016 , Mac-Intosch signed a two-year contract with English League One club Port Vale . He started two of the clubs opening three games of the 2016–17 season , but then went seven weeks without a game , and after being booked whilst the Valiants conceded two early goals he was substituted just 28 minutes into a 2–2 draw with Oxford United at Vale Park on 22 October . He started just three league games despite being named in the matchday squad 22 times as the form of Nathan Smith and Remie Streete left him with limited first team opportunities , and he left the club by mutual consent in January 2017 shortly after Michael Brown succeeded Bruno Ribeiro as manager . Almere City . Mac-Intosch returned to the Eerste Divisie following his spell in England and signed a one-and-half year contract with Jack de Giers Almere City in January 2017 . He scored three goals in 13 games to help the Sheepheads qualify for the play-offs at the end of the 2016–17 season . However they exited the play-offs at the first round following a 6–2 aggregate defeat to Helmond Sport . Citys aim for the 2017–18 season was to again reach the play-offs . They succeeded in their aim but manager still stated he was not satisfied with the defence and de Gier did not extend his contract at the club . Notodden . He joined Norwegian 1 . divisjon side Notodden midway through the 2018 season . Fortuna Sittard . On 20 February 2019 , Mac-Intosch signed a contract with Eredivisie club Fortuna Sittard to run until the end of the 2018–19 season , following a successful trial spell ; he joined the club after a wave of injuries to central defenders which left Wessel Dammers , Anthony Syhre , Kai Heerings and Branislav Niňaj unavailable . Return to Cambuur . On 24 May 2019 , Mac-Intosch signed a two-year contract , with an option for a further year , at former club Cambuur . Technical manager Foeke Booy said that he was a stable and reliable player . At the time the 2019–20 season was halted due to the COVID-19 pandemic in the Netherlands , Cambuur were top of the Eerste Divisie and Mac-Intosch was credited with leading the defensive line as they also boasted the best defensive record in the division . The Royal Dutch Football Association ( KNVB ) ruled that Cambuur would not be promoted , despite the club sitting 11 points ahead of the play-off places . Manager Henk de Jong called the decision the greatest disgrace ever in Dutch sport . Mac-Intosch made 37 appearances in the 2020–21 season , helping Cambuur to win promotion as Eerste Divisie title winners . The club celebrated with a helicopter ride , though Mac-Intosch declined to go on the trip , stating that I think [ it is ] too much . But I saw some videos of the guys and they seemed to enjoy it , so I enjoy as well then . To be honest , I thought it would be military helicopter , but it [ looks ] somewhat old-fashioned . You know ; I am fine in an airplane but a helicopter.. . hmm , not for me . Style of play . In December 2014 , he was described as a dark Jaap Stam by FOX Sports analyst Jan van Halst . Mac-Intosch responded by saying I wouldnt say that . Im just Calvin Mac-Intosch , and stated that though he was a tough centre-back , he was not overly rough . Personal life . Born in the Netherlands , Mac-Intosh is of Surinamese descent .
|
[
"SC Cambuur"
] |
[
{
"text": " Calvin Leonard Mac-Intosch ( born 9 August 1989 ) is a Dutch professional footballer who plays as a centre back for Eerste Divisie side SC Cambuur .",
"title": "Calvin Mac-Intosch"
},
{
"text": "A former youth team player at Ajax , he turned professional at HFC Haarlem in 2009 . Following Haarlems bankruptcy in January 2010 , he moved on to SC Telstar . He spent four full seasons at Telstar , and made 91 league and cup appearances , before he moved up to the Eredivisie to play for SC Cambuur in May 2014 . He signed with English club Port Vale in July 2016 . He returned to the Netherlands to play for Almere City in January 2017 . He joined Norwegian side Notodden in 2018 , before again returning to",
"title": "Calvin Mac-Intosch"
},
{
"text": "Netherlands to sign for Fortuna Sittard in February 2019 . He rejoined former club Cambuur in May 2019 and helped them to win the Eerste Divisie title in the 2020–21 season .",
"title": "Calvin Mac-Intosch"
},
{
"text": "Mac-Intosch spent 12 years at the Academy at Ajax and carried the club logo on the pitch during the 1998 UEFA Champions League final at the Amsterdam Arena . However he struggled with injuries and never featured in a first-team game . He joined Haarlem in June 2009 , having been released by Ajax . He made his first team debut for Haarlem against SC Veendam at Haarlem Stadion on 7 August 2009 . He scored his first goal for the club 17 days later against AGOVV Apeldoorn . On 30 October , he was sent off against FC Eindhoven",
"title": "Haarlem"
},
{
"text": ". On 13 December , he received the second red card of his career against FC Volendam at the Kras Stadion . He made a total of 22 Eerste Divisie ( second tier ) appearances for Haarlem before the club were made bankrupt and dissolved midway through the 2009–10 season . He quickly found a new club , ending the season with Telstar . He featured 13 times for Telstar , and received the third red card of his season in a 1–0 defeat to PEC Zwolle at the IJsseldelta Stadion on 12 February . Telstar ended the season in",
"title": "Haarlem"
},
{
"text": "18th place , finishing ahead of relegated FC Oss on goal difference .",
"title": "Haarlem"
},
{
"text": " He played nine games in the 2009–10 season as Telstar rose to 14th place , and scored his first goal for the club in a 1–1 draw with Go Ahead Eagles on 29 April . However , he played just once in the 2011–12 campaign . He went on to secure a first team place in the 2012–13 season , and played 31 games as the White Lions posted a 14th-place finish in the league . He scored four goals in 37 appearances in the 2013–14 campaign , helping Telstar to a 15th-place finish .",
"title": "Telstar"
},
{
"text": "He signed a one-year contract with Eredivisie ( first tier ) club Cambuur in May 2014 . He made 23 appearances throughout the 2014–15 campaign as the Yellow-Blues posted a 12th-place finish , and he signed a new one-year contract in March 2015 . He missed four months of the 2015–16 season with a knee injury picked up in early November , and underwent surgery to correct the problem . He played 15 games throughout the season , and scored twice ; once in a 2–2 draw with De Graafschap and the other in a 6–2 defeat at PSV Eindhoven",
"title": "Cambuur"
},
{
"text": ". Cambuur were relegated in last place , and Mac-Intosch was released at the end of the season .",
"title": "Cambuur"
},
{
"text": "In July 2016 , Mac-Intosch signed a two-year contract with English League One club Port Vale . He started two of the clubs opening three games of the 2016–17 season , but then went seven weeks without a game , and after being booked whilst the Valiants conceded two early goals he was substituted just 28 minutes into a 2–2 draw with Oxford United at Vale Park on 22 October . He started just three league games despite being named in the matchday squad 22 times as the form of Nathan Smith and Remie Streete left him with limited first",
"title": "Port Vale"
},
{
"text": "team opportunities , and he left the club by mutual consent in January 2017 shortly after Michael Brown succeeded Bruno Ribeiro as manager .",
"title": "Port Vale"
},
{
"text": "Mac-Intosch returned to the Eerste Divisie following his spell in England and signed a one-and-half year contract with Jack de Giers Almere City in January 2017 . He scored three goals in 13 games to help the Sheepheads qualify for the play-offs at the end of the 2016–17 season . However they exited the play-offs at the first round following a 6–2 aggregate defeat to Helmond Sport . Citys aim for the 2017–18 season was to again reach the play-offs . They succeeded in their aim but manager still stated he was not satisfied with the defence and de Gier",
"title": "Almere City"
},
{
"text": "did not extend his contract at the club .",
"title": "Almere City"
},
{
"text": " On 20 February 2019 , Mac-Intosch signed a contract with Eredivisie club Fortuna Sittard to run until the end of the 2018–19 season , following a successful trial spell ; he joined the club after a wave of injuries to central defenders which left Wessel Dammers , Anthony Syhre , Kai Heerings and Branislav Niňaj unavailable .",
"title": "Fortuna Sittard"
},
{
"text": "On 24 May 2019 , Mac-Intosch signed a two-year contract , with an option for a further year , at former club Cambuur . Technical manager Foeke Booy said that he was a stable and reliable player . At the time the 2019–20 season was halted due to the COVID-19 pandemic in the Netherlands , Cambuur were top of the Eerste Divisie and Mac-Intosch was credited with leading the defensive line as they also boasted the best defensive record in the division . The Royal Dutch Football Association ( KNVB ) ruled that Cambuur would not be promoted , despite",
"title": "Return to Cambuur"
},
{
"text": "the club sitting 11 points ahead of the play-off places . Manager Henk de Jong called the decision the greatest disgrace ever in Dutch sport . Mac-Intosch made 37 appearances in the 2020–21 season , helping Cambuur to win promotion as Eerste Divisie title winners . The club celebrated with a helicopter ride , though Mac-Intosch declined to go on the trip , stating that I think [ it is ] too much . But I saw some videos of the guys and they seemed to enjoy it , so I enjoy as well then . To be honest ,",
"title": "Return to Cambuur"
},
{
"text": "I thought it would be military helicopter , but it [ looks ] somewhat old-fashioned . You know ; I am fine in an airplane but a helicopter.. . hmm , not for me .",
"title": "Return to Cambuur"
},
{
"text": " In December 2014 , he was described as a dark Jaap Stam by FOX Sports analyst Jan van Halst . Mac-Intosch responded by saying I wouldnt say that . Im just Calvin Mac-Intosch , and stated that though he was a tough centre-back , he was not overly rough .",
"title": "Style of play"
},
{
"text": " Born in the Netherlands , Mac-Intosh is of Surinamese descent .",
"title": "Personal life"
}
] |
/wiki/S.P.A.L.#P286#0
|
Who was the head coach of the team S.P.A.L. between Sep 2014 and Dec 2014?
|
S.P.A.L . Società Polisportiva Ars et Labor , commonly known as S.P.A.L . ( ) , is a professional football club based in Ferrara , Emilia-Romagna , Italy . The team plays in Serie B , the second tier of the Italian football league system . Founded in 1907 , since 1928 they have played their home matches at Stadio Paolo Mazza , named after Paolo Mazza ( chairman of the club 1946–1977 ) . In total , SPAL have participated in 24 top-tier , 26 second-tier , 41 third-tier , 7 fourth-tier and 1 fifth-tier league seasons . The clubs best finish was when they came fifth in the 1959–60 Serie A ; they also reached the 1961–62 Coppa Italia final . The club is owned by Vetroresina S.p.A . and chaired by Walter Mattioli . The current manager is Massimo Rastelli . History . From foundation to World War II . The club was founded in March 1907 as Circolo Ars et Labor ( latin for Art and Work Club ) by the Salesian priest Pietro Acerbis . In the early stages , it was mainly a cultural and religious association , then in 1913 it became a multi-sports company , taking the name of Società Polisportiva Ars et Labor ( SPAL ) . The team began its professional activity under the aegis of the Italian Football Federation ( Federazione Italiana Giuoco Calcio ) in 1919 , competing in the second-tier tournament . SPAL played in the top flight league from 1920 to 1925 , reaching the qualification playoff for the National Finals in 1921–22 . From 1925 until the Second World War , they played in Serie B and Serie C : in this period , the clubs all-time top striker Mario Romani scored 130 goals in 189 games during two different periods with the white-blues ( 1925–32 and 1937–38 ) . Between 1939 and 1943 the club temporarily changed its name to A.C . Ferrara , wearing the black and white colours of the city . After the suspension of the championships due to war , in 1945 the club returned to the name SPAL and to the light blue and white kits . The golden period in Serie A . In 1946 Paolo Mazza became chairman of the club . After five consecutive seasons in Serie B , SPAL won promotion to Serie A after finishing the championship first in 1950–51 . The white-blues subsequently stayed in the top division for most of the 1950s and 1960s , competing in 16 out of 17 Serie A seasons from 1951 to 1968 . SPAL finished fifth in 1959–60 , thus obtaining the best finish in its history . Also , in 1961–62 they played in the Coppa Italia final , losing against Napoli . In the early stages of 1962–63 season , in which the club finished in eighth place , the white and blues managed to reach the top of the league table . During those years , the club was a launchpad for many young players who became stars , among them Fabio Capello . In 1963–64 they were relegated to Serie B , but they came back to Serie A after only one year , and remained in the top division until 1968 . At the end of the last season in the top flight , SPAL won the Cup of Italian-Swiss Friendship . From 1970s to 21st century . During 1970s , 1980s and 1990s SPAL played mostly in Serie B and Serie C/C1 . Paolo Mazza quit the presidency in December 1976 and was replaced by Primo Mazzanti . The former chairman died in December 1981 and three months later Ferraras Stadio Comunale was named after him . In 1990 , Giovanni Donigaglia became chairman of the club : between 1990 and 1992 SPAL obtained back-to-back promotions from Serie C2 to Serie B , under the management of Giovan Battista Fabbri . Donigaglia left the presidency in 2002 with the squad in Serie C1 . He was replaced by Lino di Nardo . Recent years . The club went bankrupt in 2005 , and were reformed as SPAL 1907 S.r.l. , under the terms of Article 52 of N.O.I.F. . In the summer of 2012 , after suffering a second bankruptcy , the club was refounded for the second time as Società Sportiva Dilettantistica Real SPAL and would begin life in Serie D again under Article 52 of N.O.I.F. . At the end of the 2012–13 season the club took back its original name . Giacomense , a club founded in 1967 at Masi San Giacomo , a frazione of Masi Torello , had moved to the city of Ferrara ; on 12 July 2013 , owner Roberto Benasciutti made a deal with the Colombarini family for a merger between SPAL and Giacomense , with the latter giving its sports title to SPAL and continuing to play in Ferrara . The club changed its name to S.P.A.L . 2013 , in order to continue the football history of SPAL . They finished the 2013–14 Lega Pro Seconda Divisione season in sixth place , thus qualifying for the inaugural unified 2014–15 Lega Pro season . In 2015–16 , the squad won promotion to Serie B for the first time since the 1992–93 season , after finishing first in group B of the Lega Pro . The following year they came first in Serie B , thus obtaining promotion to Serie A after a 49-year absence . In their first season back in Serie A , SPAL avoided relegation by finishing in 17th place . At the end of the 2018–19 season they confirmed their presence in the top flight for a third consecutive year , finishing 13th . The club had mixed fortunes in the 2019–2020 season and , after gaining just 15 points in 23 games , coach Leonardo Semplici was dismissed in February 2020 , replaced by Luigi Di Biagio . SPAL were relegated to Serie B , finishing in last place with 20 points . The club reached the 2020–21 Coppa Italia quarter-finals , becoming the only team from Serie B to advance to that stage in the competition . Colours , badge and nicknames . The teams colours are light blue and white , which derive from the Salesians emblem . The home kit , since 1962 , has been composed of a vertical striped light blue-white shirt , white trainers and white socks . The only exception to light blue and white was when the club adopted a black and white kit between 1939 and 1943 ( when it was named A.C . Ferrara ) , in honour of Ferraras civic colours . Currently the badge features an oval-shaped light blue escutcheon , with a white band in the upper section , on which is written the acronym S.P.A.L . in golden characters . Also , in the lower section , the black and white emblem of the city is featured . From 1980 until mid-1990s the official badge featured a fawn , another symbol of the club . SPALs most common nicknames are Biancazzurri ( from the club colours , light blue and white ) and Estensi ( from the House of Este , ancient European noble dynasty that ruled Ferrara from 1240 to 1597 ) . Stadium . - Campo di Piazza dArmi ( 1919–28 ) - Stadio Paolo Mazza ( 1928– ) The current home ground of SPAL is the 16,134 seater Stadio Paolo Mazza . The stadium was opened in September 1928 as Stadio Comunale , then took on its current name in February 1982 , in honour of the former president of the club Paolo Mazza , who died two months earlier . Initially it had a capacity of 4,000 . Then , in concomitance with the promotion of SPAL to Serie A , in 1951 it was subjected to a heavy restructuring that brought capacity to 25,000 . Between 1960s and 1980s it was renovated again , reducing the number of possible spectators to 22,000 until the mid-2000s . From 2005 to 2016 the capacity was limited to 7,500 due to safety reasons and cost containment . In 2016–17 , after the clubs promotion to Serie B and then to Serie A , the stadium was restructured again to match the modern needs of comfort and safety . In the summer of 2018 a further remodeling took place , in order to bring the stadium capacity from 13,135 seats to 16,134 . Sponsors . Kit sponsors . - 1981–86 : Adidas - 1986–87 : Marix - 1987–89 : Fitness - 1989–91 : WBS - 1991–04 : Asics - 2004–05 : Zeus - 2005–09 : Legea - 2009–10 : Asics - 2010–12 : Givova - 2012–13 : Legea - 2013–16 : Erreà - 2016–17 : HS Football - 2017–21 : Macron Official sponsors . - 1981–82 : Sauber - 1982–89 : Cassa di Risparmio di Ferrara - 1989–90 : Cassa di Risparmio di Ferrara , Ravani Acciai - 1990–05 : Cassa di Risparmio di Ferrara - 2005–08 : Cassa di Risparmio di Ferrara , Tomasi Case - 2008–09 : Cassa di Risparmio di Ferrara - 2009–10 : Cassa di Risparmio di Ferrara , Lega del Filo dOro - 2010–11 : Cassa di Risparmio di Ferrara , Trasea - 2011–13 : Cassa di Risparmio di Ferrara - 2013–15 : Vetroresina , Veneto Banca - 2015–16 : Vetroresina , Reale Mutua , BMW ErreEffe Group - 2016–17 : Vetroresina , Magnadyne , 958 Santero , BMW ErreEffe Group - 2017–18 : InterSpar , Tassi Group , BMW ErreEffe Group - 2018–19 : Tassi Group , BMW ErreEffe Group , Pentaferte - 2019–20 : Omega Group , Krifi Caffè , OrOil , VB Impianti , Errebi Technology , Pentaferte - 2020–21 : Omega Group , Adamant BioNRG , Errebi Technology , Pentaferte Players . Notable former players . - Mario Astorri - Osvaldo Bagnoli - Gastone Bean - Savino Bellini - Niels Bennike - Ottavio Bianchi - Alberto Bigon - Kevin Bonifazi - Marco Borriello - Gianfranco Bozzao - Ottavio Bugatti - Ruben Buriani - Fabio Capello - Lucas Castro - Sergio Cervato - Dante Crippa - Carlo DellOmodarme - Luigi Delneri - Beniamino Di Giacomo - Dan Ekner - Bülent Esel - Felipe Dal Bello - Mohamed Fares - Matteo Ferrari - Adolfo Gori - Matthew Kemp - Jasmin Kurtić - Manuel Lazzari - Saul Malatrasi - Thomas Manfredini - Alex Meret - Egidio Morbello - Marco Nappi - Fulvio Nesti - Oscar Massei - Dante Micheli - Egisto Pandolfini - Michele Paramatti - Fausto Pari - Luigi Pasetti - Sergio Pellissier - Andrea Petagna - Armando Picchi - Gennaro Olivieri - Alberto Orlando - Dion Ørnvold - Edoardo Reja - Mario Romani - Nils-Åke Sandell - Andy Selva - David Sesa - Abdon Sgarbi - Mirko Valdifiori - Carl Valeri - Emiliano Viviano - Erwin Waldner - Franco Zaglio Captains . Below a chronological list of SPAL captains since 1950 . Chairmen history . SPAL have had several presidents ( chairmen ) ( or ) over the course of their history . Some of them have been the main shareholder of the club . The longest-serving chairman is Paolo Mazza . Managerial history . SPAL have had many managers and head coaches throughout their history , below is a chronological list of them . Honours . Domestic . League titles . - Serie B - Winners ( 2 ) : 1950–51 , 2016–17 - Serie C / Serie C1 / Lega Pro - Winners ( 5 ) : 1937–38 , 1972–73 , 1977–78 , 1991–92 , 2015–16 - Runners-up ( 5 ) : 1941–42 , 1942–43 , 1969–70 , 1970–71 , 1995–96 - Serie C2 - Winners ( 1 ) : 1997–98 - Runners-up ( 1 ) : 1990–91 Cups . - Coppa Italia - Runners-up ( 1 ) : 1961–62 - Coppa Italia Serie C - Winners ( 1 ) : 1998–99 - Runners-up ( 1 ) : 1988–89 - Supercoppa di Serie C / Lega Pro - Winners ( 1 ) : 2016 European . - Cup of Italian-Swiss Friendship - Winners ( 1 ) : 1968 Youth . - Campionato Primavera B - Winners ( 1 ) : 1964–65 Divisional movements . ✟= Relegation due to bankruptcy . External links . - Official Site
|
[
""
] |
[
{
"text": " Società Polisportiva Ars et Labor , commonly known as S.P.A.L . ( ) , is a professional football club based in Ferrara , Emilia-Romagna , Italy . The team plays in Serie B , the second tier of the Italian football league system . Founded in 1907 , since 1928 they have played their home matches at Stadio Paolo Mazza , named after Paolo Mazza ( chairman of the club 1946–1977 ) .",
"title": "S.P.A.L ."
},
{
"text": "In total , SPAL have participated in 24 top-tier , 26 second-tier , 41 third-tier , 7 fourth-tier and 1 fifth-tier league seasons . The clubs best finish was when they came fifth in the 1959–60 Serie A ; they also reached the 1961–62 Coppa Italia final .",
"title": "S.P.A.L ."
},
{
"text": " The club is owned by Vetroresina S.p.A . and chaired by Walter Mattioli . The current manager is Massimo Rastelli .",
"title": "S.P.A.L ."
