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[ [ "Transport in Jordan" ], [ "Introduction", "Inside Queen Alia International AirportThe Abdoun Bridge connecting east and west AmmanHighway 65 (Dead Sea Highway) passing by the Dead Sea.Al-Ashrafiya, AmmanDesert HighwayThe port of AqabaWith the exception of a railway system, Jordan has a developed public and private transportation system.", "There are three international airports in Jordan.", "The Hedjaz Jordan Railway runs one passenger train a day each way." ], [ "Roadways", "In 2009, it was estimated that Jordan had of paved highways.", "Some of the major highways in Jordan are:* Highway 15 (Desert Highway): connects the Syrian border with Amman and to the port city of Aqaba on the Gulf of Aqaba.", "It is a four-lane, double carriageway road almost on its entirety, from the Syrian border until the junction with the road to Petra.", "* Highway 35 (King's Highway): connects Irbid in the northern region to Aqaba, it takes the name and route of the historic King's Highway.", "It has four lanes on double carriageway on its stretch from Irbid until Amman.", "* Highway 65 (Dead Sea Highway): connects Aqaba to the northwestern region of Jordan.", "** The first part of the highway (Safi-Aqaba) was constructed in 1978 as part of the Red Sea - Dead Sea Access.", "It connected Safi, the south end of Dead Sea to Aqaba, the north point of Red Sea.", "* Jordan Highway: encircles the city of Amman and connects it to Jerash and Irbid" ], [ "Railways" ], [ "Pipelines", "gas 473 km; oil 49 km" ], [ "Ports and harbors", "The port of Aqaba on the Gulf of Aqaba is the only sea port in Jordan." ], [ "Merchant marine", "''total:''7 ships (with a volume of or over) totaling /''ships by type (1999):''bulk carrier 2, cargo ship 2, container ship 1, livestock carrier 1, roll-on/roll-off ship 1 The governments of Jordan, Egypt, and Iraq own and operate the Arab Bridge Maritime company, which is the largest passenger transport company on the Red Sea." ], [ "Airports", "18 as of 2012===Airports - with paved runways===As of 2012, there was a total of 16 airports, the main airports being:* Queen Alia International Airport in Amman.", "* King Hussein International Airport in Aqaba* Amman Civil Airport in Amman* Muwaffaq Salti Air Base: A military airport in Azraq''total (2012):''16''over'' :8:5''under'' :1=== Airports - with unpaved runways ===''total (2012):''2''under'' :2=== Heliports (2016) ===56" ], [ "Maps", "* UNHCR Atlas Map - most stations unnamed" ], [ "See also", "* Arab Mashreq International Railway* Jordan* Red Sea–Dead Sea Access" ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* Hejaz RR Map" ] ]
wikipedia
[ [ "Foreign relations of Jordan" ], [ "Introduction", " The '''foreign relations of Jordan''' have been consistently a pro-Western foreign policy." ], [ "United Kingdom and United States", "Jordan has had close relations with the United States and the United Kingdom for many years.", "During the first Gulf War (1990), these relations were damaged by Jordan's neutrality and its maintenance of relations with Iraq.", "Later, Jordan restored its relations with Western countries through its participation in the enforcement of UN sanctions against Iraq and in the Southwest Asia peace process.", "After King Hussein's death in 1999, relations between Jordan and the Persian Gulf countries greatly improved.In 2000, Jordan signed a Free Trade Agreement with the United States, which went into effect in 2010.In 2013, the U.S. approved the CIA–led Timber Sycamore covert operation, based in Jordan, to train and arm Syrian rebels." ], [ "European Union", "Jordan enjoys \"advanced status\" with the European Union and is part of the European Neighbourhood Policy, which aims to increase links between the EU and its neighbours." ], [ "Israel and regional neighbours", "Hussein I of Jordan and Yitzhak Rabin, with Bill Clinton, after signing the Israel-Jordan Treaty of Peace, 26 October 1994Owing to its location, bordering Israel, Syria, and Iraq, Jordan has experienced wars along its borders for decades, and maintains careful diplomatic relations with Israel and its main ally, the U.S.Along with Egypt and the United Arab Emirates, Jordan was one of only three Arab nations to have signed peace treaties with Israel, Jordan's direct neighbour.Jordan views an independent Palestinian state with the 1967 borders, as part of the two-state solution and of supreme national interest.", "The ruling Hashemite dynasty has had custodianship over holy sites in Jerusalem since 1924, a position reinforced in the Israel–Jordan peace treaty.", "Turmoil in Jerusalem's Al-Aqsa mosque between Israelis and Palestinians created tensions between Jordan and Israel concerning the former's role in protecting the Muslim and Christian sites in Jerusalem.Jordan signed a non-aggression pact with Israel (the Washington Declaration) in Washington, D.C., on 25 July 1994.Jordan and Israel signed a historic peace treaty on October 26, 1994, witnessed by President Clinton, accompanied by Secretary of State Warren Christopher.", "The U.S. has participated with Jordan and Israel in trilateral development discussions during which key issues have been water-sharing and security; cooperation on Jordan Rift Valley development; infrastructure projects; and trade, finance, and banking issues.Israel captured East Jerusalem and the West Bank, which was annexed by Jordan since 1950, in 1967.Since 1967, Pakistan has been demanding its vacation at the international level.", "Jordan, together with Pakistan, is playing an effective role in the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation.===2023 Israel-Hamas War===The political landscape of Jordan has changed as a consequence of the conflict between Israel and Hamas from October 2023.Prime minister Bisher al Khasawneh expressed his country's disapproval of Israel's offensive in Gaza by recalling its ambassador from Israel, and declared that Israel's ambassador, who had departed Amman following Hamas' attack, would not be permitted to return.", "Khasawneh argued that Israel's blockade of the heavily-populated Gaza Strip could not be justified as self-defense, and criticised the indiscriminate Israeli assault, which had included safe zones and ambulances in its targets.Jordanian residents (including the approximately 2 million Palestinian refugees and others with Palestinian roots) have staged protests against Israel's actions in Gaza, which adds pressure to the government to take action on the issue.", "There is also evidence that there is more sympathy with Hamas among Jordanians in recent years.", "However, Jordan's Western allies view the kingdom as a potentially vital mediator, should Israel and Hamas agree to negotiate.", "King Abdullah has been taking part in diplomatic meetings in Europe, aiming to secure safe passage of humanitarian aid; however, the government is also grappling with domestic problems such as inflation, unemployment, and trafficking of arms and drugs through Jordan to the West Bank.", "The king and Queen Rania have criticised Israel's action in Gaza, and called for a ceasefire.", "Jordan's ambassador to Israel was recalled, and the Israeli ambassador was told to stay away.", "Queen Rania, whose family is Palestinian with roots in the West Bank town of Nablus, called on Western leaders to denounce Israel's attacks on Palestinian civilians in an interview aired on CNN in the U.S.", "There are fears of a huge influx of refugees into Jordan as a result of the Israel-Hamas War." ], [ "UN and other affiliations", "Jordan is an active member of the UN and several of its specialised and related agencies, including the Food and Agriculture Organization, International Atomic Energy Agency, and World Health Organization.Jordan is a founding member of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation and of the Arab League.It is also a member of the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund, the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, and the Non-Aligned Movement.Jordan and Morocco tried to join the Gulf Cooperation Council in 2011, but the Gulf countries offered a five-year development aid programme instead." ], [ "Diplomatic relations", "List of countries which Jordan maintains diplomatic relations with:425x425px#CountryDate117 June 194621 October 1946311 January 1947419 April 194754 May 1947624 May 1947728 May 1947829 December 1947919471019471112 January 1948125 February 19481312 August 19481419481518 February 19491616 November 19491719491827 February 19501918 June 19512015 December 19512119512216 February 19532317 November 19532414 July 19542523 August 19542628 September 19542719542819562919563019563119573218 January 1958336 April 19593428 November 19593516 May 19603617 April 19613730 August 19613830 September 1961392 December 19614026 July 196241December 19624219624321 August 19634420 February 19644530 April 19644616 May 1964479 October 19644823 December 1964492 April 1965506 July 19655120 August 19655219655324 February 19665417 May 19665510 November 1966567 January 19695712 July 196958January 1970594 May 1970608 December 19716118 May 19726210 June 19726311 June 19726427 June 1972655 July 19726615 October 1973675 December 1973684 June 197469September 197470719 July 1975721 March 1976737 April 1977747 September 1979751 January 19807619 August 19807725 March 19817821 May 19817922 October 1982803 April 19848115 May 19848218 February 19858321 October 19858414 January 19878518 May 19878625 October 19878725 April 19888828 July 1988—7 January 19898931 January 19909019909127 May 19919219 April 19929313 July 1992949 February 19939510 February 19939613 February 19939715 February 19939818 February 1993993 March 199310015 July 199310128 September 199310222 October 19931037 February 1994—3 March 19941047 March 19941056 May 199410629 June 19941075 July 199410812 September 199410927 November 199411018 June 199611115 October 199611219 June 199711319 August 1998114199811523 June 19991163 March 200011715 September 200011824 January 200111916 September 2002—1207 September 200312115 July 200412215 November 20051236 June 200612428 June 200612511 December 200612610 January 200712710 January 200712813 March 20071295 June 200713010 December 200713123 September 200813214 June 200913319 May 201013415 November 201113513 January 20121369 August 20121373 December 2012—4 June 20131384 June 20141391 March 201514015 April 20151413 June 20151424 June 20171438 August 201714427 September 20171452 September 20181469 December 202014729 April 20211485 December 202114923 September 2023" ], [ "List of bilateral relations", " Country Formal Relations BeganNotes ** Armenia is represented by a consulate in the capital Amman.See Azerbaijan-Jordan relations* On December 28, 1991, Jordan recognized the independence of Azerbaijan.", "* Azerbaijan has an embassy in Amman.", "* Jordan has an embassy in Baku.", "* Brazil has an embassy in Amman.", "* Jordan has an embassy in Brasília.", "In May 2008, King Abdullah II visited Brunei, to bolster ties between Jordan and the southeast Asian nation, as well as discuss issues facing the Muslim world.", "Along with Sultan of Brunei Darussalam, Abdullah signed agreements devised to enhance cooperation in the economic, tourism and defense fields.28 September 1954Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 September 1954 when has been accredited Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Jordan to Chile Mr. Issa Bandak.", "* Chile has an embassy in Amman.", "* Jordan has an embassy in Santiago.7 April 1977* Jordan recognized the Republic of China on Taiwan in August 1957, official diplomatic relations of the People's Republic of China began on 7 April 1977* China has an embassy in Amman.", "* Jordan has an embassy in Beijing.", "*2 Confucius Institutes were established in Jordan, the first at the Talal Abu-Ghazaleh Global organization in September 2008 and the second at Amman's Philadelphia University, in September 2012.18 January 1958Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 January 1958 when was accredited first Ambassador of Denmark to Jordan (resident in Cairo) Mr. Eggert Holten* Denmark has an honorary consulate in Amman.", "* Jordan has an honorary consulate in Copenhagen28 May 1947See Egypt–Jordan relationsBoth countries established diplomatic relations on 28 May 1947 when Mohamed Bey Yassin, Egyptian Minister in Transjordan with residence in Baghdad presented his credentials.", "* Egypt has an embassy in Amman.", "* Jordan has an embassy in Cairo.", "France is Jordan's biggest European investor* Jordan has an embassy in Paris* France has an embassy in Amman See Georgia–Jordan relationsSee Germany–Jordan relations* Both countries are close allies and Germany is the second-largest bilateral donor of development aid to Jordan after the United States.", "* Germany has an embassy in Amman.", "* Jordan has an embassy in Berlin.See Greece–Jordan relations* Greece has an embassy in Amman.", "* Jordan has an embassy in Athens.", "See Holy See–Jordan relationsThe Holy See has a nunciature in Amman.", "Jordan has an embassy in Rome accredited to the Holy See.", "The Holy See has maintained comparatively good relations with Jordan.", "The name of the country comes from the Jordan River, which is significant to Christians because it was the place where Jesus was baptized by John the Baptist.", "Various Christian clerics in the Arab world have a Jordanian background, such as Maroun Lahham in Tunisia and Fouad Twal in Palestine.", "See India–Jordan relationsThe Republic of India and the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan signed their first bilateral agreement for cooperation and friendly relations in 1947, which was formalised in 1950 when India became a sovereign democratic republic.", "The Ministry of External Affairs of the Government of India stated in August 2011 that, 'India and Jordan have very warm, cordial and cooperative relations; and it is our hope that the existing mutually beneficial relationship would be further deepened and strengthened in the days ahead.'", "Indian tourists visited Jordan in large numbers in 2010, with nearly 51,000 visitors.", "Apart from this, military, cultural and economic exchanges between the two nations is widespread.", "Quoting the Indian Foreign Ministry, 'India was the largest export partner and ninth largest import partner of Jordan in 2008.The trade turnover between the two countries stood at US$1.785 billion in 2008 i.e.", "Jordan's imports from India stood at about US$503 million in 2008 while its exports to India reached at US$1.283 billion in 2008.India's position in 2009 is third and fifteenth respectively as the trade turnover between the two countries stood at US$983 million in 2009 i.e.", "India's exports to Jordan in 2009 stood at US$297 million while imports were valued at US$686 million.", "In 2010, the India-Jordan trade volume stood at US$1.16 billion i.e.", "India's exports to Jordan stood at US$382 million in 2010 while imports were to the tune of US$783 million in 2010.'", "Jordan is also a member of the Non-Aligned Movement and has thus forged close relations with India.24 May 1947See Iraq–Jordan relationsBoth countries established diplomatic relations on 24 May 1947 when Jamil Pasha el Rawi, the first Iraqi Minister to Transjordan, presented his credentials.Despite periodic crises of confidence and lingering Iraqi resentment over Jordan's close ties with Saddam Hussein, the two countries have managed to forge deep ties, in fact, Jordan has taken the lead among Arab states to do so.", "In the face of repeated attacks and threats, Jordan has maintained a strong diplomatic presence in Baghdad.The economic impact of the Iraq crisis in Jordan has been mixed.", "Jordan has benefited greatly from serving as a \"gateway\" to Iraq for governments, aid workers, contractors, and businesspeople, the real estate and banking sectors are booming, and it stands to reap more benefits from increased trade and transport should the situation in Iraq improve.", "However, with the fall of Saddam Hussein, Jordan lost the sizable oil subsidies and customary shipments it received from Iraq.Unlike many of Iraq's other neighbors, Jordan can claim only modest influence over developments in Iraq.", "The kingdom does have notable intelligence capabilities vis-à-vis Iraq, and it reportedly helped the United States track down and kill Al-Qaeda in Iraq leader Abu Musab al-Zarqawi.", "Although some Jordanians highlight cross-border tribal and family connections with Iraqi Sunni Arabs, they pale in comparison to those of the West Bank, Lebanon, and Syria.", "Jordan's most significant means of influence is its hosting of a large and ever-changing Iraqi expatriate community, mostly of Sunni Arab origin.27 November 1994See Israel–Jordan relationsBoth countries established full diplomatic relations with the ratification of the peace treaty on 27 November 1994.Jordan and Israel have had official relations since 1994, when their leaders signed a peace treaty.", "Historically, Jordan has had relatively warm relations with Israel compared to other Arab nations.", "Jordan, Egypt, the UAE, Bahrain and Morocco are the only Arab nations to have signed peace treaties with Israel.Japan is one of Jordan’s biggest donors.", "Jordan recognised the independence of the Republic of Kosovo on 7 July 2009.Jordan supported Kosovo at the International Court of Justice's advisory opinion on Kosovo's declaration of independence in December 2009.See Jordan–Kuwait relationsKuwait's relations with Jordan weakened during the Gulf War because of Jordan's stand with Iraq.", "However, the two nations have apparently decided to bury the past.", "King Abdullah II and the Emir of Kuwait are working to restore good relations and further strengthen them.", "See Jordan–Lebanon relations* Jordan has an embassy in Beirut.", "* Lebanon has an embassy in Amman.See Jordan–Malaysia relationsJordan has an embassy in Kuala Lumpur, and Malaysia has an embassy in Amman.", "Relations between the two countries are mainly in economic and Islamic affairs.", "See Jordan–Mexico relations* Jordan has an embassy in Mexico City.", "* Mexico has an embassy in Amman.", "See Jordan–Pakistan relationsThe preliminary and initial forms of Pakistan-Jordan contact can date as early as up to the 1970s and 1980s, although associations have risen at firmer altitudes since the mid-1990s up to 2000.In 2001, some prominent Pakistani leaders completed a visit to Amman, where they discussed with leaders of Jordan about pledging full-scale cooperations.", "In the duration of the convention, the King of Jordan had lauded what he called \"deep, strong and historical relations\" between the two countries and affirmed Jordan's keenness on consolidating its ties with Pakistan for the benefit of the two peoples.See Jordan–Palestine relations* Jordan has an embassy in Ramallah and a representative office in Gaza City.", "* Palestine has an embassy in Amman.", "See Jordan–Portugal relations See Jordan–Qatar relationsDuring the 2017 Qatar diplomatic crisis, Jordan downgraded diplomatic ties with Qatar.", "See Jordan–Russia relationsRussia has an embassy in Amman, while Jordan has an embassy in Moscow.", "See Jordan–Saudi Arabia relations* Jordan has an embassy in Riyadh and a consulate in Jeddah.", "* Saudi Arabia has an embassy in Amman.", "See Jordan–Spain relationsSee Jordan–Syria relationsRelations between Jordan and Syria have fluctuated widely between normal diplomatic relations and full armed confrontation.", "At times, each side has attempted to subvert the other, and has supported and provided refuge to the other's internal opposition groups.", "See Jordan–Turkey relations* Jordan has an embassy in Ankara.", "* Turkey has an embassy in Amman.See Jordan–United Arab Emirates relations*The United Arab Emirates has an embassy in Amman.", "*Jordan maintains an embassy in Abu Dhabi and a consulate-general in Dubai.", "Both countries are part of the Middle East region and share close cultural ties.", "*Most notably, Princess Haya bint Al Hussein of Dubai is of Jordanian origin.", "See Jordan–United Kingdom relations Sea King of 845 NAS in the Jordanian desert during Exercise Pashtun Commando 2013The royal family has close ties to Britain - King Abdullah's mother Princess Muna is British by birth and Queen Noor has a country house in Berkshire.", "Jordan has good relations with the British armed services, with regular visits and training events such as Exercise Pashtun Commando 2013.See Jordan–United States relationsU.S.", "policy seeks to reinforce Jordan's commitment to peace, stability, and moderation.", "* Jordan has an embassy in Washington, DC.", "* United States has an embassy in Amman." ], [ "See also", "* List of diplomatic missions in Jordan* List of diplomatic missions of Jordan* Visa requirements for Jordanian citizens" ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* The Washington Declaration between Jordan and Israel* EU Neighbourhood Info Centre: Country profile of Jordan" ] ]
wikipedia
[ [ "Juan de Nova Island" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Juan de Nova Island''' (, ), Malagasy: ''Nosy Kely'') is a French-controlled tropical island in the narrowest part of the Mozambique Channel, about one-third of the way between Madagascar and Mozambique.", "It is a low, flat island, in size.Anchorage is possible off the northeast of the island which also has a airstrip.", "Administratively, the island is one of the Scattered islands in the Indian Ocean, a district of the French Southern and Antarctic Lands.", "The island is garrisoned by French troops from Réunion and has a weather station." ], [ "Description", "Juan de Nova, about long and at its widest, is a nature reserve surrounded by reefs which enclose an area—not a true lagoon like in an atoll—of roughly .", "Forests, mainly of Casuarinaceae, cover about half the island.", "Sea turtles nest on the beaches around the island." ], [ "Geography", "A map of Juan de Nova Island and its reefs.Juan de Nova is located in the Mozambique Canal, closer to the Madagascar side: from Tambohorano, west-southwest from and from the African coast.The island was created when an underwater promontory of a coral reef emerged when the reef was dismantled by ocean currents, producing a sandy island.", "The prevailing south-southwest winds form dunes on the island, which, at tall, form the island's highest points.Its southwest coast is bordered by a coral reef that prevents ships from landing, and the northeast coast consists of a lagoon that becomes sandy and impassable at low tide.", "There is a single pass that allows access to the island.The difficult conditions for accessing the island has caused several shipwrecks, some of which remain on the Island, including that of the ''Tottenham'' (nicknamed the Charbonnier), which ran aground in 1911 on the island's southwest coast.The island is about long from east to west, and wide, with an area of approximately 4.8 km² (1.9 sq mi).", "The entire quasi-atoll is in circumference, with an exclusive economic zone of 61,050 km² (23,572 sq mi)." ], [ "History", "=== Discovery of the island (1501) ===The cemetery on Juan de Nova Island.João da Nova, a Galician admiral in the service of Portugal, came across the uninhabited island in 1501 while he was crossing the Mozambique Channel during an expedition to India.", "He called it Galega or Agalega (the Galician) in reference to his nationality.", "The island then came to be named for him, with the Spanish spelling: On subsequent maps it was labeled ''Johan de Nova'' on a map by Salvatore de Pilestrina (1519), ''Joa de Nova'' (Mercator, 1569), ''San-Christophoro'' (Ortelius, 1570), ''Saint-Christophe'' (Lislet Geoffroy), before finally being dubbed ''Juan de Nova'' by the British explorer William Fitzwilliam Owen.", "Historically, the island was sometimes confused with the nearby island Bassas da India, which is completely covered at high tide.Although the island was located along the spice route, it was not of interest to the colonial powers because of its small size and little utility as a stopover.", "However, it is possible that it served as a refuge for pirates, such as Olivier Levasseur.=== Acquisition by France and resource exploitation (1896–1975) ===A coconut grove on Juan de Nova Island.The island had never been inhabited when it became a possession of France, alongside Europa Island and Bassas da India, in 1897.At the time, the only visitors to the island were Malagasy fishermen during sea turtles' nesting season.", "However, around 1900, the island was granted to a Frenchman for a 20-year lease.", "He initiated the exploitation of the island's guano deposits, which production reaching 53,000 tons in 1923.A coconut grove on the island also produced 12 tons of copra per year.", "In 1921, France transferred the administration of Juan de Nova from Paris to Tananarive in its colony of Madagascar and Dependencies.", "Then, before the independence of Madagascar, France transferred the administration of the island to Saint-Pierre on Réunion.", "Madagascar became independent in 1960, and it has claimed sovereignty over the island since 1972.An airstrip was built on the island in 1934.Guano exploitation continued for several decades, with a pause in activity during World War II.", "The island was abandoned during the war, and it was visited by German submariners.", "Installations, including a hangar, rail lines, houses and a jetty are in ruins.Hector Patureau's house on Juan de Nova Island.In 1952, a second concession was granted for 15 years to the Société française des îles Malgaches (SOFIM), led by Hector Patureau.", "This concession was renewed for 25 years in 1960, after Madagascar's independence.", "Structures were built throughout the island to support the phosphate mining operation, including warehouses, housing, a prison, and a cemetery.The workers on the island came mainly from Mauritius and the Seychelles.", "Working conditions were extremely harsh, with rule-breaking punished by flogging or imprisonment, and each worker had to extract one metric ton of phosphate per day to earn 3.5 rupees.", "In 1968, Mauritian workers revolted, and the operation's management appealed to the prefect of Réunion for help.", "The revolt brought government and media attention to abusive practices on the island, including ''droit du seigneur'' being practiced by one of the foremen, and some members of the staff were fired by SOFIM's president.In the 1960s, the price of phosphate collapsed, and the mining operation on the island ceased to be profitable.", "SOFIM was dissolved in 1968, and the last workers left the island in 1975.The French government retook control of the concession, paying 45 million CFA to Hector Patureau in compensation.A beach on Juan de Nova Island.=== Installation of a weather station (1971–1973) ===In 1963, an auxiliary weather installation, called \"la Goulette,\" was installed to carry out regular temperature and pressure readings.", "But on a visit to the island in 1971, a representative of the Weather Service found numerous irregularities in the readings, as well as poor security on the island, which was still under the responsibility of Patureau.", "Following the recommendations of the World Weather Watch, a basic, year-round weather station was built in 1973 in the southwest part of the island, at the end of the airstrip.", "A project to create a Club Med tourist resort was proposed by Gilbert Trigano, which for a time brought a team of workers to the island under the supervision of Hector Patureau, but it was quickly abandoned.", "=== Military presence (1974–present) ===In 1974, the French government decided to install military detachments across the Scattered Islands in the Indian Ocean that lay within the Mozambique Channel (Juan de Nova, Europa Island, and the Glorioso Islands).", "Its aim was primarily to respond to Madagascar's claims to those territories, which France considers protected within an exclusive economic zone.", "Juan de Nova Island was assigned a small garrison of 14 soldiers from the 2nd Marine Infantry Parachute Regiment, as well as a ''gendarme''.", "They settled in housing that formerly hosted SOFIM workers.", "The troops receive supplies by air every 45 days.Today, most of the installations from the mining days are in ruins, and only a few buildings are maintained for military use.", "Upkeep is also performed on the cemetery.", "The island has been converted into a nature preserve, which aims to protect biodiversity and particularly coral reefs.", "It is closed to access, with temporary authorization granted to scientists on short-term missions.=== Wrecks ===The island lies on the sea route between South Africa and the northern tip of Madagascar.", "It is affected by strong currents and has become the site of numerous wrecks.", "Most visible are the remains of the which ran onto the southern fringing reef in 1911." ], [ "Economic resources", "=== Guano ===The presence of a significant bird population on Juan de Nova Island led to a major guano deposit on the surface of the island.", "This became the first natural resource to be exploited on the island in the 20th century.", "This mining operation led to the establishment of the first structures on the island, and the workers also planted coconut trees, whose products were also exported.", "The exploitation of guano stopped around 1970, after the price of phosphates dropped.=== Hydrocarbons ===In 2005, a government decree authorized preliminary exploration for liquid or gas hydrocarbons offshore.", "This authorization covers an area of approximately 62,000 square kilometers surrounding the island.", "In 2008, a subsequent decree granted an exploration permit for the \"Juan de Nova Est\" field to the companies Nighthawk Energy Plc, Jupiter Petroleum Juan de Nova Ltd, and Osceola Hydrocarbons Ltd, as well as to Marex Inc. and Roc Oil Company Ltd for the \"Juan de Nova Maritime Profond\" field.", "The licensees had to commit to investing around $100 million over five years for mining and research.", "The eastern boundary of these exploration areas is in contention with Madagascar and its exclusive economic zone.In 2015, the drilling authorization was renewed Sapetro and Marex Petroleum for a period of three years.However, these projects have been abandoned since 2019, when the island was classified as a nature reserve." ], [ "Fauna and flora", "A spider of the genus ''Nephila'' on Juan de Nova Island.Coral reefs are an important part of Juan de Nova Island's biodiversity.Three or four times a year, scientists come to Juan de Nova Island to study its ecosystem.", "Despite the ongoing scientific efforts, an inventory of the island's biodiversity (particularly genetics) is only in its earliest stages.", "There is much to be studied.", "Researchers from the University of Reunion Island's ECOMAR lab have worked to identify or observe seabirds around the island.", "In particular, they have worked to study the behavior of 2 million pairs of terns that have sought refuge on the island, forming the largest colony in the Indian Ocean.Pascale Chabanet, of the Institut de recherche pour le développement, says based on their research on the island:A crab from the Coenobitidae family on Juan de Nova Island.", "\"The reefs of these deserted and isolated islands like Juan de Nova Island are preserved from all pollution and anthropogenic influence.", "But they are affected by climate change.", "\"Such environments are useful for scientists to measure to what degree environmental changes are attributable to humans.The scientists are also observing and working to mitigate the impact of the presence of invasive species on the island, including mosquitoes such as ''Aedes aegypti, Aedes fryeri, Culex sitiens, Culex tritaeniorhynchus,'' and ''Mansonia uniformis''.", "''Aedes albopictus'', an invasive Asian species that can carry pathogenic arbovirus, has also been seen on the island." ], [ "Geology", "=== Important Bird Area ===The island has been identified as an Important Bird Area by BirdLife International because it supports a very large colony of sooty terns, with up to 100,000 breeding pairs.", "It also has a much smaller colony of greater crested terns – with at least 50 breeding pairs recorded in 1994.Of at least seven species of land birds present, most are probably introduced.=== Climate ===The island exhibits a tropical savanna climate (Köppen ''Aw'').", "A year on the island can be divided into two seasons: the cool season and the rainy season.PeriodTemperaturePrecipitationHumidityCool seasonApril to November28.4 °C (April) to 25 °C (August)1.9 mm to 39.6 mm79% to 66%Rainy seasonDecember to MarchStable: 28.4 °C - 28.5 °C100.7 mm to 275.8 mm80% (December) to 83% (February)" ], [ "References" ] ]
wikipedia
[ [ "Johannes Kepler" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Johannes Kepler''' (; ; 27 December 1571 – 15 November 1630) was a German astronomer, mathematician, astrologer, natural philosopher and writer on music.", "He is a key figure in the 17th-century Scientific Revolution, best known for his laws of planetary motion, and his books ''Astronomia nova'', ''Harmonice Mundi'', and ''Epitome Astronomiae Copernicanae'', influencing among others Isaac Newton, providing one of the foundations for his theory of universal gravitation.", "The variety and impact of his work made Kepler one of the founders and fathers of modern astronomy, the scientific method, natural and modern science.", "He has been described as the \"father of science fiction\" for his novel ''Somnium''.Kepler was a mathematics teacher at a seminary school in Graz, where he became an associate of Prince Hans Ulrich von Eggenberg.", "Later he became an assistant to the astronomer Tycho Brahe in Prague, and eventually the imperial mathematician to Emperor Rudolf II and his two successors Matthias and Ferdinand II.", "He also taught mathematics in Linz, and was an adviser to General Wallenstein.Additionally, he did fundamental work in the field of optics, being named the father of modern optics, in particular for his ''Astronomiae pars optica''.", "He also invented an improved version of the refracting telescope, the Keplerian telescope, which became the foundation of the modern refracting telescope, while also improving on the telescope design by Galileo Galilei, who mentioned Kepler's discoveries in his work.Kepler lived in an era when there was no clear distinction between astronomy and astrology, but there was a strong division between astronomy (a branch of mathematics within the liberal arts) and physics (a branch of natural philosophy).", "Kepler also incorporated religious arguments and reasoning into his work, motivated by the religious conviction and belief that God had created the world according to an intelligible plan that is accessible through the natural light of reason.", "Kepler described his new astronomy as \"celestial physics\", as \"an excursion into Aristotle's ''Metaphysics''\", and as \"a supplement to Aristotle's ''On the Heavens'', transforming the ancient tradition of physical cosmology by treating astronomy as part of a universal mathematical physics." ], [ "Early life", "=== Childhood (1571–1590) ===Kepler's birthplace, in Weil der StadtKepler was born on 27 December 1571, in the Free Imperial City of Weil der Stadt (now part of the Stuttgart Region in the German state of Baden-Württemberg).", "His grandfather, Sebald Kepler, had been Lord Mayor of the city.", "By the time Johannes was born, he had two brothers and one sister and the Kepler family fortune was in decline.", "His father, Heinrich Kepler, earned a precarious living as a mercenary, and he left the family when Johannes was five years old.", "He was believed to have died in the Eighty Years' War in the Netherlands.", "His mother, Katharina Guldenmann, an innkeeper's daughter, was a healer and herbalist.", "Born prematurely, Johannes claimed to have been weak and sickly as a child.", "Nevertheless, he often impressed travelers at his grandfather's inn with his phenomenal mathematical faculty.As a child, Kepler witnessed the Great Comet of 1577, which attracted the attention of astronomers across Europe.He was introduced to astronomy at an early age and developed a strong passion for it that would span his entire life.", "At age six, he observed the Great Comet of 1577, writing that he \"was taken by his mother to a high place to look at it.\"", "In 1580, at age nine, he observed another astronomical event, a lunar eclipse, recording that he remembered being \"called outdoors\" to see it and that the Moon \"appeared quite red\".", "However, childhood smallpox left him with weak vision and crippled hands, limiting his ability in the observational aspects of astronomy.In 1589, after moving through grammar school, Latin school, and seminary at Maulbronn, Kepler attended Tübinger Stift at the University of Tübingen.", "There, he studied philosophy under Vitus Müller and theology under Jacob Heerbrand (a student of Philipp Melanchthon at Wittenberg), who also taught Michael Maestlin while he was a student, until he became Chancellor at Tübingen in 1590.He proved himself to be a superb mathematician and earned a reputation as a skilful astrologer, casting horoscopes for fellow students.", "Under the instruction of Michael Maestlin, Tübingen's professor of mathematics from 1583 to 1631, he learned both the Ptolemaic system and the Copernican system of planetary motion.", "He became a Copernican at that time.", "In a student disputation, he defended heliocentrism from both a theoretical and theological perspective, maintaining that the Sun was the principal source of motive power in the universe.", "Despite his desire to become a minister in the Lutheran church, he was denied ordination because of beliefs contrary to the Formula of Concord.", "Near the end of his studies, Kepler was recommended for a position as teacher of mathematics and astronomy at the Protestant school in Graz.", "He accepted the position in April 1594, at the age of 22.=== Graz (1594–1600) ===Before concluding his studies at Tübingen, Kepler accepted an offer to teach mathematics as a replacement to Georg Stadius at the Protestant school in Graz (now in Styria, Austria).", "During this period (1594–1600), he issued many official calendars and prognostications that enhanced his reputation as an astrologer.", "Although Kepler had mixed feelings about astrology and disparaged many customary practices of astrologers, he believed deeply in a connection between the cosmos and the individual.", "He eventually published some of the ideas he had entertained while a student in the ''Mysterium Cosmographicum'' (1596), published a little over a year after his arrival at Graz.In December 1595, Kepler was introduced to Barbara Müller, a 23-year-old widow (twice over) with a young daughter, Regina Lorenz, and he began courting her.", "Müller, an heiress to the estates of her late husbands, was also the daughter of a successful mill owner.", "Her father Jobst initially opposed a marriage.", "Even though Kepler had inherited his grandfather's nobility, Kepler's poverty made him an unacceptable match.", "Jobst relented after Kepler completed work on ''Mysterium'', but the engagement nearly fell apart while Kepler was away tending to the details of publication.", "However, Protestant officials—who had helped set up the match—pressured the Müllers to honor their agreement.", "Barbara and Johannes were married on 27 April 1597.In the first years of their marriage, the Keplers had two children (Heinrich and Susanna), both of whom died in infancy.", "In 1602, they had a daughter (Susanna); in 1604, a son (Friedrich); and in 1607, another son (Ludwig).=== Other research ===Following the publication of ''Mysterium'' and with the blessing of the Graz school inspectors, Kepler began an ambitious program to extend and elaborate his work.", "He planned four additional books: one on the stationary aspects of the universe (the Sun and the fixed stars); one on the planets and their motions; one on the physical nature of planets and the formation of geographical features (focused especially on Earth); and one on the effects of the heavens on the Earth, to include atmospheric optics, meteorology, and astrology.He also sought the opinions of many of the astronomers to whom he had sent ''Mysterium'', among them Reimarus Ursus (Nicolaus Reimers Bär)—the imperial mathematician to Rudolf II and a bitter rival of Tycho Brahe.", "Ursus did not reply directly, but republished Kepler's flattering letter to pursue his priority dispute over (what is now called) the Tychonic system with Tycho.", "Despite this black mark, Tycho also began corresponding with Kepler, starting with a harsh but legitimate critique of Kepler's system; among a host of objections, Tycho took issue with the use of inaccurate numerical data taken from Copernicus.", "Through their letters, Tycho and Kepler discussed a broad range of astronomical problems, dwelling on lunar phenomena and Copernican theory (particularly its theological viability).", "But without the significantly more accurate data of Tycho's observatory, Kepler had no way to address many of these issues.Instead, he turned his attention to chronology and \"harmony,\" the numerological relationships among music, mathematics and the physical world, and their astrological consequences.", "By assuming the Earth to possess a soul (a property he would later invoke to explain how the Sun causes the motion of planets), he established a speculative system connecting astrological aspects and astronomical distances to weather and other earthly phenomena.", "By 1599, however, he again felt his work limited by the inaccuracy of available data—just as growing religious tension was also threatening his continued employment in Graz.", "In December of that year, Tycho invited Kepler to visit him in Prague; on 1 January 1600 (before he even received the invitation), Kepler set off in the hopes that Tycho's patronage could solve his philosophical problems as well as his social and financial ones." ], [ "Scientific career", "=== Prague (1600–1612) ===Tycho BraheOn 4 February 1600, Kepler met Tycho Brahe and his assistants Franz Tengnagel and Longomontanus at Benátky nad Jizerou (35 km from Prague), the site where Tycho's new observatory was being constructed.", "Over the next two months, he stayed as a guest, analyzing some of Tycho's observations of Mars; Tycho guarded his data closely, but was impressed by Kepler's theoretical ideas and soon allowed him more access.", "Kepler planned to test his theory from ''Mysterium Cosmographicum'' based on the Mars data, but he estimated that the work would take up to two years (since he was not allowed to simply copy the data for his own use).", "With the help of Johannes Jessenius, Kepler attempted to negotiate a more formal employment arrangement with Tycho, but negotiations broke down in an angry argument and Kepler left for Prague on 6 April.", "Kepler and Tycho soon reconciled and eventually reached an agreement on salary and living arrangements, and in June, Kepler returned home to Graz to collect his family.Political and religious difficulties in Graz dashed his hopes of returning immediately to Brahe; in hopes of continuing his astronomical studies, Kepler sought an appointment as a mathematician to Archduke Ferdinand.", "To that end, Kepler composed an essay—dedicated to Ferdinand—in which he proposed a force-based theory of lunar motion: \"In Terra inest virtus, quae Lunam ciet\" (\"There is a force in the earth which causes the moon to move\").", "Though the essay did not earn him a place in Ferdinand's court, it did detail a new method for measuring lunar eclipses, which he applied during the 10 July eclipse in Graz.", "These observations formed the basis of his explorations of the laws of optics that would culminate in ''Astronomiae Pars Optica''.On 2 August 1600, after refusing to convert to Catholicism, Kepler and his family were banished from Graz.", "Several months later, Kepler returned, now with the rest of his household, to Prague.", "Through most of 1601, he was supported directly by Tycho, who assigned him to analyzing planetary observations and writing a tract against Tycho's (by then deceased) rival, Ursus.", "In September, Tycho secured him a commission as a collaborator on the new project he had proposed to the emperor: the ''Rudolphine Tables'' that should replace the ''Prutenic Tables'' of Erasmus Reinhold.", "Two days after Tycho's unexpected death on 24 October 1601, Kepler was appointed his successor as the imperial mathematician with the responsibility to complete his unfinished work.", "The next 11 years as imperial mathematician would be the most productive of his life.=== Imperial Advisor ===Kepler's primary obligation as imperial mathematician was to provide astrological advice to the emperor.", "Though Kepler took a dim view of the attempts of contemporary astrologers to precisely predict the future or divine specific events, he had been casting well-received detailed horoscopes for friends, family, and patrons since his time as a student in Tübingen.", "In addition to horoscopes for allies and foreign leaders, the emperor sought Kepler's advice in times of political trouble.", "Rudolf was actively interested in the work of many of his court scholars (including numerous alchemists) and kept up with Kepler's work in physical astronomy as well.Officially, the only acceptable religious doctrines in Prague were Catholic and Utraquist, but Kepler's position in the imperial court allowed him to practice his Lutheran faith unhindered.", "The emperor nominally provided an ample income for his family, but the difficulties of the over-extended imperial treasury meant that actually getting hold of enough money to meet financial obligations was a continual struggle.", "Partly because of financial troubles, his life at home with Barbara was unpleasant, marred with bickering and bouts of sickness.", "Court life, however, brought Kepler into contact with other prominent scholars (Johannes Matthäus Wackher von Wackhenfels, Jost Bürgi, David Fabricius, Martin Bachazek, and Johannes Brengger, among others) and astronomical work proceeded rapidly.=== Supernova of 1604 === Remnant of Kepler's Supernova SN 1604In October 1604, a bright new evening star (SN 1604) appeared, but Kepler did not believe the rumors until he saw it himself.", "Kepler began systematically observing the supernova.", "Astrologically, the end of 1603 marked the beginning of a fiery trigon, the start of the about 800-year cycle of great conjunctions; astrologers associated the two previous such periods with the rise of Charlemagne (c. 800 years earlier) and the birth of Christ (c. 1600 years earlier), and thus expected events of great portent, especially regarding the emperor.It was in this context, as the imperial mathematician and astrologer to the emperor, that Kepler described the new star two years later in his ''De Stella Nova''.", "In it, Kepler addressed the star's astronomical properties while taking a skeptical approach to the many astrological interpretations then circulating.", "He noted its fading luminosity, speculated about its origin, and used the lack of observed parallax to argue that it was in the sphere of fixed stars, further undermining the doctrine of the immutability of the heavens (the idea accepted since Aristotle that the celestial spheres were perfect and unchanging).", "The birth of a new star implied the variability of the heavens.", "Kepler also attached an appendix where he discussed the recent chronology work of the Polish historian Laurentius Suslyga; he calculated that, if Suslyga was correct that accepted timelines were four years behind, then the Star of Bethlehem—analogous to the present new star—would have coincided with the first great conjunction of the earlier 800-year cycle.Over the following years, Kepler attempted (unsuccessfully) to begin a collaboration with Italian astronomer Giovanni Antonio Magini, and dealt with chronology, especially the dating of events in the life of Jesus.", "Around 1611, Kepler circulated a manuscript of what would eventually be published (posthumously) as ''Somnium'' The Dream.", "Part of the purpose of ''Somnium'' was to describe what practicing astronomy would be like from the perspective of another planet, to show the feasibility of a non-geocentric system.", "The manuscript, which disappeared after changing hands several times, described a fantastic trip to the Moon; it was part allegory, part autobiography, and part treatise on interplanetary travel (and is sometimes described as the first work of science fiction).", "Years later, a distorted version of the story may have instigated the witchcraft trial against his mother, as the mother of the narrator consults a demon to learn the means of space travel.", "Following her eventual acquittal, Kepler composed 223 footnotes to the story—several times longer than the actual text—which explained the allegorical aspects as well as the considerable scientific content (particularly regarding lunar geography) hidden within the text." ], [ "Later life", "=== Troubles ===Karlova street in Old Town, Prague – house where Kepler lived, now a museumIn 1611, the growing political-religious tension in Prague came to a head.", "Emperor Rudolf—whose health was failing—was forced to abdicate as King of Bohemia by his brother Matthias.", "Both sides sought Kepler's astrological advice, an opportunity he used to deliver conciliatory political advice (with little reference to the stars, except in general statements to discourage drastic action).", "However, it was clear that Kepler's future prospects in the court of Matthias were dim.Also in that year, Barbara Kepler contracted Hungarian spotted fever, then began having seizures.", "As Barbara was recovering, Kepler's three children all fell sick with smallpox; Friedrich, 6, died.", "Following his son's death, Kepler sent letters to potential patrons in Württemberg and Padua.", "At the University of Tübingen in Württemberg, concerns over Kepler's perceived Calvinist heresies in violation of the Augsburg Confession and the Formula of Concord prevented his return.", "The University of Padua—on the recommendation of the departing Galileo—sought Kepler to fill the mathematics professorship, but Kepler, preferring to keep his family in German territory, instead travelled to Austria to arrange a position as teacher and district mathematician in Linz.", "However, Barbara relapsed into illness and died shortly after Kepler's return.Kepler postponed the move to Linz and remained in Prague until Rudolf's death in early 1612, though between political upheaval, religious tension, and family tragedy (along with the legal dispute over his wife's estate), Kepler could do no research.", "Instead, he pieced together a chronology manuscript, ''Eclogae Chronicae'', from correspondence and earlier work.", "Upon succession as Holy Roman Emperor, Matthias re-affirmed Kepler's position (and salary) as imperial mathematician but allowed him to move to Linz.=== Linz (1612–1630) ===A statue of Kepler in LinzIn Linz, Kepler's primary responsibilities (beyond completing the ''Rudolphine Tables'') were teaching at the district school and providing astrological and astronomical services.", "In his first years there, he enjoyed financial security and religious freedom relative to his life in Prague—though he was excluded from Eucharist by his Lutheran church over his theological scruples.", "It was also during his time in Linz that Kepler had to deal with the accusation and ultimate verdict of witchcraft against his mother Katharina in the Protestant town of Leonberg.", "That blow, happening only a few years after Kepler's excommunication, is not seen as a coincidence but as a symptom of the full-fledged assault waged by the Lutherans against Kepler.His first publication in Linz was ''De vero Anno'' (1613), an expanded treatise on the year of Christ's birth.", "He also participated in deliberations on whether to introduce Pope Gregory's reformed calendar to Protestant German lands.", "On 30 October 1613, Kepler married the 24-year-old Susanna Reuttinger.", "Following the death of his first wife Barbara, Kepler had considered 11 different matches over two years (a decision process formalized later as the marriage problem).", "He eventually returned to Reuttinger (the fifth match) who, he wrote, \"won me over with love, humble loyalty, economy of household, diligence, and the love she gave the stepchildren.\"", "The first three children of this marriage (Margareta Regina, Katharina, and Sebald) died in childhood.", "Three more survived into adulthood: Cordula (born 1621); Fridmar (born 1623); and Hildebert (born 1625).", "According to Kepler's biographers, this was a much happier marriage than his first.On 8 October 1630, Kepler set out for Regensburg, hoping to collect interest on work he had done previously.", "A few days after reaching Regensburg, Kepler became sick, and progressively became worse.", "On 15 November 1630, just over a month after his arrival, he died.", "He was buried in a Protestant churchyard that was completely destroyed during the Thirty Years' War.=== Christianity ===Kepler's belief that God created the cosmos in an orderly fashion caused him to attempt to determine and comprehend the laws that govern the natural world, most profoundly in astronomy.", "The phrase \"I am merely thinking God's thoughts after Him\" has been attributed to him, although this is probably a capsulized version of a writing from his hand:Those laws of nature are within the grasp of the human mind; God wanted us to recognize them by creating us after his own image so that we could share in his own thoughts.Kepler advocated for tolerance among Christian denominations, for example arguing that Catholics and Lutherans should be able to take communion together.", "He wrote, \"Christ the Lord neither was nor is Lutheran, nor Calvinist, nor Papist.\"" ], [ "Astronomy", "=== ''Mysterium Cosmographicum'' ===Kepler's Platonic solid model of the Solar System, from ''Mysterium Cosmographicum'' (1596)Kepler's first major astronomical work, ''Mysterium Cosmographicum'' (''The Cosmographic Mystery'', 1596), was the first published defense of the Copernican system.", "Kepler claimed to have had an epiphany on 19 July 1595, while teaching in Graz, demonstrating the periodic conjunction of Saturn and Jupiter in the zodiac: he realized that regular polygons bound one inscribed and one circumscribed circle at definite ratios, which, he reasoned, might be the geometrical basis of the universe.", "After failing to find a unique arrangement of polygons that fit known astronomical observations (even with extra planets added to the system), Kepler began experimenting with 3-dimensional polyhedra.", "He found that each of the five Platonic solids could be inscribed and circumscribed by spherical orbs; nesting these solids, each encased in a sphere, within one another would produce six layers, corresponding to the six known planets—Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn.", "By ordering the solids selectively—octahedron, icosahedron, dodecahedron, tetrahedron, cube—Kepler found that the spheres could be placed at intervals corresponding to the relative sizes of each planet's path, assuming the planets circle the Sun.", "Kepler also found a formula relating the size of each planet's orb to the length of its orbital period: from inner to outer planets, the ratio of increase in orbital period is twice the difference in orb radius.", "However, Kepler later rejected this formula, because it was not precise enough.Kepler thought the ''Mysterium'' had revealed God's geometrical plan for the universe.", "Much of Kepler's enthusiasm for the Copernican system stemmed from his theological convictions about the connection between the physical and the spiritual; the universe itself was an image of God, with the Sun corresponding to the Father, the stellar sphere to the Son, and the intervening space between them to the Holy Spirit.", "His first manuscript of ''Mysterium'' contained an extensive chapter reconciling heliocentrism with biblical passages that seemed to support geocentrism.", "With the support of his mentor Michael Maestlin, Kepler received permission from the Tübingen university senate to publish his manuscript, pending removal of the Bible exegesis and the addition of a simpler, more understandable, description of the Copernican system as well as Kepler's new ideas.", "''Mysterium'' was published late in 1596, and Kepler received his copies and began sending them to prominent astronomers and patrons early in 1597; it was not widely read, but it established Kepler's reputation as a highly skilled astronomer.", "The effusive dedication, to powerful patrons as well as to the men who controlled his position in Graz, also provided a crucial doorway into the patronage system.In 1621, Kepler published an expanded second edition of ''Mysterium'', half as long again as the first, detailing in footnotes the corrections and improvements he had achieved in the 25 years since its first publication.", "In terms of impact, the ''Mysterium'' can be seen as an important first step in modernizing the theory proposed by Copernicus in his ''De revolutionibus orbium coelestium''.", "Whilst Copernicus sought to advance a heliocentric system in this book, he resorted to Ptolemaic devices (viz., epicycles and eccentric circles) in order to explain the change in planets' orbital speed, and also continued to use as a point of reference the center of the Earth's orbit rather than that of the Sun \"as an aid to calculation and in order not to confuse the reader by diverging too much from Ptolemy.\"", "Modern astronomy owes much to ''Mysterium Cosmographicum'', despite flaws in its main thesis, \"since it represents the first step in cleansing the Copernican system of the remnants of the Ptolemaic theory still clinging to it.", "\"=== ''Astronomia Nova'' ===Diagram of the geocentric trajectory of Mars through several periods of apparent retrograde motion in ''Astronomia Nova'' (1609)The extended line of research that culminated in ''Astronomia Nova'' (''A New Astronomy'')—including the first two laws of planetary motion—began with the analysis, under Tycho's direction, of the orbit of Mars.", "In this work Kepler introduced the revolutionary concept of planetary orbit, a path of a planet in space resulting from the action of physical causes, distinct from previously held notion of planetary orb (a spherical shell to which planet is attached).", "As a result of this breakthrough astronomical phenomena came to be seen as being governed by physical laws.", "Kepler calculated and recalculated various approximations of Mars's orbit using an equant (the mathematical tool that Copernicus had eliminated with his system), eventually creating a model that generally agreed with Tycho's observations to within two arcminutes (the average measurement error).", "But he was not satisfied with the complex and still slightly inaccurate result; at certain points the model differed from the data by up to eight arcminutes.", "The wide array of traditional mathematical astronomy methods having failed him, Kepler set about trying to fit an ovoid orbit to the data.In Kepler's religious view of the cosmos, the Sun (a symbol of God the Father) was the source of motive force in the Solar System.", "As a physical basis, Kepler drew by analogy on William Gilbert's theory of the magnetic soul of the Earth from ''De Magnete'' (1600) and on his own work on optics.", "Kepler supposed that the motive power (or motive ''species'') radiated by the Sun weakens with distance, causing faster or slower motion as planets move closer or farther from it.", "Perhaps this assumption entailed a mathematical relationship that would restore astronomical order.", "Based on measurements of the aphelion and perihelion of the Earth and Mars, he created a formula in which a planet's rate of motion is inversely proportional to its distance from the Sun.", "Verifying this relationship throughout the orbital cycle required very extensive calculation; to simplify this task, by late 1602 Kepler reformulated the proportion in terms of geometry: ''planets sweep out equal areas in equal times''—his second law of planetary motion.He then set about calculating the entire orbit of Mars, using the geometrical rate law and assuming an egg-shaped ovoid orbit.", "After approximately 40 failed attempts, in late 1604 he at last hit upon the idea of an ellipse, which he had previously assumed to be too simple a solution for earlier astronomers to have overlooked.", "Finding that an elliptical orbit fit the Mars data (the Vicarious Hypothesis), Kepler immediately concluded that ''all planets move in ellipses, with the Sun at one focus''—his first law of planetary motion.", "Because he employed no calculating assistants, he did not extend the mathematical analysis beyond Mars.", "By the end of the year, he completed the manuscript for ''Astronomia nova'', though it would not be published until 1609 due to legal disputes over the use of Tycho's observations, the property of his heirs.=== ''Epitome of Copernican Astronomy'' ===Since completing the ''Astronomia Nova'', Kepler had intended to compose an astronomy textbook that would cover all the fundamentals of heliocentric astronomy.", "Kepler spent the next several years working on what would become ''Epitome Astronomiae Copernicanae'' (''Epitome of Copernican Astronomy'').", "Despite its title, which merely hints at heliocentrism, the ''Epitome'' is less about Copernicus's work and more about Kepler's own astronomical system.", "The ''Epitome'' contained all three laws of planetary motion and attempted to explain heavenly motions through physical causes.", "Although it explicitly extended the first two laws of planetary motion (applied to Mars in ''Astronomia nova'') to all the planets as well as the Moon and the Medicean satellites of Jupiter, it did not explain how elliptical orbits could be derived from observational data.Originally intended as an introduction for the uninitiated, Kepler sought to model his ''Epitome'' after that of his master Michael Maestlin, who published a well-regarded book explaining the basics of geocentric astronomy to non-experts.", "Kepler completed the first of three volumes, consisting of Books I–III, by 1615 in the same question-answer format of Maestlin's and have it printed in 1617.However, the banning of Copernican books by the Catholic Church, as well as the start of the Thirty Years' War, meant that publication of the next two volumes would be delayed.", "In the interim, and to avoid being subject to the ban, Kepler switched the audience of the ''Epitome'' from beginners to that of expert astronomers and mathematicians, as the arguments became more and more sophisticated and required advanced mathematics to be understood.", "The second volume, consisting of Book IV, was published in 1620, followed by the third volume, consisting of Books V–VII, in 1621.=== ''Rudolphine Tables'' ===Two pages from Kepler's ''Rudolphine Tables'' showing eclipses of the Sun and MoonIn the years following the completion of ''Astronomia Nova'', most of Kepler's research was focused on preparations for the ''Rudolphine Tables'' and a comprehensive set of ephemerides (specific predictions of planet and star positions) based on the table, though neither would be completed for many years.Kepler, at last, completed the ''Rudolphine Tables'' in 1623, which at the time was considered his major work.", "However, due to the publishing requirements of the emperor and negotiations with Tycho Brahe's heir, it would not be printed until 1627." ], [ "Astrology", "General WallensteinLike Ptolemy, Kepler considered astrology as the counterpart to astronomy, and as being of equal interest and value.", "However, in the following years, the two subjects drifted apart until astrology was no longer practiced among professional astronomers.Sir Oliver Lodge observed that Kepler was somewhat disdainful of astrology in his own day, as he was \"continually attacking and throwing sarcasm at astrology, but it was the only thing for which people would pay him, and on it after a fashion he lived.\"", "Nonetheless, Kepler spent a huge amount of time trying to restore astrology on a firmer philosophical footing, composing numerous astrological calendars, more than 800 nativities, and a number of treaties dealing with the subject of astrology proper.=== ''De Fundamentis'' ===In his bid to become imperial astronomer, Kepler wrote ''De Fundamentis'' (1601), whose full title can be translated as “On Giving Astrology Sounder Foundations”, as a short foreword to one of his yearly almanacs.In this work, Kepler describes the effects of the Sun, Moon, and the planets in terms of their light and their influences upon humors, finalizing with Kepler's view that the Earth possesses a soul with some sense of geometry.", "Stimulated by the geometric convergence of rays formed around it, the world-soul is sentient but not conscious.", "As a shepherd is pleased by the piping of a flute without understanding the theory of musical harmony, so likewise Earth responds to the angles and aspects made by the heavens but not in a conscious manner.", "Eclipses are important as omens because the animal faculty of the Earth is violently disturbed by the sudden intermission of light, experiencing something like emotion and persisting in it for some time.Kepler surmises that the Earth has \"cycles of humors\" as living animals do, and gives for an example that \"the highest tides of the sea are said by sailors to return after nineteen years around the same days of the year\".", "(This may refer to the 18.6-year lunar node precession cycle.)", "Kepler advocates searching for such cycles by gathering observations over a period of many years, \"and so far this observation has not been made\".=== ''Tertius Interveniens'' ===Kepler and Helisaeus Roeslin engaged in a series of published attacks and counter-attacks on the importance of astrology after the supernova of 1604; around the same time, physician Philip Feselius published a work dismissing astrology altogether (and Roeslin's work in particular).In response to what Kepler saw as the excesses of astrology, on the one hand, and overzealous rejection of it, on the other, Kepler prepared ''Tertius Interveniens'' (1610).", "Nominally this work—presented to the common patron of Roeslin and Feselius—was a neutral mediation between the feuding scholars (the titled meaning \"Third-party interventions\"), but it also set out Kepler's general views on the value of astrology, including some hypothesized mechanisms of interaction between planets and individual souls.", "While Kepler considered most traditional rules and methods of astrology to be the \"evil-smelling dung\" in which \"an industrious hen\" scrapes, there was an \"occasional grain-seed, indeed, even a pearl or a gold nugget\" to be found by the conscientious scientific astrologer." ], [ "Music", "=== ''Harmonice Mundi'' ===Geometrical harmonies from ''Harmonice Mundi'' (1619)Kepler was convinced \"that the geometrical things have provided the Creator with the model for decorating the whole world\".", "In ''Harmonice Mundi'' (1619), he attempted to explain the proportions of the natural world—particularly the astronomical and astrological aspects—in terms of music.", "The central set of \"harmonies\" was the ''musica universalis'' or \"music of the spheres\", which had been studied by Pythagoras, Ptolemy and others before Kepler; in fact, soon after publishing ''Harmonice Mundi'', Kepler was embroiled in a priority dispute with Robert Fludd, who had recently published his own harmonic theory.Kepler began by exploring regular polygons and regular solids, including the figures that would come to be known as Kepler's solids.", "From there, he extended his harmonic analysis to music, meteorology, and astrology; harmony resulted from the tones made by the souls of heavenly bodies—and in the case of astrology, the interaction between those tones and human souls.", "In the final portion of the work (Book V), Kepler dealt with planetary motions, especially relationships between orbital velocity and orbital distance from the Sun.", "Similar relationships had been used by other astronomers, but Kepler—with Tycho's data and his own astronomical theories—treated them much more precisely and attached new physical significance to them.Among many other harmonies, Kepler articulated what came to be known as the third law of planetary motion.", "He tried many combinations until he discovered that (approximately) \"''The square of the periodic times are to each other as the cubes of the mean distances''.\"", "Although he gives the date of this epiphany (8 March 1618), he does not give any details about how he arrived at this conclusion.", "However, the wider significance for planetary dynamics of this purely kinematical law was not realized until the 1660s.", "When conjoined with Christiaan Huygens' newly discovered law of centrifugal force, it enabled Isaac Newton, Edmund Halley, and perhaps Christopher Wren and Robert Hooke to demonstrate independently that the presumed gravitational attraction between the Sun and its planets decreased with the square of the distance between them.", "This refuted the traditional assumption of scholastic physics that the power of gravitational attraction remained constant with distance whenever it applied between two bodies, such as was assumed by Kepler and also by Galileo in his mistaken universal law that gravitational fall is uniformly accelerated, and also by Galileo's student Borrelli in his 1666 celestial mechanics." ], [ "Optics", "=== ''Astronomiae Pars Optica'' ===A plate from ''Astronomiae Pars Optica'', illustrating the structure of eyes of various speciesAs Kepler slowly continued analyzing Tycho's Mars observations—now available to him in their entirety—and began the slow process of tabulating the ''Rudolphine Tables'', Kepler also picked up the investigation of the laws of optics from his lunar essay of 1600.Both lunar and solar eclipses presented unexplained phenomena, such as unexpected shadow sizes, the red color of a total lunar eclipse, and the reportedly unusual light surrounding a total solar eclipse.", "Related issues of atmospheric refraction applied to ''all'' astronomical observations.", "Through most of 1603, Kepler paused his other work to focus on optical theory; the resulting manuscript, presented to the emperor on 1 January 1604, was published as ''Astronomiae Pars Optica'' (The Optical Part of Astronomy).", "In it, Kepler described the inverse-square law governing the intensity of light, reflection by flat and curved mirrors, and principles of pinhole cameras, as well as the astronomical implications of optics such as parallax and the apparent sizes of heavenly bodies.", "He also extended his study of optics to the human eye, and is generally considered by neuroscientists to be the first to recognize that images are projected inverted and reversed by the eye's lens onto the retina.", "The solution to this dilemma was not of particular importance to Kepler as he did not see it as pertaining to optics, although he did suggest that the image was later corrected \"in the hollows of the brain\" due to the \"activity of the Soul.", "\"Today, ''Astronomiae Pars Optica'' is generally recognized as the foundation of modern optics (though the law of refraction is conspicuously absent).", "With respect to the beginnings of projective geometry, Kepler introduced the idea of continuous change of a mathematical entity in this work.", "He argued that if a focus of a conic section were allowed to move along the line joining the foci, the geometric form would morph or degenerate, one into another.", "In this way, an ellipse becomes a parabola when a focus moves toward infinity, and when two foci of an ellipse merge into one another, a circle is formed.", "As the foci of a hyperbola merge into one another, the hyperbola becomes a pair of straight lines.", "He also assumed that if a straight line is extended to infinity it will meet itself at a single point at infinity, thus having the properties of a large circle.=== ''Dioptrice'' ===In the first months of 1610, Galileo Galilei—using his powerful new telescope—discovered four satellites orbiting Jupiter.", "Upon publishing his account as ''Sidereus Nuncius'' Starry Messenger, Galileo sought the opinion of Kepler, in part to bolster the credibility of his observations.", "Kepler responded enthusiastically with a short published reply, ''Dissertatio cum Nuncio Sidereo'' Conversation with the Starry Messenger.", "He endorsed Galileo's observations and offered a range of speculations about the meaning and implications of Galileo's discoveries and telescopic methods, for astronomy and optics as well as cosmology and astrology.", "Later that year, Kepler published his own telescopic observations of the moons in ''Narratio de Jovis Satellitibus'', providing further support of Galileo.", "To Kepler's disappointment, however, Galileo never published his reactions (if any) to ''Astronomia Nova''.Kepler also started a theoretical and experimental investigation of telescopic lenses using a telescope borrowed from Duke Ernest of Cologne.", "The resulting manuscript was completed in September 1610 and published as ''Dioptrice'' in 1611.In it, Kepler set out the theoretical basis of double-convex converging lenses and double-concave diverging lenses—and how they are combined to produce a Galilean telescope—as well as the concepts of real vs. virtual images, upright vs. inverted images, and the effects of focal length on magnification and reduction.", "He also described an improved telescope—now known as the ''astronomical'' or ''Keplerian telescope''—in which two convex lenses can produce higher magnification than Galileo's combination of convex and concave lenses." ], [ "Mathematics and physics", "A diagram illustrating the Kepler conjecture from ''Strena Seu de Nive Sexangula'' (1611)As a New Year's gift that year (1611), he also composed for his friend and some-time patron, Baron Wackher von Wackhenfels, a short pamphlet entitled ''Strena Seu de Nive Sexangula'' (''A New Year's Gift of Hexagonal Snow'').", "In this treatise, he published the first description of the hexagonal symmetry of snowflakes and, extending the discussion into a hypothetical atomistic physical basis for the symmetry, posed what later became known as the Kepler conjecture, a statement about the most efficient arrangement for packing spheres.Kepler wrote the influential mathematical treatise ''Nova stereometria doliorum vinariorum'' in 1613, on measuring the volume of containers such as wine barrels, which was published in 1615.Kepler also contributed to the development of infinitesimal methods and numerical analysis, including iterative approximations, infinitesimals, and the early use of logarithms and transcendental equations.", "Kepler's work on calculating volumes of shapes, and on finding the optimal shape of a wine barrel, were significant steps toward the development of calculus.", "Simpson's rule, an approximation method used in integral calculus, is known in German as ''Keplersche Fassregel'' (Kepler's barrel rule)." ], [ "Legacy", "=== Reception of his astronomy ===Kepler's laws of planetary motion were not immediately accepted.", "Several major figures such as Galileo and René Descartes completely ignored Kepler's ''Astronomia nova''.", "Many astronomers, including Kepler's teacher, Michael Maestlin, objected to Kepler's introduction of physics into his astronomy.", "Some adopted compromise positions.", "Ismaël Bullialdus accepted elliptical orbits but replaced Kepler's area law with uniform motion in respect to the empty focus of the ellipse, while Seth Ward used an elliptical orbit with motions defined by an equant.Several astronomers tested Kepler's theory, and its various modifications, against astronomical observations.", "Two transits of Venus and Mercury across the face of the sun provided sensitive tests of the theory, under circumstances when these planets could not normally be observed.", "In the case of the transit of Mercury in 1631, Kepler had been extremely uncertain of the parameters for Mercury, and advised observers to look for the transit the day before and after the predicted date.", "Pierre Gassendi observed the transit on the date predicted, a confirmation of Kepler's prediction.", "This was the first observation of a transit of Mercury.", "However, his attempt to observe the transit of Venus just one month later was unsuccessful due to inaccuracies in the Rudolphine Tables.", "Gassendi did not realize that it was not visible from most of Europe, including Paris.", "Jeremiah Horrocks, who observed the 1639 Venus transit, had used his own observations to adjust the parameters of the Keplerian model, predicted the transit, and then built apparatus to observe the transit.", "He remained a firm advocate of the Keplerian model.", "''Epitome of Copernican Astronomy'' was read by astronomers throughout Europe, and following Kepler's death, it was the main vehicle for spreading Kepler's ideas.", "In the period 1630–1650, this book was the most widely used astronomy textbook, winning many converts to ellipse-based astronomy.", "However, few adopted his ideas on the physical basis for celestial motions.", "In the late 17th century, a number of physical astronomy theories drawing from Kepler's work—notably those of Giovanni Alfonso Borelli and Robert Hooke—began to incorporate attractive forces (though not the quasi-spiritual motive species postulated by Kepler) and the Cartesian concept of inertia.", "This culminated in Isaac Newton's ''Principia Mathematica'' (1687), in which Newton derived Kepler's laws of planetary motion from a force-based theory of universal gravitation, a mathematical challenge later known as \"solving the Kepler problem\".=== History of science ===Monument to Tycho Brahe and Kepler in Prague, Czech RepublicBeyond his role in the historical development of astronomy and natural philosophy, Kepler has loomed large in the philosophy and historiography of science.", "Kepler and his laws of motion were central to early histories of astronomy such as Jean-Étienne Montucla's 1758 ''Histoire des mathématiques'' and Jean-Baptiste Delambre's 1821 ''Histoire de l'astronomie moderne''.", "These and other histories written from an Enlightenment perspective treated Kepler's metaphysical and religious arguments with skepticism and disapproval, but later Romantic-era natural philosophers viewed these elements as central to his success.William Whewell, in his influential ''History of the Inductive Sciences'' of 1837, found Kepler to be the archetype of the inductive scientific genius; in his ''Philosophy of the Inductive Sciences'' of 1840, Whewell held Kepler up as the embodiment of the most advanced forms of scientific method.", "Similarly, Ernst Friedrich Apelt—the first to extensively study Kepler's manuscripts, after their purchase by Catherine the Great—identified Kepler as a key to the \"Revolution of the sciences\".Apelt, who saw Kepler's mathematics, aesthetic sensibility, physical ideas, and theology as part of a unified system of thought, produced the first extended analysis of Kepler's life and work.Alexandre Koyré's work on Kepler was, after Apelt, the first major milestone in historical interpretations of Kepler's cosmology and its influence.", "In the 1930s and 1940s, Koyré, and a number of others in the first generation of professional historians of science, described the \"Scientific Revolution\" as the central event in the history of science, and Kepler as a (perhaps the) central figure in the revolution.", "Koyré placed Kepler's theorization, rather than his empirical work, at the center of the intellectual transformation from ancient to modern world-views.", "Since the 1960s, the volume of historical Kepler scholarship has expanded greatly, including studies of his astrology and meteorology, his geometrical methods, the role of his religious views in his work, his literary and rhetorical methods, his interaction with the broader cultural and philosophical currents of his time, and even his role as an historian of science.Philosophers of science—such as Charles Sanders Peirce, Norwood Russell Hanson, Stephen Toulmin, and Karl Popper—have repeatedly turned to Kepler: examples of incommensurability, analogical reasoning, falsification, and many other philosophical concepts have been found in Kepler's work.", "Physicist Wolfgang Pauli even used Kepler's priority dispute with Robert Fludd to explore the implications of analytical psychology on scientific investigation.=== Editions and translations ===Modern translations of a number of Kepler's books appeared in the late-nineteenth and early-twentieth centuries, the systematic publication of his collected works began in 1937 (and is nearing completion in the early 21st century).An edition in eight volumes, '' Kepleri Opera omnia,'' was prepared by Christian Frisch (1807–1881), during 1858 to 1871, on the occasion of Kepler's 300th birthday.Frisch's edition only included Kepler's Latin, with a Latin commentary.A new edition was planned beginning in 1914 by Walther von Dyck (1856–1934).", "Dyck compiled copies of Kepler's unedited manuscripts, using international diplomatic contacts to convince the Soviet authorities to lend him the manuscripts kept in Leningrad for photographic reproduction.", "These manuscripts contained several works by Kepler that had not been available to Frisch.", "Dyck's photographs remain the basis for the modern editions of Kepler's unpublished manuscripts.Max Caspar (1880–1956) published his German translation of Kepler's ''Mysterium Cosmographicum'' in 1923.Both Dyck and Caspar were influenced in their interest in Kepler by mathematician Alexander von Brill (1842–1935).", "Caspar became Dyck's collaborator, succeeding him as project leader in 1934, establishing the ''Kepler-Kommission'' in the following year.", "Assisted by Martha List (1908–1992) and Franz Hammer (1898–1969), Caspar continued editorial work during World War II.", "Max Caspar also published a biography of Kepler in 1948.The commission was later chaired by Volker Bialas (during 1976–2003) and Ulrich Grigull (during 1984–1999) and Roland Bulirsch (1998–2014).=== Cultural influence and eponymy ===lunar crater Kepler as photographed by Apollo 12 in 1969Kepler has acquired a popular image as an icon of scientific modernity and a man before his time; science popularizer Carl Sagan described him as \"the first astrophysicist and the last scientific astrologer\".", "The debate over Kepler's place in the Scientific Revolution has produced a wide variety of philosophical and popular treatments.", "One of the most influential is Arthur Koestler's 1959 ''The Sleepwalkers'', in which Kepler is unambiguously the hero (morally and theologically as well as intellectually) of the revolution.A well-received historical novel by John Banville, ''Kepler'' (1981), explored many of the themes developed in Koestler's non-fiction narrative and in the philosophy of science.", "A 2004 nonfiction book, ''Heavenly Intrigue'', suggested that Kepler murdered Tycho Brahe to gain access to his data.In Austria, a silver collector's 10-euro Johannes Kepler silver coin was minted in 2002.The reverse side of the coin has a portrait of Kepler, who spent some time teaching in Graz and the surrounding areas.", "Kepler was acquainted with Prince Hans Ulrich von Eggenberg personally, and he probably influenced the construction of Eggenberg Castle (the motif of the obverse of the coin).", "In front of him on the coin is the model of nested spheres and polyhedra from ''Mysterium Cosmographicum''.The German composer Paul Hindemith wrote an opera about Kepler entitled ''Die Harmonie der Welt'' (1957), and during the prolonged process of its creation, he also wrote a symphony of the same name based on the musical ideas he developed for it.", "Hindemith's opera inspired John Rodgers and Willie Ruff of Yale University to create a synthesizer composition based on Kepler's scheme for representing planetary motion with music.", "Philip Glass wrote an opera called ''Kepler'' (2009) based on Kepler's life, with a libretto in German and Latin by Martina Winkel.Directly named for Kepler's contribution to science are Kepler's laws of planetary motion; Kepler's Supernova SN 1604, which he observed and described; the Kepler–Poinsot polyhedra (a set of geometrical constructions), two of which were described by him; and the Kepler conjecture on sphere packing.", "Places and entities named in his honor include multiple city streets and squares, several educational institutions, an asteroid, and both a lunar and a Martian crater." ], [ "Works", "* ''Mysterium Cosmographicum'' (''The Sacred Mystery of the Cosmos'') (1596)* ''De Fundamentis Astrologiae Certioribus'' ('' On Firmer Fundaments of Astrology'') (1601)* * ''De Stella nova in pede Serpentarii'' (''On the New Star in Ophiuchus's Foot'') (1606)* ''Astronomia nova'' (''New Astronomy'') (1609)* ''Tertius Interveniens'' (''Third-party Interventions'') (1610)* ''Dissertatio cum Nuncio Sidereo'' (''Conversation with the Starry Messenger'') (1610)* ''Dioptrice'' (1611)* ''De nive sexangula'' ('' On the Six-Cornered Snowflake'') (1611)* ''De vero Anno, quo aeternus Dei Filius humanam naturam in Utero benedictae Virginis Mariae assumpsit'' (1614)* ''Eclogae Chronicae'' (1615, published with ''Dissertatio cum Nuncio Sidereo'')* ''Nova stereometria doliorum vinariorum'' (''New Stereometry of Wine Barrels'') (1615)* ''Ephemerides nouae motuum coelestium'' (1617–30)* * ** ** * * ''Harmonice Mundi'' ('' Harmony of the Worlds'') (1619)* ''Mysterium cosmographicum'' (''The Sacred Mystery of the Cosmos''), 2nd edition (1621)* ''Tabulae Rudolphinae'' (''Rudolphine Tables'') (1627)* ''Somnium'' ( ''The Dream'') (1634) ( English translation on Google Books preview)* ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** A critical edition of Kepler's collected works (''Johannes Kepler Gesammelte Werke'', KGW) in 22 volumes is being edited by the ''Kepler-Kommission'' (founded 1935) on behalf of the Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften.:Vol.", "1: ''Mysterium Cosmographicum.", "De Stella Nova''.", "Ed.", "M. Caspar.", "1938, 2nd ed.", "1993.Paperback .", ":Vol.", "2: ''Astronomiae pars optica''.", "Ed.", "F. Hammer.", "1939, Paperback .", ":Vol.", "3: ''Astronomia Nova''.", "Ed.", "M. Caspar.", "1937.IV, 487 p. 2.ed.", "1990.Paperback .", "Semi-parchment .", ":Vol.", "4: ''Kleinere Schriften 1602–1611.Dioptrice''.", "Ed.", "M. Caspar, F. Hammer.", "1941..:Vol.", "5: ''Chronologische Schriften''.", "Ed.", "F. Hammer.", "1953.Out-of-print.:Vol.", "6: ''Harmonice Mundi''.", "Ed.", "M. Caspar.", "1940, 2nd ed.", "1981, .", ":Vol.", "7: ''Epitome Astronomiae Copernicanae''.", "Ed.", "M. Caspar.", "1953, 2nd ed.", "1991., Paperback .", ":Vol.", "8: ''Mysterium Cosmographicum.", "Editio altera cum notis.", "De Cometis.", "Hyperaspistes''.", "Commentary F. Hammer.", "1955.Paperback .", ":Vol 9: ''Mathematische Schriften''.", "Ed.", "F. Hammer.", "1955, 2nd ed.", "1999.Out-of-print.:Vol.", "10: ''Tabulae Rudolphinae''.", "Ed.", "F. Hammer.", "1969..:Vol.", "11,1: ''Ephemerides novae motuum coelestium''.", "Commentary V. Bialas.", "1983., Paperback .", ":Vol.", "11,2: ''Calendaria et Prognostica.", "Astronomica minora.", "Somnium''.", "Commentary V. Bialas, H. Grössing.", "1993., Paperback .", ":Vol.", "12: ''Theologica.", "Hexenprozeß.", "Tacitus-Übersetzung.", "Gedichte''.", "Commentary J. Hübner, H. Grössing, F. Boockmann, F. Seck.", "Directed by V. Bialas.", "1990., Paperback .", "* Vols.", "13–18: Letters:::Vol.", "13: ''Briefe 1590–1599''.", "Ed.", "M. Caspar.", "1945.432 p.", ".", "::Vol.", "14: ''Briefe 1599–1603''.", "Ed.", "M. Caspar.", "1949.Out-of-print.", "2nd ed.", "in preparation.", "::Vol 15: ''Briefe 1604–1607''.", "Ed.", "M. Caspar.", "1951.2nd ed.", "1995..::Vol.", "16: ''Briefe 1607–1611''.", "Ed.", "M. Caspar.", "1954..::Vol.", "17: ''Briefe 1612–1620''.", "Ed.", "M. Caspar.", "1955..::Vol.", "18: ''Briefe 1620–1630''.", "Ed.", "M. Caspar.", "1959..:Vol.", "19: ''Dokumente zu Leben und Werk''.", "Commentary M. List.", "1975..:Vols.", "20–21: manuscripts::Vol.", "20, 1: ''Manuscripta astronomica (I).", "Apologia, De motu Terrae, Hipparchus etc.''", "Commentary V. Bialas.", "1988..", "Paperback .", "::Vol.", "20, 2: ''Manuscripta astronomica (II).", "Commentaria in Theoriam Martis''.", "Commentary V. Bialas.", "1998.Paperback .", "::Vol.", "21, 1: ''Manuscripta astronomica (III) et mathematica.", "De Calendario Gregoriano''.", "In preparation.::Vol.", "21, 2: ''Manuscripta varia''.", "In preparation.:Vol.", "22: General index, in preparation.The Kepler-Kommission also publishes ''Bibliographia Kepleriana'' (2nd ed.", "List, 1968), a complete bibliography of editions of Kepler's works, with a supplementary volume to the second edition (ed.", "Hamel 1998)." ], [ "See also", "* Theoretical physics* Cavalieri's principle* History of astronomy* History of physics** Kepler orbit** Kepler triangle* Kepler–Bouwkamp constant* Penrose tiling* Radiation pressure" ], [ "Notes" ], [ "References", "=== Citations ===" ], [ "Sources", "* Barker, Peter and Bernard R. Goldstein: \"Theological Foundations of Kepler's Astronomy\".", "''Osiris'', Volume 16.", "''Science in Theistic Contexts.''", "University of Chicago Press, 2001, pp.", "88–113* Caspar, Max.", "''Kepler''; transl.", "and ed.", "by C. Doris Hellman; with a new introduction and references by Owen Gingerich; bibliographic citations by Owen Gingerich and Alain Segonds.", "New York: Dover, 1993.", "* Connor, James A.", "''Kepler's Witch: An Astronomer's Discovery of Cosmic Order Amid Religious War, Political Intrigue, and the Heresy Trial of His Mother''.", "HarperSanFrancisco, 2004.", "* De Gandt, Francois.", "''Force and Geometry in Newton's'' Principia, Translated by Curtis Wilson, Princeton University Press, 1995.", "* Dreyer, J. L. E. ''A History of Astronomy from Thales to Kepler''.", "Dover Publications Inc, 1967.", "* Field, J. V. ''Kepler's geometrical cosmology''.", "University of Chicago Press, 1988.", "* Gilder, Joshua and Anne-Lee Gilder: ''Heavenly Intrigue: Johannes Kepler, Tycho Brahe, and the Murder Behind One of History's Greatest Scientific Discoveries'', Doubleday (2004).", "Reviews bookpage.com, * Gingerich, Owen.", "''The Eye of Heaven: Ptolemy, Copernicus, Kepler''.", "American Institute of Physics, 1993.", "(Masters of modern physics; v. 7)* Gingerich, Owen: \"Kepler, Johannes\" in ''Dictionary of Scientific Biography'', Volume VII.", "Charles Coulston Gillispie, editor.", "New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1973* Jardine, Nick: \"Koyré's Kepler/Kepler's Koyré,\" ''History of Science'', Vol.", "38 (2000), pp.", "363–376* Kepler, Johannes.", "''Johannes Kepler New Astronomy'' trans.", "W. Donahue, foreword by O. Gingerich, Cambridge University Press 1993.", "* Kepler, Johannes and Christian Frisch.", "''Joannis Kepleri Astronomi Opera Omnia'' (''John Kepler, Astronomer; Complete Works''), 8 vols.", "(1858–1871).", "vol.", "1, 1858, vol.", "2, 1859, vol.", "3, 1860, vol.", "6, 1866, vol.", "7, 1868, Frankfurt am Main and Erlangen, Heyder & Zimmer, – Google Books* Kepler, Johannes, et al.", "''Great Books of the Western World.", "Volume 16: Ptolemy, Copernicus, Kepler'', Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 1952.", "(contains English translations by of Kepler's ''Epitome'', Books IV & V and ''Harmonice'' Book 5)* Koestler, Arthur.", "''The Sleepwalkers: A History of Man's Changing Vision of the Universe.''", "(1959).", "* Koyré, Alexandre: ''Galilean Studies'' Harvester Press, 1977.", "* Koyré, Alexandre: ''The Astronomical Revolution: Copernicus-Kepler-Borelli'' Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1973.; Methuen, 1973.; Hermann, 1973.", "* Kuhn, Thomas S. ''The Copernican Revolution: Planetary Astronomy in the Development of Western Thought''.", "Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1957.", "* Lindberg, David C.: \"The Genesis of Kepler's Theory of Light: Light Metaphysics from Plotinus to Kepler.\"", "''Osiris'', N.S.", "2.University of Chicago Press, 1986, pp.  5–42.", "* Lear, John.", "''Kepler's Dream''.", "Berkeley: University of California Press, 1965* North, John.", "''The Fontana History of Astronomy and Cosmology,'' Fontana Press, 1994.", "* Pannekoek, Anton: ''A History of Astronomy'', Dover Publications Inc 1989.", "* Pauli, Wolfgang.", "''Wolfgang Pauli – Writings on physics and philosophy'', translated by Robert Schlapp and edited by P. Enz and Karl von Meyenn (Springer Verlag, Berlin, 1994).", "See section 21, ''The influence of archetypical ideas on the scientific theories of Kepler'', concerning Johannes Kepler and Robert Fludd (1574–1637).", "* Schneer, Cecil: \"Kepler's New Year's Gift of a Snowflake.\"", "''Isis'', Volume 51, No.", "4.University of Chicago Press, 1960, pp.  531–545.", "* Shapin, Steven.", "''The Scientific Revolution''.", "Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996.", "* Stephenson, Bruce.", "''Kepler's physical astronomy''.", "New York: Springer, 1987.", "(Studies in the history of mathematics and physical sciences; 13); reprinted Princeton:Princeton Univ.", "Pr., 1994.", "* Stephenson, Bruce.", "''The Music of the Heavens: Kepler's Harmonic Astronomy'', Princeton University Press, 1994.", "* Toulmin, Stephen and June Goodfield.", "''The Fabric of the Heavens: The Development of Astronomy and Dynamics''.", "Pelican, 1963.", "* Westfall, Richard S. ''The Construction of Modern Science: Mechanism and Mechanics''.", "John Wiley and Sons, 1971.; reprinted Cambridge University Press, 1978.", "* Westfall, Richard S. ''Never at Rest: A Biography of Isaac Newton''.", "Cambridge University Press, 1981.", "* Wolf, A.", "''A History of Science, Technology and Philosophy in the 16th and 17th centuries''.", "George Allen & Unwin, 1950." ], [ "External links", "* Kepler's Conversation with the Starry Messenger (English translation of ''Dissertation cum Nuncio Sidereo'') * ''Herausgabe der Werke von Johannes Kepler'' (with links to digital scans of the published volumes)* * * (1920 book, part of ''Men of Science'' series)* * * Plant, David, Kepler and the \"Music of the Spheres\"* * - Kepler's three laws of planetary motion in the historic context of developing the Heliocentric model" ] ]
wikipedia
[ [ "John Bardeen" ], [ "Introduction", "'''John Bardeen''' (; May 23, 1908 – January 30, 1991) was an American physicist and electrical engineer.", "He is the only person to be awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics twice: first in 1956 with William Shockley and Walter Brattain for the invention of the transistor; and again in 1972 with Leon N. Cooper and John Robert Schrieffer for a fundamental theory of conventional superconductivity known as the BCS theory.The transistor revolutionized the electronics industry, making possible the development of almost every modern electronic device, from telephones to computers, and ushering in the Information Age.", "Bardeen's developments in superconductivity—for which he was awarded his second Nobel Prize—are used in nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), medical magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and superconducting quantum circuits.Born and raised in Wisconsin, Bardeen received a Ph.D. in physics from Princeton University.", "After serving in World War II, he was a researcher at Bell Labs and a professor at the University of Illinois.", "In 1990, Bardeen appeared on ''Life'' magazine's list of \"100 Most Influential Americans of the Century.", "\"Bardeen is the first of only three people to have won multiple Nobel Prizes in the same category (the others being Frederick Sanger and Karl Barry Sharpless in chemistry), and one of five persons with two Nobel Prizes." ], [ "Education and early life", "Bardeen was born in Madison, Wisconsin, on May 23, 1908.He was the son of Charles Bardeen, the first dean of the University of Wisconsin Medical School.Bardeen attended University of Wisconsin High School in Madison.", "He graduated from the school in 1923 at age 15.He could have graduated several years earlier, but this was postponed because he took courses at another high school and because of his mother's death.", "Bardeen entered the University of Wisconsin in 1923.While in college, he joined the Zeta Psi fraternity.", "He raised a part of the needed membership fees by playing billiards.", "Bardeen was initiated as a member of Tau Beta Pi engineering honor society.", "Not wanting to be an academic like his father, Bardeen chose engineering.", "He also felt that engineering had good job prospects.Bardeen received his Bachelor of Science degree in electrical engineering in 1928 from the University of Wisconsin.", "Despite taking a year off to work in Chicago, he graduated in 1928.Taking all the graduate courses in physics and mathematics that had interested him, Bardeen graduated in five years instead of the usual four.", "This allowed him time to complete his master's thesis, supervised by Leo J. Peters.", "He received his Master of Science degree in electrical engineering in 1929 from Wisconsin.Bardeen furthered his studies by staying on at Wisconsin, but he eventually went to work for Gulf Research Laboratories, the research arm of the Gulf Oil Corporation that was based in Pittsburgh.", "From 1930 to 1933, Bardeen worked there on the development of methods for the interpretation of magnetic and gravitational surveys.", "He worked as a geophysicist.", "After the work failed to keep his interest, he applied and was accepted to the graduate program in mathematics at Princeton University.As a graduate student, Bardeen studied mathematics and physics.", "Under physicist Eugene Wigner, he wrote his thesis on a problem in solid-state physics.", "Before completing his thesis, he was offered a position as junior fellow of the Society of Fellows at Harvard University in 1935.He spent the next three years there, from 1935 to 1938, working with to-be Nobel laureates in physics John Hasbrouck van Vleck and Percy Williams Bridgman on problems in cohesion and electrical conduction in metals,and also did some work on level density of nuclei.", "He received his Ph.D. in mathematical physics from Princeton in 1936." ], [ "Career and research", "===World War II service===From 1941 to 1944, Bardeen headed the group working on magnetic mines and torpedoes and mine and torpedo countermeasures at the Naval Ordnance Laboratory.", "During this period, his wife Jane gave birth to a son (Bill, born in 1941) and a daughter (Betsy, born in 1944).===Bell Labs===John Bardeen, William Shockley and Walter Brattain at Bell Labs, 1948In October 1945, Bardeen began work at Bell Labs as a member of a solid-state physics group led by William Shockley and chemist Stanley Morgan.", "Other personnel working in the group were Walter Brattain, physicist Gerald Pearson, chemist Robert Gibney, electronics expert Hilbert Moore and several technicians.", "He moved his family to Summit, New Jersey.The assignment of the group was to seek a solid-state alternative to fragile glass vacuum tube amplifiers.", "Their first attempts were based on Shockley's ideas about using an external electrical field on a semiconductor to affect its conductivity.", "These experiments mysteriously failed every time in all sorts of configurations and materials.", "The group was at a standstill until Bardeen suggested a theory that invoked surface states that prevented the field from penetrating the semiconductor.", "The group changed its focus to study these surface states, meeting almost daily to discuss the work.", "The rapport of the group was excellent and ideas were freely exchanged.", "By the winter of 1946, they had enough results that Bardeen submitted a paper on the surface states to ''Physical Review''.", "Brattain started experiments to study the surface states through observations made while shining a bright light on the semiconductor's surface.", "This led to several more papers (one of them co-authored with Shockley), which estimated the density of the surface states to be more than enough to account for their failed experiments.", "The pace of the work picked up significantly when they started to surround point contacts between the semiconductor and the conducting wires with electrolytes.", "Moore built a circuit that allowed them to vary the frequency of the input signal easily and suggested that they use ''glycol borate'' (gu), a viscous chemical that did not evaporate.", "Finally, they began to get some evidence of power amplification when Pearson, acting on a suggestion by Shockley, put a voltage on a droplet of gu placed across a p–n junction.===Invention of the transistor===A stylized replica of the first transistor invented at Bell Labs on December 23, 1947On December 23, 1947, Bardeen and Brattain were working without Shockley when they succeeded in creating a point-contact transistor that achieved amplification.", "By the next month, Bell Labs' patent attorneys started to work on the patent applications.Bell Labs' attorneys soon discovered that Shockley's field effect principle had been anticipated and patented in 1930 by Julius Lilienfeld, who filed his MESFET-like patent in Canada on October 22, 1925.Shockley publicly took the lion's share of the credit for the invention of the transistor; this led to a deterioration of Bardeen's relationship with him.", "Bell Labs management, however, consistently presented all three inventors as a team.", "Shockley eventually infuriated and alienated Bardeen and Brattain, essentially blocking the two from working on the junction transistor.", "Bardeen began pursuing a theory for superconductivity and left Bell Labs in 1951.Brattain refused to work with Shockley further and was assigned to another group.", "Neither Bardeen nor Brattain had much to do with the development of the transistor beyond the first year after its invention.The \"transistor\" (a portmanteau of \"transconductance\" and \"resistor\") was 1/50 the size of the vacuum tubes it replaced in televisions and radios, used far less power, was far more reliable, and it allowed electrical devices to become more compact.===University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign===A commemorative plaque remembering John Bardeen and the theory of superconductivity, at the University of Illinois at Urbana–ChampaignBy 1951, Bardeen was looking for a new job.", "Fred Seitz, a friend of Bardeen, convinced the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign to make Bardeen an offer of $10,000 a year.", "Bardeen accepted the offer and left Bell Labs, joining the engineering and physics faculties at Illinois in 1951, where he was professor of electrical engineering and of physics.At Illinois, he established two major research programs, one in the electrical engineering department and one in the physics department.", "The research program in the electrical engineering department dealt with both experimental and theoretical aspects of semiconductors, and the research program in the physics department dealt with theoretical aspects of macroscopic quantum systems, particularly superconductivity and quantum liquids.He was an active professor at Illinois from 1951 to 1975 and then became ''professor emeritus''.", "In his later life, Bardeen remained active in academic research, during which time he focused on understanding the flow of electrons in charge density waves (CDWs) through metallic linear chain compounds.", "His proposals that CDW electron transport is a collective quantum phenomenon (see Macroscopic quantum phenomena) were initially greeted with skepticism.", "However, experiments reported in 2012 show oscillations in CDW current versus magnetic flux through tantalum trisulfide rings, similar to the behavior of superconducting quantum interference devices (see SQUID and Aharonov–Bohm effect), lending credence to the idea that collective CDW electron transport is fundamentally quantum in nature.", "(See quantum mechanics.)", "Bardeen continued his research throughout the 1980s, and published articles in ''Physical Review Letters'' and ''Physics Today'' less than a year before he died.A collection of Bardeen's personal papers are held by the University of Illinois Archives.===Nobel Prize in Physics in 1956===In 1956, John Bardeen shared the Nobel Prize in Physics with William Shockley of Semiconductor Laboratory of Beckman Instruments and Walter Brattain of Bell Telephone Laboratories \"''for their researches on semiconductors and their discovery of the transistor effect''\".At the Nobel Prize ceremony in Stockholm, Brattain and Shockley received their awards that night from King Gustaf VI Adolf.", "Bardeen brought only one of his three children to the Nobel Prize ceremony.", "King Gustav chided Bardeen because of this, and Bardeen assured the King that the next time he would bring all his children to the ceremony.", "He kept his promise.===BCS theory===In 1957, Bardeen, in collaboration with Leon Cooper and his doctoral student John Robert Schrieffer, proposed the standard theory of superconductivity known as the BCS theory (named for their initials).===Josephson effect controversy===Bardeen became interested in superconducting tunnelling in the summer of 1960 after consulting for the General Electric Research Laboratory in Schenectady, New York where he learned about experiments done by Ivar Giaever at the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute which suggested that electrons from a normal material could tunnel into a superconducting one.In June 8, 1962, Brian Josephson, then 23, submitted to Physics Letters his prediction of a super-current flow across a barrier, effect which later became known as the Josephson effect.", "Bardeen challenged Josephson's theory on a note in his own paper received ten days later by Physical Review Letters:In a recent note, Josephson uses a somewhat similar formulation to discuss the possibility of superfluid flow across the tunneling region, in which no quasi-particles are created.", "However, as pointed out by the author (reference 3), pairing does not extend into the barrier, so that there can be no such superfluid flow.The matter was further discussed on the 8th International Conference on Low Temperature Physics held September 16 to 22, 1962 at Queen Mary University of London.", "While Josephson was presenting his theory, Bardeen rose to describe his objections.", "After an intense debate both men were unable to reach a common understanding, and at points Josephson repeatedly asked Bardeen, \"Did you calculate it?", "No?", "I did.", "\"In 1963, experimental evidence and further theoretical clarifications were discovered supporting the Josephson effect, notably in a paper by Philip W. Anderson and John Rowell from Bell Labs.", "After this, Bardeen came to accept Josephson's theory and publicly withdrew his previous opposition to it at a conference held in August 1963.Bardeen also invited Josephson as a postdoc in Illinois for the academic year of 1965–1966, and later nominated Josephson and Giaever for the Nobel Prize in Physics, which they received in 1973.===Nobel Prize in Physics in 1972===In 1972, Bardeen shared the Nobel Prize in Physics with Leon N Cooper of Brown University and John Robert Schrieffer of the University of Pennsylvania \"for their jointly developed theory of superconductivity, usually called the BCS-theory\".", "This was Bardeen's second Nobel Prize in Physics.", "He became the first person to win two Nobel Prizes in the same field.", "Bardeen brought his three children to the Nobel Prize ceremony in Stockholm.", "Bardeen gave much of his Nobel Prize money to fund the Fritz London Memorial Lectures at Duke University.In the late 1960s, Bardeen felt that Cooper and Schrieffer deserved the Nobel prize for BCS.", "He was concerned that they might not be awarded because of the Nobel Committee's reticence to award the same person twice, which would be his case as a co-author of the theory.", "Bardeen nominated scientists who worked on superconducting tunneling effects such as the Josephson effect for the prize in 1967: Leo Esaki, Ivar Giaever and Brian Josephson.", "He recognized that because the tunneling developments depended on superconductivity, it would increase the chances that BCS itself would be awarded first.", "He also reasoned that the Nobel Committee had a predilection for multinational teams, which was the case for his tunneling nominees, each being from a different country.", "Bardeen renewed the nominations in 1971, 1972, when BCS received the prize, and finally 1973, when tunneling was awarded.He is the only double laureate in physics, and one of three double laureates of the same prize; the others are Frederick Sanger who won the 1958 and 1980 Prizes in Chemistry and Karl Barry Sharpless who won the 2001 and 2022 Prizes in chemistry.===Other awards===In addition to being awarded the Nobel prize twice, Bardeen has numerous other awards including:* 1952 Franklin Institute's Stuart Ballantine Medal.", "* 1954 elected a member of the United States National Academy of Sciences* 1958 elected to the American Philosophical Society* 1959 elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences* 1965 National Medal of Science.", "* 1971 IEEE Medal of Honor for \"his profound contributions to the understanding of the conductivity of solids, to the invention of the transistor, and to the microscopic theory of superconductivity.", "\"* Elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society (ForMemRS) in 1973.", "* 1975 Franklin Medal.", "* On January 10, 1977, John Bardeen was presented with the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President Gerald Ford.", "He was represented at the ceremony by his son, William Bardeen.", "* Bardeen was one of 11 recipients given the Third Century Award from President George H. W. Bush in 1990 for \"exceptional contributions to American society\" and was granted a gold medal from the Soviet Academy of Sciences in 1988.", "* 1987 Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement===Xerox===Bardeen was also an important adviser to Xerox Corporation.", "Though quiet by nature, he took the uncharacteristic step of urging Xerox executives to keep their California research center, Xerox PARC, afloat when the parent company was suspicious that its research center would amount to little." ], [ "Personal life", "Bardeen married Jane Maxwell on July 18, 1938.While at Princeton, he met Jane during a visit to his old friends in Pittsburgh.Bardeen was a scientist with a very unassuming personality.", "While he served as a professor for almost 40 years at the University of Illinois, he was best remembered by neighbors for hosting cookouts where he would prepare food for his friends, many of whom were unaware of his accomplishments at the university.", "He would always ask his guests if they liked the hamburger bun toasted (since he liked his that way).", "He enjoyed playing golf and going on picnics with his family.", "Lillian Hoddeson said that because he \"differed radically from the popular stereotype of 'genius' and was uninterested in appearing other than ordinary, the public and the media often overlooked him.", "\"When Bardeen was asked about his beliefs during a 1988 interview, he responded: \"I am not a religious person, and so do not think about it very much\".", "However, he has also said: \"I feel that science cannot provide an answer to the ultimate questions about the meaning and purpose of life.\"", "Bardeen did believe in a code of moral values and behavior.", "John Bardeen's children were taken to church by his wife, who taught Sunday school and was a church elder.", "Despite this, he and his wife made it clear that they did not have faith in an afterlife and other religious ideas.", "He was the father of James M. Bardeen, William A. Bardeen, and daughter Elizabeth.===Death===Bardeen died of heart disease at age 82 at Brigham and Women's Hospital in Boston, Massachusetts, on January 30, 1991.Although he lived in Champaign-Urbana, he had come to Boston for medical consultation.", "Bardeen and his wife Jane (1907–1997) are buried in Forest Hill Cemetery, Madison, Wisconsin.", "They were survived by three children, James, William and Elizabeth Bardeen Greytak, and six grandchildren.===Legacy===In honor of Bardeen, the engineering quadrangle at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign is named the Bardeen Quad.Also in honor of Bardeen, Sony Corporation endowed a $3 million John Bardeen professorial chair at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, beginning in 1990.Sony Corporation owed much of its success to commercializing Bardeen's transistors in portable TVs and radios, and had worked with Illinois researchers.", ", the John Bardeen Professor is Yurii Vlasov.At the time of Bardeen's death, then-University of Illinois chancellor Morton Weir said, \"It is a rare person whose work changes the life of every American; John's did.", "\"Bardeen was honored on a March 6, 2008, United States postage stamp as part of the \"American Scientists\" series designed by artist Victor Stabin.", "The $0.41 stamp was unveiled in a ceremony at the University of Illinois.", "His citation reads: \"Theoretical physicist John Bardeen (1908–1991) shared the Nobel Prize in Physics twice—in 1956, as co-inventor of the transistor and in 1972, for the explanation of superconductivity.", "The transistor paved the way for all modern electronics, from computers to microchips.", "Diverse applications of superconductivity include infrared sensors and medical imaging systems.\"", "The other scientists on the \"American Scientists\" sheet include biochemist Gerty Cori, chemist Linus Pauling and astronomer Edwin Hubble." ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* * * The Bardeen Archives at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign* including his 2 Nobel lectures ** December 11, 1956 '' Semiconductor Research Leading to the Point Contact Transistor'' ** December 11, 1972 '' Electron-Phonon Interactions and Superconductivity''* Associated Press Obituary of John Bardeen as printed in The Boston Globe* Oral History interview transcript with John Bardeen on 12 May 1977, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library and Archives - Session I, interviewed by Lillian Hoddeson* Oral History interview transcript with John Bardeen on 16 May 1977, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library and Archives – Session II, interviewed by Lillian Hoddeson* Oral History interview transcript with John Bardeen on 1 December 1977, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library and Archives – Session III, interviewed by Lillian Hoddeson* Oral History interview transcript with John Bardeen on 22 December 1977, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library and Archives - Session IV, interviewed by Lillian Hoddeson* Oral History interview transcript with John Bardeen on 4 April 1978, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library and Archives – Session V, interviewed by Lillian Hoddeson and Gordon Baym* Oral History interview transcript with John Bardeen on 13 February 1980, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library and Archives, interviewed by Lillian Hoddeson* Interview with Bardeen about his experience at Princeton* The American Presidency Project* IEEE History Center biography* IEEE second Int.", "Conference on Computers, Communications and Control (ICCCC 2008), an event dedicated to the Centenary of John Bardeen (1908–1991)* – \"Three-Electrode Circuit Element Utilizing Semiconductive Materials\"" ] ]
wikipedia
[ [ "Jewellery" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Jewellery''' (or '''jewelry''' in American English) consists of decorative items worn for personal adornment, such as brooches, rings, necklaces, earrings, pendants, bracelets, and cufflinks.", "Jewellery may be attached to the body or the clothes.", "From a western perspective, the term is restricted to durable ornaments, excluding flowers for example.", "For many centuries metal such as gold often combined with gemstones, has been the normal material for jewellery, but other materials such as glass, shells and other plant materials may be used.Jewellery is one of the oldest types of archaeological artefact – with 100,000-year-old beads made from ''Nassarius'' shells thought to be the oldest known jewellery.", "The basic forms of jewellery vary between cultures but are often extremely long-lived; in European cultures the most common forms of jewellery listed above have persisted since ancient times, while other forms such as adornments for the nose or ankle, important in other cultures, are much less common.Jewellery may be made from a wide range of materials.", "Gemstones and similar materials such as amber and coral, precious metals, beads, and shells have been widely used, and enamel has often been important.", "In most cultures jewellery can be understood as a status symbol, for its material properties, its patterns, or for meaningful symbols.", "Jewellery has been made to adorn nearly every body part, from hairpins to toe rings, and even genital jewellery.", "In modern European culture the amount worn by adult males is relatively low compared with other cultures and other periods in European culture.The word ''jewellery'' itself is derived from the word ''jewel'', which was anglicised from the Old French \"''jouel''\", and beyond that, to the Latin word \"''jocale''\", meaning plaything.", "In British English, Indian English, New Zealand English, Hiberno-English, Australian English, and South African English it is spelled ''jewellery,'' while the spelling is ''jewelry'' in American English.", "Both are used in Canadian English, though ''jewellery'' prevails by a two to one margin.", "In French and a few other European languages the equivalent term, ''joaillerie'', may also cover decorated metalwork in precious metal such as ''objets d'art'' and church items, not just objects worn on the person." ], [ "Form and function", "A gold, diamonds and sapphires red guilloché enamel \"Boule de Genève\", a type of pendant watch used as an accessory for women.", "An example of an object which is functional, artistic/decorative, marker of social status or a symbol of personal meaning.Humans have used jewellery for a number of different reasons:* functional, generally to fix clothing or hair in place.", "* as a marker of social status and personal status, as with a wedding ring* as a signifier of some form of affiliation, whether ethnic, religious or social* to provide talismanic protection (in the form of amulets)* as an artistic display* as a carrier or symbol of personal meaning – such as love, mourning, a personal milestone or even luck* considered it as a good investment* superstitionMost cultures at some point have had a practice of keeping large amounts of wealth stored in the form of jewellery.", "Numerous cultures store wedding dowries in the form of jewellery or make jewellery as a means to store or display coins.", "Alternatively, jewellery has been used as a currency or trade good.", "an example being the use of slave beads.Many items of jewellery, such as brooches and buckles, originated as purely functional items, but evolved into decorative items as their functional requirement diminished.Jewellery can symbolise group membership (as in the case, of the Christian crucifix or the Jewish Star of David) or status (as in the case of chains of office, or the Western practice of married people wearing wedding rings).Wearing of amulets and devotional medals to provide protection or to ward off evil is common in some cultures.", "These may take the form of symbols (such as the ankh), stones, plants, animals, body parts (such as the Khamsa), or glyphs (such as stylised versions of the Throne Verse in Islamic art)." ], [ "Materials and methods", "Hair ornament, an Art Nouveau masterpiece; by René Lalique; ; gold, emeralds and diamonds; Musée d'Orsay (Paris)In creating jewellery, gemstones, coins, or other precious items are often used, and they are typically set into precious metals.", "Platinum alloys range from 900 (90% pure) to 950 (95% pure).", "The silver used in jewellery is usually sterling silver, or 92.5% fine silver.", "In costume jewellery, stainless steel findings are sometimes used.Other commonly used materials include glass, such as fused-glass or enamel; wood, often carved or turned; shells and other natural animal substances such as bone and ivory; natural clay; polymer clay; Hemp and other twines have been used as well to create jewellery that has more of a natural feel.", "However, any inclusion of lead or lead solder will give a British Assay office (the body which gives U.K. jewellery its stamp of approval, the Hallmark) the right to destroy the piece, however it is very rare for the assay office to do so.Beads are frequently used in jewellery.", "These may be made of glass, gemstones, metal, wood, shells, clay and polymer clay.", "Beaded jewellery commonly encompasses necklaces, bracelets, earrings, belts and rings.", "Beads may be large or small; the smallest type of beads used are known as seed beads, these are the beads used for the \"woven\" style of beaded jewellery.", "Seed beads are also used in an embroidery technique where they are sewn onto fabric backings to create broad collar neck pieces and beaded bracelets.", "Bead embroidery, a popular type of handwork during the Victorian era, is enjoying a renaissance in modern jewellery making.", "Beading, or beadwork, is also very popular in many African and indigenous North American cultures.Silversmiths, goldsmiths, and lapidaries use methods including forging, casting, soldering or welding, cutting, carving and \"cold-joining\" (using adhesives, staples and rivets to assemble parts).===Diamonds===DiamondsDiamonds were first mined in India.", "Pliny may have mentioned them, although there is some debate as to the exact nature of the stone he referred to as ''Adamas''.", "In 2005, Australia, Botswana, Russia and Canada ranked among the primary sources of gemstone diamond production.", "There are negative consequences of the diamond trade in certain areas.", "Diamonds mined during the recent civil wars in Angola, Ivory Coast, Sierra Leone, and other nations have been labelled as blood diamonds when they are mined in a war zone and sold to finance an insurgency.The British crown jewels contain the Cullinan Diamond, part of the largest gem-quality rough diamond ever found (1905), at 3,106.75 carats (621.35 g).A diamond solitaire engagement ringNow popular in engagement rings, this usage dates back to the marriage of Maximilian I to Mary of Burgundy in 1477.A popular style is the diamond solitaire, which features a single large diamond mounted prominently.", "Within solitaire, there are three categories in which a ring can be classified: prong, bezel and tension setting.===Other gemstones===Pair of Earflare Frontals MET DP101928.jpg|JadeEgyptian - Finger Ring with a Representation of Ptah - Walters 42387 - View A.jpg|JasperFingerring av guld med rubin och rosenstenar, 1700-tal - Hallwylska museet - 110184.tif|RubyLogan Sapphire SI.jpg|SapphireClevelandart 1989.39.jpg|TurquoiseMany precious and semiprecious stones are used for jewellery.", "Among them are:;Amber: Amber, an ancient organic gemstone, is composed of tree resin that has hardened over time.", "The stone must be at least one million years old to be classified as amber, and some amber can be up to 120 million years old.", ";Amethyst: Amethyst has historically been the most prized gemstone in the quartz family.", "It is treasured for its purple hue, which can range in tone from light to dark.", ";Emerald: Emeralds are one of the three main precious gemstones (along with rubies and sapphires) and are known for their fine green to bluish green colour.", "They have been treasured throughout history, and some historians report that the Egyptians mined emerald as early as 3500 BC.", ";Jade: Jade is most commonly associated with the colour green but can come in a number of other colours as well.", "Jade is closely linked to Asian culture, history, and tradition, and is sometimes referred to as the ''stone of heaven''.", ";Jasper: Jasper is a gemstone of the chalcedony family that comes in a variety of colours.", "Often, jasper will feature unique and interesting patterns within the coloured stone.", "Picture jasper is a type of jasper known for the colours (often beiges and browns) and swirls in the stone's pattern.", ";Quartz: Quartz refers to a family of crystalline gemstones of various colours and sizes.", "Among the well-known types of quartz are rose quartz (which has a delicate pink colour), and smoky quartz (which comes in a variety of shades of translucent brown).", "A number of other gemstones, such as Amethyst and Citrine, are also part of the quartz family.", "Rutilated quartz is a popular type of quartz containing needle-like inclusions.", ";Ruby: Rubies are known for their intense red colour and are among the most highly valued precious gemstones.", "Rubies have been treasured for millennia.", "In Sanskrit, the word for ruby is ''ratnaraj'', meaning ''king of precious stones''.", ";Sapphire: The most popular form of sapphire is blue sapphire, which is known for its medium to deep blue colour and strong saturation.", "Fancy sapphires of various colours are also available.", "In the United States, blue sapphire tends to be the most popular and most affordable of the three major precious gemstones (emerald, ruby, and sapphire).", ";Turquoise: Turquoise is found in only a few places on earth, and the world's largest turquoise-producing region is the southwest United States.", "Turquoise is prized for its attractive colour, most often an intense medium blue or a greenish blue, and its ancient heritage.", "Turquoise is used in a great variety of jewellery styles.", "It is perhaps most closely associated with southwest and Native American jewellery, but it is also used in many sleek, modern styles.", "Some turquoise contains a matrix of dark brown markings, which provides an interesting contrast to the gemstone's bright blue colour.Some gemstones (like pearls, coral, and amber) are classified as organic, meaning that they are produced by living organisms.", "Others are inorganic, meaning that they are generally composed of and arise from minerals.Some gems, for example, amethyst, have become less valued as methods of extracting and importing them have progressed.", "Some man-made gems can serve in place of natural gems, such as cubic zirconia, which can be used in place of diamond.===Metal finishes===An example of gold plated jewellery.For platinum, gold, and silver jewellery, there are many techniques to create finishes.", "The most common are high-polish, satin/matte, brushed, and hammered.", "High-polished jewellery is the most common and gives the metal a highly reflective, shiny look.", "Satin, or matte finish reduces the shine and reflection of the jewellery, and this is commonly used to accentuate gemstones such as diamonds.", "Brushed finishes give the jewellery a textured look and are created by brushing a material (similar to sandpaper) against the metal, leaving \"brush strokes\".", "Hammered finishes are typically created by using a rounded steel hammer and hammering the jewellery to give it a wavy texture.Some jewellery is plated to give it a shiny, reflective look or to achieve a desired colour.", "Sterling silver jewellery may be plated with a thin layer of 0.999 fine silver (a process known as flashing) or may be plated with rhodium or gold.", "Base metal costume jewellery may also be plated with silver, gold, or rhodium for a more attractive finish." ], [ "Impact on society", "Jewellery has been used to denote status.", "In ancient Rome, only certain ranks could wear rings and later, sumptuary laws dictated who could wear what type of jewellery.", "This was also based on rank of the citizens of that time.Cultural dictates have also played a significant role.", "For example, the wearing of earrings by Western men was considered effeminate in the 19th century and early 20th century.", "More recently, the display of body jewellery, such as piercings, has become a mark of acceptance or seen as a badge of courage within some groups but is completely rejected in others.", "Likewise, hip hop culture has popularised the slang term bling-bling, which refers to ostentatious display of jewellery by men or women.Conversely, the jewellery industry in the early 20th century launched a campaign to popularise wedding rings for men, which caught on, as well as engagement rings for men, which did not, going so far as to create a false history and claim that the practice had medieval roots.", "By the mid-1940s, 85% of weddings in the U.S. featured a double-ring ceremony, up from 15% in the 1920s.Some religions have specific rules or traditions surrounding jewellery (or even prohibiting it) and many religions have edicts against excessive display.", "Islam, for instance, considers the wearing of gold by men as Haraam.", "The majority of Islamic jewellery was in the form of bridal dowries, and traditionally was not handed down from generation to generation; instead, on a woman's death it was sold at the souk and recycled or sold to passers-by.", "Islamic jewellery from before the 19th century is thus exceedingly rare.Some Christian denominations forbid the use of jewellery by both men and women, including Amish-Mennonites and Holiness churches.", "The New Testament of the Bible gives injunctions against the wearing of gold, in the writings of the apostles Paul and Peter, and Revelations, describes \"the great whore\", or false religious system, as being \"decked with gold and precious stones and pearls, having a golden cup in her hand.\"", "(Rev.", "17:4)" ], [ "History", "The history of jewellery is long and goes back many years, with many different uses among different cultures.", "It has endured for thousands of years and has provided various insights into how ancient cultures worked.===Prehistory===The earliest known Jewellery was actually created not by humans (''Homo sapiens'') but by Neanderthal living in Europe.", "Specifically, perforated beads made from small sea shells have been found dating to 115,000 years ago in the Cueva de los Aviones, a cave along the southeast coast of Spain.", "Later in Kenya, at Enkapune Ya Muto, beads made from perforated ostrich egg shells have been dated to more than 40,000 years ago.", "In Russia, a stone bracelet and marble ring are attributed to a similar age.Later, the European early modern humans had crude necklaces and bracelets of bone, teeth, berries, and stone hung on pieces of string or animal sinew, or pieces of carved bone used to secure clothing together.", "In some cases, jewellery had shell or mother-of-pearl pieces.A decorated engraved pendant (the Star Carr Pendant) dating to around 11,000 BC, and thought to be the oldest Mesolithic art in Britain, was found at the site of Star Carr in North Yorkshire in 2015.In southern Russia, carved bracelets made of mammoth tusk have been found.", "The Venus of Hohle Fels features a perforation at the top, showing that it was intended to be worn as a pendant.Around seven-thousand years ago, the first sign of copper jewellery was seen.", "In October 2012 the Museum of Ancient History in Lower Austria revealed that they had found a grave of a female jewellery worker – forcing archaeologists to take a fresh look at prehistoric gender roles after it appeared to be that of a female fine metal worker – a profession that was previously thought to have been carried out exclusively by men.String of beads MET 99.4.54.jpg|String of beads; 3650–3100 BC; lapis lazuli (the blue beads) and travertine (the white beads) (Egyptian alabaster); length: ; by Naqada II or Naqada III cultures; Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York City)String of beads MET 99.4.4 01-19-01.jpg|String of beads; 3300–3100 BC; carnelian, garnet, quartz and glazed steatite; length: ; by Naqada III culture Metropolitan Museum of ArtGNM - Armberge.jpg|Armlet with sun symbol; 16th–13th century BC (late Bronze Age); bronze; German National Museum (Nürnberg)Carnelian jewellery from Saruq Al Hadid.jpg|Necklace; probably 2600–1300 BC; carnelian, bone and stone; from Saruq Al Hadid (the United Arab Emirates)=== Africa =======Egypt====The first signs of established jewellery making in Ancient Egypt was around 3,000–5,000 years ago.", "The Egyptians preferred the luxury, rarity, and workability of gold over other metals.", "In Predynastic Egypt jewellery soon began to symbolise political and religious power in the community.", "Although it was worn by wealthy Egyptians in life, it was also worn by them in death, with jewellery commonly placed among grave goods.In conjunction with gold jewellery, Egyptians used coloured glass, along with semi-precious gems.", "The colour of the jewellery had significance.", "Green, for example, symbolised fertility.", "Lapis lazuli and silver had to be imported from beyond the country's borders.Egyptian designs were most common in Phoenician jewellery.", "Also, ancient Turkish designs found in Persian jewellery suggest that trade between the Middle East and Europe was not uncommon.", "Women wore elaborate gold and silver pieces that were used in ceremonies.Tutankhamun pendant with Wadjet.jpg|Pectoral (chest jewellery) of Tutankhamun; 1336–1327 BC (Reign of Tutankhamun); gold, silver and meteoric glass; height: 14.9 cm (5.9 in); Egyptian Museum (Cairo)Clevelandart 1989.39.jpg|Pendant; ; gold and turquoise; overall: ; Cleveland Museum of Art (Cleveland)Anillo de Sheshonq (46627183381).jpg|Signet ring; 664–525 BC; gold; diameter: ; British Museum (London)Pectoral and Necklace of Sithathoryunet with the Name of Senwosret II MET DT531.jpg|Pectoral and necklace of Princess Sithathoriunet; 1887–1813 BC; gold, carnelian, lapis lazuli, turquoise, garnet & feldspar; height of the pectoral: ; Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York City)Khmissa'' amulet in silver==== Maghreb countries in North Africa ====Jewellery of the Berber cultures is a style of traditional jewellery worn by women and girls in the rural areas of the Maghreb region in North Africa inhabited by indigenous Berber people (in Berber language: ''Amazigh, Imazighen'', pl).", "Following long social and cultural traditions, the silversmiths of different ethnic Berber groups of Morocco, Algeria and neighbouring countries created intricate jewellery to adorn their women and that formed part of their ethnic identity.", "Traditional Berber jewellery was usually made of silver and includes elaborate brooches made of triangular plates and pins (fibula), originally used as clasps for garments, but also necklaces, bracelets, earrings and similar items.Another major type is the so-called ''khmissa'' (local pronunciation of the Arabic word \"khamsa\" for the number \"five\"), which is called ''afus'' in the Berber language (''Tamazight)''.", "This form represents the five fingers of the hand and is traditionally believed both by Muslims as well as Jewish people to protect against the Evil Eye.===Europe and the Middle East=======The first gold jewellery from Bulgaria====Varna MuseumThe oldest gold jewelry in the world is dating from 4,600 BC to 4,200 BC and was discovered in Europe, at the site of Varna Necropolis, near the Black Sea coast in Bulgaria.Several prehistoric Bulgarian finds are considered no less old – the golden treasures of Hotnitsa, Durankulak, artifacts from the Kurgan settlement of Yunatsite near Pazardzhik, the golden treasure Sakar, as well as beads and gold jewellery found in the Kurgan settlement of Provadia – Solnitsata (“salt pit”).", "However, Varna gold is most often called the oldest since this treasure is the largest and most diverse.====Mesopotamia====Headdress decorated with golden leaves; 2600–2400 BC; gold, lapis lazuli and carnelian; length: ; from the Royal Cemetery at Ur; Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York City)By approximately 5,000 years ago, jewellery-making had become a significant craft in the cities of Mesopotamia.", "The most significant archaeological evidence comes from the Royal Cemetery of Ur, where hundreds of burials dating 2900–2300 BC were unearthed; tombs such as that of Puabi contained a multitude of artefacts in gold, silver, and semi-precious stones, such as lapis lazuli crowns embellished with gold figurines, close-fitting collar necklaces, and jewel-headed pins.", "In Assyria, men and women both wore extensive amounts of jewellery, including amulets, ankle bracelets, heavy multi-strand necklaces, and cylinder seals.Jewellery in Mesopotamia tended to be manufactured from thin metal leaf and was set with large numbers of brightly coloured stones (chiefly agate, lapis, carnelian, and jasper).", "Favoured shapes included leaves, spirals, cones, and bunches of grapes.", "Jewellers created works both for human use and for adorning statues and idols.", "They employed a wide variety of sophisticated metalworking techniques, such as cloisonné, engraving, fine granulation, and filigree.Extensive and meticulously maintained records pertaining to the trade and manufacture of jewellery have also been unearthed throughout Mesopotamian archaeological sites.", "One record in the Mari royal archives, for example, gives the composition of various items of jewellery: Necklace beads MET DP104225.jpg|Sumerian necklace beads; 2600–2500 BC; gold and lapis lazuli; length: ; Metropolitan Museum of ArtNecklace MET an33.35.47.jpg|Necklace; 2600–2500 BC; gold and lapis lazuli; length: ; Royal Cemetery at Ur (Iraq); Metropolitan Museum of ArtEarrings from Shulgi.JPG|Pair of earrings with cuneiform inscriptions, 2093–2046 BC; gold; Sulaymaniyah Museum (Sulaymaniyah, Iraq)Reconstructed sumerian headgear necklaces british museum.JPG|Sumerian necklaces and headgear discovered in the royal (and individual) graves of the Royal Cemetery at Ur, showing the way they may have been worn, in British Museum (London)====Greece====Openwork hairnet; 300–200 BC; gold; diameter: , diameter of the medallion: ; unknown provenance (said to be from Karpenissi (Greece)); National Archaeological Museum (Athens)The Greeks started using gold and gems in jewellery in 1600 BC, although beads shaped as shells and animals were produced widely in earlier times.", "Around 1500 BC, the main techniques of working gold in Greece included casting, twisting bars, and making wire.", "Many of these sophisticated techniques were popular in the Mycenaean period, but unfortunately this skill was lost at the end of the Bronze Age.", "The forms and shapes of jewellery in ancient Greece such as the armring (13th century BC), brooch (10th century BC) and pins (7th century BC), have varied widely since the Bronze Age as well.", "Other forms of jewellery include wreaths, earrings, necklace and bracelets.", "A good example of the high quality that gold working techniques could achieve in Greece is the 'Gold Olive Wreath' (4th century BC), which is modeled on the type of wreath given as a prize for winners in athletic competitions like the Olympic Games.", "Jewellery dating from 600 to 475 BC is not well represented in the archaeological record, but after the Persian wars the quantity of jewellery again became more plentiful.", "One particularly popular type of design at this time was a bracelet decorated with snake and animal-heads Because these bracelets used considerably more metal, many examples were made from bronze.", "By 300 BC, the Greeks had mastered making coloured jewellery and using amethysts, pearl, and emeralds.", "Also, the first signs of cameos appeared, with the Greeks creating them from Indian Sardonyx, a striped brown pink and cream agate stone.", "Greek jewellery was often simpler than in other cultures, with simple designs and workmanship.", "However, as time progressed, the designs grew in complexity and different materials were soon used.Jewellery in Greece was hardly worn and was mostly used for public appearances or on special occasions.", "It was frequently given as a gift and was predominantly worn by women to show their wealth, social status, and beauty.", "The jewellery was often supposed to give the wearer protection from the \"Evil Eye\" or endowed the owner with supernatural powers, while others had a religious symbolism.", "Older pieces of jewellery that have been found were dedicated to the Gods.They worked two styles of pieces: cast pieces and pieces hammered out of sheet metal.", "Fewer pieces of cast jewellery have been recovered.", "It was made by casting the metal onto two stone or clay moulds.", "The two halves were then joined, and wax, followed by molten metal, was placed in the centre.", "This technique had been practised since the late Bronze Age.", "The more common form of jewellery was the hammered sheet type.", "Sheets of metal would be hammered to thickness and then soldered together.", "The inside of the two sheets would be filled with wax or another liquid to preserve the metal work.", "Different techniques, such as using a stamp or engraving, were then used to create motifs on the jewellery.", "Jewels may then be added to hollows or glass poured into special cavities on the surface.The Greeks took much of their designs from outer origins, such as Asia, when Alexander the Great conquered part of it.", "In earlier designs, other European influences can also be detected.", "When Roman rule came to Greece, no change in jewellery designs was detected.", "However, by 27 BC, Greek designs were heavily influenced by the Roman culture.", "That is not to say that indigenous design did not thrive.", "Numerous polychrome butterfly pendants on silver foxtail chains, dating from the 1st century, have been found near Olbia, with only one example ever found anywhere else.File:Bee pendant, gold ornament, Chrysolakos necropolis near Malia, 1800-1700 BC, AMH, 144879.jpg|The ''Bee Pendant'', an iconic Minoan jewel; 1700–1600 BC; gold; width: ; from Chrysolakkos (gold pit) complex at Malia; Archaeological Museum of Heraklion (Heraklion, Greece)File:Gilt terracotta ornaments from a necklace MET DP145718.jpg|Mycenaean necklace; 1400–1050 BC; gilded terracotta; diameter of the rosettes: , with variations of circa , length of the pendant ; Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York City)File:Gold ring set with an emerald MET DT283.jpg|The Ganymede Jewellery; circa 300 BC; gold; various dimensions; provenance unknown (said to have been found near Thessaloniki, Greece); Metropolitan Museum of ArtFile:Greece, 2nd Century BC - Necklace - 1928.234 - Cleveland Museum of Art.tif|Necklace; circa 200 BC; gold, moonstone, garnet, emerald, cornelian, baroque pearl and banded agate; overall: ; Cleveland Museum of Art (Cleveland)====Etruscan====Gorgons, pomegranates, acorns, lotus flowers and palms were a clear indicator of Greek influence in Etruscan jewellery.", "The modelling of heads, which was a typical practice from the Greek severe period, was a technique that spread throughout the Etruscan territory.", "An even clearer evidence of new influences is the shape introduced in the Orientalizing era: The Bullae.", "A pear shaped vessel used to hold perfume.", "Its surface was usually decorated with repoussé and engraved symbolic figures.Much of the jewellery found was not ''worn'' by Etruscans, but were made to accompany them in the after world.", "Most, if not all, techniques of Etruscan goldsmiths were not invented by them as they are dated to the third millennium BC.Set of jewelry MET DP122702.jpg|The Vulci set of jewelry; early 5th century; gold, glass, rock crystal, agate and carnelian; various dimensions; Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York City)Earring in the form of a dolphin MET SF43119.jpg|Earring in the form of a dolphin; 5th century BC; gold; ; Metropolitan Museum of ArtEtruscan - Bulla with Daedalus and Icarus - Walters 57371 - Side A.jpg|Bulla with Daedalus and Icarus; 5th century BC; gold; ; Walters Art Museum (Baltimore)Earring MET sf9515205.jpg|Earring; gold and silver; ; Metropolitan Museum of Art====Rome====The ''Great Cameo of France''; second quarter of the 1st century AD; five-layered sardonyx; ; Cabinet des médailles (Paris)Although jewellery work was abundantly diverse in earlier times, especially among the barbarian tribes such as the Celts, when the Romans conquered most of Europe, jewellery was changed as smaller factions developed the Roman designs.", "The most common artefact of early Rome was the brooch, which was used to secure clothing together.", "The Romans used a diverse range of materials for their jewellery from their extensive resources across the continent.", "Although they used gold, they sometimes used bronze or bone, and in earlier times, glass beads & pearl.", "As early as 2,000 years ago, they imported Sri Lankan sapphires and Indian diamonds and used emeralds and amber in their jewellery.", "In Roman-ruled England, fossilised wood called jet from Northern England was often carved into pieces of jewellery.", "The early Italians worked in crude gold and created clasps, necklaces, earrings, and bracelets.", "They also produced larger pendants that could be filled with perfume.Like the Greeks, often the purpose of Roman jewellery was to ward off the \"Evil Eye\" given by other people.", "Although women wore a vast array of jewellery, men often only wore a finger ring.", "Although they were expected to wear at least one ring, some Roman men wore a ring on every finger, while others wore none.", "Roman men and women wore rings with an engraved gem on it that was used with wax to seal documents, a practice that continued into medieval times when kings and noblemen used the same method.", "After the fall of the Roman Empire, the jewellery designs were absorbed by neighbouring countries and tribes.Sardonyx cameo portrait of the Emperor Augustus MET DP155547.jpg|Cameo portrait of the Emperor Augustus; 41–54 AD; sardonyx; ; Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York City)Bracelet LACMA 50.22.2.jpg|Bracelet; 1st–2nd century AD; gold-mounted crystal and sardonyx; length: ; Los Angeles County Museum of Art (Los Angeles)Gold Necklace with Medallion Depicting a Goddess LACMA 50.22.20 (1 of 2).jpg|Necklace with a medallion depicting a goddess; 30–300 AD; green glass (the green beads) and gold; length: ; Los Angeles County Museum of ArtGold jewellery, head of Medusa, 200-300 AD, AM Agrigento, 120998.jpg|Openwork hairnet with the head of Medusa; 200–300 AD; gold; Archaeological Museum of Agrigento (Agrigento, Italy)==== Middle Ages ====Byzantine collier; late 6th–7th century; gold, emeralds, sapphires, amethysts and pearls; diameter: ; from a Constantinopolitan workshop; Antikensammlung Berlin (Berlin, Germany)Post-Roman Europe continued to develop jewellery making skills.", "The Celts and Merovingians in particular are noted for their jewellery, which in terms of quality matched or exceeded that of the Byzantine Empire.", "Clothing fasteners, amulets, and, to a lesser extent, signet rings, are the most common artefacts known to us.", "A particularly striking Celtic example is the Tara Brooch.", "The Torc was common throughout Europe as a symbol of status and power.", "By the 8th century, jewelled weaponry was common for men, while other jewellery (with the exception of signet rings) seemed to become the domain of women.", "Grave goods found in a 6th–7th century burial near Chalon-sur-Saône are illustrative.", "A young girl was buried with: 2 silver fibulae, a necklace (with coins), bracelet, gold earrings, a pair of hair-pins, comb, and buckle.", "The Celts specialised in continuous patterns and designs, while Merovingian designs are best known for stylised animal figures.", "They were not the only groups known for high quality work.", "Note the Visigoth work shown here, and the numerous decorative objects found at the Anglo-Saxon Ship burial at Sutton Hoo Suffolk, England are a particularly well-known example.", "On the continent, cloisonné and garnet were perhaps the quintessential method and gemstone of the period.The Eastern successor of the Roman Empire, the Byzantine Empire, continued many of the methods of the Romans, though religious themes came to predominate.", "Unlike the Romans, the Franks, and the Celts, however, Byzantium used light-weight gold leaf rather than solid gold, and more emphasis was placed on stones and gems.", "As in the West, Byzantine jewellery was worn by wealthier females, with male jewellery apparently restricted to signet rings.", "Woman's jewellery had some peculiarities like kolts that decorated headband.Like other contemporary cultures, jewellery was commonly buried with its owner.Fíbulas (24100425814).jpg|The ''Eagle-shaped fibulae of Alovera''; 5th century; gold, bronze and glass (imitation of garnet); height: , width: ; from Guadalajara (Spain); National Archaeological Museum (Madrid, Spain)Sutton.Hoo.ShoulderClasp2.RobRoy.jpg|Shoulder-clasps from Sutton Hoo; early 7th century; gold, glass & garnet; length: ; British Museum (London)Byzantium, early Byzantine period, 7th century - Earring (one of a pair) - 1947.178.b - Cleveland Museum of Art.tif|Pair of Byzantine earrings; 7th century; gold, pearls, glass and emeralds; ; Cleveland Museum of Art (Cleveland)Temple Pendant with Two Birds Flanking a Tree of Life (front) and Geometric and Vegetal Motifs (back) MET sf17-190-684s1.jpg|Front of a temple pendant with two birds flanking a tree of life; 11th–12th century; cloisonné enamel & gold; overall: ; made in Kyiv (Ukraine); Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York City)====Renaissance====Cameo; 16th century; sardonyx; Cabinet des Médailles (Paris)The Renaissance and exploration both had significant impacts on the development of jewellery in Europe.", "By the 17th century, increasing exploration and trade led to increased availability of a wide variety of gemstones as well as exposure to the art of other cultures.", "Whereas prior to this the working of gold and precious metal had been at the forefront of jewellery, this period saw increasing dominance of gemstones and their settings.", "An example of this is the Cheapside Hoard, the stock of a jeweller hidden in London during the Commonwealth period and not found again until 1912.It contained Colombian emerald, topaz, amazonite from Brazil, spinel, iolite, and chrysoberyl from Sri Lanka, ruby from India, Afghan lapis lazuli, Persian turquoise, Red Sea peridot, as well as Bohemian and Hungarian opal, garnet, and amethyst.", "Large stones were frequently set in box-bezels on enamelled rings.", "Notable among merchants of the period was Jean-Baptiste Tavernier, who brought the precursor stone of the Hope Diamond to France in the 1660s.When Napoleon Bonaparte was crowned as Emperor of the French in 1804, he revived the style and grandeur of jewellery and fashion in France.", "Under Napoleon's rule, jewellers introduced ''parures'', suites of matching jewellery, such as a diamond tiara, diamond earrings, diamond rings, a diamond brooch, and a diamond necklace.", "Both of Napoleon's wives had beautiful sets such as these and wore them regularly.", "Another fashion trend resurrected by Napoleon was the cameo.", "Soon after his cameo decorated crown was seen, cameos were highly sought.", "The period also saw the early stages of costume jewellery, with fish scale covered glass beads in place of pearls or conch shell cameos instead of stone cameos.", "New terms were coined to differentiate the arts: jewellers who worked in cheaper materials were called ''bijoutiers'', while jewellers who worked with expensive materials were called ''joailliers'', a practice which continues to this day.