},
{
"text": " From foundation to World War II . The club was founded in March 1907 as Circolo Ars et Labor ( latin for Art and Work Club ) by the Salesian priest Pietro Acerbis . In the early stages , it was mainly a cultural and religious association , then in 1913 it became a multi-sports company , taking the name of Società Polisportiva Ars et Labor ( SPAL ) . The team began its professional activity under the aegis of the Italian Football Federation ( Federazione Italiana Giuoco Calcio ) in 1919 , competing in the second-tier tournament .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "SPAL played in the top flight league from 1920 to 1925 , reaching the qualification playoff for the National Finals in 1921–22 . From 1925 until the Second World War , they played in Serie B and Serie C : in this period , the clubs all-time top striker Mario Romani scored 130 goals in 189 games during two different periods with the white-blues ( 1925–32 and 1937–38 ) .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " Between 1939 and 1943 the club temporarily changed its name to A.C . Ferrara , wearing the black and white colours of the city . After the suspension of the championships due to war , in 1945 the club returned to the name SPAL and to the light blue and white kits . The golden period in Serie A .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "In 1946 Paolo Mazza became chairman of the club . After five consecutive seasons in Serie B , SPAL won promotion to Serie A after finishing the championship first in 1950–51 . The white-blues subsequently stayed in the top division for most of the 1950s and 1960s , competing in 16 out of 17 Serie A seasons from 1951 to 1968 .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " SPAL finished fifth in 1959–60 , thus obtaining the best finish in its history . Also , in 1961–62 they played in the Coppa Italia final , losing against Napoli . In the early stages of 1962–63 season , in which the club finished in eighth place , the white and blues managed to reach the top of the league table . During those years , the club was a launchpad for many young players who became stars , among them Fabio Capello .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "In 1963–64 they were relegated to Serie B , but they came back to Serie A after only one year , and remained in the top division until 1968 . At the end of the last season in the top flight , SPAL won the Cup of Italian-Swiss Friendship .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " From 1970s to 21st century . During 1970s , 1980s and 1990s SPAL played mostly in Serie B and Serie C/C1 . Paolo Mazza quit the presidency in December 1976 and was replaced by Primo Mazzanti . The former chairman died in December 1981 and three months later Ferraras Stadio Comunale was named after him .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "In 1990 , Giovanni Donigaglia became chairman of the club : between 1990 and 1992 SPAL obtained back-to-back promotions from Serie C2 to Serie B , under the management of Giovan Battista Fabbri . Donigaglia left the presidency in 2002 with the squad in Serie C1 . He was replaced by Lino di Nardo .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " The club went bankrupt in 2005 , and were reformed as SPAL 1907 S.r.l. , under the terms of Article 52 of N.O.I.F. . In the summer of 2012 , after suffering a second bankruptcy , the club was refounded for the second time as Società Sportiva Dilettantistica Real SPAL and would begin life in Serie D again under Article 52 of N.O.I.F. .",
"title": "Recent years"
},
{
"text": "At the end of the 2012–13 season the club took back its original name . Giacomense , a club founded in 1967 at Masi San Giacomo , a frazione of Masi Torello , had moved to the city of Ferrara ; on 12 July 2013 , owner Roberto Benasciutti made a deal with the Colombarini family for a merger between SPAL and Giacomense , with the latter giving its sports title to SPAL and continuing to play in Ferrara . The club changed its name to S.P.A.L . 2013 , in order to continue the football history of SPAL .",
"title": "Recent years"
},
{
"text": "They finished the 2013–14 Lega Pro Seconda Divisione season in sixth place , thus qualifying for the inaugural unified 2014–15 Lega Pro season .",
"title": "Recent years"
},
{
"text": " In 2015–16 , the squad won promotion to Serie B for the first time since the 1992–93 season , after finishing first in group B of the Lega Pro . The following year they came first in Serie B , thus obtaining promotion to Serie A after a 49-year absence .",
"title": "Recent years"
},
{
"text": "In their first season back in Serie A , SPAL avoided relegation by finishing in 17th place . At the end of the 2018–19 season they confirmed their presence in the top flight for a third consecutive year , finishing 13th . The club had mixed fortunes in the 2019–2020 season and , after gaining just 15 points in 23 games , coach Leonardo Semplici was dismissed in February 2020 , replaced by Luigi Di Biagio . SPAL were relegated to Serie B , finishing in last place with 20 points . The club reached the 2020–21 Coppa Italia quarter-finals",
"title": "Recent years"
},
{
"text": ", becoming the only team from Serie B to advance to that stage in the competition .",
"title": "Recent years"
},
{
"text": " Colours , badge and nicknames . The teams colours are light blue and white , which derive from the Salesians emblem . The home kit , since 1962 , has been composed of a vertical striped light blue-white shirt , white trainers and white socks . The only exception to light blue and white was when the club adopted a black and white kit between 1939 and 1943 ( when it was named A.C . Ferrara ) , in honour of Ferraras civic colours .",
"title": "Recent years"
},
{
"text": "Currently the badge features an oval-shaped light blue escutcheon , with a white band in the upper section , on which is written the acronym S.P.A.L . in golden characters . Also , in the lower section , the black and white emblem of the city is featured . From 1980 until mid-1990s the official badge featured a fawn , another symbol of the club .",
"title": "Recent years"
},
{
"text": " SPALs most common nicknames are Biancazzurri ( from the club colours , light blue and white ) and Estensi ( from the House of Este , ancient European noble dynasty that ruled Ferrara from 1240 to 1597 ) .",
"title": "Recent years"
},
{
"text": " - Campo di Piazza dArmi ( 1919–28 ) - Stadio Paolo Mazza ( 1928– ) The current home ground of SPAL is the 16,134 seater Stadio Paolo Mazza . The stadium was opened in September 1928 as Stadio Comunale , then took on its current name in February 1982 , in honour of the former president of the club Paolo Mazza , who died two months earlier .",
"title": "Stadium"
},
{
"text": "Initially it had a capacity of 4,000 . Then , in concomitance with the promotion of SPAL to Serie A , in 1951 it was subjected to a heavy restructuring that brought capacity to 25,000 . Between 1960s and 1980s it was renovated again , reducing the number of possible spectators to 22,000 until the mid-2000s .",
"title": "Stadium"
},
{
"text": " From 2005 to 2016 the capacity was limited to 7,500 due to safety reasons and cost containment . In 2016–17 , after the clubs promotion to Serie B and then to Serie A , the stadium was restructured again to match the modern needs of comfort and safety . In the summer of 2018 a further remodeling took place , in order to bring the stadium capacity from 13,135 seats to 16,134 .",
"title": "Stadium"
},
{
"text": " - 1981–86 : Adidas - 1986–87 : Marix - 1987–89 : Fitness - 1989–91 : WBS - 1991–04 : Asics - 2004–05 : Zeus - 2005–09 : Legea - 2009–10 : Asics - 2010–12 : Givova - 2012–13 : Legea - 2013–16 : Erreà - 2016–17 : HS Football - 2017–21 : Macron",
"title": "Kit sponsors"
},
{
"text": " - 1981–82 : Sauber - 1982–89 : Cassa di Risparmio di Ferrara - 1989–90 : Cassa di Risparmio di Ferrara , Ravani Acciai - 1990–05 : Cassa di Risparmio di Ferrara - 2005–08 : Cassa di Risparmio di Ferrara , Tomasi Case - 2008–09 : Cassa di Risparmio di Ferrara - 2009–10 : Cassa di Risparmio di Ferrara , Lega del Filo dOro - 2010–11 : Cassa di Risparmio di Ferrara , Trasea - 2011–13 : Cassa di Risparmio di Ferrara - 2013–15 : Vetroresina , Veneto Banca - 2015–16 : Vetroresina , Reale Mutua , BMW ErreEffe Group",
"title": "Official sponsors"
},
{
"text": "- 2016–17 : Vetroresina , Magnadyne , 958 Santero , BMW ErreEffe Group",
"title": "Official sponsors"
},
{
"text": " - 2017–18 : InterSpar , Tassi Group , BMW ErreEffe Group - 2018–19 : Tassi Group , BMW ErreEffe Group , Pentaferte - 2019–20 : Omega Group , Krifi Caffè , OrOil , VB Impianti , Errebi Technology , Pentaferte - 2020–21 : Omega Group , Adamant BioNRG , Errebi Technology , Pentaferte",
"title": "Official sponsors"
},
{
"text": " - Mario Astorri - Osvaldo Bagnoli - Gastone Bean - Savino Bellini - Niels Bennike - Ottavio Bianchi - Alberto Bigon - Kevin Bonifazi - Marco Borriello - Gianfranco Bozzao - Ottavio Bugatti - Ruben Buriani - Fabio Capello - Lucas Castro - Sergio Cervato - Dante Crippa - Carlo DellOmodarme - Luigi Delneri - Beniamino Di Giacomo - Dan Ekner - Bülent Esel - Felipe Dal Bello - Mohamed Fares - Matteo Ferrari - Adolfo Gori - Matthew Kemp - Jasmin Kurtić - Manuel Lazzari - Saul Malatrasi - Thomas Manfredini - Alex Meret - Egidio Morbello",
"title": "Notable former players"
},
{
"text": "- Marco Nappi",
"title": "Notable former players"
},
{
"text": " - Fulvio Nesti - Oscar Massei - Dante Micheli - Egisto Pandolfini - Michele Paramatti - Fausto Pari - Luigi Pasetti - Sergio Pellissier - Andrea Petagna - Armando Picchi - Gennaro Olivieri - Alberto Orlando - Dion Ørnvold - Edoardo Reja - Mario Romani - Nils-Åke Sandell - Andy Selva - David Sesa - Abdon Sgarbi - Mirko Valdifiori - Carl Valeri - Emiliano Viviano - Erwin Waldner - Franco Zaglio",
"title": "Notable former players"
},
{
"text": " SPAL have had several presidents ( chairmen ) ( or ) over the course of their history . Some of them have been the main shareholder of the club . The longest-serving chairman is Paolo Mazza .",
"title": "Chairmen history"
},
{
"text": " SPAL have had many managers and head coaches throughout their history , below is a chronological list of them .",
"title": "Managerial history"
},
{
"text": " - Serie B - Winners ( 2 ) : 1950–51 , 2016–17 - Serie C / Serie C1 / Lega Pro - Winners ( 5 ) : 1937–38 , 1972–73 , 1977–78 , 1991–92 , 2015–16 - Runners-up ( 5 ) : 1941–42 , 1942–43 , 1969–70 , 1970–71 , 1995–96 - Serie C2 - Winners ( 1 ) : 1997–98 - Runners-up ( 1 ) : 1990–91",
"title": "League titles"
},
{
"text": " - Coppa Italia - Runners-up ( 1 ) : 1961–62 - Coppa Italia Serie C - Winners ( 1 ) : 1998–99 - Runners-up ( 1 ) : 1988–89 - Supercoppa di Serie C / Lega Pro - Winners ( 1 ) : 2016",
"title": "Cups"
},
{
"text": " - Official Site",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/S.P.A.L.#P286#1
|
Who was the head coach of the team S.P.A.L. in Apr 2019?
|
S.P.A.L . Società Polisportiva Ars et Labor , commonly known as S.P.A.L . ( ) , is a professional football club based in Ferrara , Emilia-Romagna , Italy . The team plays in Serie B , the second tier of the Italian football league system . Founded in 1907 , since 1928 they have played their home matches at Stadio Paolo Mazza , named after Paolo Mazza ( chairman of the club 1946–1977 ) . In total , SPAL have participated in 24 top-tier , 26 second-tier , 41 third-tier , 7 fourth-tier and 1 fifth-tier league seasons . The clubs best finish was when they came fifth in the 1959–60 Serie A ; they also reached the 1961–62 Coppa Italia final . The club is owned by Vetroresina S.p.A . and chaired by Walter Mattioli . The current manager is Massimo Rastelli . History . From foundation to World War II . The club was founded in March 1907 as Circolo Ars et Labor ( latin for Art and Work Club ) by the Salesian priest Pietro Acerbis . In the early stages , it was mainly a cultural and religious association , then in 1913 it became a multi-sports company , taking the name of Società Polisportiva Ars et Labor ( SPAL ) . The team began its professional activity under the aegis of the Italian Football Federation ( Federazione Italiana Giuoco Calcio ) in 1919 , competing in the second-tier tournament . SPAL played in the top flight league from 1920 to 1925 , reaching the qualification playoff for the National Finals in 1921–22 . From 1925 until the Second World War , they played in Serie B and Serie C : in this period , the clubs all-time top striker Mario Romani scored 130 goals in 189 games during two different periods with the white-blues ( 1925–32 and 1937–38 ) . Between 1939 and 1943 the club temporarily changed its name to A.C . Ferrara , wearing the black and white colours of the city . After the suspension of the championships due to war , in 1945 the club returned to the name SPAL and to the light blue and white kits . The golden period in Serie A . In 1946 Paolo Mazza became chairman of the club . After five consecutive seasons in Serie B , SPAL won promotion to Serie A after finishing the championship first in 1950–51 . The white-blues subsequently stayed in the top division for most of the 1950s and 1960s , competing in 16 out of 17 Serie A seasons from 1951 to 1968 . SPAL finished fifth in 1959–60 , thus obtaining the best finish in its history . Also , in 1961–62 they played in the Coppa Italia final , losing against Napoli . In the early stages of 1962–63 season , in which the club finished in eighth place , the white and blues managed to reach the top of the league table . During those years , the club was a launchpad for many young players who became stars , among them Fabio Capello . In 1963–64 they were relegated to Serie B , but they came back to Serie A after only one year , and remained in the top division until 1968 . At the end of the last season in the top flight , SPAL won the Cup of Italian-Swiss Friendship . From 1970s to 21st century . During 1970s , 1980s and 1990s SPAL played mostly in Serie B and Serie C/C1 . Paolo Mazza quit the presidency in December 1976 and was replaced by Primo Mazzanti . The former chairman died in December 1981 and three months later Ferraras Stadio Comunale was named after him . In 1990 , Giovanni Donigaglia became chairman of the club : between 1990 and 1992 SPAL obtained back-to-back promotions from Serie C2 to Serie B , under the management of Giovan Battista Fabbri . Donigaglia left the presidency in 2002 with the squad in Serie C1 . He was replaced by Lino di Nardo . Recent years . The club went bankrupt in 2005 , and were reformed as SPAL 1907 S.r.l. , under the terms of Article 52 of N.O.I.F. . In the summer of 2012 , after suffering a second bankruptcy , the club was refounded for the second time as Società Sportiva Dilettantistica Real SPAL and would begin life in Serie D again under Article 52 of N.O.I.F. . At the end of the 2012–13 season the club took back its original name . Giacomense , a club founded in 1967 at Masi San Giacomo , a frazione of Masi Torello , had moved to the city of Ferrara ; on 12 July 2013 , owner Roberto Benasciutti made a deal with the Colombarini family for a merger between SPAL and Giacomense , with the latter giving its sports title to SPAL and continuing to play in Ferrara . The club changed its name to S.P.A.L . 2013 , in order to continue the football history of SPAL . They finished the 2013–14 Lega Pro Seconda Divisione season in sixth place , thus qualifying for the inaugural unified 2014–15 Lega Pro season . In 2015–16 , the squad won promotion to Serie B for the first time since the 1992–93 season , after finishing first in group B of the Lega Pro . The following year they came first in Serie B , thus obtaining promotion to Serie A after a 49-year absence . In their first season back in Serie A , SPAL avoided relegation by finishing in 17th place . At the end of the 2018–19 season they confirmed their presence in the top flight for a third consecutive year , finishing 13th . The club had mixed fortunes in the 2019–2020 season and , after gaining just 15 points in 23 games , coach Leonardo Semplici was dismissed in February 2020 , replaced by Luigi Di Biagio . SPAL were relegated to Serie B , finishing in last place with 20 points . The club reached the 2020–21 Coppa Italia quarter-finals , becoming the only team from Serie B to advance to that stage in the competition . Colours , badge and nicknames . The teams colours are light blue and white , which derive from the Salesians emblem . The home kit , since 1962 , has been composed of a vertical striped light blue-white shirt , white trainers and white socks . The only exception to light blue and white was when the club adopted a black and white kit between 1939 and 1943 ( when it was named A.C . Ferrara ) , in honour of Ferraras civic colours . Currently the badge features an oval-shaped light blue escutcheon , with a white band in the upper section , on which is written the acronym S.P.A.L . in golden characters . Also , in the lower section , the black and white emblem of the city is featured . From 1980 until mid-1990s the official badge featured a fawn , another symbol of the club . SPALs most common nicknames are Biancazzurri ( from the club colours , light blue and white ) and Estensi ( from the House of Este , ancient European noble dynasty that ruled Ferrara from 1240 to 1597 ) . Stadium . - Campo di Piazza dArmi ( 1919–28 ) - Stadio Paolo Mazza ( 1928– ) The current home ground of SPAL is the 16,134 seater Stadio Paolo Mazza . The stadium was opened in September 1928 as Stadio Comunale , then took on its current name in February 1982 , in honour of the former president of the club Paolo Mazza , who died two months earlier . Initially it had a capacity of 4,000 . Then , in concomitance with the promotion of SPAL to Serie A , in 1951 it was subjected to a heavy restructuring that brought capacity to 25,000 . Between 1960s and 1980s it was renovated again , reducing the number of possible spectators to 22,000 until the mid-2000s . From 2005 to 2016 the capacity was limited to 7,500 due to safety reasons and cost containment . In 2016–17 , after the clubs promotion to Serie B and then to Serie A , the stadium was restructured again to match the modern needs of comfort and safety . In the summer of 2018 a further remodeling took place , in order to bring the stadium capacity from 13,135 seats to 16,134 . Sponsors . Kit sponsors . - 1981–86 : Adidas - 1986–87 : Marix - 1987–89 : Fitness - 1989–91 : WBS - 1991–04 : Asics - 2004–05 : Zeus - 2005–09 : Legea - 2009–10 : Asics - 2010–12 : Givova - 2012–13 : Legea - 2013–16 : Erreà - 2016–17 : HS Football - 2017–21 : Macron Official sponsors . - 1981–82 : Sauber - 1982–89 : Cassa di Risparmio di Ferrara - 1989–90 : Cassa di Risparmio di Ferrara , Ravani Acciai - 1990–05 : Cassa di Risparmio di Ferrara - 2005–08 : Cassa di Risparmio di Ferrara , Tomasi Case - 2008–09 : Cassa di Risparmio di Ferrara - 2009–10 : Cassa di Risparmio di Ferrara , Lega del Filo dOro - 2010–11 : Cassa di Risparmio di Ferrara , Trasea - 2011–13 : Cassa di Risparmio di Ferrara - 2013–15 : Vetroresina , Veneto Banca - 2015–16 : Vetroresina , Reale Mutua , BMW ErreEffe Group - 2016–17 : Vetroresina , Magnadyne , 958 Santero , BMW ErreEffe Group - 2017–18 : InterSpar , Tassi Group , BMW ErreEffe Group - 2018–19 : Tassi Group , BMW ErreEffe Group , Pentaferte - 2019–20 : Omega Group , Krifi Caffè , OrOil , VB Impianti , Errebi Technology , Pentaferte - 2020–21 : Omega Group , Adamant BioNRG , Errebi Technology , Pentaferte Players . Notable former players . - Mario Astorri - Osvaldo Bagnoli - Gastone Bean - Savino Bellini - Niels Bennike - Ottavio Bianchi - Alberto Bigon - Kevin Bonifazi - Marco Borriello - Gianfranco Bozzao - Ottavio Bugatti - Ruben Buriani - Fabio Capello - Lucas Castro - Sergio Cervato - Dante Crippa - Carlo DellOmodarme - Luigi Delneri - Beniamino Di Giacomo - Dan Ekner - Bülent Esel - Felipe Dal Bello - Mohamed Fares - Matteo Ferrari - Adolfo Gori - Matthew Kemp - Jasmin Kurtić - Manuel Lazzari - Saul Malatrasi - Thomas Manfredini - Alex Meret - Egidio Morbello - Marco Nappi - Fulvio Nesti - Oscar Massei - Dante Micheli - Egisto Pandolfini - Michele Paramatti - Fausto Pari - Luigi Pasetti - Sergio Pellissier - Andrea Petagna - Armando Picchi - Gennaro Olivieri - Alberto Orlando - Dion Ørnvold - Edoardo Reja - Mario Romani - Nils-Åke Sandell - Andy Selva - David Sesa - Abdon Sgarbi - Mirko Valdifiori - Carl Valeri - Emiliano Viviano - Erwin Waldner - Franco Zaglio Captains . Below a chronological list of SPAL captains since 1950 . Chairmen history . SPAL have had several presidents ( chairmen ) ( or ) over the course of their history . Some of them have been the main shareholder of the club . The longest-serving chairman is Paolo Mazza . Managerial history . SPAL have had many managers and head coaches throughout their history , below is a chronological list of them . Honours . Domestic . League titles . - Serie B - Winners ( 2 ) : 1950–51 , 2016–17 - Serie C / Serie C1 / Lega Pro - Winners ( 5 ) : 1937–38 , 1972–73 , 1977–78 , 1991–92 , 2015–16 - Runners-up ( 5 ) : 1941–42 , 1942–43 , 1969–70 , 1970–71 , 1995–96 - Serie C2 - Winners ( 1 ) : 1997–98 - Runners-up ( 1 ) : 1990–91 Cups . - Coppa Italia - Runners-up ( 1 ) : 1961–62 - Coppa Italia Serie C - Winners ( 1 ) : 1998–99 - Runners-up ( 1 ) : 1988–89 - Supercoppa di Serie C / Lega Pro - Winners ( 1 ) : 2016 European . - Cup of Italian-Swiss Friendship - Winners ( 1 ) : 1968 Youth . - Campionato Primavera B - Winners ( 1 ) : 1964–65 Divisional movements . ✟= Relegation due to bankruptcy . External links . - Official Site
|
[
"Leonardo Semplici"
] |
[
{
"text": " Società Polisportiva Ars et Labor , commonly known as S.P.A.L . ( ) , is a professional football club based in Ferrara , Emilia-Romagna , Italy . The team plays in Serie B , the second tier of the Italian football league system . Founded in 1907 , since 1928 they have played their home matches at Stadio Paolo Mazza , named after Paolo Mazza ( chairman of the club 1946–1977 ) .",
"title": "S.P.A.L ."
},
{
"text": "In total , SPAL have participated in 24 top-tier , 26 second-tier , 41 third-tier , 7 fourth-tier and 1 fifth-tier league seasons . The clubs best finish was when they came fifth in the 1959–60 Serie A ; they also reached the 1961–62 Coppa Italia final .",
"title": "S.P.A.L ."
},
{
"text": " The club is owned by Vetroresina S.p.A . and chaired by Walter Mattioli . The current manager is Massimo Rastelli .",
"title": "S.P.A.L ."
},
{
"text": " From foundation to World War II . The club was founded in March 1907 as Circolo Ars et Labor ( latin for Art and Work Club ) by the Salesian priest Pietro Acerbis . In the early stages , it was mainly a cultural and religious association , then in 1913 it became a multi-sports company , taking the name of Società Polisportiva Ars et Labor ( SPAL ) . The team began its professional activity under the aegis of the Italian Football Federation ( Federazione Italiana Giuoco Calcio ) in 1919 , competing in the second-tier tournament .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "SPAL played in the top flight league from 1920 to 1925 , reaching the qualification playoff for the National Finals in 1921–22 . From 1925 until the Second World War , they played in Serie B and Serie C : in this period , the clubs all-time top striker Mario Romani scored 130 goals in 189 games during two different periods with the white-blues ( 1925–32 and 1937–38 ) .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " Between 1939 and 1943 the club temporarily changed its name to A.C . Ferrara , wearing the black and white colours of the city . After the suspension of the championships due to war , in 1945 the club returned to the name SPAL and to the light blue and white kits . The golden period in Serie A .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "In 1946 Paolo Mazza became chairman of the club . After five consecutive seasons in Serie B , SPAL won promotion to Serie A after finishing the championship first in 1950–51 . The white-blues subsequently stayed in the top division for most of the 1950s and 1960s , competing in 16 out of 17 Serie A seasons from 1951 to 1968 .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " SPAL finished fifth in 1959–60 , thus obtaining the best finish in its history . Also , in 1961–62 they played in the Coppa Italia final , losing against Napoli . In the early stages of 1962–63 season , in which the club finished in eighth place , the white and blues managed to reach the top of the league table . During those years , the club was a launchpad for many young players who became stars , among them Fabio Capello .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "In 1963–64 they were relegated to Serie B , but they came back to Serie A after only one year , and remained in the top division until 1968 . At the end of the last season in the top flight , SPAL won the Cup of Italian-Swiss Friendship .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " From 1970s to 21st century . During 1970s , 1980s and 1990s SPAL played mostly in Serie B and Serie C/C1 . Paolo Mazza quit the presidency in December 1976 and was replaced by Primo Mazzanti . The former chairman died in December 1981 and three months later Ferraras Stadio Comunale was named after him .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "In 1990 , Giovanni Donigaglia became chairman of the club : between 1990 and 1992 SPAL obtained back-to-back promotions from Serie C2 to Serie B , under the management of Giovan Battista Fabbri . Donigaglia left the presidency in 2002 with the squad in Serie C1 . He was replaced by Lino di Nardo .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " The club went bankrupt in 2005 , and were reformed as SPAL 1907 S.r.l. , under the terms of Article 52 of N.O.I.F. . In the summer of 2012 , after suffering a second bankruptcy , the club was refounded for the second time as Società Sportiva Dilettantistica Real SPAL and would begin life in Serie D again under Article 52 of N.O.I.F. .",
"title": "Recent years"
},
{
"text": "At the end of the 2012–13 season the club took back its original name . Giacomense , a club founded in 1967 at Masi San Giacomo , a frazione of Masi Torello , had moved to the city of Ferrara ; on 12 July 2013 , owner Roberto Benasciutti made a deal with the Colombarini family for a merger between SPAL and Giacomense , with the latter giving its sports title to SPAL and continuing to play in Ferrara . The club changed its name to S.P.A.L . 2013 , in order to continue the football history of SPAL .",
"title": "Recent years"
},
{
"text": "They finished the 2013–14 Lega Pro Seconda Divisione season in sixth place , thus qualifying for the inaugural unified 2014–15 Lega Pro season .",
"title": "Recent years"
},
{
"text": " In 2015–16 , the squad won promotion to Serie B for the first time since the 1992–93 season , after finishing first in group B of the Lega Pro . The following year they came first in Serie B , thus obtaining promotion to Serie A after a 49-year absence .",
"title": "Recent years"
},
{
"text": "In their first season back in Serie A , SPAL avoided relegation by finishing in 17th place . At the end of the 2018–19 season they confirmed their presence in the top flight for a third consecutive year , finishing 13th . The club had mixed fortunes in the 2019–2020 season and , after gaining just 15 points in 23 games , coach Leonardo Semplici was dismissed in February 2020 , replaced by Luigi Di Biagio . SPAL were relegated to Serie B , finishing in last place with 20 points . The club reached the 2020–21 Coppa Italia quarter-finals",
"title": "Recent years"
},
{
"text": ", becoming the only team from Serie B to advance to that stage in the competition .",
"title": "Recent years"
},
{
"text": " Colours , badge and nicknames . The teams colours are light blue and white , which derive from the Salesians emblem . The home kit , since 1962 , has been composed of a vertical striped light blue-white shirt , white trainers and white socks . The only exception to light blue and white was when the club adopted a black and white kit between 1939 and 1943 ( when it was named A.C . Ferrara ) , in honour of Ferraras civic colours .",
"title": "Recent years"
},
{
"text": "Currently the badge features an oval-shaped light blue escutcheon , with a white band in the upper section , on which is written the acronym S.P.A.L . in golden characters . Also , in the lower section , the black and white emblem of the city is featured . From 1980 until mid-1990s the official badge featured a fawn , another symbol of the club .",
"title": "Recent years"
},
{
"text": " SPALs most common nicknames are Biancazzurri ( from the club colours , light blue and white ) and Estensi ( from the House of Este , ancient European noble dynasty that ruled Ferrara from 1240 to 1597 ) .",
"title": "Recent years"
},
{
"text": " - Campo di Piazza dArmi ( 1919–28 ) - Stadio Paolo Mazza ( 1928– ) The current home ground of SPAL is the 16,134 seater Stadio Paolo Mazza . The stadium was opened in September 1928 as Stadio Comunale , then took on its current name in February 1982 , in honour of the former president of the club Paolo Mazza , who died two months earlier .",
"title": "Stadium"
},
{
"text": "Initially it had a capacity of 4,000 . Then , in concomitance with the promotion of SPAL to Serie A , in 1951 it was subjected to a heavy restructuring that brought capacity to 25,000 . Between 1960s and 1980s it was renovated again , reducing the number of possible spectators to 22,000 until the mid-2000s .",
"title": "Stadium"
},
{
"text": " From 2005 to 2016 the capacity was limited to 7,500 due to safety reasons and cost containment . In 2016–17 , after the clubs promotion to Serie B and then to Serie A , the stadium was restructured again to match the modern needs of comfort and safety . In the summer of 2018 a further remodeling took place , in order to bring the stadium capacity from 13,135 seats to 16,134 .",
"title": "Stadium"
},
{
"text": " - 1981–86 : Adidas - 1986–87 : Marix - 1987–89 : Fitness - 1989–91 : WBS - 1991–04 : Asics - 2004–05 : Zeus - 2005–09 : Legea - 2009–10 : Asics - 2010–12 : Givova - 2012–13 : Legea - 2013–16 : Erreà - 2016–17 : HS Football - 2017–21 : Macron",
"title": "Kit sponsors"
},
{
"text": " - 1981–82 : Sauber - 1982–89 : Cassa di Risparmio di Ferrara - 1989–90 : Cassa di Risparmio di Ferrara , Ravani Acciai - 1990–05 : Cassa di Risparmio di Ferrara - 2005–08 : Cassa di Risparmio di Ferrara , Tomasi Case - 2008–09 : Cassa di Risparmio di Ferrara - 2009–10 : Cassa di Risparmio di Ferrara , Lega del Filo dOro - 2010–11 : Cassa di Risparmio di Ferrara , Trasea - 2011–13 : Cassa di Risparmio di Ferrara - 2013–15 : Vetroresina , Veneto Banca - 2015–16 : Vetroresina , Reale Mutua , BMW ErreEffe Group",
"title": "Official sponsors"
},
{
"text": "- 2016–17 : Vetroresina , Magnadyne , 958 Santero , BMW ErreEffe Group",
"title": "Official sponsors"
},
{
"text": " - 2017–18 : InterSpar , Tassi Group , BMW ErreEffe Group - 2018–19 : Tassi Group , BMW ErreEffe Group , Pentaferte - 2019–20 : Omega Group , Krifi Caffè , OrOil , VB Impianti , Errebi Technology , Pentaferte - 2020–21 : Omega Group , Adamant BioNRG , Errebi Technology , Pentaferte",
"title": "Official sponsors"
},
{
"text": " - Mario Astorri - Osvaldo Bagnoli - Gastone Bean - Savino Bellini - Niels Bennike - Ottavio Bianchi - Alberto Bigon - Kevin Bonifazi - Marco Borriello - Gianfranco Bozzao - Ottavio Bugatti - Ruben Buriani - Fabio Capello - Lucas Castro - Sergio Cervato - Dante Crippa - Carlo DellOmodarme - Luigi Delneri - Beniamino Di Giacomo - Dan Ekner - Bülent Esel - Felipe Dal Bello - Mohamed Fares - Matteo Ferrari - Adolfo Gori - Matthew Kemp - Jasmin Kurtić - Manuel Lazzari - Saul Malatrasi - Thomas Manfredini - Alex Meret - Egidio Morbello",
"title": "Notable former players"
},
{
"text": "- Marco Nappi",
"title": "Notable former players"
},
{
"text": " - Fulvio Nesti - Oscar Massei - Dante Micheli - Egisto Pandolfini - Michele Paramatti - Fausto Pari - Luigi Pasetti - Sergio Pellissier - Andrea Petagna - Armando Picchi - Gennaro Olivieri - Alberto Orlando - Dion Ørnvold - Edoardo Reja - Mario Romani - Nils-Åke Sandell - Andy Selva - David Sesa - Abdon Sgarbi - Mirko Valdifiori - Carl Valeri - Emiliano Viviano - Erwin Waldner - Franco Zaglio",
"title": "Notable former players"
},
{
"text": " SPAL have had several presidents ( chairmen ) ( or ) over the course of their history . Some of them have been the main shareholder of the club . The longest-serving chairman is Paolo Mazza .",
"title": "Chairmen history"
},
{
"text": " SPAL have had many managers and head coaches throughout their history , below is a chronological list of them .",
"title": "Managerial history"
},
{
"text": " - Serie B - Winners ( 2 ) : 1950–51 , 2016–17 - Serie C / Serie C1 / Lega Pro - Winners ( 5 ) : 1937–38 , 1972–73 , 1977–78 , 1991–92 , 2015–16 - Runners-up ( 5 ) : 1941–42 , 1942–43 , 1969–70 , 1970–71 , 1995–96 - Serie C2 - Winners ( 1 ) : 1997–98 - Runners-up ( 1 ) : 1990–91",
"title": "League titles"
},
{
"text": " - Coppa Italia - Runners-up ( 1 ) : 1961–62 - Coppa Italia Serie C - Winners ( 1 ) : 1998–99 - Runners-up ( 1 ) : 1988–89 - Supercoppa di Serie C / Lega Pro - Winners ( 1 ) : 2016",
"title": "Cups"
},
{
"text": " - Official Site",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/S.P.A.L.#P286#2
|
Who was the head coach of the team S.P.A.L. after Feb 2021?
|
S.P.A.L . Società Polisportiva Ars et Labor , commonly known as S.P.A.L . ( ) , is a professional football club based in Ferrara , Emilia-Romagna , Italy . The team plays in Serie B , the second tier of the Italian football league system . Founded in 1907 , since 1928 they have played their home matches at Stadio Paolo Mazza , named after Paolo Mazza ( chairman of the club 1946–1977 ) . In total , SPAL have participated in 24 top-tier , 26 second-tier , 41 third-tier , 7 fourth-tier and 1 fifth-tier league seasons . The clubs best finish was when they came fifth in the 1959–60 Serie A ; they also reached the 1961–62 Coppa Italia final . The club is owned by Vetroresina S.p.A . and chaired by Walter Mattioli . The current manager is Massimo Rastelli . History . From foundation to World War II . The club was founded in March 1907 as Circolo Ars et Labor ( latin for Art and Work Club ) by the Salesian priest Pietro Acerbis . In the early stages , it was mainly a cultural and religious association , then in 1913 it became a multi-sports company , taking the name of Società Polisportiva Ars et Labor ( SPAL ) . The team began its professional activity under the aegis of the Italian Football Federation ( Federazione Italiana Giuoco Calcio ) in 1919 , competing in the second-tier tournament . SPAL played in the top flight league from 1920 to 1925 , reaching the qualification playoff for the National Finals in 1921–22 . From 1925 until the Second World War , they played in Serie B and Serie C : in this period , the clubs all-time top striker Mario Romani scored 130 goals in 189 games during two different periods with the white-blues ( 1925–32 and 1937–38 ) . Between 1939 and 1943 the club temporarily changed its name to A.C . Ferrara , wearing the black and white colours of the city . After the suspension of the championships due to war , in 1945 the club returned to the name SPAL and to the light blue and white kits . The golden period in Serie A . In 1946 Paolo Mazza became chairman of the club . After five consecutive seasons in Serie B , SPAL won promotion to Serie A after finishing the championship first in 1950–51 . The white-blues subsequently stayed in the top division for most of the 1950s and 1960s , competing in 16 out of 17 Serie A seasons from 1951 to 1968 . SPAL finished fifth in 1959–60 , thus obtaining the best finish in its history . Also , in 1961–62 they played in the Coppa Italia final , losing against Napoli . In the early stages of 1962–63 season , in which the club finished in eighth place , the white and blues managed to reach the top of the league table . During those years , the club was a launchpad for many young players who became stars , among them Fabio Capello . In 1963–64 they were relegated to Serie B , but they came back to Serie A after only one year , and remained in the top division until 1968 . At the end of the last season in the top flight , SPAL won the Cup of Italian-Swiss Friendship . From 1970s to 21st century . During 1970s , 1980s and 1990s SPAL played mostly in Serie B and Serie C/C1 . Paolo Mazza quit the presidency in December 1976 and was replaced by Primo Mazzanti . The former chairman died in December 1981 and three months later Ferraras Stadio Comunale was named after him . In 1990 , Giovanni Donigaglia became chairman of the club : between 1990 and 1992 SPAL obtained back-to-back promotions from Serie C2 to Serie B , under the management of Giovan Battista Fabbri . Donigaglia left the presidency in 2002 with the squad in Serie C1 . He was replaced by Lino di Nardo . Recent years . The club went bankrupt in 2005 , and were reformed as SPAL 1907 S.r.l. , under the terms of Article 52 of N.O.I.F. . In the summer of 2012 , after suffering a second bankruptcy , the club was refounded for the second time as Società Sportiva Dilettantistica Real SPAL and would begin life in Serie D again under Article 52 of N.O.I.F. . At the end of the 2012–13 season the club took back its original name . Giacomense , a club founded in 1967 at Masi San Giacomo , a frazione of Masi Torello , had moved to the city of Ferrara ; on 12 July 2013 , owner Roberto Benasciutti made a deal with the Colombarini family for a merger between SPAL and Giacomense , with the latter giving its sports title to SPAL and continuing to play in Ferrara . The club changed its name to S.P.A.L . 2013 , in order to continue the football history of SPAL . They finished the 2013–14 Lega Pro Seconda Divisione season in sixth place , thus qualifying for the inaugural unified 2014–15 Lega Pro season . In 2015–16 , the squad won promotion to Serie B for the first time since the 1992–93 season , after finishing first in group B of the Lega Pro . The following year they came first in Serie B , thus obtaining promotion to Serie A after a 49-year absence . In their first season back in Serie A , SPAL avoided relegation by finishing in 17th place . At the end of the 2018–19 season they confirmed their presence in the top flight for a third consecutive year , finishing 13th . The club had mixed fortunes in the 2019–2020 season and , after gaining just 15 points in 23 games , coach Leonardo Semplici was dismissed in February 2020 , replaced by Luigi Di Biagio . SPAL were relegated to Serie B , finishing in last place with 20 points . The club reached the 2020–21 Coppa Italia quarter-finals , becoming the only team from Serie B to advance to that stage in the competition . Colours , badge and nicknames . The teams colours are light blue and white , which derive from the Salesians emblem . The home kit , since 1962 , has been composed of a vertical striped light blue-white shirt , white trainers and white socks . The only exception to light blue and white was when the club adopted a black and white kit between 1939 and 1943 ( when it was named A.C . Ferrara ) , in honour of Ferraras civic colours . Currently the badge features an oval-shaped light blue escutcheon , with a white band in the upper section , on which is written the acronym S.P.A.L . in golden characters . Also , in the lower section , the black and white emblem of the city is featured . From 1980 until mid-1990s the official badge featured a fawn , another symbol of the club . SPALs most common nicknames are Biancazzurri ( from the club colours , light blue and white ) and Estensi ( from the House of Este , ancient European noble dynasty that ruled Ferrara from 1240 to 1597 ) . Stadium . - Campo di Piazza dArmi ( 1919–28 ) - Stadio Paolo Mazza ( 1928– ) The current home ground of SPAL is the 16,134 seater Stadio Paolo Mazza . The stadium was opened in September 1928 as Stadio Comunale , then took on its current name in February 1982 , in honour of the former president of the club Paolo Mazza , who died two months earlier . Initially it had a capacity of 4,000 . Then , in concomitance with the promotion of SPAL to Serie A , in 1951 it was subjected to a heavy restructuring that brought capacity to 25,000 . Between 1960s and 1980s it was renovated again , reducing the number of possible spectators to 22,000 until the mid-2000s . From 2005 to 2016 the capacity was limited to 7,500 due to safety reasons and cost containment . In 2016–17 , after the clubs promotion to Serie B and then to Serie A , the stadium was restructured again to match the modern needs of comfort and safety . In the summer of 2018 a further remodeling took place , in order to bring the stadium capacity from 13,135 seats to 16,134 . Sponsors . Kit sponsors . - 1981–86 : Adidas - 1986–87 : Marix - 1987–89 : Fitness - 1989–91 : WBS - 1991–04 : Asics - 2004–05 : Zeus - 2005–09 : Legea - 2009–10 : Asics - 2010–12 : Givova - 2012–13 : Legea - 2013–16 : Erreà - 2016–17 : HS Football - 2017–21 : Macron Official sponsors . - 1981–82 : Sauber - 1982–89 : Cassa di Risparmio di Ferrara - 1989–90 : Cassa di Risparmio di Ferrara , Ravani Acciai - 1990–05 : Cassa di Risparmio di Ferrara - 2005–08 : Cassa di Risparmio di Ferrara , Tomasi Case - 2008–09 : Cassa di Risparmio di Ferrara - 2009–10 : Cassa di Risparmio di Ferrara , Lega del Filo dOro - 2010–11 : Cassa di Risparmio di Ferrara , Trasea - 2011–13 : Cassa di Risparmio di Ferrara - 2013–15 : Vetroresina , Veneto Banca - 2015–16 : Vetroresina , Reale Mutua , BMW ErreEffe Group - 2016–17 : Vetroresina , Magnadyne , 958 Santero , BMW ErreEffe Group - 2017–18 : InterSpar , Tassi Group , BMW ErreEffe Group - 2018–19 : Tassi Group , BMW ErreEffe Group , Pentaferte - 2019–20 : Omega Group , Krifi Caffè , OrOil , VB Impianti , Errebi Technology , Pentaferte - 2020–21 : Omega Group , Adamant BioNRG , Errebi Technology , Pentaferte Players . Notable former players . - Mario Astorri - Osvaldo Bagnoli - Gastone Bean - Savino Bellini - Niels Bennike - Ottavio Bianchi - Alberto Bigon - Kevin Bonifazi - Marco Borriello - Gianfranco Bozzao - Ottavio Bugatti - Ruben Buriani - Fabio Capello - Lucas Castro - Sergio Cervato - Dante Crippa - Carlo DellOmodarme - Luigi Delneri - Beniamino Di Giacomo - Dan Ekner - Bülent Esel - Felipe Dal Bello - Mohamed Fares - Matteo Ferrari - Adolfo Gori - Matthew Kemp - Jasmin Kurtić - Manuel Lazzari - Saul Malatrasi - Thomas Manfredini - Alex Meret - Egidio Morbello - Marco Nappi - Fulvio Nesti - Oscar Massei - Dante Micheli - Egisto Pandolfini - Michele Paramatti - Fausto Pari - Luigi Pasetti - Sergio Pellissier - Andrea Petagna - Armando Picchi - Gennaro Olivieri - Alberto Orlando - Dion Ørnvold - Edoardo Reja - Mario Romani - Nils-Åke Sandell - Andy Selva - David Sesa - Abdon Sgarbi - Mirko Valdifiori - Carl Valeri - Emiliano Viviano - Erwin Waldner - Franco Zaglio Captains . Below a chronological list of SPAL captains since 1950 . Chairmen history . SPAL have had several presidents ( chairmen ) ( or ) over the course of their history . Some of them have been the main shareholder of the club . The longest-serving chairman is Paolo Mazza . Managerial history . SPAL have had many managers and head coaches throughout their history , below is a chronological list of them . Honours . Domestic . League titles . - Serie B - Winners ( 2 ) : 1950–51 , 2016–17 - Serie C / Serie C1 / Lega Pro - Winners ( 5 ) : 1937–38 , 1972–73 , 1977–78 , 1991–92 , 2015–16 - Runners-up ( 5 ) : 1941–42 , 1942–43 , 1969–70 , 1970–71 , 1995–96 - Serie C2 - Winners ( 1 ) : 1997–98 - Runners-up ( 1 ) : 1990–91 Cups . - Coppa Italia - Runners-up ( 1 ) : 1961–62 - Coppa Italia Serie C - Winners ( 1 ) : 1998–99 - Runners-up ( 1 ) : 1988–89 - Supercoppa di Serie C / Lega Pro - Winners ( 1 ) : 2016 European . - Cup of Italian-Swiss Friendship - Winners ( 1 ) : 1968 Youth . - Campionato Primavera B - Winners ( 1 ) : 1964–65 Divisional movements . ✟= Relegation due to bankruptcy . External links . - Official Site
|
[
"Luigi Di Biagio"
] |
[
{
"text": " Società Polisportiva Ars et Labor , commonly known as S.P.A.L . ( ) , is a professional football club based in Ferrara , Emilia-Romagna , Italy . The team plays in Serie B , the second tier of the Italian football league system . Founded in 1907 , since 1928 they have played their home matches at Stadio Paolo Mazza , named after Paolo Mazza ( chairman of the club 1946–1977 ) .",
"title": "S.P.A.L ."
},
{
"text": "In total , SPAL have participated in 24 top-tier , 26 second-tier , 41 third-tier , 7 fourth-tier and 1 fifth-tier league seasons . The clubs best finish was when they came fifth in the 1959–60 Serie A ; they also reached the 1961–62 Coppa Italia final .",
"title": "S.P.A.L ."
},
{
"text": " The club is owned by Vetroresina S.p.A . and chaired by Walter Mattioli . The current manager is Massimo Rastelli .",
"title": "S.P.A.L ."
},
{
"text": " From foundation to World War II . The club was founded in March 1907 as Circolo Ars et Labor ( latin for Art and Work Club ) by the Salesian priest Pietro Acerbis . In the early stages , it was mainly a cultural and religious association , then in 1913 it became a multi-sports company , taking the name of Società Polisportiva Ars et Labor ( SPAL ) . The team began its professional activity under the aegis of the Italian Football Federation ( Federazione Italiana Giuoco Calcio ) in 1919 , competing in the second-tier tournament .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "SPAL played in the top flight league from 1920 to 1925 , reaching the qualification playoff for the National Finals in 1921–22 . From 1925 until the Second World War , they played in Serie B and Serie C : in this period , the clubs all-time top striker Mario Romani scored 130 goals in 189 games during two different periods with the white-blues ( 1925–32 and 1937–38 ) .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " Between 1939 and 1943 the club temporarily changed its name to A.C . Ferrara , wearing the black and white colours of the city . After the suspension of the championships due to war , in 1945 the club returned to the name SPAL and to the light blue and white kits . The golden period in Serie A .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "In 1946 Paolo Mazza became chairman of the club . After five consecutive seasons in Serie B , SPAL won promotion to Serie A after finishing the championship first in 1950–51 . The white-blues subsequently stayed in the top division for most of the 1950s and 1960s , competing in 16 out of 17 Serie A seasons from 1951 to 1968 .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " SPAL finished fifth in 1959–60 , thus obtaining the best finish in its history . Also , in 1961–62 they played in the Coppa Italia final , losing against Napoli . In the early stages of 1962–63 season , in which the club finished in eighth place , the white and blues managed to reach the top of the league table . During those years , the club was a launchpad for many young players who became stars , among them Fabio Capello .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "In 1963–64 they were relegated to Serie B , but they came back to Serie A after only one year , and remained in the top division until 1968 . At the end of the last season in the top flight , SPAL won the Cup of Italian-Swiss Friendship .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " From 1970s to 21st century . During 1970s , 1980s and 1990s SPAL played mostly in Serie B and Serie C/C1 . Paolo Mazza quit the presidency in December 1976 and was replaced by Primo Mazzanti . The former chairman died in December 1981 and three months later Ferraras Stadio Comunale was named after him .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "In 1990 , Giovanni Donigaglia became chairman of the club : between 1990 and 1992 SPAL obtained back-to-back promotions from Serie C2 to Serie B , under the management of Giovan Battista Fabbri . Donigaglia left the presidency in 2002 with the squad in Serie C1 . He was replaced by Lino di Nardo .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " The club went bankrupt in 2005 , and were reformed as SPAL 1907 S.r.l. , under the terms of Article 52 of N.O.I.F. . In the summer of 2012 , after suffering a second bankruptcy , the club was refounded for the second time as Società Sportiva Dilettantistica Real SPAL and would begin life in Serie D again under Article 52 of N.O.I.F. .",
"title": "Recent years"
},
{
"text": "At the end of the 2012–13 season the club took back its original name . Giacomense , a club founded in 1967 at Masi San Giacomo , a frazione of Masi Torello , had moved to the city of Ferrara ; on 12 July 2013 , owner Roberto Benasciutti made a deal with the Colombarini family for a merger between SPAL and Giacomense , with the latter giving its sports title to SPAL and continuing to play in Ferrara . The club changed its name to S.P.A.L . 2013 , in order to continue the football history of SPAL .",
"title": "Recent years"
},
{
"text": "They finished the 2013–14 Lega Pro Seconda Divisione season in sixth place , thus qualifying for the inaugural unified 2014–15 Lega Pro season .",
"title": "Recent years"
},
{
"text": " In 2015–16 , the squad won promotion to Serie B for the first time since the 1992–93 season , after finishing first in group B of the Lega Pro . The following year they came first in Serie B , thus obtaining promotion to Serie A after a 49-year absence .",
"title": "Recent years"
},
{
"text": "In their first season back in Serie A , SPAL avoided relegation by finishing in 17th place . At the end of the 2018–19 season they confirmed their presence in the top flight for a third consecutive year , finishing 13th . The club had mixed fortunes in the 2019–2020 season and , after gaining just 15 points in 23 games , coach Leonardo Semplici was dismissed in February 2020 , replaced by Luigi Di Biagio . SPAL were relegated to Serie B , finishing in last place with 20 points . The club reached the 2020–21 Coppa Italia quarter-finals",
"title": "Recent years"
},
{
"text": ", becoming the only team from Serie B to advance to that stage in the competition .",
"title": "Recent years"
},
{
"text": " Colours , badge and nicknames . The teams colours are light blue and white , which derive from the Salesians emblem . The home kit , since 1962 , has been composed of a vertical striped light blue-white shirt , white trainers and white socks . The only exception to light blue and white was when the club adopted a black and white kit between 1939 and 1943 ( when it was named A.C . Ferrara ) , in honour of Ferraras civic colours .",
"title": "Recent years"
},
{
"text": "Currently the badge features an oval-shaped light blue escutcheon , with a white band in the upper section , on which is written the acronym S.P.A.L . in golden characters . Also , in the lower section , the black and white emblem of the city is featured . From 1980 until mid-1990s the official badge featured a fawn , another symbol of the club .",
"title": "Recent years"
},
{
"text": " SPALs most common nicknames are Biancazzurri ( from the club colours , light blue and white ) and Estensi ( from the House of Este , ancient European noble dynasty that ruled Ferrara from 1240 to 1597 ) .",
"title": "Recent years"
},
{
"text": " - Campo di Piazza dArmi ( 1919–28 ) - Stadio Paolo Mazza ( 1928– ) The current home ground of SPAL is the 16,134 seater Stadio Paolo Mazza . The stadium was opened in September 1928 as Stadio Comunale , then took on its current name in February 1982 , in honour of the former president of the club Paolo Mazza , who died two months earlier .",
"title": "Stadium"
},
{
"text": "Initially it had a capacity of 4,000 . Then , in concomitance with the promotion of SPAL to Serie A , in 1951 it was subjected to a heavy restructuring that brought capacity to 25,000 . Between 1960s and 1980s it was renovated again , reducing the number of possible spectators to 22,000 until the mid-2000s .",
"title": "Stadium"
},
{
"text": " From 2005 to 2016 the capacity was limited to 7,500 due to safety reasons and cost containment . In 2016–17 , after the clubs promotion to Serie B and then to Serie A , the stadium was restructured again to match the modern needs of comfort and safety . In the summer of 2018 a further remodeling took place , in order to bring the stadium capacity from 13,135 seats to 16,134 .",
"title": "Stadium"
},
{
"text": " - 1981–86 : Adidas - 1986–87 : Marix - 1987–89 : Fitness - 1989–91 : WBS - 1991–04 : Asics - 2004–05 : Zeus - 2005–09 : Legea - 2009–10 : Asics - 2010–12 : Givova - 2012–13 : Legea - 2013–16 : Erreà - 2016–17 : HS Football - 2017–21 : Macron",
"title": "Kit sponsors"
},
{
"text": " - 1981–82 : Sauber - 1982–89 : Cassa di Risparmio di Ferrara - 1989–90 : Cassa di Risparmio di Ferrara , Ravani Acciai - 1990–05 : Cassa di Risparmio di Ferrara - 2005–08 : Cassa di Risparmio di Ferrara , Tomasi Case - 2008–09 : Cassa di Risparmio di Ferrara - 2009–10 : Cassa di Risparmio di Ferrara , Lega del Filo dOro - 2010–11 : Cassa di Risparmio di Ferrara , Trasea - 2011–13 : Cassa di Risparmio di Ferrara - 2013–15 : Vetroresina , Veneto Banca - 2015–16 : Vetroresina , Reale Mutua , BMW ErreEffe Group",
"title": "Official sponsors"
},
{
"text": "- 2016–17 : Vetroresina , Magnadyne , 958 Santero , BMW ErreEffe Group",
"title": "Official sponsors"
},
{
"text": " - 2017–18 : InterSpar , Tassi Group , BMW ErreEffe Group - 2018–19 : Tassi Group , BMW ErreEffe Group , Pentaferte - 2019–20 : Omega Group , Krifi Caffè , OrOil , VB Impianti , Errebi Technology , Pentaferte - 2020–21 : Omega Group , Adamant BioNRG , Errebi Technology , Pentaferte",
"title": "Official sponsors"
},
{
"text": " - Mario Astorri - Osvaldo Bagnoli - Gastone Bean - Savino Bellini - Niels Bennike - Ottavio Bianchi - Alberto Bigon - Kevin Bonifazi - Marco Borriello - Gianfranco Bozzao - Ottavio Bugatti - Ruben Buriani - Fabio Capello - Lucas Castro - Sergio Cervato - Dante Crippa - Carlo DellOmodarme - Luigi Delneri - Beniamino Di Giacomo - Dan Ekner - Bülent Esel - Felipe Dal Bello - Mohamed Fares - Matteo Ferrari - Adolfo Gori - Matthew Kemp - Jasmin Kurtić - Manuel Lazzari - Saul Malatrasi - Thomas Manfredini - Alex Meret - Egidio Morbello",
"title": "Notable former players"
},
{
"text": "- Marco Nappi",
"title": "Notable former players"
},
{
"text": " - Fulvio Nesti - Oscar Massei - Dante Micheli - Egisto Pandolfini - Michele Paramatti - Fausto Pari - Luigi Pasetti - Sergio Pellissier - Andrea Petagna - Armando Picchi - Gennaro Olivieri - Alberto Orlando - Dion Ørnvold - Edoardo Reja - Mario Romani - Nils-Åke Sandell - Andy Selva - David Sesa - Abdon Sgarbi - Mirko Valdifiori - Carl Valeri - Emiliano Viviano - Erwin Waldner - Franco Zaglio",
"title": "Notable former players"
},
{
"text": " SPAL have had several presidents ( chairmen ) ( or ) over the course of their history . Some of them have been the main shareholder of the club . The longest-serving chairman is Paolo Mazza .",
"title": "Chairmen history"
},
{
"text": " SPAL have had many managers and head coaches throughout their history , below is a chronological list of them .",
"title": "Managerial history"
},
{
"text": " - Serie B - Winners ( 2 ) : 1950–51 , 2016–17 - Serie C / Serie C1 / Lega Pro - Winners ( 5 ) : 1937–38 , 1972–73 , 1977–78 , 1991–92 , 2015–16 - Runners-up ( 5 ) : 1941–42 , 1942–43 , 1969–70 , 1970–71 , 1995–96 - Serie C2 - Winners ( 1 ) : 1997–98 - Runners-up ( 1 ) : 1990–91",
"title": "League titles"
},
{
"text": " - Coppa Italia - Runners-up ( 1 ) : 1961–62 - Coppa Italia Serie C - Winners ( 1 ) : 1998–99 - Runners-up ( 1 ) : 1988–89 - Supercoppa di Serie C / Lega Pro - Winners ( 1 ) : 2016",
"title": "Cups"
},
{
"text": " - Official Site",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Max_Dreyfus#P1830#0
|
Who was the owner of Max Dreyfus between Dec 1908 and Feb 1912?