====Romanticism====Russian earring; 19th century; silver, enamel and red glass beads; overall: ; Cleveland Museum of Art (Cleveland)Starting in the late 18th century, Romanticism had a profound impact on the development of western jewellery.", "Perhaps the most significant influences were the public's fascination with the treasures being discovered through the birth of modern archaeology and a fascination with Medieval and Renaissance art.", "Changing social conditions and the onset of the Industrial Revolution also led to growth of a middle class that wanted and could afford jewellery.", "As a result, the use of industrial processes, cheaper alloys, and stone substitutes led to the development of paste or costume jewellery.", "Distinguished goldsmiths continued to flourish, however, as wealthier patrons sought to ensure that what they wore still stood apart from the jewellery of the masses, not only through use of precious metals and stones but also though superior artistic and technical work.", "One such artist was the French goldsmith François-Désiré Froment-Meurice.", "A category unique to this period and quite appropriate to the philosophy of romanticism was mourning jewellery.", "It originated in England, where Queen Victoria was often seen wearing jet jewellery after the death of Prince Albert, and it allowed the wearer to continue wearing jewellery while expressing a state of mourning at the death of a loved one.In the United States, this period saw the founding in 1837 of Tiffany & Co. by Charles Lewis Tiffany.", "Tiffany's put the United States on the world map in terms of jewellery and gained fame creating dazzling commissions for people such as the wife of Abraham Lincoln.", "Later, it would gain popular notoriety as the setting of the film Breakfast at Tiffany's.", "In France, Pierre Cartier founded Cartier SA in 1847, while 1884 saw the founding of Bulgari in Italy.", "The modern production studio had been born and was a step away from the former dominance of individual craftsmen and patronage.This period also saw the first major collaboration between East and West.", "Collaboration in Pforzheim between German and Japanese artists led to Shakudō plaques set into Filigree frames being created by the Stoeffler firm in 1885).", "Perhaps the grand finalé – and an appropriate transition to the following period – were the masterful creations of the Russian artist Peter Carl Fabergé, working for the Imperial Russian court, whose Fabergé eggs and jewellery pieces are still considered as the epitome of the goldsmith's art.====18th century/Romanticism/Renaissance====Many whimsical fashions were introduced in the extravagant eighteenth century.", "Cameos that were used in connection with jewellery were the attractive trinkets along with many of the small objects such as brooches, ear-rings and scarf-pins.", "Some of the necklets were made of several pieces joined with the gold chains were in and bracelets were also made sometimes to match the necklet and the brooch.", "At the end of the Century the jewellery with cut steel intermixed with large crystals was introduced by an Englishman, Matthew Boulton of Birmingham.====Art Nouveau====Breastplate with a peacocks; René Lalique; –1900; gold, enamels, opals and diamonds; Calouste Gulbenkian Museum (Lisboa, Portugal)In the 1890s, jewellers began to explore the potential of the growing Art Nouveau style and the closely related German Jugendstil, British (and to some extent American) Arts and Crafts Movement, Catalan Modernisme, Austro-Hungarian Sezession, Italian \"Liberty\", etc.Art Nouveau jewellery encompassed many distinct features including a focus on the female form and an emphasis on colour, most commonly rendered through the use of enamelling techniques including basse-taille, champleve, cloisonné, and plique-à-jour.", "Motifs included orchids, irises, pansies, vines, swans, peacocks, snakes, dragonflies, mythological creatures, and the female silhouette.René Lalique, working for the Paris shop of Samuel Bing, was recognised by contemporaries as a leading figure in this trend.", "The Darmstadt Artists' Colony and Wiener Werkstätte provided perhaps the most significant input to the trend, while in Denmark Georg Jensen, though best known for his Silverware, also contributed significant pieces.", "In England, Liberty & Co., (notably through the Cymric designs of Archibald Knox) and the British arts & crafts movement of Charles Robert Ashbee contributed slightly more linear but still characteristic designs.", "The new style moved the focus of the jeweller's art from the setting of stones to the artistic design of the piece itself.", "Lalique's dragonfly design is one of the best examples of this.", "Enamels played a large role in technique, while sinuous organic lines are the most recognisable design feature.The end of World War I once again changed public attitudes, and a more sober style developed.René lailique, pettorale libellula, in oro, smalti, crisoprazio, calcedonio, pietre lunari e diamanti, 1897-98 ca.", "01.jpg|The ''Dragonfly brooch''; by René Lalique; –1898; gold, vitreous enamel, chrysoprase, chalcedony, moonstone and diamond; height: , width: ; Calouste Gulbenkian Museum (Lisboa, Portugal)Necklace MET DT1423.jpg|Necklace; by René Lalique; 1897–1899; gold, enamel, opals and amethysts; overall diameter: ; Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York City)René lailique, pettorale serpenti, oro e smalti, 1898-99 ca.jpg|The ''Snakes brooch''; by René Lalique; gold and enamel; Calouste Gulbenkian MuseumRené lalique, pettine in corno, oro, smalti e brillanti, 1902 ca-V2.jpg|Hair ornament, an Art Nouveau masterpiece; by René Lalique; ; gold, emeralds and diamonds; Musée d'Orsay (Paris)====Art Deco====Growing political tensions, the after-effects of the war, and a reaction against the perceived decadence of the turn of the 20th century led to simpler forms, combined with more effective manufacturing for mass production of high-quality jewellery.", "Covering the period of the 1920s and 1930s, the style has become popularly known as Art Deco.", "Walter Gropius and the German Bauhaus movement, with their philosophy of \"no barriers between artists and craftsmen\" led to some interesting and stylistically simplified forms.", "Modern materials were also introduced: plastics and aluminium were first used in jewellery, and of note are the chromed pendants of Russian-born Bauhaus master Naum Slutzky.", "Technical mastery became as valued as the material itself.", "In the West, this period saw the reinvention of granulation by the German Elizabeth Treskow, although development of the re-invention has continued into the 1990s.", "It is based on the basic shapes.===Asia===In Asia, the Indian subcontinent has the longest continuous legacy of jewellery making anywhere, Asia was the first place where these jewellery were made in large numbers for the royals with a history of over 5,000 years.", "One of the first to start jewellery making were the peoples of the Indus Valley civilization, in what is now predominately modern-day Pakistan and part of northern and western India.", "Early jewellery making in China started around the same period, but it became widespread with the spread of Buddhism around 2,000 years ago.====China====The Chinese used silver in their jewellery more than gold.", "Blue kingfisher feathers were tied onto early Chinese jewellery and later, blue gems and glass were incorporated into designs.", "However, jade was preferred over any other stone.", "The Chinese revered jade because of the human-like qualities they assigned to it, such as its hardness, durability, and beauty.", "The first jade pieces were very simple, but as time progressed, more complex designs evolved.", "Jade rings from between the 4th and 7th centuries BC show evidence of having been worked with a compound milling machine, hundreds of years before the first mention of such equipment in the west.In China, the most uncommon piece of jewellery is the earring, which was worn neither by men nor women.", "In modern times, earrings are still considered culturally taboo for men in China—in fact, in 2019, the Chinese video streaming service iQiyi began blurring the ears of male actors wearing earrings.", "Amulets were common, often with a Chinese symbol or dragon.", "Dragons, Chinese symbols, and phoenixes were frequently depicted on jewellery designs.The Chinese often placed their jewellery in their graves.", "Most Chinese graves found by archaeologists contain decorative jewellery.Clevelandart 1985.75.jpg|Fluted ring with a dragon head (huan); circa 475 BC; jade (nephrite); overall: ; Cleveland Museum of Art (Cleveland)Jade ornament with grape design.jpg|Ornament with flowers and grapes design; 1115–1234; jade; Shanghai Museum (China)Chinese Xin Shape Jewelry from Ming Dynasty Tombs.jpg|Xin 心 shaped jewelry; 1368–1644; gold, ruby, pearl and other gemstones; about the size of an adult human's palm; Dingling (Beijing, China)MET 15 95 181j O1.jpg|Hat ornament; 18th–19th century; gold, gilded metal, kingfisher feathers, glass and semiprecious stones; various dimensions; Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York City)====Indian subcontinent====Necklace with Shiva's family; late 19th century; gold inlaid with rubies, a diamond Rudraksha beads (elaeo carpus seeds) and silver back plate on clasp; overall: ; Los Angeles County Museum of Art (Los Angeles, US)The Indian subcontinent has a long jewellery history, which has gone through various changes via cultural influence and politics for more than 5,000–8,000 years.", "Because India had an abundant supply of precious metals and gems, it prospered financially through export and exchange with other countries.", "While European traditions were heavily influenced by waxing and waning empires, India enjoyed a continuous development of art forms for some 5,000 years.", "One of the first to start jewellery making were the peoples of the Indus Valley civilization.", "By 1500 BC, the peoples of the Indus Valley were creating gold earrings and necklaces, bead necklaces, and metallic bangles.", "Before 2100 BC, prior to the period when metals were widely used, the largest jewellery trade in the Indus Valley region was the bead trade.", "Beads in the Indus Valley were made using simple techniques.", "First, a bead maker would need a rough stone, which would be bought from an eastern stone trader.", "The stone would then be placed into a hot oven where it would be heated until it turned deep red, a colour highly prized by people of the Indus Valley.", "The red stone would then be chipped to the right size and a hole bored through it with primitive drills.", "The beads were then polished.", "Some beads were also painted with designs.", "This art form was often passed down through the family.", "Children of bead makers often learned how to work beads from a young age.", "Each stone had its own characteristics related to Hinduism.Jewellery in the Indus Valley Civilization was worn predominantly by females, who wore numerous clay or shell bracelets on their wrists.", "They were often shaped like doughnuts and painted black.", "Over time, clay bangles were discarded for more durable ones.", "In present-day India, bangles are made out of metal or glass.", "Other pieces that women frequently wore were thin bands of gold that would be worn on the forehead, earrings, primitive brooches, chokers, and gold rings.", "Although women wore jewellery the most, some men in the Indus Valley wore beads.", "Small beads were often crafted to be placed in men and women's hair.", "The beads were about one millimetre long.A female skeleton (presently on display at the National Museum, New Delhi, India) wears a carlinean bangle (bracelet) on her left hand.", "''Kada'' is a special kind of bracelet and is widely popular in Indian culture.", "They symbolize animals such as peacock, elephant, etc.According to Hindu belief, gold and silver are considered as sacred metals.", "Gold is symbolic of the warm sun, while silver suggests the cool moon.", "Both are the quintessential metals of Indian jewellery.", "Pure gold does not oxidise or corrode with time, which is why Hindu tradition associates gold with immortality.", "Gold imagery occurs frequently in ancient Indian literature.", "In the Vedic Hindu belief of cosmological creation, the source of physical and spiritual human life originated in and evolved from a golden womb (hiranyagarbha) or egg (hiranyanda), a metaphor of the sun, whose light rises from the primordial waters.Jewellery had great status with India's royalty; it was so powerful that they established laws, limiting wearing of jewellery to royalty.", "Only royalty and a few others to whom they granted permission could wear gold ornaments on their feet.", "This would normally be considered breaking the appreciation of the sacred metals.", "Even though the majority of the Indian population wore jewellery, Maharajas and people related to royalty had a deeper connection with jewellery.", "The Maharaja's role was so important that the Hindu philosophers identified him as central to the smooth working of the world.", "He was considered as a divine being, a deity in human form, whose duty was to uphold and protect dharma, the moral order of the universe.", "The largest ever single order to Cartier was made in 1925 by the Indian royalty, the Maharaja of Patiala, for the Patiala Necklace and other jewelry worth .Navaratna (nine gems) is a powerful jewel frequently worn by a Maharaja (Emperor).", "It is an amulet, which comprises diamond, pearl, ruby, sapphire, emerald, topaz, cat's eye, coral, and hyacinth (red zircon).", "Each of these stones is associated with a celestial deity, represented the totality of the Hindu universe when all nine gems are together.", "The diamond is the most powerful gem among the nine stones.", "There were various cuts for the gemstone.", "Indian Kings bought gemstones privately from the sellers.", "Maharaja and other royal family members value gem as Hindu God.", "They exchanged gems with people to whom they were very close, especially the royal family members and other intimate allies.India was the first country to mine diamonds, with some mines dating back to 296 BC.", "India traded the diamonds, realising their valuable qualities.", "Historically, diamonds have been given to retain or regain a lover's or ruler's lost favour, as symbols of tribute, or as an expression of fidelity in exchange for concessions and protection.", "Mughal emperors and Kings used the diamonds as a means of assuring their immortality by having their names and worldly titles inscribed upon them.", "Moreover, it has played and continues to play a pivotal role in Indian social, political, economic, and religious event, as it often has done elsewhere.", "In Indian history, diamonds have been used to acquire military equipment, finance wars, foment revolutions, and tempt defections.", "They have contributed to the abdication or the decapitation of potentates.", "They have been used to murder a representative of the dominating power by lacing his food with crushed diamond.", "Indian diamonds have been used as security to finance large loans needed to buttress politically or economically tottering regimes.", "Victorious military heroes have been honoured by rewards of diamonds and also have been used as ransom payment for release from imprisonment or abduction.Today, many jewellery designs and traditions are used, and jewellery is commonplace in Indian ceremonies and weddings.", "For many Indians, especially those who follow the Hindu or Jain faiths, bridal jewellery is known as ''streedhan'' and functions as personal wealth for the bride only, as a sort of financial security.", "For this reason, this jewellery, especially in the sacred metals of gold and silver, has large cultural significance for Indian brides.", "Jewellery is worn on the arms and hands, ears, neck, hair, head, feet, toes and waist to bless the bride with prosperity.Pendant with a Siddha(?)", "LACMA AC1999.239.1.jpg|Pendant probably with Siddha; 8th–9th century; copper alloy; ; Los Angeles County Museum of Art (Los Angeles)Clevelandart 1915.342.1.jpg|Earring with Vishnu riding Garuda; ; gold set with jewels and semi-precious stones; overall: ; from Nepal; Cleveland Museum of Art (Cleveland)Clevelandart 1915.346.1.jpg|Earring with four-armed Vishnu riding Garuda with Nagas (serpent divinities); ; repousse gold with pearls; overall: 3.6 cm; from Nepal; Cleveland Museum of ArtComb with Vishnu Adored by Serpents LACMA M.83.218.1.jpg|Comb with Vishnu adored by serpents; 1750–1800; ivory with traces of paint; ; from Nepal; Los Angeles County Museum of Art===North and South America===Moche ear ornaments depicting winged runners; 3rd–7th century; gold, turquoise, sodalite and shell; diameter: 8 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York City)Jewellery making started in the Americas with the arrival of Paleo-Indians more than 15,000 years ago.", "This jewellery would have been made from stone, shell, bone and other perishable materials.", "The American continent is home to 2 cradles of civilization: in the Andes and Mesoamerica.", "Cultures in these regions developed more complex methods of jewellery creation.", "The Andes is the origin of hot working metallurgy in the Americas and consequently the region has the longest history of work in materials such as silver, platinum and gold.", "Metallurgy began in Mesoamerica during the Termainal Classic era, likely arriving from direct maritime trade with the Andean cultures.", "As a result, western Mesoamerican cultures, such as the Tarascans and Mixtecs, had more complex use of the technology.With the Moche culture, goldwork flourished.", "The pieces are no longer simple metalwork, but are now masterful examples of jewellery making.", "Pieces are sophisticated in their design, and feature inlays of turquoise, mother of pearl, spondylus shell, and amethyst.", "The nose and ear ornaments, chest plates, small containers and whistles are considered masterpieces of ancient Peruvian culture.A notable example of Andean metallurgy is the Northern Andean cultures' work with platinum, which has a much higher melting point than other precious metals.", "There are only a few known examples of cold worked platinum in the Old World and no known intentionally hot worked examples (platinum was not identified as a separate element and small inclusions appeared in some goldwork).", "In the New World however, certain Andean cultures recognized platinum as a separate metal and were able to incorporate it into jewellery, such as through sintering it with gold.funerary jewellery from Tomb 1 of Structure VII of Calakmul, thought to belong to Yuknoom Tookʼ Kʼawiil.", "Late Classic (660 to 750 AD).Among the Late Post-Classic Aztecs, only nobility wore gold jewellery, as it showed their rank, power, and wealth.", "A large portion of \"Aztec gold\" jewellery was created by Mixtec artisans.", "The Mixtecs were particularly known for their goldwork and gold jewellery was part of the tribute paid by Mixtec polities to the Aztecs.", "In general, the more jewellery an Aztec noble wore, the higher his status or prestige.", "The Emperor and his High Priests, for example, would be nearly completely covered in jewellery when making public appearances.", "Although gold was the most common and a popular material used in Aztec jewellery, jade, turquoise, and certain feathers were considered more valuable.", "In addition to adornment and status, the Aztecs also used jewellery in sacrifices to appease the gods.Another ancient American civilization with expertise in jewellery making were the Maya.", "During the Pre-Classic and Classic era of Maya civilization, the Maya were making jewellery from local materials such as jade, pearls, and sea shell while also incorporating imported materials such as obsidian and turquoise.", "In the Terminal Classic and Post-Classic, importation of gold, silver, bronze, and copper lead to the use of these materials in jewellery.", "Merchants and nobility were the only few that wore expensive jewellery in the Maya region, much the same as with the Aztecs.", "Jade in particular had an important role across Mesoamerica.In Northern America, Native Americans used shells, wood, turquoise, and soapstone The turquoise was used in necklaces and to be placed in earrings.", "The turquoise incorporated into Mesoamerican jewellery was primarily obtained through trade with Oasisamerica.", "Native Americans with access to oyster shells, often located in only one location in America, traded the shells with other tribes, showing the great importance of the body adornment trade in Northern America.Jewellery played a major role in the fate of the Americas when the Spanish colonizers were spurred to search for gold on the American mainland after coming into contact with Caribbean natives that had gold jewellery obtained through trade with the mainland.", "Continued contact with Native Americans wearing gold jewellery eventually lead to Spanish expeditions of the mythological El Dorado.Messico, colima o jalisco, ornamenti in conchigli di spondylus, 200 ac-200 dc ca.", "03.jpg|Pendant made from a ''spondylus'' shell, Western Mexico shaft tomb tradition, 200 BC to 200 AD, now at the Art Institute of Chicago, United States.BOG 04 2012 Museo de Oro 1213.JPG|Muisca gold jewellery, including a headband, nose ornament and pectoral, on display at the Gold Museum in Bogota, Colombia.Peru, North Coast, Moche culture (50-800), Early Intermediate Period - Nose Ornament with Decapitators and Human Heads - 2005.176 - Cleveland Museum of Art.tif|Moche nose ornament made from silver and gold-silver alloy, inlaid with malachite, now at the Cleveland Museum of Art, United States.Mixteca-Puebla style labret.jpg|Mixtec-Puebla style labret made from obsidian in the shape of an eagle, now at the Walters Art Museum in Baltimore, United States.===Native American===Navajo silversmith, photo by George Ben Wittick, 1883'''Native American jewellery''' is the personal adornment, often in the forms of necklaces, earrings, bracelets, rings, pins, brooches, labrets, and more, made by the Indigenous peoples of the United States.", "Native American jewellery reflects the cultural diversity and history of its makers.", "Native American tribes continue to develop distinct aesthetics rooted in their personal artistic visions and cultural traditions.", "Artists create jewellery for adornment, ceremonies, and trade.", "Lois Sherr Dubin writes, \"in the absence of written languages, adornment became an important element of Indian Native American communication, conveying many levels of information.\"", "Later, jewellery and personal adornment \"...signaled resistance to assimilation.", "It remains a major statement of tribal and individual identity.", "\"Within the Haida Nation of the Pacific Northwest, copper was used as a form of jewellery for creating bracelets.Metalsmiths, beaders, carvers, and lapidaries combine a variety of metals, hardwoods, precious and semi-precious gemstones, beadwork, quillwork, teeth, bones, hide, vegetal fibres, and other materials to create jewellery.", "Contemporary Native American jewellery ranges from hand-quarried and processed stones and shells to computer-fabricated steel and titanium jewellery.===Pacific===Jewellery making in the Pacific started later than in other areas because of recent human settlement.", "Early Pacific jewellery was made of bone, wood, and other natural materials, and thus has not survived.", "Most Pacific jewellery is worn above the waist, with headdresses, necklaces, hair pins, and arm and waist belts being the most common pieces.Jewellery in the Pacific, with the exception of Australia, is worn to be a symbol of either fertility or power.", "Elaborate headdresses are worn by many Pacific cultures and some, such as the inhabitants of Papua New Guinea, wear certain headdresses once they have killed an enemy.", "Tribesman may wear boar bones through their noses.Island jewellery is still very much primal because of the lack of communication with outside cultures.", "Some areas of Borneo and Papua New Guinea are yet to be explored by Western nations.", "However, the island nations that were flooded with Western missionaries have had drastic changes made to their jewellery designs.", "Missionaries saw any type of tribal jewellery as a sign of the wearer's devotion to paganism.", "Thus many tribal designs were lost forever in the mass conversion to Christianity.Australia is now the number one supplier of opals in the world.", "Opals had already been mined in Europe and South America for many years prior, but in the late 19th century, the Australian opal market became predominant.", "Australian opals are only mined in a few select places around the country, making it one of the most profitable stones in the Pacific.The New Zealand Māori traditionally had a strong culture of personal adornment, most famously the hei-tiki.", "Hei-tikis are traditionally carved by hand from bone, nephrite, or bowenite.Nowadays a wide range of such traditionally inspired items such as bone carved pendants based on traditional fishhooks ''hei matau'' and other greenstone jewellery are popular with young New Zealanders of all backgrounds – for whom they relate to a generalized sense of New Zealand identity.", "These trends have contributed towards a worldwide interest in traditional Māori culture and arts.Other than jewellery created through Māori influence, modern jewellery in New Zealand is multicultural and varied.File:MAP Expo Maori Hei tiki 15 01 2012 2.jpg|Māori ''hei-tiki''; 1500–1800; jade (nephrite), abalone shell and pigments; from the New Zealand; Musée du quai Branly – Jacques Chirac (Paris)File:Pendanr (hei-tiki) LACMA M.71.73.156 (1 of 2).jpg|''Hei-tiki''; 18th century; nephrite and haliotis shell; ; from the New Zealand; Los Angeles County Museum of Art (Los Angeles)File:Pendant MET DP140060.jpg|Hawaiian pendant; 18th–19th century; whalebone; height: , width, ; Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York City)File:Breast Ornament (civa vonovono) LACMA M.2008.66.37.jpg|Breast Ornament (civa vonovono); ; whale ivory, pearl shell and fiber; height: , diameter: ; from Fiji; Los Angeles County Museum of Art" ], [ "Modern", "Gold and gemstone contemporary jewellery designMale hand with modern silver rings, one with a tribal motive.Most modern commercial jewellery continues traditional forms and styles, but designers such as Georg Jensen have widened the concept of wearable art.", "The advent of new materials, such as plastics, Precious Metal Clay (PMC), and colouring techniques, has led to increased variety in styles.", "Other advances, such as the development of improved pearl harvesting by people such as Mikimoto Kōkichi and the development of improved quality artificial gemstones such as moissanite (a diamond simulant), has placed jewellery within the economic grasp of a much larger segment of the population.The \"jewellery as art\" movement was spearheaded by artisans such as Robert Lee Morris and continued by designers such as Gill Forsbrook in the UK.", "Influence from other cultural forms is also evident.", "One example of this is bling-bling style jewellery, popularised by hip-hop and rap artists in the early 21st century, e.g.", "grills, a type of jewellery worn over the teeth.Indian actress Shraddha Kapoor showcasing modern Indian-style jewelleryThe late 20th century saw the blending of European design with oriental techniques such as Mokume-gane.", "The following are innovations in the decades straddling the year 2000: \"Mokume-gane, hydraulic die forming, anti-clastic raising, fold-forming, reactive metal anodising, shell forms, PMC, photoetching, and use of CAD/CAM.", "\"Also, 3D printing as a production technique gains more and more importance.", "With a great variety of services offering this production method, jewellery design becomes accessible to a growing number of creatives.", "An important advantage of using 3d printing are the relatively low costs for prototypes, small batch series or unique and personalized designs.", "Shapes that are hard or impossible to create by hand can often be realized by 3D printing.", "Popular materials to print include polyamide, steel and wax (latter for further processing).", "Every printable material has its very own constraints that have to be considered while designing the piece of jewellery using 3D modelling software.Artisan jewellery continues to grow as both a hobby and a profession.", "With more than 17 United States periodicals about beading alone, resources, accessibility, and a low initial cost of entry continues to expand production of hand-made adornments.", "Some fine examples of artisan jewellery can be seen at The Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City.The increase in numbers of students choosing to study jewellery design and production in Australia has grown in the past 20 years, and Australia now has a thriving contemporary jewellery community.", "Many of these jewellers have embraced modern materials and techniques, as well as incorporating traditional workmanship.More expansive use of metal to adorn the wearer, where the piece is larger and more elaborate than what would normally be considered jewellery, has come to be referred to by designers and fashion writers as metal couture." ], [ "Masonic", "Types of masonic collar jewelsFreemasons attach jewels to their detachable collars when in Lodge to signify a Brothers Office held with the Lodge.", "For example, the square represents the Master of the Lodge and the dove represents the Deacon." ], [ "Body modification", "Padaung girl in Northern ThailandJewellery used in body modification can be simple and plain or dramatic and extreme.", "The use of simple silver studs, rings, and earrings predominates.", "Common jewellery pieces such as earrings are a form of body modification, as they are accommodated by creating a small hole in the ear.Padaung women in Myanmar place large golden rings around their necks.", "From as early as five years old, girls are introduced to their first neck ring.", "Over the years, more rings are added.", "In addition to the twenty-plus pounds of rings on her neck, a woman will also wear just as many rings on her calves.", "At their extent, some necks modified like this can reach long.", "The practice has health impacts and has in recent years declined from cultural norm to tourist curiosity.", "Tribes related to the Padaung, as well as other cultures throughout the world, use jewellery to stretch their earlobes or enlarge ear piercings.", "In the Americas, labrets have been worn since before first contact by Innu and First Nations peoples of the northwest coast.", "Lip plates have been worn by the African Mursi and Sara people, as well as some South American peoples.In the late twentieth century, the influence of modern primitivism led to many of these practices being incorporated into western subcultures.", "Many of these practices rely on a combination of body modification and decorative objects, thus keeping the distinction between these two types of decoration blurred.In many cultures, jewellery is used as a temporary body modifier; in some cases, with hooks or other objects being placed into the recipient's skin.", "Although this procedure is often carried out by tribal or semi-tribal groups, often acting under a trance during religious ceremonies, this practice has seeped into western culture.", "Many extreme-jewellery shops now cater to people wanting large hooks or spikes set into their skin.", "Most often, these hooks are used in conjunction with pulleys to hoist the recipient into the air.", "This practice is said to give an erotic feeling to the person and some couples have even performed their marriage ceremony whilst being suspended by hooks." ], [ "Jewellery market", "The Oulun Koru jewellery shop at the Kirkkokatu street in Oulu, FinlandAccording to a 2007 KPMG study, the largest jewellery market is the United States with a market share of 31%, Japan, India, China, and the Middle East each with 8–9%, and Italy with 5%.", "The authors of the study predicted a dramatic change in market shares by 2015, where the market share of the United States will have dropped to around 25%, and China and India will increase theirs to over 13%.", "The Trend of buying jewellery online is also increasing day by day, as a result the best quality jewellery can be provided at a cheaper price to any part of India via many online shops.", "The Middle East will remain more or less constant at 9%, whereas Europe's and Japan's market share will be halved and become less than 4% for Japan, and less than 3% for the biggest individual European countries, Italy and the UK." ], [ "See also", "* Bronze and brass ornamental work* Estate jewelry* Heirloom* Gemology* Jewellery cleaning* Jewellery of the Berber cultures* Jewellery Quarter* Jewelry Television* List of jewellery types* List of topics characterized as pseudoscience (healing jewelry)* Live insect jewelry* Suffrage jewellery* Wire sculpture" ], [ "References" ], [ "Further reading", "* Borel, F. 1994.The Splendor of Ethnic Jewelry: from the Colette and Jean-Pierre Ghysels Collection.", "''New York: H.N.", "Abrams'' ().", "* Evans, J.", "1989.A History of Jewellery 1100–1870 ().", "* * Nemet-Nejat, Karen Rhea 1998.Daily Life in Ancient Mesopotamia.", "''Westport, CT: Greenwood Press'' ().", "* Tait, H. 1986.Seven Thousand Years of Jewellery.", "''London: British Museum Publications'' ()." ], [ "External links", "*" ] ]
wikipedia
[ [ "Jan Berglin" ], [ "Introduction", " Jan Berglin in 2011.", "'''Jan Berglin''' (born March 24, 1960) is a Swedish cartoonist who made his debut in the Uppsala student newspaper ''Ergo'' in 1985.After completing his studies, Berglin has been living in Gävle where he works as a teacher of Swedish and religion.", "He published his early strips in the local social democratic newspaper ''Arbetarbladet'', but became known to a wider audience in 1995, when he started to draw for the Stockholm-based but nationally distributed conservative newspaper ''Svenska Dagbladet''.", "His strips have been collected and republished in several albums.Berglin's strips, usually in four panels, tend to find their humour in a sometimes absurd mix of everyday situations and literary and philosophical references or reflections.", "When he was awarded the Alf Henrikson Prize in 2004, the jury's motivation spoke of his renditions of the \"existence of the everyday human between ideals and matter\".In later years Berglin has acknowledged the input of his wife Maria Berglin, an artist and literary critic, within his strips by signing them \"Berglins\"." ], [ "Albums", "* ''Samlade serier'' (\"Collected comics\") (1992)* ''Avanti!", "– Serier för förryckta'' (1995)* ''Mitt i currykrysset – serier mot sekelslutsleda'' (1997)* ''Andra bullar!''", "(1998)* ''Knektöppning – Ess i topp'' (1999)* ''Magnum Berglin: Samlade teckningar 1989-1999'' (\"Collected drawings 1989-1999\") (2001)* ''Lagom Berglin'' (2002)* ''Pytte Berglin'' (2003)* ''Berglinska Tider'' (2004)* ''Berglin nästa'' (2006)* ''Berglins Tolva'' (\"Berglin's Twelfth\") (2007)* ''Berglin den trettonde : samlade teckningar av Jan och Maria Berglin'' (\"Berglin the Thirteenth: drawings by Jan and Maria Berglin\") (2008)* ''Varje dag man inte köper pizza är en seger'' (\"Every day you don't get pizza is a victory\") (2009)* ''Berglin den trettonde'', Kartago 2008 (with Maria Berglin)* ''Någon ser dig när du petar näsan'' Galago, 2010 (with Maria Berglin)* ''Bronto Berglin'', Galago 2011 (with Maria Berglin) (samlade serier 1999–2008)* ''Den speciella & den allmänna vardagsteorin'', Bonnier Fakta, 2012 (with Maria Berglin)* ''Det är den som möter som ska backa'', Wahlström & Widstrand, 2013 (with Maria Berglin)* ''Berglins stora bok om kropp & hälsa'', Wahlström & Widstrand, 2014 (with Maria Berglin)* ''Mitt i rondellen'', Wahlström & Widstrand, 2014 (with Maria Berglin)* ''Det sista rotavdraget'', Wahlström & Widstrand, 2015 (with Maria Berglin)* ''God Jul Luj Dog – samlade julteckningar'', Wahlström & Widstrand, 2015 (with Maria Berglin)* ''Serier från andra våningen'', Wahlström & Widstrand, 2016 (with Maria Berglin)* ''Kaos är granne med Bjällermalms'' Natur och Kultur, 2017 (with Maria Berglin)* ''Nämenvaf…'', Natur och Kultur, 2018 (with Maria Berglin)* ''Nya bokstavskombinationer'', Natur och Kultur, 2019 (with Maria Berglin)* ''Samtidsrysningar'', Natur och Kultur, 2020 (with Maria Berglin)* ''Berglins Guld: De bästa serierna från 2009–2019'', Kartago 2021 (with Maria Berglin)* ''Bland pannben och styrkekramar'', Kartago 2021 (with Maria Berglin)" ], [ "External links", "* Berglin, comic strip, dynamic page on the website of Swedish daily paper ''Svenska Dagbladet''* Jan Berglin, some comic strips by berglin" ] ]
wikipedia
[ [ "Jim Jarmusch" ], [ "Introduction", "'''James Robert Jarmusch''' ( ; born January 22, 1953) is an American film director and screenwriter.", "He has been a major proponent of independent cinema since the 1980s, directing films such as ''Stranger Than Paradise'' (1984), ''Down by Law'' (1986), ''Mystery Train'' (1989), ''Dead Man'' (1995), ''Ghost Dog: The Way of the Samurai'' (1999), ''Coffee and Cigarettes'' (2003), ''Broken Flowers'' (2005), ''Only Lovers Left Alive'' (2013), and ''Paterson'' (2016).", "''Stranger Than Paradise'' was added to the National Film Registry in December 2002.As a musician, he has composed music for his films and released three albums with Jozef van Wissem." ], [ "Early life", "Jarmusch was born in Cuyahoga Falls, Ohio, the second of three children of middle-class suburbanites.", "His mother, of German and Irish descent, was a reviewer of film and theatre for the ''Akron Beacon Journal'' before marrying his father, a businessman of Czech and German descent who worked for the B.F. Goodrich Company.", "She introduced Jarmusch to cinema by leaving him at a local theater to watch matinee double features such as ''Attack of the Crab Monsters'' and ''Creature From the Black Lagoon'' while she ran errands.", "The first adult film he recalls seeing was the 1958 cult classic ''Thunder Road'', the violence and darkness of which left an impression on the seven-year-old Jarmusch.", "Another B-movie influence from his childhood was ''Ghoulardi'', an eccentric Cleveland television show which featured horror films.Jarmusch was an avid reader in his youth and acquired an enthusiasm for film.", "He had an even greater interest in literature which was encouraged by his grandmother.", "Though he refused to attend church with his Episcopalian parents (not liking \"the idea of sitting in a stuffy room wearing a little tie\"), Jarmusch credits literature with shaping his metaphysical beliefs and leading him to reconsider theology in his mid-teens.From his peers he developed a taste for counterculture, and he and his friends would steal the records and books of their older siblings—this included works by William Burroughs, Jack Kerouac, and The Mothers of Invention.", "They made fake identity documents which allowed them to visit bars at the weekend but also the local art house cinema, which typically showed pornographic films but would occasionally feature underground films such as Robert Downey, Sr.'s ''Putney Swope'' and Andy Warhol's ''Chelsea Girls''.", "At one point, he took an apprenticeship with a commercial photographer.", "He later remarked, \"Growing up in Ohio was just planning to get out.", "\"After graduating from high school in 1971, Jarmusch moved to Chicago and enrolled in the Medill School of Journalism at Northwestern University.", "After being asked to leave because he had neglected to take any journalism courses—Jarmusch favored literature and art history—he transferred to Columbia University the following year, with the intention of becoming a poet.", "At Columbia he studied English and American literature under professors including New York School avant garde poets Kenneth Koch and David Shapiro.", "At Columbia, he began to write short \"semi-narrative abstract pieces\" and edited the undergraduate literary journal ''The Columbia Review''.During his final year studying at Columbia, Jarmusch moved to Paris for what was initially a summer semester on an exchange program, but turned into 10 months.", "He worked as a delivery driver for an art gallery and spent most of his time at the Cinémathèque Française.Jarmusch graduated from Columbia University with a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1975.He was broke and working as a musician in New York City after returning from Paris in 1976.He applied on a whim to the graduate film school of New York University's School of the Arts (then under the direction of Hollywood director László Benedek).", "Though he lacked experience in filmmaking, his submission of a collection of photographs and an essay about film secured his acceptance into the program.", "He studied there for four years; he met fellow students and future collaborators Sara Driver, Tom DiCillo, Howard Brookner, and Spike Lee in the process.", "During the late 1970s in New York City, Jarmusch and his contemporaries were part of an alternative culture scene centered on the CBGB music club.In his final year at New York University, Jarmusch worked as an assistant to the film noir director Nicholas Ray, who was at that time teaching in the department.", "In an anecdote, Jarmusch recounted the formative experience of showing his mentor his first script; Ray disapproved of its lack of action, to which Jarmusch responded after meditating on the critique by reworking the script to be even less eventful.", "On Jarmusch's return with the revised script, Ray reacted favourably to his student's dissent, citing approvingly the young student's obstinate independence.", "Jarmusch was the only person Ray brought to work—as his personal assistant—on ''Lightning Over Water'', a documentary about his dying years on which he was collaborating with Wim Wenders.", "Ray died in 1979 after a long fight with cancer.", "A few days afterwards, having been encouraged by Ray and New York underground filmmaker Amos Poe and using scholarship funds given by the Louis B. Mayer Foundation to pay for his school tuition, Jarmusch started work on a film for his final project.", "The university was unimpressed with Jarmusch's use of his funding as well as the project itself and refused to award him a degree." ], [ "Career", "=== 1980s ===Jarmusch's final year university project was completed in 1980 as ''Permanent Vacation'', his first feature film.", "It had its premiere at the International Filmfestival Mannheim-Heidelberg (formerly known as Filmweek Mannheim) and won the Josef von Sternberg Award.", "It was made on a shoestring budget of around $12,000 in misdirected scholarship funds and shot by cinematographer Tom DiCillo on 16 mm film.", "The quasi-autobiographical feature follows an adolescent drifter (Chris Parker) as he wanders around downtown Manhattan.The film was not released theatrically and did not attract the sort of adulation from critics that greeted his later work.", "''The Washington Post'' staff writer Hal Hinson would disparagingly comment in an aside during a review of Jarmusch's ''Mystery Train'' (1989) that in the director's debut, \"the only talent he demonstrated was for collecting egregiously untalented actors\".", "The bleak and unrefined ''Permanent Vacation'' is nevertheless one of the director's most personal films, and established many of the hallmarks he would exhibit in his later work, including derelict urban settings, chance encounters, and a wry sensibility.", "'''''Stranger Than Paradise'' (1984)'''Jarmusch's first major film, ''Stranger Than Paradise'', was produced on a budget of approximately $125,000 and released in 1984 to much critical acclaim.", "A deadpan comedy recounting a strange journey of three disillusioned youths from New York through Cleveland to Florida, the film broke many conventions of traditional Hollywood filmmaking.", "It was awarded the Camera d'Or at the 1984 Cannes Film Festival as well as the 1985 National Society of Film Critics Award for Best Film, and became a landmark work in modern independent film.", "'''''Down by Law'' (1986)'''In 1986, Jarmusch wrote and directed ''Down by Law'', starring musicians John Lurie and Tom Waits, and Italian comic actor Roberto Benigni (his introduction to American audiences) as three convicts who escape from a New Orleans jailhouse.", "Shot like the director's previous efforts in black and white, this constructivist neo-noir was Jarmusch's first collaboration with Dutch cinematographer Robby Müller, who had been known for his work with Wenders.", "'''Further films'''His next two films each experimented with parallel narratives: ''Mystery Train'' (1989) told three successive stories set on the same night in and around a small Memphis hotel, and ''Night on Earth'' (1991) involved five cab drivers and their passengers on rides in five different world cities, beginning at sundown in Los Angeles and ending at sunrise in Helsinki.", "Less bleak and somber than Jarmusch's earlier work, ''Mystery Train'' nevertheless retained the director's askance conception of America.", "He wrote ''Night on Earth'' in about a week, out of frustration at the collapse of the production of another film he had written and the desire to visit and collaborate with friends such as Benigni, Gena Rowlands, Winona Ryder, and Isaach de Bankolé.As a result of his early work, Jarmusch became an influential representative of the trend of the American road movie.", "Not intended to appeal to mainstream filmgoers, these early Jarmusch films were embraced by art house audiences, gaining a small but dedicated American following and cult status in Europe and Japan.", "Each of the four films had its premiere at the New York Film Festival, while ''Mystery Train'' was in competition at the 1989 Cannes Film Festival.", "Jarmusch's distinctive aesthetic and ''auteur'' status fomented a critical backlash at the close of this early period, however; though reviewers praised the charm and adroitness of ''Mystery Train'' and ''Night On Earth'', the director was increasingly charged with repetitiveness and risk-aversion.A film appearance in 1989 as a used car dealer in the cult comedy ''Leningrad Cowboys Go America'' further solidified his interest and participation in the road movie genre.", "In 1991 Jarmusch appeared as himself in Episode One of John Lurie's cult television series ''Fishing With John''.=== 1990s ===Johnny Depp (left) with Jarmusch at the Cannes Film Festival in 1995'''''Dead Man'' (1995)'''In 1995, Jarmusch released ''Dead Man'', a period film set in the 19th century American West starring Johnny Depp and Gary Farmer.", "Produced at a cost of almost $9 million with a high-profile cast including John Hurt, Gabriel Byrne and, in his final role, Robert Mitchum, the film marked a significant departure for the director from his previous features.", "Earnest in tone in comparison to its self-consciously hip and ironic predecessors, ''Dead Man'' was thematically expansive and of an often violent and progressively more surreal character.", "The film was shot in black and white by Robby Müller, and features a score composed and performed by Neil Young, for whom Jarmusch subsequently filmed the tour documentary ''Year of the Horse'', released to tepid reviews in 1997.Though ill-received by mainstream American reviewers, ''Dead Man'' found much favor internationally and among critics, many of whom lauded it as a visionary masterpiece.", "It has been hailed as one of the few films made by a Caucasian that presents an authentic Native American culture and character, and Jarmusch stands by it as such, though it has attracted both praise and castigation for its portrayal of the American West, violence, and especially Native Americans.", "'''''Ghost Dog: The Way of the Samurai'' (1999)'''Following artistic success and critical acclaim in the American independent film community, he achieved mainstream recognition with his far-East philosophical crime film ''Ghost Dog: The Way of the Samurai'' (1999), shot in Jersey City and starring Forest Whitaker as a young inner-city man who has found purpose for his life by unyieldingly conforming it to the ''Hagakure'', an 18th-century philosophy text and training manual for samurai, becoming, as directed, a terrifyingly deadly hit-man for a local mob boss to whom he may owe a debt, and who then betrays him.", "The soundtrack was supplied by RZA of the Wu-Tang Clan, which blends into the director's \"aesthetics of sampling\".", "The film was unique among other things for the number of books important to and discussed by its characters, most of them listed bibliographically as part of the end credits.", "The film is also considered to be a homage to ''Le Samourai'', a 1967 French New Wave film by auteur Jean-Pierre Melville, which starred renowned French actor Alain Delon in a strikingly similar role and narrative.=== 2000s ===A five-year gap followed the release of ''Ghost Dog'', which the director has attributed to a creative crisis he experienced in the aftermath of the September 11 attacks in New York City.", "2004 saw the eventual release of ''Coffee and Cigarettes'', a collection of eleven short films of characters sitting around drinking coffee and smoking cigarettes that had been filmed by Jarmusch over the course of the previous two decades.", "The first vignette, \"Strange to Meet You\", had been shot for and aired on ''Saturday Night Live'' in 1986, and paired Roberto Benigni with comedian Steven Wright.", "This had been followed three years later by \"Twins\", a segment featuring actors Steve Buscemi and Joie and Cinqué Lee, and then in 1993 with the Short Film Palme d'Or-winning \"Somewhere in California\", starring musicians Tom Waits and Iggy Pop.", "'''''Broken Flowers'' (2005)'''He followed ''Coffee and Cigarettes'' in 2005 with ''Broken Flowers'', which starred Bill Murray as an early retiree who goes in search of the mother of his unknown son in attempt to overcome a midlife crisis.", "Following the release of ''Broken Flowers'', Jarmusch signed a deal with Fortissimo Films, whereby the distributor would fund and have \"first-look\" rights to the director's future films, and cover some of the overhead costs of his production company, Exoskeleton.", "The film premiered at the 58th Cannes Film Festival where it competed for the Palme d'Or and received the Grand Prix.", "Film critic Peter Bradshaw for ''The Guardian'' described the film as \"Jarmusch's most enjoyable, accessible work for some time, perhaps his most emotionally generous film...a very attractive piece of film-making, bolstered by terrific performances from an all-star cast, spearheaded by endlessly droll, seductively sensitive Bill Murray.", "\"'''''The Limits of Control'' (2009)'''In 2009, Jarmusch released ''The Limits of Control'', a sparse, meditative crime film set in Spain, it starred Isaach de Bankolé as a lone assassin with a secretive mission.", "A behind-the-scenes documentary, ''Behind Jim Jarmusch'', was filmed over three days on the set of the film in Seville by director Léa Rinaldi.", "In October 2009, Jarmusch appeared as himself in an episode of the HBO series ''Bored to Death'', and the following September, Jarmusch helped to curate the All Tomorrow's Parties music festival in Monticello, New York.=== 2010s ===In an August 2010 interview, Jarmusch revealed his forthcoming work schedule at that time:I'm working on a documentary about the Stooges Iggy Pop-fronted band.", "It's going to take a few years.", "There's no rush on it, but it's something that Iggy asked me to do.", "I'm co-writing an \"opera\".", "It won't be a traditional opera, but it'll be about the inventor Nikola Tesla, with the composer Phil Klein.", "I have a new film project that's really foremost for me that I hope to shoot early next year with Tilda Swinton and Michael Fassbender and Mia Wasikowska, who was Alice in Wonderland in Tim Burton's film.", "I don't have that quite financed yet, so I'm working on that.", "I'm also making music and hoping to maybe score some silent films to put out.", "Our band will have an EP that we'll give out at ATP.", "We have enough music for three EPs or an album.", "'''''Only Lovers Left Alive'' (2013)'''Jarmusch eventually attained funding for the aforementioned film project after a protracted period and, in July 2012, Jarmusch began shooting ''Only Lovers Left Alive'' with Tilda Swinton, Tom Hiddleston (who replaced Fassbender), Mia Wasikowska, Anton Yelchin, and John Hurt, while Jarmusch's musical project Sqürl were the main contributors to the film's soundtrack.", "The film screened at the 2013 Cannes Film Festival and the 2013 Toronto International Film Festival (TIFF), with Jarmusch explaining the seven-year completion time frame at the former: \"The reason it took so long is that no one wanted to give us the money.", "It took years to put it together.", "Its (sic) getting more and more difficult for films that are a little unusual, or not predictable, or don't satisfy people's expectations of something.\"", "The film's budget was US$7 million and its UK release date was February 21, 2014.Adam Driver, Golshifteh Farahani, and Jarmusch at the premiere of ''Paterson'' (2016) at the Cannes Film Festival'''''Paterson'' (2016)'''Jarmusch wrote and directed ''Paterson'' in 2016.The film follows the daily experiences of an inner-city bus driver and poet (Adam Driver) in Paterson, New Jersey, who shares the same name as the city.", "Paterson was inspired by objectivist American poet William Carlos Williams and his epic poem \"Paterson\".", "The film features the wry, minimalist style found in Jarmusch's other works and earned 22 award nominations for Jarmusch, Driver and Nellie, the dog featured in the film.", "The story focuses on Paterson's poetry writing efforts, interspersed with his observations and experiences of the residents he encounters on his bus route and in his daily life.", "Todd McCarthy of ''The Hollywood Reporter'' gave the film a positive review, writing: \"A mild-mannered, almost startlingly undramatic work that offers discreet pleasures to longtime fans of the New York indie-scene veteran, who can always be counted on to go his own way.\"", "Eric Kohn, film critic of ''IndieWire'' wrote that the film was \"an apt statement from Jarmusch, a filmmaker who continues to surprise and innovate while remaining true to his singular voice, and who here seems to have delivered its purest manifestation.", "\"'''''The Dead Don't Die'' (2019)'''Jarmusch wrote and directed his first horror film, the zombie comedy ''The Dead Don't Die'' featuring an ensemble cast which included performances from Bill Murray, Adam Driver, Chloë Sevigny, Steve Buscemi, Tilda Swinton, Carol Kane, and Selena Gomez.", "On June 14, 2019 the film premiered at the 72nd Cannes Film Festival and received mixed reviews.", "The film was distributed by Focus Features.", "Todd McCarthy of ''The Hollywood Reporter'' wrote of the film, \"At times, the deadpan of Murray and Driver becomes, well, a bit deadening, and true wit is in short supply, even though the film remains amusing most of the way.", "\"=== 2020s ===In April 2021, a short film titled ''French Water'' was released.", "Jarmusch directed and wrote it for the Saint Laurent fashion house to celebrate their spring/summer 2021 collection.", "It starred Charlotte Gainsbourg and Julianne Moore among others.In September 2021, Jarmusch published his first work as a collage artist with ''Some Collages''." ], [ "Music", "In the early 1980s, Jarmusch was part of a revolving lineup of musicians in Robin Crutchfield's Dark Day project, and later became the keyboardist and one of two vocalists for The Del-Byzanteens, a No Wave band who released the LP ''Lies to Live By'' in 1982.Jarmusch is also featured on the album ''Wu-Tang Meets the Indie Culture'' (2005) in two interludes described by Sean Fennessy in a Pitchfork review of the album as both \"bizarrely pretentious\" and \"reason alone to give it a listen\".", "Jarmusch and Michel Gondry each contributed a remix to a limited edition release of the track \"Blue Orchid\" by The White Stripes in 2005.He released three collaborative albums with lutist Jozef van Wissem, ''Concerning the Entrance into Eternity'' (Important Records), ''The Mystery of Heaven'' (Sacred Bones Records), in 2012 and the 2019 release ''An Attempt to Draw Aside the Veil'' (Sacred Bones Records).Jarmusch is a member of the avant-garde rock band Sqürl with film associate Carter Logan and sound engineer Shane Stoneback.", "The band formed to create additional soundtrack for Jarmusch's film ''The Limits of Control'', which they released together with two other songs on an EP called \"Film Music from The Limits of Control\" under the name Bad Rabbit.", "Sqürl's version of Wanda Jackson's 1961 song \"Funnel of Love\", featuring Madeline Follin of Cults on vocals, opens Jarmusch's 2014 film ''Only Lovers Left Alive''.", "On March 8, 2023, Sqürl announced its debut album ''Silver Haze'' and released lead single \"Berlin '87\".", "The album was released on May 5 by Sacred Bones Records.Dutch lute composer Jozef van Wissem also collaborated with Jarmusch on the soundtrack of ''Only Lovers Left Alive'', and the pair also plays in a duo.", "Jarmusch first met van Wissem on a street in New York City's SoHo neighborhood in 2007, at which time the lute player handed the director a CD.", "Several months later, Jarmusch asked van Wissem to send his catalog of recordings and the two started playing together as part of their developing friendship.", "Van Wissem explained in early April 2014: \"I know the way Jarmusch makes his films is kind of like a musician.", "He has music in his head when he's writing a script so it's more informed by a tonal thing than it is by anything else.\"" ], [ "As a filmmaker", "In 2014 Jarmusch shunned the \"auteur theory\" and likened the filmmaking process to human sexual reproduction:I put 'A film by' as a protection of my rights, but I don't really believe it.", "It's important for me to have a final cut, and I do for every film.", "So I'm in the editing room every day, I'm the navigator of the ship, but I'm not the captain, I can't do it without everyone's equally valuable input.", "For me it's phases where I'm very solitary, writing, and then I'm preparing, getting the money, and then I'm with the crew and on a ship and it's amazing and exhausting and exhilarating, and then I'm alone with the editor again...", "I've said it before, it's like seduction, wild sex, and then pregnancy in the editing room.", "That's how it feels for me.Jarmusch recorded a Q & A in 2010 for the Criterion Blu-ray release of ''Mystery Train''.", "He explained at the beginning that he did this, instead of the usual practice of a director's commentary to be played over the film itself, because \"I don't like looking at my films again--it's agony to me.", "\"===Style===Jarmusch has been characterized as a minimalist filmmaker whose idiosyncratic films are unhurried.", "His films often eschew traditional narrative structure, lacking clear plot progression and focus more on mood and character development.", "In an interview early in his career, he stated that his goal was \"to approximate real time for the audience.", "\"His early work is marked by a brooding, contemplative tone, featuring extended silent scenes and prolonged still shots.", "He has experimented with a vignette format in three films that were either released, or begun around, the early 1990s: ''Mystery Train,'' ''Night on Earth'' and ''Coffee and Cigarettes''.", "''The Salt Lake Tribune'' critic Sean P. Means wrote that Jarmusch blends \"film styles and genres with sharp wit and dark humor\", while his style is also defined by a signature deadpan comedic tone.The protagonists of Jarmusch's films are usually lone adventurers.", "The director's male characters have been described by critic Jennie Yabroff as \"three time losers, petty thiefs and inept con men, all... eminently likeable, if not down right charming\"; while novelist Paul Auster described them as \"laconic, withdrawn, sorrowful mumblers\".Jarmusch has revealed that his instinct is a greater influence during the filmmaking process than any cognitive processes.", "He explained: \"I feel like I have to listen to the film and let it tell me what it wants.", "Sometimes it mumbles and it isn't very clear.\"", "Films such as ''Dead Man'' and ''Limits of Control'' have polarized fans and general viewers alike, as Jarmusch's stylistic instinct is embedded in his strong sense of independence.===Themes===Jarmusch at the 2005 Cannes Film FestivalThough his films are predominantly set in the United States, Jarmusch has advanced the notion that he looks at America \"through a foreigner's eyes\", with the intention of creating a form of world cinema that synthesizes European and Japanese film with that of Hollywood.", "His films have often included foreign actors and characters, and (at times substantial) non-English dialogue.", "In his two later-nineties films, he dwelt on different cultures' experiences of violence, and on textual appropriations between cultures: a wandering Native American's love of William Blake, a black hitman's passionate devotion to the ''Hagakure''.", "The interaction and syntheses between different cultures, the arbitrariness of national identity, and irreverence towards ethnocentric, patriotic or nationalistic sentiment are recurring themes in Jarmusch's work.Jarmusch's fascination with music is another characteristic that is readily apparent in his work.", "Musicians appear frequently in key roles—John Lurie, Tom Waits, Gary Farmer, Youki Kudoh, RZA and Iggy Pop have featured in multiple Jarmusch films, while Joe Strummer and Screamin' Jay Hawkins appear in ''Mystery Train'' and GZA, Jack and Meg White feature in ''Coffee and Cigarettes''.", "Hawkins' song \"I Put a Spell on You\" was central to the plot of ''Stranger than Paradise'', while ''Mystery Train'' is inspired by and named after a song popularized by Elvis Presley, who is also the subject of a vignette in ''Coffee and Cigarettes''.", "In the words of critic Vincent Canby, \"Jarmusch's movies have the tempo and rhythm of blues and jazz, even in their use—or omission—of language.", "His films work on the senses much the way that some music does, unheard until it's too late to get it out of one's head.", "\"During a 1989 interview Jarmusch commented on his narrative focus, \"I'd rather make a movie about a guy walking his dog than about the emperor of China.\"" ], [ "Filmography", "+Directed features Year Title Distribution 1980 ''Permanent Vacation'' Cinesthesia1984 ''Stranger Than Paradise'' The Samuel Goldwyn Company1986 ''Down by Law'' Island Pictures1989 ''Mystery Train'' Orion Classics1991 ''Night on Earth'' Fine Line Features1995 ''Dead Man'' Miramax Films1999 ''Ghost Dog: The Way of the Samurai'' Artisan Entertainment2003 ''Coffee and Cigarettes'' Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer2005 ''Broken Flowers'' Focus Features2009 ''The Limits of Control'' 2013 ''Only Lovers Left Alive'' Sony Pictures Classics 2016 ''Paterson'' Amazon Studios / Bleecker Street 2019 ''The Dead Don't Die'' Focus FeaturesTBA ''Father, Mother, Sister, Brother'' TBA" ], [ "Awards and legacy", "In 1980, Jarmusch's film ''Permanent Vacation'' won the Josef von Sternberg Award at the International Filmfestival Mannheim-Heidelberg.", "In 1999, he was laureate of the Douglas Sirk Preis at Filmfest Hamburg, Germany.", "In 1984, he won the Caméra d'Or at Cannes Film Festival for ''Stranger Than Paradise''.", "In 2004, Jarmusch was honored with the \"Filmmaker on the Edge Award\" at the Provincetown International Film Festival.", "In 2005, he won the Grand Prix of the 2005 Cannes Film Festival for his film ''Broken Flowers''.Jarmusch is credited with having instigated the American independent film movement with ''Stranger Than Paradise''.", "In her description of the film in a 2005 profile of the director for ''The New York Times'', critic Lynn Hirschberg declared that ''Stranger than Paradise'' \"permanently upended the idea of independent film as an intrinsically inaccessible avant-garde form\".", "The success of the film accorded the director a certain iconic status within arthouse cinema, as an idiosyncratic and uncompromising auteur, exuding the aura of urban cool embodied by downtown Manhattan.", "Such perceptions were reinforced by the release of his subsequent features in the late 1980s, establishing him as one of the generation's most prominent and influential independent filmmakers.New York critic and festival director Kent Jones undermined the \"urban cool\" association that Jarmusch has garnered and was quoted in a February 2014 media article, following the release of his eleventh feature film:There's been an overemphasis on the hipness factor—and a lack of emphasis on his incredible attachment to the idea of celebrating poetry and culture.", "You can complain about the preciousness of a lot of his movies, but they are unapologetically standing up for poetry.", "His attitude is 'if you want to call me an elitist, go ahead, I don't care'.Jarmusch's staunch independence has been represented by his success in retaining the negatives for all of his films, an achievement that was described by the ''Guardian'''s Jonathan Romney as \"extremely rare.\"", "British producer Jeremy Thomas, who was one of the eventual financiers of ''Only Lovers Left Alive'' called Jarmusch \"one of the great American independent film-makers\" who is \"the last of the line.\"", "Thomas believes that filmmakers like Jarmusch \"are not coming through... any more.", "\"In a 1989 review of his work, Vincent Canby of ''The New York Times'' called Jarmusch \"the most adventurous and arresting film maker to surface in the American cinema in this decade\".", "He was recognized with the \"Filmmaker on the Edge\" award at the 2004 Provincetown International Film Festival.", "A retrospective of the director's films was hosted at the Walker Art Center in Minneapolis, Minnesota, during February 1994, and another, \"The Sad and Beautiful World of Jim Jarmusch\", by the American Film Institute in August 2005.While Swinton, who has worked with Jarmusch on numerous occasions, describes him as a \"rock star\", the director admits that \"I don't know where I fit in.", "I don't feel tied to my time.\"", "Dutch lute player Jozef van Wissem, who worked on the score for ''Only Lovers Left Alive'' calls Jarmusch a \"cultural sponge\" who \"absorbs everything.", "\"The moving image collection of Jim Jarmusch is held at the Academy Film Archive." ], [ "Personal life", "Jarmusch at punk club CBGB in New York City in November 2003Jarmusch rarely discusses his personal life in public.", "He divides his time between New York City and the Catskill Mountains.", "He stopped drinking coffee in 1986, the year of the first installment of ''Coffee and Cigarettes'', although he continues to smoke cigarettes.", "He has been a vegetarian since 1987.The author of a series of essays on influential bands, Jarmusch has also had at least two poems published.", "He is a founding member of The Sons of Lee Marvin, a humorous \"semi-secret society\" of artists resembling the iconic actor, which issues communiqués and meets on occasion for the ostensible purpose of watching Marvin's films.In a February 2014 interview Jarmusch stated that he is not interested in eternal life, as \"there's something about the cycle of life that's very important, and to have that removed would be a burden\"." ], [ "Frequent collaborators", "Markings of an '''a''' indicated collaborators who '''acted''' in a film, '''c''' indicated that they '''composed''' music for the film.", "Sara Driver '''a''' '''a''' '''a''' John Lurie '''a'''/'''c''' '''a'''/'''c''' '''a'''/'''c''' '''c''' Rockets Redglare '''a''' '''a''' '''a''' Tom Waits '''a''' '''a''' '''c''' '''a''' '''a''' Roberto Benigni '''a''' '''a''' '''a''' Steve Buscemi '''a''' '''a''' '''a''' '''a''' Isaach de Bankolé '''a''' '''a''' '''a''' '''a''' John Hurt '''a''' '''a''' '''a''' Iggy Pop '''a''' '''a''' '''a''' RZA '''a'''/'''c''' '''a''' '''a''' Bill Murray '''a''' '''a''' '''a''' '''a''' Tilda Swinton '''a''' '''a''' '''a''' '''a''' Adam Driver '''a''' '''a''' Cinqu'''é Lee''''''a''''''a'''" ], [ "Discography", ";Studio albums* ''Concerning the Entrance into Eternity'' (Important Records, 2012) (with Jozef van Wissem)* ''The Mystery of Heaven'' (Sacred Bones Records, 2012) (with Jozef van Wissem)* ''An Attempt to Draw Aside the Veil ''(Sacred Bones Records, 2019) (with Jozef van Wissem)* ''Ranaldo Jarmusch Urselli Pandi ''(Trost, 2019) (with Lee Ranaldo, Marc Urselli, Balazs Pandi)* ''Churning of the Ocean ''(Trost, 2021) (with Lee Ranaldo, Marc Urselli, Balazs Pandi)* ''Silver Haze'' (Sacred Bones, 2023) (as Squrl);Soundtracks* ''Only Lovers Left Alive'' (ATP Recordings, 2013) (as Sqürl, with Jozef van Wissem)* '' Paterson'' (Third Man Records, 2017) (as Sqürl)* ''The Dead Don't Die ''(Sacred Bones Records, 2019) (as Sqürl)* ''Some Music for Robby Müller'' (Soundtrack ''Living the Light''—documentary) (Sacred Bones Records, 2020) (as Sqürl);EPs* ''EP #1'' (ATP Recordings, 2013) (as Sqürl)* ''EP #2'' (ATP Recordings, 2013) (as Sqürl)* ''EP #3'' (ATP Recordings, 2014) (as Sqürl)* ''EP #260'' (Sacred Bones Records, 2017) (as Sqürl)'''Live albums'''* ''Sqürl Live at Third Man Records'' (12\" vinyl, A Third Man Records, 2016) (as Sqürl);Guest appearances* Jozef van Wissem—\"Concerning the Beautiful Human Form After Death\" from ''The Joy That Never Ends'' (2011)* Fucked Up—\"Year of the Tiger\" (2012);Remixes* The White Stripes—\"Blue Orchid\" (First Nations Remix) (2005)" ], [ "See also", "* No Wave Cinema" ], [ "References", "'''Other sources'''* * Gonzalez, Éric, \" Jim Jarmusch's Aesthetics of Sampling in Ghost Dog–The Way of the Samurai\", ''Volume!", "'', vol.", "3, n° 2, Nantes: Éditions Mélanie Seteun, 2004, pp. 109–21.", "* * Ródenas, Gabri (2009), ''Guía para ver y analizar'' Noche en la Tierra ''de Jim Jarmusch'', Barcelona/Valencia: Octaedro/Nau Llibres.", "/978-84-7642-776-7* Ródenas, Gabri (2009), \"Jarmusch y Carver: Se ha roto el frigorífico\" in Fernández, P.", "(Ed.", "), ''Rompiendo moldes: Discursos, género e hibridación en el siglo XXI''.", "Zamora/Sevilla: Editorial Comunicación Social; .", "Available at Google Books.", "* Ródenas, Gabri (2009), \"Jarmusch Vs Reagan\" in ''Revista Odisea''.", "Almería: University of Almería.", "December 2009..* Ródenas, Gabri (2010), \"Jim Jarmusch: Del insomnio americano al insomnio universal\", in ''Comunicación y sociedad'', Navarra: University of Navarra, June 2010; .", "* Ródenas, Gabri (2011), ''Jim Jarmusch: Lecturas sobre el insomnio americano (1980–1991)'', Spain/Germany: –\tEditorial Académica Española – LAP Lambert Academic Publishing GmbH & Co. KG; .", "* Mentana, Umberto (2016), ''Il cinema di Jim Jarmusch.", "Una filmografia per un'analisi della cultura e del cinema postmoderno'', Aracne Editrice;" ], [ "Further reading", "* * * Rice, Julian.", "(2012).", "''The Jarmusch Way: Spirituality and Imagination in'' Dead Man, Ghost Dog, ''and'' The Limits of Control.", "Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press.", "(hardcover); (ebook).", "* * Jarmusch, Jim (2021).", "''Some Collages''.", "Brooklyn, NY: Anthology Editions.", "264 pp.", "ISBN 978-1-944860-42-4" ], [ "External links", "* * * * Jim Jarmusch at the ''Senses of Cinema'' Great Directors critical database* The Jim Jarmusch Resource Page, curated by Jarmusch scholar Ludvig Hertzberg** Limited Control , Hertzberg's companion blog* It's a sad and beautiful world* The films of Jim Jarmusch, ''Hell Is For Hyphenates'', May 31, 2014" ] ]
wikipedia