|
Max Dreyfus Max Dreyfus ( April 1 , 1874 – May 12 , 1964 ) was a German-born American music publisher , arranger and songwriter . Between the 1910s and 1950s he encouraged and published the work of many of the writers of the so-called Great American Songbook , and was president of Chappell & Co. , Inc . American office , the worlds largest music publishing firm . Biography . He was born in Kuppenheim , Germany , the son of a cattle dealer . At the age of 14 he traveled to the USA at the invitation of family friend Aaron Lehman who had immigrated to Jackson , Mississippi . Initially , Dreyfus worked as a travelling salesman selling picture frames , but by the mid-1890s worked on Tin Pan Alley in New York City where he worked closely with songwriter Paul Dresser and transcribed song arrangements . Within a few years he had secured a post with the publishing firm set up by Thomas B . Harms ( 1860-1906 ) , arranging , plugging songs , and doing some songwriting ; his song Cupids Garden , published under the pseudonym Max Eugene , was successful in 1901 . Harms sold his share in the family publishing firm in 1904 to Max and his younger brother Louis Dreyfus ( 1877-1967 ) , who had joined him in the US . The two brothers retained the company name T . B . Harms , and established a partnership with the London firm of Francis , Day & Hunter , allowing them to market their songs in Britain . They also encouraged young new songwriters in New York , most notably Jerome Kern , who soon achieved success and became a partner in the company . After the First World War , the company had commercial success with songs such as Poor Butterfly , and more songwriters joined the company , including George Gershwin , Richard Rodgers , Lorenz Hart , Rudolf Friml , Vincent Youmans , Irving Caesar , and Cole Porter . In 1920 , the brothers were approached by the British publishers , Chappell & Co. , to handle their interests in the US . By 1926 , they had bought Chappell outright , and shortly before the Great Depression they made a highly profitable sale of their interest in T . B . Harms . The companies remained independent of the Hollywood system which bought up many of the other publishing houses , with the result that the brothers retained a strong financial position . In 1935 , they reconstituted their holdings as Chappell , Inc. , with Louis Dreyfus moving to London and Max remaining in control of their New York operations , based in the Rockefeller Center . Max Dreyfus was a softspoken , slightly built man who was reserved almost to a fault . He was seen as a man of integrity and a gifted talent spotter . He helped found ASCAP ( the American Society of Composers , Authors and Publishers ) in 1914 , and served as a board member for fifty years until shortly before his death . He pioneered a new style of orchestration for theatre performances , employing Russell Bennett as the companys chief orchestrator from 1919 . He established a company policy under which composers , lyricists and librettists were all in partnership with the publishing company . He insisted on exclusive contracts for many of his writers and orchestrators working on Broadway shows , with the result that through the thirties and forties , Dreyfus had a virtual stranglehold on the Broadway musical , with almost all of the most successful songwriters ( except Berlin ) under contract . And the best and most knowledgeable theatrical orchestrators as well . He remained in control of Chappell & Co . after World War II , with new writers including Alan Jay Lerner and Frederick Loewe , whose My Fair Lady he published . Although other independent publishers took a larger share of the market after the war , Chappell also found success with South Pacific , The Sound of Music , Gypsy , and Funny Girl , among others . Dreyfus was played by Charles Coburn , who was considerably bulkier and more gregarious than him , in the 1945 Gershwin biographical film Rhapsody in Blue . Dreyfus did not like the film , saying to a friend , “Did you ever see me wear a top hat ?” Personal life . Max Dreyfus and his wife , the former Victoria Brill , had no children . They bought a 300-acre summer home near Brewster , New York , Madrey Farm , in 1929 . The property had formerly been owned by Daniel Drew , the 19th century railroad magnate , who is buried on the property . There Victoria Dreyfus raised Percheron horses and cattle , and the couple entertained Richard Rodgers , Oscar Hammerstein , Jerome Kern , Cole Porter and other eminent musicians . Dreyfus died at Madrey Farm in 1964 , aged 90 . The ASCAP Foundation Max Dreyfus Scholarship was established in his name . Victoria Dreyfus died at age 95 in March 1976 .
|
[
"T . B . Harms"
] |
[
{
"text": " Max Dreyfus ( April 1 , 1874 – May 12 , 1964 ) was a German-born American music publisher , arranger and songwriter . Between the 1910s and 1950s he encouraged and published the work of many of the writers of the so-called Great American Songbook , and was president of Chappell & Co. , Inc . American office , the worlds largest music publishing firm .",
"title": "Max Dreyfus"
},
{
"text": "He was born in Kuppenheim , Germany , the son of a cattle dealer . At the age of 14 he traveled to the USA at the invitation of family friend Aaron Lehman who had immigrated to Jackson , Mississippi . Initially , Dreyfus worked as a travelling salesman selling picture frames , but by the mid-1890s worked on Tin Pan Alley in New York City where he worked closely with songwriter Paul Dresser and transcribed song arrangements . Within a few years he had secured a post with the publishing firm set up by Thomas B . Harms (",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "1860-1906 ) , arranging , plugging songs , and doing some songwriting ; his song Cupids Garden , published under the pseudonym Max Eugene , was successful in 1901 .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "Harms sold his share in the family publishing firm in 1904 to Max and his younger brother Louis Dreyfus ( 1877-1967 ) , who had joined him in the US . The two brothers retained the company name T . B . Harms , and established a partnership with the London firm of Francis , Day & Hunter , allowing them to market their songs in Britain . They also encouraged young new songwriters in New York , most notably Jerome Kern , who soon achieved success and became a partner in the company . After the First World War",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": ", the company had commercial success with songs such as Poor Butterfly , and more songwriters joined the company , including George Gershwin , Richard Rodgers , Lorenz Hart , Rudolf Friml , Vincent Youmans , Irving Caesar , and Cole Porter .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "In 1920 , the brothers were approached by the British publishers , Chappell & Co. , to handle their interests in the US . By 1926 , they had bought Chappell outright , and shortly before the Great Depression they made a highly profitable sale of their interest in T . B . Harms . The companies remained independent of the Hollywood system which bought up many of the other publishing houses , with the result that the brothers retained a strong financial position . In 1935 , they reconstituted their holdings as Chappell , Inc. , with Louis Dreyfus",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "moving to London and Max remaining in control of their New York operations , based in the Rockefeller Center .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "Max Dreyfus was a softspoken , slightly built man who was reserved almost to a fault . He was seen as a man of integrity and a gifted talent spotter . He helped found ASCAP ( the American Society of Composers , Authors and Publishers ) in 1914 , and served as a board member for fifty years until shortly before his death . He pioneered a new style of orchestration for theatre performances , employing Russell Bennett as the companys chief orchestrator from 1919 . He established a company policy under which composers , lyricists and librettists were all",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "in partnership with the publishing company . He insisted on exclusive contracts for many of his writers and orchestrators working on Broadway shows , with the result that through the thirties and forties , Dreyfus had a virtual stranglehold on the Broadway musical , with almost all of the most successful songwriters ( except Berlin ) under contract . And the best and most knowledgeable theatrical orchestrators as well .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": " He remained in control of Chappell & Co . after World War II , with new writers including Alan Jay Lerner and Frederick Loewe , whose My Fair Lady he published . Although other independent publishers took a larger share of the market after the war , Chappell also found success with South Pacific , The Sound of Music , Gypsy , and Funny Girl , among others .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "Dreyfus was played by Charles Coburn , who was considerably bulkier and more gregarious than him , in the 1945 Gershwin biographical film Rhapsody in Blue . Dreyfus did not like the film , saying to a friend , “Did you ever see me wear a top hat ?”",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": " Max Dreyfus and his wife , the former Victoria Brill , had no children . They bought a 300-acre summer home near Brewster , New York , Madrey Farm , in 1929 . The property had formerly been owned by Daniel Drew , the 19th century railroad magnate , who is buried on the property . There Victoria Dreyfus raised Percheron horses and cattle , and the couple entertained Richard Rodgers , Oscar Hammerstein , Jerome Kern , Cole Porter and other eminent musicians .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "Dreyfus died at Madrey Farm in 1964 , aged 90 . The ASCAP Foundation Max Dreyfus Scholarship was established in his name . Victoria Dreyfus died at age 95 in March 1976 .",
"title": "Personal life"
}
] |
/wiki/Max_Dreyfus#P1830#1
|
Who was the owner of Max Dreyfus after Nov 1921?
|
Max Dreyfus Max Dreyfus ( April 1 , 1874 – May 12 , 1964 ) was a German-born American music publisher , arranger and songwriter . Between the 1910s and 1950s he encouraged and published the work of many of the writers of the so-called Great American Songbook , and was president of Chappell & Co. , Inc . American office , the worlds largest music publishing firm . Biography . He was born in Kuppenheim , Germany , the son of a cattle dealer . At the age of 14 he traveled to the USA at the invitation of family friend Aaron Lehman who had immigrated to Jackson , Mississippi . Initially , Dreyfus worked as a travelling salesman selling picture frames , but by the mid-1890s worked on Tin Pan Alley in New York City where he worked closely with songwriter Paul Dresser and transcribed song arrangements . Within a few years he had secured a post with the publishing firm set up by Thomas B . Harms ( 1860-1906 ) , arranging , plugging songs , and doing some songwriting ; his song Cupids Garden , published under the pseudonym Max Eugene , was successful in 1901 . Harms sold his share in the family publishing firm in 1904 to Max and his younger brother Louis Dreyfus ( 1877-1967 ) , who had joined him in the US . The two brothers retained the company name T . B . Harms , and established a partnership with the London firm of Francis , Day & Hunter , allowing them to market their songs in Britain . They also encouraged young new songwriters in New York , most notably Jerome Kern , who soon achieved success and became a partner in the company . After the First World War , the company had commercial success with songs such as Poor Butterfly , and more songwriters joined the company , including George Gershwin , Richard Rodgers , Lorenz Hart , Rudolf Friml , Vincent Youmans , Irving Caesar , and Cole Porter . In 1920 , the brothers were approached by the British publishers , Chappell & Co. , to handle their interests in the US . By 1926 , they had bought Chappell outright , and shortly before the Great Depression they made a highly profitable sale of their interest in T . B . Harms . The companies remained independent of the Hollywood system which bought up many of the other publishing houses , with the result that the brothers retained a strong financial position . In 1935 , they reconstituted their holdings as Chappell , Inc. , with Louis Dreyfus moving to London and Max remaining in control of their New York operations , based in the Rockefeller Center . Max Dreyfus was a softspoken , slightly built man who was reserved almost to a fault . He was seen as a man of integrity and a gifted talent spotter . He helped found ASCAP ( the American Society of Composers , Authors and Publishers ) in 1914 , and served as a board member for fifty years until shortly before his death . He pioneered a new style of orchestration for theatre performances , employing Russell Bennett as the companys chief orchestrator from 1919 . He established a company policy under which composers , lyricists and librettists were all in partnership with the publishing company . He insisted on exclusive contracts for many of his writers and orchestrators working on Broadway shows , with the result that through the thirties and forties , Dreyfus had a virtual stranglehold on the Broadway musical , with almost all of the most successful songwriters ( except Berlin ) under contract . And the best and most knowledgeable theatrical orchestrators as well . He remained in control of Chappell & Co . after World War II , with new writers including Alan Jay Lerner and Frederick Loewe , whose My Fair Lady he published . Although other independent publishers took a larger share of the market after the war , Chappell also found success with South Pacific , The Sound of Music , Gypsy , and Funny Girl , among others . Dreyfus was played by Charles Coburn , who was considerably bulkier and more gregarious than him , in the 1945 Gershwin biographical film Rhapsody in Blue . Dreyfus did not like the film , saying to a friend , “Did you ever see me wear a top hat ?” Personal life . Max Dreyfus and his wife , the former Victoria Brill , had no children . They bought a 300-acre summer home near Brewster , New York , Madrey Farm , in 1929 . The property had formerly been owned by Daniel Drew , the 19th century railroad magnate , who is buried on the property . There Victoria Dreyfus raised Percheron horses and cattle , and the couple entertained Richard Rodgers , Oscar Hammerstein , Jerome Kern , Cole Porter and other eminent musicians . Dreyfus died at Madrey Farm in 1964 , aged 90 . The ASCAP Foundation Max Dreyfus Scholarship was established in his name . Victoria Dreyfus died at age 95 in March 1976 .
|
[
"T . B . Harms"
] |
[
{
"text": " Max Dreyfus ( April 1 , 1874 – May 12 , 1964 ) was a German-born American music publisher , arranger and songwriter . Between the 1910s and 1950s he encouraged and published the work of many of the writers of the so-called Great American Songbook , and was president of Chappell & Co. , Inc . American office , the worlds largest music publishing firm .",
"title": "Max Dreyfus"
},
{
"text": "He was born in Kuppenheim , Germany , the son of a cattle dealer . At the age of 14 he traveled to the USA at the invitation of family friend Aaron Lehman who had immigrated to Jackson , Mississippi . Initially , Dreyfus worked as a travelling salesman selling picture frames , but by the mid-1890s worked on Tin Pan Alley in New York City where he worked closely with songwriter Paul Dresser and transcribed song arrangements . Within a few years he had secured a post with the publishing firm set up by Thomas B . Harms (",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "1860-1906 ) , arranging , plugging songs , and doing some songwriting ; his song Cupids Garden , published under the pseudonym Max Eugene , was successful in 1901 .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "Harms sold his share in the family publishing firm in 1904 to Max and his younger brother Louis Dreyfus ( 1877-1967 ) , who had joined him in the US . The two brothers retained the company name T . B . Harms , and established a partnership with the London firm of Francis , Day & Hunter , allowing them to market their songs in Britain . They also encouraged young new songwriters in New York , most notably Jerome Kern , who soon achieved success and became a partner in the company . After the First World War",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": ", the company had commercial success with songs such as Poor Butterfly , and more songwriters joined the company , including George Gershwin , Richard Rodgers , Lorenz Hart , Rudolf Friml , Vincent Youmans , Irving Caesar , and Cole Porter .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "In 1920 , the brothers were approached by the British publishers , Chappell & Co. , to handle their interests in the US . By 1926 , they had bought Chappell outright , and shortly before the Great Depression they made a highly profitable sale of their interest in T . B . Harms . The companies remained independent of the Hollywood system which bought up many of the other publishing houses , with the result that the brothers retained a strong financial position . In 1935 , they reconstituted their holdings as Chappell , Inc. , with Louis Dreyfus",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "moving to London and Max remaining in control of their New York operations , based in the Rockefeller Center .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "Max Dreyfus was a softspoken , slightly built man who was reserved almost to a fault . He was seen as a man of integrity and a gifted talent spotter . He helped found ASCAP ( the American Society of Composers , Authors and Publishers ) in 1914 , and served as a board member for fifty years until shortly before his death . He pioneered a new style of orchestration for theatre performances , employing Russell Bennett as the companys chief orchestrator from 1919 . He established a company policy under which composers , lyricists and librettists were all",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "in partnership with the publishing company . He insisted on exclusive contracts for many of his writers and orchestrators working on Broadway shows , with the result that through the thirties and forties , Dreyfus had a virtual stranglehold on the Broadway musical , with almost all of the most successful songwriters ( except Berlin ) under contract . And the best and most knowledgeable theatrical orchestrators as well .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": " He remained in control of Chappell & Co . after World War II , with new writers including Alan Jay Lerner and Frederick Loewe , whose My Fair Lady he published . Although other independent publishers took a larger share of the market after the war , Chappell also found success with South Pacific , The Sound of Music , Gypsy , and Funny Girl , among others .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "Dreyfus was played by Charles Coburn , who was considerably bulkier and more gregarious than him , in the 1945 Gershwin biographical film Rhapsody in Blue . Dreyfus did not like the film , saying to a friend , “Did you ever see me wear a top hat ?”",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": " Max Dreyfus and his wife , the former Victoria Brill , had no children . They bought a 300-acre summer home near Brewster , New York , Madrey Farm , in 1929 . The property had formerly been owned by Daniel Drew , the 19th century railroad magnate , who is buried on the property . There Victoria Dreyfus raised Percheron horses and cattle , and the couple entertained Richard Rodgers , Oscar Hammerstein , Jerome Kern , Cole Porter and other eminent musicians .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "Dreyfus died at Madrey Farm in 1964 , aged 90 . The ASCAP Foundation Max Dreyfus Scholarship was established in his name . Victoria Dreyfus died at age 95 in March 1976 .",
"title": "Personal life"
}
] |
/wiki/Max_Dreyfus#P1830#2
|
Who was the owner of Max Dreyfus between May 1899 and May 1900?
|
Max Dreyfus Max Dreyfus ( April 1 , 1874 – May 12 , 1964 ) was a German-born American music publisher , arranger and songwriter . Between the 1910s and 1950s he encouraged and published the work of many of the writers of the so-called Great American Songbook , and was president of Chappell & Co. , Inc . American office , the worlds largest music publishing firm . Biography . He was born in Kuppenheim , Germany , the son of a cattle dealer . At the age of 14 he traveled to the USA at the invitation of family friend Aaron Lehman who had immigrated to Jackson , Mississippi . Initially , Dreyfus worked as a travelling salesman selling picture frames , but by the mid-1890s worked on Tin Pan Alley in New York City where he worked closely with songwriter Paul Dresser and transcribed song arrangements . Within a few years he had secured a post with the publishing firm set up by Thomas B . Harms ( 1860-1906 ) , arranging , plugging songs , and doing some songwriting ; his song Cupids Garden , published under the pseudonym Max Eugene , was successful in 1901 . Harms sold his share in the family publishing firm in 1904 to Max and his younger brother Louis Dreyfus ( 1877-1967 ) , who had joined him in the US . The two brothers retained the company name T . B . Harms , and established a partnership with the London firm of Francis , Day & Hunter , allowing them to market their songs in Britain . They also encouraged young new songwriters in New York , most notably Jerome Kern , who soon achieved success and became a partner in the company . After the First World War , the company had commercial success with songs such as Poor Butterfly , and more songwriters joined the company , including George Gershwin , Richard Rodgers , Lorenz Hart , Rudolf Friml , Vincent Youmans , Irving Caesar , and Cole Porter . In 1920 , the brothers were approached by the British publishers , Chappell & Co. , to handle their interests in the US . By 1926 , they had bought Chappell outright , and shortly before the Great Depression they made a highly profitable sale of their interest in T . B . Harms . The companies remained independent of the Hollywood system which bought up many of the other publishing houses , with the result that the brothers retained a strong financial position . In 1935 , they reconstituted their holdings as Chappell , Inc. , with Louis Dreyfus moving to London and Max remaining in control of their New York operations , based in the Rockefeller Center . Max Dreyfus was a softspoken , slightly built man who was reserved almost to a fault . He was seen as a man of integrity and a gifted talent spotter . He helped found ASCAP ( the American Society of Composers , Authors and Publishers ) in 1914 , and served as a board member for fifty years until shortly before his death . He pioneered a new style of orchestration for theatre performances , employing Russell Bennett as the companys chief orchestrator from 1919 . He established a company policy under which composers , lyricists and librettists were all in partnership with the publishing company . He insisted on exclusive contracts for many of his writers and orchestrators working on Broadway shows , with the result that through the thirties and forties , Dreyfus had a virtual stranglehold on the Broadway musical , with almost all of the most successful songwriters ( except Berlin ) under contract . And the best and most knowledgeable theatrical orchestrators as well . He remained in control of Chappell & Co . after World War II , with new writers including Alan Jay Lerner and Frederick Loewe , whose My Fair Lady he published . Although other independent publishers took a larger share of the market after the war , Chappell also found success with South Pacific , The Sound of Music , Gypsy , and Funny Girl , among others . Dreyfus was played by Charles Coburn , who was considerably bulkier and more gregarious than him , in the 1945 Gershwin biographical film Rhapsody in Blue . Dreyfus did not like the film , saying to a friend , “Did you ever see me wear a top hat ?” Personal life . Max Dreyfus and his wife , the former Victoria Brill , had no children . They bought a 300-acre summer home near Brewster , New York , Madrey Farm , in 1929 . The property had formerly been owned by Daniel Drew , the 19th century railroad magnate , who is buried on the property . There Victoria Dreyfus raised Percheron horses and cattle , and the couple entertained Richard Rodgers , Oscar Hammerstein , Jerome Kern , Cole Porter and other eminent musicians . Dreyfus died at Madrey Farm in 1964 , aged 90 . The ASCAP Foundation Max Dreyfus Scholarship was established in his name . Victoria Dreyfus died at age 95 in March 1976 .
|
[
""
] |
[
{
"text": " Max Dreyfus ( April 1 , 1874 – May 12 , 1964 ) was a German-born American music publisher , arranger and songwriter . Between the 1910s and 1950s he encouraged and published the work of many of the writers of the so-called Great American Songbook , and was president of Chappell & Co. , Inc . American office , the worlds largest music publishing firm .",
"title": "Max Dreyfus"
},
{
"text": "He was born in Kuppenheim , Germany , the son of a cattle dealer . At the age of 14 he traveled to the USA at the invitation of family friend Aaron Lehman who had immigrated to Jackson , Mississippi . Initially , Dreyfus worked as a travelling salesman selling picture frames , but by the mid-1890s worked on Tin Pan Alley in New York City where he worked closely with songwriter Paul Dresser and transcribed song arrangements . Within a few years he had secured a post with the publishing firm set up by Thomas B . Harms (",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "1860-1906 ) , arranging , plugging songs , and doing some songwriting ; his song Cupids Garden , published under the pseudonym Max Eugene , was successful in 1901 .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "Harms sold his share in the family publishing firm in 1904 to Max and his younger brother Louis Dreyfus ( 1877-1967 ) , who had joined him in the US . The two brothers retained the company name T . B . Harms , and established a partnership with the London firm of Francis , Day & Hunter , allowing them to market their songs in Britain . They also encouraged young new songwriters in New York , most notably Jerome Kern , who soon achieved success and became a partner in the company . After the First World War",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": ", the company had commercial success with songs such as Poor Butterfly , and more songwriters joined the company , including George Gershwin , Richard Rodgers , Lorenz Hart , Rudolf Friml , Vincent Youmans , Irving Caesar , and Cole Porter .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "In 1920 , the brothers were approached by the British publishers , Chappell & Co. , to handle their interests in the US . By 1926 , they had bought Chappell outright , and shortly before the Great Depression they made a highly profitable sale of their interest in T . B . Harms . The companies remained independent of the Hollywood system which bought up many of the other publishing houses , with the result that the brothers retained a strong financial position . In 1935 , they reconstituted their holdings as Chappell , Inc. , with Louis Dreyfus",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "moving to London and Max remaining in control of their New York operations , based in the Rockefeller Center .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "Max Dreyfus was a softspoken , slightly built man who was reserved almost to a fault . He was seen as a man of integrity and a gifted talent spotter . He helped found ASCAP ( the American Society of Composers , Authors and Publishers ) in 1914 , and served as a board member for fifty years until shortly before his death . He pioneered a new style of orchestration for theatre performances , employing Russell Bennett as the companys chief orchestrator from 1919 . He established a company policy under which composers , lyricists and librettists were all",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "in partnership with the publishing company . He insisted on exclusive contracts for many of his writers and orchestrators working on Broadway shows , with the result that through the thirties and forties , Dreyfus had a virtual stranglehold on the Broadway musical , with almost all of the most successful songwriters ( except Berlin ) under contract . And the best and most knowledgeable theatrical orchestrators as well .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": " He remained in control of Chappell & Co . after World War II , with new writers including Alan Jay Lerner and Frederick Loewe , whose My Fair Lady he published . Although other independent publishers took a larger share of the market after the war , Chappell also found success with South Pacific , The Sound of Music , Gypsy , and Funny Girl , among others .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "Dreyfus was played by Charles Coburn , who was considerably bulkier and more gregarious than him , in the 1945 Gershwin biographical film Rhapsody in Blue . Dreyfus did not like the film , saying to a friend , “Did you ever see me wear a top hat ?”",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": " Max Dreyfus and his wife , the former Victoria Brill , had no children . They bought a 300-acre summer home near Brewster , New York , Madrey Farm , in 1929 . The property had formerly been owned by Daniel Drew , the 19th century railroad magnate , who is buried on the property . There Victoria Dreyfus raised Percheron horses and cattle , and the couple entertained Richard Rodgers , Oscar Hammerstein , Jerome Kern , Cole Porter and other eminent musicians .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "Dreyfus died at Madrey Farm in 1964 , aged 90 . The ASCAP Foundation Max Dreyfus Scholarship was established in his name . Victoria Dreyfus died at age 95 in March 1976 .",
"title": "Personal life"
}
] |
/wiki/Party_of_Italian_Communists#P488#0
|
Who was the head of Party of Italian Communists before Oct 2001?
|
Party of Italian Communists The Party of Italian Communists ( , PdCI ) was a communist party in Italy founded in October 1998 as a split from the Communist Refoundation Party ( PRC ) led by Armando Cossutta , the founder and early leader of the PRC . In December 2014 , the party was transformed into Communist Party of Italy ( PCdI ) , which would later evolve into the re-edition of the Italian Communist Party ( PCI ) . History . Foundation and early years . In October 1998 , the PRC was divided between those who wanted to stop supporting Romano Prodis first government , led by PRC secretary Fausto Bertinotti ; and those who wanted to continue the alliance , led by PRC president Cossutta . The central committee endorsed Bertinottis line , but Cossutta and his followers decided to support Prodi whatsoever . The votes of cossuttiani were not enough and the government lost a confidence vote in Parliament . The dissidents , who controlled the majority of deputies and senators , split and formed a rival communist outfit , the PdCI , which immediately joined the first cabinet led by Massimo DAlema , leader of the Democrats of the Left and first post-communist to hold the job of Prime Minister of Italy . Under DAlema , PdCIs Oliviero Diliberto served as Minister of Justice . Despite the split of most of PRCs parliamentary representation , the PRC remained more popular than the PdCI with voters , both in the 1999 European Parliament election ( 4.3% to 2.0% ) and the 2001 general election ( 5.0% to 1.7% ) . Leadership of Diliberto . Diliberto , who had been elected secretary in 2000 , led the PdCI to continue its participation in the centre-left coalition ( known at the time as The Olive Tree ) at the 2001 general election , which registered a victory by Silvio Berlusconis centre-right House of Freedoms coalition . The PdCI obtained 1.7% of the vote and a handful of deputies and senators . In the 2006 general election , the party was a member of the winning The Union coalition and won 2.4% of the vote and 16 deputies while the Together with the Union electoral list consisting of the PdCI , the Federation of the Greens and United Consumers won 11 senators . Subsequently , the PdCI entered Prodis second government , which would last until January 2008 . In the meantime , Diliberto had become the undisputed leader of the party and since 2005 clashes between him and Cossutta became frequent . In 2006 , the latter resigned from president and was replaced by Antonino Cuffaro . In 2007 , Cossutta left the party altogether . For the 2008 general election , the PdCI formed a joint list named Rainbow Left ( SA ) along with the PRC , the Greens and Democratic Left under Bertinottis leadership . SA obtained a mere 3.1% ( compared to 10.2% won by the constituent parties individually two years before ) and no seats . In 2008 , Diliberto was re-elected secretary and proposed to the PRC a re-unification of the two parties through a communist constituent assembly . Out of Parliament . In the run-up of the 2009 European Parliament election , the PdCI formed along with the PRC and minor groups the Anticapitalist and Communist List . The list got 3.4% of the vote and no MEPs . In April 2009 , the list was transformed into the Federation of the Left , which would be disbanded by the end of 2012 and officially dissolved in 2015 . In the 2013 general election , the PdCI ran within Civil Revolution along with the PRC , the Greens , Italy of Values and minor groups , gaining 2.2% of the vote and no seats . The PdCI did not contest the 2014 European Parliament election , withdrawing its early support for The Other Europe electoral list . Before and after the 2009 European election , the PdCI lost its right- and left-wings , respectively . In February , Unite the Left , led by Katia Bellillo ( a former minister ) and Umberto Guidoni ( an incumbent MEP ) , left the party in order to participate in the election with the Left and Freedom list and would eventually merge into Left Ecology Freedom . In June , Marco Rizzo ( the other incumbent MEP and former Dilibertos number two ) was expelled and would later form the hard-line Communist Party . In July 2013 , Diliberto stepped down from secretary after thirteen years and was replaced by Cesare Procaccini , a 65-year-old former metalworker from Marche . Communist Party of Italy . In December 2014 , the PdCI was transformed into Communist Party of Italy , taking the name of the late Communist Party of Italy . Leadership . - Secretary : Armando Cossutta ( 1998–2000 ) , Oliviero Diliberto ( 2000–2013 ) , Cesare Procaccini ( 2013–2014 ) - Coordinator : Marco Rizzo ( 1998–2009 ) , Orazio Licandro ( 2009–2013 ) , Alessandro Pignatiello ( 2013–2014 ) - President : Armando Cossutta ( 2000–2006 ) , Antonino Cuffaro ( 2007–2013 ) , Manuela Palermi ( 2013–2014 ) - Honorary President : Antonino Cuffaro ( 2013–2014 ) - Party Leader in the Chamber of Deputies : Oliviero Diliberto ( 1998 ) , Tullio Grimaldi ( 1998–2001 ) , Marco Rizzo ( 2001–2004 ) , Pino Sgobio ( 2004–2008 ) - Party Leader in the Senate : Luigi Marino ( 1998–2006 ) , Manuela Palermi ( leader of the PdCI-Greens group , 2006–2008 ) - Party Leader in the European Parliament : Lucio Manisco ( 1998–2004 ) , Marco Rizzo ( 2004–2009 ) External links . - Official website
|
[
"Armando Cossutta"
] |
[
{
"text": " The Party of Italian Communists ( , PdCI ) was a communist party in Italy founded in October 1998 as a split from the Communist Refoundation Party ( PRC ) led by Armando Cossutta , the founder and early leader of the PRC . In December 2014 , the party was transformed into Communist Party of Italy ( PCdI ) , which would later evolve into the re-edition of the Italian Communist Party ( PCI ) .",
"title": "Party of Italian Communists"
},
{
"text": "In October 1998 , the PRC was divided between those who wanted to stop supporting Romano Prodis first government , led by PRC secretary Fausto Bertinotti ; and those who wanted to continue the alliance , led by PRC president Cossutta . The central committee endorsed Bertinottis line , but Cossutta and his followers decided to support Prodi whatsoever . The votes of cossuttiani were not enough and the government lost a confidence vote in Parliament . The dissidents , who controlled the majority of deputies and senators , split and formed a rival communist outfit , the PdCI ,",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "which immediately joined the first cabinet led by Massimo DAlema , leader of the Democrats of the Left and first post-communist to hold the job of Prime Minister of Italy . Under DAlema , PdCIs Oliviero Diliberto served as Minister of Justice .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " Despite the split of most of PRCs parliamentary representation , the PRC remained more popular than the PdCI with voters , both in the 1999 European Parliament election ( 4.3% to 2.0% ) and the 2001 general election ( 5.0% to 1.7% ) .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " Diliberto , who had been elected secretary in 2000 , led the PdCI to continue its participation in the centre-left coalition ( known at the time as The Olive Tree ) at the 2001 general election , which registered a victory by Silvio Berlusconis centre-right House of Freedoms coalition . The PdCI obtained 1.7% of the vote and a handful of deputies and senators .",
"title": "Leadership of Diliberto"
},
{
"text": "In the 2006 general election , the party was a member of the winning The Union coalition and won 2.4% of the vote and 16 deputies while the Together with the Union electoral list consisting of the PdCI , the Federation of the Greens and United Consumers won 11 senators . Subsequently , the PdCI entered Prodis second government , which would last until January 2008 .",
"title": "Leadership of Diliberto"
},
{
"text": " In the meantime , Diliberto had become the undisputed leader of the party and since 2005 clashes between him and Cossutta became frequent . In 2006 , the latter resigned from president and was replaced by Antonino Cuffaro . In 2007 , Cossutta left the party altogether .",
"title": "Leadership of Diliberto"
},
{
"text": "For the 2008 general election , the PdCI formed a joint list named Rainbow Left ( SA ) along with the PRC , the Greens and Democratic Left under Bertinottis leadership . SA obtained a mere 3.1% ( compared to 10.2% won by the constituent parties individually two years before ) and no seats . In 2008 , Diliberto was re-elected secretary and proposed to the PRC a re-unification of the two parties through a communist constituent assembly .",
"title": "Leadership of Diliberto"
},
{
"text": "In the run-up of the 2009 European Parliament election , the PdCI formed along with the PRC and minor groups the Anticapitalist and Communist List . The list got 3.4% of the vote and no MEPs . In April 2009 , the list was transformed into the Federation of the Left , which would be disbanded by the end of 2012 and officially dissolved in 2015 . In the 2013 general election , the PdCI ran within Civil Revolution along with the PRC , the Greens , Italy of Values and minor groups , gaining 2.2% of the vote and",
"title": "Out of Parliament"
},
{
"text": "no seats . The PdCI did not contest the 2014 European Parliament election , withdrawing its early support for The Other Europe electoral list .",
"title": "Out of Parliament"
},
{
"text": " Before and after the 2009 European election , the PdCI lost its right- and left-wings , respectively . In February , Unite the Left , led by Katia Bellillo ( a former minister ) and Umberto Guidoni ( an incumbent MEP ) , left the party in order to participate in the election with the Left and Freedom list and would eventually merge into Left Ecology Freedom . In June , Marco Rizzo ( the other incumbent MEP and former Dilibertos number two ) was expelled and would later form the hard-line Communist Party .",
"title": "Out of Parliament"
},
{
"text": "In July 2013 , Diliberto stepped down from secretary after thirteen years and was replaced by Cesare Procaccini , a 65-year-old former metalworker from Marche .",
"title": "Out of Parliament"
},
{
"text": " Communist Party of Italy . In December 2014 , the PdCI was transformed into Communist Party of Italy , taking the name of the late Communist Party of Italy .",
"title": "Out of Parliament"
},
{
"text": " - Secretary : Armando Cossutta ( 1998–2000 ) , Oliviero Diliberto ( 2000–2013 ) , Cesare Procaccini ( 2013–2014 ) - Coordinator : Marco Rizzo ( 1998–2009 ) , Orazio Licandro ( 2009–2013 ) , Alessandro Pignatiello ( 2013–2014 ) - President : Armando Cossutta ( 2000–2006 ) , Antonino Cuffaro ( 2007–2013 ) , Manuela Palermi ( 2013–2014 ) - Honorary President : Antonino Cuffaro ( 2013–2014 )",
"title": "Leadership"
},
{
"text": "- Party Leader in the Chamber of Deputies : Oliviero Diliberto ( 1998 ) , Tullio Grimaldi ( 1998–2001 ) , Marco Rizzo ( 2001–2004 ) , Pino Sgobio ( 2004–2008 )",
"title": "Leadership"
},
{
"text": " - Party Leader in the Senate : Luigi Marino ( 1998–2006 ) , Manuela Palermi ( leader of the PdCI-Greens group , 2006–2008 ) - Party Leader in the European Parliament : Lucio Manisco ( 1998–2004 ) , Marco Rizzo ( 2004–2009 )",
"title": "Leadership"
},
{
"text": " - Official website",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Party_of_Italian_Communists#P488#1
|
Who was the head of Party of Italian Communists in Jan 2010?
|
Party of Italian Communists The Party of Italian Communists ( , PdCI ) was a communist party in Italy founded in October 1998 as a split from the Communist Refoundation Party ( PRC ) led by Armando Cossutta , the founder and early leader of the PRC . In December 2014 , the party was transformed into Communist Party of Italy ( PCdI ) , which would later evolve into the re-edition of the Italian Communist Party ( PCI ) . History . Foundation and early years . In October 1998 , the PRC was divided between those who wanted to stop supporting Romano Prodis first government , led by PRC secretary Fausto Bertinotti ; and those who wanted to continue the alliance , led by PRC president Cossutta . The central committee endorsed Bertinottis line , but Cossutta and his followers decided to support Prodi whatsoever . The votes of cossuttiani were not enough and the government lost a confidence vote in Parliament . The dissidents , who controlled the majority of deputies and senators , split and formed a rival communist outfit , the PdCI , which immediately joined the first cabinet led by Massimo DAlema , leader of the Democrats of the Left and first post-communist to hold the job of Prime Minister of Italy . Under DAlema , PdCIs Oliviero Diliberto served as Minister of Justice . Despite the split of most of PRCs parliamentary representation , the PRC remained more popular than the PdCI with voters , both in the 1999 European Parliament election ( 4.3% to 2.0% ) and the 2001 general election ( 5.0% to 1.7% ) . Leadership of Diliberto . Diliberto , who had been elected secretary in 2000 , led the PdCI to continue its participation in the centre-left coalition ( known at the time as The Olive Tree ) at the 2001 general election , which registered a victory by Silvio Berlusconis centre-right House of Freedoms coalition . The PdCI obtained 1.7% of the vote and a handful of deputies and senators . In the 2006 general election , the party was a member of the winning The Union coalition and won 2.4% of the vote and 16 deputies while the Together with the Union electoral list consisting of the PdCI , the Federation of the Greens and United Consumers won 11 senators . Subsequently , the PdCI entered Prodis second government , which would last until January 2008 . In the meantime , Diliberto had become the undisputed leader of the party and since 2005 clashes between him and Cossutta became frequent . In 2006 , the latter resigned from president and was replaced by Antonino Cuffaro . In 2007 , Cossutta left the party altogether . For the 2008 general election , the PdCI formed a joint list named Rainbow Left ( SA ) along with the PRC , the Greens and Democratic Left under Bertinottis leadership . SA obtained a mere 3.1% ( compared to 10.2% won by the constituent parties individually two years before ) and no seats . In 2008 , Diliberto was re-elected secretary and proposed to the PRC a re-unification of the two parties through a communist constituent assembly . Out of Parliament . In the run-up of the 2009 European Parliament election , the PdCI formed along with the PRC and minor groups the Anticapitalist and Communist List . The list got 3.4% of the vote and no MEPs . In April 2009 , the list was transformed into the Federation of the Left , which would be disbanded by the end of 2012 and officially dissolved in 2015 . In the 2013 general election , the PdCI ran within Civil Revolution along with the PRC , the Greens , Italy of Values and minor groups , gaining 2.2% of the vote and no seats . The PdCI did not contest the 2014 European Parliament election , withdrawing its early support for The Other Europe electoral list . Before and after the 2009 European election , the PdCI lost its right- and left-wings , respectively . In February , Unite the Left , led by Katia Bellillo ( a former minister ) and Umberto Guidoni ( an incumbent MEP ) , left the party in order to participate in the election with the Left and Freedom list and would eventually merge into Left Ecology Freedom . In June , Marco Rizzo ( the other incumbent MEP and former Dilibertos number two ) was expelled and would later form the hard-line Communist Party . In July 2013 , Diliberto stepped down from secretary after thirteen years and was replaced by Cesare Procaccini , a 65-year-old former metalworker from Marche . Communist Party of Italy . In December 2014 , the PdCI was transformed into Communist Party of Italy , taking the name of the late Communist Party of Italy . Leadership . - Secretary : Armando Cossutta ( 1998–2000 ) , Oliviero Diliberto ( 2000–2013 ) , Cesare Procaccini ( 2013–2014 ) - Coordinator : Marco Rizzo ( 1998–2009 ) , Orazio Licandro ( 2009–2013 ) , Alessandro Pignatiello ( 2013–2014 ) - President : Armando Cossutta ( 2000–2006 ) , Antonino Cuffaro ( 2007–2013 ) , Manuela Palermi ( 2013–2014 ) - Honorary President : Antonino Cuffaro ( 2013–2014 ) - Party Leader in the Chamber of Deputies : Oliviero Diliberto ( 1998 ) , Tullio Grimaldi ( 1998–2001 ) , Marco Rizzo ( 2001–2004 ) , Pino Sgobio ( 2004–2008 ) - Party Leader in the Senate : Luigi Marino ( 1998–2006 ) , Manuela Palermi ( leader of the PdCI-Greens group , 2006–2008 ) - Party Leader in the European Parliament : Lucio Manisco ( 1998–2004 ) , Marco Rizzo ( 2004–2009 ) External links . - Official website
|
[
"Antonino Cuffaro"
] |
[
{
"text": " The Party of Italian Communists ( , PdCI ) was a communist party in Italy founded in October 1998 as a split from the Communist Refoundation Party ( PRC ) led by Armando Cossutta , the founder and early leader of the PRC . In December 2014 , the party was transformed into Communist Party of Italy ( PCdI ) , which would later evolve into the re-edition of the Italian Communist Party ( PCI ) .",
"title": "Party of Italian Communists"
},
{
"text": "In October 1998 , the PRC was divided between those who wanted to stop supporting Romano Prodis first government , led by PRC secretary Fausto Bertinotti ; and those who wanted to continue the alliance , led by PRC president Cossutta . The central committee endorsed Bertinottis line , but Cossutta and his followers decided to support Prodi whatsoever . The votes of cossuttiani were not enough and the government lost a confidence vote in Parliament . The dissidents , who controlled the majority of deputies and senators , split and formed a rival communist outfit , the PdCI ,",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "which immediately joined the first cabinet led by Massimo DAlema , leader of the Democrats of the Left and first post-communist to hold the job of Prime Minister of Italy . Under DAlema , PdCIs Oliviero Diliberto served as Minister of Justice .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " Despite the split of most of PRCs parliamentary representation , the PRC remained more popular than the PdCI with voters , both in the 1999 European Parliament election ( 4.3% to 2.0% ) and the 2001 general election ( 5.0% to 1.7% ) .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " Diliberto , who had been elected secretary in 2000 , led the PdCI to continue its participation in the centre-left coalition ( known at the time as The Olive Tree ) at the 2001 general election , which registered a victory by Silvio Berlusconis centre-right House of Freedoms coalition . The PdCI obtained 1.7% of the vote and a handful of deputies and senators .",
"title": "Leadership of Diliberto"
},
{
"text": "In the 2006 general election , the party was a member of the winning The Union coalition and won 2.4% of the vote and 16 deputies while the Together with the Union electoral list consisting of the PdCI , the Federation of the Greens and United Consumers won 11 senators . Subsequently , the PdCI entered Prodis second government , which would last until January 2008 .",
"title": "Leadership of Diliberto"
},
{
"text": " In the meantime , Diliberto had become the undisputed leader of the party and since 2005 clashes between him and Cossutta became frequent . In 2006 , the latter resigned from president and was replaced by Antonino Cuffaro . In 2007 , Cossutta left the party altogether .",
"title": "Leadership of Diliberto"
},
{
"text": "For the 2008 general election , the PdCI formed a joint list named Rainbow Left ( SA ) along with the PRC , the Greens and Democratic Left under Bertinottis leadership . SA obtained a mere 3.1% ( compared to 10.2% won by the constituent parties individually two years before ) and no seats . In 2008 , Diliberto was re-elected secretary and proposed to the PRC a re-unification of the two parties through a communist constituent assembly .",
"title": "Leadership of Diliberto"
},
{
"text": "In the run-up of the 2009 European Parliament election , the PdCI formed along with the PRC and minor groups the Anticapitalist and Communist List . The list got 3.4% of the vote and no MEPs . In April 2009 , the list was transformed into the Federation of the Left , which would be disbanded by the end of 2012 and officially dissolved in 2015 . In the 2013 general election , the PdCI ran within Civil Revolution along with the PRC , the Greens , Italy of Values and minor groups , gaining 2.2% of the vote and",
"title": "Out of Parliament"
},
{
"text": "no seats . The PdCI did not contest the 2014 European Parliament election , withdrawing its early support for The Other Europe electoral list .",
"title": "Out of Parliament"
},
{
"text": " Before and after the 2009 European election , the PdCI lost its right- and left-wings , respectively . In February , Unite the Left , led by Katia Bellillo ( a former minister ) and Umberto Guidoni ( an incumbent MEP ) , left the party in order to participate in the election with the Left and Freedom list and would eventually merge into Left Ecology Freedom . In June , Marco Rizzo ( the other incumbent MEP and former Dilibertos number two ) was expelled and would later form the hard-line Communist Party .",
"title": "Out of Parliament"
},
{
"text": "In July 2013 , Diliberto stepped down from secretary after thirteen years and was replaced by Cesare Procaccini , a 65-year-old former metalworker from Marche .",
"title": "Out of Parliament"
},
{
"text": " Communist Party of Italy . In December 2014 , the PdCI was transformed into Communist Party of Italy , taking the name of the late Communist Party of Italy .",
"title": "Out of Parliament"
},
{
"text": " - Secretary : Armando Cossutta ( 1998–2000 ) , Oliviero Diliberto ( 2000–2013 ) , Cesare Procaccini ( 2013–2014 ) - Coordinator : Marco Rizzo ( 1998–2009 ) , Orazio Licandro ( 2009–2013 ) , Alessandro Pignatiello ( 2013–2014 ) - President : Armando Cossutta ( 2000–2006 ) , Antonino Cuffaro ( 2007–2013 ) , Manuela Palermi ( 2013–2014 ) - Honorary President : Antonino Cuffaro ( 2013–2014 )",
"title": "Leadership"
},
{
"text": "- Party Leader in the Chamber of Deputies : Oliviero Diliberto ( 1998 ) , Tullio Grimaldi ( 1998–2001 ) , Marco Rizzo ( 2001–2004 ) , Pino Sgobio ( 2004–2008 )",
"title": "Leadership"
},
{
"text": " - Party Leader in the Senate : Luigi Marino ( 1998–2006 ) , Manuela Palermi ( leader of the PdCI-Greens group , 2006–2008 ) - Party Leader in the European Parliament : Lucio Manisco ( 1998–2004 ) , Marco Rizzo ( 2004–2009 )",
"title": "Leadership"
},
{
"text": " - Official website",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Party_of_Italian_Communists#P488#2
|
Who was the head of Party of Italian Communists in Nov 2013?
|
Party of Italian Communists The Party of Italian Communists ( , PdCI ) was a communist party in Italy founded in October 1998 as a split from the Communist Refoundation Party ( PRC ) led by Armando Cossutta , the founder and early leader of the PRC . In December 2014 , the party was transformed into Communist Party of Italy ( PCdI ) , which would later evolve into the re-edition of the Italian Communist Party ( PCI ) . History . Foundation and early years . In October 1998 , the PRC was divided between those who wanted to stop supporting Romano Prodis first government , led by PRC secretary Fausto Bertinotti ; and those who wanted to continue the alliance , led by PRC president Cossutta . The central committee endorsed Bertinottis line , but Cossutta and his followers decided to support Prodi whatsoever . The votes of cossuttiani were not enough and the government lost a confidence vote in Parliament . The dissidents , who controlled the majority of deputies and senators , split and formed a rival communist outfit , the PdCI , which immediately joined the first cabinet led by Massimo DAlema , leader of the Democrats of the Left and first post-communist to hold the job of Prime Minister of Italy . Under DAlema , PdCIs Oliviero Diliberto served as Minister of Justice . Despite the split of most of PRCs parliamentary representation , the PRC remained more popular than the PdCI with voters , both in the 1999 European Parliament election ( 4.3% to 2.0% ) and the 2001 general election ( 5.0% to 1.7% ) . Leadership of Diliberto . Diliberto , who had been elected secretary in 2000 , led the PdCI to continue its participation in the centre-left coalition ( known at the time as The Olive Tree ) at the 2001 general election , which registered a victory by Silvio Berlusconis centre-right House of Freedoms coalition . The PdCI obtained 1.7% of the vote and a handful of deputies and senators . In the 2006 general election , the party was a member of the winning The Union coalition and won 2.4% of the vote and 16 deputies while the Together with the Union electoral list consisting of the PdCI , the Federation of the Greens and United Consumers won 11 senators . Subsequently , the PdCI entered Prodis second government , which would last until January 2008 . In the meantime , Diliberto had become the undisputed leader of the party and since 2005 clashes between him and Cossutta became frequent . In 2006 , the latter resigned from president and was replaced by Antonino Cuffaro . In 2007 , Cossutta left the party altogether . For the 2008 general election , the PdCI formed a joint list named Rainbow Left ( SA ) along with the PRC , the Greens and Democratic Left under Bertinottis leadership . SA obtained a mere 3.1% ( compared to 10.2% won by the constituent parties individually two years before ) and no seats . In 2008 , Diliberto was re-elected secretary and proposed to the PRC a re-unification of the two parties through a communist constituent assembly . Out of Parliament . In the run-up of the 2009 European Parliament election , the PdCI formed along with the PRC and minor groups the Anticapitalist and Communist List . The list got 3.4% of the vote and no MEPs . In April 2009 , the list was transformed into the Federation of the Left , which would be disbanded by the end of 2012 and officially dissolved in 2015 . In the 2013 general election , the PdCI ran within Civil Revolution along with the PRC , the Greens , Italy of Values and minor groups , gaining 2.2% of the vote and no seats . The PdCI did not contest the 2014 European Parliament election , withdrawing its early support for The Other Europe electoral list . Before and after the 2009 European election , the PdCI lost its right- and left-wings , respectively . In February , Unite the Left , led by Katia Bellillo ( a former minister ) and Umberto Guidoni ( an incumbent MEP ) , left the party in order to participate in the election with the Left and Freedom list and would eventually merge into Left Ecology Freedom . In June , Marco Rizzo ( the other incumbent MEP and former Dilibertos number two ) was expelled and would later form the hard-line Communist Party . In July 2013 , Diliberto stepped down from secretary after thirteen years and was replaced by Cesare Procaccini , a 65-year-old former metalworker from Marche . Communist Party of Italy . In December 2014 , the PdCI was transformed into Communist Party of Italy , taking the name of the late Communist Party of Italy . Leadership . - Secretary : Armando Cossutta ( 1998–2000 ) , Oliviero Diliberto ( 2000–2013 ) , Cesare Procaccini ( 2013–2014 ) - Coordinator : Marco Rizzo ( 1998–2009 ) , Orazio Licandro ( 2009–2013 ) , Alessandro Pignatiello ( 2013–2014 ) - President : Armando Cossutta ( 2000–2006 ) , Antonino Cuffaro ( 2007–2013 ) , Manuela Palermi ( 2013–2014 ) - Honorary President : Antonino Cuffaro ( 2013–2014 ) - Party Leader in the Chamber of Deputies : Oliviero Diliberto ( 1998 ) , Tullio Grimaldi ( 1998–2001 ) , Marco Rizzo ( 2001–2004 ) , Pino Sgobio ( 2004–2008 ) - Party Leader in the Senate : Luigi Marino ( 1998–2006 ) , Manuela Palermi ( leader of the PdCI-Greens group , 2006–2008 ) - Party Leader in the European Parliament : Lucio Manisco ( 1998–2004 ) , Marco Rizzo ( 2004–2009 ) External links . - Official website
|
[
"Manuela Palermi"
] |
[
{
"text": " The Party of Italian Communists ( , PdCI ) was a communist party in Italy founded in October 1998 as a split from the Communist Refoundation Party ( PRC ) led by Armando Cossutta , the founder and early leader of the PRC . In December 2014 , the party was transformed into Communist Party of Italy ( PCdI ) , which would later evolve into the re-edition of the Italian Communist Party ( PCI ) .",
"title": "Party of Italian Communists"
},
{
"text": "In October 1998 , the PRC was divided between those who wanted to stop supporting Romano Prodis first government , led by PRC secretary Fausto Bertinotti ; and those who wanted to continue the alliance , led by PRC president Cossutta . The central committee endorsed Bertinottis line , but Cossutta and his followers decided to support Prodi whatsoever . The votes of cossuttiani were not enough and the government lost a confidence vote in Parliament . The dissidents , who controlled the majority of deputies and senators , split and formed a rival communist outfit , the PdCI ,",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "which immediately joined the first cabinet led by Massimo DAlema , leader of the Democrats of the Left and first post-communist to hold the job of Prime Minister of Italy . Under DAlema , PdCIs Oliviero Diliberto served as Minister of Justice .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " Despite the split of most of PRCs parliamentary representation , the PRC remained more popular than the PdCI with voters , both in the 1999 European Parliament election ( 4.3% to 2.0% ) and the 2001 general election ( 5.0% to 1.7% ) .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " Diliberto , who had been elected secretary in 2000 , led the PdCI to continue its participation in the centre-left coalition ( known at the time as The Olive Tree ) at the 2001 general election , which registered a victory by Silvio Berlusconis centre-right House of Freedoms coalition . The PdCI obtained 1.7% of the vote and a handful of deputies and senators .",
"title": "Leadership of Diliberto"
},
{
"text": "In the 2006 general election , the party was a member of the winning The Union coalition and won 2.4% of the vote and 16 deputies while the Together with the Union electoral list consisting of the PdCI , the Federation of the Greens and United Consumers won 11 senators . Subsequently , the PdCI entered Prodis second government , which would last until January 2008 .",
"title": "Leadership of Diliberto"
},
{
"text": " In the meantime , Diliberto had become the undisputed leader of the party and since 2005 clashes between him and Cossutta became frequent . In 2006 , the latter resigned from president and was replaced by Antonino Cuffaro . In 2007 , Cossutta left the party altogether .",
"title": "Leadership of Diliberto"
},
{
"text": "For the 2008 general election , the PdCI formed a joint list named Rainbow Left ( SA ) along with the PRC , the Greens and Democratic Left under Bertinottis leadership . SA obtained a mere 3.1% ( compared to 10.2% won by the constituent parties individually two years before ) and no seats . In 2008 , Diliberto was re-elected secretary and proposed to the PRC a re-unification of the two parties through a communist constituent assembly .",
"title": "Leadership of Diliberto"
},
{
"text": "In the run-up of the 2009 European Parliament election , the PdCI formed along with the PRC and minor groups the Anticapitalist and Communist List . The list got 3.4% of the vote and no MEPs . In April 2009 , the list was transformed into the Federation of the Left , which would be disbanded by the end of 2012 and officially dissolved in 2015 . In the 2013 general election , the PdCI ran within Civil Revolution along with the PRC , the Greens , Italy of Values and minor groups , gaining 2.2% of the vote and",
"title": "Out of Parliament"
},
{
"text": "no seats . The PdCI did not contest the 2014 European Parliament election , withdrawing its early support for The Other Europe electoral list .",
"title": "Out of Parliament"
},
{
"text": " Before and after the 2009 European election , the PdCI lost its right- and left-wings , respectively . In February , Unite the Left , led by Katia Bellillo ( a former minister ) and Umberto Guidoni ( an incumbent MEP ) , left the party in order to participate in the election with the Left and Freedom list and would eventually merge into Left Ecology Freedom . In June , Marco Rizzo ( the other incumbent MEP and former Dilibertos number two ) was expelled and would later form the hard-line Communist Party .",
"title": "Out of Parliament"
},
{
"text": "In July 2013 , Diliberto stepped down from secretary after thirteen years and was replaced by Cesare Procaccini , a 65-year-old former metalworker from Marche .",
"title": "Out of Parliament"
},
{
"text": " Communist Party of Italy . In December 2014 , the PdCI was transformed into Communist Party of Italy , taking the name of the late Communist Party of Italy .",
"title": "Out of Parliament"
},
{
"text": " - Secretary : Armando Cossutta ( 1998–2000 ) , Oliviero Diliberto ( 2000–2013 ) , Cesare Procaccini ( 2013–2014 ) - Coordinator : Marco Rizzo ( 1998–2009 ) , Orazio Licandro ( 2009–2013 ) , Alessandro Pignatiello ( 2013–2014 ) - President : Armando Cossutta ( 2000–2006 ) , Antonino Cuffaro ( 2007–2013 ) , Manuela Palermi ( 2013–2014 ) - Honorary President : Antonino Cuffaro ( 2013–2014 )",
"title": "Leadership"
},
{
"text": "- Party Leader in the Chamber of Deputies : Oliviero Diliberto ( 1998 ) , Tullio Grimaldi ( 1998–2001 ) , Marco Rizzo ( 2001–2004 ) , Pino Sgobio ( 2004–2008 )",
"title": "Leadership"
},
{
"text": " - Party Leader in the Senate : Luigi Marino ( 1998–2006 ) , Manuela Palermi ( leader of the PdCI-Greens group , 2006–2008 ) - Party Leader in the European Parliament : Lucio Manisco ( 1998–2004 ) , Marco Rizzo ( 2004–2009 )",
"title": "Leadership"
},
{
"text": " - Official website",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Jake_Bernstein_(journalist)#P108#0
|
What was the name of the employer Jake Bernstein (journalist) work for between Mar 1997 and Nov 2000?