[ [ "Johannes Gutenberg" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Johannes Gensfleisch zur Laden zum Gutenberg''' ( – 3 February 1468) was a German inventor and craftsman who introduced letterpress printing to Europe with his movable-type printing press.", "Though movable type was already in use in East Asia, Gutenberg invented the printing press, which later spread across the world.", "His work led to an information revolution and the unprecedented mass-spread of literature throughout Europe.", "It had a profound impact on the development of the Renaissance, Reformation, and humanist movements.His many contributions to printing include the invention of a process for mass-producing movable type; the use of oil-based ink for printing books; adjustable molds; mechanical movable type; and the invention of a wooden printing press similar to the agricultural screw presses of the period.", "Gutenberg's method for making type is traditionally considered to have included a type metal alloy and a hand mould for casting type.", "The alloy was a mixture of lead, tin, and antimony that melted at a relatively low temperature for faster and more economical casting, cast well, and created a durable type.", "His major work, the Gutenberg Bible, was the first printed version of the Bible and has been acclaimed for its high aesthetic and technical quality.Gutenberg is often cited as among the most influential figures in human history and has been commemorated around the world.", "To celebrate the 500th anniversary of his birth in 1900, the Gutenberg Museum was founded in his hometown of Mainz.", "In 1997, Time Life magazine picked Gutenberg's invention as the most important of the second millennium." ], [ "Life and career", "===Early life===Coat of arms of the Gensfleisch family, from the ''Register of Fiefs of Frederick I'' (1461)Johannes Gutenberg was born in Mainz (in modern-day Germany), a wealthy city along the Rhine, between the 14th and 15th centuries.", "His exact year of birth is unknown; on the basis of a later document indicating that he came of age by 1420, scholarly estimates have ranged from 1393 to 1406.The year 1400 is commonly assigned to Gutenberg, \"for the sake of convenience\".", "Tradition also holds his birthdate to be on the feast day of Saint John the Baptist, 24 June, since children of the time were often named after their birthday's patron saint.", "There is no verification for this assumption, since the name \"Johannes\"—and variants such as \"Johann\", \"Henne\", \"Hengin\" and \"Henchen\"—was widely popular at the time.", "In full, Johannes Gutenberg's name was 'Johannes Gensfleisch zur Laden zum Gutenberg', with \"Laden\" and \"Gutenberg\" being adopted from the family's residences in Mainz.", "The latter refers to the ''Hof zum Gutenberg'', a large and now destroyed Gothic-style residence inherited by Gutenberg's father.", "Gutenberg probably spent his earliest years at the manor, which existed beside St. Christoph's.His father Friele Gensfleisch zur Laden was a patrician and merchant, likely in the cloth trade.", "Friele later served among the \"master of the accounts\" for the city and was a (), a part of the mint's companionship.", "In 1386 Friele married his second wife, Else Wyrich, the daughter of a shopkeeper; Johannes was probably the youngest of the couple's three children, after his brother Friele ( ) and sister Else ( ).", "Scholars commonly assume that the marriage of Friele to Else, who was not of patrician lineage, complicated Gutenberg's future.", "Because of his mother's commoner status, Gutenberg would never be able to succeed his father at the mint; according to the historian this disconnect may have disillusioned him from high society and encouraged his unusual career as an inventor.The patrician () class of Mainz—the Gutenbergs included—held a privileged socioeconomic status, and their efforts to preserve this put them into frequent conflict with the younger generations of guild () craftsmen.", "A particularly violent conflict arose in February 1411 amid an election dispute, and at least 117 patricians fled the conflict in August.", "Friele left, presumably with the Gutenberg family, and probably stayed in the nearby Eltville since Else had inhered a house on the town walls there.", "The archbishop mediated a peace between the rival parties, allowing the family to return to Mainz later that Autumn.", "The situation remained unstable and the rise of hunger riots forced the Gutenberg family to leave in January 1413 for Eltville.===Education===No documents survive concerning Gutenberg's childhood or youth.", "The biographer remarked that \"most books on Gutenberg pass over this period with the remark that not a single fact is known\".", "As the son of a patrician, education in reading and arithmetic would have been expected.", "A knowledge of Latin—a prerequisite for universities—is also probable, though it is unknown whether he attended a Mainz parish school, was educated in Eltville or had a private tutor.", "Gutenberg may have initially pursued a religious career, as was common with the youngest sons of patricians, since the proximity of many churches and monasteries made it a safe prospect.", "It has been speculated that he attended the south of Mainz (near ), as he would later join their brotherhood.", "It was the site of a well-regarded school and his family had connections there, though his actual attendance remains speculative.He is assumed to have studied at the University of Erfurt, where there is a record of the enrollment of a student called Johannes de Altavilla in 1418—Altavilla is the Latin form of Eltville am Rhein.Nothing is now known of Gutenberg's life for the next fifteen years, but in March 1434, a letter by him indicates that he was living in Strasbourg, where he had some relatives on his mother's side.", "He also appears to have been a goldsmith member enrolled in the Strasbourg militia.", "In 1437, there is evidence that he was instructing a wealthy tradesman on polishing gems, but where he had acquired this knowledge is unknown.", "In 1436/37 his name also comes up in court in connection with a broken promise of marriage to a woman from Strasbourg, Ennelin.", "Whether the marriage actually took place is not recorded.", "Following his father's death in 1419, he is mentioned in the inheritance proceedings.===Printing press===Around 1439, Gutenberg was involved in a financial misadventure making polished metal mirrors (which were believed to capture holy light from religious relics) for sale to pilgrims to Aachen: in 1439 the city was planning to exhibit its collection of relics from Emperor Charlemagne but the event was delayed by one year due to a severe flood and the capital already spent could not be repaid.", "Until at least 1444 Gutenberg lived in Strasbourg, most likely in the St. Arbogast parish.", "It was in Strasbourg in 1440 that he is said to have perfected and unveiled the secret of printing based on his research, mysteriously entitled ''Aventur und Kunst'' (enterprise and art).", "It is not clear what work he was engaged in, or whether some early trials with printing from movable type were conducted there.", "After this, there is a gap of four years in the record.", "In 1448, he was back in Mainz, where he took out a loan from his brother-in-law Arnold Gelthus, possibly for a printing press or related paraphernalia.", "By this date, Gutenberg may have been familiar with intaglio printing; it is claimed that he had worked on copper engravings with an artist known as the Master of Playing Cards.By 1450, the press was in operation, and a German poem had been printed, possibly the first item to be printed there.", "Gutenberg was able to convince the wealthy moneylender Johann Fust for a loan of 800 guilders.", "Peter Schöffer, who became Fust's son-in-law, also joined the enterprise.", "Schöffer had worked as a scribe in Paris and is believed to have designed some of the first typefaces.Gutenberg's workshop was set up at Humbrechthof, a property belonging to a distant relative.", "It is not clear when Gutenberg conceived the Bible project, but for this, he borrowed another 800 guilders from Fust, and work commenced in 1452.At the same time, the press was also printing other, more lucrative texts (possibly Latin grammars).", "There is also some speculation that there were two presses: one for the pedestrian texts and one for the Bible.", "One of the profit-making enterprises of the new press was the printing of thousands of indulgences for the church, documented from 1454 to 1455.In 1455, Gutenberg completed his ''42-line Bible'', known as the Gutenberg Bible.", "About 180 copies were printed, three quarters on paper, and the rest on vellum.=== Court case ===A 16th-century copper engraving depiction of GutenbergSome time in 1456, there was a dispute between Gutenberg and Fust, in which Fust demanded his money back, and accused Gutenberg of misusing the funds.", "Gutenberg's two rounds of financing from Fust, totaling 1,600 guilders at 6% interest, now amounted to 2,026 guilders.", "Fust sued at the archbishop's court.", "A legal document, from November 1455, records that there was a partnership for a \"project of the books,\" the funds for which Gutenberg had used for other purposes, according to Fust.", "The court decided in favor of Fust, giving him control over the Bible printing workshop.Thus, Gutenberg was effectively bankrupt, but it appears he retained, or restarted, a printing shop and participated in the printing of a Bible in the town of Bamberg around 1459, for which he seems at least to have supplied the type.", "But since his printed books never carry his name or a date, it is difficult to be certain.", "It is possible the large ''Catholicon'' dictionary, printed in Mainz in 1460 or later, was executed in his workshop, but there has been considerable scholarly debate.Meanwhile, the Fust–Schöffer shop was the first in Europe to bring out a book with the printer's name and date, the ''Mainz Psalter'' of August 1457, and while proclaiming the mechanical process by which it had been produced, it made no mention of Gutenberg.=== Later life ===In 1462, during the devastating Mainz Diocesan Feud, Mainz was sacked by Archbishop Adolph von Nassau.", "On 18 January 1465, Gutenberg's achievements were recognized by Archbishop von Nassau.", "He was given the title ''Hofmann'' (gentleman of the court).", "This honor included a stipend and an annual court outfit, as well as 2,180 litres of grain and 2,000 litres of wine tax-free.Gutenberg died in 1468 and was buried likely as a tertiary in the Franciscan church at Mainz.", "This church and the cemetery were later destroyed, and Gutenberg's grave is now lost.In 1504, he was mentioned as the inventor of typography in a book by Professor Ivo Wittig.", "It was not until 1567 that the first portrait of Gutenberg, almost certainly an imaginary reconstruction, appeared in Heinrich Pantaleon's biography of famous Germans." ], [ "Printing", "===Printing method===An early wooden printing press, depicted in 1568.Such presses could produce up to 240 impressions per hour.Gutenberg's early printing process, and what texts he printed with movable type, are not known in great detail.", "His later Bibles were printed in such a way as to have required large quantities of type, some estimates suggesting as many as 100,000 individual sorts.", "Setting each page would take, perhaps, half a day, and considering all the work in loading the press, inking the type, pulling the impressions, hanging up the sheets, distributing the type etc., the Gutenberg–Fust shop may have employed many craftsmen.Gutenberg's technique of making movable type remains unclear.", "In the following decades, punches and copper matrices became standardized in the rapidly disseminating printing presses across Europe.", "Whether Gutenberg used this sophisticated technique or a somewhat primitive version has been the subject of considerable debate.In the standard process of making type, a hard metal punch (made by punchcutting, with the letter carved back to front) is hammered into a softer copper bar, creating a ''matrix''.", "This is then placed into a hand-held mould and a piece of type, or \"sort\", is cast by filling the mould with molten type-metal; this cools almost at once, and the resulting piece of type can be removed from the mould.", "The matrix can be reused to create hundreds, or thousands, of identical sorts so that the same character appearing anywhere within the book will appear very uniform, giving rise, over time, to the development of distinct styles of typefaces or fonts.", "After casting, the sorts are arranged into type cases, and used to make up pages which are inked and printed, a procedure which can be repeated hundreds, or thousands, of times.", "The sorts can be reused in any combination, earning the process the name of \"movable type\".The invention of the making of types with punch, matrix and mold has been widely attributed to Gutenberg.", "However, recent evidence suggests that Gutenberg's process was somewhat different.", "If he used the punch and matrix approach, all his letters should have been nearly identical, with some variation due to miscasting and inking.", "However, the type used in Gutenberg's earliest work shows other variations.European output of books printed with movable types from Gutenberg to 1800In 2001, the physicist Blaise Agüera y Arcas and Princeton librarian Paul Needham, used digital scans of a Papal bull in the Scheide Library, Princeton, to carefully compare the same letters (types) appearing in different parts of the printed text.", "Gutenberg's type had irregularities, particularly in simple characters like the hyphen.", "These variations could not have been caused by ink smears or wear on the metal pieces.", "Detailed image analysis suggests the variations could not have come from the same matrix.", "Examination of transmitted light pictures of the page revealed substructures, in the type, that could not have been made using traditional punchcutting techniques.Based on these observations, researchers hypothesized that Gutenberg's method involved impressing simple shapes in a \"cuneiform\" style onto a matrix made of a soft material, such as sand.", "Casting the type would then destroy the mold, necessitating the recreation of the matrix for each additional sort.", "This hypothesis could potentially explain both the variations in the type and the substructures observed in the printed images.Thus, they speculated that \"the decisive factor for the birth of typography\", the use of reusable moulds for casting type, was a more progressive process than was previously thought.", "They suggested that the additional step of using the punch to create a mould that could be reused many times was not taken until twenty years later, in the 1470s.", "Others have not accepted some or all of their suggestions, and have interpreted the evidence in other ways, and the truth of the matter remains uncertain.A 1568 book ''Batavia'' by Hadrianus Junius from Holland claims the idea of the movable type came to Gutenberg from Laurens Janszoon Coster via Fust, who was apprenticed to Coster in the 1430s and may have brought some of his equipment from Haarlem to Mainz.", "While Coster appears to have experimented with moulds and castable metal type, there is no evidence that he had actually printed anything with this technology.", "He was an inventor and a goldsmith.", "However, there is one indirect supporter of the claim that Coster might be the inventor.", "The author of the ''Cologne Chronicle of 1499'' quotes Ulrich Zell, the first printer of Cologne, that printing was performed in Mainz in 1450, but that some type of printing of lower quality had previously occurred in the Netherlands.", "However, the chronicle does not mention the name of Coster, while it actually credits Gutenberg as the \"first inventor of printing\" in the very same passage (fol.", "312).", "The first securely dated book by Dutch printers is from 1471, and the Coster connection is today regarded as a mere legend.The 19th-century printer and typefounder Fournier Le Jeune suggested that Gutenberg was not using type cast with a reusable matrix, but wooden types that were carved individually.", "A similar suggestion was made by Nash in 2004.=== Printed books ===The ''Gutenberg Bible'', now housed at the Library of Congress in Washington, D.C.Between 1450-55, Gutenberg printed several texts, some of which remain unidentified; his texts did not bear the printer's name or date, so attribution is possible only from typographical evidence and external references.", "Certainly church documents including a papal letter and two indulgences were printed, one of which was issued in Mainz.", "In view of the value of printing in quantity, seven editions in two styles were ordered, resulting in several thousand copies being printed.", "Some printed editions of ''Ars Minor'', a schoolbook on Latin grammar by Aelius Donatus, may have been printed by Gutenberg; these have been dated either 1451–52, or 1455.In 1455, Gutenberg completed copies of a well-executed folio Bible (''Biblia Sacra''), with 42 lines on each page.", "Copies sold for 30 florins each, roughly three years' wages for a clerk.", "Nonetheless, it was much cheaper than a manuscript Bible that could take a single scribe over a year to prepare.", "After printing, some copies were rubricated or hand-illuminated in the same elegant way as manuscript Bibles from the same period.48 substantially complete copies are known to survive, including two at the British Library that can be viewed and compared online.", "The text lacks modern features such as page numbers, indentations, and paragraph breaks.An undated 36-line edition of the Bible was printed, probably in Bamberg in 1458–60, possibly by Gutenberg.", "A large part of it was shown to have been set from a copy of Gutenberg's Bible, thus disproving earlier speculation that it was the earlier of the two." ], [ "Legacy", "===Influence===Gutenberg's invention had an enormous impact on subsequent human history, both on cultural and social matters.", "His design directly impacted the mass spread of books across Europe, causing an information revolution.", "As a result, Venzke describes the inauguration of the Renaissance, Reformation and humanist movement as \"unthinkable\" without Gutenberg's influence.", "Described as \"one of the most recognized names in the world\", a team of US journalists voted Gutenberg as the \"man of the millennium\" in 1999.Similarly, in 1999 the A&E Network ranked Gutenberg the No.", "1 most influential person of the second millennium on their \"Biographies of the Millennium\" countdown, while ''Time–Life'' magazine picked Gutenberg's invention as the most important of the second millennium in 1997.The scholar of paper history, Thomas Francis Carter, drew parallels between Cai Lun, the traditional inventor of paper during the Eastern Han dynasty, and Gutenberg, calling them \"spiritual father and son\" respectively.", "In his 1978 book, ''The 100: A Ranking of the Most Influential Persons in History'', Michael H. Hart ranked him 8th, below Cai but above figures such as Christopher Columbus, Albert Einstein and Charles Darwin.The capital of printing in Europe shifted to Venice, where printers like Aldus Manutius ensured widespread availability of the major Greek and Latin texts.", "The claims of an Italian origin for movable type have focused on this rapid rise of Italy in movable-type printing.", "This may perhaps be explained by the prior eminence of Italy in the paper and printing trade.", "Italy's economy was growing rapidly at the time, facilitating the spread of literacy.", "Christopher Columbus had a geography book printed with movable type, bought by his father; it is now in the Biblioteca Colombina in Seville.", "Finally, the city of Mainz was sacked in 1462, driving many printers into exile.", "\"Modern Book Printing\" − a Berlin sculpture commemorating its inventor GutenbergPrinting was also a factor in the Reformation.", "Martin Luther's ''Ninety-five Theses'' were printed and circulated widely; subsequently he issued broadsheets outlining his anti-indulgences position (certificates of indulgences were one of the first items Gutenberg had printed).", "Due to this, Gutenberg would also be viewed as a proto-Protestant.", "The broadsheet contributed to the development of the newspaper.===Memorials and monuments===There are many statues of Gutenberg in Germany, including one by Bertel Thorvaldsen (1837) at Gutenbergplatz in Mainz, home to the eponymous Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz and Gutenberg Museum on the history of early printing.", "The latter publishes the ''Gutenberg-Jahrbuch'', the leading periodical in the history of printing, and the book.In 1952, the United States Postal Service issued a five hundredth anniversary stamp commemorating Johannes Gutenberg invention of the movable-type printing press.", "In space, he is commemorated in the name of the asteroid 777 Gutemberga.", "Two operas based on Gutenberg are ''G, Being the Confession and Last Testament of Johannes Gensfleisch, also known as Gutenberg, Master Printer, formerly of Strasbourg and Mainz'', from 2001, with music by Gavin Bryars; and ''La Nuit de Gutenberg'', with music by Philippe Manoury, premiered in 2011 in Strasbourg.", "Project Gutenberg, the oldest digital library, commemorates Gutenberg's name.", "The Mainz Johannisnacht (St. John's Night), has commemorated Gutenberg in his native city since 1968." ], [ "References", "===Notes======Citations====== Sources ===* * * * * * ** * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *" ], [ "Further reading", "* * * * * * * * * * *" ], [ "External links", "* Gutenberg-Museum Mainz, Germany – English homepage* Gutenberg Bible at the British Library" ] ]
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[ [ "Jacques Mayol" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Jacques Mayol''' (1 April 1927 – 22 December 2001) was a French diver and the holder of many world records in free diving.", "The 1988 film ''The Big Blue'', directed by Luc Besson, was inspired by his life story and that of his friend, Enzo Maiorca.", "Mayol was one of the screenwriters and authored the book ''Homo Delphinus: the Dolphin Within Man'' of his philosophy about the aquatic origins of humans." ], [ "Early life", "Jacques Mayol was a French national born in Shanghai, China.", "Mayol spent his summer holidays in Karatsu (Japan) every year as a child.", "When he was 7, he would skin dive with his older brother in seas around Nanatsugama (:ja:七つ釜)(Karatsu, Japan), where he saw a dolphin for the first time.", "Mayol described the fateful encounter in his book, \"Homo Delphinus: The Dolphin Within Man\"." ], [ "Career", "On 23 November 1976, at 49, he became the first free diver to descend to , and when he was 56 he managed to descend to .", "During the scientific research phase of his career, Mayol tried to answer the question of whether man had a hidden aquatic potential that could be evoked by rigorous physiological and psychological training.Mayol's lifelong passion for diving was based on his love for the ocean, his personal philosophy, and his desire to explore his own limits.", "During his lifetime, he helped introduce the then-elitist sport of free-diving into the mainstream.", "His diving philosophy was to reach a state of mind based on relaxation and yoga breathing, with which he could accomplish apnea.", "He also contributed to technological advances in the field of free-diving, particularly improving assemblies used by no-limits divers.", "He was also instrumental in the development of scuba diving's octopus regulator, which was invented by Dave Woodward at UNEXSO in 1965 or 1966.Woodward believed that having safety divers carry two second stages would be a safer and more practical approach than buddy breathing in the event of an emergency.Mayol was already an experienced free diver when he met the Sicilian Enzo Maiorca, who was the first person to dive below .", "Mayol reached depth.", "A friendship, as well as rivalry, between the two men ensued.", "Their most famous records were set in the no-limits category, in which divers are permitted to use weighted sleds to descend and air balloons for a speedy ascent.", "Between 1966 and 1983, Mayol was the no-limits world champion eight times.", "In 1981 he set a world record of in the constant weight discipline, using fins.", "In 1976, Mayol broke the barrier with a no-limits dive off Elba, Italy.", "Tests showed that during this dive his heart beat decreased from 60 to 27 beats/min, an aspect of the mammalian diving reflex, a reflex more evident in whales, seals, and dolphins.", "Mayol's last deep dive followed in 1983 when he reached the depth of , at the age of 56." ], [ "Dolphins", "Mayol's fascination with dolphins started in 1955 when he was working as a commercial diver at an aquarium in Miami, Florida.", "There he met a female dolphin called Clown and formed a close bond with her.", "Imitating Clown, he learned how to hold his breath longer and how to behave and integrate himself underwater.", "It is the dolphins that became the foundation of Mayol's life philosophy of \"Homo Delphinus\".Throughout his book ''L'Homo Delphinus'' (2000 published in English as ''Homo Delphinus: The Dolphin within Man'' by Idelson Gnocchi Publishers Ltd.) Mayol expounds his theories about man's relationship with the sea, and explores the aquatic ape hypothesis of human origins.", "He felt man could reawaken his dormant mental and spiritual faculties and the physiological mechanisms from the depths of his psyche and genetic make-up to develop the potential of his aquatic origins, to become a ''Homo delphinus''.Jacques Mayol predicted that within a couple of generations, some people would be able to dive to and hold their breath for up to ten minutes.", "Today the no-limits record stands at 253 m (Herbert Nitsch, June 2012).", "Serbian Branko Petrović holds the record for Static Apnea at 11 minutes and 54 seconds (October 2014).", "Croatian Goran Čolak holds the record for static apnea on pure oxygen at 23 minutes 1 second (June 2014)." ], [ "Film", "The film ''The Big Blue'', directed by Luc Besson in 1988, was inspired by his life story and the life story of the Italian diver Enzo Maiorca and their friendship.", "Mayol was one of the screenwriters.Mayol was the subject of the 2017 documentary film ''Dolphin Man (L'Homme dauphin, sur les traces de Jacques Mayol)'', directed by Lefteris Charitos." ], [ "Death", "On 22 December 2001 Mayol committed suicide by hanging himself at his villa in Elba, Italy after struggling with depression.", "He was 74 years old.", "His ashes were spread over the Tuscany coast.", "Friends have erected a monument to him in the southeast of Elba at depth." ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* Current Freediving World Records* Profile from Historical Diving Association website* Article from divernet.com* Obituary from ''The Independent'' * Article by Le Monde**" ] ]
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[ [ "Josef Terboven" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Josef Antonius Heinrich Terboven''' (23 May 1898 – 8 May 1945) was a Nazi Party official and politician who was the long-serving ''Gauleiter'' of Gau Essen and the ''Reichskommissar'' for Norway during the German occupation.Terboven was born in Essen, Germany, and attended Volksschule and Realschule before he volunteered for military service during the First World War.", "After the war, he studied law and political science at the University of Munich and the University of Freiburg, where he first got involved in politics.", "Terboven joined the Nazi Party in 1923, participated in the Beer Hall Putsch and eventually rose through the ranks to become the ''Gauleiter'' of Essen and the editor of various Nazi newspapers.", "After the Nazi seizure of power in 1933, Terboven was promoted to ''SA-Gruppenführer'' and was made a member of the Prussian State Council.In 1940, he was appointed ''Reichskommissar'' for Norway, a position that granted him significant power and control.", "Terboven established multiple concentration camps in Norway, ruthlessly persecuted the Jewish population and focused on crushing the Norwegian resistance movement.", "His actions led to numerous atrocities, such as the Beisfjord massacre in which hundreds of Yugoslavian political prisoners and prisoners-of-war were murdered.As the tide of the war turned against Germany, Terboven implemented a scorched earth policy in northern Norway that resulted in the forced evacuation of 50,000 Norwegians and widespread destruction.", "He hoped to turn Norway into a fortress for the Nazi regime's last stand.", "However, after Adolf Hitler's suicide, his successor, ''Großadmiral'' Karl Dönitz, dismissed Terboven from his post as ''Reichskommissar'' on 7 May 1945.On 8 May 1945, the day of Germany's surrender, Terboven committed suicide by detonating 50 kg of dynamite in a bunker on the Skaugum compound in Norway.", "His family survived him in West Germany, and his wife, Ilse (Stahl) Terboven died in 1972." ], [ "Early life", "Terboven was born in Essen, the son of minor landed gentry of Dutch descent.", "The family name comes from the Low German ''daar boven'' (\"up there\"), referring to a farmstead on a hill.", "Josef Terboven attended ''volksschule'' and ''realschule'' in Essen until 1915 and then volunteered for military service in the First World War.", "He served with ''Feldartillerie Regiment'' 9 and then with the nascent air force.", "He was awarded the Iron Cross, 1st and 2nd class, and attained the rank of Leutnant before being discharged on 22 December 1918.He studied law and political science at the University of Munich and the University of Freiburg, where he first got involved in politics.", "He dropped out of the university in 1922 without earning a degree and trained as a bank official in Essen, working as a bank clerk through June 1925." ], [ "Nazi Party career", "Terboven joined the Nazi Party in November 1923 with membership number 25,247 and participated in the abortive Beer Hall Putsch in Munich.", "When the Party subsequently was outlawed, he continued to work at the bank until after the ban was lifted in February 1925.In August 1925 Terboven went to work full-time for the Party, becoming the head of a small Nazi newspaper and book distributorship in Essen.", "At this time he also founded the ''Ortsgruppe'' (Local Group) in Essen, becoming its first ''Ortsgruppenleiter''.", "He also joined the ''Sturmabteilung'' (SA) becoming the SA-''Führer'' in Essen.", "He formally re-enrolled in the Party on 15 December 1925.From 1927 to December 1930, Terboven was the editor of the weekly Nazi newspaper “The New Front: The Weekly Sheet of the Working People.” By 1927 he had advanced to ''Bezirksleiter'' (District Leader) of the Essen district in the ''Großgau'' Ruhr.", "In the 20 May 1928 election, Terboven failed in his attempt to be elected to the Prussian Landtag.", "On 1 October 1928 upon the dissolution of the ''Großgau'' Ruhr, the Essen district became an independent unit subordinated to the central Party headquarters in Munich.", "However, on 1 August 1930 the Essen district officially was raised to Gau status and Terboven was named ''Gauleiter''.", "He would retain this post throughout the Nazi regime.In 1930 Terboven also became a City Councilor in Essen and a member of the Provincial ''Landtag'' of the Rhine Province.", "On 14 September 1930, Terboven was elected to the ''Reichstag'' from electoral constituency 23, Dusseldorf-West; he would serve as a ''Reichstag'' deputy until the end of the Nazi regime.", "From 15 December 1930, Terboven was also the editor of the ''National-Zeiting in Essen''.After the Nazi seizure of power, Terboven was promoted to SA-''Gruppenführer'' on 1 March 1933 and made a member of the Prussian State Council on 10 July 1933.On 28 June 1934, Terboven married Ilse Stahl, Joseph Goebbels's former secretary and mistress.", "Adolf Hitler was a witness at the wedding, and while in Essen put into play preparations for the Night of the Long Knives.", "On 5 February 1935, Terboven was appointed ''Oberpräsident'' (High President) of Prussia's Rhine Province which included Gau Essen and three other Gaue.", "He thus united under his control the highest party and governmental offices within his jurisdiction.", "On 27 April 1935 Terboven received the Golden Party Badge.", "He was promoted to the rank of SA-''Obergruppenführer'' on 9 November 1936.On the outbreak of war on 1 September 1939, he was named Reich Defense Commissioner for ''Wehrkreis'' (Military District) VI, which included his Gau together with Gau Dusseldorf, Gau Cologne-Aachen, most of Gau Westphalia-North and Gau Westphalia-South and part of Gau Weser-Ems.", "On 16 November 1942, the jurisdiction of the Reich Defense Commissioners was changed from the ''Wehrkreis'' to the Gau level and Terboven remained Commissioner for only his Gau of Essen." ], [ "Reichskommissar of Norway", "Quisling, Himmler and von Falkenhorst.Terboven was named ''Reichskommissar'' for Norway on 24 April 1940 even before the military invasion's completion on 10 June.", "He moved into Skaugum, the official residence of Crown Prince Olav, in September 1940 and made his headquarters in the Norwegian Parliament building.", "Nothing in Terboven's background and training particularly qualified him for that post, but he had Hitler's full confidence.", "He was responsible to no one but Hitler, and within the Nazi governmental hierarchy, his office stood on the same level as the Reich Ministries.", "Terboven regarded himself as virtually an autonomous viceroy with what he termed “limitless power of command”.", "His conception of his role resulted in his attempting to ignore any directives not issued by Hitler himself.", "''Reichskommissar'' Terboven had supervisory authority over only the German civilian administration, which was very small and did not rule Norway directly.", "Day-to-day governmental affairs were managed by the existing seven-member Norwegian Administrative Council, which had been set up by the Norwegian Supreme Court after the king and cabinet fled into exile.", "On 25 September 1940, Terboven dismissed the Administrative Council and appointed a thirteen-member Provisional State Council to administer affairs.", "All the members were Terboven's hand-picked appointees and worked under his control and supervision.", "A proclamation was issued deposing King Haakon VII, outlawing the government-in-exile, disbanding the Storting and banning all political parties except Vidkun Quisling’s Nasjonal Samling.", "Terboven therefore remained in ultimate charge of Norway until the end of the war in 1945, even after he had permitted the formation of a Norwegian puppet regime on 1 February 1942 under Quisling as minister-president, the so-called Quisling government.Terboven also did not have authority over the 400,000 regular German Army forces that were stationed in Norway which were under the command of ''Generaloberst'' Nikolaus von Falkenhorst, but he commanded a personal force of around 6,000 men of whom 800 were part of the secret police.", "In contrast to the military forces commanded by Falkenhorst, which aimed to reach an understanding with the Norwegian people and were under orders by Falkenhorst to treat Norwegians with courtesy, Terboven behaved in a petty and ruthless way and was widely disliked not only by the Norwegians but also by many Germans.", "Goebbels, the Reich Minister of Propaganda, expressed annoyance in his disques about what he called Terboven's \"bullying tactics\" against the Norwegians, as they alienated the population against the Germans.", "Terboven's relations with the army commander were strained, but his relations with the Higher SS and Police Leader, Wilhelm Rediess, were very good, and he co-operated in providing Rediess's staff a free hand with their policies of repression.===Repression and crimes against humanity===Terboven established multiple concentration camps in Norway, including Falstad concentration camp near Levanger and Bredtvet concentration camp in Oslo in late 1941.At one of those camps on 18 July 1942 the Beisfjord massacre took place, the murder of hundreds of Yugoslavian political prisoners and prisoners-of-war by German and Norwegian concentration camp guards.", "Some 288 prisoners were shot to death, and many others were burned to death when the barracks were set on fire.", "Terboven had ordered the massacre a few days earlier.", "In July 1942, at least one German guard assigned to the Korgen prison camp was killed.", "The commandant ordered retribution: execution by gunfire for \"39 prisoners at Korgen and 20 at Osen\";.", "In the days that followed, Terboven also ordered retribution, and around 400 prisoners shot and killed in various camps.From 1941, Terboven increasingly focused on crushing the Norwegian resistance movement, which engaged in acts of sabotage and assassination against the Germans.", "On 17 September, Terboven decreed that special SS and Police Tribunals would have jurisdiction over Norwegian citizens who violated his decrees.", "They were summary proceedings with the accused provided no adequate defense.", "The trials were not open to the public, and the proceedings were not published.", "Sentences were carried out shortly after they were pronounced with no right of appeal.", "It is estimated that some 150 individuals were sentenced to death by these tribunals.", "Many more were sentenced to long terms of hard labour.On 26 April 1942, the Nazis learned that two members of the resistance were being sheltered by the inhabitants of Telavåg, a small fishing village.", "When the Gestapo arrived, shots were exchanged, and two Gestapo agents were killed.", "Terboven was outraged and personally led a reprisal raid on 30 April that was quick and brutal.", "All buildings were burned to the ground, all boats were sunk or confiscated and all livestock taken away.", "All men in the village were either executed or sent to the Sachsenhausen concentration camp, in Germany.", "Of the 72 who were deported from Telavåg, 31 were murdered in captivity.", "The women and the children were imprisoned for two years.", "Another 18 Norwegian prisoners unrelated to Telavåg, who were held at the Trandum internment camp, were also executed as reprisals.", "In another incident, the shooting of two German police officials on 6 September 1942 led to Terboven personally declaring martial law in Trondheim from 5 to 12 October 1942.He imposed a curfew from 8:00 p.m. to 5:00 a.m. and suppressed all newspapers, public assemblies and railroad transportation.", "On Terboven's orders, ten prominent citizens were executed in reprisal, and their assets were confiscated.", "In addition, Terboven set up an ad hoc extrajudicial tribunal to try Norwegians considered “hostile to the state”.", "An additional 24 men were tried and summarily executed over the next three days.Despite the small number of Jews in Norway's population (around 1,800), Terboven persecuted them relentlessly.", "Some 930 managed to escape to neighboring Sweden, but some 770 were rounded up and deported to Germany.", "The main deportation occurred on 26 November 1942, when 532 Jews were shipped to Stettin aboard the ''SS Donau''.", "From there, they were transported to the Auschwitz concentration camp, and only 9 survived the war.", "On 25 February 1943, another 158 were similarly deported aboard the M''S Gotenland'', and only six survived." ], [ "Last months of war and death", "On 25 September 1944, Terboven, in his capacity as ''Gauleiter'' of Essen, was named commander of the ''Volkssturm'' units in the Gau.", "In reality, it was his Deputy ''Gauleiter'', Fritz Schlessmann, who executed those duties as he had been Acting ''Gauleiter'' in Essen during Terboven's absence in Norway since 1940.In October 1944, in response to the Red Army advance in to the Finnmark region of northern Norway, Terboven instituted a scorched earth policy that resulted in the forced evacuation of 50,000 Norwegians and widespread destruction, including the burning of 10,000 homes; 4700 farms; and hundreds of schools, churches, shops and industrial buildings.As the tide of the war turned against Germany, Terboven's personal aspiration was to organise ''Festung Norwegen'' (Fortress Norway) for the Nazi regime's last stand.", "However, after Hitler's suicide, his successor, ''Großadmiral'' Karl Dönitz, summoned Terboven to his headquarters in Flensburg on 3 May 1945 and ordered him to cooperate with winding down hostilities.", "Terboven expressed his desire to continue fighting.", "Consequently, Dönitz dismissed Terboven from his post as ''Reichskommissar'' on 7 May and transferred his powers to ''General der Gebirgstruppe'' Franz Böhme.With the announcement of Germany's surrender, Terboven committed suicide on 8 May 1945 by detonating of dynamite in a bunker on the Skaugum compound.", "His remains are believed to be buried somewhere nearby in an unmarked grave.", "He died alongside the body of ''Obergruppenführer'' Rediess, who had shot himself earlier.", "Terboven's family survived in West Germany, although in an event in 1964 unrelated to her father's history, Josef Terboven's daughter, Inga, killed her two-year old daughter, by strangulation.", "Josef Terboven's wife, Ilse (Stahl) died in 1972." ], [ "References" ], [ "Sources", "* Biography from Deutsches Historisches Museum* Biography from Historisches Centrum Hagen***** WorldStatesmen- here Norway" ], [ "External links", "* *" ] ]
wikipedia
[ [ "James Brown" ], [ "Introduction", "'''James Joseph Brown''' (May 3, 1933 – December 25, 2006) was an American singer, dancer and musician.", "The central progenitor of funk music and a major figure of 20th-century music, he is referred to by various honorific nicknames, among them \"the Hardest-Working Man in Show Business\", \"Godfather of Soul\", \"Mr. Dynamite\", and \"Soul Brother No.", "1\".", "In a career that lasted more than 50 years, he influenced the development of several music genres.", "Brown was one of the first 10 inductees into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame on January 23, 1986.Brown began his career as a gospel singer in Toccoa, Georgia.", "He rose to prominence in the mid-1950s as the lead singer of the Famous Flames, a rhythm and blues vocal group founded by Bobby Byrd.", "With the hit ballads \"Please, Please, Please\" and \"Try Me\", Brown built a reputation as a dynamic live performer with the Famous Flames and his backing band, sometimes known as the James Brown Band or the James Brown Orchestra.", "His success peaked in the 1960s with the live album ''Live at the Apollo'' and hit singles such as \"Papa's Got a Brand New Bag\", \"I Got You (I Feel Good)\" and \"It's a Man's Man's Man's World\".During the late 1960s, Brown moved from a continuum of blues and gospel-based forms and styles to a new approach to music-making, emphasizing stripped-down interlocking rhythms that influenced the development of funk music.", "By the early 1970s, Brown had fully established the funk sound after the formation of the J.B.s with records such as \"Get Up (I Feel Like Being a) Sex Machine\" and \"The Payback\".", "He also became noted for songs of social commentary, including the 1968 hit \"Say It Loud – I'm Black and I'm Proud\".", "Brown continued to perform and record until his death from pneumonia in 2006.Brown recorded and released 17 singles that reached No.", "1 on the ''Billboard'' R&B charts.", "He also holds the record for the most singles listed on the ''Billboard'' Hot 100 chart that did not reach No.", "1.Brown was posthumously inducted into the first class of the Rhythm & Blues Music Hall of Fame in 2013 as an artist and then in 2017 as a songwriter.", "He also received honors from several other institutions, including inductions into the Black Music & Entertainment Walk of Fame and the Songwriters Hall of Fame.", "In Joel Whitburn's analysis of the ''Billboard'' R&B charts from 1942 to 2010, Brown is ranked No.", "1 in the Top 500 Artists.", "He is ranked seventh on ''Rolling Stone'' list of the 100 Greatest Artists of All Time and at No.", "44 on their list of the 200 Greatest Singers of All Time." ], [ "Early life", "Brown was born on May 3, 1933, in Barnwell, South Carolina, to 16-year-old Susie (''née'' Behling; 1917–2004) and 21-year-old Joseph Gardner Brown (1912–1993) in a small wooden shack.", "Brown's name was supposed to have been Joseph James Brown, but his first and middle names were mistakenly reversed on his birth certificate.", "In his autobiography, Brown stated that his father was of mixed African-American and Native American descent, while his mother was of mixed African-American and Asian descent.The Brown family lived in poverty in Elko, South Carolina, which was an impoverished town in 1933.They later moved to Augusta, Georgia, when James was four or five.", "His family first settled at one of his aunts' brothels.", "They later moved into a house shared with another aunt.", "Brown's mother eventually left the family after a contentious and abusive marriage and moved to New York.He began singing in talent shows as a young child, first appearing at Augusta's Lenox Theater in 1944, winning the show after singing the ballad \"So Long\".", "While in Augusta, Brown performed buck dances for change to entertain troops from Camp Gordon at the start of World War II as their convoys traveled over a canal bridge near his aunt's home.", "This is where he first heard the legendary blues musician Howlin' Wolf play guitar.", "He learned to play the piano, guitar, and harmonica during this period.", "He became inspired to become an entertainer after hearing \"Caldonia\" by Louis Jordan and his Tympany Five.", "In his teen years, Brown briefly had a career as a boxer.At the age of 16, he was convicted of robbery and sent to a juvenile detention center in Toccoa.", "There, he formed a gospel quartet with four fellow cellmates, including Johnny Terry.", "Brown met singer Bobby Byrd when the two played against each other in a baseball game outside the detention center.", "Byrd also discovered that Brown could sing after hearing of \"a guy called Music Box\", which was Brown's nickname at the prison.", "Byrd has since claimed he and his family helped to secure an early release, which led to Brown promising the court he would \"sing for the Lord\".", "Brown was released on a work sponsorship with Toccoa business owner S.C. Lawson.", "Lawson was impressed with Brown's work ethic and secured his release with a promise to keep him employed for two years.", "Brown was paroled on June 14, 1952.Brown went on to work with both of Lawson's sons, and would come back to visit the family from time to time throughout his career.", "Shortly after being paroled he joined the gospel group the Ever-Ready Gospel Singers, featuring Byrd's sister Sarah." ], [ "Music career", "===1954–1961: The Famous Flames ===Brown eventually joined Bobby Byrd's group in 1954.The group had evolved from the Gospel Starlighters, an a cappella gospel group, to an R&B group with the name the Avons.", "He reputedly joined the band after one of its members, Troy Collins, died in a car crash.", "Along with Brown and Byrd, the group consisted of Sylvester Keels, Doyle Oglesby, Fred Pulliam, Nash Knox and Nafloyd Scott.", "Influenced by R&B groups such as Hank Ballard and the Midnighters, the Orioles and Billy Ward and his Dominoes, the group changed its name, first to the Toccoa Band and then to the Flames.", "Nafloyd's brother Baroy later joined the group on bass guitar, and Brown, Byrd and Keels switched lead positions and instruments, often playing drums and piano.", "Johnny Terry later joined, by which time Pulliam and Oglesby had long left.Berry Trimier became the group's first manager, booking them at parties near college campuses in Georgia and South Carolina.", "The group had already gained a reputation as a good live act when they renamed themselves the Famous Flames.", "In 1955, the group had contacted Little Richard while performing in Macon.", "Richard convinced the group to get in contact with his manager at the time, Clint Brantley, at his nightclub.", "Brantley agreed to manage them after seeing the group audition.", "He then sent them to a local radio station to record a demo session, where they performed their own composition \"Please, Please, Please\", which was inspired when Little Richard wrote the words of the title on a napkin and Brown was determined to make a song out of it.", "The Famous Flames eventually signed with King Records' Federal subsidiary in Cincinnati, Ohio, and issued a re-recorded version of \"Please, Please, Please\" in March 1956.The song became the group's first R&B hit, selling over a million copies.", "None of their follow-ups gained similar success.", "By 1957, Brown had replaced Clint Brantley as manager and hired Ben Bart, chief of Universal Attractions Agency.", "That year the original Flames broke up, after Bart changed the name of the group to \"James Brown and His Famous Flames\".In October 1958, Brown released the ballad \"Try Me\", which hit number one on the R&B chart in the beginning of 1959, becoming the first of seventeen chart-topping R&B hits.", "Shortly afterwards, he recruited his first band, led by J. C. Davis, and reunited with Bobby Byrd who joined a revived Famous Flames lineup that included Eugene \"Baby\" Lloyd Stallworth and Bobby Bennett, with Johnny Terry sometimes coming in as the \"fifth Flame\".", "Brown, the Flames, and his entire band debuted at the Apollo Theater on April 24, 1959, opening for Brown's idol, Little Willie John.", "Federal Records issued two albums credited to Brown and the Famous Flames (both contained previously released singles).", "By 1960, Brown began multi-tasking in the recording studio involving himself, his singing group, the Famous Flames, and his band, a separate entity from the Flames, sometimes named the James Brown Orchestra or the James Brown Band.", "That year the band released the top ten R&B hit \"(Do the) Mashed Potatoes\" on Dade Records, owned by Henry Stone, billed under the pseudonym \"Nat Kendrick & the Swans\" due to label issues.", "As a result of its success, King president Syd Nathan shifted Brown's contract from Federal to the parent label, King, which according to Brown in his autobiography meant \"you got more support from the company\".", "While with King, Brown, under the Famous Flames lineup, released the hit-filled album ''Think!''", "and the following year released two albums with the James Brown Band earning second billing.", "With the Famous Flames, Brown sang lead on several more hits, including \"Bewildered\", \"I'll Go Crazy\" and \"Think\", songs that hinted at his emerging style.===1962–1966: Mr. Dynamite===In 1962, Brown and his band scored a hit with their cover of the instrumental \"Night Train\", becoming a top five R&B single.", "That same year, the ballads \"Lost Someone\" and \"Baby You're Right\", the latter a Joe Tex composition, added to his repertoire and increased his reputation with R&B audiences.", "On October 24, 1962, Brown financed a live recording of a performance at the Apollo and convinced Syd Nathan to release the album, despite Nathan's belief that no one would buy a live album due to the fact that Brown's singles had already been bought and that live albums were usually bad sellers.Brown (middle) and the Famous Flames (far left to right, Bobby Bennett, Lloyd Stallworth, and Bobby Byrd), performing live at the Apollo Theater in New York City, 1964''Live at the Apollo'' was released the following June and became an immediate hit, eventually reaching number two on the Top LPs chart and selling over a million copies, staying on the charts for 14 months.", "In 1963, Brown scored his first top 20 pop hit with his rendition of the standard \"Prisoner of Love\".", "He also launched his first label, Try Me Records, which included recordings by the likes of Tammy Montgomery (later to be famous as Tammi Terrell), Johnny & Bill (Famous Flames associates Johnny Terry and Bill Hollings) and the Poets, which was another name used for Brown's backing band.", "During this time, Brown began an ill-fated two-year relationship with 17-year-old Tammi Terrell when she sang in his revue.", "Terrell ended their personal and professional relationship because of his abusive behavior.In 1964, seeking bigger commercial success, Brown and Bobby Byrd formed the production company, Fair Deal, linking the operation to the Mercury imprint, Smash Records.", "King Records, however, fought against this and was granted an injunction preventing Brown from releasing any recordings for the label.", "Prior to the injunction, Brown had released three vocal singles, including the blues-oriented hit \"Out of Sight\", which further indicated the direction his music was going to take.", "Touring throughout the year, Brown and the Famous Flames grabbed more national attention after delivering an explosive show-stopping performance on the live concert film ''The T.A.M.I.", "Show''.", "The Flames' dynamic gospel-tinged vocals, polished choreography and timing as well as Brown's energetic dance moves and high-octane singing upstaged the proposed closing act, the Rolling Stones.Having signed a new deal with King, Brown released his song \"Papa's Got a Brand New Bag\" in 1965, which became his first top ten pop hit and won him his first Grammy Award.", "Brown also signed a production deal with Loma Records.", "Later in 1965, he issued \"I Got You\", which became his second single in a row to reach number-one on the R&B chart and top ten on the pop chart.", "Brown followed that up with the ballad \"It's a Man's Man's Man's World\", a third Top 10 Pop hit (No.", "1 R&B) which confirmed his stance as a top-ranking performer, especially with R&B audiences from that point on.===1967–1970: Soul Brother No.", "1===Brown performing in 1969By 1967, Brown's emerging sound had begun to be defined as funk music.", "That year he released what some critics cited as the first true funk song, \"Cold Sweat\", which hit number-one on the R&B chart (Top 10 Pop) and became one of his first recordings to contain a drum break and also the first that featured a harmony that was reduced to a single chord.", "The instrumental arrangements on tracks such as \"Give It Up or Turnit a Loose\" and \"Licking Stick-Licking Stick\" (both recorded in 1968) and \"Funky Drummer\" (recorded in 1969) featured a more developed version of Brown's mid-1960s style, with the horn section, guitars, bass and drums meshed together in intricate rhythmic patterns based on multiple interlocking riffs.Changes in Brown's style that started with \"Cold Sweat\" also established the musical foundation for Brown's later hits, such as \"I Got the Feelin'\" (1968) and \"Mother Popcorn\" (1969).", "By this time Brown's vocals frequently took the form of a kind of rhythmic declamation, not quite sung but not quite spoken, that only intermittently featured traces of pitch or melody.", "This would become a major influence on the techniques of rapping, which would come to maturity along with hip hop music in the coming decades.", "Brown's style of funk in the late 1960s was based on interlocking syncopated parts: strutting bass lines, syncopated drum patterns, and iconic percussive guitar riffs.", "The main guitar ostinatos for \"Ain't It Funky\" and \"Give It Up or Turnit a Loose\" (both 1969), are examples of Brown's refinement of New Orleans funk; irresistibly danceable riffs, stripped down to their rhythmic essence.", "On both recordings, the tonal structure is bare bones.", "The pattern of attack points is the emphasis, not the pattern of pitches as if the guitar were an African drum or idiophone.", "Alexander Stewart states that this popular feel was passed along from \"New Orleans—through James Brown's music, to the popular music of the 1970s\".", "Those same tracks were later resurrected by countless hip-hop musicians from the 1970s onward.", "As a result, James Brown remains to this day the world's most sampled recording artist, but, two tracks that he wrote, are also synonymous with modern dance, especially with house music, jungle music, and drum and bass music, (which were sped up exponentially, in the latter two genres).", "\"Bring it Up\" has an Afro-Cuban guajeo-like structure.", "All three of these guitar riffs are based on an onbeat/offbeat structure.", "Stewart says that it \"is different from a time line (such as clave and tresillo) in that it is not an exact pattern, but more of a loose organizing principle.", "\"It was around this time as the musician's popularity increased that he acquired the nickname \"Soul Brother No.", "1\", after failing to win the title \"King of Soul\" from Solomon Burke during a Chicago gig two years prior.", "Brown's recordings during this period influenced musicians across the industry, most notably groups such as Sly and the Family Stone, Funkadelic, Charles Wright & the Watts 103rd Street Rhythm Band, Booker T. & the M.G.s as well as vocalists such as Edwin Starr, David Ruffin and Dennis Edwards from the Temptations, and Michael Jackson, who, throughout his career, cited Brown as his ultimate idol.Brown's band during this period employed musicians and arrangers who had come up through the jazz tradition.", "He was noted for his ability as a bandleader and songwriter to blend the simplicity and drive of R&B with the rhythmic complexity and precision of jazz.", "Trumpeter Lewis Hamlin and saxophonist/keyboardist Alfred \"Pee Wee\" Ellis (the successor to previous bandleader Nat Jones) led the band.", "Guitarist Jimmy Nolen provided percussive, deceptively simple riffs for each song, and Maceo Parker's prominent saxophone solos provided a focal point for many performances.", "Other members of Brown's band included stalwart Famous Flames singer and sideman Bobby Byrd, trombonist Fred Wesley, drummers John \"Jabo\" Starks, Clyde Stubblefield and Melvin Parker, saxophonist St. Clair Pinckney, guitarist Alphonso \"Country\" Kellum and bassist Bernard Odum.In addition to a torrent of singles and studio albums, Brown's output during this period included two more successful live albums, ''Live at the Garden'' (1967) and ''Live at the Apollo, Volume II'' (1968), and a 1968 television special, ''James Brown: Man to Man''.", "His music empire expanded along with his influence on the music scene.", "As Brown's music empire grew, his desire for financial and artistic independence grew as well.", "Brown bought radio stations during the late 1960s, including WRDW in his native Augusta, where he shined shoes as a boy.", "In November 1967, James Brown purchased radio station WGYW in Knoxville, Tennessee, for a reported $75,000, according to the January 20, 1968 ''Record World'' magazine.", "The call letters were changed to WJBE reflecting his initials.", "WJBE began on January 15, 1968, and broadcast a Rhythm & Blues format.", "The station slogan was \"WJBE 1430 Raw Soul\".", "Brown also bought WEBB in Baltimore in 1970.Brown branched out to make several recordings with musicians outside his own band.", "In an attempt to appeal to the older, more affluent, and predominantly white adult contemporary audience, Brown recorded ''Gettin' Down To It'' (1969) and ''Soul on Top'' (1970)—two albums consisting mostly of romantic ballads, jazz standards, and homologous reinterpretations of his earlier hits—with the Dee Felice Trio and the Louie Bellson Orchestra.", "In 1968, he recorded a number of funk-oriented tracks with the Dapps, a white Cincinnati band, including the hit \"I Can't Stand Myself\".", "He also released three albums of Christmas music with his own band.===1970–2006: Godfather of Soul===In March 1970, most of Brown's mid-to-late 1960s road band walked out on him due to financial disputes, a development augured by the prior disbandment of the Famous Flames singing group for the same reason in 1968.Brown and erstwhile Famous Flames singer Bobby Byrd (who chose to remain in the band during this tumultuous period as co-frontman, effectively serving as a proto-hype man in live performances) subsequently recruited several members of the Pacemakers, a Cincinnati-based ensemble that included bassist Bootsy Collins and his brother, guitarist Phelps \"Catfish\" Collins; augmented by the remaining members of the 1960s road band (including Fred Wesley, who rejoined Brown's outfit in December 1970) and other newer musicians, they would form the nucleus of the J.B.'s, Brown's new backing ensemble.", "Shortly following their first performance together, the band entered the studio to record the Brown-Byrd composition, \"Get Up (I Feel Like Being a) Sex Machine\"; the song —with its off the beat play Brown called \"The One\"— and other contemporaneous singles would further cement Brown's influence in the nascent genre of funk music.", "This iteration of the J.B.'s dissolved after a March 1971 European tour (documented on the 1991 archival release ''Love Power Peace'') due to additional money disputes and Bootsy Collins's use of LSD; a new lineup of the J.B.'s coalesced around Wesley, St. Clair Pinckney and drummer John Starks.Lars Jacob after a concert in Tampa in 1972In 1971, Brown began recording for Polydor Records.", "Many of his sidemen and supporting players, including Fred Wesley & the J.B.'s, Bobby Byrd, Lyn Collins, Vicki Anderson and former rival Hank Ballard, released records on the People label.During the 1972 presidential election, James Brown openly proclaimed his support of Richard Nixon for reelection to the presidency over Democratic candidate George McGovern.", "The decision led to a boycott of his performances and, according to Brown, cost him a big portion of his black audience.", "As a result, Brown's record sales and concerts in the United States reached a lull in 1973 as he failed to land a number-one R&B single that year.", "That year he also faced problems with the IRS for failure to pay back taxes, charging he hadn't paid upwards of $4.5 million; five years earlier, the IRS had claimed he owed nearly $2 million.Brown performing in 1973In 1973, Brown provided the score for the blaxploitation film ''Black Caesar''.", "In 1974 he returned to the No.", "1 spot on the R&B charts with \"The Payback\", with the parent album reaching the same spot on the album charts; he would reach No.", "1 two more times in 1974, with \"My Thang\" and \"Papa Don't Take No Mess\".", "\"Papa Don't Take No Mess\" would prove to be his final single to reach the No.", "1 spot on the R&B charts.", "His other Top Ten R&B hits during this latter period included \"Funky President\" (R&B No.", "4) and \"Get Up Offa That Thing\" (R&B No.", "4).James Brown (1977)Although his records were mainstays of the vanguard New York underground disco scene (exemplified by DJs such as David Mancuso and Francis Grasso) from 1969 onwards, Brown did not consciously yield to the trend until 1975's ''Sex Machine Today''.", "By 1977, he was no longer a dominant force in R&B.", "After \"Get Up Offa That Thing\", thirteen of Brown's late 1970s recordings for Polydor failed to reach the Top 10 of the R&B chart, with only \"Bodyheat\" in 1976 and the disco-oriented \"It's Too Funky in Here\" in 1979 reaching the R&B Top 15 and the ballad \"Kiss in '77\" reaching the Top 20.After 1976's \"Bodyheat\", he also failed to appear on the Billboard Hot 100.As a result, Brown's concert attendance began dropping and his reported disputes with the IRS caused his business empire to collapse.", "In addition, several longtime bandmates (including Wesley and Maceo Parker) had gradually pivoted to Parliament-Funkadelic, which reached its critical and commercial apogee in the mid-to-late 1970s.", "The emergence of disco also forestalled Brown's success on the R&B charts because its slicker, more commercial style had superseded his rawer, one-chord funk productions.By the release of 1979's ''The Original Disco Man'', Brown seldom contributed to the songwriting and production processes, leaving most of it to producer Brad Shapiro; this resulted in the song \"It's Too Funky in Here\" becoming Brown's most successful single in this period.", "After two more albums failed to chart, Brown left Polydor in 1981.It was around this time that Brown changed the name of his band from the J.B.'s to the Soul Generals (or Soul G's).", "The band retained that name until his death.Despite Brown's declining record sales, promoters Gary LoConti and Jim Rissmiller helped Brown sell out a string of residency shows at the Reseda Country Club in Los Angeles in early 1982.Brown's compromised commercial standing prevented him from charging a large fee.", "However, the great success of these shows marked a turning point for Brown's career, and soon he was back on top in Hollywood.", "Movies followed, including appearances in ''Doctor Detroit'' (1983) and ''Rocky IV'' (1985).", "He also guest-starred in the ''Miami Vice'' episode \"Missing Hours\" (1987).", "Previously, Brown appeared alongside a litany of other Black musical luminaries in ''The Blues Brothers'' (1980).In 1984, he teamed with rap musician Afrika Bambaataa on the song \"Unity\".", "A year later he signed with Scotti Brothers Records and issued the moderately successful album ''Gravity'' in 1986 with a popular song \"How Do You Stop\".", "It included Brown's final Top Ten pop hit, \"Living in America\", marking his first Top 40 entry since 1974 and his first Top Ten pop entry since 1968.Produced and written by Dan Hartman, it was also featured prominently on the ''Rocky IV'' film and soundtrack.", "Brown performed the song in the film at Apollo Creed's final fight, shot in the Ziegfeld Room at the MGM Grand in Las Vegas, and was credited in the film as the Godfather of Soul.", "1986 also saw the publication of his autobiography, ''James Brown: The Godfather of Soul'', co-written with Bruce Tucker.", "In 1987, Brown won the Grammy for Best Male R&B Vocal Performance for \"Living in America\".In 1988, Brown worked with the production team Full Force on the new jack swing-influenced ''I'm Real''.", "It spawned his final two Top 10 R&B hits, \"I'm Real\" and \"Static\", which peaked at No.", "2 and No.", "5, respectively.", "Meanwhile, the drum break from the second version of the original 1969 hit \"Give It Up Or Turnit A Loose\" (the recording included on the compilation album ''In the Jungle Groove'') became so popular at hip hop dance parties (especially for breakdance) during the early 1980s that hip hop pioneer Kurtis Blow called the song \"the national anthem of hip hop\".Brown performing in 1998After his stint in prison during the late 1980s, Brown met Larry Fridie and Thomas Hart who produced the first James Brown biopic, entitled ''James Brown: The Man, the Message, the Music'', released in 1992.He returned to music with the album ''Love Over-Due'' in 1991.It included the single \"(So Tired of Standing Still We Got to) Move On\", which peaked at No.", "48 on the R&B chart.", "His former record label Polydor also released the four-CD box set ''Star Time'', spanning Brown's career to date.", "Brown's release from prison also prompted his former record labels to reissue his albums on CD, featuring additional tracks and commentary by music critics and historians.", "That same year, Brown appeared on rapper MC Hammer's video for \"Too Legit to Quit\".", "Hammer had been noted, alongside Big Daddy Kane, for bringing Brown's unique stage shows and their own energetic dance moves to the hip-hop generation; both listed Brown as their idol.", "Both musicians also sampled his work, with Hammer having sampled the rhythms from \"Super Bad\" for his song \"Here Comes the Hammer\", from his best-selling album ''Please Hammer, Don't Hurt 'Em''.", "Big Daddy Kane sampled many times.", "Before the year was over, Brown–who had immediately returned to work with his band following his release–organized a pay-per-view concert following a show at Los Angeles' Wiltern Theatre, that was well received.On June 10, 1991, James Brown and a star-filled line up performed before a crowd at the Wiltern Theatre for a live pay-per-view at-home audience.", "''James Brown: Living in America – Live!''", "was the brainchild of Indiana producer Danny Hubbard.", "It featuredM.C.", "Hammer as well as Bell Biv Devoe, Heavy D & the Boys, En Vogue, C+C Music Factory, Quincy Jones, Sherman Hemsley and Keenen Ivory Wayans.", "Ice-T, Tone Loc and Kool Moe Dee performed paying homage to Brown.", "This was Brown's first public performance since his parole from the South Carolina prison system in February.", "He had served two-and-a-half years of two concurrent six-year sentences for aggravated assault and other felonies.Brown continued making recordings.", "In 1993 his album ''Universal James'' was released.", "It included his final ''Billboard'' charting single, \"Can't Get Any Harder\", which peaked at No.", "76 on the US R&B chart and reached No.", "59 on the UK chart.", "Its brief charting in the UK was probably due to the success of a remixed version of \"I Feel Good\" featuring Dakeyne.", "Brown also released the singles \"How Long\" and \"Georgia-Lina\", which failed to chart.", "In 1995, Brown returned to the Apollo and recorded ''Live at the Apollo 1995''.", "It included a studio track titled \"Respect Me\", which was released as a single; again it failed to chart.", "Brown's final studio albums, ''I'm Back'' and ''The Next Step'', were released in 1998 and 2002 respectively.", "''I'm Back'' featured the song \"Funk on Ah Roll\", which peaked at No.", "40 in the UK but did not chart in his native US.", "''The Next Step'' included Brown's final single, \"Killing Is Out, School Is In\".", "Both albums were produced by Derrick Monk.", "Brown's concert success, however, remained unabated and he kept up with a grueling schedule throughout the remainder of his life, living up to his previous nickname, \"The Hardest Working Man in Show Business\", in spite of his advanced age.", "In 2003, Brown participated in the PBS ''American Masters'' television documentary ''James Brown: Soul Survivor'', which was directed by Jeremy Marre.Brown performed in the Super Bowl XXXI halftime show in 1997.Brown during the NBA All-Star Game jam session, 2001Brown celebrated his status as an icon by appearing in a variety of entertainment and sports events, including an appearance on the WCW pay-per-view event, SuperBrawl X, where he danced alongside wrestler Ernest \"the Cat\" Miller, who based his character on Brown, during his in-ring skit with the Maestro.", "Brown then appeared in Tony Scott's short film ''Beat the Devil'' in 2001.He was featured alongside Clive Owen, Gary Oldman, Danny Trejo and Marilyn Manson.", "Brown also made a cameo appearance in the 2002 Jackie Chan film ''The Tuxedo'', in which Chan was required to finish Brown's act after having accidentally knocked out the singer.", "In 2002, Brown appeared in ''Undercover Brother'', playing himself.Brown performing in June 2005In 2004, Brown opened for the Red Hot Chili Peppers at several Hyde Park concerts in London.", "The beginning of 2005 saw the publication of his second book, ''I Feel Good: A Memoir of a Life of Soul'', written with Marc Eliot.", "In February and March, he participated in recording sessions for an intended studio album with Fred Wesley, Pee Wee Ellis, and other longtime collaborators.", "Though he lost interest in the album, which remains unreleased, a track from the sessions, \"Gut Bucket\", appeared on a compilation CD included with the August 2006 issue of ''MOJO''.", "He appeared at Edinburgh 50,000 – The Final Push, the final Live 8 concert on July 6, 2005, where he performed a duet with British pop star Will Young on \"Papa's Got A Brand New Bag\".", "In the Black Eyed Peas album \"Monkey Business\", Brown was featured on a track called \"They Don't Want Music\".", "The previous week he had performed a duet with another British pop star, Joss Stone, on the United Kingdom chat show ''Friday Night with Jonathan Ross''.", "In 2006, Brown continued his Seven Decades of Funk World Tour.", "His final major U.S. performance was in San Francisco on August 20, 2006, as headliner at the Festival of the Golden Gate (Foggfest) on the Great Meadow at Fort Mason.", "The following day, he performed at an 800-seat campus theatre at Humboldt State University in Arcata, California.", "His last shows were greeted with positive reviews, and one of his final concert appearances at the Irish Oxegen festival in Punchestown in 2006 included a record crowd of 80,000 people.", "He played a full concert as part of the BBC's Electric Proms on October 27, 2006, at The Roundhouse, supported by the Zutons, with special appearances from Max Beasley and the Sugababes.Brown's last televised appearance was at his induction into the UK Music Hall of Fame in November 2006, before his death the following month.", "Before his death, Brown had been scheduled to perform a duet with singer Annie Lennox on the song \"Vengeance\" for her new album ''Venus'', which was released in 2007." ], [ "Artistry", "Brown's most famous MC was Danny Ray (center), who was with him for over 30 years.As a vocalist, Brown performed in a forceful shout style derived from gospel music.", "Meanwhile, \"his rhythmic grunts and expressive shrieks harked back farther still to ring shouts, work songs, and field cries\", according to the ''Encyclopedia of African-American Culture and History'' (1996): \"He reimported the rhythmic complexity from which rhythm and blues, under the dual pressure of rock 'n' roll and pop, had progressively fallen away since its birth from jazz and blues.", "\"For many years, Brown's touring show was one of the most extravagant productions in American popular music.", "At the time of Brown's death, his band included three guitarists, two bass guitar players, two drummers, three horns and a percussionist.", "The bands that he maintained during the late 1960s and 1970s were of comparable size, and the bands also included a three-piece amplified string section that played during the ballads.", "Brown employed between 40 and 50 people for the James Brown Revue, and members of the revue traveled with him in a bus to cities and towns all over the country, performing upwards of 330 shows a year with almost all of the shows as one-nighters.===Concert style===Before James Brown appeared on stage, his personal MC gave him an elaborate introduction accompanied by drumrolls, as the MC worked in Brown's various sobriquets along with the names of many of his hit songs.", "The introduction by Fats Gonder, captured on Brown's 1963 album ''Live at the Apollo'' is a representative example:cape routine, BBC Electric Proms '06 concertJames Brown's performances were famous for their intensity and length.", "His own stated goal was to \"give people more than what they came for — make them tired, 'cause ''that's'' what they came for.'\"", "Brown's concert repertoire consisted mostly of his own hits and recent songs, with a few R&B covers mixed in.", "Brown danced vigorously as he sang, working popular dance steps such as the Mashed Potato into his routine along with dramatic leaps, splits and slides.", "In addition, his horn players and singing group (The Famous Flames) typically performed choreographed dance routines, and later incarnations of the Revue included backup dancers.", "Male performers in the Revue were required to wear tuxedoes and cummerbunds long after more casual concert wear became the norm among the younger musical acts.", "Brown's own extravagant outfits and his elaborate processed hairdo completed the visual impression.", "A James Brown concert typically included a performance by a featured vocalist, such as Vicki Anderson or Marva Whitney, and an instrumental feature for the band, which sometimes served as the opening act for the show.A trademark feature of Brown's stage shows, usually during the song \"Please, Please, Please\", involved Brown dropping to his knees while clutching the microphone stand in his hands, prompting the show's longtime MC, Danny Ray, to come out, drape a cape over Brown's shoulders and escort him off the stage after he had worked himself to exhaustion during his performance.", "As Brown was escorted off the stage by the MC, Brown's vocal group, the Famous Flames (Bobby Byrd, Lloyd Stallworth, and Bobby Bennett), continued singing the background vocals \"Please, please don't go-oh\".", "Brown would then shake off the cape and stagger back to the microphone to perform an encore.", "Brown's routine was inspired by a similar one used by the professional wrestler Gorgeous George, as well as Little Richard.", "In his 2005 autobiography ''I Feel Good: A Memoir in a Life of Soul'', Brown, who was a fan of Gorgeous George, credited the wrestler as the inspiration for both his cape routine and concert attire, stating, \"Seeing him on TV helped create the James Brown you see on stage\".", "Brown performs a version of the cape routine in the film of the ''T.A.M.I.", "Show'' (1964) in which he and the Famous Flames upstaged the Rolling Stones, and over the closing credits of the film ''Blues Brothers 2000''.", "The Police refer to \"James Brown on the ''T.A.M.I.", "Show''\" in their 1980 song \"When the World Is Running Down, You Make the Best of What's Still Around\".===Band leadership===Brown demanded extreme discipline, perfection and precision from his musicians and dancers – performers in his Revue showed up for rehearsals and members wore the right \"uniform\" or \"costume\" for concert performances.", "During an interview conducted by Terri Gross during the NPR segment \"Fresh Air\" with Maceo Parker, a former saxophonist in Brown's band for most of the 1960s and part of the 1970s and 1980s, Parker offered his experience with the discipline that Brown demanded of the band:Brown also had a practice of directing, correcting and assessing fines on members of his band who broke his rules, such as wearing unshined shoes, dancing out of sync or showing up late on stage.", "During some of his concert performances, Brown danced in front of his band with his back to the audience as he slid across the floor, flashing hand signals and splaying his pulsating fingers to the beat of the music.", "Although audiences thought Brown's dance routine was part of his act, this practice was actually his way of pointing to the offending member of his troupe who played or sang the wrong note or committed some other infraction.", "Brown used his splayed fingers and hand signals to alert the offending person of the fine that person must pay to him for breaking his rules.Brown's demands on his support acts could be harsh.", "As Fred Wesley recalled of his time as musical director of the JBs, if Brown felt intimidated by a support act he would try to \"undermine their performances by shortening their sets without notice, demanding that they not do certain showstopping songs, and even insisting on doing the unthinkable, playing drums on some of their songs.", "A sure set killer.