|
Jake Bernstein ( journalist ) Jake Bernstein is an American Pulitzer Prize-winning investigative journalist and author . He previously worked with the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists . During a 25-year career , he has reported on the civil war in Central America , industrial pollution in Texas , political corruption in Miami , system-crashing greed on Wall Street , and the secret world of offshore accounts and money laundering . He has written travel pieces , reviewed movies and books , and has appeared as a radio and TV journalist . His 2017 book , Secrecy World : Inside the Panama Papers Investigation of Illicit Money Networks and the Global Elite , takes an in-depth look at the evolution of offshore financial assets , as seen through the Panama Papers , and the journalists and investigators who tried to break through its secrecy . The book was made into a feature film titled The Laundromat , directed by Steven Soderbergh . Bernstein received an executive producer credit on the film . Career . Bernstein speaks Spanish and began his journalism career in Latin America as a freelancer . After a brief stint at The Pasadena Citizen , Bernstein joined Miami New Times as a staff writer and reporter ( 1997-2002 ) , where he covered political corruption and media and the environment with stories including the fight over Elián González , Everglades restoration and the 2000 presidential recount . The Texas Observer . In mid-2002 , Bernstein joined The Texas Observer as a reporter and editor , and became executive editor in 2004 , serving through 2008 . During his tenure at the Observer , Bernstein covered stories on government surveillance , Tom DeLay’s money laundering legislative takeover and the demographic shift in Texas . Under his leadership , Utne Reader named The Texas Observer , Best Political Magazine of 2005 . ProPublica . Bernstein joined ProPublica in 2008 , shortly after its founding , where he worked as a business reporter . In 2011 , he and a colleague won the Pulitzer Prize for National Reporting for coverage of Wall Street in the lead up to the financial crisis . In 2014 , Bernstein broke the story of the secret tapes of Carmen Segarra , a whistleblower bank examiner with the Federal Reserve Bank of New York . The story prompted a U.S . Senate hearing . Panama Papers . Bernstein worked as senior reporter as part of the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists on the Panama Papers . In addition to sharing a byline on the main story , Bernstein also authored the consortiums piece on the Russian findings in All Putins Men : Secret Records Reveal Money Network Tied to Russian Leader and the story on The Art of Secrecy in the offshore world . The project won the Pulitzer Prize for Explanatory Reporting and was a Pulitzer finalist for International Reporting . Bernstein signed with United Talent Agency ( UTA ) to sell the book for film and television . Bibliography . - VICE : Dick Cheney and the Hijacking of the American Presidency , by Lou Dubose and Jake Bernstein . Random House , 2006 . - Secrecy World : Inside the Panama Papers Investigation of Illicit Money Networks and the Global Elite , by Jake Bernstein . Macmillan Audio , 2017 . External links . - Jake Bernsteins Website
|
[
"Miami New Times"
] |
[
{
"text": " Jake Bernstein is an American Pulitzer Prize-winning investigative journalist and author . He previously worked with the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists . During a 25-year career , he has reported on the civil war in Central America , industrial pollution in Texas , political corruption in Miami , system-crashing greed on Wall Street , and the secret world of offshore accounts and money laundering . He has written travel pieces , reviewed movies and books , and has appeared as a radio and TV journalist .",
"title": "Jake Bernstein ( journalist )"
},
{
"text": "His 2017 book , Secrecy World : Inside the Panama Papers Investigation of Illicit Money Networks and the Global Elite , takes an in-depth look at the evolution of offshore financial assets , as seen through the Panama Papers , and the journalists and investigators who tried to break through its secrecy . The book was made into a feature film titled The Laundromat , directed by Steven Soderbergh . Bernstein received an executive producer credit on the film .",
"title": "Jake Bernstein ( journalist )"
},
{
"text": " Bernstein speaks Spanish and began his journalism career in Latin America as a freelancer . After a brief stint at The Pasadena Citizen , Bernstein joined Miami New Times as a staff writer and reporter ( 1997-2002 ) , where he covered political corruption and media and the environment with stories including the fight over Elián González , Everglades restoration and the 2000 presidential recount .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " In mid-2002 , Bernstein joined The Texas Observer as a reporter and editor , and became executive editor in 2004 , serving through 2008 . During his tenure at the Observer , Bernstein covered stories on government surveillance , Tom DeLay’s money laundering legislative takeover and the demographic shift in Texas . Under his leadership , Utne Reader named The Texas Observer , Best Political Magazine of 2005 .",
"title": "The Texas Observer"
},
{
"text": " Bernstein joined ProPublica in 2008 , shortly after its founding , where he worked as a business reporter . In 2011 , he and a colleague won the Pulitzer Prize for National Reporting for coverage of Wall Street in the lead up to the financial crisis . In 2014 , Bernstein broke the story of the secret tapes of Carmen Segarra , a whistleblower bank examiner with the Federal Reserve Bank of New York . The story prompted a U.S . Senate hearing .",
"title": "ProPublica"
},
{
"text": " Bernstein worked as senior reporter as part of the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists on the Panama Papers . In addition to sharing a byline on the main story , Bernstein also authored the consortiums piece on the Russian findings in All Putins Men : Secret Records Reveal Money Network Tied to Russian Leader and the story on The Art of Secrecy in the offshore world . The project won the Pulitzer Prize for Explanatory Reporting and was a Pulitzer finalist for International Reporting .",
"title": "Panama Papers"
},
{
"text": "Bernstein signed with United Talent Agency ( UTA ) to sell the book for film and television .",
"title": "Panama Papers"
},
{
"text": " - VICE : Dick Cheney and the Hijacking of the American Presidency , by Lou Dubose and Jake Bernstein . Random House , 2006 . - Secrecy World : Inside the Panama Papers Investigation of Illicit Money Networks and the Global Elite , by Jake Bernstein . Macmillan Audio , 2017 .",
"title": "Bibliography"
},
{
"text": " - Jake Bernsteins Website",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Jake_Bernstein_(journalist)#P108#1
|
What was the name of the employer Jake Bernstein (journalist) work for in Feb 2002?
|
Jake Bernstein ( journalist ) Jake Bernstein is an American Pulitzer Prize-winning investigative journalist and author . He previously worked with the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists . During a 25-year career , he has reported on the civil war in Central America , industrial pollution in Texas , political corruption in Miami , system-crashing greed on Wall Street , and the secret world of offshore accounts and money laundering . He has written travel pieces , reviewed movies and books , and has appeared as a radio and TV journalist . His 2017 book , Secrecy World : Inside the Panama Papers Investigation of Illicit Money Networks and the Global Elite , takes an in-depth look at the evolution of offshore financial assets , as seen through the Panama Papers , and the journalists and investigators who tried to break through its secrecy . The book was made into a feature film titled The Laundromat , directed by Steven Soderbergh . Bernstein received an executive producer credit on the film . Career . Bernstein speaks Spanish and began his journalism career in Latin America as a freelancer . After a brief stint at The Pasadena Citizen , Bernstein joined Miami New Times as a staff writer and reporter ( 1997-2002 ) , where he covered political corruption and media and the environment with stories including the fight over Elián González , Everglades restoration and the 2000 presidential recount . The Texas Observer . In mid-2002 , Bernstein joined The Texas Observer as a reporter and editor , and became executive editor in 2004 , serving through 2008 . During his tenure at the Observer , Bernstein covered stories on government surveillance , Tom DeLay’s money laundering legislative takeover and the demographic shift in Texas . Under his leadership , Utne Reader named The Texas Observer , Best Political Magazine of 2005 . ProPublica . Bernstein joined ProPublica in 2008 , shortly after its founding , where he worked as a business reporter . In 2011 , he and a colleague won the Pulitzer Prize for National Reporting for coverage of Wall Street in the lead up to the financial crisis . In 2014 , Bernstein broke the story of the secret tapes of Carmen Segarra , a whistleblower bank examiner with the Federal Reserve Bank of New York . The story prompted a U.S . Senate hearing . Panama Papers . Bernstein worked as senior reporter as part of the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists on the Panama Papers . In addition to sharing a byline on the main story , Bernstein also authored the consortiums piece on the Russian findings in All Putins Men : Secret Records Reveal Money Network Tied to Russian Leader and the story on The Art of Secrecy in the offshore world . The project won the Pulitzer Prize for Explanatory Reporting and was a Pulitzer finalist for International Reporting . Bernstein signed with United Talent Agency ( UTA ) to sell the book for film and television . Bibliography . - VICE : Dick Cheney and the Hijacking of the American Presidency , by Lou Dubose and Jake Bernstein . Random House , 2006 . - Secrecy World : Inside the Panama Papers Investigation of Illicit Money Networks and the Global Elite , by Jake Bernstein . Macmillan Audio , 2017 . External links . - Jake Bernsteins Website
|
[
"Texas Observer"
] |
[
{
"text": " Jake Bernstein is an American Pulitzer Prize-winning investigative journalist and author . He previously worked with the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists . During a 25-year career , he has reported on the civil war in Central America , industrial pollution in Texas , political corruption in Miami , system-crashing greed on Wall Street , and the secret world of offshore accounts and money laundering . He has written travel pieces , reviewed movies and books , and has appeared as a radio and TV journalist .",
"title": "Jake Bernstein ( journalist )"
},
{
"text": "His 2017 book , Secrecy World : Inside the Panama Papers Investigation of Illicit Money Networks and the Global Elite , takes an in-depth look at the evolution of offshore financial assets , as seen through the Panama Papers , and the journalists and investigators who tried to break through its secrecy . The book was made into a feature film titled The Laundromat , directed by Steven Soderbergh . Bernstein received an executive producer credit on the film .",
"title": "Jake Bernstein ( journalist )"
},
{
"text": " Bernstein speaks Spanish and began his journalism career in Latin America as a freelancer . After a brief stint at The Pasadena Citizen , Bernstein joined Miami New Times as a staff writer and reporter ( 1997-2002 ) , where he covered political corruption and media and the environment with stories including the fight over Elián González , Everglades restoration and the 2000 presidential recount .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " In mid-2002 , Bernstein joined The Texas Observer as a reporter and editor , and became executive editor in 2004 , serving through 2008 . During his tenure at the Observer , Bernstein covered stories on government surveillance , Tom DeLay’s money laundering legislative takeover and the demographic shift in Texas . Under his leadership , Utne Reader named The Texas Observer , Best Political Magazine of 2005 .",
"title": "The Texas Observer"
},
{
"text": " Bernstein joined ProPublica in 2008 , shortly after its founding , where he worked as a business reporter . In 2011 , he and a colleague won the Pulitzer Prize for National Reporting for coverage of Wall Street in the lead up to the financial crisis . In 2014 , Bernstein broke the story of the secret tapes of Carmen Segarra , a whistleblower bank examiner with the Federal Reserve Bank of New York . The story prompted a U.S . Senate hearing .",
"title": "ProPublica"
},
{
"text": " Bernstein worked as senior reporter as part of the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists on the Panama Papers . In addition to sharing a byline on the main story , Bernstein also authored the consortiums piece on the Russian findings in All Putins Men : Secret Records Reveal Money Network Tied to Russian Leader and the story on The Art of Secrecy in the offshore world . The project won the Pulitzer Prize for Explanatory Reporting and was a Pulitzer finalist for International Reporting .",
"title": "Panama Papers"
},
{
"text": "Bernstein signed with United Talent Agency ( UTA ) to sell the book for film and television .",
"title": "Panama Papers"
},
{
"text": " - VICE : Dick Cheney and the Hijacking of the American Presidency , by Lou Dubose and Jake Bernstein . Random House , 2006 . - Secrecy World : Inside the Panama Papers Investigation of Illicit Money Networks and the Global Elite , by Jake Bernstein . Macmillan Audio , 2017 .",
"title": "Bibliography"
},
{
"text": " - Jake Bernsteins Website",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Jake_Bernstein_(journalist)#P108#2
|
What was the name of the employer Jake Bernstein (journalist) work for in early 2010s?
|
Jake Bernstein ( journalist ) Jake Bernstein is an American Pulitzer Prize-winning investigative journalist and author . He previously worked with the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists . During a 25-year career , he has reported on the civil war in Central America , industrial pollution in Texas , political corruption in Miami , system-crashing greed on Wall Street , and the secret world of offshore accounts and money laundering . He has written travel pieces , reviewed movies and books , and has appeared as a radio and TV journalist . His 2017 book , Secrecy World : Inside the Panama Papers Investigation of Illicit Money Networks and the Global Elite , takes an in-depth look at the evolution of offshore financial assets , as seen through the Panama Papers , and the journalists and investigators who tried to break through its secrecy . The book was made into a feature film titled The Laundromat , directed by Steven Soderbergh . Bernstein received an executive producer credit on the film . Career . Bernstein speaks Spanish and began his journalism career in Latin America as a freelancer . After a brief stint at The Pasadena Citizen , Bernstein joined Miami New Times as a staff writer and reporter ( 1997-2002 ) , where he covered political corruption and media and the environment with stories including the fight over Elián González , Everglades restoration and the 2000 presidential recount . The Texas Observer . In mid-2002 , Bernstein joined The Texas Observer as a reporter and editor , and became executive editor in 2004 , serving through 2008 . During his tenure at the Observer , Bernstein covered stories on government surveillance , Tom DeLay’s money laundering legislative takeover and the demographic shift in Texas . Under his leadership , Utne Reader named The Texas Observer , Best Political Magazine of 2005 . ProPublica . Bernstein joined ProPublica in 2008 , shortly after its founding , where he worked as a business reporter . In 2011 , he and a colleague won the Pulitzer Prize for National Reporting for coverage of Wall Street in the lead up to the financial crisis . In 2014 , Bernstein broke the story of the secret tapes of Carmen Segarra , a whistleblower bank examiner with the Federal Reserve Bank of New York . The story prompted a U.S . Senate hearing . Panama Papers . Bernstein worked as senior reporter as part of the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists on the Panama Papers . In addition to sharing a byline on the main story , Bernstein also authored the consortiums piece on the Russian findings in All Putins Men : Secret Records Reveal Money Network Tied to Russian Leader and the story on The Art of Secrecy in the offshore world . The project won the Pulitzer Prize for Explanatory Reporting and was a Pulitzer finalist for International Reporting . Bernstein signed with United Talent Agency ( UTA ) to sell the book for film and television . Bibliography . - VICE : Dick Cheney and the Hijacking of the American Presidency , by Lou Dubose and Jake Bernstein . Random House , 2006 . - Secrecy World : Inside the Panama Papers Investigation of Illicit Money Networks and the Global Elite , by Jake Bernstein . Macmillan Audio , 2017 . External links . - Jake Bernsteins Website
|
[
"ProPublica"
] |
[
{
"text": " Jake Bernstein is an American Pulitzer Prize-winning investigative journalist and author . He previously worked with the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists . During a 25-year career , he has reported on the civil war in Central America , industrial pollution in Texas , political corruption in Miami , system-crashing greed on Wall Street , and the secret world of offshore accounts and money laundering . He has written travel pieces , reviewed movies and books , and has appeared as a radio and TV journalist .",
"title": "Jake Bernstein ( journalist )"
},
{
"text": "His 2017 book , Secrecy World : Inside the Panama Papers Investigation of Illicit Money Networks and the Global Elite , takes an in-depth look at the evolution of offshore financial assets , as seen through the Panama Papers , and the journalists and investigators who tried to break through its secrecy . The book was made into a feature film titled The Laundromat , directed by Steven Soderbergh . Bernstein received an executive producer credit on the film .",
"title": "Jake Bernstein ( journalist )"
},
{
"text": " Bernstein speaks Spanish and began his journalism career in Latin America as a freelancer . After a brief stint at The Pasadena Citizen , Bernstein joined Miami New Times as a staff writer and reporter ( 1997-2002 ) , where he covered political corruption and media and the environment with stories including the fight over Elián González , Everglades restoration and the 2000 presidential recount .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " In mid-2002 , Bernstein joined The Texas Observer as a reporter and editor , and became executive editor in 2004 , serving through 2008 . During his tenure at the Observer , Bernstein covered stories on government surveillance , Tom DeLay’s money laundering legislative takeover and the demographic shift in Texas . Under his leadership , Utne Reader named The Texas Observer , Best Political Magazine of 2005 .",
"title": "The Texas Observer"
},
{
"text": " Bernstein joined ProPublica in 2008 , shortly after its founding , where he worked as a business reporter . In 2011 , he and a colleague won the Pulitzer Prize for National Reporting for coverage of Wall Street in the lead up to the financial crisis . In 2014 , Bernstein broke the story of the secret tapes of Carmen Segarra , a whistleblower bank examiner with the Federal Reserve Bank of New York . The story prompted a U.S . Senate hearing .",
"title": "ProPublica"
},
{
"text": " Bernstein worked as senior reporter as part of the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists on the Panama Papers . In addition to sharing a byline on the main story , Bernstein also authored the consortiums piece on the Russian findings in All Putins Men : Secret Records Reveal Money Network Tied to Russian Leader and the story on The Art of Secrecy in the offshore world . The project won the Pulitzer Prize for Explanatory Reporting and was a Pulitzer finalist for International Reporting .",
"title": "Panama Papers"
},
{
"text": "Bernstein signed with United Talent Agency ( UTA ) to sell the book for film and television .",
"title": "Panama Papers"
},
{
"text": " - VICE : Dick Cheney and the Hijacking of the American Presidency , by Lou Dubose and Jake Bernstein . Random House , 2006 . - Secrecy World : Inside the Panama Papers Investigation of Illicit Money Networks and the Global Elite , by Jake Bernstein . Macmillan Audio , 2017 .",
"title": "Bibliography"
},
{
"text": " - Jake Bernsteins Website",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Jake_Bernstein_(journalist)#P108#3
|
What was the name of the employer Jake Bernstein (journalist) work for between Jun 2015 and Jul 2015?
|
Jake Bernstein ( journalist ) Jake Bernstein is an American Pulitzer Prize-winning investigative journalist and author . He previously worked with the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists . During a 25-year career , he has reported on the civil war in Central America , industrial pollution in Texas , political corruption in Miami , system-crashing greed on Wall Street , and the secret world of offshore accounts and money laundering . He has written travel pieces , reviewed movies and books , and has appeared as a radio and TV journalist . His 2017 book , Secrecy World : Inside the Panama Papers Investigation of Illicit Money Networks and the Global Elite , takes an in-depth look at the evolution of offshore financial assets , as seen through the Panama Papers , and the journalists and investigators who tried to break through its secrecy . The book was made into a feature film titled The Laundromat , directed by Steven Soderbergh . Bernstein received an executive producer credit on the film . Career . Bernstein speaks Spanish and began his journalism career in Latin America as a freelancer . After a brief stint at The Pasadena Citizen , Bernstein joined Miami New Times as a staff writer and reporter ( 1997-2002 ) , where he covered political corruption and media and the environment with stories including the fight over Elián González , Everglades restoration and the 2000 presidential recount . The Texas Observer . In mid-2002 , Bernstein joined The Texas Observer as a reporter and editor , and became executive editor in 2004 , serving through 2008 . During his tenure at the Observer , Bernstein covered stories on government surveillance , Tom DeLay’s money laundering legislative takeover and the demographic shift in Texas . Under his leadership , Utne Reader named The Texas Observer , Best Political Magazine of 2005 . ProPublica . Bernstein joined ProPublica in 2008 , shortly after its founding , where he worked as a business reporter . In 2011 , he and a colleague won the Pulitzer Prize for National Reporting for coverage of Wall Street in the lead up to the financial crisis . In 2014 , Bernstein broke the story of the secret tapes of Carmen Segarra , a whistleblower bank examiner with the Federal Reserve Bank of New York . The story prompted a U.S . Senate hearing . Panama Papers . Bernstein worked as senior reporter as part of the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists on the Panama Papers . In addition to sharing a byline on the main story , Bernstein also authored the consortiums piece on the Russian findings in All Putins Men : Secret Records Reveal Money Network Tied to Russian Leader and the story on The Art of Secrecy in the offshore world . The project won the Pulitzer Prize for Explanatory Reporting and was a Pulitzer finalist for International Reporting . Bernstein signed with United Talent Agency ( UTA ) to sell the book for film and television . Bibliography . - VICE : Dick Cheney and the Hijacking of the American Presidency , by Lou Dubose and Jake Bernstein . Random House , 2006 . - Secrecy World : Inside the Panama Papers Investigation of Illicit Money Networks and the Global Elite , by Jake Bernstein . Macmillan Audio , 2017 . External links . - Jake Bernsteins Website
|
[
""
] |
[
{
"text": " Jake Bernstein is an American Pulitzer Prize-winning investigative journalist and author . He previously worked with the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists . During a 25-year career , he has reported on the civil war in Central America , industrial pollution in Texas , political corruption in Miami , system-crashing greed on Wall Street , and the secret world of offshore accounts and money laundering . He has written travel pieces , reviewed movies and books , and has appeared as a radio and TV journalist .",
"title": "Jake Bernstein ( journalist )"
},
{
"text": "His 2017 book , Secrecy World : Inside the Panama Papers Investigation of Illicit Money Networks and the Global Elite , takes an in-depth look at the evolution of offshore financial assets , as seen through the Panama Papers , and the journalists and investigators who tried to break through its secrecy . The book was made into a feature film titled The Laundromat , directed by Steven Soderbergh . Bernstein received an executive producer credit on the film .",
"title": "Jake Bernstein ( journalist )"
},
{
"text": " Bernstein speaks Spanish and began his journalism career in Latin America as a freelancer . After a brief stint at The Pasadena Citizen , Bernstein joined Miami New Times as a staff writer and reporter ( 1997-2002 ) , where he covered political corruption and media and the environment with stories including the fight over Elián González , Everglades restoration and the 2000 presidential recount .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " In mid-2002 , Bernstein joined The Texas Observer as a reporter and editor , and became executive editor in 2004 , serving through 2008 . During his tenure at the Observer , Bernstein covered stories on government surveillance , Tom DeLay’s money laundering legislative takeover and the demographic shift in Texas . Under his leadership , Utne Reader named The Texas Observer , Best Political Magazine of 2005 .",
"title": "The Texas Observer"
},
{
"text": " Bernstein joined ProPublica in 2008 , shortly after its founding , where he worked as a business reporter . In 2011 , he and a colleague won the Pulitzer Prize for National Reporting for coverage of Wall Street in the lead up to the financial crisis . In 2014 , Bernstein broke the story of the secret tapes of Carmen Segarra , a whistleblower bank examiner with the Federal Reserve Bank of New York . The story prompted a U.S . Senate hearing .",
"title": "ProPublica"
},
{
"text": " Bernstein worked as senior reporter as part of the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists on the Panama Papers . In addition to sharing a byline on the main story , Bernstein also authored the consortiums piece on the Russian findings in All Putins Men : Secret Records Reveal Money Network Tied to Russian Leader and the story on The Art of Secrecy in the offshore world . The project won the Pulitzer Prize for Explanatory Reporting and was a Pulitzer finalist for International Reporting .",
"title": "Panama Papers"
},
{
"text": "Bernstein signed with United Talent Agency ( UTA ) to sell the book for film and television .",
"title": "Panama Papers"
},
{
"text": " - VICE : Dick Cheney and the Hijacking of the American Presidency , by Lou Dubose and Jake Bernstein . Random House , 2006 . - Secrecy World : Inside the Panama Papers Investigation of Illicit Money Networks and the Global Elite , by Jake Bernstein . Macmillan Audio , 2017 .",
"title": "Bibliography"
},
{
"text": " - Jake Bernsteins Website",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/KDE_e.V.#P488#0
|
Who was the chair of KDE e.V. before Dec 1997?