\"" ], [ "Social activism", "===Education advocacy and humanitarianism===Brown's main social activism was in preserving the need for education among youths, influenced by his own troubled childhood and his being forced to drop out of the seventh grade for wearing \"insufficient clothes\".", "Due to heavy dropout rates in the 1960s, Brown released the pro-education song, \"Don't Be a Drop-Out\".", "Royalties of the song were donated to dropout-prevention charity programs.", "The success of this led to Brown meeting with President Lyndon B. Johnson at the White House.", "Johnson cited Brown for being a positive role model to the youth.", "In 1968 James Brown endorsed Hubert Humphrey, but later Brown gained the confidence of President Richard Nixon, to whom he found he had to explain the plight of Black Americans.Throughout the remainder of his life, Brown made public speeches in schools and continued to advocate the importance of education in school.", "Upon filing his will in 2002, Brown advised that most of the money in his estate go into creating the I Feel Good, Inc. Trust to benefit disadvantaged children and provide scholarships for his grandchildren.", "His final single, \"Killing Is Out, School Is In\", advocated against murders of young children in the streets.", "Brown often gave out money and other items to children while traveling to his childhood hometown of Augusta.", "A week before his death, while looking gravely ill, Brown gave out toys and turkeys to kids at an Atlanta orphanage, something he had done several times over the years.===Civil rights and self-reliance===Though Brown performed at benefit rallies for civil rights organizations in the mid-1960s, Brown often shied away from discussing civil rights in his songs in fear of alienating his crossover audience.", "In 1968, in response to a growing urge of anti-war advocacy during the Vietnam War, Brown recorded the song, \"America Is My Home\".", "In the song, Brown performed a rap, advocating patriotism and exhorting listeners to \"stop pitying yourselves and get up and fight\".", "At the time of the song's release, Brown had been participating in performing for troops stationed in Vietnam.====The Boston Garden concert====On April 5, 1968, a day after the assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr. in Memphis, Tennessee, Brown provided a free citywide televised concert at the Boston Garden to maintain public order and calm concerned Boston residents (over the objections of the police chief, who wanted to call off the concert, which he thought would incite violence).", "The show was later released on DVD as ''Live at the Boston Garden: April 5, 1968''.", "According to the documentary ''The Night James Brown Saved Boston'', then-mayor Kevin White had strongly restrained the Boston police from cracking down on minor violence and protests after the assassination, while religious and community leaders worked to keep tempers from flaring.", "White arranged to have Brown's performance broadcast multiple times on Boston's public television station, WGBH, thus keeping potential rioters off the streets, watching the concert for free.", "Angered by not being told of this, Brown demanded $60,000 for \"gate\" fees (money he thought would be lost from ticket sales on account of the concert being broadcast for free) and then threatened to go public about the secret arrangement when the city balked at paying up afterwards, news of which would have been a political death blow to White and spark riots of its own.", "White eventually lobbied the behind-the-scenes power-brokering group known as \"The Vault\" to come up with money for Brown's gate fee and other social programs, contributing $100,000.Brown received $15,000 from them via the city.", "White also persuaded management at the Garden to give up their share of receipts to make up the differences.", "Following this successful performance, Brown was counseled by President Johnson to urge cities ravaged from riots following King's assassination to not resort to violence, telling them to \"cool it, there's another way\".Responding to pressure from black activists, including H. Rap Brown, to take a bigger stance on their issues and from footage of black on black crime committed in inner cities, Brown wrote the lyrics to the song \"Say It Loud – I'm Black and I'm Proud\", which his bandleader Alfred \"Pee Wee\" Ellis accompanied with a musical composition.", "Released late that summer, the song's lyrics helped to make it an anthem for the civil rights movement.", "Brown only performed the song sporadically following its initial release and later stated he had regrets about recording it, saying in 1984, \"Now 'Say It Loud – I'm Black and I'm Proud' has done more for the black race than any other record, but if I had my choice, I wouldn't have done it, because I don't like defining anyone by race.", "To teach race is to teach separatism.\"", "In his autobiography he stated:The song is obsolete now ...", "But it was necessary to teach pride then, and I think the song did a lot of good for a lot of people ... People called \"Black and Proud\" militant and angry – maybe because of the line about dying on your feet instead of living on your knees.", "But really, if you listen to it, it sounds like a children's song.", "That's why I had children in it, so children who heard it could grow up feeling pride ...", "The song cost me a lot of my crossover audience.", "The racial makeup at my concerts was mostly black after that.", "I don't regret it, though, even if it was misunderstood.In 1969, Brown recorded two more songs of social commentary, \"World\" and \"I Don't Want Nobody to Give Me Nothing\", the latter song pleading for equal opportunity and self-reliance rather than entitlement.", "In 1970, in response to some black leaders for not being outspoken enough, he recorded \"Get Up, Get into It, Get Involved\" and \"Talkin' Loud and Sayin' Nothing\".", "In 1971, he began touring Africa, including Zambia and Nigeria.", "He was made \"freeman of the city\" in Lagos, Nigeria, by Oba Adeyinka Oyekan, for his \"influence on black people all over the world\".", "With his company, James Brown Enterprises, Brown helped to provide jobs for blacks in business in the communities.", "As the 1970s continued, Brown continued to record songs of social commentary, most prominently 1972's \"King Heroin\" and the two-part ballad \"Public Enemy\", which dealt with drug addiction.===Political views===During the 1968 presidential campaign, Brown endorsed Democratic presidential candidate Hubert Humphrey and appeared with Humphrey at political rallies.", "Brown was labeled an \"Uncle Tom\" for supporting Humphrey and also for releasing the pro-American funk song, \"America Is My Home\", in which Brown had lambasted protesters of the Vietnam War as well as the politics of pro-black activists.", "Brown began supporting Republican president Richard Nixon after being invited to perform at Nixon's inaugural ball in January 1969.Brown's endorsement of Nixon's campaign during the 1972 presidential election negatively impacted his career during that period with several national Black organizations boycotting his records and protesting at his concert shows; a November 1972 show in Cincinnati was picketed with signs saying, \"James Brown: Nixon's Clown\".", "Brown initially was invited to perform at a Youth Concert following Nixon's inauguration in January 1973 but bailed out due to the backlash he suffered from supporting Nixon.", "Brown joined fellow black entertainer Sammy Davis Jr., who faced similar backlash, to back out of the concert.", "Brown blamed it on \"fatigue\".", "Brown later reversed his support of Nixon and composed the song, \"You Can Have Watergate (Just Gimme Some Bucks And I'll Be Straight)\" as a result.", "After Nixon resigned from office, Brown composed the 1974 hit, \"Funky President (People It's Bad)\", right after Gerald Ford took Nixon's place.", "Brown later supported Democratic President Jimmy Carter, attending one of Carter's inaugural balls in 1977.Brown also openly supported President Ronald Reagan's reelection in 1984.Brown stated he was neither Democratic nor Republican despite his support of Republican presidents such as Nixon and Reagan as well as Democratic presidents John F. Kennedy, Lyndon B. Johnson, and Jimmy Carter.", "In 1999, when being interviewed by ''Rolling Stone'', the magazine asked him to name a hero in the 20th century; Brown mentioned John F. Kennedy and then-96-year-old U.S.", "Senator, and former Dixiecrat, Strom Thurmond, stating \"when the young whippersnappers get out of line, whether Democratic or Republican, an old man can walk up and say 'Wait a minute, son, it goes this way.'", "And that's great for our country.", "He's like a grandfather to me.\"", "In 2003, Brown was the featured attraction of a Washington D.C. fundraiser for the National Republican Senatorial Committee.", "Following the deaths of Ronald Reagan and his friend Ray Charles, Brown said to CNN, \"I'm kind of in an uproar.", "I love the country and I got – you know I've been around a long time, through many presidents and everything.", "So after losing Mr. Reagan, who I knew very well, then Mr. Ray Charles, who I worked with and lived with like, all our life, we had a show together in Oakland many, many years ago and it's like you found the placard.\"", "Despite his contrarian political views, Brown mentored black activist Rev.", "Al Sharpton during the 1970s." ], [ "Personal life", "In 1962, Tammi Terrell joined the James Brown Revue.", "Brown became sexually involved with Terrell—even though she was only 17—in a relationship that continued until she escaped his physical abuse.", "Bobby Bennett, former member of the Famous Flames, told ''Rolling Stone'' about the abuse he witnessed: \"He beat Tammi Terrell terrible\", said Bennett.", "\"She was bleeding, shedding blood.\"", "Terrell, who died in 1970, was Brown's girlfriend before she became famous as Marvin Gaye's singing partner in the mid-1960s.", "\"Tammi left him because she didn't want her butt whipped\", said Bennett, who also claimed he saw Brown kick one pregnant girlfriend down a flight of stairs.===Marriages and children===Brown was married three times.", "His first marriage was to Velma Warren in 1953, and they had one son together.", "Over a decade later, the couple had separated, and the final divorce decree was issued in 1969.They maintained a close friendship that lasted until Brown's death.", "Brown's second marriage was to Deidre \"Deedee\" Jenkins, on October 22, 1970.They had two daughters together.", "By 1974 they were separated after what his daughter describes as years of domestic abuse, and the final divorce decree was issued on January 10, 1981.His third marriage was to Adrienne Lois Rodriguez (March 9, 1950 – January 6, 1996) in 1984.It was a contentious marriage that made headlines due to domestic abuse complaints.", "Rodriguez filed for divorce in 1988, \"citing years of cruelty treatment\", but they reconciled.", "Less than a year after Rodriguez died in 1996, Brown hired Tomi Rae Hynie to be a background singer for his band; she later claimed that she was his fourth wife.On December 23, 2002, Brown, 69, and Hynie, 33, held a wedding ceremony that was officiated by the Rev.", "Larry Flyer.", "Following Brown's death, controversy surrounded the circumstances of the marriage, with Brown's attorney, Albert \"Buddy\" Dallas, reporting that the marriage was not valid; Hynie was still married to Javed Ahmed, a man from Bangladesh.", "Hynie claimed Ahmed married her to obtain residency through a Green Card and that the marriage was annulled but the annulment did not occur until April 2004.In an attempt to prove her marriage to Brown was valid, she provided a marriage certificate as proof of her marriage to Brown during an interview on CNN with Larry King, but she did not provide King with court records pointing to an annulment of her marriage to Brown or to Ahmed.", "According to Dallas, Brown was angry and hurt that Hynie had concealed her prior marriage from him and Brown moved to file for annulment from Hynie.", "Dallas added that though Hynie's marriage to Ahmed was annulled after she married Brown, the Brown–Hynie marriage was not valid under South Carolina law because Brown and Hynie did not remarry after the annulment.", "In August 2003, Brown took out a full-page public notice in ''Variety'' featuring Hynie, James II and himself on vacation at Disney World to announce that he and Hynie were going their separate ways.", "On January 27, 2015, a judge ruled Hynie as Brown's legal widow and that she was now Brown's widow for purposes of determining the distribution of Brown's estate.", "The decision was based on the grounds that Hynie's previous marriage was invalid and that James Brown had abandoned his efforts to annul his own marriage to Hynie.", "On June 17, 2020, a South Carolina Supreme Court ruled that Hynie was not legally married to Brown due to her failure to annul her previous marriage.", "The court also officially ruled that she has no right to any part of his estate.Brown had numerous children and acknowledged nine of them, including five sons—Teddy (1954–1973), Terry, Larry, Micheal Brown and James Joseph Brown Jr.—and six daughters: LaRhonda Petitt, Dr. Yamma Noyola Brown Lumar, Deanna Brown Thomas, Cinnamon Brown, Jeanette Bellinger and Venisha Brown (1964–2018).", "Brown also had eight grandchildren and four great-grandchildren.", "Brown's eldest son, Teddy, died in a car crash on June 14, 1973.According to an August 22, 2007, article published in the British newspaper ''The Daily Telegraph'', DNA tests indicate that Brown also fathered at least three extramarital children.", "The first one of them to be identified is LaRhonda Pettit (born 1962), a retired flight attendant and teacher who lives in Houston.", "Another alleged son, Michael Deon Brown, was born in September 1968 to Mary Florence Brown, and despite pleading no contest to a paternity suit brought against him in 1983, Brown never officially acknowledged Michael as his son.", "During contesting of Brown's will, another of the Brown family attorneys, Debra Opri, revealed to Larry King that James Brown wanted a DNA test performed after his death to confirm the paternity of James Brown Jr. (born 2001)—not for Brown Jr.'s sake but for the sake of the other family members.", "In April 2007, Hynie selected a guardian ad litem whom she wanted appointed by the court to represent her son, James Brown Jr., in the paternity proceedings.", "James Brown Jr. was confirmed to be his biological son.===Drug abuse===For most of his career, Brown had a strict drug- and alcohol-free policy for any member in his entourage, including band members, and would fire people who disobeyed orders, particularly those who used or abused drugs.", "Although early members of the Famous Flames were fired for using alcohol, Brown often served a highball consisting of Delaware Punch and moonshine at his St. Albans, Queens, house in the mid-1960s.", "Some of the original members of Brown's 1970s band, the J.B.'s, including Catfish and Bootsy Collins, intentionally took LSD during a performance in 1971, causing Brown to fire them after the show because he had suspected them of being on drugs all along.Aide Bob Patton has asserted that he accidentally shared a PCP-laced cannabis joint with Brown in the mid-1970s and \"hallucinated for hours\", although Brown \"talked about it as if it was only marijuana he was smoking\".", "By the mid-1980s, it was widely alleged that Brown was using drugs, with Vicki Anderson confirming to journalist Barney Hoskyns that Brown's regular use of PCP (colloquially known as \"angel dust\") \"began before 1982\".", "After he met and later married Adrienne Rodriguez in 1984, she and Brown began using PCP together.", "This drug usage often resulted in violent outbursts from him, and he was arrested several times for domestic violence against Rodriguez while high on the drug.", "By January 1988, Brown faced four criminal charges within a 12-month span relating to driving, PCP, and gun possession.", "After an April 1988 arrest for domestic abuse, Brown went on the CNN program ''Sonya Live in L.A.'' with host Sonya Friedman.", "The interview became notorious for Brown's irreverent demeanor, with some asserting that Brown was high.One of Brown's former mistresses recalled in a ''GQ'' magazine article on Brown some years after his death that Brown would smoke PCP (\"until that got hard to find\") and cocaine, mixed with tobacco in Kool cigarettes.", "He also engaged in the off-label use of sildenafil, maintaining that it gave him \"extra energy\".", "Once, while traveling in a car under the influence of PCP (which he continued to procure dependent on its availability), Brown alleged that passing trees contained psychotronic surveillance technology.In January 1998, he spent a week in rehab to deal with an addiction to unspecified prescription drugs.", "A week after his release, he was arrested for an unlawful use of a handgun and possession of cannabis.", "Prior to his death in December 2006, when Brown entered Emory University Hospital, traces of cocaine were found in the singer's urine.", "His widow suggested Brown would \"do crack\" with a female acquaintance.===Theft and assault convictions===Brown's personal life was marred by numerous brushes with the law.", "At the age of 16, he was convicted of theft and served three years in juvenile prison.", "During a concert held at Club 15 in Macon, Georgia, in 1963, while Otis Redding was performing alongside his former band Johnny Jenkins and the Pinetoppers, Brown, reportedly wielding two shotguns, tried to shoot his musical rival Joe Tex.", "The incident led to multiple people being shot and stabbed.", "Since Brown was still on parole at the time, he relied on his agent Clint Brantley \"and a few thousand dollars to make the situation disappear\".", "According to Jenkins, \"seven people got shot\", and after the shootout ended, a man appeared and gave \"each one of the injured a hundred dollars apiece not to carry it no further and not to talk to the press\".", "Brown was never charged for the incident.On July 16, 1978, after performing at the Apollo, Brown was arrested for reportedly failing to turn in records from one of his radio stations after the station was forced to file for bankruptcy.Brown was arrested on April 3, 1988, for assault, and again in May 1988 on drug and weapons charges, and again on September 24, 1988, following a high-speed car chase on Interstate 20 near the Georgia–South Carolina state border.", "He was convicted of carrying an unlicensed pistol and assaulting a police officer, along with various drug-related and driving offenses.", "Although he was sentenced to six years in prison, he was eventually released on parole on February 27, 1991, after serving two years of his sentence.", "Brown's FBI file, released to ''The Washington Post'' in 2007 under the Freedom of Information Act, related Brown's claim that the high-speed chase did not occur as claimed by the police, and that local police shot at his car several times during an incident of police harassment and assaulted him after his arrest.", "Local authorities found no merit to Brown's accusations.In 1998, a woman named Mary Simons accused Brown in a civil suit of holding her captive for three days, demanding oral sex and firing a gun in his office; Simons' charge was eventually dismissed.", "In another civil suit, filed by former background singer Lisa Rushton alleged that between 1994 and 1999, Brown allegedly demanded sexual favors and when refused, would cut off her pay and kept her offstage.", "She also claimed Brown would \"place a hand on her buttocks and loudly told her in a crowded restaurant to not look or speak to any other man besides himself;\" Rushton eventually withdrew her lawsuit.", "In yet another civil suit, a woman named Lisa Agbalaya, who worked for Brown, said the singer would tell her he had \"bull testicles\", handed her a pair of zebra-print underwear, told her to wear them while he massaged her with oil, and fired her after she refused.", "A Los Angeles jury cleared the singer of sexual harassment but found him liable for wrongful termination.The police were summoned to Brown's residence on July 3, 2000, after he was accused of charging at an electric company repairman with a steak knife when the repairman visited Brown's house to investigate a complaint about having no lights at the residence.", "In 2003, Brown was pardoned by the South Carolina Department of Probation, Parole, and Pardon Services for past crimes that he was convicted of committing in South Carolina.===Domestic violence arrests===Brown was repeatedly arrested for domestic violence.", "On four occasions between 1987 and 1995, Brown was arrested on charges of assault against his third wife, Adrienne Rodriguez.", "In one incident, Rodriguez reported to authorities that Brown beat her with an iron pipe and shot at her car.", "Rodriguez was hospitalized after the last assault in October 1995, but charges were dropped after she died in January 1996.In January 2004, Brown was arrested in South Carolina on a domestic violence charge after Tomi Rae Hynie accused him of pushing her to the floor during an argument at their home, where she suffered scratches and bruises to her right arm and hip.", "In June, Brown pleaded no contest to the domestic violence incident, but served no jail time.", "Instead, Brown was required to forfeit a US$1,087 bond as punishment.===Rape accusation===In January 2005, a woman named Jacque Hollander filed a lawsuit against James Brown, which stemmed from an alleged 1988 rape.", "When the case was initially heard before a judge in 2002, Hollander's claims against Brown were dismissed by the court as the limitations period for filing the suit had expired.", "Hollander claimed that stress from the alleged assault later caused her to develop Graves' disease, a chronic thyroid condition.", "Hollander claimed that the incident took place in South Carolina while she was employed by Brown as a publicist.", "Hollander alleged that, during her ride in a van with Brown, Brown pulled over to the side of the road and sexually assaulted her while he threatened her with a shotgun.In her case against Brown, Hollander entered as evidence a DNA sample and a polygraph result, but the evidence was not considered due to the limitations defense.", "Hollander later attempted to bring her case before the Supreme Court, but nothing came of her complaint." ], [ "Later life", "At the end of his life, James Brown lived in Beech Island, South Carolina, directly across the Savannah River from Augusta, Georgia.", "According to his longtime manager Charles Bobbit, Brown had been living with Type 2 diabetes, which went undiagnosed for years.", "In 2004, Brown was successfully treated for prostate cancer.", "Regardless of his health, Brown maintained his reputation as the \"hardest working man in show business\" by keeping up with his grueling performance schedule.===Illness===James Brown memorial in Augusta, GeorgiaOn December 23, 2006, Brown became very ill and arrived at his dentist's office in Atlanta, Georgia, several hours late.", "His appointment was for dental implant work.", "During that visit, Brown's dentist observed that he looked \"very bad ... weak and dazed\".", "Instead of performing the work, the dentist advised Brown to see a physician right away about his medical condition.The following day, Brown went to the Emory Crawford Long Memorial Hospital for medical evaluation and was admitted for observation and treatment.", "According to Charles Bobbit, his longtime personal manager and friend, Brown had been struggling with a noisy cough since returning from a November trip to Europe.", "Yet, Bobbit said, the singer had a history of never complaining about being sick and often performed while ill.", "Although Brown had to cancel upcoming concerts in Waterbury, Connecticut, and Englewood, New Jersey, he was confident that the doctor would discharge him from the hospital in time for his scheduled New Year's Eve shows at the Count Basie Theatre in New Jersey and the B.", "B.", "King Blues Club in New York, in addition to performing a song live on CNN for the Anderson Cooper New Year's Eve special.", "Brown remained hospitalized, however, and his condition worsened throughout the day.===Death===On Christmas Day 2006, Brown died at approximately 1:45 a.m. EST (05:45 UTC), at age 73, from congestive heart failure, resulting from complications of pneumonia.", "Bobbit was at his bedside and later reported that Brown stuttered, \"I'm going away tonight\", then took three long, quiet breaths and fell asleep before dying.In February 2019, an investigation by CNN and other journalists led to suggestions that Brown had been murdered.===Memorial services===Public memorial at the Apollo Theater in HarlemAfter Brown's death, his relatives, a host of celebrities, and thousands of fans gathered, on December 28, 2006, for a public memorial service at the Apollo Theater in New York City and, on December 30, 2006, at the James Brown Arena in Augusta, Georgia.", "A separate, private ceremony was held in North Augusta, South Carolina, on December 29, 2006, with Brown's family in attendance.", "Celebrities at these various memorial events included Michael Jackson, Jimmy Cliff, Joe Frazier, Buddy Guy, Ice Cube, Ludacris, Dr. Dre, Little Richard, Dick Gregory, MC Hammer, Prince, Jesse Jackson, Ice-T, Jerry Lee Lewis, Bootsy Collins, LL Cool J, Lil Wayne, Lenny Kravitz, 50 Cent, Stevie Wonder, and Don King.", "Rev.", "Al Sharpton officiated at all of Brown's public and private memorial services.Public funeral in Augusta, Georgia, with Michael Jackson attendingBrown's memorial ceremonies were all elaborate, complete with costume changes for the deceased and videos featuring him in concert.", "His body, placed in a Promethean casket—bronze polished to a golden shine—was driven through the streets of New York to the Apollo Theater in a white, glass-encased horse-drawn carriage.", "In Augusta, Georgia, his memorial procession stopped to pay respects at his statue, en route to the James Brown Arena.", "During the public memorial there, a video showed Brown's last performance in Augusta, Georgia, with the Ray Charles version of \"Georgia on My Mind\" playing soulfully in the background.", "His last backup band, the Soul Generals, also played some of his hits during that tribute at the arena.", "The group was joined by Bootsy Collins on bass, with MC Hammer performing a dance in James Brown style.", "Former Temptations lead singer Ali-Ollie Woodson performed \"Walk Around Heaven All Day\" at the memorial services.", "Brown was buried in a crypt at his daughter's home in Beech Island, South Carolina.===Last will and testament===Brown signed his last will and testament on August 1, 2000, before J. Strom Thurmond Jr., an attorney for the estate.", "The irrevocable trust, separate and apart from Brown's will, was created on his behalf, that same year, by his attorney, Albert \"Buddy\" Dallas, one of three personal representatives of Brown's estate.", "His will covered the disposition of his personal assets, such as clothing, cars, and jewelry, while the irrevocable trust covered the disposition of the music rights, business assets of James Brown Enterprises, and his Beech Island, South Carolina estate.During the reading of the will on January 11, 2007, Thurmond revealed that Brown's six adult living children (Terry Brown, Larry Brown, Daryl Brown, Yamma Brown Lumar, Deanna Brown Thomas and Venisha Brown) were named in the document, while Hynie and James II were not mentioned as heirs.", "Brown's will was signed 10 months before James II was born and more than a year before Brown's marriage to Tomi Rae Hynie.", "Like Brown's will, his irrevocable trust omitted Hynie and James II as recipients of Brown's property.", "The irrevocable trust had also been established before, and not amended since, the birth of James II.On January 24, 2007, Brown's children filed a lawsuit, petitioning the court to remove the personal representatives from the estate (including Brown's attorney, as well as trustee Albert \"Buddy\" Dallas) and appoint a special administrator because of perceived impropriety and alleged mismanagement of Brown's assets.", "On January 31, 2007, Hynie also filed a lawsuit against Brown's estate, challenging the validity of the will and the irrevocable trust.", "Hynie's suit asked the court both to recognize her as Brown's widow and to appoint a special administrator for the estate.On January 27, 2015, Judge Doyet Early III ruled that Tomi Rae Hynie Brown was officially the widow of James Brown.", "The decision was based on the grounds that Hynie's previous marriage was invalid and that James Brown had abandoned his efforts to annul his own marriage to Hynie.On February 19, 2015, the South Carolina Supreme Court intervened, halting all lower court actions in the estate and undertaking to review previous actions itself.", "The South Carolina Court of Appeals in July 2018 ruled that Hynie was, in fact, Mr. Brown's wife.", "In 2020, the South Carolina Supreme Court ruled that Hynie had not been legally married to Brown and did not have a right to his estate.", "It was reported in July 2021 that Brown's family had reached a settlement ending the 15-year battle over the estate." ], [ "Legacy", "Brown received awards and honors throughout his lifetime and after his death.", "In 1993, the City Council of Steamboat Springs, Colorado, conducted a poll of residents to choose a new name for the bridge that crossed the Yampa River on Shield Drive.", "The winning name, with 7,717 votes, was \"James Brown Soul Center of the Universe Bridge\".", "The bridge was officially dedicated in September 1993, and Brown appeared at the ribbon-cutting ceremony for the event.", "A petition was started by local ranchers to return the name to \"Stockbridge\" for historical reasons, but they backed off after citizens defeated their efforts because of the popularity of Brown's name.", "Brown returned to Steamboat Springs, Colorado, on July 4, 2002, for an outdoor festival, performing with bands such as the String Cheese Incident.During his long career, Brown received many prestigious music industry awards and honors.", "In 1983 he was inducted into the Georgia Music Hall of Fame.", "Brown was one of the first inductees into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame at its inaugural induction dinner in New York on January 23, 1986.At that time, the members of his original vocal group, the Famous Flames (Bobby Byrd, Johnny Terry, Bobby Bennett, and Lloyd Stallworth) were not inducted.", "However, on April 14, 2012, the Famous Flames were automatically and retroactively inducted into the Hall of Fame alongside Brown, without the need for nomination and voting, on the basis that they should have been inducted with him in 1986.On February 25, 1992, Brown was awarded a Lifetime Achievement Award at the 34th annual Grammy Awards.", "Exactly a year later, he received a Lifetime Achievement Award at the 4th annual Rhythm & Blues Foundation Pioneer Awards.", "A ceremony was held for Brown on January 10, 1997, to honor him with a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.On June 15, 2000, Brown was honored as an inductee to the New York Songwriters Hall of Fame.", "On August 6, 2002, he was honored as the first BMI Urban Icon at the BMI Urban Awards.", "His BMI accolades include an impressive ten R&B Awards and six Pop Awards.", "On November 14, 2006, Brown was inducted into the UK Music Hall of Fame, and he was one of several inductees to perform at the ceremony.", "In recognition of his accomplishments as an entertainer, Brown was a recipient of Kennedy Center Honors on December 7, 2003.In 2004 ''Rolling Stone'' magazine ranked James Brown as No.", "7 on its list of the 100 Greatest Artists of All Time.", "Rick Rubin wrote in appreciation: In one sense, James Brown is like Johnny Cash.", "Johnny is considered one of the kings of country music, but there are a lot of people who like Johnny but don't like country music.", "It's the same with James Brown and R&B.", "His music is singular — the feel and tone of it.", "James Brown is his own genre.", "He was a great editor — as a songwriter, producer and bandleader.", "He kept things sparse.", "He knew that was important.", "And he had the best players, the funkiest of all bands.", "If Clyde Stubblefield had been drumming on a Motown session, they would not have let him play what he did with James on \"Funky Drummer.\"", "James' vision allowed that music to get out.", "And the music always came from the groove, whereas for so many R&B and Motown artists at the time it was more about conventional songs.", "James Brown's songs are not conventional.", "\"I Got You,\" \"Out of Sight\" — they are ultimately vehicles for unique, even bizarre grooves...", "I first saw James Brown around 1980, between my junior and senior years in high school.", "It was in Boston.", "It was in a catering hall, with folding chairs.", "And it was one of the greatest musical experiences of my life.", "His dancing and singing were incredible, and he played a Hammond B3 organ tufted with red leather, with \"Godfather\" in studs written across the front.In an article for ''Rolling Stone'', Robert Christgau called Brown \"the greatest musician of the rock era\".", "He appeared on the BET Awards June 24, 2003, and received the Lifetime Achievement Award presented by Michael Jackson, and performed with him.", "In 2004, he received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement presented by Awards Council member Aretha Franklin.AugustaBrown was also honored in his hometown of Augusta, Georgia, for his philanthropy and civic activities.", "On November 20, 1993, Mayor Charles DeVaney of Augusta held a ceremony to dedicate a section of 9th Street between Broad and Twiggs Streets, renamed \"James Brown Boulevard\", in the entertainer's honor.", "On May 6, 2005, as a 72nd birthday present for Brown, the city of Augusta unveiled a life-sized bronze James Brown statue on Broad Street.", "The statue was to have been dedicated a year earlier, but the ceremony was put on hold because of a domestic abuse charge that Brown faced at the time.", "In 2005, Charles \"Champ\" Walker and the We Feel Good Committee went before the County commission and received approval to change Augusta's slogan to \"We Feel Good\".", "Afterward, officials renamed the city's civic center the James Brown Arena, and James Brown attended a ceremony for the unveiling of the namesake center on October 15, 2006.On December 30, 2006, during the public memorial service at the James Brown Arena, Shirley A. R. Lewis, president of Paine College, a historically black college in Augusta, Georgia, bestowed posthumously upon Brown an honorary doctorate in recognition and honor of his many contributions to the school in its times of need.", "Brown had originally been scheduled to receive the honorary doctorate from Paine College during its May 2007 commencement.During the 49th Annual Grammy Awards presentation on February 11, 2007, James Brown's famous cape was draped over a microphone by Danny Ray at the end of a montage in honor of notable people in the music industry who died during the previous year.", "Earlier that evening, Christina Aguilera delivered an impassioned performance of Brown's hit \"It's a Man's Man's Man's World\" followed by a standing ovation, while Chris Brown performed a dance routine in honor of James Brown.On August 17, 2013, the official R&B Music Hall of Fame honored and inducted James Brown at a ceremony held at the Waetjen Auditorium at Cleveland State University.Traffic box public art commissioned to be painted by Ms. Robbie Pitts Bellamy in tribute to Brown in 2015ART THE BOX began in early 2015 as a collaboration between three organizations: the City of Augusta, the Downtown Development Authority and the Greater Augusta Arts Council.", "19 local artists were selected by a committee to create art on 23 local traffic signal control cabinets (TSCCs).", "A competition was held to create the James Brown Tribute Box on the corner of James Brown Blvd.", "(9th Ave.) and Broad St.", "This box was designed and painted by local artist, Ms. Robbie Pitts Bellamy and has become a favorite photo opportunity to visitors and locals in Augusta, Georgia.", "\"I have a lot of musical heroes but I think James Brown is at the top of the list\", remarked Public Enemy's Chuck D. \"Absolutely the funkiest man on Earth ...", "In a black household, James Brown is part of the fabric – Motown, Stax, Atlantic and James Brown.\"", "Tom Waits recalls \"I first saw James Brown in 1962 at an outdoor theatre in San Diego and it was indescribable... it was like putting a finger in a light socket...", "It was really like seeing mass at St. Patrick's Cathedral on Christmas.\"", "In 2023, ''Rolling Stone'' ranked Brown at No.", "44 on their list of the 200 Greatest Singers of All Time.", "On April 24, 2023, James Brown was inducted into the newly established Atlantic City Walk Of Fame presented by The National R&B Music Society Inc. Brown's daughter Deanna Brown Thomas accepted the honor on his behalf.", "The unveiling and induction ceremony took place at Brighton Park in Atlantic City, NJ.", "Brown was inducted by Bowlegged Lou of the production team Full Force.", "Other inductees included, Little Anthony & The Imperials, The Delfonics and Grover Washington Jr." ], [ "Tributes", "As a tribute to James Brown, the Rolling Stones covered the song, \"I'll Go Crazy\" from Brown's ''Live at the Apollo'' album, during their 2007 European tour.", "Led Zeppelin guitarist Jimmy Page has remarked, \"He James Brown was almost a musical genre in his own right and he changed and moved forward the whole time so people were able to learn from him.", "\"On December 22, 2007, the first annual \"Tribute Fit For the King of King Records\" in honor of James Brown was held at the Madison Theater in Covington, Kentucky.", "The tribute, organized by Bootsy Collins, featured Tony Wilson as Young James Brown with appearances by Afrika Bambaataa, Chuck D of Public Enemy, the Soul Generals, Buckethead, Freekbass, Triage and many of Brown's surviving family members.", "Comedian Michael Coyer was the MC for the event.", "During the show, the mayor of Cincinnati proclaimed December 22 as James Brown Day." ], [ "Discography", "'''Studio albums'''* ''Please Please Please'' (1958) * ''Try Me!''", "(1959) * ''Think!''", "(1960) * ''The Amazing James Brown'' (1961) * ''James Brown and His Famous Flames Tour the U.S.A.'' (1962) * ''Prisoner of Love'' (1963)* ''Showtime'' (1964)* ''Grits & Soul'' (1964)* ''Out of Sight'' (1964)* ''James Brown Plays James Brown Today & Yesterday'' (1965)* ''Mighty Instrumentals'' (1966)* ''James Brown Plays New Breed (The Boo-Ga-Loo)'' (1966)* ''James Brown Sings Christmas Songs'' (1966)* ''Handful of Soul'' (1966)* ''James Brown Sings Raw Soul'' (1967)* ''James Brown Plays the Real Thing'' (1967)* ''Cold Sweat'' (1967)* ''I Can't Stand Myself When You Touch Me'' (1968)* ''I Got the Feelin''' (1968)* ''James Brown Plays Nothing But Soul'' (1968)* ''Thinking About Little Willie John and a Few Nice Things'' (1968)* ''A Soulful Christmas'' (1968)* ''Say It Loud – I'm Black and I'm Proud'' (1969)* ''Gettin' Down to It'' (1969)* ''The Popcorn'' (1969)* ''It's a Mother'' (1969)* ''Ain't It Funky'' (1970)* ''Soul on Top'' (1970)* ''It's a New Day – Let a Man Come In'' (1970)* ''Hey America'' (1970)* ''Sho Is Funky Down Here'' (1971)* ''Hot Pants'' (1971)* ''There It Is'' (1972)* ''Get on the Good Foot'' (1972)* ''Black Caesar'' (1973)* ''Slaughter's Big Rip-Off'' (1973)* ''The Payback'' (1973)* ''Hell'' (1974)* ''Reality'' (1974)* ''Sex Machine Today'' (1975)* ''Everybody's Doin' the Hustle & Dead on the Double Bump'' (1975)* ''Hot'' (1976)* ''Get Up Offa That Thing'' (1976)* ''Bodyheat'' (1976)* ''Mutha's Nature'' (1977)* ''Jam 1980's'' (1978)* ''Take a Look at Those Cakes'' (1978)* ''The Original Disco Man'' (1979)* ''People'' (1980)* ''Soul Syndrome'' (1980)* ''Nonstop!''", "(1981)* ''Bring It On!''", "(1983)* ''Gravity'' (1986)* ''I'm Real'' (1988)* ''Love Over-Due'' (1991)* ''Universal James'' (1993)* ''I'm Back'' (1998)* ''The Merry Christmas Album'' (1999)* ''The Next Step'' (2002)" ], [ "Filmography", "* ''The T.A.M.I.", "Show'' (1964) (concert film) – himself (with the Famous Flames)* ''Ski Party'' (1965) – himself (with the Famous Flames)* ''James Brown: Man to Man'' (1968) (concert film) – himself* ''The Phynx'' (1970) – himself* ''Black Caesar'' (1973) (soundtrack only)* ''Slaughter's Big Rip-Off'' (1973) (soundtrack only)* ''The Blues Brothers'' (1980) – Reverend Cleophus James* ''Doctor Detroit'' (1983) – himself, the Bandleader* ''Rocky IV'' (1985) – The Godfather of Soul* ''Miami Vice'' (1987) – Lou De Long* ''James Brown: Live in East Berlin'' (1989) – himself* ''The Simpsons'' (1993) – himself (voice)* ''When We Were Kings'' (1996) (documentary) – himself* ''Duckman'' (1997) – Hostage Negotiator (voice)* ''Soulmates'' (1997) – himself* ''Blues Brothers 2000'' (1998) – Reverend Cleophus James* ''Holy Man'' (1998) – himself* ''Undercover Brother'' (2002) – himself* ''The Tuxedo'' (2002) – himself* ''The Hire: Beat the Devil'' (2002) (short film) – himself * ''Paper Chasers'' (2003) (documentary) – himself* ''Soul Survivor'' (2003) (documentary) – himself* ''Sid Bernstein Presents'' (2005) (documentary) – himself* ''Glastonbury'' (2006) (documentary) – himself* ''Life on the Road with Mr. and Mrs. Brown'' (2007) (documentary; release pending) – himself* ''Live at the Boston Garden: April 5, 1968'' (2008) (concert film) – himself* ''I Got The Feelin': James Brown in the '60s'', three-DVD set featuring ''Live at the Boston Garden: April 5, 1968'', ''Live at the Apollo '68'' DVD version of ''James Brown: Man to Man'', and the documentary ''The Night James Brown Saved Boston''* ''Soul Power'' (2009) (documentary) – himself (archive footage)* ''Get on Up'' (2014) – himself (archive footage)" ], [ "Biopics", "*''Mr.", "Dynamite: The Rise of James Brown'' (2014), released in April 2014, written and directed by Alex Gibney, produced by Mick Jagger.", "* ''Get on Up'' (2014), released in theaters on August 1, 2014.Chadwick Boseman plays the role of James Brown in the film.", "Originally, Mick Jagger and Brian Grazer had begun producing a documentary film on Brown in 2013.A fiction film had been in the planning stages for many years and was revived when Jagger read the script by Jez and John-Henry Butterworth." ], [ "In other media", "'''Games'''* In the video game ''World of Warcraft'', the first boss character of the Forge of Souls dungeon is Bronjahm, \"the Godfather of Souls\".", "His quotes during the fight are musical references, and he has a chance of dropping an item called \"Papa's Brand New Bag\".", "'''Television'''* As himself (voice) in the 1993 ''The Simpsons'' episode \"Bart's Inner Child\".", "* In 1991, Brown did a Pay Per View Special with top celebrities such as Quincy Jones, Rick James, Dan Aykroyd, Gladys Knight, Denzel Washington, MC Hammer and others attended or were opening acts.", "This was produced with boxing promoter Buddy Dallas.", "15.5 million households tuned in at a cost $19.99.", "* In 2002, Brown starred in the Jackie Chan movie ''The Tuxedo'' as himself* On December 1, 2018, Nickelodeon airs the Rise of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles episode “Al Be Back” in which the character Raphael is dressed in an outfit and wig reminiscent of James Brown's iconic red suits and hairstyle in order to perform a Soul-inspired set at a local carnival." ], [ "See also", "* Progressive soul* List of dancers" ], [ "References", "'''Footnotes''''''Sources'''* * * * * * * *" ], [ "Further reading", "* Danielsen, Anne (2006).", "''Presence and pleasure: The funk grooves of James Brown and Parliament''.", "Wesleyan University Press.", "* George, Nelson, and Leeds, Alan (editors).", "(2008).", "''The James Brown Reader: 50 Years of Writing about the Godfather of Soul''.", "New York: Plume.", "* Lethem, J.", "(June 12, 2006).", "\"Being James Brown\", ''Rolling Stone Magazine''.", "Retrieved January 14, 2007.", "* McBride, James (2016) ''Kill 'Em and Leave: Searching for James Brown and the American Soul''.", "New York: Spiegel & Grau* Sullivan, James.", "(2008).", "''The Hardest Working Man: How James Brown Saved The Soul Of America''.", "New York: Gotham Books.", "* Sussman, M. (producer).", "(December 25, 2006).", "Arts: Soul classics by James Brown (multimedia presentation).", "''The New York Times''.", "Retrieved January 9, 2007.", "* Wesley, Fred.", "(2002).", "''Hit Me, Fred: Recollections of a Sideman''.", "Durham: Duke University Press.", "* Whitney, Marva and Waring, Charles.", "(2013) ''God, The Devil & James Brown:(Memoirs of a Funky Diva)''.", "New Romney: Bank House Books" ], [ "External links", "** * * *" ] ]
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[ [ "Jon Postel" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Jonathan Bruce Postel''' (; August 6, 1943 – October 16, 1998) was an American computer scientist who made many significant contributions to the development of the Internet, particularly with respect to standards.", "He is known principally for being the Editor of the Request for Comment (RFC) document series, for Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP), and for administering the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) until his death.", "During his lifetime he was referred to as the \"god of the Internet\" for his comprehensive influence; Postel himself noted that this \"compliment\" came with a barb, the suggestion that he should be replaced by a \"professional,\" and responded with typical self-effacing matter-of-factness: \"Of course, there isn’t any 'God of the Internet.'", "The Internet works because a lot of people cooperate to do things together.\"" ], [ "Career", "Postel attended Van Nuys High School, and then UCLA where he earned his B.S.", "(1966) as well as his M.S.", "(1968) in Engineering.", "There he completed his Ph.D. in computer science in 1974, with Dave Farber as his thesis advisor.Map of the Internet, created by Jon Postel in 1982Postel started work at UCLA on 23 December 1969 as a Postgraduate Research Engineer (I) where he was involved in early work on the ARPANET.", "He was involved in the development of the Internet domain system and, at his instigation, Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn developed a second set of protocols for handling data between networks, which is now known as Internet protocol suite.", "Together with Cerf and Steve Crocker, Postel worked on implementing most of the ARPANET protocols.", "Cerf would later become one of the principal designers of the TCP/IP standard, which works because of the sentence known as Postel's Law.Postel worked with ARPANET until 24 August 1973 when he left to join MITRE Corporation.", "He assisted with Network Information Center which was being set up at SRI by Elizabeth Feinler.", "In March 1977, he joined the Information Sciences Institute at the University of Southern California as a research scientist.Postel was the RFC Editor from 1969 until his death, and wrote and edited many important RFCs, including RFC 791, RFC 792 and RFC 793, which define the basic protocols of the Internet protocol suite, and RFC 2223, ''Instructions to RFC Authors''.", "Between 1982 and 1984 Postel co-authored the RFCs which became the foundation of today's DNS (RFC 819, RFC 881, RFC 882 and RFC 920) which were joined in 1995 by RFC 1591 which he also co-wrote.", "In total, he wrote or co-authored more than 20 RFCs.Postel served on the Internet Architecture Board and its predecessors for many years.", "He was the Director of the names and number assignment clearinghouse, the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA), from its inception.", "He was the first member of the Internet Society, and was on its Board of Trustees.", "He was the original and long-time .us Top-Level Domain administrator.", "He also managed the Los Nettos Network.All of the above were part-time activities he assumed in conjunction with his primary position as Director of the Computer Networks Division, Division 7, of the Information Sciences Institute at the University of Southern California.===DNS Root Authority test, U.S. response===Postel in 1994 with map of Internet top-level domainsOn January 28, 1998, Postel, as a test, emailed eight of the twelve operators of Internet's regional root nameservers on his own authority and instructed them to reconfigure their servers, changing the root zone server from then SAIC subsidiary Network Solutions' A.ROOT-SERVERS.NET (198.41.0.4) to IANA's DNSROOT.IANA.ORG (198.32.1.98).", "The operators complied with Postel's instructions, thus dividing control of Internet naming between the non-government operators with IANA and the 4 remaining U.S. Government roots at NASA, DoD, and BRL with NSI.", "Though usage of the Internet was not interrupted, Postel was threatened by US Presidential science advisor Ira Magaziner with the statement \"You'll never work on the Internet again\" and was ordered to end the test which he did.", "Within a week, the US NTIA issued ''A proposal to improve technical management of Internet names and addresses'', including changes to authority over the Internet DNS root zone, which ultimately, and controversially, increased U.S. control." ], [ "Death", "On October 16, 1998, Postel died of complications from heart surgery in Los Angeles.", "He was recovering from a surgery to replace a leaking heart valve." ], [ "Legacy", "The significance of Jon Postel's contributions to building the Internet, both technical and personal, were such that a memorial recollection of his life and his work forms part of the core technical literature sequence of the Internet in the form of RFC2468 \"I Remember IANA\", written by Vint Cerf.The Postel Center at Information Sciences Institute, University of Southern California, is named in his honor, as is the annual Postel Award.", "In 2012, Postel was inducted into the Internet Hall of Fame.", "The Channel Islands' Domain Registry building was named after him in early 2016.Another tribute, \"Working with Jon: Tribute delivered at UCLA, October 30, 1998\"( RFC2441), was written by Danny Cohen.Perhaps his most famous legacy is from RFC760, which includes a robustness principle often called Postel's law: \"an implementation should be conservative in its sending behavior, and liberal in its receiving behavior\" (reworded in RFC 1122 as \"Be liberal in what you accept, and conservative in what you send\").The Jonathan B. Postel Service Award is an award named after Postel.", "The award has been presented most years since 1999 by the Internet Society to \"honor a person who has made outstanding contributions in service to the data communications community.\"", "The first recipient of the award was Postel himself, posthumously.", "The award was created by Vint Cerf as chairman of the Internet Society and announced in ''\"I remember IANA\"'' published as RFC 2468." ], [ "See also", "* * *" ], [ "Notes" ], [ "External links", "** postel.org Research center at USC/ISI created in his honor." ] ]
wikipedia
[ [ "Joyce K. Reynolds" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Joyce Kathleen Reynolds''' (March 8, 1952 – December 28, 2015) was an American computer scientist who played a significant role in developing protocols underlying the Internet.", "She authored or co-authored many RFCs, most notably those introducing and specifying the Telnet, FTP, and POP protocols." ], [ "Career", "Reynolds held bachelor's and master's degrees in social sciences from the University of Southern California.From 1983 until 1998, she worked with Jon Postel to develop early functions of the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority, such as the global allocation of IP addresses, Autonomous System (AS) number allocation, and management of the root zone of the Domain Name System (DNS).", "After Postel's death in 1998, Reynolds helped supervise the transition of the IANA functions to the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers.", "She worked with ICANN in this role until 2001, while remaining an employee of ISI.From 1987 to 2006, she served on the editorial team of the Request for Comments series, co-leading the RFC Editor function at the ISI from 1998 until 2006.As Area Director of the User Services area, she was a member of the Internet Engineering Steering Group of the IETF from 1990 to March 1998." ], [ "Death", "Reynolds died due to complications from cancer on December 28, 2015, at the age of 63." ], [ "Recognition", "With Bob Braden, she received the 2006 Postel Award in recognition of her services to the Internet.", "She is mentioned, along with a brief biography, in , ''Who's Who in the Internet'' (1992).", "Upon her death, former IETF Chairman Brian Carpenter suggested that \"What would Joyce have said?\"", "should be a guiding question for the organization." ], [ "Selected works", "* Reynolds, J. K., Postel, J.", "B., Katz, A. R., Finn, G. G., & DeSchon, A. L. (1985).", "The DARPA experimental multimedia mail system.", "''Computer'', ''18''(10), 82-89.", "* Postel, J.", "B., Finn, G. G., Katz, A. R., & Reynolds, J. K. (1988).", "An experimental multimedia mail system.", "''ACM Transactions on Information Systems (TOIS)'', ''6''(1), 63-81.", "* Postel, J., & Reynolds, J. K. (1988).", "RFC1042: Standard for the transmission of IP datagrams over IEEE 802 networks.", "* Reynolds, J. K. (1989).", "RFC1135: Helminthiasis of the Internet.", "* Reynolds, J. K. (1991).", "The helminthiasis of the Internet.", "''Computer networks and ISDN systems'', ''22''(5), 347-361.", "* Marine, A. N., Reynolds, J. K., & Malkin, G. S. (1994).", "FYI on Questions and Answers-Answers to Commonly asked\" New Internet User\" Questions.", "''RFC'', ''1594'', 1-44." ], [ "See also", "* Internet pioneers* Women in Technology" ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* * Page on the ICANNWiki* Obituary notice on IETF mailing list by Steve Crocker" ] ]
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[ [ "Julmust" ], [ "Introduction", "'''''Julmust''''' ( \"Christmas\" and '''' English: 'must' \"not-yet-fermented fruit juice\") is a soft drink that is mainly consumed in Sweden around Christmas.", "During Easter, the name is '''''''''' (from '''', \"Easter\").", "During the rest of the year, it is sometimes sold under the name ''must''.", "The content is the same regardless of the marketing name, and the drink is most closely associated with Christmas.", "45 million litres of ''julmust'' are consumed during December, which is around 50% of the total soft drink volume in December and 75% of the total yearly must sales.", "Must was created by Harry Roberts and his father Robert Roberts in 1910 as a non-alcoholic alternative to beer.== Ingredients == The syrup is still made exclusively by Roberts in Örebro.", "The syrup is sold to different soft drink manufacturers who then make the final product in their own way.", "This means that the must from different companies does not taste the same, although they are made of the same syrup.", "Must is made of carbonated water, sugar, hop extract, malt extract, spices, caramel colouring, citric acid, and preservatives.", "The hops and malt extracts give the must a somewhat root beer-like taste without the sassafras – or British/Caribbean malt drinks such as Supermalt.", "It can be aged provided it is stored in a glass bottle.", "Some people buy ''julmust'' in December only to store it a year before drinking it.", "In 2013, a rumour occurred that the EU would ban julmust due to a directive banning the selling of malt beverages containing caramel colouring.", "The rumour however turned out to be false since julmust is not a fermented beverage and hence not affected by the directive." ], [ "''Julmust'' and Coca-Cola", "Bottles of ''julmust'' offered at a buffet.In Sweden, ''julmust'' outsells Coca-Cola during the Christmas season; in fact, the consumption of Coca-Cola drops by as much as 50% over the holiday.", "This was quoted as one of the main reasons that The Coca-Cola Company broke away from their contract with the local brewer Pripps and started Coca-Cola Drycker Sverige AB instead.", "Coca-Cola Drycker Sverige AB produced its own ''julmust'', with The Coca-Cola Company's name occupying only a small space on the label.", "Their ''julmust'' was never advertised until 2004, when Coca-Cola started marketing their ''julmust'' under the brand \"Bjäre julmust\", but they bought the syrup from Roberts AB.", "By 2007, the \"Bjäre julmust\" was only sold at McDonald's restaurants and it had completely disappeared from Coca-Colas range of products by Christmas 2008, only to return for Christmas 2011." ], [ "See also", "*Malt drink*Kvass*Dandelion and burdock*List of soft drinks by country*Svagdricka" ], [ "References" ] ]
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[ [ "Jules Verne" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Jules Gabriel Verne''' (; ; 8 February 1828 – 24 March 1905) was a French novelist, poet, and playwright.", "His collaboration with the publisher Pierre-Jules Hetzel led to the creation of the ''Voyages extraordinaires'', a series of bestselling adventure novels including ''Journey to the Center of the Earth'' (1864), ''Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Seas'' (1870), and ''Around the World in Eighty Days'' (1872).", "His novels, always well documented, are generally set in the second half of the 19th century, taking into account the technological advances of the time.In addition to his novels, he wrote numerous plays, short stories, autobiographical accounts, poetry, songs, and scientific, artistic, and literary studies.", "His work has been adapted for film and television since the beginning of cinema, as well as for comic books, theater, opera, music and video games.Verne is considered to be an important author in France and most of Europe, where he has had a wide influence on the literary avant-garde and on surrealism.", "His reputation was markedly different in the Anglosphere where he had often been labeled a writer of genre fiction or children's books, largely because of the highly abridged and altered translations in which his novels have often been printed.", "Since the 1980s, his literary reputation has improved.Jules Verne has been the second most-translated author in the world since 1979, ranking below Agatha Christie and above William Shakespeare.", "He has sometimes been called the \"father of science fiction\", a title that has also been given to H. G. Wells and Hugo Gernsback.", "In the 2010s, he was the most translated French author in the world.", "In France, 2005 was declared \"Jules Verne Year\" on the occasion of the centenary of the writer's death." ], [ "Life", "===Early life===Painting of 200x200pxVerne was born on 8 February 1828, on Île Feydeau, a then small artificial island on the river Loire within the town of Nantes (later filled-in and incorporated into the surrounding land-area), in No.", "4 Rue Olivier-de-Clisson, the house of his maternal grandmother Dame Sophie Marie Adélaïde Julienne Allotte de La Fuÿe (born Guillochet de La Perrière).", "His parents were Pierre Verne, an attorney originally from Provins, and Sophie Allotte de La Fuÿe, a Nantes woman from a local family of navigators and shipowners, of distant Scottish descent.", "In 1829, the Verne family moved some hundred metres away to No.", "2 Quai Jean-Bart, where Verne's brother Paul was born the same year.", "Three sisters, Anne \"Anna\" (1836), Mathilde (1839), and Marie (1842) would follow.In 1834, at the age of six, Verne was sent to boarding school at 5 Place du Bouffay in Nantes.", "The teacher, Madame Sambin, was the widow of a naval captain who had disappeared some 30 years before.", "Madame Sambin often told the students that her husband was a shipwrecked castaway and that he would eventually return like Robinson Crusoe from his desert island paradise.", "The theme of the robinsonade would stay with Verne throughout his life and appear in many of his novels, some of which include ''The Mysterious Island'' (1874), ''Second Fatherland'' (1900), and ''The School for Robinsons'' (1882).In 1836, Verne went on to École Saint‑Stanislas, a Catholic school suiting the pious religious tastes of his father.", "Verne quickly distinguished himself in ''mémoire'' (recitation from memory), geography, Greek, Latin, and singing.", "In the same year, 1836, Pierre Verne bought a vacation house at 29 Rue des Réformés in the village of Chantenay (now part of Nantes) on the Loire.", "In his brief memoir ''Souvenirs d'enfance et de jeunesse'' (''Memories of Childhood and Youth'', 1890), Verne recalled a deep fascination with the river and with the many merchant vessels navigating it.", "He also took vacations at Brains, in the house of his uncle Prudent Allotte, a retired shipowner, who had gone around the world and served as mayor of Brains from 1828 to 1837.Verne took joy in playing interminable rounds of the Game of the Goose with his uncle, and both the game and his uncle's name would be memorialized in two late novels (''The Will of an Eccentric'' (1900) and ''Robur the Conqueror'' (1886), respectively).Legend has it that in 1839, at the age of 11, Verne secretly procured a spot as cabin boy on the three-mast ship ''Coralie'' with the intention of traveling to the Indies and bringing back a coral necklace for his cousin Caroline.", "The evening the ship set out for the Indies, it stopped first at Paimboeuf where Pierre Verne arrived just in time to catch his son and make him promise to travel \"only in his imagination\".", "It is now known that the legend is an exaggerated tale invented by Verne's first biographer, his niece Marguerite Allotte de la Füye, though it may have been inspired by a real incident.Georges-Clemenceau), where Verne studiedIn 1840, the Vernes moved again to a large apartment at No.", "6 Rue Jean-Jacques-Rousseau, where the family's youngest child, Marie, was born in 1842.In the same year Verne entered another religious school, the Petit Séminaire de Saint-Donatien, as a lay student.", "His unfinished novel ''Un prêtre en 1839'' (''A Priest in 1839''), written in his teens and the earliest of his prose works to survive, describes the seminary in disparaging terms.", "From 1844 to 1846, Verne and his brother were enrolled in the Lycée Royal (now the Lycée Georges-Clemenceau) in Nantes.", "After finishing classes in rhetoric and philosophy, he took the baccalauréat at Rennes and received the grade \"Good Enough\" on 29 July 1846.By 1847, when Verne was 19, he had taken seriously to writing long works in the style of Victor Hugo, beginning ''Un prêtre en 1839'' and seeing two verse tragedies, ''Alexandre VI'' and ''La Conspiration des poudres'' (''The Gunpowder Plot''), to completion.", "However, his father took it for granted that Verne, being the firstborn son of the family, would not attempt to make money in literature but would instead inherit the family law practice.In 1847, Verne's father sent him to Paris, primarily to begin his studies in law school, and secondarily (according to family legend) to distance him temporarily from Nantes.", "His cousin Caroline, with whom he was in love, was married on 27 April 1847, to Émile Dezaunay, a man of 40, with whom she would have five children.After a short stay in Paris, where he passed first-year law exams, Verne returned to Nantes for his father's help in preparing for the second year.", "(Provincial law students were in that era required to go to Paris to take exams.)", "While in Nantes, he met Rose Herminie Arnaud Grossetière, a young woman one year his senior, and fell intensely in love with her.", "He wrote and dedicated some thirty poems to her, including ''La Fille de l'air'' (''The Daughter of Air''), which describes her as \"blonde and enchanting / winged and transparent\".", "His passion seems to have been reciprocated, at least for a short time, but Grossetière's parents frowned upon the idea of their daughter marrying a young student of uncertain future.", "They married her instead to Armand Terrien de la Haye, a rich landowner ten years her senior, on 19 July 1848.The sudden marriage sent Verne into deep frustration.", "He wrote a hallucinatory letter to his mother, apparently composed in a state of half-drunkenness, in which under pretext of a dream he described his misery.", "This requited but aborted love affair seems to have permanently marked the author and his work, and his novels include a significant number of young women married against their will (Gérande in ''Master Zacharius'' (1854), Sava in ''Mathias Sandorf'' (1885), Ellen in ''A Floating City'' (1871), etc.", "), to such an extent that the scholar Christian Chelebourg attributed the recurring theme to a \"Herminie complex\".", "The incident also led Verne to bear a grudge against his birthplace and Nantes society, which he criticized in his poem ''La sixième ville de France'' (''The Sixth City of France'').===Studies in Paris===In July 1848, Verne left Nantes again for Paris, where his father intended him to finish law studies and take up law as a profession.", "He obtained permission from his father to rent a furnished apartment at 24 Rue de l'Ancienne-Comédie, which he shared with Édouard Bonamy, another student of Nantes origin.", "(On his 1847 Paris visit, Verne had stayed at 2 Rue Thérèse, the house of his aunt Charuel, on the Butte Saint-Roch.", ")Verne arrived in Paris during a time of political upheaval: the French Revolution of 1848.In February, Louis Philippe I had been overthrown and had fled; on 24 February, a provisional government of the French Second Republic took power, but political demonstrations continued, and social tension remained.", "In June, barricades went up in Paris, and the government sent Louis-Eugène Cavaignac to crush the insurrection.", "Verne entered the city shortly before the election of Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte as the first president of the Republic, a state of affairs that would last until the French coup of 1851.In a letter to his family, Verne described the bombarded state of the city after the recent June Days uprising but assured them that the anniversary of Bastille Day had gone by without any significant conflict.Aristide HignardVerne used his family connections to make an entrance into Paris society.", "His uncle Francisque de Chatêaubourg introduced him into literary salons, and Verne particularly frequented those of Mme de Barrère, a friend of his mother's.", "While continuing his law studies, he fed his passion for the theater, writing numerous plays.", "Verne later recalled: \"I was greatly under the influence of Victor Hugo, indeed, very excited by reading and re-reading his works.", "At that time I could have recited by heart whole pages of ''Notre Dame de Paris'', but it was his dramatic work that most influenced me.\"", "Another source of creative stimulation came from a neighbor: living on the same floor in the Rue de l'Ancienne-Comédie apartment house was a young composer, Aristide Hignard, with whom Verne soon became good friends, and Verne wrote several texts for Hignard to set as chansons.During this period, Verne's letters to his parents primarily focused on expenses and on a suddenly appearing series of violent stomach cramps, the first of many he would suffer from during his life.", "(Modern scholars have hypothesized that he suffered from colitis; Verne believed the illness to have been inherited from his mother's side.)", "Rumors of an outbreak of cholera in March 1849 exacerbated these medical concerns.", "Yet another health problem would strike in 1851 when Verne suffered the first of four attacks of facial paralysis.", "These attacks, rather than being psychosomatic, were due to an inflammation in the middle ear, though this cause remained unknown to Verne during his life.In the same year, Verne was required to enlist in the French army, but the sortition process spared him, to his great relief.", "He wrote to his father: \"You should already know, dear papa, what I think of the military life, and of these domestic servants in livery.", "… You have to abandon all dignity to perform such functions.\"", "Verne's strong antiwar sentiments, to the dismay of his father, would remain steadfast throughout his life.Though writing profusely and frequenting the salons, Verne diligently pursued his law studies and graduated with a ''licence en droit'' in January 1851.===Literary debut===Thanks to his visits to salons, Verne came into contact in 1849 with Alexandre Dumas through the mutual acquaintance of a celebrated chirologist of the time, the Chevalier d'Arpentigny.", "Verne became close friends with Dumas' son, Alexandre Dumas fils, and showed him a manuscript for a stage comedy, ''Les Pailles rompues'' (''The Broken Straws'').", "The two young men revised the play together, and Dumas, through arrangements with his father, had it produced by the Opéra-National at the Théâtre Historique in Paris, opening on 12 June 1850.Cover of an 1854–55 issue of ''Musée des familles''In 1851, Verne met with a fellow writer from Nantes, Pierre-Michel-François Chevalier (known as \"Pitre-Chevalier\"), the editor-in-chief of the magazine ''Musée des familles'' (''The Family Museum'').", "Pitre-Chevalier was looking for articles about geography, history, science, and technology, and was keen to make sure that the educational component would be made accessible to large popular audiences using a straightforward prose style or an engaging fictional story.", "Verne, with his delight in diligent research, especially in geography, was a natural for the job.", "Verne first offered him a short historical adventure story, ''The First Ships of the Mexican Navy'', written in the style of James Fenimore Cooper, whose novels had deeply influenced him.", "Pitre-Chevalier published it in July 1851, and in the same year published a second short story by Verne, ''A Voyage in a Balloon'' (August 1851).", "The latter story, with its combination of adventurous narrative, travel themes, and detailed historical research, would later be described by Verne as \"the first indication of the line of novel that I was destined to follow\".Dumas fils put Verne in contact with Jules Seveste, a stage director who had taken over the directorship of the Théâtre Historique and renamed it the Théâtre Lyrique.", "Seveste offered Verne the job of secretary of the theater, with little or no salary attached.", "Verne accepted, using the opportunity to write and produce several comic operas written in collaboration with Hignard and the prolific librettist Michel Carré.", "To celebrate his employment at the Théâtre Lyrique, Verne joined with ten friends to found a bachelors' dining club, the ''Onze-sans-femme'' (''Eleven Bachelors'').For some time, Verne's father pressed him to abandon his writing and begin a business as a lawyer.", "However, Verne argued in his letters that he could only find success in literature.", "The pressure to plan for a secure future in law reached its climax in January 1852, when his father offered Verne his own Nantes law practice.", "Faced with this ultimatum, Verne decided conclusively to continue his literary life and refuse the job, writing: \"Am I not right to follow my own instincts?", "It's because I know who I am that I realize what I can be one day.", "\"Jacques AragoMeanwhile, Verne was spending much time at the , conducting research for his stories and feeding his passion for science and recent discoveries, especially in geography.", "It was in this period that Verne met the illustrious geographer and explorer Jacques Arago, who continued to travel extensively despite his blindness (he had lost his sight completely in 1837).", "The two men became good friends, and Arago's innovative and witty accounts of his travels led Verne toward a newly developing genre of literature: that of travel writing.In 1852, two new pieces from Verne appeared in the ''Musée des familles'': ''Martin Paz'', a novella set in Lima, which Verne wrote in 1851 and published 10 July through 11 August 1852, and ''Les Châteaux en Californie, ou, Pierre qui roule n'amasse pas mousse'' (''The Castles in California, or, A Rolling Stone Gathers No Moss''), a one-act comedy full of racy double entendres.", "In April and May 1854, the magazine published Verne's short story ''Master Zacharius'', an E. T. A. Hoffmann-like fantasy featuring a sharp condemnation of scientific hubris and ambition, followed soon afterward by ''A Winter Amid the Ice'', a polar adventure story whose themes closely anticipated many of Verne's novels.", "The ''Musée'' also published some nonfiction popular science articles which, though unsigned, are generally attributed to Verne.", "Verne's work for the magazine was cut short in 1856 when he had a serious quarrel with Pitre-Chevalier and refused to continue contributing (a refusal he would maintain until 1863, when Pitre-Chevalier died, and the magazine went to new editorship).While writing stories and articles for Pitre-Chevalier, Verne began to form the idea of inventing a new kind of novel, a \"Roman de la Science\" (\"novel of science\"), which would allow him to incorporate large amounts of the factual information he so enjoyed researching in the Bibliothèque.", "He is said to have discussed the project with the elder Alexandre Dumas, who had tried something similar with an unfinished novel, ''Isaac Laquedem'', and who enthusiastically encouraged Verne's project.At the end of 1854, another outbreak of cholera led to the death of Jules Seveste, Verne's employer at the Théâtre Lyrique and by then a good friend.", "Though his contract only held him to a further year of service, Verne remained connected to the theater for several years after Seveste's death, seeing additional productions to fruition.", "He also continued to write plays and musical comedies, most of which were not performed.===Family===In May 1856, Verne traveled to Amiens to be the best man at the wedding of a Nantes friend, Auguste Lelarge, to an Amiens woman named Aimée du Fraysne de Viane.", "Verne, invited to stay with the bride's family, took to them warmly, befriending the entire household and finding himself increasingly attracted to the bride's sister, Honorine Anne Hébée Morel (née du Fraysne de Viane), a widow aged 26 with two young children.", "Hoping to find a secure source of income, as well as a chance to court Morel in earnest, he jumped at her brother's offer to go into business with a broker.", "Verne's father was initially dubious but gave in to his son's requests for approval in November 1856.With his financial situation finally looking promising, Verne won the favor of Morel and her family, and the couple were married on 10 January 1857.Jules Verne Museum, Butte Saint-Anne, Nantes, FranceVerne plunged into his new business obligations, leaving his work at the Théâtre Lyrique and taking up a full-time job as an ''agent de change'' on the Paris Bourse, where he became the associate of the broker Fernand Eggly.", "Verne woke up early each morning so that he would have time to write, before going to the Bourse for the day's work; in the rest of his spare time, he continued to consort with the ''Onze-Sans-Femme'' club (all eleven of its \"bachelors\" had by this time married).", "He also continued to frequent the Bibliothèque to do scientific and historical research, much of which he copied onto notecards for future use—a system he would continue for the rest of his life.", "According to the recollections of a colleague, Verne \"did better in repartee than in business\".In July 1858, Verne and Aristide Hignard seized an opportunity offered by Hignard's brother: a sea voyage, at no charge, from Bordeaux to Liverpool and Scotland.", "The journey, Verne's first trip outside France, deeply impressed him, and upon his return to Paris he fictionalized his recollections to form the backbone of a semi-autobiographical novel, ''Backwards to Britain'' (written in the autumn and winter of 1859–1860 and not published until 1989).", "A second complimentary voyage in 1861 took Hignard and Verne to Stockholm, from where they traveled to Christiania and through Telemark.", "Verne left Hignard in Denmark to return in haste to Paris, but missed the birth on 3 August 1861 of his only biological son, Michel.Meanwhile, Verne continued work on the idea of a \"Roman de la Science\", which he developed in a rough draft, inspired, according to his recollections, by his \"love for maps and the great explorers of the world\".", "It took shape as a story of travel across Africa and would eventually become his first published novel, ''Five Weeks in a Balloon''.===Hetzel===Pierre-Jules HetzelIn 1862, through their mutual acquaintance Alfred de Bréhat, Verne came into contact with the publisher Pierre-Jules Hetzel, and submitted to him the manuscript of his developing novel, then called ''Voyage en Ballon''.", "Hetzel, already the publisher of Honoré de Balzac, George Sand, Victor Hugo, and other well-known authors, had long been planning to launch a high-quality family magazine in which entertaining fiction would combine with scientific education.", "He saw Verne, with his demonstrated inclination toward scrupulously researched adventure stories, as an ideal contributor for such a magazine, and accepted the novel, giving Verne suggestions for improvement.", "Verne made the proposed revisions within two weeks and returned to Hetzel with the final draft, now titled ''Five Weeks in a Balloon''.", "It was published by Hetzel on 31 January 1863.To secure his services for the planned magazine, to be called the ''Magasin d'Éducation et de Récréation'' (''Magazine of Education and Recreation''), Hetzel also drew up a long-term contract in which Verne would give him three volumes of text per year, each of which Hetzel would buy outright for a flat fee.", "Verne, finding both a steady salary and a sure outlet for writing at last, accepted immediately.", "For the rest of his lifetime, most of his novels would be serialized in Hetzel's ''Magasin'' before their appearance in book form, beginning with his second novel for Hetzel, ''The Adventures of Captain Hatteras'' (1864–65).A Hetzel edition of Verne's ''The Adventures of Captain Hatteras'' (cover style \"Aux deux éléphants\")When ''The Adventures of Captain Hatteras'' was published in book form in 1866, Hetzel publicly announced his literary and educational ambitions for Verne's novels by saying in a preface that Verne's works would form a novel sequence called the ''Voyages extraordinaires'' (''Extraordinary Voyages'' or ''Extraordinary Journeys''), and that Verne's aim was \"to outline all the geographical, geological, physical, and astronomical knowledge amassed by modern science and to recount, in an entertaining and picturesque format that is his own, the history of the universe\".", "Late in life, Verne confirmed that this commission had become the running theme of his novels: \"My object has been to depict the earth, and not the earth alone, but the universe… And I have tried at the same time to realize a very high ideal of beauty of style.", "It is said that there can't be any style in a novel of adventure, but it isn't true.\"", "However, he also noted that the project was extremely ambitious: \"Yes!", "But the Earth is very large, and life is very short!", "In order to leave a completed work behind, one would need to live to be at least 100 years old!", "\"Hetzel influenced many of Verne's novels directly, especially in the first few years of their collaboration, for Verne was initially so happy to find a publisher that he agreed to almost all of the changes Hetzel suggested.", "For example, when Hetzel disapproved of the original climax of ''Captain Hatteras'', including the death of the title character, Verne wrote an entirely new conclusion in which Hatteras survived.", "Hetzel also rejected Verne's next submission, ''Paris in the Twentieth Century'', believing its pessimistic view of the future and its condemnation of technological progress were too subversive for a family magazine.", "(The manuscript, believed lost for some time after Verne's death, was finally published in 1994.", ")The relationship between publisher and writer changed significantly around 1869 when Verne and Hetzel were brought into conflict over the manuscript for ''Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Seas''.", "Verne had initially conceived of the submariner Captain Nemo as a Polish scientist whose acts of vengeance were directed against the Russians who had killed his family during the January Uprising.", "Hetzel, not wanting to alienate the lucrative Russian market for Verne's books, demanded that Nemo be made an enemy of the slave trade, a situation that would make him an unambiguous hero.", "Verne, after fighting vehemently against the change, finally invented a compromise in which Nemo's past is left mysterious.", "After this disagreement, Verne became notably cooler in his dealings with Hetzel, taking suggestions into consideration but often rejecting them outright.From that point, Verne published two or more volumes a year.", "The most successful of these are: (''Journey to the Center of the Earth'', 1864); (''From the Earth to the Moon'', 1865); ''Vingt mille lieues sous les mers'' (''Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Seas'', 1869); and ''Le tour du monde en quatre-vingts jours'' (''Around the World in Eighty Days''), which first appeared in ''Le Temps'' in 1872.Verne could now live on his writings, but most of his wealth came from the stage adaptations of ''Le tour du monde en quatre-vingts jours'' (1874) and ''Michel Strogoff'' (1876), which he wrote with Adolphe d'Ennery.Sketch by Verne of the ''Saint-Michel''In 1867, Verne bought a small boat, the ''Saint-Michel'', which he successively replaced with the ''Saint-Michel II'' and the ''Saint-Michel III'' as his financial situation improved.", "On board the ''Saint-Michel III'', he sailed around Europe.", "After his first novel, most of his stories were first serialised in the ''Magazine d'Éducation et de Récréation'', a Hetzel biweekly publication, before being published in book form.", "His brother Paul contributed to ''40th French climbing of the Mont-Blanc'' and a collection of short stories – ''Doctor Ox'' – in 1874.Verne became wealthy and famous.Meanwhile, Michel Verne married an actress against his father's wishes, had two children by an underage mistress and buried himself in debts.", "The relationship between father and son improved as Michel grew older.===Later years===Jules Verne and Madame Verne Though raised as a Roman Catholic, Verne gravitated towards deism.Some scholars believe his novels reflect a deist philosophy, as they often involve the notion of God or divine providence but rarely mention the concept of Christ.On 9 March 1886, as Verne returned home, his twenty-six-year-old nephew, Gaston, shot at him twice with a pistol.", "The first bullet missed, but the second one entered Verne's left leg, giving him a permanent limp that could not be overcome.", "This incident was not publicised in the media, but Gaston spent the rest of his life in a mental asylum.After the deaths of both his mother and Hetzel (who died in 1886), Jules Verne began publishing darker works.", "In 1888 he entered politics and was elected town councillor of Amiens, where he championed several improvements and served for fifteen years.Verne was made a knight of France's Legion of Honour on 9 April 1870, and subsequently promoted in Legion of Honour rank to Officer on 19 July 1892.===Death and posthumous publications===''The Lighthouse at the End of the World'' is considered one of the best novels of Verne's literary stage.On 24 March 1905, while ill with chronic diabetes and complications from a stroke which paralyzed his right side, Verne died at his home in Amiens, 44 Boulevard Longueville (now Boulevard Jules-Verne).", "His son, Michel Verne, oversaw the publication of the novels ''Invasion of the Sea'' and ''The Lighthouse at the End of the World'' after Jules's death.", "The ''Voyages extraordinaires'' series continued for several years afterwards at the same rate of two volumes a year.", "It was later discovered that Michel Verne had made extensive changes in these stories, and the original versions were eventually published at the end of the 20th century by the Jules Verne Society (Société Jules Verne).", "In 1919, Michel Verne published ''The Barsac Mission'' (), whose original drafts contained references to Esperanto, a language that his father had been very interested in.In 1989, Verne's great-grandson discovered his ancestor's as-yet-unpublished novel ''Paris in the Twentieth Century'', which was subsequently published in 1994.====Image gallery====" ], [ "Works", "An 1889 Hetzel poster advertising Verne's worksVerne novels, ''The Carpathian Castle'', ''The Danube Pilot'', ''Claudius Bombarnac'', and ''Kéraban the Inflexible'', on a miniature sheet of Romanian postage stamps (2005)Verne's largest body of work is the ''Voyages extraordinaires'' series, which includes all of his novels except for the two rejected manuscripts ''Paris in the Twentieth Century'' and ''Backwards to Britain'' (published posthumously in 1994 and 1989, respectively) and for projects left unfinished at his death (many of which would be posthumously adapted or rewritten for publication by his son Michel).", "Verne also wrote many plays, poems, song texts, operetta libretti, and short stories, as well as a variety of essays and miscellaneous non-fiction.===Literary reception===After his debut under Hetzel, Verne was enthusiastically received in France by writers and scientists alike, with George Sand and Théophile Gautier among his earliest admirers.", "Several notable contemporary figures, from the geographer Vivien de Saint-Martin to the critic Jules Claretie, spoke highly of Verne and his works in critical and biographical notes.However, Verne's growing popularity among readers and playgoers (due especially to the highly successful stage version of ''Around the World in Eighty Days'') led to a gradual change in his literary reputation.", "As the novels and stage productions continued to sell, many contemporary critics felt that Verne's status as a commercially popular author meant he could only be seen as a mere genre-based storyteller, rather than a serious author worthy of academic study.This denial of formal literary status took various forms, including dismissive criticism by such writers as Émile Zola and the lack of Verne's nomination for membership in the Académie Française, and was recognized by Verne himself, who said in a late interview: \"The great regret of my life is that I have never taken any place in French literature.\"", "To Verne, who considered himself \"a man of letters and an artist, living in the pursuit of the ideal\", this critical dismissal on the basis of literary ideology could only be seen as the ultimate snub.This bifurcation of Verne as a popular genre writer but a critical ''persona non grata'' continued after his death, with early biographies (including one by Verne's own niece, Marguerite Allotte de la Fuÿe) focusing on error-filled and embroidered hagiography of Verne as a popular figure rather than on Verne's actual working methods or his output.", "Meanwhile, sales of Verne's novels in their original unabridged versions dropped markedly even in Verne's home country, with abridged versions aimed directly at children taking their place.However, the decades after Verne's death also saw the rise in France of the \"Jules Verne cult\", a steadily growing group of scholars and young writers who took Verne's works seriously as literature and willingly noted his influence on their own pioneering works.", "Some of the cult founded the Société Jules Verne, the first academic society for Verne scholars; many others became highly respected ''avant garde'' and surrealist literary figures in their own right.", "Their praise and analyses, emphasizing Verne's stylistic innovations and enduring literary themes, proved highly influential for literary studies to come.In the 1960s and 1970s, thanks in large part to a sustained wave of serious literary study from well-known French scholars and writers, Verne's reputation skyrocketed in France.", "Roland Barthes' seminal essay ''Nautilus et Bateau Ivre'' (''The Nautilus and the Drunken Boat'') was influential in its exegesis of the ''Voyages extraordinares'' as a purely literary text, while book-length studies by such figures as Marcel Moré and Jean Chesneaux considered Verne from a multitude of thematic vantage points.French literary journals devoted entire issues to Verne and his work, with essays by such imposing literary figures as Michel Butor, Georges Borgeaud, Marcel Brion, Pierre Versins, Michel Foucault, René Barjavel, Marcel Lecomte, Francis Lacassin, and Michel Serres; meanwhile, Verne's entire published opus returned to print, with unabridged and illustrated editions of his works printed by Livre de Poche and Éditions Rencontre.", "The wave reached its climax in Verne's sesquicentennial year 1978, when he was made the subject of an academic colloquium at the Centre culturel international de Cerisy-la-Salle, and ''Journey to the Center of the Earth'' was accepted for the French university system's ''agrégation'' reading list.", "Since these events, Verne has been consistently recognized in Europe as a legitimate member of the French literary canon, with academic studies and new publications steadily continuing.Verne's reputation in English-speaking countries has been considerably slower in changing.", "Throughout the 20th century, most anglophone scholars dismissed Verne as a genre writer for children and a naïve proponent of science and technology (despite strong evidence to the contrary on both counts), thus finding him more interesting as a technological \"prophet\" or as a subject of comparison to English-language writers such as Edgar Allan Poe and H. G. Wells than as a topic of literary study in his own right.", "This narrow view of Verne has undoubtedly been influenced by the poor-quality English translations and very loosely adapted Hollywood film versions through which most American and British readers have discovered Verne.", "However, since the mid-1980s a considerable number of serious English-language studies and translations have appeared, suggesting that a rehabilitation of Verne's anglophone reputation may currently be underway.===English translations===An early edition of the notorious Griffith & Farran adaptation of ''Journey to the Center of the Earth''Translation of Verne into English began in 1852, when Verne's short story ''A Voyage in a Balloon'' (1851) was published in the American journal ''Sartain's Union Magazine of Literature and Art'' in a translation by Anne T. Wilbur.", "Translation of his novels began in 1869 with William Lackland's translation of ''Five Weeks in a Balloon'' (originally published in 1863), and continued steadily throughout Verne's lifetime, with publishers and hired translators often working in great haste to rush his most lucrative titles into English-language print.", "Unlike Hetzel, who targeted all ages with his publishing strategies for the ''Voyages extraordinaires'', the British and American publishers of Verne chose to market his books almost exclusively to young audiences; this business move, with its implication that Verne could be treated purely as a children's author, had a long-lasting effect on Verne's reputation in English-speaking countries.These early English-language translations have been widely criticized for their extensive textual omissions, errors, and alterations, and are not considered adequate representations of Verne's actual novels.", "In an essay for ''The Guardian'', British writer Adam Roberts commented: \"I'd always liked reading Jules Verne and I've read most of his novels; but it wasn't until recently that I really understood I hadn't been reading Jules Verne at all ...", "It's a bizarre situation for a world-famous writer to be in.", "Indeed, I can't think of a major writer who has been so poorly served by translation.", "\"Similarly, the American novelist Michael Crichton observed:Since 1965, a considerable number of more accurate English translations of Verne have appeared.", "However, the older, deficient translations continue to be republished due to their public domain status, and in many cases their easy availability in online sources.===Relationship with science fiction===Caricature of Verne with fantastic sea life (1884)The relationship between Verne's ''Voyages extraordinaires'' and the literary genre science fiction is a complex one.", "Verne, like H. G. Wells, is frequently cited as one of the founders of the genre, and his profound influence on its development is indisputable; however, many earlier writers, such as Lucian of Samosata, Voltaire, and Mary Shelley, have also been cited as creators of science fiction, an unavoidable ambiguity arising from the vague definition and history of the genre.A primary issue at the heart of the dispute is the question of whether Verne's works count as science fiction to begin with.", "Maurice Renard claimed that Verne \"never wrote a single sentence of scientific-marvelous\".", "Verne himself argued repeatedly in interviews that his novels were not meant to be read as scientific, saying \"I have invented nothing\".", "His own goal was rather to \"depict the earth and at the same time to realize a very high ideal of beauty of style\", as he pointed out in an example:Closely related to Verne's science-fiction reputation is the often-repeated claim that he is a \"prophet\" of scientific progress, and that many of his novels involve elements of technology that were fantastic for his day but later became commonplace.", "These claims have a long history, especially in America, but the modern scholarly consensus is that such claims of prophecy are heavily exaggerated.", "In a 1961 article critical of ''Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Seas'' scientific accuracy, Theodore L. Thomas speculated that Verne's storytelling skill and readers' faulty memories of a book they read as children caused people to \"remember things from it that are not there.", "The impression that the novel contains valid scientific prediction seems to grow as the years roll by\".", "As with science fiction, Verne himself flatly denied that he was a futuristic prophet, saying that any connection between scientific developments and his work was \"mere coincidence\" and attributing his indisputable scientific accuracy to his extensive research: \"even before I began writing stories, I always took numerous notes out of every book, newspaper, magazine, or scientific report that I came across.\"" ], [ "Legacy", "Monument to Verne in Redondela, SpainVerne's novels have had a wide influence on both literary and scientific works; writers known to have been influenced by Verne include Marcel Aymé, Roland Barthes, René Barjavel, Michel Butor, Blaise Cendrars, Paul Claudel, Jean Cocteau, Julio Cortázar, François Mauriac, Rick Riordan, Raymond Roussel, Claude Roy, Antoine de Saint-Exupéry, and Jean-Paul Sartre, while scientists and explorers who acknowledged Verne's inspiration have included Richard E. Byrd, Yuri Gagarin, Simon Lake, Hubert Lyautey, Guglielmo Marconi, Fridtjof Nansen, Konstantin Tsiolkovsky, Wernher von Braun, and Jack Parsons.", "Verne is credited with helping inspire the steampunk genre, a literary and social movement that glamorizes science fiction based on 19th-century technology.Ray Bradbury summarized Verne's influence on literature and science the world over by saying: \"We are all, in one way or another, the children of Jules Verne.\"" ], [ "See also", "* Legion of Honour* List of Legion of Honour recipients by name (V)* Legion of Honour Museum* Scientific Marvelous" ], [ "Notes", "===Footnotes======References===" ], [ "General sources", "* * * * ** * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * ; statistics on ''Index Translationum'' database (1979–present, updates processed upon receipt from UNESCO members states)* * * *" ], [ "External links", "* Zvi Har'El's Jules Verne Collection, an extensive resource from the early 2000s* The Jules Verne Collecting Resource with sources, images, and ephemera* The North American Jules Verne Society* Maps from Verne's books* * ===Online editions===* * * * * * Jules Verne's works with concordances and frequency list" ] ]
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[ [ "Johannes Rau" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Johannes Rau''' (; 16 January 193127 January 2006) was a German politician (SPD).", "He was the president of Germany from 1 July 1999 until 30 June 2004 and the minister president of North Rhine-Westphalia from 20 September 1978 to 9 June 1998.In the latter role, he also served as president of the Bundesrat in 1982/83 and in 1994/95." ], [ "Education and work", "Rau was born in the Barmen part of Wuppertal, Rhine Province, as the third of five children.", "His family was strongly Protestant.", "As a schoolboy, Rau was active in the Confessing Church, which resisted Nazism.Rau left school in 1949 and worked as a publisher, especially with the Protestant Youth Publishing House." ], [ "Political career", "Rau was a member of the All-German People's Party (GVP), which was founded by Gustav Heinemann.", "The party was known for proposing German reunification from 1952 until it was disbanded in 1957.In 1958, the pacifist Rau and his political mentor, Gustav Heinemann, joined the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD), where he was active in the Wuppertal chapter.", "He served as deputy chairman of the SPD party of Wuppertal and was elected later on to the City Council (1964–1978), where he served as chairman of the SPD Group (1964–1967) and later as Mayor (1969–1970).In 1958, Rau was elected for the first time as member of the ''Landtag'' (state parliament) of North Rhine-Westphalia.", "In 1967, he became chairman of the SPD fraction in the Landtag, and in 1970, he was Minister of Science and Education in the cabinet of Minister President Heinz Kühn.", "He soon gained a reputation as a reformer.", "As part of the mass education campaign of the 1970s, he founded five universities, each at different sites, in North Rhine-Westphalia and initiated Germany's first distance learning university at Hagen (modelled on the British ''Open University'').In 1977, Rau became Chairman of the North Rhine-Westphalia SPD and, in 1978, Minister President of the state, which he remained until 1998, with four successful elections for the SPD, which became strongest party in the Landtag each time and gained an absolute majority three times, in 1980, 1985, 1990 and finally 1995.From 1995 onwards, Rau led an SPD-Greens coalition in North Rhine-Westphalia.", "Rau twice served as President of the Bundesrat in 1982/83 and 1994/95.In 1987, Rau was his party's candidate to become chancellor of Germany for the SPD, but he lost the elections against Helmut Kohl’s Christian Democrats (CDU).", "In 1994, Rau was a candidate to become President of Germany but lost the 1994 German presidential election to Roman Herzog.In 1998, Rau stepped down from his positions as SPD chairman and Minister President, and in the 1999 German presidential election on 23 May 1999, he was elected President of Germany by the Federal Assembly of Germany to succeed Roman Herzog (CDU).", "On 1 July 2004, he was succeeded by Horst Köhler.", "In common with all other Federal presidents Rau was honored by a Großer Zapfenstreich.", "At his request the hymn \"Jesus bleibet meine Freude\" (literally \"that Jesus remain my Joy\", but commonly Jesu, Joy of Man's Desiring) was included.During 2000, Rau became the first German head of state to address the Knesset, the Israeli parliament, in German.", "The controversial step prompted some Israeli delegates to walk out.", "However, Israeli President Moshe Katsav supported and praised him for bridging the gap between the two states.", "Rau had a deep and lifelong commitment to bringing reconciliation between Germany and its past." ], [ "Death", "Rau's grave the day after his burialRau had a long history of heart disease and died 11 days after his 75th birthday on 27 January 2006.The funeral took place on 7 February following a funeral act of state on the Dorotheenstadt cemetery in Berlin in the closest of family and friends." ], [ "Motto and maxim", "The maxim of Rau was \"to reconcile, not divide\".As his personal motto, Rau adopted the Confessing Church dictum \"teneo, quia teneor\" (I hold because I am held).In his acceptance speech after his election, Rau claimed \"I never want to be a nationalist but rather a patriot.", "A patriot is someone who loves his fatherland.", "A nationalist is someone who condemns the fatherland of others.\"", "The quote can be attributed to the French writer Romain Gary." ], [ "Prizes and medals", "Rau was awarded 15 honorary doctorates.", "In 2001, he received the Leo Baeck Medal for his humanitarian work promoting tolerance and social justice." ], [ "Private life", "Rau was known as a practising Christian (sometimes known as , \"Brother John\", in ridicule of his intense Christian position.", "He held lay positions in and was a member of the Synod of the Evangelical Church in the Rhineland, a member church of the Protestant Church in Germany.On 9 August 1982, Rau married the political scientist Christina Delius (born 1956).", "Christina Rau is a granddaughter of her husband's mentor, Gustav Heinemann, former President of Germany.", "The couple had three children: Anna Christina, born 1983, Philip Immanuel, born 1985 and Laura Helene, born 1986.On 18 August 2004, Rau had to undergo serious heart surgery, in which an artificial heart valve was inserted.", "Only two months later (19 October 2004), a hematoma in the abdominal cavity was surgically removed.After leaving office, Rau lived with his family in the federal capital, Berlin.", "However, they also kept a house in Wuppertal." ], [ "Honours", "* : Grand Cross Special Class of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany=== Foreign honours ===* : Grand Star of the Decoration of Honour for Services to the Republic of Austria (2004)* : Collar of the Order of the White Lion (2000)* : Knight of the Order of the Elephant (2002)* : Collar of the Order of the Cross of Terra Mariana* : Knight Grand Cross with Collar Order of Merit of the Italian Republic * : Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of the Falcon (2003) * : 2nd Class, then, 1st Class with Chain of the Order of the Three Stars* : Honorary Companions of Honour with Collar of the National Order of Merit* : Grand Cross of the Order of St. Olav* : Knight of the Order of the White Eagle* : Grand Cross (or 1st Class) of the Order of the White Double Cross (2001)* : Collar of the Order of Isabella the Catholic (2002)* : Knight of the Royal Order of the Seraphim* : First Class of the Order of the State of Republic of Turkey (2000)* : Collar of the Order of Pope Pius IX* Olympic Order (2004)* Leo Baeck Medal (1996)" ], [ "See also", "* Politics of Germany" ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* www.bundespraesident.de: Johannes Rau—Official biography* online book of condolence for Johannes Rau" ] ]
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[ [ "Jackson" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Jackson''' may refer to:" ], [ "People", "* Jackson (name), including a list of people and fictional characters with the surname or given name" ], [ "Places", "===Australia===* Jackson, Queensland, a town in the Maranoa Region* Jackson North, Queensland, a locality in the Maranoa Region* Jackson South, Queensland, a locality in the Maranoa Region* Jackson oil field in Durham, Shire of Bulloo, Queensland* Mount Jackson, Western Australia===Canada===* Jackson Inlet, Nunavut* Jackson Island (Nunavut)* Jackson, a small community southeast of London, Ontario===United States===* Jackson, Alabama* Jackson, California* Jackson, Georgia* Jackson, Idaho* Jackson, Indiana* Jackson, Ripley County, Indiana* Jackson, Kentucky* Jackson, Louisiana* Jackson, Maine* Jackson, Michigan* Jackson, Minnesota* Jackson, Mississippi, the state capital and most populous city of Mississippi* Jackson, Missouri* Jackson, Montana* Jackson, Nebraska* Jackson, New Hampshire* Jackson, Camden County, New Jersey* Jackson Township, New Jersey* Jackson, New York* Jackson, North Carolina* Jackson, Union County, North Carolina* Jackson, Ohio* Jackson Township, Susquehanna County, Pennsylvania* Jackson, Pennsylvania* Jackson, Rhode Island* Jackson, South Carolina* Jackson, Tennessee* Jackson, Washington* Jackson, Wisconsin (disambiguation)* Jackson, Wyoming* Jackson County (disambiguation)* Jackson Hole, a valley in the state of Wyoming* Jackson metropolitan area (disambiguation)* Jackson Parish, Louisiana* Jackson River (Virginia)* Jackson Township (disambiguation)* Lake Jackson (Georgia), a reservoir* Mount Jackson (Colorado)* Mount Jackson (Montana)* Mount Jackson (Madison County, Montana), a mountain in Madison County, Montana* Mount Jackson (New Hampshire)* Mount Jackson (Wyoming)===Elsewhere===* Mount Jackson (Antarctica)* Jackson River (New Zealand)* Jackson Island, in Franz Josef Land, Russian Federation* Jackson (crater), an impact crater on the far side of the Moon" ], [ "Arts and entertainment", "* ''Jackson'' (2008 film), an American film* ''Jackson'' (2015 film), a film* ''Jackson'' (album)* \"Jackson\" (song), written by Jerry Leiber and Billy Edd Wheeler* ''Classical Electrodynamics'' (book), a physics textbook often known by the name of its author: Jackson" ], [ "Companies", "* Jackson Guitars, a manufacturing company* Jackson Laboratory, a biomedical research institution * Jackson National Life, a financial services company" ], [ "Computing", "* Jackson (API), a JSON processor for Java* Jackson structured programming" ], [ "Other uses", "* United States twenty-dollar bill, nicknamed for Andrew Jackson, whose picture appears on the obverse side* Jackson station (disambiguation)* M36 tank destroyer, nicknamed the \"Jackson\", a United States tank destroyer in World War II" ], [ "See also", "* Jackson's (disambiguation), including Jacsksons* Jackson Hole (disambiguation)* Jacksonville (disambiguation)* Jaxon (disambiguation)" ] ]
wikipedia
[ [ "Jabal Ram" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Jabal Ram''' is a mountain in Jordan.", "Most authorities give its elevation as above sea level.", "It was once thought to be the highest point in Jordan, but SRTM data shows that Jabal Umm al Dami is above sea level and therefore higher.Traditional climbing routes over its eastern face make it one of the main attractions for climbers.There are about ten scrambling routes across the mountain.Tony Howard wrote a valuable book about Jordan, including Wadi Rum and Jabal Rum: '''Treks and Climbs in Wadi Rum, Jordan'''.The most popular scrambling routes are the Thamudic and Sheikh Hamdans." ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "*" ] ]
wikipedia
[ [ "Joseph Goebbels" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Paul Joseph Goebbels''' (; 29 October 1897 – 1 May 1945) was a German philologist and Nazi politician who was the ''Gauleiter'' (district leader) of Berlin, chief propagandist for the Nazi Party, and then Reich Minister of Propaganda from 1933 to 1945.He was one of Adolf Hitler's closest and most devoted followers, known for his skills in public speaking and his deeply virulent antisemitism which was evident in his publicly voiced views.", "He advocated progressively harsher discrimination, including the extermination of the Jews in the Holocaust.Goebbels, who aspired to be an author, obtained a doctorate in philology from the University of Heidelberg in 1921.He joined the Nazi Party in 1924, and worked with Gregor Strasser in its northern branch.", "He was appointed ''Gauleiter'' of Berlin in 1926, where he began to take an interest in the use of propaganda to promote the party and its programme.", "After the Nazis came to power in 1933, Goebbels's Propaganda Ministry quickly gained and exerted control over the news media, arts, and information in Nazi Germany.", "He was particularly adept at using the relatively new media of radio and film for propaganda purposes.", "Topics for party propaganda included antisemitism, attacks on the Christian churches, and (after the start of the Second World War) attempting to shape morale.In 1943, Goebbels began to pressure Hitler to introduce measures that would produce \"total war\", including closing businesses not essential to the war effort, conscripting women into the labour force, and enlisting men in previously exempt occupations into the Wehrmacht.", "Hitler finally appointed him as Reich Plenipotentiary for Total War on 23 July 1944, whereby Goebbels undertook largely unsuccessful measures to increase the number of people available for armaments manufacture and the Wehrmacht.As the war drew to a close and Nazi Germany faced defeat, Magda Goebbels and the Goebbels children joined Hitler in Berlin.", "They moved into the underground ''Vorbunker'', part of Hitler's underground bunker complex, on 22 April 1945.Hitler committed suicide on 30 April.", "In accordance with Hitler's will, Goebbels succeeded him as Chancellor of Germany; he served one day in this post.", "The following day, Goebbels and his wife Magda committed suicide, after having poisoned their six children with a cyanide compound." ], [ "Early life, education, and relationships", "Paul Joseph Goebbels was born on 29 October 1897 in Rheydt, an industrial town south of Mönchengladbach near Düsseldorf, Germany.", "Both of his parents were Roman Catholics with modest family backgrounds.", "His father Fritz was a German factory clerk; his mother Katharina Maria (''née'' Odenhausen) was born to Dutch and German parents in a Dutch village close to the border with Germany.", "Goebbels had five siblings: Konrad (1893–1949), Hans (1895–1947), Maria (1896–1896), Elisabeth (1901–1915), and Maria (1910–1949), who married the German filmmaker Max W. Kimmich in 1938.In 1932, Goebbels commissioned the publication of a pamphlet of his family tree to refute the rumours that his maternal grandmother was of Jewish ancestry.During childhood, Goebbels experienced ill health, which included a long bout of inflammation of the lungs.", "He had a deformed right foot that turned inwards, due to a congenital disorder.", "It was thicker and shorter than his left foot.", "Just prior to starting grammar school, he underwent an operation that failed to correct the problem.", "Goebbels wore a metal brace and a special shoe because of his shortened leg and walked with a limp.", "He was rejected for military service in World War I because of this deformity.Goebbels in 1916Goebbels was educated at a ''Gymnasium'', where he completed his ''Abitur'' (university entrance examination) in 1917.He was the top student of his class and was given the traditional honour to speak at the awards ceremony.", "His parents initially hoped that he would become a Catholic priest, which Goebbels seriously considered.", "He studied literature and history at the universities of Bonn, Würzburg, Freiburg, and Munich, aided by a scholarship from the Albertus Magnus Society.", "By this time Goebbels had begun to distance himself from the church.Historians, including Richard J. Evans and Roger Manvell, speculate that Goebbels' lifelong pursuit of women may have been in compensation for his physical disability.", "At Freiburg, he met and fell in love with Anka Stalherm, who was three years his senior.", "She went on to Würzburg to continue school, as did Goebbels.", "By 1920, the relationship with Anka was over; the break-up filled Goebbels with thoughts of suicide.", "In 1921, he wrote a semi-autobiographical novel, ''Michael'', a three-part work of which only Parts I and III have survived.", "Goebbels felt he was writing his \"own story\".", "Antisemitic content and material about a charismatic leader may have been added by Goebbels shortly before the book was published in 1929 by Eher-Verlag, the publishing house of the Nazi Party (National Socialist German Workers' Party; NSDAP).At the University of Heidelberg, Goebbels wrote his doctoral thesis on Wilhelm von Schütz, a minor 19th-century romantic dramatist.", "He had hoped to write his thesis under the supervision of Friedrich Gundolf, a literary historian.", "It did not seem to bother Goebbels that Gundolf was Jewish.", "Gundolf was no longer teaching, so directed Goebbels to associate professor Max Freiherr von Waldberg.", "Waldberg, who was also Jewish, recommended Goebbels write his thesis on Wilhelm von Schütz.", "After submitting the thesis and passing his oral examination, Goebbels earned his PhD in 1921.By 1940, he had written 14 books.Goebbels returned home and worked as a private tutor.", "He also found work as a journalist and was published in the local newspaper.", "His writing during that time reflected his growing antisemitism and dislike for modern culture.", "In the summer of 1922, he met and began a love affair with Else Janke, a schoolteacher.", "After she revealed to him that she was half-Jewish, Goebbels stated the \"enchantment was ruined.\"", "Nevertheless, he continued to see her on and off until 1927.He continued for several years to try to become a published author.", "His diaries, which he began in 1923 and continued for the rest of his life, provided an outlet for his desire to write.", "The lack of income from his literary works (he wrote two plays in 1923, neither of which sold) forced him to take employment as a caller on the stock exchange and as a bank clerk in Cologne, a job he detested.", "He was dismissed from the bank in August 1923 and returned to Rheydt.", "During this period, he read avidly and was influenced by the works of Oswald Spengler, Fyodor Dostoyevsky, and Houston Stewart Chamberlain, the British-born German writer whose book ''The Foundations of the Nineteenth Century'' (1899) was one of the standard works of the extreme right in Germany.", "He also began to study the \"social question\" and read the works of Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels, Rosa Luxemburg, August Bebel and Gustav Noske.", "According to German historian Peter Longerich, Goebbels's diary entries from late 1923 to early 1924 reflected the writings of a man who was isolated, preoccupied with \"religious-philosophical\" issues, and lacked a sense of direction.", "Diary entries of mid-December 1923 forward show Goebbels was moving towards the ''Völkisch'' nationalist movement." ], [ "Nazi activist", "Goebbels first took an interest in Adolf Hitler and Nazism in 1924.In February 1924, Hitler's trial for treason began in the wake of his failed attempt to seize power in the Beer Hall Putsch of 8–9 November 1923.The trial attracted widespread press coverage and gave Hitler a platform for propaganda.", "Hitler was sentenced to five years in prison, but was released on 20 December 1924, after serving just over a year.", "Goebbels was drawn to the Nazi Party mostly because of Hitler's charisma and commitment to his beliefs.", "He joined the Nazi Party around this time, becoming member number 8762.In late 1924, Goebbels offered his services to Karl Kaufmann, who was ''Gauleiter'' (Nazi Party district leader) for the Rhine-Ruhr District.", "Kaufmann put him in touch with Gregor Strasser, a leading Nazi organiser in northern Germany, who hired him to work on their weekly newspaper and undertake secretarial work for the regional party offices.", "He was also put to work as party speaker and representative for Rhineland-Westphalia.", "Strasser founded the National Socialist Working Association on 10 September 1925, a short-lived group of about a dozen northern and western German ''Gauleiter''; Goebbels became its business manager and the editor of its biweekly journal, ''NS-Briefe''.", "Members of Strasser's northern branch of the Nazi Party, including Goebbels, had a more socialist outlook than the rival Hitler group in Munich.", "Strasser disagreed with Hitler on many parts of the party platform, and in November 1926 began working on a revision.Hitler viewed Strasser's actions as a threat to his authority, and summoned 60 ''Gauleiters'' and party leaders, including Goebbels, to a special conference in Bamberg, in Streicher's ''Gau'' of Franconia, where he gave a two-hour speech repudiating Strasser's new political programme.", "Hitler was opposed to the socialist leanings of the northern wing, stating it would mean \"political bolshevization of Germany.\"", "Further, there would be \"no princes, only Germans,\" and a legal system with no \"Jewish system of exploitation ... for plundering of our people.\"", "The future would be secured by acquiring land, not through expropriation of the estates of the former nobility, but through colonising territories to the east.", "Goebbels was horrified by Hitler's characterisation of socialism as \"a Jewish creation\" and his assertion that a Nazi government would not expropriate private property.", "He wrote in his diary: \"I no longer fully believe in Hitler.", "That's the terrible thing: my inner support has been taken away.", "\"After reading Hitler's book ''Mein Kampf'', Goebbels found himself agreeing with Hitler's assertion of a \"Jewish doctrine of Marxism\".", "In February 1926, Goebbels gave a speech titled \"Lenin or Hitler?\"", "in which he asserted that communism or Marxism could not save the German people, but he believed it would cause a \"socialist nationalist state\" to arise in Russia.", "In 1926, Goebbels published a pamphlet titled ''Nazi-Sozi'' which attempted to explain how National Socialism differed from Marxism.In hopes of winning over the opposition, Hitler arranged meetings in Munich with the three Greater Ruhr ''Gau'' leaders, including Goebbels.", "Goebbels was impressed when Hitler sent his own car to meet them at the railway station.", "That evening, Hitler and Goebbels both gave speeches at a beer hall rally.", "The following day, Hitler offered his hand in reconciliation to the three men, encouraging them to put their differences behind them.", "Goebbels capitulated completely, offering Hitler his total loyalty.", "He wrote in his diary: \"I love him ...", "He has thought through everything,\" \"Such a sparkling mind can be my leader.", "I bow to the greater one, the political genius.\"", "He later wrote: \"Adolf Hitler, I love you because you are both great and simple at the same time.", "What one calls a genius.\"", "As a result of the Bamberg and Munich meetings, the National Socialist Working Association was disbanded.", "Strasser's new draft of the party programme was discarded, the original National Socialist Program of 1920 was retained unchanged, and Hitler's position as party leader was greatly strengthened." ], [ "Propagandist in Berlin", "At Hitler's invitation, Goebbels spoke at party meetings in Munich and at the annual Party Congress, held in Weimar in 1926.For the following year's event, Goebbels was involved in the planning for the first time.", "He and Hitler arranged for the rally to be filmed.", "Receiving praise for doing well at these events led Goebbels to shape his political ideas to match Hitler's, and to admire and idolise him even more.===Gauleiter===Goebbels was first offered the position of party ''Gauleiter'' for the Berlin section in August 1926.He travelled to Berlin in mid-September and by the middle of October accepted the position.", "Thus Hitler's plan to divide and dissolve the northwestern ''Gauleiters'' group that Goebbels had served in under Strasser was successful.", "Hitler gave Goebbels great authority over the area, allowing him to determine the course for organisation and leadership for the ''Gau''.", "Goebbels was given control over the local ''Sturmabteilung'' (SA) and ''Schutzstaffel'' (SS) and answered only to Hitler.", "The party membership numbered about 1,000 when Goebbels arrived, and he reduced it to a core of 600 of the most active and promising members.", "To raise money, he instituted membership fees and began charging admission to party meetings.", "Aware of the value of publicity (both positive and negative), he deliberately provoked beer-hall battles and street brawls, including violent attacks on the Communist Party of Germany (KPD).", "Goebbels adapted recent developments in commercial advertising to the political sphere, including the use of catchy slogans and subliminal cues.", "His new ideas for poster design included using large type, red ink, and cryptic headers that encouraged the reader to examine the fine print to determine the meaning.Like Hitler, Goebbels practised his public speaking skills in front of a mirror.", "Meetings were preceded by ceremonial marches and singing, and the venues were decorated with party banners.", "His entrance (almost always late) was timed for maximum emotional impact.", "Goebbels usually meticulously planned his speeches ahead of time, using pre-planned and choreographed inflection and gestures, but he was also able to improvise and adapt his presentation to make a good connection with his audience.", "He used loudspeakers, decorative flames, uniforms, and marches to attract attention to speeches.Goebbels' tactic of using provocation to bring attention to the Nazi Party, along with violence at the public party meetings and demonstrations, led the Berlin police to ban the Nazi Party from the city on 5 May 1927.Violent incidents continued, including young Nazis randomly attacking Jews in the streets.", "Goebbels was subjected to a public speaking ban until the end of October.", "During this period, he founded the newspaper ''Der Angriff'' (''The Attack'') as a propaganda vehicle for the Berlin area, where few supported the party.", "It was a modern-style newspaper with an aggressive tone; 126 libel suits were pending against Goebbels at one point.", "To his disappointment, circulation was initially only 2,000.Material in the paper was highly anti-communist and antisemitic.", "Among the paper's favourite targets was the Jewish Deputy Chief of the Berlin Police Bernhard Weiß.", "Goebbels gave him the derogatory nickname \"Isidore\" and subjected him to a relentless campaign of Jew-baiting in the hope of provoking a crackdown he could then exploit.", "Goebbels continued to try to break into the literary world, with a revised version of his book ''Michael'' finally being published, and the unsuccessful production of two of his plays (''Der Wanderer'' and ''Die Saat'' (''The Seed'')).", "The latter was his final attempt at playwriting.", "During this period in Berlin he had relationships with many women, including his old flame Anka Stalherm, who was now married and had a small child.", "He was quick to fall in love, but easily tired of a relationship and moved on to someone new.", "He worried too about how a committed personal relationship might interfere with his career.===1928 election===The ban on the Nazi Party was lifted before the ''Reichstag'' elections on 20 May 1928.The Nazi Party lost nearly 100,000 voters and earned only 2.6 per cent of the vote nationwide.", "Results in Berlin were even worse, where they attained only 1.4 per cent of the vote.", "Goebbels was one of the first 12 Nazi Party members to gain election to the ''Reichstag''.", "This gave him immunity from prosecution for a long list of outstanding charges, including a three-week jail sentence he received in April for insulting the deputy police chief Weiß.", "The Reichstag changed the immunity regulations in February 1931, and Goebbels was forced to pay fines for libellous material he had placed in ''Der Angriff'' over the course of the previous year.", "Goebbels continued to be elected to the ''Reichstag'' at every subsequent election during the Weimar and Nazi regimes.In his newspaper ''Berliner Arbeiterzeitung'' (''Berlin Workers Newspaper''), Gregor Strasser was highly critical of Goebbels' failure to attract the urban vote.", "However, the party as a whole did much better in rural areas, attracting as much as 18 per cent of the vote in some regions.", "This was partly because Hitler had publicly stated just prior to the election that Point 17 of the party programme, which mandated the expropriation of land without compensation, would apply only to Jewish speculators and not private landholders.", "After the election, the party refocused their efforts to try to attract still more votes in the agricultural sector.", "In May, shortly after the election, Hitler considered appointing Goebbels as party propaganda chief.", "But he hesitated, as he worried that the removal of Gregor Strasser from the post would lead to a split in the party.", "Goebbels considered himself well suited to the position, and began to formulate ideas about how propaganda could be used in schools and the media.Goebbels used the death of Horst Wessel (pictured) in 1930 as a propaganda tool against \"Communist subhumans\".By 1930 Berlin was the party's second-strongest base of support after Munich.", "That year the violence between the Nazis and communists led to local SA troop leader Horst Wessel being shot by two members of the KPD.", "He later died in hospital.", "Exploiting Wessel's death, Goebbels turned him into a martyr for the Nazi movement.", "He officially declared Wessel's march ''Die Fahne hoch'' (''Raise the flag''), renamed as the ''Horst-Wessel-Lied'', to be the Nazi Party anthem.===Great Depression===The Great Depression greatly impacted Germany and by 1930 there was a dramatic increase in unemployment.", "During this time, the Strasser brothers started publishing a new daily newspaper in Berlin, the ''Nationaler Sozialist''.", "Like their other publications, it conveyed the brothers' own brand of Nazism, including nationalism, anti-capitalism, social reform, and anti-Westernism.", "Goebbels complained vehemently about the rival Strasser newspapers to Hitler and admitted that their success was causing his own Berlin newspapers to be \"pushed to the wall\".", "In late April 1930, Hitler publicly and firmly announced his opposition to Gregor Strasser and appointed Goebbels to replace him as Reich leader of Nazi Party propaganda.", "One of Goebbels' first acts was to ban the evening edition of the ''Nationaler Sozialist''.", "Goebbels was also given control of other Nazi papers across the country, including the party's national newspaper, the ''Völkischer Beobachter'' (''People's Observer'').", "He still had to wait until 3 July for Otto Strasser and his supporters to announce they were leaving the Nazi Party.", "Upon receiving the news, Goebbels was relieved the \"crisis\" with the Strassers was finally over and glad that Otto Strasser had lost all power.The rapid deterioration of the economy led to the resignation on 27 March 1930 of the coalition government that had been elected in 1928.Paul von Hindenburg appointed Heinrich Brüning as chancellor.", "A new cabinet was formed, and Hindenburg used his power as president to govern via emergency decrees.", "Goebbels took charge of the Nazi Party's national campaign for Reichstag elections called for 14 September 1930.Campaigning was undertaken on a huge scale, with thousands of meetings and speeches held all over the country.", "Hitler's speeches focused on blaming the country's economic woes on the Weimar Republic, particularly its adherence to the terms of the Treaty of Versailles, which required war reparations that had proven devastating to the German economy.", "He proposed a new German society based on race and national unity.", "The resulting success took even Hitler and Goebbels by surprise: the party received 6.5 million votes nationwide and took 107 seats in the Reichstag, making it the second-largest party in the country.", "Goebbels and his daughter Helga with Adolf Hitler in HeiligendammIn late 1930 Goebbels met Magda Quandt, a divorcée who had joined the party a few months earlier.", "She worked as a volunteer in the party offices in Berlin, helping Goebbels organise his private papers.", "Her flat on ''Reichskanzlerplatz'' soon became a favourite meeting place for Hitler and other Nazi Party officials.", "Goebbels and Quandt married on 19 December 1931 at a Protestant church.", "Hitler was his best man.For two further elections held in 1932, Goebbels organised massive campaigns that included rallies, parades, speeches, and Hitler travelling around the country by aeroplane with the slogan \"the Führer over Germany\".", "Goebbels wrote in his diary that the Nazis must gain power and exterminate Marxism.", "He undertook numerous speaking tours during these election campaigns and had some of their speeches published on gramophone records and as pamphlets.", "Goebbels was also involved in the production of a small collection of silent films that could be shown at party meetings, though they did not yet have enough equipment to widely use this medium.", "Many of Goebbels' campaign posters used violent imagery such as a giant half-clad male destroying political opponents or other perceived enemies such as \"International High Finance\".", "His propaganda characterised the opposition as \"November criminals\", \"Jewish wire-pullers\", or a communist threat." ], [ "Role in Hitler's government", "Support for the party continued to grow, but neither of these elections led to a majority government.", "In an effort to stabilise the country and improve economic conditions, Hindenburg appointed Hitler as Reich chancellor on 30 January 1933.To celebrate Hitler's appointment as chancellor, Goebbels organised a torchlight parade in Berlin on the night of 30 January of an estimated 60,000 men, many in the uniforms of the SA and SS.", "The spectacle was covered by a live state radio broadcast, with commentary by longtime party member and future Minister of Aviation Hermann Göring.", "Goebbels was disappointed not to be given a post in Hitler's new cabinet.", "Bernhard Rust was appointed as Minister of Culture, the post that Goebbels was expecting to receive.", "Like other Nazi Party officials, Goebbels had to deal with Hitler's leadership style of giving contradictory orders to his subordinates, while placing them into positions where their duties and responsibilities overlapped.", "In this way, Hitler fostered distrust, competition, and infighting among his subordinates to consolidate and maximise his own power.", "The Nazi Party took advantage of the Reichstag fire of 27 February 1933, with Hindenburg passing the Reichstag Fire Decree the following day at Hitler's urging.", "This was the first of several pieces of legislation that dismantled democracy in Germany and put a totalitarian dictatorship—headed by Hitler—in its place.", "On 5 March, yet another Reichstag election took place, the last to be held before the defeat of the Nazis at the end of the Second World War.", "While the Nazi Party increased their number of seats and percentage of the vote, it was not the landslide expected by the party leadership.", "Goebbels finally received Hitler's appointment to the cabinet, officially becoming head of the newly created Reich Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda on 14 March.Nazi book burning in Berlin, 10 May 1933The role of the new ministry, which set up its offices in the 18th-century Ordenspalais across from the Reich Chancellery, was to centralise Nazi control of all aspects of German cultural and intellectual life.", "Goebbels hoped to increase popular support of the party from the 37 per cent achieved at the last free election held in Germany on 25 March 1933 to 100 per cent support.", "An unstated goal was to present to other nations the impression that the Nazi Party had the full and enthusiastic backing of the entire population.", "One of Goebbels' first productions was staging the Day of Potsdam, a ceremonial passing of power from Hindenburg to Hitler, held in Potsdam on 21 March.", "He composed the text of Hitler's decree authorising the Nazi boycott of Jewish businesses, held on 1 April.", "Later that month, Goebbels travelled back to Rheydt, where he was given a triumphal reception.", "The townsfolk lined the main street, which had been renamed in his honour.", "On the following day, Goebbels was declared a local hero.Goebbels converted the 1 May holiday from a celebration of workers' rights (observed as such especially by the communists) into a day celebrating the Nazi Party.", "In place of the usual ad hoc labour celebrations, he organised a huge party rally held at Tempelhof Field in Berlin.", "The following day, all trade union offices in the country were forcibly disbanded by the SA and SS, and the Nazi-run German Labour Front was created to take their place.", "\"We are the masters of Germany,\" he commented in his diary entry of 3 May.", "Less than two weeks later, he gave a speech at the Nazi book burning in Berlin on 10 May, a ceremony he suggested.Meanwhile, the Nazi Party began passing laws to marginalise Jews and remove them from German society.", "The Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service, passed on 7 April 1933, forced all non-Aryans to retire from the legal profession and civil service.", "Similar legislation soon deprived Jewish members of other professions of their right to practise.", "The first Nazi concentration camps (initially created to house political dissenters) were founded shortly after Hitler seized power.", "In a process termed ''Gleichschaltung'' (co-ordination), the Nazi Party proceeded to rapidly bring all aspects of life under control of the party.", "All civilian organisations, including agricultural groups, volunteer organisations, and sports clubs, had their leadership replaced with Nazi sympathisers or party members.", "By June 1933, virtually the only organisations not in the control of the Nazi Party were the army and the churches.", "On 2 June 1933, Hitler appointed Goebbels a ''Reichsleiter'', the second highest political rank in the Nazi Party.", "On 3 October 1933, on the formation of the Academy for German Law, Goebbels was made a member and given a seat on its executive committee.", "In a move to manipulate Germany's middle class and shape popular opinion, the regime passed on 4 October 1933 the ''Schriftleitergesetz'' (Editor's Law), which became the cornerstone of the Nazi Party's control of the popular press.", "Modelled to some extent on the system in Benito Mussolini's Italy, the law defined a ''Schriftleiter'' as anyone who wrote, edited, or selected texts and/or illustrated material for serial publication.", "Individuals selected for this position were chosen based on experiential, educational, and racial criteria.", "The law required journalists to \"regulate their work in accordance with National Socialism as a philosophy of life and as a conception of government.", "\"In 1934, Goebbels published ''Vom Kaiserhof zur Reichskanzlei'' (\"From the Kaiserhof to the Reich Chancellery\"), his account of Hitler's seizure of power, which he based on his diary from 1 January 1932 to 1 May 1933.The book sought to glorify both Hitler and the author.", "It sold around 660,000 copies, making it Goebbels's best-selling publication during his lifetime.At the end of June 1934, top officials of the SA and opponents of the regime, including Gregor Strasser, were arrested and killed in a purge later called the Night of Long Knives.", "Goebbels was present at the arrest of SA leader Ernst Röhm in Munich.", "On 2 August 1934, President von Hindenburg died.", "In a radio broadcast, Goebbels announced that the offices of president and chancellor had been combined, and Hitler had been formally named as ''Führer und Reichskanzler'' (leader and chancellor).===Workings of the Ministry===The propaganda ministry was organised into seven departments: administration and legal; mass rallies, public health, youth, and race; radio; national and foreign press; films and film censorship; art, music, and theatre; and protection against counter-propaganda, both foreign and domestic.", "Goebbels's style of leadership was tempestuous and unpredictable.", "He would suddenly change direction and shift his support between senior associates; he was a difficult boss and liked to berate his staff in public.", "Goebbels was successful at his job, however; ''Life'' wrote in 1938 that \"personally he likes nobody, is liked by nobody, and runs the most efficient Nazi department.\"", "John Gunther wrote in 1940 that Goebbels \"is the cleverest of all the Nazis\", but could not succeed Hitler because \"everybody hates him\".The Reich Film Chamber, which all members of the film industry were required to join, was created in June 1933.Goebbels promoted the development of films with a Nazi slant, and ones that contained subliminal or overt propaganda messages.", "Under the auspices of the ''Reichskulturkammer'' (Reich Chamber of Culture), created in September, Goebbels added additional sub-chambers for the fields of broadcasting, fine arts, literature, music, the press, and the theatre.", "As in the film industry, anyone wishing to pursue a career in these fields had to be a member of the corresponding chamber.", "In this way anyone whose views were contrary to the regime could be excluded from working in their chosen field and thus silenced.", "In addition, journalists (now considered employees of the state) were required to prove Aryan descent back to the year 1800, and if married, the same requirement applied to the spouse.", "Members of any chamber were not allowed to leave the country for their work without prior permission of their chamber.", "A committee was established to censor books, and works could not be re-published unless they were on the list of approved works.", "Similar regulations applied to other fine arts and entertainment; even cabaret performances were censored.", "Many German artists and intellectuals left Germany in the pre-war years rather than work under these restrictions.Free radios were distributed in Berlin on Goebbels' birthday in 1938.Goebbels was particularly interested in controlling the radio, which was then still a fairly new mass medium.", "Sometimes under protest from individual states (particularly Prussia, headed by Göring), Goebbels gained control of radio stations nationwide, and placed them under the ''Reichs-Rundfunk-Gesellschaft'' (German National Broadcasting Corporation) in July 1934.Manufacturers were urged by Goebbels to produce inexpensive home receivers, called ''Volksempfänger'' (people's receiver), and by 1938 nearly ten million sets had been sold.", "Loudspeakers were placed in public areas, factories, and schools, so that important party broadcasts would be heard live by nearly all Germans.", "On 2 September 1939 (the day after the start of the war), Goebbels and the Council of Ministers proclaimed it illegal to listen to foreign radio stations.", "Disseminating news from foreign broadcasts could result in the death penalty.", "Albert Speer, Hitler's architect and later Minister for Armaments and War Production, later said the regime \"made the complete use of all technical means for domination of its own country.", "Through technical devices like the radio and loudspeaker, 80 million people were deprived of independent thought.", "\"Hitler was the focal point at the 1934 Nuremberg Rally.", "Leni Riefenstahl and her crew are visible in front of the podium.A major focus of Nazi propaganda was Hitler himself, who was glorified as a heroic and infallible leader and became the focus of a cult of personality.", "Much of this was spontaneous, but some was stage-managed as part of Goebbels' propaganda work.", "Adulation of Hitler was the focus of the 1934 Nuremberg Rally, where his moves were carefully choreographed.", "The rally was the subject of the film ''Triumph of the Will'', one of several Nazi propaganda films directed by Leni Riefenstahl.", "It won the gold medal at the 1935 Venice Film Festival.", "At the 1935 Nazi party congress rally at Nuremberg, Goebbels declared that \"Bolshevism is the declaration of war by Jewish-led international subhumans against culture itself.", "\"Goebbels was involved in planning the staging of the 1936 Summer Olympics, held in Berlin.", "It was around this time that he met and started having an affair with the actress Lída Baarová, whom he continued to see until 1938.A major project in 1937 was the Degenerate Art Exhibition, organised by Goebbels, which ran in Munich from July to November.", "The exhibition proved wildly popular, attracting over two million visitors.", "A degenerate music exhibition took place the following year.", "Meanwhile, Goebbels was disappointed by the lack of quality in the National Socialist artwork, films, and literature.===Church struggle===In 1933, Hitler signed the ''Reichskonkordat'' (Reich Concordat), a treaty with the Vatican that required the regime to honour the independence of Catholic institutions and prohibited clergy from involvement in politics.", "However, the regime continued to target the Christian churches to weaken their influence.", "Throughout 1935 and 1936, hundreds of clergy and nuns were arrested, often on trumped up charges of currency smuggling or sexual offences.", "Goebbels widely publicised the trials in his propaganda campaigns, showing the cases in the worst possible light.", "Restrictions were placed on public meetings, and Catholic publications faced censorship.", "Catholic schools were required to reduce religious instruction and crucifixes were removed from state buildings.", "Hitler often vacillated on whether or not the ''Kirchenkampf'' (church struggle) should be a priority, but his frequent inflammatory comments on the issue were enough to convince Goebbels to intensify his work on the issue; in February 1937 he stated he wanted to eliminate the Protestant church.In response to the persecution, Pope Pius XI had the ''\"Mit brennender Sorge\"'' (\"With Burning Concern\") Encyclical smuggled into Germany for Passion Sunday 1937 and read from every pulpit.", "It denounced the systematic hostility of the regime toward the church.", "In response, Goebbels renewed the regime's crackdown and propaganda against Catholics.", "His speech of 28 May in Berlin in front of 20,000 party members, which was also broadcast on the radio, attacked the Catholic church as morally corrupt.", "As a result of the propaganda campaign, enrolment in denominational schools dropped sharply, and by 1939 all such schools were disbanded or converted to public facilities.", "Harassment and threats of imprisonment led the clergy to be much more cautious in their criticism of the regime.", "Partly out of foreign policy concerns, Hitler ordered a scaling back of the church struggle by the end of July 1937.===Antisemitism and the Holocaust===, Munich, after ''Kristallnacht'' Goebbels was antisemitic from a young age.", "After joining the Nazi Party and meeting Hitler, his antisemitism grew and became more radical.", "He began to see the Jews as a destructive force with a negative impact on German society.", "In 1930, he criticised Italian Fascist dictator Benito Mussolini for his relative lack of hostility towards Jews, stating that \"Mussolini appears to have not recognized the Jewish question.\"", "After the Nazis seized control, he repeatedly urged Hitler to take action against the Jews.", "Despite his extreme antisemitism, Goebbels spoke of the \"rubbish of race-materialism\" and of the unnecessity of biological racism for the Nazi ideology.", "He also described Himmler's ideology as \"in many regards, mad\" and thought Alfred Rosenberg's theories were ridiculous.The Nazi Party's goal was to remove Jews from German cultural and economic life, and eventually to remove them from the country altogether.", "In addition to his propaganda efforts, Goebbels actively promoted the persecution of the Jews through pogroms, legislation, and other actions.", "Discriminatory measures he instituted in Berlin in the early years of the regime included bans against their using public transport and requiring that Jewish shops be marked as such.In November 1938, the German diplomat Ernst vom Rath was killed in Paris by the young Jewish man Herschel Grynszpan.", "In response, Goebbels arranged for inflammatory antisemitic material to be released by the press, and the result was the start of a pogrom.", "Jews were attacked and synagogues destroyed all over Germany.", "The situation was further inflamed by a speech Goebbels gave at a party meeting on the night of 8 November, where he obliquely called for party members to incite further violence against Jews while making it appear to be a spontaneous series of acts by the German people.", "At least a hundred Jews were killed, several hundred synagogues were damaged or destroyed, and thousands of Jewish shops were vandalised in an event called ''Kristallnacht'' (Night of Broken Glass).", "Around 30,000 Jewish men were sent to concentration camps.", "The destruction stopped after a conference held on 12 November, where Göring pointed out that the destruction of Jewish property was in effect the destruction of German property since the intention was that it would all eventually be confiscated.Goebbels continued his intensive antisemitic propaganda campaign that culminated in Hitler's 30 January 1939 Reichstag speech, which Goebbels helped to write:Woman in Berlin wearing the yellow starWhile Goebbels had been pressing for expulsion of the Berlin Jews since 1935, there were still 62,000 living in the city in 1940.Part of the delay in their deportation was that they were needed as workers in the armaments industry.", "Deportations of German Jews began in October 1941, with the first transport from Berlin leaving on 18 October.", "Some Jews were shot immediately on arrival in destinations such as Riga and Kaunas.", "In preparation for the deportations, Goebbels ordered that all German Jews wear an identifying yellow badge as of 5 September 1941.On 6 March 1942, Goebbels received a copy of the minutes of the Wannsee Conference, which indicated indirectly that the Jewish population of Europe was to be sent to extermination camps in occupied areas of Poland and killed.", "His diary entries of the period show that he was well aware of the fate of the Jews.", "\"In general, it can probably be established that 60 per cent of them will have to be liquidated, while only 40 per cent can be put to work. ...", "A judgment is being carried out on the Jews which is barbaric but thoroughly deserved,\" he wrote on 27 March 1942.Goebbels had frequent discussions with Hitler about the fate of the Jews, a subject they discussed almost every time they met.", "He was aware throughout that the Jews were being exterminated, and completely supported this decision.", "He was one of the few top Nazi officials to do so publicly." ], [ "World War II", "As early as February 1933, Hitler announced that rearmament must be undertaken, albeit clandestinely at first, as to do so was in violation of the Versailles Treaty.", "A year later he told his military leaders that 1942 was the target date for going to war in the east.", "Goebbels was one of the most enthusiastic supporters of Hitler aggressively pursuing Germany's expansionist policies sooner rather than later.", "At the time of the Reoccupation of the Rhineland in 1936, Goebbels summed up his general attitude in his diary: \"Now is the time for action.", "Fortune favors the brave!", "He who dares nothing wins nothing.