|
KDE e.V . KDE e.V . is a registered non-profit organization that represents the KDE community in the legal and financial entities . The association supports KDE’s work in cash , hardware , and other donations , and then the use of donations to help the KDE development , but not influence on development . e.V . stands for eingetragener Verein which means registered association . The three flags on top of the KDE e.V . logo represent the three main tasks of the KDE e.V. : supporting the community , representing the community , and governing the community . History . In August 1997 , KDE One was held in Arnsberg , Germany . Its the first KDE community meeting with 15 participants , and budget is 14000 DEM ( 7158 EUR ) . Matthias Kalle Dalheimer realized that it wasnt a good idea to channel thousands of money through his personal account to run the meeting , so he wanted to find an association . In November 1997 , Matthias Ettrich and Matthias Kalle Dalheimer registered KDE e.V . as association in Tübingen under German law , and became president and vice president . Additionally they had to reach out to housemates and personal friends to meet the minimum number of persons required to create an eingetragener Verein ( 7 persons ) . In October 1999 , the following candidates were elected to the board in KDE Two , Kurt Granroth became president , Chris Schläger became vice president , Mirko Boehm became treasurer , and Preston Brown became board member . In August 2002 , the following candidates were elected to the board in KDE e.V . meeting , Matthias Kalle Dalheimer became president , Mirko Boehm became treasurer , and Eva Brucherseifer and Ralf Nolden became board member . On 26 August 2005 , the following candidates were elected to the board in KDE e.V . meeting , president was Eva Brucherseifer , vice president was Cornelius Schumacher , treasurer was Mirko Boehm , and board member was Aaron Seigo . On 15 October 2006 , Mark Shuttleworth had become the first Patron of KDE . On 28 February 2007 , Trolltech become the first corporate Patron of KDE . On 2 July 2007 , the following candidates were elected to the board in KDE e.V . meeting , president was Aaron Seigo , vice president were Cornelius Schumacher and Adriaan de Groot , and board member were Sebastian Kügler and Klaas Freitag . On 3 July 2007 , KDAB becomes Patron of KDE . On 7 July 2007 , Intel Corporation and Novell had also become Patron of KDE . On 4 April 2008 , the KDE e.V . and Wikimedia Deutschland have opened shared offices in Frankfurt , and has the first KDE e.V . employee . In July 2009 , the following candidates were elected to the board in KDE e.V . meeting , Cornelius Schumacher became president , Adriaan de Groot and Frank Karlitschek became vice president , and Sebastian Kügler and Celeste Lyn Paul became board member . In September 2009 , KDE e.V . and Free Software Foundation Europe ( FSFE ) moved into shared offices in Berlin . In January 2010 , Google becomes supporting member . On 9 June 2010 , KDE e.V . launched the Join the Game campaign . Organization . KDE e.V . includes three types of memberships : Active members , Extraordinary members and Supporting Members . Both natural persons and legal bodies may become members . The Active members have contributed to KDE community . The supporting members are supporting the KDE through financial contributions , consist of : basysKom GmbH , Digia , Sirius Corporation Ltd , and Google . The Patron of KDE is the highest level of supporting member , are : SUSE , Klarälvdalens Datakonsult AB , and Nokia . All association’s members are invited to attend the general assembly . The general assembly is often as part of Akademy . The board of directors are responsible for the operation of the association . The board of directors has five members via election held by general assembly . KDE e.V . office is located in Berlin . It has 1 paid administrative employee , called business manager . The business manager is full-time responsible for daily operations , resource acquisition and managing interns . KDE e.V . offers internships to qualified students . In Spain , the official representative of KDE e.V . is KDE España . KDE e.V . is an associate organization of the FSFE and a licensee of the Open Invention Network . Activities . KDE e.V . organizes and subsidizes events including developer sprints , Camp KDE and Akademy . It handles the legal issues around the KDE community . The working groups are a structure which will formalize some roles within KDE and enhance coordination within KDE , communication between parts of KDE . Currently , active working groups are community working group ( CWG ) , marketing working group ( MWG ) and system administration ( sysadmin ) . Disbanded working groups are human computer interaction working group ( HCI WG ) and technical working group ( TWG ) . The System Administration Working Group is responsible for administration of KDE servers . The Marketing Working Group was founded in November 2005 , help to coordination of marketing and promotion . Currently members are Troy Unrau , Franz Keferböck and Wade Olson . The Community Working Group was founded in August 2008 , helps with community advice when needed . The Technical Working Group is to coordinate planning and release . Furthermore , they should decide what software is included in KDE or removed , as different programs will be combined into modules and the dependencies between the modules and to external software should be allowed . A further task , it is a contact point for general technical questions related to KDE to be contacts between developers of the project and produce . After one year , the Technical Working Group has been replaced by the Release team , that is independent of KDE e.V. .
|
[
"Matthias Ettrich"
] |
[
{
"text": " KDE e.V . is a registered non-profit organization that represents the KDE community in the legal and financial entities . The association supports KDE’s work in cash , hardware , and other donations , and then the use of donations to help the KDE development , but not influence on development . e.V . stands for eingetragener Verein which means registered association . The three flags on top of the KDE e.V . logo represent the three main tasks of the KDE e.V. : supporting the community , representing the community , and governing the community .",
"title": "KDE e.V ."
},
{
"text": "In August 1997 , KDE One was held in Arnsberg , Germany . Its the first KDE community meeting with 15 participants , and budget is 14000 DEM ( 7158 EUR ) . Matthias Kalle Dalheimer realized that it wasnt a good idea to channel thousands of money through his personal account to run the meeting , so he wanted to find an association . In November 1997 , Matthias Ettrich and Matthias Kalle Dalheimer registered KDE e.V . as association in Tübingen under German law , and became president and vice president . Additionally they had to reach out",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "to housemates and personal friends to meet the minimum number of persons required to create an eingetragener Verein ( 7 persons ) .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " In October 1999 , the following candidates were elected to the board in KDE Two , Kurt Granroth became president , Chris Schläger became vice president , Mirko Boehm became treasurer , and Preston Brown became board member . In August 2002 , the following candidates were elected to the board in KDE e.V . meeting , Matthias Kalle Dalheimer became president , Mirko Boehm became treasurer , and Eva Brucherseifer and Ralf Nolden became board member .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "On 26 August 2005 , the following candidates were elected to the board in KDE e.V . meeting , president was Eva Brucherseifer , vice president was Cornelius Schumacher , treasurer was Mirko Boehm , and board member was Aaron Seigo . On 15 October 2006 , Mark Shuttleworth had become the first Patron of KDE . On 28 February 2007 , Trolltech become the first corporate Patron of KDE .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " On 2 July 2007 , the following candidates were elected to the board in KDE e.V . meeting , president was Aaron Seigo , vice president were Cornelius Schumacher and Adriaan de Groot , and board member were Sebastian Kügler and Klaas Freitag . On 3 July 2007 , KDAB becomes Patron of KDE . On 7 July 2007 , Intel Corporation and Novell had also become Patron of KDE . On 4 April 2008 , the KDE e.V . and Wikimedia Deutschland have opened shared offices in Frankfurt , and has the first KDE e.V . employee .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "In July 2009 , the following candidates were elected to the board in KDE e.V . meeting , Cornelius Schumacher became president , Adriaan de Groot and Frank Karlitschek became vice president , and Sebastian Kügler and Celeste Lyn Paul became board member . In September 2009 , KDE e.V . and Free Software Foundation Europe ( FSFE ) moved into shared offices in Berlin . In January 2010 , Google becomes supporting member . On 9 June 2010 , KDE e.V . launched the Join the Game campaign .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "KDE e.V . includes three types of memberships : Active members , Extraordinary members and Supporting Members . Both natural persons and legal bodies may become members . The Active members have contributed to KDE community . The supporting members are supporting the KDE through financial contributions , consist of : basysKom GmbH , Digia , Sirius Corporation Ltd , and Google . The Patron of KDE is the highest level of supporting member , are : SUSE , Klarälvdalens Datakonsult AB , and Nokia . All association’s members are invited to attend the general assembly . The general assembly",
"title": "Organization"
},
{
"text": "is often as part of Akademy .",
"title": "Organization"
},
{
"text": "The board of directors are responsible for the operation of the association . The board of directors has five members via election held by general assembly . KDE e.V . office is located in Berlin . It has 1 paid administrative employee , called business manager . The business manager is full-time responsible for daily operations , resource acquisition and managing interns . KDE e.V . offers internships to qualified students . In Spain , the official representative of KDE e.V . is KDE España . KDE e.V . is an associate organization of the FSFE and a licensee of",
"title": "Organization"
},
{
"text": "the Open Invention Network .",
"title": "Organization"
},
{
"text": " KDE e.V . organizes and subsidizes events including developer sprints , Camp KDE and Akademy . It handles the legal issues around the KDE community . The working groups are a structure which will formalize some roles within KDE and enhance coordination within KDE , communication between parts of KDE . Currently , active working groups are community working group ( CWG ) , marketing working group ( MWG ) and system administration ( sysadmin ) . Disbanded working groups are human computer interaction working group ( HCI WG ) and technical working group ( TWG ) .",
"title": "Activities"
},
{
"text": "The System Administration Working Group is responsible for administration of KDE servers . The Marketing Working Group was founded in November 2005 , help to coordination of marketing and promotion . Currently members are Troy Unrau , Franz Keferböck and Wade Olson . The Community Working Group was founded in August 2008 , helps with community advice when needed .",
"title": "Activities"
},
{
"text": " The Technical Working Group is to coordinate planning and release . Furthermore , they should decide what software is included in KDE or removed , as different programs will be combined into modules and the dependencies between the modules and to external software should be allowed . A further task , it is a contact point for general technical questions related to KDE to be contacts between developers of the project and produce . After one year , the Technical Working Group has been replaced by the Release team , that is independent of KDE e.V. .",
"title": "Activities"
}
] |
/wiki/KDE_e.V.#P488#1
|
Who was the chair of KDE e.V. in Jul 2001?
|
KDE e.V . KDE e.V . is a registered non-profit organization that represents the KDE community in the legal and financial entities . The association supports KDE’s work in cash , hardware , and other donations , and then the use of donations to help the KDE development , but not influence on development . e.V . stands for eingetragener Verein which means registered association . The three flags on top of the KDE e.V . logo represent the three main tasks of the KDE e.V. : supporting the community , representing the community , and governing the community . History . In August 1997 , KDE One was held in Arnsberg , Germany . Its the first KDE community meeting with 15 participants , and budget is 14000 DEM ( 7158 EUR ) . Matthias Kalle Dalheimer realized that it wasnt a good idea to channel thousands of money through his personal account to run the meeting , so he wanted to find an association . In November 1997 , Matthias Ettrich and Matthias Kalle Dalheimer registered KDE e.V . as association in Tübingen under German law , and became president and vice president . Additionally they had to reach out to housemates and personal friends to meet the minimum number of persons required to create an eingetragener Verein ( 7 persons ) . In October 1999 , the following candidates were elected to the board in KDE Two , Kurt Granroth became president , Chris Schläger became vice president , Mirko Boehm became treasurer , and Preston Brown became board member . In August 2002 , the following candidates were elected to the board in KDE e.V . meeting , Matthias Kalle Dalheimer became president , Mirko Boehm became treasurer , and Eva Brucherseifer and Ralf Nolden became board member . On 26 August 2005 , the following candidates were elected to the board in KDE e.V . meeting , president was Eva Brucherseifer , vice president was Cornelius Schumacher , treasurer was Mirko Boehm , and board member was Aaron Seigo . On 15 October 2006 , Mark Shuttleworth had become the first Patron of KDE . On 28 February 2007 , Trolltech become the first corporate Patron of KDE . On 2 July 2007 , the following candidates were elected to the board in KDE e.V . meeting , president was Aaron Seigo , vice president were Cornelius Schumacher and Adriaan de Groot , and board member were Sebastian Kügler and Klaas Freitag . On 3 July 2007 , KDAB becomes Patron of KDE . On 7 July 2007 , Intel Corporation and Novell had also become Patron of KDE . On 4 April 2008 , the KDE e.V . and Wikimedia Deutschland have opened shared offices in Frankfurt , and has the first KDE e.V . employee . In July 2009 , the following candidates were elected to the board in KDE e.V . meeting , Cornelius Schumacher became president , Adriaan de Groot and Frank Karlitschek became vice president , and Sebastian Kügler and Celeste Lyn Paul became board member . In September 2009 , KDE e.V . and Free Software Foundation Europe ( FSFE ) moved into shared offices in Berlin . In January 2010 , Google becomes supporting member . On 9 June 2010 , KDE e.V . launched the Join the Game campaign . Organization . KDE e.V . includes three types of memberships : Active members , Extraordinary members and Supporting Members . Both natural persons and legal bodies may become members . The Active members have contributed to KDE community . The supporting members are supporting the KDE through financial contributions , consist of : basysKom GmbH , Digia , Sirius Corporation Ltd , and Google . The Patron of KDE is the highest level of supporting member , are : SUSE , Klarälvdalens Datakonsult AB , and Nokia . All association’s members are invited to attend the general assembly . The general assembly is often as part of Akademy . The board of directors are responsible for the operation of the association . The board of directors has five members via election held by general assembly . KDE e.V . office is located in Berlin . It has 1 paid administrative employee , called business manager . The business manager is full-time responsible for daily operations , resource acquisition and managing interns . KDE e.V . offers internships to qualified students . In Spain , the official representative of KDE e.V . is KDE España . KDE e.V . is an associate organization of the FSFE and a licensee of the Open Invention Network . Activities . KDE e.V . organizes and subsidizes events including developer sprints , Camp KDE and Akademy . It handles the legal issues around the KDE community . The working groups are a structure which will formalize some roles within KDE and enhance coordination within KDE , communication between parts of KDE . Currently , active working groups are community working group ( CWG ) , marketing working group ( MWG ) and system administration ( sysadmin ) . Disbanded working groups are human computer interaction working group ( HCI WG ) and technical working group ( TWG ) . The System Administration Working Group is responsible for administration of KDE servers . The Marketing Working Group was founded in November 2005 , help to coordination of marketing and promotion . Currently members are Troy Unrau , Franz Keferböck and Wade Olson . The Community Working Group was founded in August 2008 , helps with community advice when needed . The Technical Working Group is to coordinate planning and release . Furthermore , they should decide what software is included in KDE or removed , as different programs will be combined into modules and the dependencies between the modules and to external software should be allowed . A further task , it is a contact point for general technical questions related to KDE to be contacts between developers of the project and produce . After one year , the Technical Working Group has been replaced by the Release team , that is independent of KDE e.V. .
|
[
"Kurt Granroth"
] |
[
{
"text": " KDE e.V . is a registered non-profit organization that represents the KDE community in the legal and financial entities . The association supports KDE’s work in cash , hardware , and other donations , and then the use of donations to help the KDE development , but not influence on development . e.V . stands for eingetragener Verein which means registered association . The three flags on top of the KDE e.V . logo represent the three main tasks of the KDE e.V. : supporting the community , representing the community , and governing the community .",
"title": "KDE e.V ."
},
{
"text": "In August 1997 , KDE One was held in Arnsberg , Germany . Its the first KDE community meeting with 15 participants , and budget is 14000 DEM ( 7158 EUR ) . Matthias Kalle Dalheimer realized that it wasnt a good idea to channel thousands of money through his personal account to run the meeting , so he wanted to find an association . In November 1997 , Matthias Ettrich and Matthias Kalle Dalheimer registered KDE e.V . as association in Tübingen under German law , and became president and vice president . Additionally they had to reach out",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "to housemates and personal friends to meet the minimum number of persons required to create an eingetragener Verein ( 7 persons ) .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " In October 1999 , the following candidates were elected to the board in KDE Two , Kurt Granroth became president , Chris Schläger became vice president , Mirko Boehm became treasurer , and Preston Brown became board member . In August 2002 , the following candidates were elected to the board in KDE e.V . meeting , Matthias Kalle Dalheimer became president , Mirko Boehm became treasurer , and Eva Brucherseifer and Ralf Nolden became board member .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "On 26 August 2005 , the following candidates were elected to the board in KDE e.V . meeting , president was Eva Brucherseifer , vice president was Cornelius Schumacher , treasurer was Mirko Boehm , and board member was Aaron Seigo . On 15 October 2006 , Mark Shuttleworth had become the first Patron of KDE . On 28 February 2007 , Trolltech become the first corporate Patron of KDE .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " On 2 July 2007 , the following candidates were elected to the board in KDE e.V . meeting , president was Aaron Seigo , vice president were Cornelius Schumacher and Adriaan de Groot , and board member were Sebastian Kügler and Klaas Freitag . On 3 July 2007 , KDAB becomes Patron of KDE . On 7 July 2007 , Intel Corporation and Novell had also become Patron of KDE . On 4 April 2008 , the KDE e.V . and Wikimedia Deutschland have opened shared offices in Frankfurt , and has the first KDE e.V . employee .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "In July 2009 , the following candidates were elected to the board in KDE e.V . meeting , Cornelius Schumacher became president , Adriaan de Groot and Frank Karlitschek became vice president , and Sebastian Kügler and Celeste Lyn Paul became board member . In September 2009 , KDE e.V . and Free Software Foundation Europe ( FSFE ) moved into shared offices in Berlin . In January 2010 , Google becomes supporting member . On 9 June 2010 , KDE e.V . launched the Join the Game campaign .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "KDE e.V . includes three types of memberships : Active members , Extraordinary members and Supporting Members . Both natural persons and legal bodies may become members . The Active members have contributed to KDE community . The supporting members are supporting the KDE through financial contributions , consist of : basysKom GmbH , Digia , Sirius Corporation Ltd , and Google . The Patron of KDE is the highest level of supporting member , are : SUSE , Klarälvdalens Datakonsult AB , and Nokia . All association’s members are invited to attend the general assembly . The general assembly",
"title": "Organization"
},
{
"text": "is often as part of Akademy .",
"title": "Organization"
},
{
"text": "The board of directors are responsible for the operation of the association . The board of directors has five members via election held by general assembly . KDE e.V . office is located in Berlin . It has 1 paid administrative employee , called business manager . The business manager is full-time responsible for daily operations , resource acquisition and managing interns . KDE e.V . offers internships to qualified students . In Spain , the official representative of KDE e.V . is KDE España . KDE e.V . is an associate organization of the FSFE and a licensee of",
"title": "Organization"
},
{
"text": "the Open Invention Network .",
"title": "Organization"
},
{
"text": " KDE e.V . organizes and subsidizes events including developer sprints , Camp KDE and Akademy . It handles the legal issues around the KDE community . The working groups are a structure which will formalize some roles within KDE and enhance coordination within KDE , communication between parts of KDE . Currently , active working groups are community working group ( CWG ) , marketing working group ( MWG ) and system administration ( sysadmin ) . Disbanded working groups are human computer interaction working group ( HCI WG ) and technical working group ( TWG ) .",
"title": "Activities"
},
{
"text": "The System Administration Working Group is responsible for administration of KDE servers . The Marketing Working Group was founded in November 2005 , help to coordination of marketing and promotion . Currently members are Troy Unrau , Franz Keferböck and Wade Olson . The Community Working Group was founded in August 2008 , helps with community advice when needed .",
"title": "Activities"
},
{
"text": " The Technical Working Group is to coordinate planning and release . Furthermore , they should decide what software is included in KDE or removed , as different programs will be combined into modules and the dependencies between the modules and to external software should be allowed . A further task , it is a contact point for general technical questions related to KDE to be contacts between developers of the project and produce . After one year , the Technical Working Group has been replaced by the Release team , that is independent of KDE e.V. .",
"title": "Activities"
}
] |
/wiki/KDE_e.V.#P488#2
|
Who was the chair of KDE e.V. in Aug 2005?
|
KDE e.V . KDE e.V . is a registered non-profit organization that represents the KDE community in the legal and financial entities . The association supports KDE’s work in cash , hardware , and other donations , and then the use of donations to help the KDE development , but not influence on development . e.V . stands for eingetragener Verein which means registered association . The three flags on top of the KDE e.V . logo represent the three main tasks of the KDE e.V. : supporting the community , representing the community , and governing the community . History . In August 1997 , KDE One was held in Arnsberg , Germany . Its the first KDE community meeting with 15 participants , and budget is 14000 DEM ( 7158 EUR ) . Matthias Kalle Dalheimer realized that it wasnt a good idea to channel thousands of money through his personal account to run the meeting , so he wanted to find an association . In November 1997 , Matthias Ettrich and Matthias Kalle Dalheimer registered KDE e.V . as association in Tübingen under German law , and became president and vice president . Additionally they had to reach out to housemates and personal friends to meet the minimum number of persons required to create an eingetragener Verein ( 7 persons ) . In October 1999 , the following candidates were elected to the board in KDE Two , Kurt Granroth became president , Chris Schläger became vice president , Mirko Boehm became treasurer , and Preston Brown became board member . In August 2002 , the following candidates were elected to the board in KDE e.V . meeting , Matthias Kalle Dalheimer became president , Mirko Boehm became treasurer , and Eva Brucherseifer and Ralf Nolden became board member . On 26 August 2005 , the following candidates were elected to the board in KDE e.V . meeting , president was Eva Brucherseifer , vice president was Cornelius Schumacher , treasurer was Mirko Boehm , and board member was Aaron Seigo . On 15 October 2006 , Mark Shuttleworth had become the first Patron of KDE . On 28 February 2007 , Trolltech become the first corporate Patron of KDE . On 2 July 2007 , the following candidates were elected to the board in KDE e.V . meeting , president was Aaron Seigo , vice president were Cornelius Schumacher and Adriaan de Groot , and board member were Sebastian Kügler and Klaas Freitag . On 3 July 2007 , KDAB becomes Patron of KDE . On 7 July 2007 , Intel Corporation and Novell had also become Patron of KDE . On 4 April 2008 , the KDE e.V . and Wikimedia Deutschland have opened shared offices in Frankfurt , and has the first KDE e.V . employee . In July 2009 , the following candidates were elected to the board in KDE e.V . meeting , Cornelius Schumacher became president , Adriaan de Groot and Frank Karlitschek became vice president , and Sebastian Kügler and Celeste Lyn Paul became board member . In September 2009 , KDE e.V . and Free Software Foundation Europe ( FSFE ) moved into shared offices in Berlin . In January 2010 , Google becomes supporting member . On 9 June 2010 , KDE e.V . launched the Join the Game campaign . Organization . KDE e.V . includes three types of memberships : Active members , Extraordinary members and Supporting Members . Both natural persons and legal bodies may become members . The Active members have contributed to KDE community . The supporting members are supporting the KDE through financial contributions , consist of : basysKom GmbH , Digia , Sirius Corporation Ltd , and Google . The Patron of KDE is the highest level of supporting member , are : SUSE , Klarälvdalens Datakonsult AB , and Nokia . All association’s members are invited to attend the general assembly . The general assembly is often as part of Akademy . The board of directors are responsible for the operation of the association . The board of directors has five members via election held by general assembly . KDE e.V . office is located in Berlin . It has 1 paid administrative employee , called business manager . The business manager is full-time responsible for daily operations , resource acquisition and managing interns . KDE e.V . offers internships to qualified students . In Spain , the official representative of KDE e.V . is KDE España . KDE e.V . is an associate organization of the FSFE and a licensee of the Open Invention Network . Activities . KDE e.V . organizes and subsidizes events including developer sprints , Camp KDE and Akademy . It handles the legal issues around the KDE community . The working groups are a structure which will formalize some roles within KDE and enhance coordination within KDE , communication between parts of KDE . Currently , active working groups are community working group ( CWG ) , marketing working group ( MWG ) and system administration ( sysadmin ) . Disbanded working groups are human computer interaction working group ( HCI WG ) and technical working group ( TWG ) . The System Administration Working Group is responsible for administration of KDE servers . The Marketing Working Group was founded in November 2005 , help to coordination of marketing and promotion . Currently members are Troy Unrau , Franz Keferböck and Wade Olson . The Community Working Group was founded in August 2008 , helps with community advice when needed . The Technical Working Group is to coordinate planning and release . Furthermore , they should decide what software is included in KDE or removed , as different programs will be combined into modules and the dependencies between the modules and to external software should be allowed . A further task , it is a contact point for general technical questions related to KDE to be contacts between developers of the project and produce . After one year , the Technical Working Group has been replaced by the Release team , that is independent of KDE e.V. .
|
[
"Matthias Kalle Dalheimer"
] |
[
{
"text": " KDE e.V . is a registered non-profit organization that represents the KDE community in the legal and financial entities . The association supports KDE’s work in cash , hardware , and other donations , and then the use of donations to help the KDE development , but not influence on development . e.V . stands for eingetragener Verein which means registered association . The three flags on top of the KDE e.V . logo represent the three main tasks of the KDE e.V. : supporting the community , representing the community , and governing the community .",
"title": "KDE e.V ."