\"", "In the lead-up to the Sudetenland crisis in 1938, Goebbels took the initiative time and again to use propaganda to whip up sympathy for the Sudeten Germans while campaigning against the Czech government.", "Still, Goebbels was well aware there was a growing \"war panic\" in Germany and so by July had the press conduct propaganda efforts at a lower level of intensity.", "After the western powers acceded to Hitler's demands concerning Czechoslovakia in 1938, Goebbels soon redirected his propaganda machine against Poland.", "From May onwards, he orchestrated a campaign against Poland, fabricating stories about atrocities against ethnic Germans in Danzig and other cities.", "Even so, he was unable to persuade the majority of Germans to welcome the prospect of war.", "He privately held doubts about the wisdom of risking a protracted war against Britain and France by attacking Poland.After the Invasion of Poland in September 1939, Goebbels used his propaganda ministry and the Reich chambers to control access to information domestically.", "To his chagrin, his rival Joachim von Ribbentrop, the Minister for Foreign Affairs, continually challenged Goebbels' jurisdiction over the dissemination of international propaganda.", "Hitler declined to make a firm ruling on the subject, so the two men remained rivals for the remainder of the Nazi era.", "Goebbels did not participate in the military decision-making process, nor was he made privy to diplomatic negotiations until after the fact.Production of a newsreel at the front lines, January 1941The Propaganda Ministry took over the broadcasting facilities of conquered countries immediately after surrender, and began broadcasting prepared material using the existing announcers as a way to gain the trust of the citizens.", "Most aspects of the media, both domestically and in the conquered countries, were controlled by Goebbels and his department.", "The German Home Service, the Armed Forces Programme, and the German European Service were all rigorously controlled in everything from the information they were permitted to disseminate to the music they were allowed to play.", "Party rallies, speeches, and demonstrations continued; speeches were broadcast on the radio and short propaganda films were exhibited using 1,500 mobile film vans.", "Hitler made fewer public appearances and broadcasts as the war progressed, so Goebbels increasingly became the voice of the Nazi regime for the German people.", "From May 1940 he wrote frequent editorials that were published in ''Das Reich'' which were later read aloud over the radio.", "He found films to be his most effective propaganda medium, after radio.", "At his insistence, initially half the films made in wartime Germany were propaganda films (particularly on antisemitism) and war propaganda films (recounting both historical wars and current exploits of the Wehrmacht).Goebbels became preoccupied with morale and the efforts of the people on the home front.", "He believed that the more the people at home were involved in the war effort, the better their morale would be.", "For example, he initiated a programme for the collection of winter clothing and ski equipment for troops on the eastern front.", "At the same time, Goebbels implemented changes to have more \"entertaining material\" in radio and film produced for the public, decreeing in late 1942 that 20 per cent of the films should be propaganda and 80 per cent light entertainment.", "As ''Gauleiter'' of Berlin, Goebbels dealt with increasingly serious shortages of necessities such as food and clothing, as well as the need to ration beer and tobacco, which were important for morale.", "Hitler suggested watering the beer and degrading the quality of the cigarettes so that more could be produced, but Goebbels refused, saying the cigarettes were already of such low quality that it was impossible to make them any worse.", "Through his propaganda campaigns, he worked hard to maintain an appropriate level of morale among the public about the military situation, neither too optimistic nor too grim.", "The series of military setbacks the Germans suffered in this period – the thousand-bomber raid on Cologne (May 1942), the Allied victory at the Second Battle of El Alamein (November 1942), and especially the catastrophic defeat at the Battle of Stalingrad (February 1943) – were difficult matters to present to the German public, who were increasingly weary of the war and sceptical that it could be won.", "On 16 November 1942 Goebbels, like all ''Gauleiters'', was appointed the Reich Defense Commissioner for his Gau.", "This enabled him to issue direct instructions to authorities within his jurisdiction in matters concerning the civilian war effort.", "On 15 January 1943, Hitler appointed Goebbels as head of the newly created Air Raid Damage committee, which meant Goebbels was nominally in charge of nationwide civil air defences and shelters as well as the assessment and repair of damaged buildings.", "In actuality, the defence of areas other than Berlin remained in the hands of the local ''Gauleiters'', and his main tasks were limited to providing immediate aid to the affected civilians and using propaganda to improve their morale.By early 1943, the war produced a labour crisis for the regime.", "Hitler created a three-man committee with representatives of the State, the army, and the Party in an attempt to centralise control of the war economy.", "The committee members were Hans Lammers (head of the Reich Chancellery), Field Marshal Wilhelm Keitel, chief of the ''Oberkommando der Wehrmacht'' (Armed Forces High Command; OKW), and Martin Bormann, who controlled the Party.", "The committee was intended to independently propose measures regardless of the wishes of various ministries, with Hitler reserving most final decisions to himself.", "The committee, soon known as the ''Dreierausschuß'' (Committee of Three), met eleven times between January and August 1943.However, they ran up against resistance from Hitler's cabinet ministers, who headed deeply entrenched spheres of influence and were excluded from the committee.", "Seeing it as a threat to their power, Goebbels, Göring, and Speer worked together to bring it down.", "The result was that nothing changed, and the Committee of Three declined into irrelevance by September 1943.Sportpalast speech, 18 February 1943.The banner says ''\"TOTALER KRIEG – KÜRZESTER KRIEG\"'' (\"Total War – Shortest War\").Partly in response to being excluded from the Committee of Three, Goebbels pressured Hitler to introduce measures that would produce \"total war\", including closing businesses not essential to the war effort, conscripting women into the labour force, and enlisting men in previously exempt occupations into the Wehrmacht.", "Some of these measures were implemented in an edict of 13 January, but to Goebbels' dismay, Göring demanded that his favourite restaurants in Berlin should remain open, and Lammers successfully lobbied Hitler to have women with children exempted from conscription, even if they had child care available.", "After receiving an enthusiastic response to his speech of 30 January 1943 on the topic, Goebbels believed he had the support of the German people in his call for total war.", "His next speech, the Sportpalast speech of 18 February 1943, was a passionate demand for his audience to commit to total war, which he presented as the only way to stop the Bolshevik onslaught and save the German people from destruction.", "The speech also had a strong antisemitic element and hinted at the extermination of the Jewish people that was already underway.", "The speech was presented live on radio and was filmed as well.", "During the live version of the speech, Goebbels accidentally begins to mention the \"extermination\" of the Jews; this is omitted in the published text of the speech.Goebbels' efforts had little impact for the time being, because Hitler, who in principle was in favour of total war, was not prepared to implement changes over the objections of his ministers.", "The discovery around this time of a mass grave of Polish officers that had been killed by the Red Army in the 1940 Katyn massacre was made use of by Goebbels in his propaganda in an attempt to drive a wedge between the Soviets and the other western allies.===Plenipotentiary for total war===Goebbels (centre) and Armaments Minister Albert Speer (to Goebbels' left) observe rocket tests at Peenemünde, August 1943.9 March 1945: Goebbels awards 16-year-old Hitler Youth Willi Hübner the Iron Cross for the defence of Lauban (now Lubań in Poland).After the Allied invasion of Sicily (July 1943) and the strategic Soviet victory in the Battle of Kursk (July–August 1943), Goebbels began to recognise that the war could no longer be won.", "Following the Allied invasion of Italy and the fall of Mussolini in September, he raised with Hitler the possibility of a separate peace, either with the Soviets or with Britain.", "Hitler rejected both of these proposals.As Germany's military and economic situation grew steadily worse, on 25 August 1943 ''Reichsführer-SS'' Heinrich Himmler took over the post of interior minister, replacing Wilhelm Frick.", "Intensive air raids on Berlin and other cities took the lives of thousands of people.", "In December 1943, Hitler asked Goebbels to take on the job of ''Stadtpräsident'' (City President) of Berlin, and Goebbels agreed to this as a means of obtaining more direct control over the municipal authorities, though Hitler delayed the formal appointment for several months.", "Goebbels took over direct administrative control of the city when he was formally named ''Stadtpräsident'' on 7 April 1944, thus uniting under his control the city's most powerful party and governmental offices.", "As air raids on Berlin continued, Göring's Luftwaffe attempted to retaliate with air raids on London in early 1944, but they no longer had sufficient aircraft to make much of an impact.", "While Goebbels' propaganda in this period indicated that a huge retaliation was in the offing, the V-1 flying bombs, launched on British targets beginning in mid-June 1944, had little effect, with only around 20 per cent reaching their intended targets.", "To boost morale, Goebbels continued to publish propaganda to the effect that further improvements to these weapons would have a decisive impact on the outcome of the war.", "Meanwhile, in the Normandy landings of 6 June 1944, the Allies successfully gained a foothold in France.Throughout July 1944, Goebbels and Speer continued to press Hitler to bring the economy to a total war footing.", "The 20 July plot, where Hitler was almost killed by a bomb at his field headquarters in East Prussia, played into the hands of those who had been pushing for change: Bormann, Goebbels, Himmler, and Speer.", "Over the objections of Göring, Goebbels was appointed on 23 July as Reich Plenipotentiary for Total War, charged with maximising the manpower for the Wehrmacht and the armaments industry at the expense of sectors of the economy not critical to the war effort.", "Through these efforts, he was able to free up an additional half a million men for military service.", "However, as many of these new recruits came from the armaments industry, the move put him in conflict with armaments minister Speer.", "Untrained workers from elsewhere were not readily absorbed into the armaments industry, and likewise, the new Wehrmacht recruits waited in barracks for their turn to be trained.Hitler ordered a nationwide militia of men previously considered unsuitable for military service — the ''Volkssturm'' (People's Storm) — to be formed on 25 September 1944; it was launched on 18 October.", "In his capacity as ''Gauleiter'' and Reich Defense Commissioner, Goebbels was named ''Führer des Deutschen Volkssturms im Gau Groß-Berlin'' on 25 September 1944, and he administered the oath of allegiance to the assembled Berlin ''Volkssturm'' troops on 12 November.", "Goebbels recorded in his diary that 100,000 recruits were sworn in from his ''Gau'' alone.", "However, the men, mostly age 45 to 60, received only rudimentary training and many were not properly armed.", "Goebbels' notion that these men could effectively serve on the front lines against Soviet tanks and artillery was unrealistic at best.", "The programme was deeply unpopular.Goebbels realised that his influence would diminish in wartime.", "He suffered a series of setbacks as propaganda became less important compared to warfare, the war economy, and the Allied bombing of German cities.", "Historian Michael Balfour states that from 1942 onward, Goebbels, \"lost control over Nazi policy toward the press and over the handling of news in general.\"", "Rival agencies expanded.", "The foreign ministry took charge of propaganda outside Germany.", "The military set up its own propaganda division, providing daily reports on the progress of the war and the conditions of the armed forces.", "The Nazi Party also generated and distributed its own propaganda during the war.", "Goebbels was still influential when he had the opportunity to meet with Hitler, who became less available as he moved his headquarters closer to the military front lines.", "They were together perhaps one day a month.", "Furthermore, Hitler rarely gave speeches or rallies of the sort that had dominated propaganda in the 1930s.", "After Hitler returned to Berlin in 1945, Goebbels' ministry was destroyed by an Allied air raid on 13 March, and Goebbels had great difficulty disseminating propaganda.", "In April 1945, he finally bested the rival agencies and took full charge of propaganda, but by then the Soviet Red Army had already entered Berlin.", "Goebbels was an astute observer of the war, and historians have exhaustively mined his diary for insights on how the Nazi leadership tried to maintain public morale.===Defeat and death===In the last months of the war, Goebbels' speeches and articles took on an increasingly apocalyptic tone.", "By the beginning of 1945, with the Soviets on the Oder River and the Western Allies preparing to cross the Rhine River, he could no longer disguise the inevitability of German defeat.", "Berlin had little in the way of fortifications or artillery, and even ''Volkssturm'' units were in short supply, as almost everything and everyone had been sent to the front.", "Goebbels noted in his diary on 21 January that millions of Germans were fleeing westward.", "He tentatively discussed with Hitler the issue of making peace overtures to the western allies, but Hitler again refused.", "Privately, Goebbels was conflicted at pushing the case with Hitler since he did not want to lose Hitler's confidence.When other Nazi leaders urged Hitler to leave Berlin and establish a new centre of resistance in the National Redoubt in Bavaria, Goebbels opposed this, arguing for a heroic last stand in Berlin.", "His family (except for Magda's son Harald, who had served in the Luftwaffe and been captured by the Allies) moved into their house in Berlin to await the end.", "He and Magda may have discussed suicide and the fate of their young children in a long meeting on the night of 27 January.", "He knew how the outside world would view the criminal acts committed by the regime and had no desire to subject himself to the \"debacle\" of a trial.", "He burned his private papers on the night of 18 April.Goebbels knew how to play on Hitler's fantasies, encouraging him to see the hand of providence in the death of United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt on 12 April.", "Whether Hitler really saw this event as a turning point as Goebbels proclaimed is not known.", "By this time, Goebbels had gained the position he had wanted so long—at Hitler's side.", "Göring was utterly discredited, although he was not stripped of his offices until 23 April.", "Himmler, whose appointment as commander of Army Group Vistula had led to disaster on the Oder, was also in disgrace with Hitler.", "Most of Hitler's inner circle, including Göring, Himmler, Ribbentrop, and Speer, prepared to leave Berlin immediately after Hitler's birthday celebration on 20 April.", "Even Bormann was \"not anxious\" to meet his end at Hitler's side.", "On 22 April, Hitler announced that he would stay in Berlin until the end and then shoot himself.", "Goebbels moved with his family into the ''Vorbunker'', connected to the lower ''Führerbunker'' under the Reich Chancellery garden in central Berlin, that same day.", "He told Vice-Admiral Hans-Erich Voss that he would not entertain the idea of either surrender or escape.", "On 23 April, Goebbels made the following proclamation to the people of Berlin:After midnight on 29 April, with the Soviets advancing ever closer to the bunker complex, Hitler married Eva Braun in a small civil ceremony in the ''Führerbunker''.", "Afterward, he hosted a modest wedding breakfast.", "Hitler then took secretary Traudl Junge to another room and dictated his last will and testament.", "Goebbels and Bormann were two of the witnesses.In his last will and testament, Hitler named no successor as Führer or leader of the Nazi Party.", "Instead, he appointed Goebbels as Reich Chancellor; Grand Admiral Karl Dönitz, who was at Flensburg near the Danish border, as Reich President; and Bormann as Party Minister.", "Goebbels wrote a postscript to the will stating that he would \"categorically refuse\" to obey Hitler's order to leave Berlin—as he put it, \"the first time in my life\" that he had not complied with Hitler's orders.", "He felt compelled to remain with Hitler \"for reasons of humanity and personal loyalty\".", "His wife and children would stay as well.", "They would end their lives \"side by side with the Führer\".In the mid-afternoon of 30 April, Adolf Hitler shot himself.", "Goebbels was depressed, and said he would walk around the Chancellery garden until he was killed by the Russian shelling.", "Voss later recounted Goebbels as saying: \"It is a great pity that such a man Hitler is not with us any longer.", "But there is nothing to be done.", "For us, everything is lost now and the only way out left for us is the one Hitler chose.", "I shall follow his example.", "\"On 1 May, Goebbels carried out his sole official act as Chancellor: he dictated a letter to General Vasily Chuikov and ordered German General Hans Krebs to deliver it under a white flag.", "Chuikov, as commander of the Soviet 8th Guards Army, commanded the Soviet forces in central Berlin.", "Goebbels' letter informed Chuikov of Hitler's death and requested a ceasefire.", "After this was rejected, Goebbels decided that further efforts were futile.The Goebbels family.", "In this vintage manipulated image, Goebbels' stepson Harald Quandt (who was absent due to military duty) was added to the group portrait.Later on 1 May, Voss saw Goebbels for the last time: \"While saying goodbye I asked Goebbels to join us.", "But he replied: 'The captain must not leave his sinking ship.", "I have thought about it all and decided to stay here.", "I have nowhere to go because with little children I will not be able to make it, especially with a leg like mine'.\"", "On the evening of 1 May, Goebbels arranged for an SS dentist, Helmut Kunz, to inject his six children with morphine so that when they were unconscious, an ampule of a cyanide compound could be then crushed in each of their mouths.", "According to Kunz's later testimony, he gave the children morphine injections but Magda Goebbels and SS-''Obersturmbannführer'' Ludwig Stumpfegger, Hitler's personal doctor, administered the cyanide.At around 20:30, Goebbels and Magda left the bunker and walked up to the garden of the Chancellery, where they killed themselves.", "There are several different accounts of this event.", "One is that they each bit on a cyanide ampule near where Hitler had been buried and were given a coup de grâce immediately afterward.", "Goebbels' SS adjutant Günther Schwägermann testified in 1948 that they walked ahead of him up the stairs and out into the Chancellery garden.", "He waited in the stairwell and heard shots.", "Schwägermann then walked up the remaining stairs and, once outside, saw their lifeless bodies.", "Following Goebbels' prior order, Schwägermann had an SS soldier fire several shots into Goebbels' body, which did not move.The corpses were then doused with petrol, but they were only partially burned and not buried.", "A few days later, the Soviets brought Voss back to the bunker to identify the Goebbelses' partly burned bodies.", "The remains of the Goebbels family, Krebs, and Hitler's dogs were repeatedly buried and exhumed.", "The last burial was at the SMERSH facility in Magdeburg on 21 February 1946.In 1970, KGB director Yuri Andropov authorised an operation to destroy the remains.", "On 4 April 1970, a Soviet KGB team used detailed burial charts to exhume five wooden boxes at the Magdeburg SMERSH facility.", "They were burned, crushed, and scattered into the Biederitz river, a tributary of the nearby Elbe." ], [ "Family life", "Post-reconciliation photo commissioned by Hitler, 1938Hitler was very fond of Magda and the children.", "He enjoyed staying at the Goebbels' Berlin apartment, where he could relax.", "Magda had a close relationship with Hitler, and became a member of his small coterie of female friends.", "She also became an unofficial representative of the regime, receiving letters from all over Germany from women with questions about domestic matters or child custody issues.In 1936, Goebbels met the Czech actress Lída Baarová and by the winter of 1937 began an intense affair with her.", "Magda had a long conversation with Hitler about it on 15 August 1938.Unwilling to put up with a scandal involving one of his top ministers, Hitler demanded that Goebbels break off the relationship.", "Thereafter, Joseph and Magda seemed to reach a truce until the end of September.", "The couple had another falling out at that point, and again Hitler became involved, insisting the couple stay together.", "He arranged for publicity photos to be taken of himself with the reconciled couple in October.", "Goebbels also had short-term affairs and relationships with numerous other women.", "Magda too had affairs, including a relationship with Kurt Lüdecke in 1933 and Karl Hanke in 1938.The Goebbels family included Harald Quandt (Magda's son from her first marriage; b.", "1921), plus Helga (b.", "1932), Hilde (b.", "1934), Helmut (b.", "1935), Holde (b.", "1937), Hedda (b.", "1938), and Heide (b.", "1940).", "Harald was the only member of the family to survive the war.", "He died in an aeroplane crash in 1967." ], [ "See also", "* Art in Nazi Germany* Big lie* Gottbegnadeten list* Goebbels Gap* Hate media* List of Nazi Party leaders and officials* Nazi propaganda* Reich Chamber of Culture" ], [ "References", "===Informational notes======Citations======Bibliography===* * * * * * * ** * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * online* * * * * * ** * ===Further reading===* * * * online* * * * * * *" ], [ "External links", "* Online books, movies, images, and speeches at the Internet Archive* Collection of speeches and essays by Joseph Goebbels at Calvin University* ''The Man Behind Hitler'' , documentary film and supplementary material from PBS* *" ] ]
wikipedia
[ [ "Coen brothers" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Joel Daniel Coen''' (born November 29, 1954) and '''Ethan Jesse Coen''' (born September 21, 1957), collectively known as the '''Coen brothers''' ( ), are an American filmmaking duo.", "Their films span many genres and styles, which they frequently subvert or parody.", "Their most acclaimed works include ''Blood Simple'' (1984), ''Raising Arizona'' (1987), ''Miller's Crossing'' (1990), ''Barton Fink'' (1991), ''Fargo'' (1996), ''The Big Lebowski'' (1998), ''O Brother, Where Art Thou?''", "(2000), ''No Country for Old Men'' (2007), ''A Serious Man'' (2009), ''True Grit'' (2010) and ''Inside Llewyn Davis'' (2013).", "Many of their films are distinctly American, often examining the culture of the American South and American West in both modern and historical contexts.The brothers generally write, direct and produce their films jointly.", "The duo started directing solo pieces with Joel's ''The Tragedy of Macbeth'' (2021) and Ethan's ''Jerry Lee Lewis: Trouble in Mind'' (2022) and ''Drive-Away Dolls'' (2024).", "Until ''The Ladykillers'' (2004) Joel had received sole credit for directing and Ethan for producing, or shared editing credits under an alias, ''Roderick and Reginald Jaynes''.", "They have been nominated for 13 Academy Awards together, and individually for one award each, both won Best Original Screenplay for ''Fargo'', and Best Picture, Best Director, and Best Adapted Screenplay for ''No Country for Old Men''.", "The duo also won the for ''Barton Fink'' in the 1991 Cannes Film Festival.The Coens have written a number of films they did not direct, including Angelina Jolie's biographical war drama ''Unbroken'' (2014), Steven Spielberg's historical cold war film ''Bridge of Spies'' (2015), and lesser-known, commercially unsuccessful comedies such as ''Crimewave'' (1985), ''The Naked Man'' (1998), and ''Gambit'' (2012).", "Ethan is also a writer of short stories, theater, and poetry.They are known for their distinctive stylistic trademarks including genre hybridity.", "''No Country for Old Men'', ''A Serious Man'' and ''Inside Llewyn Davis'' have been ranked in the BBC's 2016 poll of the greatest motion pictures since 2000.In 1998, the American Film Institute (AFI) ranked ''Fargo'' among the 100 greatest American movies ever made." ], [ "Background", "=== Early life ===Joel Daniel Coen (born November 29, 1954) and Ethan Jesse Coen (born September 21, 1957) were born and raised in St. Louis Park, Minnesota, a suburb of Minneapolis.", "Their mother, Rena (née Neumann; 1925–2001), was an art historian at St.", "Cloud State University, and their father, Edward Coen (1919–2012), was a Professor of Economics at the University of Minnesota.", "The brothers have an older sister, Deborah, who is a psychiatrist in Israel.Both sides of the Coen family were Eastern European Ashkenazi Jews.", "Their paternal grandfather, Victor Coen, was a barrister in the Inns of Court in London before retiring to Hove with their grandmother.", "Edward Coen was an American citizen born in the United States, but grew up in Croydon, London and studied at the London School of Economics.", "Afterwards he moved to the United States, where he met the Coens' mother, and served in the United States Army during World War II.The Coens developed an early interest in cinema through television.", "They grew up watching Italian films (ranging from the works of Federico Fellini to the ''Sons of Hercules'' films) aired on a Minneapolis station, the Tarzan films, and comedies (Jerry Lewis, Bob Hope and Doris Day).In the mid-1960s, Joel saved money from mowing lawns to buy a Vivitar Super 8 camera.", "Together, the brothers remade movies they saw on television, with their neighborhood friend Mark Zimering (\"Zeimers\") as the star.", "Cornel Wilde's 1965 film ''The Naked Prey'' became their ''Zeimers in Zambezi'', which featured Ethan as a native with a spear.", "The 1943 film ''Lassie Come Home'' was reinterpreted as their ''Ed... A Dog'', with Ethan playing the mother role in his sister's tutu.", "They also made original films like ''Henry Kissinger, Man on the Go'', ''Lumberjacks of the North'' and ''The Banana Film''.=== Education ===Joel and Ethan graduated from St. Louis Park High School in 1973 and 1976, respectively, and from Bard College at Simon's Rock in Great Barrington, Massachusetts.After Simon's Rock, Joel spent four years in the undergraduate film program at New York University, where he made a 30-minute thesis film called ''Soundings''.", "In 1979, he briefly enrolled in the graduate film program at the University of Texas at Austin, following a woman he had married who was in the graduate linguistics program.", "The marriage soon ended in divorce and Joel left UT Austin after nine months.Ethan went on to Princeton University and earned an undergraduate degree in philosophy in 1979.His senior thesis was a 41-page essay, \"Two Views of Wittgenstein's Later Philosophy\", which was supervised by Raymond Geuss.=== Personal lives ===Joel has been married to actress Frances McDormand since 1984.In 1995, they adopted a son, Pedro McDormand Coen, from Paraguay when he was six months old.", "McDormand has acted in several Coen Brothers films: ''Blood Simple'', ''Raising Arizona'', ''Miller's Crossing'', ''Barton Fink'', ''Fargo'', ''The Man Who Wasn't There'', ''Burn After Reading'', and ''Hail, Caesar!''", "For her performance in ''Fargo'', she won the Academy Award for Best Actress.Ethan married film editor Tricia Cooke in 1990.They have two children: daughter Dusty and son Buster Jacob.Ethan Coen and family live in New York, while Joel Coen and Frances McDormand live in Marin County, California." ], [ "Career", "=== 1980s ===After graduating from New York University, Joel worked as a production assistant on a variety of industrial films and music videos.", "He developed a talent for film editing and met Sam Raimi while assisting Edna Ruth Paul in editing Raimi's first feature film, ''The Evil Dead'' (1981).In 1984, the brothers wrote and directed ''Blood Simple'', their first commercial film together.", "Set in Texas, the film tells the tale of a shifty, sleazy bar owner who hires a private detective to kill his wife and her lover.", "The film contains elements that point to their future direction: distinctive homages to genre movies (in this case noir and horror), plot twists layered over a simple story, dark humor, and ''mise-en-scène''.", "The film starred Frances McDormand, who went on to feature in many of the Coen brothers' films (and marry Joel).", "Upon release the film received much praise and won awards for Joel's direction at both the Sundance and Independent Spirit awards.Their next project was ''Crimewave'' (1985), directed by Sam Raimi and written by the Coens and Raimi.", "Joel and Raimi also made cameo appearances in ''Spies Like Us'' (1985).The brothers' next film was ''Raising Arizona'' (1987), the story of an unlikely married couple: ex-convict H.I.", "(Nicolas Cage) and police officer Ed (Holly Hunter), who long for a baby but are unable to conceive.", "When a local furniture tycoon (Trey Wilson) appears on television with his newly born quintuplets and jokes that they \"are more than we can handle\", H.I.", "steals one of the quintuplets to bring up as their own.", "The film featured Frances McDormand, John Goodman, William Forsythe, Sam McMurray, and Randall \"Tex\" Cobb.=== 1990s ===''Miller's Crossing'', released in 1990, starred Albert Finney, Gabriel Byrne, and John Turturro.", "The film is about feuding gangsters in the Prohibition era, inspired by Dashiell Hammett's novels ''Red Harvest'' (1929) and ''The Glass Key'' (serialized in 1930).The following year, they released ''Barton Fink'' (1991); set in 1941, in which a New York playwright, the eponymous Barton Fink (played by John Turturro), moves to Los Angeles to write a B-movie.", "He settles down in his hotel room to commence writing but suffers writer's block until his room is invaded by the man next door (John Goodman).", "''Barton Fink'' was a critical success, earning Oscar nominations and winning three major awards at the 1991 Cannes Film Festival, including the .", "It was their first film with cinematographer Roger Deakins, a key collaborator for the next 25 years.", "''The Hudsucker Proxy'' (co-written with Raimi) was released in 1994.In it, the board of a large corporation in 1958 New York City appoints a naive schmo as president (Tim Robbins) for underhanded reasons.", "The film bombed at the box office ($30 million budget, $3 million gross in the US), even though it featured Paul Newman and Jennifer Jason Leigh.", "Frances McDormand appears in a brief uncredited role.The Coens wrote and directed the crime thriller ''Fargo'' (1996), set in their home state of Minnesota.", "Jerry Lundegaard (William H. Macy), who has serious financial problems, has his wife kidnapped so that his wealthy father-in-law will pay the ransom.", "His plan goes wrong when the kidnappers deviate from the plan and local cop Marge Gunderson (McDormand) starts to investigate.", "Produced on a small budget of $7 million, ''Fargo'' was a critical and commercial success, with particular praise for its dialogue and McDormand's performance.", "The film received several awards, including a BAFTA award and Cannes award for direction, and two Oscars: a Best Original Screenplay and a Best Actress Oscar for McDormand.In the Coens' next film, the black comedy ''The Big Lebowski'' (1998), \"The Dude\" (Jeff Bridges), a Los Angeles slacker, is used as an unwitting pawn in a kidnapping plot with his bowling buddies (Steve Buscemi and John Goodman).", "Despite initially receiving mixed reviews and underperforming at the box office, it is now well received by critics, and is regarded as a classic cult film.", "An annual festival, Lebowski Fest, began in 2002, and many adhere to the philosophy of \"Dudeism\".", "''Entertainment Weekly'' ranked it 8th on their Funniest Movies of the Past 25 Years list in 2008.", "''Gates of Eden'', a collection of short stories written by Ethan Coen, was published in 1998.The same year, Ethan co-wrote the comedy ''The Naked Man'', directed by their storyboard artist J. Todd Anderson.=== 2000s ===Ethan and Joel at the 2001 Cannes Film FestivalThe Coen brothers' next film, ''O Brother, Where Art Thou?''", "(2000), was another critical and commercial success.", "The title was borrowed from the Preston Sturges film ''Sullivan's Travels'' (1941), whose lead character, movie director John Sullivan, had planned to make a film with that title.", "Based loosely on Homer's ''Odyssey'' (complete with a Cyclops, sirens, ''et al.", "''), the story is set in Mississippi in the 1930s and follows a trio of escaped convicts who, after absconding from a chain gang, journey home to recover bank-heist loot the leader has buried—but they have no clear perception of where they are going.", "The film highlighted the comic abilities of George Clooney as the oddball lead character Ulysses Everett McGill, and of Tim Blake Nelson and John Turturro, his sidekicks.", "The film's bluegrass and old-time soundtrack, offbeat humor and digitally desaturated cinematography made it a critical and commercial hit.", "It was the first feature film to use all-digital color grading.", "The film's soundtrack CD was also successful, spawning a concert and concert/documentary DVD, ''Down from the Mountain.", "''The Coens next produced another noirish thriller, ''The Man Who Wasn't There'' (2001).The Coens directed the 2003 film ''Intolerable Cruelty'', starring George Clooney and Catherine Zeta-Jones, a throwback to the romantic comedies of the 1940s.", "It focuses on hotshot divorce lawyer Miles Massey and a beautiful divorcée whom Massey managed to prevent from receiving any money in her divorce.", "She vows to get even with him while, at the same time, he becomes smitten with her.", "''Intolerable Cruelty'' received generally positive reviews, although it is considered one of the duo's weaker films.", "Also that year, they executive produced and did an uncredited rewrite of the Christmas black comedy ''Bad Santa'', which garnered positive reviews.In 2004, the Coens made ''The Ladykillers'', a remake of the British classic by Ealing Studios.", "A professor, played by Tom Hanks, assembles a team to rob a casino.", "They rent a room in an elderly woman's home to plan the heist.", "When the woman discovers the plot, the gang decides to murder her to ensure her silence.", "The Coens received some of the most lukewarm reviews of their careers in response to this film.They directed two short films for two separate anthology films—''Paris, je t'aime'' (''Tuileries'', 2006) starring Steve Buscemi, and ''To Each His Own Cinema'' (''World Cinema'', 2007) starring Josh Brolin.", "Both films received highly positive reviews.With Javier Bardem at the 2007 Cannes Film Festival''No Country for Old Men'', released in November 2007, closely follows the 2005 novel of the same name by Cormac McCarthy.", "Vietnam veteran Llewelyn Moss (Josh Brolin), living near the Texas/Mexico border, stumbles upon, and decides to take, two million dollars in drug money.", "He must then go on the run to avoid those trying to recover the money, including sociopathic killer Anton Chigurh (Javier Bardem), who confounds both Llewelyn and local sheriff Ed Tom Bell (Tommy Lee Jones).", "The plotline is a return to noir themes, but in some respects it was a departure for the Coens; with the exception of Stephen Root, none of the stable of regular actors appears in the film.", "''No Country'' received nearly universal critical praise, garnering a 94% \"Fresh\" rating at Rotten Tomatoes.", "It won four Academy Awards, including Best Picture, Best Director and Best Adapted Screenplay, all of which were received by the Coens, as well as Best Supporting Actor received by Bardem.", "The Coens, as \"Roderick Jaynes\", were also nominated for Best Editing, but lost.", "It was the first time since 1961 (when Jerome Robbins and Robert Wise won for ''West Side Story'') that two directors received the Academy Award for Best Director at the same time.In January 2008, Ethan Coen's play ''Almost an Evening'' premiered off-broadway at the Atlantic Theater Company Stage 2, opening to mostly enthusiastic reviews.", "The initial run closed on February 10, 2008, but the same production was moved to a new theatre for a commercial off-Broadway run at the Bleecker Street Theater in New York City.", "Produced by The Atlantic Theater Company, it ran there from March 2008 through June 1, 2008.and Art Meets Commerce.", "In May 2009, the Atlantic Theater Company produced Coen's ''Offices'', as part of their mainstage season at the Linda Gross Theater.", "''Burn After Reading'', a comedy starring Brad Pitt and George Clooney, was released September 12, 2008, and portrays a collision course between two gym instructors, spies and Internet dating.", "Released to positive reviews, it debuted at No.", "1 in North America.In 2009, the Coens directed a television commercial titled \"Air Freshener\" for the Reality Coalition.They next directed ''A Serious Man'', released October 2, 2009, a \"gentle but dark\" period comedy (set in 1967) with a low budget.", "The film is based loosely on the Coens' childhoods in an academic family in the largely Jewish suburb of Saint Louis Park, Minnesota; it also drew comparisons to the ''Book of Job''.", "Filming took place late in the summer of 2008, in the neighborhoods of Roseville and Bloomington, Minnesota, at Normandale Community College, and at St. Olaf College.", "The film was nominated for the Oscars for Best Picture and Best Original Screenplay.=== 2010s ===''True Grit'' (2010) is based on the 1968 novel of the same name by Charles Portis.", "Filming was done in Texas and New Mexico.", "Hailee Steinfeld stars as Mattie Ross along with Jeff Bridges as Marshal Rooster Cogburn.", "Matt Damon and Josh Brolin also appear in the movie.", "''True Grit'' was nominated for ten Academy Awards including Best Picture.The Coens, presidents of the 2015 Cannes Film Festival juryEthan Coen wrote the one-act comedy ''Talking Cure'', which was produced on Broadway in 2011 as part of ''Relatively Speaking'', an anthology of three one-act plays by Coen, Elaine May, and Woody Allen.In 2011, the Coen brothers won the $1 million Dan David Prize for their contribution to cinema and society.", "''Inside Llewyn Davis'' (2013) is a treatise on the 1960s folk music scene in New York City's Greenwich Village, and very loosely based on the life of Dave Van Ronk.", "The film stars Oscar Isaac, Justin Timberlake, and Carey Mulligan.", "It won the Grand Prix at the 2013 Cannes Film Festival, where it was highly praised by critics.", "They received a Golden Globe nomination for Best Original Song for \"Please Mr. Kennedy\", which is heard in the film.", "''Fargo'', a television series inspired by their film of the same name, premiered in April 2014 on the FX network.", "It is created by Noah Hawley and executive produced by the brothers.The Coens also contributed to the screenplay for ''Unbroken'', along with Richard LaGravenese and William Nicholson.", "The film is directed by Angelina Jolie and based on Laura Hillenbrand's non-fiction book, ''Unbroken: A World War II Story of Survival, Resilience, and Redemption'' (2010) which itself was based on the life of Louis Zamperini.", "It was released on December 25, 2014, to average reviews.The Coens co-wrote, with playwright Matt Charman, the screenplay for the dramatic historical thriller ''Bridge of Spies'', about the 1960 U-2 Incident.", "The film was directed by Steven Spielberg, and released on October 4, 2015, to critical acclaim.", "They were nominated for the Best Original Screenplay at the 88th Academy Awards.The Coens directed the film ''Hail, Caesar!", "'', about a \"fixer\" in 1950s Hollywood trying to discover what happened to a cast member who vanishes during filming.", "It stars Coen regulars George Clooney, Josh Brolin, Frances McDormand, Scarlett Johansson and Tilda Swinton, as well as Channing Tatum, Ralph Fiennes, Jonah Hill, and Alden Ehrenreich.", "The film was released on February 5, 2016.In 2016, the Coens gave to their longtime friend and collaborator John Turturro the right to use his character of Jesus Quintana from ''The Big Lebowski'' in his own spin-off, ''The Jesus Rolls'', which he would also write and direct.", "The Coens have no involvement in the production.", "In August 2016, the film began principal photography.The Coens first wrote the script for ''Suburbicon'' in 1986.The film was eventually directed by George Clooney and began filming in October 2016.It was released by Paramount Pictures in the fall of 2017.The Coens directed ''The Ballad of Buster Scruggs'', a Western anthology starring Tim Blake Nelson, Liam Neeson, and James Franco.", "It began streaming on Netflix on November 16, 2018, after a brief theatrical run.===2020s===It was announced in March 2019 that Joel Coen would be directing an adaptation of ''Macbeth'' starring Denzel Washington.", "The film, titled ''The Tragedy of Macbeth'', was Joel's first directorial effort without his brother, who was taking a break from films to focus on theater.", "The film premiered at the 2021 New York Film Festival.", "In 2022, it was announced that Ethan Coen would be directing ''Drive-Away Dolls'' for Focus Features and Working Title.", "It will be Ethan's first directorial effort without his brother.", "The 2022 Cannes Film Festival had a special screening of ''Jerry Lee Lewis: Trouble in Mind'', an archival documentary film directed solely by Ethan and edited by his wife Tricia Cooke.=== Planned and uncompleted projects ====== Production company ===The Coen brothers' own film production company, Mike Zoss Productions located in New York City, has been credited on their films from ''O Brother, Where Art Thou?''", "onwards.", "It was named after Mike Zoss Drug, an independent pharmacy in St. Louis Park since 1950 that was the brothers' beloved hangout when they were growing up in the Twin Cities.", "The name was also used for the pharmacy in ''No Country for Old Men''.", "The Mike Zoss logo consists of a crayon drawing of a horse, standing in a field of grass with its head turned around as it looks back over its hindquarters." ], [ "Directing distinctions", "Up to 2003, Joel received sole credit for directing and Ethan for producing, due to guild rules that disallowed multiple director credits to prevent dilution of the position's significance.", "The only exception to this rule is if the co-directors are an \"established duo\".", "Since 2004 they have been able to share the director credit and the Coen brothers have become only the third duo to be nominated for the Academy Award for Best Director.With four Academy Award nominations for ''No Country for Old Men'' for the duo (Best Picture, Best Director, Best Adapted Screenplay, and Best Film Editing as Roderick Jaynes), the Coen brothers have tied the record for the most nominations by a single nominee (counting an \"established duo\" as one nominee) for the same film.", "Orson Welles set the record in 1941 with ''Citizen Kane'' being nominated for Best Picture (though at the time, individual producers were not named as nominees), Best Director, Best Actor, and Best Original Screenplay.", "Warren Beatty received the same nominations, first for ''Heaven Can Wait'' in 1978 and again in 1981 with ''Reds''.", "Alan Menken also then achieved the same feat when he was nominated for Best Score and triple-nominated for Best Song for ''Beauty and the Beast'' in 1991.In 2018, Alfonso Cuarón was nominated for Best Picture, Best Director, Best Original Screenplay, and Best Cinematography for ''Roma''.", "Most recently Chloé Zhao matched this record in 2021 when she was nominated for Best Picture, Best Director, Best Adapted Screenplay, and Best Film Editing for ''Nomadland'' (which also starred McDormand in her third Oscar-winning role)." ], [ "Filmography", "+Directed featuresYearTitleDistribution 1984 ''Blood Simple'' Circle Films 1987 ''Raising Arizona'' 20th Century Fox 1990 ''Miller's Crossing'' 1991 ''Barton Fink'' 1994 ''The Hudsucker Proxy'' Warner Bros. Pictures / Universal Pictures 1996 ''Fargo'' Gramercy Pictures 1998 ''The Big Lebowski'' 2000 ''O Brother, Where Art Thou?''", "Buena Vista Pictures / Universal Pictures 2001 ''The Man Who Wasn't There'' USA Films 2003 ''Intolerable Cruelty'' Universal Pictures 2004 ''The Ladykillers'' Buena Vista Pictures 2007 ''No Country for Old Men'' Miramax / Paramount Vantage 2008 ''Burn After Reading'' Focus Features 2009 ''A Serious Man'' 2010 ''True Grit'' Paramount Pictures 2013 ''Inside Llewyn Davis'' CBS Films 2016 ''Hail, Caesar!''", "Universal Pictures 2018 ''The Ballad of Buster Scruggs'' Netflix+Joel only Year Title Distribution 2021 ''The Tragedy of Macbeth'' A24 / Apple TV++Ethan only Year Title Distribution 2022 ''Jerry Lee Lewis: Trouble in Mind'' A24 2024 ''Drive-Away Dolls'' Focus Features" ], [ "Collaborators" ], [ "Accolades", " Year Title Academy Awards BAFTA Awards Golden Globe Awards Nominations Wins Nominations Wins Nominations Wins1991''Barton Fink''311996''Fargo''726142000''O Brother, Where Art Thou?", "''24212001''The Man Who Wasn't There''11132007''No Country for Old Men''8493422008''Burn After Reading''322009''A Serious Man''2112010''True Grit''10812013''Inside Llewyn Davis''2332016''Hail, Caesar!", "''112018''The Ballad of Buster Scruggs''312021''The Tragedy of Macbeth''311'''Total'''426386213 Year Performer Film Result'''Academy Award for Best Actor''' 2010 Jeff Bridges ''True Grit'' 2021 Denzel Washington ''The Tragedy of Macbeth'' '''Academy Award for Best Actress''' 1996 Frances McDormand ''Fargo'' '''Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor''' 1991 Michael Lerner ''Barton Fink'' 1996 William H. Macy ''Fargo'' 2007 Javier Bardem ''No Country for Old Men'' '''Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress''' 2010 Hailee Steinfeld ''True Grit''" ], [ "Notes" ], [ "References" ], [ "Bibliography", "* (Includes all films up to ''The Ladykillers'' and some subsidiary works ''Crimewave'', ''Down from the Mountain'', ''Bad Santa''.", ")* *" ], [ "External links", "* * * Joel and Ethan Coen at Rotten Tomatoes* Coenesque: The Films of the Coen Brothers* , no catalog records, and Jaynes at WorldCat (joint pseudonym)* Ethan Coen at LC Authorities, with 38 records, and Ethan at WorldCat * Joel Coen at LC Authorities, with 31 records, and Joel at WorldCat" ] ]
wikipedia
[ [ "Jorge Luis Borges" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Jorge Francisco Isidoro Luis Borges Acevedo''' ( , ; 24 August 1899 – 14 June 1986) was an Argentine short-story writer, essayist, poet and translator regarded as a key figure in Spanish-language and international literature.", "His best-known works, () and (), published in the 1940s, are collections of short stories exploring motifs such as dreams, labyrinths, chance, infinity, archives, mirrors, fictional writers and mythology.", "Borges's works have contributed to philosophical literature and the fantasy genre, and have had a major influence on the magic realist movement in 20th century Latin American literature.Born in Buenos Aires, Borges later moved with his family to Switzerland in 1914, where he studied at the Collège de Genève.", "The family travelled widely in Europe, including Spain.", "On his return to Argentina in 1921, Borges began publishing his poems and essays in surrealist literary journals.", "He also worked as a librarian and public lecturer.", "In 1955, he was appointed director of the National Public Library and professor of English Literature at the University of Buenos Aires.", "He became completely blind by the age of 55.Scholars have suggested that his progressive blindness helped him to create innovative literary symbols through imagination.", "By the 1960s, his work was translated and published widely in the United States and Europe.", "Borges himself was fluent in several languages.In 1961, he came to international attention when he received the first Formentor Prize, which he shared with Samuel Beckett.", "In 1971, he won the Jerusalem Prize.", "His international reputation was consolidated in the 1960s, aided by the growing number of English translations, the Latin American Boom, and by the success of García Márquez's ''One Hundred Years of Solitude''.", "He dedicated his final work, ''The Conspirators'', to the city of Geneva, Switzerland.", "Writer and essayist J. M. Coetzee said of him: \"He, more than anyone, renovated the language of fiction and thus opened the way to a remarkable generation of Spanish-American novelists.\"" ], [ "Life and career", "===Early life and education===Jorge Francisco Isidoro Luis Borges Acevedo was born into an educated middle-class family on 24 August 1899.They were in comfortable circumstances but not wealthy enough to live in downtown Buenos Aires so the family resided in Palermo, then a poorer neighbourhood.", "Borges's mother, Leonor Acevedo Suárez, came from a traditional Uruguayan family of criollo (Spanish) origin.", "Her family had been much involved in the European settling of South America and the Argentine War of Independence, and she spoke often of their heroic actions.His 1929 book ''Cuaderno San Martín'' includes the poem \"Isidoro Acevedo\", commemorating his grandfather, Isidoro de Acevedo Laprida, a soldier of the Buenos Aires Army.", "A descendant of the Argentine lawyer and politician Francisco Narciso de Laprida, Acevedo Laprida fought in the battles of Cepeda in 1859, Pavón in 1861, and Los Corrales in 1880.Acevedo Laprida died of pulmonary congestion in the house where his grandson Jorge Luis Borges was born.According to a study by Antonio Andrade, Jorge Luis Borges had Portuguese ancestry: Borges's great-grandfather, Francisco, was born in Portugal in 1770, and lived in Torre de Moncorvo, in the North of the country before he emigrated to Argentina, where he married Cármen Lafinur.Borges's own father, Jorge Guillermo Borges Haslam, was a lawyer, and wrote the novel ''El caudillo'' in 1921.Borges Haslam was born in Entre Ríos of Spanish, Portuguese, and English descent, the son of Francisco Borges Lafinur, a colonel, and Frances Ann Haslam, an Englishwoman.", "Borges Haslam grew up speaking English at home.", "The family frequently traveled to Europe.", "Borges Haslam wed Leonor Acevedo Suárez in 1898 and their offspring also included the painter Norah Borges, sister of Jorge Luis Borges.Aged ten, Jorge Luis Borges translated Oscar Wilde's ''The Happy Prince'' into Spanish.", "It was published in a local journal, but Borges's friends thought the real author was his father.", "Borges Haslam was a lawyer and psychology teacher who harboured literary aspirations.", "Borges said his father \"tried to become a writer and failed in the attempt\", despite the 1921 opus ''El caudillo''.", "Jorge Luis Borges wrote, \"as most of my people had been soldiers and I knew I would never be, I felt ashamed, quite early, to be a bookish kind of person and not a man of action.", "\"Jorge Luis Borges was taught at home until the age of 11, was bilingual in Spanish and English, reading Shakespeare in the latter at the age of twelve.", "The family lived in a large house with an English library of over one thousand volumes; Borges would later remark that \"if I were asked to name the chief event in my life, I should say my father's library.", "\"His father gave up practicing law due to the failing eyesight that would eventually affect his son.", "In 1914, the family moved to Geneva, Switzerland, and spent the next decade in Europe.", "In Geneva, Borges Haslam was treated by an eye specialist, while his son and daughter attended school.", "Jorge Luis learned French, read Thomas Carlyle in English, and began to read philosophy in German.", "In 1917, when he was eighteen, he met writer Maurice Abramowicz and began a literary friendship that would last for the remainder of his life.", "He received his baccalauréat from the Collège de Genève in 1918.The Borges family decided that, due to political unrest in Argentina, they would remain in Switzerland during the war.", "After World War I, the family spent three years living in various cities: Lugano, Barcelona, Majorca, Seville, and Madrid.", "They remained in Europe until 1921.At that time, Borges discovered the writings of Arthur Schopenhauer and Gustav Meyrink's ''The Golem'' (1915) which became influential to his work.", "In Spain, Borges fell in with and became a member of the avant-garde, anti-Modernismo Ultraist literary movement, inspired by Guillaume Apollinaire and Filippo Tommaso Marinetti, close to the Imagists.", "His first poem, \"Hymn to the Sea\", written in the style of Walt Whitman, was published in the magazine ''Grecia''.", "While in Spain, he met such noted Spanish writers as Rafael Cansinos Assens and Ramón Gómez de la Serna.Borges in 1921.===Early writing career===In 1921, Borges returned with his family to Buenos Aires.", "He had little formal education, no qualifications and few friends.", "He wrote to a friend that Buenos Aires was now \"overrun by arrivistes, by correct youths lacking any mental equipment, and decorative young ladies\".", "He brought with him the doctrine of Ultraism and launched his career, publishing surreal poems and essays in literary journals.", "In 1923, Borges first published his poetry, a collection called ''Fervor de Buenos Aires'' and contributed to the avant-garde review ''Martín Fierro''.Borges co-founded the journals ''Prisma'', a broadsheet distributed largely by pasting copies to walls in Buenos Aires, and ''Proa''.", "Later in life, Borges regretted some of these early publications, attempting to purchase all known copies to ensure their destruction.By the mid-1930s, he began to explore existential questions and fiction.", "He worked in a style that Argentine critic Ana María Barrenechea has called \"irreality.\"", "Many other Latin American writers, such as Juan Rulfo, Juan José Arreola, and Alejo Carpentier, were investigating these themes, influenced by the phenomenology of Husserl and Heidegger.", "In this vein, Borges biographer Edwin Williamson underlines the danger of inferring an autobiographically inspired basis for the content or tone of certain of his works: books, philosophy, and imagination were as much a source of real inspiration to him as his own lived experience, if not more so.", "Adolfo Bioy Casares, Victoria Ocampo and Borges in 1935From the first issue, Borges was a regular contributor to ''Sur'', founded in 1931 by Victoria Ocampo.", "It was then Argentina's most important literary journal and helped Borges find his fame.", "Ocampo introduced Borges to Adolfo Bioy Casares, another well-known figure of Argentine literature who was to become a frequent collaborator and close friend.", "They wrote a number of works together, some under the ''nom de plume'' H. Bustos Domecq, including a parody detective series and fantasy stories.", "During these years, a family friend, Macedonio Fernández, became a major influence on Borges.", "The two would preside over discussions in cafés, at country retreats, or in Fernandez's tiny apartment in the Balvanera district.", "He appears by name in Borges's ''Dialogue about a Dialogue'', in which the two discuss the immortality of the soul.In 1933, Borges gained an editorial appointment at ''Revista Multicolor de los Sábados'' (the literary supplement of the Buenos Aires newspaper ''Crítica''), where he first published the pieces collected as ''Historia universal de la infamia'' (''A Universal History of Infamy'') in 1935.The book includes two types of writing: the first lies somewhere between non-fiction essays and short stories, using fictional techniques to tell essentially true stories.", "The second consists of literary forgeries, which Borges initially passed off as translations of passages from famous but seldom-read works.In the following years, he served as a literary adviser for the publishing house Emecé Editores, and from 1936 to 1939 wrote weekly columns for ''El Hogar''.", "In 1938, Borges found work as the first assistant at the Miguel Cané Municipal Library.", "It was in a working-class area and there were so few books that cataloging more than one hundred books per day, he was told, would leave little to do for the other staff and would make them look bad.", "The task took him about an hour each day and the rest of his time he spent in the basement of the library, writing and translating.===Later career===Borges in the 1940sBorges's father died in 1938, shortly before his 64th birthday.", "On Christmas Eve that year, Borges had a severe head injury; during treatment, he nearly died of sepsis.", "While recovering from the accident, Borges began exploring a new style of writing for which he would become famous.", "His first story written after his accident, \"Pierre Menard, Author of the ''Quixote'',\" came out in May 1939.One of his most famous works, \"Menard\" examines the nature of authorship, as well as the relationship between an author and his historical context.", "His first collection of short stories, ''El jardín de senderos que se bifurcan'' (''The Garden of Forking Paths''), appeared in 1941, composed mostly of works previously published in ''Sur''.The title story concerns a Chinese professor in England, Dr. Yu Tsun, who spies for Germany during World War I, in an attempt to prove to the authorities that an Asian person is able to obtain the information that they seek.", "A combination of book and maze, it can be read in many ways.", "Through it, Borges arguably invented the hypertext novel and went on to describe a theory of the universe based upon the structure of such a novel.Composed of stories taking up over sixty pages, the book was generally well received, but ''El jardín de senderos que se bifurcan'' failed to garner for him the literary prizes many in his circle expected.", "Victoria Ocampo dedicated a large portion of the July 1942 issue of ''Sur'' to a \"Reparation for Borges.\"", "Numerous leading writers and critics from Argentina and throughout the Spanish-speaking world contributed writings to the \"reparation\" project.With his vision beginning to fade in his early thirties and unable to support himself as a writer, Borges began a new career as a public lecturer.", "He became an increasingly public figure, obtaining appointments as president of the Argentine Society of Writers and as professor of English and American Literature at the Argentine Association of English Culture.", "His short story \"Emma Zunz\" was made into a film (under the name of ''Días de odio'', ''Days of Hate'', directed in 1954 by Leopoldo Torre Nilsson).", "Around this time, Borges also began writing screenplays.In 1955, he became director of the Argentine National Library.", "By the late 1950s he had become completely blind.", "Neither the coincidence nor the irony of his blindness as a writer escaped Borges::''Nadie rebaje a lágrima o reproche'':''esta declaración de la maestría'':''de Dios, que con magnífica ironía'':''me dio a la vez los libros y la noche.", "'':No one should read self-pity or reproach:Into this statement of the majesty:Of God; who with such splendid irony,:Granted me books and night at one touch.His later collection of poetry, ''Elogio de la Sombra'' (''In Praise of Darkness''), develops this theme.", "In 1956 the University of Cuyo awarded Borges the first of many honorary doctorates and the following year he received the National Prize for Literature.", "From 1956 to 1970, Borges also held a position as a professor of literature at the University of Buenos Aires and other temporary appointments at other universities.", "He was knighted by Queen Elizabeth II in 1964.In the fall of 1967 and spring of 1968, he delivered the Charles Eliot Norton Lectures at Harvard University.As his eyesight deteriorated, Borges relied increasingly on his mother's help.", "When he was not able to read and write anymore (he never learned to read Braille), his mother, to whom he had always been close, became his personal secretary.", "When Perón returned from exile and was re-elected president in 1973, Borges immediately resigned as director of the National Library.===International renown===Borges in 1967Eight of Borges's poems appear in the 1943 anthology of Spanish American Poets by H. R. Hays.", "\"The Garden of Forking Paths\", one of the first Borges stories to be translated into English, appeared in the August 1948 issue of ''Ellery Queen's Mystery Magazine'', translated by Anthony Boucher.", "Though several other Borges translations appeared in literary magazines and anthologies during the 1950s (and one story appeared in the science fiction magazine ''Fantastic Universe'' in 1960), his international fame dates from the early 1960s.In 1961, Borges received the first ''Prix International'', which he shared with Samuel Beckett.", "While Beckett had garnered a distinguished reputation in Europe and America, Borges had been largely unknown and untranslated in the English-speaking world and the prize stirred great interest in his work.", "The Italian government named Borges ''Commendatore'' and the University of Texas at Austin appointed him for one year to the Tinker Chair.", "This led to his first lecture tour in the United States.", "In 1962, two major anthologies of Borges's writings were published in English by New York presses: ''Ficciones'' and ''Labyrinths''.", "In that year, Borges began lecture tours of Europe.", "Numerous honors were to accumulate over the years such as a Special Edgar Allan Poe Award from the Mystery Writers of America \"for distinguished contribution to the mystery genre\" (1976), the Balzan Prize (for Philology, Linguistics and literary Criticism) and the Prix mondial Cino Del Duca, the Miguel de Cervantes Prize (all 1980), as well as the French Legion of Honour (1983) and the Diamond Konex Award for Literature Arts as the most important writer in the last decade in his country.At L'Hôtel, Paris, 1968In 1967, Borges began a five-year period of collaboration with the American translator Norman Thomas di Giovanni, through whom he became better known in the English-speaking world.", "Di Giovanni contended that Borges's popularity was due to his writing with multiple languages in mind and deliberately using Latin words as a bridge from Spanish to English.Borges continued to publish books, among them ''El libro de los seres imaginarios'' (''Book of Imaginary Beings'', 1967, co-written with Margarita Guerrero), ''El informe de Brodie'' (''Dr.", "Brodie's Report'', 1970), and ''El libro de arena'' (''The Book of Sand'', 1975).", "He lectured prolifically.", "Many of these lectures were anthologized in volumes such as ''Siete noches'' (''Seven Nights'') and ''Nueve ensayos dantescos'' (''Nine Dantesque Essays'').His presence in 1967 on campus at the University of Virginia (UVA) in the U.S. influenced a group of students among whom was Jared Loewenstein, who would later become founder and curator of the Jorge Luis Borges Collection at UVA, one of the largest repositories of documents and manuscripts pertaining to Borges's early works.", "In 1984, he travelled to Athens, Greece, and later to Rethymnon, Crete, where he was awarded an honorary doctorate from the School of Philosophy at the University of Crete.===Later personal life===María Kodama at the 2010 Frankfurt Book FairIn the mid-1960s, Borges became acquainted with Jorge Mario Bergoglio, the future Pope Francis, who was at the time a young Jesuit priest.", "In 1979, Borges spoke appreciatively and at some length about Bergoglio to the Argentine poet and essayist Roberto Alifano.In 1967, Borges married the recently widowed Elsa Astete Millán.", "Friends believed that his mother, who was 90 and anticipating her own death, wanted to find someone to care for her blind son.", "The marriage lasted less than three years.", "After a legal separation, Borges moved back in with his mother, with whom he lived until her death at age 99.Thereafter, he lived alone in the small flat he had shared with her, cared for by Fanny, their housekeeper of many decades.From 1975 until the time of his death, Borges traveled internationally.", "He was often accompanied in these travels by his personal assistant María Kodama, an Argentine woman of Japanese and German ancestry.", "In April 1986, a few months before his death, he married her via an attorney in Paraguay, in what was then a common practice among Argentines wishing to circumvent the Argentine laws of the time regarding divorce.", "On his religious views, Borges declared himself an agnostic, clarifying: \"Being an agnostic means all things are possible, even God, even the Holy Trinity.", "This world is so strange that anything may happen, or may not happen.\"", "Borges was taught to read the Bible by his English Protestant grandmother and he prayed the Our Father each night because of a promise he made to his mother.", "He also died in the presence of a priest." ], [ "Death", "Borges's grave, Cimetière des Rois, Plainpalais, Geneva.During his final days in Geneva, Borges began brooding about the possibility of an afterlife.", "Although calm and collected about his own death, Borges began probing Kodama as to whether she inclined more towards the Shinto beliefs of her father or the Catholicism of her mother.", "Kodama \"had always regarded Borges as an Agnostic, as she was herself\", but given the insistence of his questioning, she offered to call someone more \"qualified\".", "Borges responded, \"You are asking me if I want a priest.\"", "He then instructed her to call two clergymen, a Catholic priest, in memory of his mother, and a Protestant minister, in memory of his English grandmother.", "He was visited first by Father Pierre Jacquet and by Pastor Edouard de Montmollin.Borges died of liver cancer on 14 June 1986, aged 86, in Geneva.", "His burial was preceded by an ecumenical service at the Protestant Cathédrale de Saint Pierre on 18 June.", "With many Swiss and Argentine dignitaries present, Pastor de Montmollin read the First Chapter of St John's Gospel.", "He then preached that \"Borges was a man who had unceasingly searched for the right word, the term that could sum up the whole, the final meaning of things.\"", "He said, however, that no man can reach that word through his own efforts and in trying becomes lost in a labyrinth.", "Pastor de Montmollin concluded, \"It is not man who discovers the word, it is the Word that comes to him.", "\"Father Jacquet also preached, saying that, when visiting Borges before his death, he had found \"a man full of love, who received from the Church the forgiveness of his sins\".", "After the funeral, Borges was laid to rest in Geneva's Cimetière de Plainpalais.", "His grave, marked by a rough-hewn headstone, is adorned with carvings derived from Anglo-Saxon and Old Norse art and literature." ], [ "Legacy and influence", "Maria Kodama, his widow and heir on the basis of the marriage and two wills, gained control over his works.", "Her assertive administration of his estate resulted in a bitter dispute with the French publisher Gallimard regarding the republication of the complete works of Borges in French, with Pierre Assouline in ''Le Nouvel Observateur'' (August 2006) calling her \"an obstacle to the dissemination of the works of Borges\".", "Kodama took legal action against Assouline, considering the remark unjustified and defamatory, asking for a symbolic compensation of one euro.Kodama also rescinded all publishing rights for existing collections of his work in English, including the translations by Norman Thomas di Giovanni, in which Borges himself collaborated, and from which di Giovanni would have received an unusually high fifty percent of the royalties.", "Kodama commissioned new translations by Andrew Hurley, which have become the official translations in English.David Foster Wallace wrote: \"The truth, briefly stated, is that Borges is arguably the great bridge between modernism and post-modernism in world literature.", "He is modernist in that his fiction shows a first-rate human mind stripped of all foundations of religious or ideological certainty -- a mind turned wholly inward on itself.", "His stories are inbent and hermetic, with the oblique terror of a game whose rules are unknown and its stakes everything.\"" ], [ "Political opinions", "During the 1920s and 1930s, Borges was a vocal supporter of Hipólito Yrigoyen and the social democratic Radical Civic Union.", "In 1945, Borges signed a manifesto calling for an end to military rule and the establishment of political liberty and democratic elections.", "By the 1960s, he had grown more skeptical of democracy.", "During a 1971 conference at Columbia University, a creative writing student asked Borges what he regarded as \"a writer's duty to his time\".", "Borges replied, \"I think a writer's duty is to be a writer, and if he can be a good writer, he is doing his duty.", "Besides, I think of my own opinions as being superficial.", "For example, I am a Conservative, I hate the Communists, I hate the Nazis, I hate the anti-Semites, and so on; but I don't allow these opinions to find their way into my writings—except, of course, when I was greatly elated about the Six-Day War.", "Generally speaking, I think of keeping them in watertight compartments.", "Everybody knows my opinions, but as for my dreams and my stories, they should be allowed their full freedom, I think.", "I don't want to intrude into them, I'm writing fiction, not fables.\"", "In the 1980s, towards the end of his life, Borges regained his earlier faith in democracy and held it out as the only hope for Argentina.", "In 1983, Borges applauded the election of the Radical Civic Union's Raúl Alfonsín and welcomed the end of military rule with the following words: \"I once wrote that democracy is the abuse of statistics ... On October 30, 1983, Argentine democracy refuted me splendidly.", "Splendidly and resoundingly.", "\"===Anti-communism===Borges recurrently declared himself a \"Spencerian anarchist who believes in the individual and not in the State\" due to his father's influence.", "In an interview with Richard Burgin during the late 1960s, Borges described himself as a \"mild\" adherent of classical liberalism.", "He further recalled that his opposition to communism and to Marxism was absorbed in his childhood, stating: \"Well, I have been brought up to think that the individual should be strong and the State should be weak.", "I couldn't be enthusiastic about theories where the State is more important than the individual.\"", "After the overthrow via coup d'état of President Juan Domingo Perón in 1955, Borges supported efforts to purge Argentina's Government of Peronists and dismantle the former President's welfare state.", "He was enraged that the Communist Party of Argentina opposed these measures and sharply criticized them in lectures and in print.", "Borges's opposition to the Party in this matter ultimately led to a permanent rift with his longtime lover, Argentine Communist Estela Canto.In a 1956 interview given to ''El Hogar'', he stated that \"Communists are in favor of totalitarian regimes and systematically combat freedom of thought, oblivious of the fact that the principal victims of dictatorships are, precisely, intelligence and culture.\"", "Borges elaborated: \"Many people are in favor of dictatorships because they allow them to avoid thinking for themselves.", "Everything is presented to them ready-made.", "There are even agencies of the State that supply them with opinions, passwords, slogans, and even idols to exalt or cast down according to the prevailing wind or in keeping with the directives of the thinking heads of the single party.", "\"In later years, Borges frequently expressed contempt for Marxist and Communist authors, poets, and intellectuals.", "In an interview with Burgin, Borges referred to Chilean poet Pablo Neruda as \"a very fine poet\" but a \"very mean man\" for unconditionally supporting the Soviet Union and demonizing the United States.", "Borges commented about Neruda, \"Now he knows that's rubbish.", "\"In the same interview, Borges also criticized famed poet and playwright Federico García Lorca, who was abducted by Nationalist soldiers and executed without trial during the Spanish Civil War.", "In Borges's opinion, Lorca's poetry and plays, when examined against his tragic death, appeared better than they actually were.===Anti-fascism===In 1934, Argentine ultra-nationalists, sympathetic to Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party, asserted Borges was secretly Jewish, and by implication, not truly Argentinian.", "Borges responded with the essay \"Yo, Judío\" (\"I, a Jew\"), a reference to the old phrase \"Yo, Argentino\" (\"I, an Argentine\") uttered by potential victims during pogroms against Argentine Jews, to signify one was not Jewish.", "In the essay, Borges declares he would be proud to be a Jew, and remarks that any pure Castilian is likely to come from ancient Jewish descent, from a millennium ago.Both before and during the Second World War, Borges regularly published essays attacking the Nazi police state and its racist ideology.", "His outrage was fueled by his deep love for German literature.", "In an essay published in 1937, Borges attacked the Nazi Party's use of children's books to inflame antisemitism.", "He wrote, \"I don't know if the world can do without German civilization, but I do know that its corruption by the teachings of hatred is a crime.", "\"In a 1938 essay, Borges reviewed an anthology which rewrote German authors of the past to fit the Nazi party line.", "He was disgusted by what he described as Germany's \"chaotic descent into darkness\" and the attendant rewriting of history.", "He argued that such books sacrificed the German people's culture, history and integrity in the name of restoring their national honour.", "Such use of children's books for propaganda he writes, \"perfect the criminal arts of barbarians.", "\"In a 1944 essay, Borges postulated,In 1946, Borges published the short story \"Deutsches Requiem\", which masquerades as the last testament of a condemned Nazi war criminal named Otto Dietrich zur Linde.In a 1971 conference at Columbia University, Borges was asked about the story by a student from the creative writing program.", "He recalled, \"When the Germans were defeated I felt great joy and relief, but at the same time I thought of the German defeat as being somehow tragic, because here we have perhaps the most educated people in Europe, who have a fine literature, a fine tradition of philosophy and poetry.", "Yet these people were bamboozled by a madman named Adolf Hitler, and I think there is tragedy there.", "\"In a 1967 interview with Burgin, Borges recalled how his interactions with Argentina's Nazi sympathisers led him to create the story.", "He recalled, \"And then I realized that those people that were on the side of Germany, that they never thought of German victories or the German glory.", "What they really liked was the idea of the Blitzkrieg, of London being on fire, of the country being destroyed.", "As to the German fighters, they took no stock in them.", "Then I thought, well now Germany has lost, now America has saved us from this nightmare, but since nobody can doubt on which side I stood, I'll see what can be done from a literary point of view in favor of the Nazis.", "And then I created the ideal Nazi.", "\"At Columbia University in 1971, Borges further elaborated on the story's creation, \"I tried to imagine what a real Nazi might be like.", "I mean someone who thought of violence as being praiseworthy for its own sake.", "Then I thought that this archetype of the Nazis wouldn't mind being defeated; after all, defeats and victories are mere matters of chance.", "He would still be glad of the fact, even if the Americans and British won the war.", "Naturally, when I am with Nazis, I find they are not my idea of what a Nazi is, but this wasn't meant to be a political tract.", "It was meant to stand for the fact that there was something tragic in the fate of a real Nazi.", "Except that I wonder if a real Nazi ever existed.", "At least, when I went to Germany, I never met one.", "They were all feeling sorry for themselves and wanted me to feel sorry for them as well.", "\"===Anti-Peronism===In 1946, Argentine President Juan Perón began transforming Argentina into a one-party state with the assistance of his wife, Evita.", "Almost immediately, the spoils system was the rule of the day, as ideological critics of the ruling ''Partido Justicialista'' were fired from government jobs.", "During this period, Borges was informed that he was being \"promoted\" from his position at the Miguel Cané Library to a post as inspector of poultry and rabbits at the Buenos Aires municipal market.", "Upon demanding to know the reason, Borges was told, \"Well, you were on the side of the Allies, what do you expect?