},
{
"text": "In August 1997 , KDE One was held in Arnsberg , Germany . Its the first KDE community meeting with 15 participants , and budget is 14000 DEM ( 7158 EUR ) . Matthias Kalle Dalheimer realized that it wasnt a good idea to channel thousands of money through his personal account to run the meeting , so he wanted to find an association . In November 1997 , Matthias Ettrich and Matthias Kalle Dalheimer registered KDE e.V . as association in Tübingen under German law , and became president and vice president . Additionally they had to reach out",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "to housemates and personal friends to meet the minimum number of persons required to create an eingetragener Verein ( 7 persons ) .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " In October 1999 , the following candidates were elected to the board in KDE Two , Kurt Granroth became president , Chris Schläger became vice president , Mirko Boehm became treasurer , and Preston Brown became board member . In August 2002 , the following candidates were elected to the board in KDE e.V . meeting , Matthias Kalle Dalheimer became president , Mirko Boehm became treasurer , and Eva Brucherseifer and Ralf Nolden became board member .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "On 26 August 2005 , the following candidates were elected to the board in KDE e.V . meeting , president was Eva Brucherseifer , vice president was Cornelius Schumacher , treasurer was Mirko Boehm , and board member was Aaron Seigo . On 15 October 2006 , Mark Shuttleworth had become the first Patron of KDE . On 28 February 2007 , Trolltech become the first corporate Patron of KDE .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " On 2 July 2007 , the following candidates were elected to the board in KDE e.V . meeting , president was Aaron Seigo , vice president were Cornelius Schumacher and Adriaan de Groot , and board member were Sebastian Kügler and Klaas Freitag . On 3 July 2007 , KDAB becomes Patron of KDE . On 7 July 2007 , Intel Corporation and Novell had also become Patron of KDE . On 4 April 2008 , the KDE e.V . and Wikimedia Deutschland have opened shared offices in Frankfurt , and has the first KDE e.V . employee .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "In July 2009 , the following candidates were elected to the board in KDE e.V . meeting , Cornelius Schumacher became president , Adriaan de Groot and Frank Karlitschek became vice president , and Sebastian Kügler and Celeste Lyn Paul became board member . In September 2009 , KDE e.V . and Free Software Foundation Europe ( FSFE ) moved into shared offices in Berlin . In January 2010 , Google becomes supporting member . On 9 June 2010 , KDE e.V . launched the Join the Game campaign .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "KDE e.V . includes three types of memberships : Active members , Extraordinary members and Supporting Members . Both natural persons and legal bodies may become members . The Active members have contributed to KDE community . The supporting members are supporting the KDE through financial contributions , consist of : basysKom GmbH , Digia , Sirius Corporation Ltd , and Google . The Patron of KDE is the highest level of supporting member , are : SUSE , Klarälvdalens Datakonsult AB , and Nokia . All association’s members are invited to attend the general assembly . The general assembly",
"title": "Organization"
},
{
"text": "is often as part of Akademy .",
"title": "Organization"
},
{
"text": "The board of directors are responsible for the operation of the association . The board of directors has five members via election held by general assembly . KDE e.V . office is located in Berlin . It has 1 paid administrative employee , called business manager . The business manager is full-time responsible for daily operations , resource acquisition and managing interns . KDE e.V . offers internships to qualified students . In Spain , the official representative of KDE e.V . is KDE España . KDE e.V . is an associate organization of the FSFE and a licensee of",
"title": "Organization"
},
{
"text": "the Open Invention Network .",
"title": "Organization"
},
{
"text": " KDE e.V . organizes and subsidizes events including developer sprints , Camp KDE and Akademy . It handles the legal issues around the KDE community . The working groups are a structure which will formalize some roles within KDE and enhance coordination within KDE , communication between parts of KDE . Currently , active working groups are community working group ( CWG ) , marketing working group ( MWG ) and system administration ( sysadmin ) . Disbanded working groups are human computer interaction working group ( HCI WG ) and technical working group ( TWG ) .",
"title": "Activities"
},
{
"text": "The System Administration Working Group is responsible for administration of KDE servers . The Marketing Working Group was founded in November 2005 , help to coordination of marketing and promotion . Currently members are Troy Unrau , Franz Keferböck and Wade Olson . The Community Working Group was founded in August 2008 , helps with community advice when needed .",
"title": "Activities"
},
{
"text": " The Technical Working Group is to coordinate planning and release . Furthermore , they should decide what software is included in KDE or removed , as different programs will be combined into modules and the dependencies between the modules and to external software should be allowed . A further task , it is a contact point for general technical questions related to KDE to be contacts between developers of the project and produce . After one year , the Technical Working Group has been replaced by the Release team , that is independent of KDE e.V. .",
"title": "Activities"
}
] |
/wiki/KDE_e.V.#P488#3
|
Who was the chair of KDE e.V. between Apr 2006 and Nov 2006?
|
KDE e.V . KDE e.V . is a registered non-profit organization that represents the KDE community in the legal and financial entities . The association supports KDE’s work in cash , hardware , and other donations , and then the use of donations to help the KDE development , but not influence on development . e.V . stands for eingetragener Verein which means registered association . The three flags on top of the KDE e.V . logo represent the three main tasks of the KDE e.V. : supporting the community , representing the community , and governing the community . History . In August 1997 , KDE One was held in Arnsberg , Germany . Its the first KDE community meeting with 15 participants , and budget is 14000 DEM ( 7158 EUR ) . Matthias Kalle Dalheimer realized that it wasnt a good idea to channel thousands of money through his personal account to run the meeting , so he wanted to find an association . In November 1997 , Matthias Ettrich and Matthias Kalle Dalheimer registered KDE e.V . as association in Tübingen under German law , and became president and vice president . Additionally they had to reach out to housemates and personal friends to meet the minimum number of persons required to create an eingetragener Verein ( 7 persons ) . In October 1999 , the following candidates were elected to the board in KDE Two , Kurt Granroth became president , Chris Schläger became vice president , Mirko Boehm became treasurer , and Preston Brown became board member . In August 2002 , the following candidates were elected to the board in KDE e.V . meeting , Matthias Kalle Dalheimer became president , Mirko Boehm became treasurer , and Eva Brucherseifer and Ralf Nolden became board member . On 26 August 2005 , the following candidates were elected to the board in KDE e.V . meeting , president was Eva Brucherseifer , vice president was Cornelius Schumacher , treasurer was Mirko Boehm , and board member was Aaron Seigo . On 15 October 2006 , Mark Shuttleworth had become the first Patron of KDE . On 28 February 2007 , Trolltech become the first corporate Patron of KDE . On 2 July 2007 , the following candidates were elected to the board in KDE e.V . meeting , president was Aaron Seigo , vice president were Cornelius Schumacher and Adriaan de Groot , and board member were Sebastian Kügler and Klaas Freitag . On 3 July 2007 , KDAB becomes Patron of KDE . On 7 July 2007 , Intel Corporation and Novell had also become Patron of KDE . On 4 April 2008 , the KDE e.V . and Wikimedia Deutschland have opened shared offices in Frankfurt , and has the first KDE e.V . employee . In July 2009 , the following candidates were elected to the board in KDE e.V . meeting , Cornelius Schumacher became president , Adriaan de Groot and Frank Karlitschek became vice president , and Sebastian Kügler and Celeste Lyn Paul became board member . In September 2009 , KDE e.V . and Free Software Foundation Europe ( FSFE ) moved into shared offices in Berlin . In January 2010 , Google becomes supporting member . On 9 June 2010 , KDE e.V . launched the Join the Game campaign . Organization . KDE e.V . includes three types of memberships : Active members , Extraordinary members and Supporting Members . Both natural persons and legal bodies may become members . The Active members have contributed to KDE community . The supporting members are supporting the KDE through financial contributions , consist of : basysKom GmbH , Digia , Sirius Corporation Ltd , and Google . The Patron of KDE is the highest level of supporting member , are : SUSE , Klarälvdalens Datakonsult AB , and Nokia . All association’s members are invited to attend the general assembly . The general assembly is often as part of Akademy . The board of directors are responsible for the operation of the association . The board of directors has five members via election held by general assembly . KDE e.V . office is located in Berlin . It has 1 paid administrative employee , called business manager . The business manager is full-time responsible for daily operations , resource acquisition and managing interns . KDE e.V . offers internships to qualified students . In Spain , the official representative of KDE e.V . is KDE España . KDE e.V . is an associate organization of the FSFE and a licensee of the Open Invention Network . Activities . KDE e.V . organizes and subsidizes events including developer sprints , Camp KDE and Akademy . It handles the legal issues around the KDE community . The working groups are a structure which will formalize some roles within KDE and enhance coordination within KDE , communication between parts of KDE . Currently , active working groups are community working group ( CWG ) , marketing working group ( MWG ) and system administration ( sysadmin ) . Disbanded working groups are human computer interaction working group ( HCI WG ) and technical working group ( TWG ) . The System Administration Working Group is responsible for administration of KDE servers . The Marketing Working Group was founded in November 2005 , help to coordination of marketing and promotion . Currently members are Troy Unrau , Franz Keferböck and Wade Olson . The Community Working Group was founded in August 2008 , helps with community advice when needed . The Technical Working Group is to coordinate planning and release . Furthermore , they should decide what software is included in KDE or removed , as different programs will be combined into modules and the dependencies between the modules and to external software should be allowed . A further task , it is a contact point for general technical questions related to KDE to be contacts between developers of the project and produce . After one year , the Technical Working Group has been replaced by the Release team , that is independent of KDE e.V. .
|
[
"Eva Brucherseifer"
] |
[
{
"text": " KDE e.V . is a registered non-profit organization that represents the KDE community in the legal and financial entities . The association supports KDE’s work in cash , hardware , and other donations , and then the use of donations to help the KDE development , but not influence on development . e.V . stands for eingetragener Verein which means registered association . The three flags on top of the KDE e.V . logo represent the three main tasks of the KDE e.V. : supporting the community , representing the community , and governing the community .",
"title": "KDE e.V ."
},
{
"text": "In August 1997 , KDE One was held in Arnsberg , Germany . Its the first KDE community meeting with 15 participants , and budget is 14000 DEM ( 7158 EUR ) . Matthias Kalle Dalheimer realized that it wasnt a good idea to channel thousands of money through his personal account to run the meeting , so he wanted to find an association . In November 1997 , Matthias Ettrich and Matthias Kalle Dalheimer registered KDE e.V . as association in Tübingen under German law , and became president and vice president . Additionally they had to reach out",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "to housemates and personal friends to meet the minimum number of persons required to create an eingetragener Verein ( 7 persons ) .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " In October 1999 , the following candidates were elected to the board in KDE Two , Kurt Granroth became president , Chris Schläger became vice president , Mirko Boehm became treasurer , and Preston Brown became board member . In August 2002 , the following candidates were elected to the board in KDE e.V . meeting , Matthias Kalle Dalheimer became president , Mirko Boehm became treasurer , and Eva Brucherseifer and Ralf Nolden became board member .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "On 26 August 2005 , the following candidates were elected to the board in KDE e.V . meeting , president was Eva Brucherseifer , vice president was Cornelius Schumacher , treasurer was Mirko Boehm , and board member was Aaron Seigo . On 15 October 2006 , Mark Shuttleworth had become the first Patron of KDE . On 28 February 2007 , Trolltech become the first corporate Patron of KDE .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " On 2 July 2007 , the following candidates were elected to the board in KDE e.V . meeting , president was Aaron Seigo , vice president were Cornelius Schumacher and Adriaan de Groot , and board member were Sebastian Kügler and Klaas Freitag . On 3 July 2007 , KDAB becomes Patron of KDE . On 7 July 2007 , Intel Corporation and Novell had also become Patron of KDE . On 4 April 2008 , the KDE e.V . and Wikimedia Deutschland have opened shared offices in Frankfurt , and has the first KDE e.V . employee .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "In July 2009 , the following candidates were elected to the board in KDE e.V . meeting , Cornelius Schumacher became president , Adriaan de Groot and Frank Karlitschek became vice president , and Sebastian Kügler and Celeste Lyn Paul became board member . In September 2009 , KDE e.V . and Free Software Foundation Europe ( FSFE ) moved into shared offices in Berlin . In January 2010 , Google becomes supporting member . On 9 June 2010 , KDE e.V . launched the Join the Game campaign .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "KDE e.V . includes three types of memberships : Active members , Extraordinary members and Supporting Members . Both natural persons and legal bodies may become members . The Active members have contributed to KDE community . The supporting members are supporting the KDE through financial contributions , consist of : basysKom GmbH , Digia , Sirius Corporation Ltd , and Google . The Patron of KDE is the highest level of supporting member , are : SUSE , Klarälvdalens Datakonsult AB , and Nokia . All association’s members are invited to attend the general assembly . The general assembly",
"title": "Organization"
},
{
"text": "is often as part of Akademy .",
"title": "Organization"
},
{
"text": "The board of directors are responsible for the operation of the association . The board of directors has five members via election held by general assembly . KDE e.V . office is located in Berlin . It has 1 paid administrative employee , called business manager . The business manager is full-time responsible for daily operations , resource acquisition and managing interns . KDE e.V . offers internships to qualified students . In Spain , the official representative of KDE e.V . is KDE España . KDE e.V . is an associate organization of the FSFE and a licensee of",
"title": "Organization"
},
{
"text": "the Open Invention Network .",
"title": "Organization"
},
{
"text": " KDE e.V . organizes and subsidizes events including developer sprints , Camp KDE and Akademy . It handles the legal issues around the KDE community . The working groups are a structure which will formalize some roles within KDE and enhance coordination within KDE , communication between parts of KDE . Currently , active working groups are community working group ( CWG ) , marketing working group ( MWG ) and system administration ( sysadmin ) . Disbanded working groups are human computer interaction working group ( HCI WG ) and technical working group ( TWG ) .",
"title": "Activities"
},
{
"text": "The System Administration Working Group is responsible for administration of KDE servers . The Marketing Working Group was founded in November 2005 , help to coordination of marketing and promotion . Currently members are Troy Unrau , Franz Keferböck and Wade Olson . The Community Working Group was founded in August 2008 , helps with community advice when needed .",
"title": "Activities"
},
{
"text": " The Technical Working Group is to coordinate planning and release . Furthermore , they should decide what software is included in KDE or removed , as different programs will be combined into modules and the dependencies between the modules and to external software should be allowed . A further task , it is a contact point for general technical questions related to KDE to be contacts between developers of the project and produce . After one year , the Technical Working Group has been replaced by the Release team , that is independent of KDE e.V. .",
"title": "Activities"
}
] |
/wiki/KDE_e.V.#P488#4
|
Who was the chair of KDE e.V. between Mar 2008 and Sep 2008?
|
KDE e.V . KDE e.V . is a registered non-profit organization that represents the KDE community in the legal and financial entities . The association supports KDE’s work in cash , hardware , and other donations , and then the use of donations to help the KDE development , but not influence on development . e.V . stands for eingetragener Verein which means registered association . The three flags on top of the KDE e.V . logo represent the three main tasks of the KDE e.V. : supporting the community , representing the community , and governing the community . History . In August 1997 , KDE One was held in Arnsberg , Germany . Its the first KDE community meeting with 15 participants , and budget is 14000 DEM ( 7158 EUR ) . Matthias Kalle Dalheimer realized that it wasnt a good idea to channel thousands of money through his personal account to run the meeting , so he wanted to find an association . In November 1997 , Matthias Ettrich and Matthias Kalle Dalheimer registered KDE e.V . as association in Tübingen under German law , and became president and vice president . Additionally they had to reach out to housemates and personal friends to meet the minimum number of persons required to create an eingetragener Verein ( 7 persons ) . In October 1999 , the following candidates were elected to the board in KDE Two , Kurt Granroth became president , Chris Schläger became vice president , Mirko Boehm became treasurer , and Preston Brown became board member . In August 2002 , the following candidates were elected to the board in KDE e.V . meeting , Matthias Kalle Dalheimer became president , Mirko Boehm became treasurer , and Eva Brucherseifer and Ralf Nolden became board member . On 26 August 2005 , the following candidates were elected to the board in KDE e.V . meeting , president was Eva Brucherseifer , vice president was Cornelius Schumacher , treasurer was Mirko Boehm , and board member was Aaron Seigo . On 15 October 2006 , Mark Shuttleworth had become the first Patron of KDE . On 28 February 2007 , Trolltech become the first corporate Patron of KDE . On 2 July 2007 , the following candidates were elected to the board in KDE e.V . meeting , president was Aaron Seigo , vice president were Cornelius Schumacher and Adriaan de Groot , and board member were Sebastian Kügler and Klaas Freitag . On 3 July 2007 , KDAB becomes Patron of KDE . On 7 July 2007 , Intel Corporation and Novell had also become Patron of KDE . On 4 April 2008 , the KDE e.V . and Wikimedia Deutschland have opened shared offices in Frankfurt , and has the first KDE e.V . employee . In July 2009 , the following candidates were elected to the board in KDE e.V . meeting , Cornelius Schumacher became president , Adriaan de Groot and Frank Karlitschek became vice president , and Sebastian Kügler and Celeste Lyn Paul became board member . In September 2009 , KDE e.V . and Free Software Foundation Europe ( FSFE ) moved into shared offices in Berlin . In January 2010 , Google becomes supporting member . On 9 June 2010 , KDE e.V . launched the Join the Game campaign . Organization . KDE e.V . includes three types of memberships : Active members , Extraordinary members and Supporting Members . Both natural persons and legal bodies may become members . The Active members have contributed to KDE community . The supporting members are supporting the KDE through financial contributions , consist of : basysKom GmbH , Digia , Sirius Corporation Ltd , and Google . The Patron of KDE is the highest level of supporting member , are : SUSE , Klarälvdalens Datakonsult AB , and Nokia . All association’s members are invited to attend the general assembly . The general assembly is often as part of Akademy . The board of directors are responsible for the operation of the association . The board of directors has five members via election held by general assembly . KDE e.V . office is located in Berlin . It has 1 paid administrative employee , called business manager . The business manager is full-time responsible for daily operations , resource acquisition and managing interns . KDE e.V . offers internships to qualified students . In Spain , the official representative of KDE e.V . is KDE España . KDE e.V . is an associate organization of the FSFE and a licensee of the Open Invention Network . Activities . KDE e.V . organizes and subsidizes events including developer sprints , Camp KDE and Akademy . It handles the legal issues around the KDE community . The working groups are a structure which will formalize some roles within KDE and enhance coordination within KDE , communication between parts of KDE . Currently , active working groups are community working group ( CWG ) , marketing working group ( MWG ) and system administration ( sysadmin ) . Disbanded working groups are human computer interaction working group ( HCI WG ) and technical working group ( TWG ) . The System Administration Working Group is responsible for administration of KDE servers . The Marketing Working Group was founded in November 2005 , help to coordination of marketing and promotion . Currently members are Troy Unrau , Franz Keferböck and Wade Olson . The Community Working Group was founded in August 2008 , helps with community advice when needed . The Technical Working Group is to coordinate planning and release . Furthermore , they should decide what software is included in KDE or removed , as different programs will be combined into modules and the dependencies between the modules and to external software should be allowed . A further task , it is a contact point for general technical questions related to KDE to be contacts between developers of the project and produce . After one year , the Technical Working Group has been replaced by the Release team , that is independent of KDE e.V. .
|
[
"Aaron Seigo"
] |
[
{
"text": " KDE e.V . is a registered non-profit organization that represents the KDE community in the legal and financial entities . The association supports KDE’s work in cash , hardware , and other donations , and then the use of donations to help the KDE development , but not influence on development . e.V . stands for eingetragener Verein which means registered association . The three flags on top of the KDE e.V . logo represent the three main tasks of the KDE e.V. : supporting the community , representing the community , and governing the community .",
"title": "KDE e.V ."
},
{
"text": "In August 1997 , KDE One was held in Arnsberg , Germany . Its the first KDE community meeting with 15 participants , and budget is 14000 DEM ( 7158 EUR ) . Matthias Kalle Dalheimer realized that it wasnt a good idea to channel thousands of money through his personal account to run the meeting , so he wanted to find an association . In November 1997 , Matthias Ettrich and Matthias Kalle Dalheimer registered KDE e.V . as association in Tübingen under German law , and became president and vice president . Additionally they had to reach out",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "to housemates and personal friends to meet the minimum number of persons required to create an eingetragener Verein ( 7 persons ) .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " In October 1999 , the following candidates were elected to the board in KDE Two , Kurt Granroth became president , Chris Schläger became vice president , Mirko Boehm became treasurer , and Preston Brown became board member . In August 2002 , the following candidates were elected to the board in KDE e.V . meeting , Matthias Kalle Dalheimer became president , Mirko Boehm became treasurer , and Eva Brucherseifer and Ralf Nolden became board member .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "On 26 August 2005 , the following candidates were elected to the board in KDE e.V . meeting , president was Eva Brucherseifer , vice president was Cornelius Schumacher , treasurer was Mirko Boehm , and board member was Aaron Seigo . On 15 October 2006 , Mark Shuttleworth had become the first Patron of KDE . On 28 February 2007 , Trolltech become the first corporate Patron of KDE .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " On 2 July 2007 , the following candidates were elected to the board in KDE e.V . meeting , president was Aaron Seigo , vice president were Cornelius Schumacher and Adriaan de Groot , and board member were Sebastian Kügler and Klaas Freitag . On 3 July 2007 , KDAB becomes Patron of KDE . On 7 July 2007 , Intel Corporation and Novell had also become Patron of KDE . On 4 April 2008 , the KDE e.V . and Wikimedia Deutschland have opened shared offices in Frankfurt , and has the first KDE e.V . employee .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "In July 2009 , the following candidates were elected to the board in KDE e.V . meeting , Cornelius Schumacher became president , Adriaan de Groot and Frank Karlitschek became vice president , and Sebastian Kügler and Celeste Lyn Paul became board member . In September 2009 , KDE e.V . and Free Software Foundation Europe ( FSFE ) moved into shared offices in Berlin . In January 2010 , Google becomes supporting member . On 9 June 2010 , KDE e.V . launched the Join the Game campaign .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "KDE e.V . includes three types of memberships : Active members , Extraordinary members and Supporting Members . Both natural persons and legal bodies may become members . The Active members have contributed to KDE community . The supporting members are supporting the KDE through financial contributions , consist of : basysKom GmbH , Digia , Sirius Corporation Ltd , and Google . The Patron of KDE is the highest level of supporting member , are : SUSE , Klarälvdalens Datakonsult AB , and Nokia . All association’s members are invited to attend the general assembly . The general assembly",
"title": "Organization"
},
{
"text": "is often as part of Akademy .",
"title": "Organization"
},
{
"text": "The board of directors are responsible for the operation of the association . The board of directors has five members via election held by general assembly . KDE e.V . office is located in Berlin . It has 1 paid administrative employee , called business manager . The business manager is full-time responsible for daily operations , resource acquisition and managing interns . KDE e.V . offers internships to qualified students . In Spain , the official representative of KDE e.V . is KDE España . KDE e.V . is an associate organization of the FSFE and a licensee of",
"title": "Organization"
},
{
"text": "the Open Invention Network .",
"title": "Organization"
},
{
"text": " KDE e.V . organizes and subsidizes events including developer sprints , Camp KDE and Akademy . It handles the legal issues around the KDE community . The working groups are a structure which will formalize some roles within KDE and enhance coordination within KDE , communication between parts of KDE . Currently , active working groups are community working group ( CWG ) , marketing working group ( MWG ) and system administration ( sysadmin ) . Disbanded working groups are human computer interaction working group ( HCI WG ) and technical working group ( TWG ) .",
"title": "Activities"
},
{
"text": "The System Administration Working Group is responsible for administration of KDE servers . The Marketing Working Group was founded in November 2005 , help to coordination of marketing and promotion . Currently members are Troy Unrau , Franz Keferböck and Wade Olson . The Community Working Group was founded in August 2008 , helps with community advice when needed .",
"title": "Activities"
},
{
"text": " The Technical Working Group is to coordinate planning and release . Furthermore , they should decide what software is included in KDE or removed , as different programs will be combined into modules and the dependencies between the modules and to external software should be allowed . A further task , it is a contact point for general technical questions related to KDE to be contacts between developers of the project and produce . After one year , the Technical Working Group has been replaced by the Release team , that is independent of KDE e.V. .",
"title": "Activities"
}
] |
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