\"", "Borges resigned the following day.Perón's treatment of Borges became a cause célèbre for the Argentine intelligentsia.", "The Argentine Society of Writers (SADE) held a formal dinner in his honour.", "At the dinner, a speech was read which Borges had written for the occasion.", "It said:In the aftermath, Borges found himself much in demand as a lecturer and one of the intellectual leaders of the Argentine opposition.", "In 1951 he was asked by anti-Peronist friends to run for president of SADE.", "Borges, then having depression caused by a failed romance, reluctantly accepted.", "He later recalled that he would awake every morning and remember that Perón was president and feel deeply depressed and ashamed.", "Perón's government had seized control of the Argentine mass media and regarded SADE with indifference.", "Borges later recalled, however, \"Many distinguished men of letters did not dare set foot inside its doors.\"", "Meanwhile, SADE became an increasing refuge for critics of the Perón government.", "SADE official Luisa Mercedes Levinson noted, \"We would gather every week to tell the latest jokes about the ruling couple and even dared to sing the songs of the French Resistance, as well as 'La Marseillaise'\".After Evita Perón's death on 26 July 1952, Borges received a visit from two policemen, who ordered him to put up two portraits of the ruling couple on the premises of SADE.", "Borges indignantly refused, calling it a ridiculous demand.", "The policemen replied that he would soon face the consequences.", "The Justicialist Party placed Borges under 24-hour surveillance and sent policemen to sit in on his lectures; in September they ordered SADE to be permanently closed down.", "Like much of the Argentine opposition to Perón, SADE had become marginalized due to persecution by the State, and very few active members remained.According to Edwin Williamson,On 16 September 1955, General Pedro Eugenio Aramburu's ''Revolución Libertadora'' toppled the ruling party and forced Perón into exile.", "Borges was overjoyed and joined demonstrators marching through the streets of Buenos Aires.", "According to Williamson, Borges shouted, \"Viva la Patria\", until his voice grew hoarse.", "Due to the influence of Borges's mother and his own role on the opposition to Peron, the provisional government appointed Borges as the Director of the National Library.In his essay ''L'Illusion Comique'', Borges wrote there were two histories of Peronism in Argentina.", "The first he described as \"the criminal one\", composed of the police state tactics used against both real and imagined anti-Peronists.", "The second history was, according to Borges, \"the theatrical one\" composed of \"tales and fables made for consumption by dolts.\"", "He argued that, despite their claims to detest capitalism, Juan and Eva Perón \"copied its methods, dictating names and slogans to the people\" in the same way that multi-national corporations \"impose their razor blades, cigarettes, and washing machines.\"", "Borges then listed the numerous conspiracy theories the ruling couple dictated to their followers and how those theories were accepted without question.Borges concluded:In a 1967 interview, Borges said, \"Perón was a humbug, and he knew it, and everybody knew it.", "But Perón could be very cruel.", "I mean, he had people tortured, killed.", "And his wife was a common prostitute.", "\"When Perón returned from exile in 1973 and regained the Presidency, Borges was enraged.", "In a 1975 interview for ''National Geographic'', he said \"Damn, the snobs are back in the saddle.", "If their posters and slogans again defile the city, I'll be glad I've lost my sight.", "Well, they can't humiliate me as they did before my books sold well.", "\"After being accused of being unforgiving, Borges quipped, \"I resented Perón's making Argentina look ridiculous to the world ... as in 1951, when he announced control over thermonuclear fusion, which still hasn't happened anywhere but in the sun and the stars.", "For a time, Argentines hesitated to wear band aids for fear friends would ask, 'Did the atomic bomb go off in your hand?'", "A shame, because Argentina really has world-class scientists.", "\"After Borges's death in 1986, the Peronist ''Partido Justicialista'' declined to send a delegate to the writer's memorial service in Buenos Aires.", "A spokesman for the Party said that this was in reaction to \"certain declarations he had made about the country.\"", "Later, at the City Council of Buenos Aires, Peronist politicians refused to honor Borges as an Argentine, commenting that he \"chose to die abroad.\"", "When infuriated politicians from the other parties demanded to know the real reason, the Peronists finally explained that Borges had made statements about Evita Perón which they called \"unacceptable\".===Military junta===During the 1970s, Borges at first expressed support for Argentina's military junta, but was scandalized by the junta's actions during the Dirty War.", "In protest against their support of the regime, Borges ceased publishing in the newspaper ''La Nación''.In 1985, he wrote a short poem about the Falklands War called ''Juan López y John Ward'', about two fictional soldiers (one from each side), who died in the Falklands, in which he refers to \"islands that were too famous\".", "He also said about the war: \"The Falklands thing was a fight between two bald men over a comb.", "\"Borges was an observer at the trials of the military junta in 1985 and wrote that \"not to judge and condemn the crimes would be to encourage impunity and to become, somehow, its accomplice.\"", "Borges added that \"the news of the missing people, the crimes and atrocities the military committed\" had inspired him to return to his earlier Emersonian faith in democracy.===Indigenous cultures===Borges believed that indigenous peoples in what is now called Argentina had no traditions: \"There's no native tradition of any kind since the Indians here were mere barbarians.", "We have to fall back on the European tradition, why not?", "It's a very fine tradition.\"" ], [ "Works", "Wardrip-Fruin and Montfort argue that Borges \"may have been the most important figure in Spanish-language literature since Cervantes.", "He was clearly of tremendous influence, writing intricate poems, short stories, and essays that instantiated concepts of dizzying power.\"", "Borges's work has been compared to that of Homer and Milton.", "Indeed, the critic Harold Bloom numbers Borges among the key figures of the Western literary canon.In addition to short stories for which he is most noted, Borges also wrote poetry, essays, screenplays, literary criticism, and edited numerous anthologies.", "His longest work of fiction is a fourteen-page story, \"The Congress\", first published in 1971.His late-onset blindness strongly influenced his later writing.", "Borges wrote: \"When I think of what I've lost, I ask, 'Who know themselves better than the blind?'", "– for every thought becomes a tool.", "\"Paramount among his intellectual interests are elements of mythology, mathematics, theology, integrating these through literature, sometimes playfully, sometimes with great seriousness.Borges composed poetry throughout his life.", "As his eyesight waned (it came and went, with a struggle between advancing age and advances in eye surgery), he increasingly focused on writing poetry, since he could memorize an entire work in progress.His poems embrace the same wide range of interests as his fiction, along with issues that emerge in his critical works and translations, and from more personal musings.", "For example, his interest in idealism runs through his work, reflected in the fictional world of Tlön in \"Tlön, Uqbar, Orbis Tertius\" and in his essay \"A New Refutation of Time\".Borges was a notable translator.", "He translated works of literature in English, French, German, Old English, and Old Norse into Spanish.", "His first publication, for a Buenos Aires newspaper, was a translation of Oscar Wilde's story \"The Happy Prince\" into Spanish when he was nine.", "At the end of his life he produced a Spanish-language version of a part of Snorri Sturluson's ''Prose Edda''.", "He also translated (while simultaneously subtly transforming) the works of, among others, Ambrose Bierce, William Faulkner, André Gide, Hermann Hesse, Franz Kafka, Rudyard Kipling, Edgar Allan Poe, Walt Whitman, and Virginia Woolf.", "Borges wrote and lectured extensively on the art of translation, holding that a translation may improve upon the original, may even be unfaithful to it, and that alternative and potentially contradictory renderings of the same work can be equally valid.", "Borges employed the devices of literary forgery and the review of an imaginary work, both forms of modern pseudo-epigrapha.===Discography===Borge’s recorded work includes readings of his poems, a collaboration with Argentine composer Astor Piazzolla, and a series of lectures on a characteristically wide range of topics, from Buddhism to the nature of poetry.", "====Music====* ''El Tango'' (1965) with Astor PiazzollaPolydor – 20291====Poetry====* ''Por El Mismo Sus Poemas Y Su Voz'' (1967)AMB Discografica – 123 - 1* ''Jorge Luis Borges'' (1968)Universidad Nacional Autonoma De Mexico – VVAL-13, UNAM-113/114====Lectures and Other Works====* ''La Divina Comedia'' (1978)Microfon – SUP 955* ''¿Qué Es La Poesía?''", "(1978)Microfon – SUP 959* ''El Budismo'' (1978)Microfon – SUP 958* ''La Cabala'' (1978)Microfon – SUP 960* ''El Libro De Las Mil Y Una Noches'' (1978)Microfon – SUP 957* ''Borges Para Millones.", "Banda Original De Sonido De La Pelicula'' (1978) with Luis Maria SerraEMI – 8569/70===Hoaxes and forgeries===Borges's best-known set of literary forgeries date from his early work as a translator and literary critic with a regular column in the Argentine magazine ''El Hogar''.", "Along with publishing numerous legitimate translations, he also published original works, for example, in the style of Emanuel Swedenborg or '' One Thousand and One Nights'', originally claiming them to be translations of works he had chanced upon.", "In another case, he added three short, falsely attributed pieces into his otherwise legitimate and carefully researched anthology ''El matrero''.", "Several of these are gathered in the ''A Universal History of Infamy''.While Borges was the great popularizer of the review of an imaginary work, he had developed the idea from Thomas Carlyle's ''Sartor Resartus'', a book-length review of a non-existent German transcendentalist work, and the biography of its equally non-existent author.", "In ''This Craft of Verse'', Borges says that in 1916 in Geneva \"I discovered, and was overwhelmed by, Thomas Carlyle.", "I read ''Sartor Resartus'', and I can recall many of its pages; I know them by heart.", "\"In the introduction to his first published volume of fiction, ''The Garden of Forking Paths'', Borges remarks, \"It is a laborious madness and an impoverishing one, the madness of composing vast books, setting out in five hundred pages an idea that can be perfectly related orally in five minutes.", "The better way to go about it is to pretend that those books already exist, and offer a summary, a commentary on them.\"", "He then cites both ''Sartor Resartus'' and Samuel Butler's ''The Fair Haven'', remarking, however, that \"those works suffer under the imperfection that they themselves are books, and not a whit less tautological than the others.", "A more reasonable, more inept, and more lazy man, I have chosen to write ''notes'' on imaginary books.", "\"On the other hand, some works were wrongly attributed to Borges, like the poem \"Instantes\".===Criticism of Borges's work===Monument in Buenos AiresBorges's change in style from regionalist ''criollismo'' to a more cosmopolitan style brought him much criticism from journals such as ''Contorno'', a leftist, Sartre-influenced Argentine publication founded by David Viñas and his brother, along with other intellectuals such as Noé Jitrik and Adolfo Prieto.", "In the post-Peronist Argentina of the early 1960s, ''Contorno'' met with wide approval from the youth who challenged the authenticity of older writers such as Borges and questioned their legacy of experimentation.", "Magic realism and exploration of universal truths, they argued, had come at the cost of responsibility and seriousness in the face of society's problems.The ''Contorno'' writers acknowledged Borges and Eduardo Mallea for being \"doctors of technique\" but argued that their work lacked substance due to their lack of interaction with the reality that they inhabited, an existentialist critique of their refusal to embrace existence and reality in their artwork.===Sexuality and perception of women===The story \"The Sect of the Phoenix\" is famously interpreted to allude to the ubiquity of sexual intercourse among humans – a concept whose essential qualities the narrator of the story is not able to relate to.With a few notable exceptions, women are almost entirely absent from Borges's fiction.", "However, there are some instances in Borges's later writings of romantic love, for example the story \"Ulrikke\" from ''The Book of Sand''.", "The protagonist of the story \"El muerto\" also lusts after the \"splendid, contemptuous, red-haired woman\" of Azevedo Bandeira and later \"sleeps with the woman with shining hair\".", "Although they do not appear in the stories, women are significantly discussed as objects of unrequited love in his short stories \"The Zahir\" and \"The Aleph\".", "The plot of ''La Intrusa'' was based on a true story of two friends.", "Borges turned their fictional counterparts into brothers, excluding the possibility of a homosexual relationship.", "\"Emma Zunz\" is Borges's only story with a female protagonist.", "Originally published in 1948, this work tells the tale of a young Jewish woman who kills a man in order to avenge the disgrace and suicide of her father.", "She carefully plans the crime, submitting to an unpleasant sexual encounter with a stranger in order to create the appearance of sexual impropriety in her intended victim.", "Despite the fact that she premeditates and executes a murder, the eponymous heroine of this story is surprisingly likable, both because of intrinsic qualities in the character (interestingly enough, she believes in nonviolence) and because the story is narrated from a \"remote but sympathetic\" point of view that highlights the poignancy of her situation.===Nobel Prize omission===Borges was never awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature, something which continually distressed the writer.", "He was one of several distinguished authors who never received the honour.", "Borges commented, \"Not granting me the Nobel Prize has become a Scandinavian tradition; since I was born they have not been granting it to me\".Some observers speculated that Borges did not receive the award in his later life because of his conservative political views, or, more specifically, because he had accepted an honour from Chilean dictator Augusto Pinochet.Borges was however among the short-listed candidates several times.", "In 1965 he was considered along with Vladimir Nabokov, Pablo Neruda and Mikhail Sholokhov, and in 1966 a shared prize to Borges and Miguel Ángel Asturias was proposed.", "Borges was nominated again in 1967, and was among the final three choices considered by the committee, according to Nobel records unsealed on the 50th anniversary, in 2017.The committee considered Borges, Graham Greene and Miguel Ángel Asturias, choosing Asturias as the winner." ], [ "Fact, fantasy and non-linearity", "Monument in LisbonMany of Borges's best-known stories deal with themes of time (\"The Secret Miracle\"), infinity (\"The Aleph\"), mirrors (\"Tlön, Uqbar, Orbis Tertius\") and labyrinths (\"The Two Kings and the Two Labyrinths\", \"The House of Asterion\", \"The Immortal\", \"The Garden of Forking Paths\").", "Williamson writes, \"His basic contention was that fiction did not depend on the illusion of reality; what mattered ultimately was an author's ability to generate 'poetic faith' in his reader.", "\"His stories often have fantastical themes, such as a library containing every possible 410-page text (\"The Library of Babel\"), a man who forgets nothing he experiences (\"Funes, the Memorious\"), an artifact through which the user can see everything in the universe (\"The Aleph\"), and a year of still time given to a man standing before a firing squad (\"The Secret Miracle\").", "Borges told realistic stories of South American life, of folk heroes, streetfighters, soldiers, gauchos, detectives, and historical figures.", "He mixed the real and the fantastic, fact with fiction.", "His interest in compounding fantasy, philosophy, and the art of translation are evident in articles such as \"The Translators of ''The Book of One Thousand and One Nights''\".", "In the ''Book of Imaginary Beings'', a thoroughly researched bestiary of mythical creatures, Borges wrote, \"There is a kind of lazy pleasure in useless and out-of-the-way erudition.\"", "Borges's interest in fantasy was shared by Bioy Casares, with whom he coauthored several collections of tales between 1942 and 1967.Often, especially early in his career, the mixture of fact and fantasy crossed the line into the realm of hoax or literary forgery.", "\"The Garden of Forking Paths\" (1941) presents the idea of forking paths through networks of time, none of which is the same, all of which are equal.", "Borges uses the recurring image of \"a labyrinth that folds back upon itself in infinite regression\" so we \"become aware of all the possible choices we might make.\"", "The forking paths have branches to represent these choices that ultimately lead to different endings.", "Borges saw man's search for meaning in a seemingly infinite universe as fruitless and instead uses the maze as a riddle for time, not space.", "He examined the themes of universal randomness (\"The Lottery in Babylon\") and madness (\"The Zahir\").", "Due to the success of the \"Forking Paths\" story, the term \"Borgesian\" came to reflect a quality of narrative non-linearity.=== Borges and science fiction ===John Clute writes: \"as was earlier the case with Franz Kafka, a collection of whose work he translated as ''La Metamorfosis'' (coll.", "1938), Borges's influence on twentieth century literature worldwide has been so deep and pervasive that any sf written in English since about 1960 may consciously or subliminally reflect his work.", "Any sf story whose structure or arguments question or play with the nature of reality - or which makes fantastic use of images of the Labyrinth, the Mirror, the Library, the Map, and/or the Book and/or the Dream to inform the world - will necessarily navigate seas of imagination he has already plumbed, apodictically, in ten or twenty short stories.\"", "Clute notes that Borges \"revealed a first-hand (if at points inaccurate) knowledge of sf and its authors, including H. P. Lovecraft, Robert A Heinlein, A. E. van Vogt and Ray Bradbury\" and cites Philip K. Dick, Thomas Pynchon, Kurt Vonnegut and Gene Wolfe as being directly influenced by Borges.", "William Gibson recalls \"the sensation, both complex and eerily simple\", of reading \"Tlön, Uqbar, Orbis Tertius\" in ''Labyrinths'' as a young man, seated at a writing desk said to have belonged to Francis Marion: \"Had the concept of software been available to me, I imagine I would have felt as though I were installing something that exponentially increased what one day would be called bandwidth, though bandwidth of ''what'', exactly, I remain unable to say.", "This sublime and cosmically comic fable of utterly pure information (i.e.", "the utterly fictive) gradually and relentlessly infiltrating and eventually consuming the quotidian, opened something within me which has never yet closed... Works we all our lives recall reading for the first time are among the truest milestones, but ''Labyrinths'' was a profoundly singular one, for me, and I believe I knew that, then, in my early adolescence.", "It was demonstrated to me, that afternoon.", "Proven.", "For, by the time I had finished with 'Tlön' (though one never finishes with Tlön, nor indeed any story by Borges) and had traversed 'The Garden of Forking Paths' and had wondered, literally bug-eyed, at ''''''Pierre Menaud, Author of the ''Quixote''''''', I discovered that I had ceased to be afraid of any influence that might dwell within Francis Marion's towering desk.", "\"===Borgesian conundrum===The philosophical term \"Borgesian conundrum\" is named after him and has been defined as the ontological question of \"whether the writer writes the story, or it writes him.\"", "The original concept was put forward by Borges in his essay \"Kafka and His Precursors\".", "After reviewing works that were written before those of Kafka, Borges wrote:" ], [ "Culture and Argentine literature", "===''Martín Fierro'' and Argentine tradition===Along with other young Argentine writers of his generation, Borges initially rallied around the fictional character of Martín Fierro.", "''Martín Fierro'', a poem by José Hernández, was a dominant work of 19th century Argentine literature.", "Its eponymous hero became a symbol of Argentine sensibility, untied from European values – a gaucho, free, poor, ''pampas''-dwelling.The character Fierro is illegally drafted to serve at a border fort to defend it against the indigenous population but ultimately deserts to become a ''gaucho matrero'', the Argentine equivalent of a North American western outlaw.", "Borges contributed keenly to the avant garde ''Martín Fierro'' magazine in the early 1920s.As Borges matured, he came to a more nuanced attitude toward the Hernández poem.", "In his book of essays on the poem, Borges separates his admiration for the aesthetic virtues of the work from his mixed opinion of the moral virtues of its protagonist.", "In his essay \"The Argentine Writer and Tradition\" (1951), Borges celebrates how Hernández expresses the Argentine character.", "In a key scene in the poem, Martín Fierro and El Moreno compete by improvising songs on universal themes such as time, night, and the sea, reflecting the real-world gaucho tradition of ''payadas'', improvised musical dialogues on philosophical themes.", "Borges points out that Hernández evidently knew the difference between actual gaucho tradition of composing poetry versus the \"gauchesque\" fashion among Buenos Aires literati.In his works he refutes the arch-nationalist interpreters of the poem and disdains others, such as critic Eleuterio Tiscornia, for their Europeanising approach.", "Borges denies that Argentine literature should distinguish itself by limiting itself to \"local colour\", which he equates with cultural nationalism.", "Racine and Shakespeare's work, he says, looked beyond their countries' borders.", "Neither, he argues, need the literature be bound to the heritage of old world Spanish or European tradition.", "Nor should it define itself by the conscious rejection of its colonial past.", "He asserts that Argentine writers need to be free to define Argentine literature anew, writing about Argentina and the world from the point of view of those who have inherited the whole of world literature.", "Williamson says \"Borges's main argument is that the very fact of writing from the margins provides Argentine writers with a special opportunity to innovate without being bound to the canons of the centre, ... at once a part of and apart from the centre, which gives them much potential freedom\".===Argentine culture===Borges focused on universal themes, but also composed a substantial body of literature on themes from Argentine folklore and history.", "His first book, the poetry collection ''Fervor de Buenos Aires'' (''Passion for Buenos Aires''), appeared in 1923.Borges's writings on things Argentine include Argentine culture (\"History of the Tango\"; \"Inscriptions on Horse Wagons\"), folklore (\"Juan Muraña\", \"Night of the Gifts\"), literature (\"The Argentine Writer and Tradition\", \"Almafuerte\"; \"Evaristo Carriego\"), and national concerns (\"Celebration of the Monster\", \"Hurry, Hurry\", \"The Mountebank\", \"Pedro Salvadores\").", "Ultranationalists, however, continued to question his Argentine identity.Borges's interest in Argentine themes reflects, in part, the inspiration of his family tree.", "Borges had an English paternal grandmother who, around 1870, married the ''criollo'' Francisco Borges, a man with a military command and a historic role in the Argentine Civil Wars in what are now Argentina and Uruguay.Spurred by pride in his family's heritage, Borges often used those civil wars as settings in fiction and quasi-fiction (for example, \"The Life of Tadeo Isidoro Cruz\", \"The Dead Man\", \"Avelino Arredondo\") as well as poetry (\"General Quiroga Rides to His Death in a Carriage\").", "Borges's maternal great-grandfather, Manuel Isidoro Suárez, was another military hero, whom Borges immortalized in the poem \"A Page to Commemorate Colonel Suárez, Victor at Junín\".His nonfiction explores many of the themes found in his fiction.", "Essays such as \"The History of the Tango\" or his writings on the epic poem \"Martín Fierro\" explore Argentine themes, such as the identity of the Argentine people and of various Argentine subcultures.", "The varying genealogies of characters, settings, and themes in his stories, such as \"La muerte y la brújula\", used Argentine models without pandering to his readers or framing Argentine culture as \"exotic\".In fact, contrary to what is usually supposed, the geographies found in his fictions often do not correspond to those of real-world Argentina.", "In his essay \"El escritor argentino y la tradición\", Borges notes that the very absence of camels in the Qur'an was proof enough that it was an Arabian work (despite the fact that camels are, in fact, mentioned in the Qur'an).", "He suggested that only someone trying to write an \"Arab\" work would purposefully include a camel.", "He uses this example to illustrate how his dialogue with universal existential concerns was just as Argentine as writing about gauchos and tangos.===Multicultural influences===At the time of the Argentine Declaration of Independence in 1816, the population was predominantly ''criollo'' (of Spanish ancestry).", "From the mid-1850s on waves of immigration from Europe, especially Italy and Spain, arrived in the country, and in the following decades the Argentine national identity diversified.", "Borges was writing in a strongly European literary context, immersed in Spanish, English, French, German, Italian, Anglo-Saxon and Old Norse literature.", "He also read translations of Near Eastern and Far Eastern works.", "Borges's writing is also informed by scholarship of Christianity, Buddhism, Islam, and Judaism, including prominent religious figures, heretics, and mystics.Religion and heresy are explored in such stories as \"Averroes's Search\", \"The Writing of the God\", \"The Theologians\", and \"Three Versions of Judas\".", "The curious inversion of mainstream Christian concepts of redemption in the last story is characteristic of Borges's approach to theology in his literature.In describing himself, he said, \"I am not sure that I exist, actually.", "I am all the writers that I have read, all the people that I have met, all the women that I have loved; all the cities that I have visited, all my ancestors.\"", "As a young man, he visited the frontier ''pampas'' which extend beyond Argentina into Uruguay and Brazil.", "Borges said that his father wished him \"to become a citizen of the world, a great cosmopolitan,\" in the way of Henry and William James.Borges lived and studied in Switzerland and Spain as a young student.", "As Borges matured, he traveled through Argentina as a lecturer and, internationally, as a visiting professor; he continued to tour the world as he grew older, finally settling in Geneva where he had spent some of his youth.", "Drawing on the influence of many times and places, Borges's work belittled nationalism and racism.", "However, Borges also scorned his own Basque ancestry and criticised the abolition of slavery in America because he believed black people were happier remaining uneducated and without freedom.", "Portraits of diverse coexisting cultures characteristic of Argentina are especially pronounced in the book ''Six Problems for don Isidoro Parodi'' (co-authored with Bioy Casares) and ''Death and the Compass''.", "Borges wrote that he considered Mexican writer Alfonso Reyes to be \"the best prose-writer in the Spanish language of any time.", "\"Borges was also an admirer of Asian culture, e.g.", "the ancient Chinese board game of Go, about which he penned some verses, while \"The Garden of Forking Paths\" had a strong Chinese theme." ], [ "Influences", "===Modernism===Plaque, 13 rue des Beaux-Arts, ParisBorges was rooted in the Modernism predominant in its early years and was influenced by Symbolism.", "Like Vladimir Nabokov and James Joyce, he combined an interest in his native culture with broader perspectives, also sharing their multilingualism and inventiveness with language.", "However, while Nabokov and Joyce tended toward progressively larger works, Borges remained a miniaturist.", "His work progressed ''away'' from what he referred to as \"the baroque\": his later style is far more transparent and naturalistic than his earlier works.", "Borges represented the humanist view of media that stressed the social aspect of art driven by emotion.", "If art represented the tool, then Borges was more interested in how the tool could be used to relate to people.Existentialism saw its apogee during the years of Borges's greatest artistic production.", "It has been argued that his choice of topics largely ignored existentialism's central tenets.", "Critic Paul de Man notes, \"Whatever Borges's existential anxieties may be, they have little in common with Sartre's robustly prosaic view of literature, with the earnestness of Camus' moralism, or with the weighty profundity of German existential thought.", "Rather, they are the consistent expansion of a purely poetic consciousness to its furthest limits.", "\"===Mathematics===The essay collection ''Borges y la Matemática'' (Borges and Mathematics, 2003) by Argentine mathematician and writer Guillermo Martínez outlines how Borges used concepts from mathematics in his work.", "Martínez states that Borges had, for example, at least a superficial knowledge of set theory, which he handles with elegance in stories such as \"The Book of Sand\".", "Other books such as ''The Unimaginable Mathematics of Borges' Library of Babel'' by William Goldbloom Bloch (2008) and ''Unthinking Thinking: Jorge Luis Borges, Mathematics, and the New Physics'' by Floyd Merrell (1991) also explore this relationship.===Philosophy===Fritz Mauthner, philosopher of language and author of the ''Wörterbuch der Philosophie'' (''Dictionary of Philosophy''), had an important influence on Borges.", "Borges always recognized the influence of this German philosopher.", "According to the literary review ''Sur,'' the book was one of the five books most noted and read by Borges.", "The first time that Borges mentioned Mauthner was in 1928 in his book ''The language of the Argentines'' (El idioma de los argentinos).", "In a 1962 interview Borges described Mauthner as possessing a fine sense of humor as well as great knowledge and erudition.In an interview, Denis Dutton asked Borges who were the \"philosophers who have influenced your works, in whom you've been the most interested\".", "In reply, Borges named Berkeley and Schopenhauer.He was also influenced by Spinoza, about whom Borges wrote a famous poem.It is not without humour that Borges once wrote \"Siempre imaginé que el Paraíso sería algún tipo de biblioteca.\"", "(I always imagined Paradise to be some kind of a library.)" ], [ "Notes" ], [ "References" ], [ "Further reading", "* * * ************ Illustrated by Donato Grima.", "*Burgin, Richard (1969) ''Jorge Luis Borges: Conversations'', Holt Rinehart & Winston*Burgin, Richard (1998) ''Jorge Luis Borges: Conversations'', University Press of Mississippi*******Laín Corona, Guillermo.", "\"Borges and Cervantes: Truth and Falsehood in the Narration\".", "''Neophilologus'', 93 (2009): 421–37.", "*Laín Corona, Guillermo.", "\"Teoría y práctica de la metáfora en torno a ''Fervor de Buenos Aires'', de Borges\".", "''Cuadernos de Aleph.", "Revista de literatura hispánica'', 2 (2007): 79–93.https://web.archive.org/web/20120105024915/http://cuadernosdealeph.com/revista_2007/A2007_pdf/06%20Teor%C3%ADa.pdf****Manovich, Lev, New Media from Borges to HTML, 2003*Mackay, Neil, ''Borges and Argentina: A Relocation'', in ''Cencrastus'' No.", "9, Summer 1982, pp.", "17–19, ****Murray, Janet H., Inventing the Medium, 2003** Pérez, Rolando.", "\"Borges and Bruno Schulz on the Infinite Book of the Kabbalah.\"", "Confluencia.", "Volume 31.Spring 2016.https://www.academia.edu/25252312/Borges_and_Bruno_Schulz_on_the_Infinite_Book_of_the_Kabbalah.", "**************===Documentaries===* * *" ], [ "External links", "**** BBC Radio 4 discussion programme from ''In our time''.", "(Audio 45 mins)* The Garden of Forking Paths Borges site from The Modern Word.", "* De Peryton, a work by Dutch composer Theo Verbey for seven wind instruments inspired by Borges.", "* Borges Center, University of Pittsburgh.", "* The Friends of Jorge Luis Borges Worldwide Society & Associates* International Foundation Jorge Luis Borges* Jorge Luis Borges recorded at the Library of Congress for the Hispanic Division's audio literary archive on 23 April 1976.", "* Six Norton Lectures (1967–68; audio; 4h13m)" ] ]
wikipedia
[ [ "Jane Austen" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Jane Austen''' ( ; 16 December 1775 – 18 July 1817) was an English novelist known primarily for her six novels, which implicitly interpret, critique, and comment upon the British landed gentry at the end of the 18th century.", "Austen's plots often explore the dependence of women on marriage for the pursuit of favourable social standing and economic security.", "Her works are an implicit critique of the novels of sensibility of the second half of the 18th century and are part of the transition to 19th-century literary realism.", "Her deft use of social commentary, realism and biting irony have earned her acclaim among critics and scholars.The anonymously published ''Sense and Sensibility'' (1811), ''Pride and Prejudice'' (1813), ''Mansfield Park'' (1814), and ''Emma'' (1816), were a modest success but brought her little fame in her lifetime.", "She wrote two other novels—''Northanger Abbey'' and ''Persuasion'', both published posthumously in 1817—and began another, eventually titled ''Sanditon'', but died before its completion.", "She also left behind three volumes of juvenile writings in manuscript, the short epistolary novel ''Lady Susan'', and the unfinished novel ''The Watsons''.Since her death Austen's novels have rarely been out of print.", "A significant transition in her reputation occurred in 1833, when they were republished in Richard Bentley's Standard Novels series (illustrated by Ferdinand Pickering and sold as a set).", "They gradually gained wide acclaim and popular readership.", "In 1869, fifty-two years after her death, her nephew's publication of ''A Memoir of Jane Austen'' introduced a compelling version of her writing career and supposedly uneventful life to an eager audience.", "Her work has inspired a large number of critical essays and has been included in many literary anthologies.", "Her novels have also inspired many films, including 1940's ''Pride and Prejudice'', 1995's ''Sense and Sensibility'' and 2016's ''Love & Friendship''." ], [ "Biographical sources", "Last page of letter from Austen to her sister, Cassandra, 11 June 1799The scant biographical information about Austen comes from her few surviving letters and sketches her family members wrote about her.", "Only about 160 of the approximately 3,000 letters Austen wrote have survived and been published.", "Cassandra Austen destroyed the bulk of the letters she received from her sister, burning or otherwise destroying them.", "She wanted to ensure that the \"younger nieces did not read any of Jane's sometimes acid or forthright comments on neighbours or family members\".", "In the interest of protecting reputations from Jane's penchant for honesty and forthrightness, Cassandra omitted details of illnesses, unhappiness and anything she considered unsavoury.", "Important details about the Austen family were elided by intention, such as any mention of Austen's brother George, whose undiagnosed developmental challenges led the family to send him away from home; the two brothers sent away to the navy at an early age; or wealthy Aunt Leigh-Perrot, arrested and tried on charges of larceny.The first Austen biography was Henry Thomas Austen's 1818 \"Biographical Notice\".", "It appeared in a posthumous edition of ''Northanger Abbey'' and included extracts from two letters, against the judgement of other family members.", "Details of Austen's life continued to be omitted or embellished in her nephew's ''A Memoir of Jane Austen'', published in 1869, and in William and Richard Arthur Austen-Leigh's biography ''Jane Austen: Her Life and Letters'', published in 1913, all of which included additional letters.", "Austen's family and relatives built a legend of \"good quiet Aunt Jane\", portraying her as a woman in a happy domestic situation, whose family was the mainstay of her life.", "Modern biographers include details excised from the letters and family biographies, but the biographer Jan Fergus writes that the challenge is to keep the view balanced, not to present her languishing in periods of deep unhappiness as \"an embittered, disappointed woman trapped in a thoroughly unpleasant family\"." ], [ "Life", "===Family===Jane Austen was born in Steventon, Hampshire, on 16 December 1775 in a harsh winter.", "Her father wrote of her arrival in a letter that her mother \"certainly expected to have been brought to bed a month ago\".", "He added that the newborn infant was \"a present plaything for Cassy and a future companion\".", "The winter of 1776 was particularly harsh and it was not until 5 April that she was baptised at the local church with the single name Jane.Steventon, as depicted in ''A Memoir of Jane Austen''George Austen (1731–1805), served as the rector of the Anglican parishes of Steventon and Deane.", "The Reverend Austen came from an old and wealthy family of wool merchants.", "As each generation of eldest sons received inheritances, the wealth was divided, and George's branch of the family fell into poverty.", "He and his two sisters were orphaned as children, and had to be taken in by relatives.", "In 1745, at the age of fifteen, George Austen's sister Philadelphia was apprenticed to a milliner in Covent Garden.", "At the age of sixteen, George entered St John's College, Oxford, where he most likely met Cassandra Leigh (1739–1827).", "She came from the prominent Leigh family (originally of Shropshire and based at Stonleigh, Warwickshire since the later 16th century).", "Her father was rector at All Souls College, Oxford, where she grew up among the gentry.", "Her eldest brother James inherited a fortune and large estate from his great-aunt Perrot, with the only condition that he change his name to Leigh-Perrot.George Austen and Cassandra Leigh were engaged, probably around 1763, when they exchanged miniatures.", "He received the living of the Steventon parish from Thomas Knight, the wealthy husband of his second cousin.", "They married on 26 April 1764 at St Swithin's Church in Bath, by license, in a simple ceremony, two months after Cassandra's father died.", "Their income was modest, with George's small ''per annum'' living; Cassandra brought to the marriage the expectation of a small inheritance at the time of her mother's death.The Austens took up temporary residence at the nearby Deane rectory until Steventon, a 16th-century house in disrepair, underwent necessary renovations.", "Cassandra gave birth to three children while living at Deane: James in 1765, George in 1766, and Edward in 1767.Her custom was to keep an infant at home for several months and then place it with Elizabeth Littlewood, a woman living nearby to nurse and raise for twelve to eighteen months.===Steventon===Steventon parsonage, as depicted in ''A Memoir of Jane Austen'', was in a valley and surrounded by meadows.In 1768, the family finally took up residence in Steventon.", "Henry was the first child to be born there, in 1771.At about this time, Cassandra could no longer ignore the signs that little George was developmentally disabled.", "He was subject to seizures, may have been deaf and mute, and she chose to send him out to be fostered.", "In 1773, Cassandra was born, followed by Francis in 1774, and Jane in 1775.According to biographer Park Honan, the atmosphere of the Austen home was an \"open, amused, easy intellectual\" one, where the ideas of those with whom the Austens might disagree politically or socially were considered and discussed.", "The family relied on the patronage of their kin and hosted visits from numerous family members.", "Mrs Austen spent the summer of 1770 in London with George's sister, Philadelphia, and her daughter Eliza, accompanied by his other sister, Mrs Walter and her daughter Philly.", "Philadelphia and Eliza Hancock were, according to Le Faye, \"the bright comets flashing into an otherwise placid solar system of clerical life in rural Hampshire, and the news of their foreign travels and fashionable London life, together with their sudden descents upon the Steventon household in between times, all helped to widen Jane's youthful horizon and influence her later life and works.", "\"Cassandra Austen's cousin Thomas Leigh visited a number of times in the 1770s and 1780s, inviting young Cassie to visit them in Bath in 1781.The first mention of Jane occurs in family documents upon her return, \"... and almost home they were when they met Jane & Charles, the two little ones of the family, who had to go as far as New Down to meet the chaise, & have the pleasure of riding home in it.\"", "Le Faye writes that \"Mr Austen's predictions for his younger daughter were fully justified.", "Never were sisters more to each other than Cassandra and Jane; while in a particularly affectionate family, there seems to have been a special link between Cassandra and Edward on the one hand, and between Henry and Jane on the other.\"", "From 1773 until 1796, George Austen supplemented his income by farming and by teaching three or four boys at a time, who boarded at his home.", "The Reverend Austen had an annual income of £200 () from his two livings.", "This was a very modest income at the time; by comparison, a skilled worker like a blacksmith or a carpenter could make about £100 annually while the typical annual income of a gentry family was between £1,000 and £5,000.Mr.", "Austen also rented the 200-acre Cheesedown farm from his benefactor Thomas Knight which could make a profit of £300 () a year.During this period of her life, Jane Austen attended church regularly, socialised with friends and neighbours, and read novels—often of her own composition—aloud to her family in the evenings.", "Socialising with the neighbours often meant dancing, either impromptu in someone's home after supper or at the balls held regularly at the assembly rooms in the town hall.", "Her brother Henry later said that \"Jane was fond of dancing, and excelled in it\".===Education===Silhouette of Cassandra Austen, Jane's sister and closest friendIn 1783, Austen and her sister Cassandra were sent to Oxford to be educated by Mrs Ann Cawley who took them to Southampton later that year.", "That autumn both girls were sent home after catching typhus, from which Jane Austen nearly died.", "She was from then home-educated, until she attended boarding school with her sister from early in 1785 at the Reading Abbey Girls' School, ruled by Mrs La Tournelle.", "The curriculum probably included French, spelling, needlework, dancing, music and drama.", "The sisters returned home before December 1786 because the school fees for the two girls were too high for the Austen family.", "After 1786, Austen \"never again lived anywhere beyond the bounds of her immediate family environment\".Her education came from reading, guided by her father and brothers James and Henry.", "Irene Collins said that Austen \"used some of the same school books as the boys\".", "Austen apparently had unfettered access both to her father's library and that of a family friend, Warren Hastings.", "Together these collections amounted to a large and varied library.", "Her father was also tolerant of Austen's sometimes risqué experiments in writing, and provided both sisters with expensive paper and other materials for their writing and drawing.Private theatricals were an essential part of Austen's education.", "From her early childhood, the family and friends staged a series of plays in the rectory barn, including Richard Sheridan's ''The Rivals'' (1775) and David Garrick's ''Bon Ton''.", "Austen's eldest brother James wrote the prologues and epilogues and she probably joined in these activities, first as a spectator and later as a participant.", "Most of the plays were comedies, which suggests how Austen's satirical gifts were cultivated.", "At the age of 12, she tried her own hand at dramatic writing; she wrote three short plays during her teenage years.===''Juvenilia'' (1787–1793)===From at least the time she was aged eleven, Austen wrote poems and stories to amuse herself and her family.", "She exaggerated mundane details of daily life and parodied common plot devices in \"stories full of anarchic fantasies of female power, licence, illicit behaviour, and general high spirits\", according to Janet Todd.", "Containing work written between 1787 and 1793, the juvenilia (or childhood writings) that Austen compiled fair copies consisted of twenty-nine early works into three bound notebooks, now referred to as the ''Juvenilia''.", "She called the three notebooks \"Volume the First\", \"Volume the Second\" and \"Volume the Third\", and they preserve 90,000 words she wrote during those years.", "The ''Juvenilia'' are often, according to scholar Richard Jenkyns, \"boisterous\" and \"anarchic\"; he compares them to the work of 18th-century novelist Laurence Sterne.Henry IV.", "Declaredly written by \"a partial, prejudiced, & ignorant Historian\", ''The History of England'' was illustrated by Austen's sister, Cassandra (c. 1790).Among these works is a satirical novel in letters titled ''Love and Freindship'' , written when aged fourteen in 1790, in which she mocked popular novels of sensibility.", "The next year, she wrote ''The History of England'', a manuscript of thirty-four pages accompanied by thirteen watercolour miniatures by her sister, Cassandra.", "Austen's ''History'' parodied popular historical writing, particularly Oliver Goldsmith's ''History of England'' (1764).", "Honan speculates that not long after writing ''Love and Freindship'', Austen decided to \"write for profit, to make stories her central effort\", that is, to become a professional writer.", "When she was around eighteen years old, Austen began to write longer, more sophisticated works.In August 1792, aged seventeen, Austen started ''Catharine or the Bower'', which presaged her mature work, especially ''Northanger Abbey'', but was left unfinished until picked up in ''Lady Susan'', which Todd describes as less prefiguring than ''Catharine''.", "A year later she began, but abandoned, a short play, later titled ''Sir Charles Grandison or the happy Man, a comedy in 6 acts'', which she returned to and completed around 1800.This was a short parody of various school textbook abridgements of Austen's favourite contemporary novel, ''The History of Sir Charles Grandison'' (1753), by Samuel Richardson.When Austen became an aunt for the first time aged eighteen, she sent new-born niece Fanny Catherine Austen Knight \"five short pieces of ... the Juvenilia now known collectively as 'Scraps' .., purporting to be her 'Opinions and Admonitions on the conduct of Young Women.", "For Jane-Anna-Elizabeth Austen (also born in 1793), her aunt wrote \"two more 'Miscellanious ''sic'' Morsels', dedicating them to Anna on 2 June 1793, 'convinced that if you seriously attend to them, You will derive from them very important Instructions, with regard to your Conduct in Life.", "There is manuscript evidence that Austen continued to work on these pieces as late as 1811 (when she was 36), and that her niece and nephew, Anna and James Edward Austen, made further additions as late as 1814.Between 1793 and 1795 (aged eighteen to twenty), Austen wrote ''Lady Susan'', a short epistolary novel, usually described as her most ambitious and sophisticated early work.", "It is unlike any of Austen's other works.", "Austen biographer Claire Tomalin describes the novella's heroine as a sexual predator who uses her intelligence and charm to manipulate, betray and abuse her lovers, friends and family.", "Tomalin writes:Told in letters, it is as neatly plotted as a play, and as cynical in tone as any of the most outrageous of the Restoration dramatists who may have provided some of her inspiration ...", "It stands alone in Austen's work as a study of an adult woman whose intelligence and force of character are greater than those of anyone she encounters.According to Janet Todd, the model for the title character may have been Eliza de Feuillide, who inspired Austen with stories of her glamorous life and various adventures.", "Eliza's French husband was guillotined in 1794; she married Jane's brother Henry Austen in 1797.===Tom Lefroy===Thomas Langlois Lefroy, Lord Chief Justice of Ireland, by W. H. Mote (1855); in old age, Lefroy admitted that he had been in love with Austen: \"It was boyish love.\"", "When Austen was twenty, Tom Lefroy, a neighbour, visited Steventon from December 1795 to January 1796.He had just finished a university degree and was moving to London for training as a barrister.", "Lefroy and Austen would have been introduced at a ball or other neighbourhood social gathering, and it is clear from Austen's letters to Cassandra that they spent considerable time together: \"I am almost afraid to tell you how my Irish friend and I behaved.", "Imagine to yourself everything most profligate and shocking in the way of dancing and sitting down together.", "\"Austen wrote in her first surviving letter to her sister Cassandra that Lefroy was a \"very gentlemanlike, good-looking, pleasant young man\".", "Five days later in another letter, Austen wrote that she expected an \"offer\" from her \"friend\" and that \"I shall refuse him, however, unless he promises to give away his white coat\", going on to write \"I will confide myself in the future to Mr Tom Lefroy, for whom I don't give a sixpence\" and refuse all others.", "The next day, Austen wrote: \"The day will come on which I flirt my last with Tom Lefroy and when you receive this it will be all over.", "My tears flow as I write at this melancholy idea\".Halperin cautioned that Austen often satirised popular sentimental romantic fiction in her letters, and some of the statements about Lefroy may have been ironic.", "However, it is clear that Austen was genuinely attracted to Lefroy and subsequently none of her other suitors ever quite measured up to him.", "The Lefroy family intervened and sent him away at the end of January.", "Marriage was impractical as both Lefroy and Austen must have known.", "Neither had any money, and he was dependent on a great-uncle in Ireland to finance his education and establish his legal career.", "If Tom Lefroy later visited Hampshire, he was carefully kept away from the Austens, and Jane Austen never saw him again.", "In November 1798, Lefroy was still on Austen's mind as she wrote to her sister she had tea with one of his relatives, wanted desperately to ask about him, but could not bring herself to raise the subject.===Early manuscripts (1796–1798)===After finishing ''Lady Susan'', Austen began her first full-length novel ''Elinor and Marianne''.", "Her sister remembered that it was read to the family \"before 1796\" and was told through a series of letters.", "Without surviving original manuscripts, there is no way to know how much of the original draft survived in the novel published anonymously in 1811 as ''Sense and Sensibility''.Austen began a second novel, ''First Impressions'' (later published as ''Pride and Prejudice''), in 1796.She completed the initial draft in August 1797, aged 21; as with all of her novels, Austen read the work aloud to her family as she was working on it and it became an \"established favourite\".", "At this time, her father made the first attempt to publish one of her novels.", "In November 1797, George Austen wrote to Thomas Cadell, an established publisher in London, to ask if he would consider publishing ''First Impressions''.", "Cadell returned Mr. Austen's letter, marking it \"Declined by Return of Post\".", "Austen may not have known of her father's efforts.", "Following the completion of ''First Impressions'', Austen returned to ''Elinor and Marianne'' and from November 1797 until mid-1798, revised it heavily; she eliminated the epistolary format in favour of third-person narration and produced something close to ''Sense and Sensibility''.", "In 1797, Austen met her cousin (and future sister-in-law), Eliza de Feuillide, a French aristocrat whose first husband the Comte de Feuillide had been guillotined, causing her to flee to Britain, where she married Henry Austen.", "The description of the execution of the Comte de Feuillide related by his widow left Austen with an intense horror of the French Revolution that lasted for the rest of her life.During the middle of 1798, after finishing revisions of ''Elinor and Marianne'', Austen began writing a third novel with the working title ''Susan''—later ''Northanger Abbey''—a satire on the popular Gothic novel.", "Austen completed her work about a year later.", "In early 1803, Henry Austen offered ''Susan'' to Benjamin Crosby, a London publisher, who paid £10 for the copyright.", "Crosby promised early publication and went so far as to advertise the book publicly as being \"in the press\", but did nothing more.", "The manuscript remained in Crosby's hands, unpublished, until Austen repurchased the copyright from him in 1816.===Bath and Southampton===Sydney Place, Bath, SomersetIn December 1800, George Austen unexpectedly announced his decision to retire from the ministry, leave Steventon, and move the family to 4, Sydney Place in Bath, Somerset.", "While retirement and travel were good for the elder Austens, Jane Austen was shocked to be told she was moving away from the only home she had ever known.", "An indication of her state of mind is her lack of productivity as a writer during the time she lived in Bath.", "She was able to make some revisions to ''Susan'', and she began and then abandoned a new novel, ''The Watsons'', but there was nothing like the productivity of the years 1795–1799.Tomalin suggests this reflects a deep depression disabling her as a writer, but Honan disagrees, arguing Austen wrote or revised her manuscripts throughout her creative life, except for a few months after her father died.", "It is often claimed that Austen was unhappy in Bath, which caused her to lose interest in writing, but it is just as possible that Austen's social life in Bath prevented her from spending much time writing novels.", "The critic Robert Irvine argued that if Austen spent more time writing novels when she was in the countryside, it might just have been because she had more spare time as opposed to being more happy in the countryside as is often argued.", "Furthermore, Austen frequently both moved and travelled over southern England during this period, which was hardly a conducive environment for writing a long novel.", "Austen sold the rights to publish ''Susan'' to a publisher Crosby & Company, who paid her £10 ().", "The Crosby & Company advertised ''Susan'', but never published it.Edward's home, Godmersham Park in Kent, between 1798 and 1813.The house is regarded as an influence on her works.The years from 1801 to 1804 are something of a blank space for Austen scholars as Cassandra destroyed all of her letters from her sister in this period for unknown reasons.", "In December 1802, Austen received her only known proposal of marriage.", "She and her sister visited Alethea and Catherine Bigg, old friends who lived near Basingstoke.", "Their younger brother, Harris Bigg-Wither, had recently finished his education at Oxford and was also at home.", "Bigg-Wither proposed and Austen accepted.", "As described by Caroline Austen, Jane's niece, and Reginald Bigg-Wither, a descendant, Harris was not attractive—he was a large, plain-looking man who spoke little, stuttered when he did speak, was aggressive in conversation, and almost completely tactless.", "However, Austen had known him since both were young and the marriage offered many practical advantages to Austen and her family.", "He was the heir to extensive family estates located in the area where the sisters had grown up.", "With these resources, Austen could provide her parents a comfortable old age, give Cassandra a permanent home and, perhaps, assist her brothers in their careers.", "By the next morning, Austen realised she had made a mistake and withdrew her acceptance.", "No contemporary letters or diaries describe how Austen felt about this proposal.", "Irvine described Bigg-Wither as somebody who \"...seems to have been a man very hard to like, let alone love\".In 1814, Austen wrote a letter to her niece Fanny Knight, who had asked for advice about a serious relationship, telling her that \"having written so much on one side of the question, I shall now turn around & entreat you not to commit yourself farther, & not to think of accepting him unless you really do like him.", "Anything is to be preferred or endured rather than marrying without Affection\".", "The English scholar Douglas Bush wrote that Austen had \"had a very high ideal of the love that should unite a husband and wife ... All of her heroines ... know in proportion to their maturity, the meaning of ardent love\".", "A possible autobiographical element in ''Sense and Sensibility'' occurs when Elinor Dashwood contemplates \"the worse and most irremediable of all evils, a connection for life\" with an unsuitable man.Cassandra, 1804.In 1804, while living in Bath, Austen started, but did not complete, her novel ''The Watsons''.", "The story centres on an invalid and impoverished clergyman and his four unmarried daughters.", "Sutherland describes the novel as \"a study in the harsh economic realities of dependent women's lives\".", "Honan suggests, and Tomalin agrees, that Austen chose to stop work on the novel after her father died on 21 January 1805 and her personal circumstances resembled those of her characters too closely for her comfort.Her father's relatively sudden death left Jane, Cassandra, and their mother in a precarious financial situation.", "Edward, James, Henry, and Francis Austen (known as Frank) pledged to make annual contributions to support their mother and sisters.", "For the next four years, the family's living arrangements reflected their financial insecurity.", "They spent part of the time in rented quarters in Bath before leaving the city in June 1805 for a family visit to Steventon and Godmersham.", "They moved for the autumn months to the newly fashionable seaside resort of Worthing, on the Sussex coast, where they resided at Stanford Cottage.", "It was here that Austen is thought to have written her fair copy of ''Lady Susan'' and added its \"Conclusion\".", "In 1806, the family moved to Southampton, where they shared a house with Frank Austen and his new wife.", "A large part of this time they spent visiting various branches of the family.On 5 April 1809, about three months before the family's move to Chawton, Austen wrote an angry letter to Richard Crosby, offering him a new manuscript of ''Susan'' if needed to secure the immediate publication of the novel, and requesting the return of the original so she could find another publisher.", "Crosby replied that he had not agreed to publish the book by any particular time, or at all, and that Austen could repurchase the manuscript for the £10 he had paid her and find another publisher.", "She did not have the resources to buy the copyright back at that time, but was able to purchase it in 1816.===Chawton===Cottage in Chawton, Hampshire where Austen lived during her last eight years of life, now Jane Austen's House MuseumAround early 1809, Austen's brother Edward offered his mother and sisters a more settled life—the use of a large cottage in Chawton village which was part of the estate around Edward's nearby property Chawton House.", "Jane, Cassandra and their mother moved into Chawton cottage on 7 July 1809.Life was quieter in Chawton than it had been since the family's move to Bath in 1800.The Austens did not socialise with gentry and entertained only when family visited.", "Her niece Anna described the family's life in Chawton as \"a very quiet life, according to our ideas, but they were great readers, and besides the housekeeping our aunts occupied themselves in working with the poor and in teaching some girl or boy to read or write.\"" ], [ "Published author", "Like many women authors at the time, Austen published her books anonymously.", "At the time, the ideal roles for a woman were as wife and mother, and writing for women was regarded at best as a secondary form of activity; a woman who wished to be a full-time writer was felt to be degrading her femininity, so books by women were usually published anonymously in order to maintain the conceit that the female writer was only publishing as a sort of part-time job, and was not seeking to become a \"literary lioness\" (i.e.", "a celebrity).During her time at Chawton, Austen published four generally well-received novels.", "Through her brother Henry, the publisher Thomas Egerton agreed to publish ''Sense and Sensibility'', which, like all of Austen's novels except ''Pride and Prejudice'', was published \"on commission\", that is, at the author's financial risk.", "When publishing on commission, publishers would advance the costs of publication, repay themselves as books were sold and then charge a 10% commission for each book sold, paying the rest to the author.", "If a novel did not recover its costs through sales, the author was responsible for them.", "The alternative to selling via commission was by selling the copyright, where an author received a one-time payment from the publisher for the manuscript, which occurred with ''Pride and Prejudice''.", "Austen's experience with ''Susan'' (the manuscript that became ''Northanger Abbey'') where she sold the copyright to the publisher Crosby & Sons for £10, who did not publish the book, forcing her to buy back the copyright in order to get her work published, left Austen leery of this method of publishing.", "The final alternative, of selling by subscription, where a group of people would agree to buy a book in advance, was not an option for Austen as only authors who were well known or had an influential aristocratic patron who would recommend an up-coming book to their friends, could sell by subscription.", "''Sense and Sensibility'' appeared in October 1811, and was described as being written \"By a Lady\".", "As it was sold on commission, Egerton used expensive paper and set the price at 15 shillings ().First edition title page from ''Sense and Sensibility'', Austen's first published novel (1811)Reviews were favourable and the novel became fashionable among young aristocratic opinion-makers; the edition sold out by mid-1813.Austen's novels were published in larger editions than was normal for this period.", "The small size of the novel-reading public and the large costs associated with hand production (particularly the cost of handmade paper) meant that most novels were published in editions of 500 copies or fewer to reduce the risks to the publisher and the novelist.", "Even some of the most successful titles during this period were issued in editions of not more than 750 or 800 copies and later reprinted if demand continued.", "Austen's novels were published in larger editions, ranging from about 750 copies of ''Sense and Sensibility'' to about 2,000 copies of ''Emma''.", "It is not clear whether the decision to print more copies than usual of Austen's novels was driven by the publishers or the author.", "Since all but one of Austen's books were originally published \"on commission\", the risks of overproduction were largely hers (or Cassandra's after her death) and publishers may have been more willing to produce larger editions than was normal practice when their own funds were at risk.", "Editions of popular works of non-fiction were often much larger.Austen made £140 () from ''Sense and Sensibility'', which provided her with some financial and psychological independence.", "After the success of ''Sense and Sensibility'', all of Austen's subsequent books were billed as written \"By the author of ''Sense and Sensibility''\" and Austen's name never appeared on her books during her lifetime.", "Egerton then published ''Pride and Prejudice'', a revision of ''First Impressions'', in January 1813.Austen sold the copyright to ''Pride and Prejudice'' to Egerton for £110 ().", "To maximise profits, he used cheap paper and set the price at 18 shillings ().", "He advertised the book widely and it was an immediate success, garnering three favourable reviews and selling well.", "Had Austen sold ''Pride and Prejudice'' on commission, she would have made a profit of £475, or twice her father's annual income.", "By October 1813, Egerton was able to begin selling a second edition.", "''Mansfield Park'' was published by Egerton in May 1814.While ''Mansfield Park'' was ignored by reviewers, it was very popular with readers.", "All copies were sold within six months, and Austen's earnings on this novel were larger than for any of her other novels.Without Austen's knowledge or approval, her novels were translated into French and published in cheaply produced, pirated editions in France.", "The literary critic Noel King commented in 1953 that, given the prevailing rage in France at the time for lush romantic fantasies, it was remarkable that her novels with the emphasis on everyday English life had any sort of a market in France.", "King cautioned that Austen's chief translator in France, Madame Isabelle de Montolieu, had only the most rudimentary knowledge of English, and her translations were more of \"imitations\" than translations proper, as Montolieu depended upon assistants to provide a summary, which she then translated into an embellished French that often radically altered Austen's plots and characters.", "The first of the Austen novels to be published that credited her as the author was in France, when ''Persuasion'' was published in 1821 as ''La Famille Elliot ou L'Ancienne Inclination''.Austen learned that the Prince Regent admired her novels and kept a set at each of his residences.", "In November 1815, the Prince Regent's librarian James Stanier Clarke invited Austen to visit the Prince's London residence and hinted Austen should dedicate the forthcoming ''Emma'' to the Prince.", "Though Austen disapproved of the Prince Regent, she could scarcely refuse the request.", "Austen disapproved of the Prince Regent on the account of his womanising, gambling, drinking, spendthrift ways and generally disreputable behaviour.", "She later wrote ''Plan of a Novel, according to Hints from Various Quarters'', a satiric outline of the \"perfect novel\" based on the librarian's many suggestions for a future Austen novel.", "Austen was greatly annoyed by Clarke's often pompous literary advice, and the ''Plan of a Novel'' parodying Clarke was intended as her revenge for all of the unwanted letters she had received from the royal librarian.In mid-1815 Austen moved her work from Egerton to John Murray, a better known London publisher, who published ''Emma'' in December 1815 and a second edition of ''Mansfield Park'' in February 1816.", "''Emma'' sold well, but the new edition of ''Mansfield Park'' did poorly, and this failure offset most of the income from ''Emma''.", "These were the last of Austen's novels to be published during her lifetime.While Murray prepared ''Emma'' for publication, Austen began ''The Elliots'', later published as ''Persuasion''.", "She completed her first draft in July 1816.In addition, shortly after the publication of ''Emma'', Henry Austen repurchased the copyright for ''Susan'' from Crosby.", "Austen was forced to postpone publishing either of these completed novels by family financial troubles.", "Henry Austen's bank failed in March 1816, depriving him of all of his assets, leaving him deeply in debt and costing Edward, James, and Frank Austen large sums.", "Henry and Frank could no longer afford the contributions they had made to support their mother and sisters.===Illness and death===8 College Street in Winchester where Austen lived her last days and died.Austen was feeling unwell by early 1816, but ignored the warning signs.", "By the middle of that year, her decline was unmistakable, and she began a slow, irregular deterioration.", "The majority of biographers rely on Zachary Cope's 1964 retrospective diagnosis and list her cause of death as Addison's disease, although her final illness has also been described as resulting from Hodgkin's lymphoma.", "When her uncle died and left his entire fortune to his wife, effectively disinheriting his relatives, she suffered a relapse, writing: \"I am ashamed to say that the shock of my Uncle's Will brought on a relapse ... but a weak Body must excuse weak Nerves.", "\"Austen continued to work in spite of her illness.", "Dissatisfied with the ending of ''The Elliots'', she rewrote the final two chapters, which she finished on 6 August 1816.In January 1817, Austen began ''The Brothers'' (titled ''Sanditon'' when published in 1925), completing twelve chapters before stopping work in mid-March 1817, probably due to illness.", "Todd describes ''Sanditon''s heroine, Diana Parker, as an \"energetic invalid\".", "In the novel Austen mocked hypochondriacs, and although she describes the heroine as \"bilious\", five days after abandoning the novel she wrote of herself that she was turning \"every wrong colour\" and living \"chiefly on the sofa\".", "She put down her pen on 18 March 1817, making a note of it.Austen made light of her condition, describing it as \"bile\" and rheumatism.", "As her illness progressed, she experienced difficulty walking and lacked energy; by mid-April she was confined to bed.", "In May, Cassandra and Henry brought her to Winchester for treatment, by which time she suffered agonising pain and welcomed death.", "Austen died in Winchester on 18 July 1817 at the age of 41.Henry, through his clerical connections, arranged for his sister to be buried in the north aisle of the nave of Winchester Cathedral.", "The epitaph composed by her brother James praises Austen's personal qualities, expresses hope for her salvation and mentions the \"extraordinary endowments of her mind\", but does not explicitly mention her achievements as a writer." ], [ "Posthumous publication", "In the months after Austen's death in July 1817, Cassandra, Henry Austen and Murray arranged for the publication of ''Persuasion'' and ''Northanger Abbey'' as a set.", "Henry Austen contributed a ''Biographical Note'' dated December 1817, which for the first time identified his sister as the author of the novels.", "Tomalin describes it as \"a loving and polished eulogy\".", "Sales were good for a year—only 321 copies remained unsold at the end of 1818.Although Austen's six novels were out of print in England in the 1820s, they were still being read through copies housed in private libraries and circulating libraries.", "Austen had early admirers.", "The first piece of fiction using her as a character (what might now be called real person fiction) appeared in 1823 in a letter to the editor in ''The Lady's Magazine''.", "It refers to Austen's genius and suggests that aspiring authors were envious of her powers.In 1832, Richard Bentley purchased the remaining copyrights to all of her novels, and over the following winter published five illustrated volumes as part of his ''Standard Novels'' series.", "In October 1833, Bentley released the first collected edition of her works.", "Since then, Austen's novels have been continuously in print." ], [ "Genre and style", "Austen's works implicitly critique the sentimental novels of the second half of the 18th century and are part of the transition to 19th-century literary realism.", "The earliest English novelists, Richardson, Henry Fielding and Tobias Smollett, were followed by the school of sentimentalists and romantics such as Walter Scott, Horace Walpole, Clara Reeve, Ann Radcliffe, and Oliver Goldsmith, whose style and genre Austen repudiated, returning the novel on a \"slender thread\" to the tradition of Richardson and Fielding for a \"realistic study of manners\".", "In the mid-20th century, literary critics F. R. Leavis and Ian Watt placed her in the tradition of Richardson and Fielding; both believe that she used their tradition of \"irony, realism and satire to form an author superior to both\".Walter Scott noted Austen's \"resistance to the trashy sensationalism of much of modern fiction—'the ephemeral productions which supply the regular demand of watering places and circulating libraries'\".", "Yet her relationship with these genres is complex, as evidenced by ''Northanger Abbey'' and ''Emma''.", "Similar to William Wordsworth, who excoriated the modern frantic novel in the \"Preface\" to his ''Lyrical Ballads'' (1800), Austen distances herself from escapist novels; the discipline and innovation she demonstrates is similar to his, and she shows \"that rhetorically less is artistically more.\"", "She eschewed popular Gothic fiction, stories of terror in which a heroine typically was stranded in a remote location, a castle or abbey (32 novels between 1784 and 1818 contain the word \"abbey\" in their title).", "Yet in ''Northanger Abbey'' she alludes to the trope, with the heroine, Catherine, anticipating a move to a remote locale.", "Rather than full-scale rejection or parody, Austen transforms the genre, juxtaposing reality, with descriptions of elegant rooms and modern comforts, against the heroine's \"novel-fueled\" desires.", "Nor does she completely denigrate Gothic fiction: instead she transforms settings and situations, such that the heroine is still imprisoned, yet her imprisonment is mundane and real—regulated manners and the strict rules of the ballroom.", "In ''Sense and Sensibility'' Austen presents characters who are more complex than in staple sentimental fiction, according to critic Keymer, who notes that although it is a parody of popular sentimental fiction, \"Marianne in her sentimental histrionics responds to the calculating world ... with a quite justifiable scream of female distress.", "\"Richardson's ''Pamela'', the prototype for the sentimental novel, is a didactic love story with a happy ending, written at a time women were beginning to have the right to choose husbands and yet were restricted by social conventions.", "Austen attempted Richardson's epistolary style, but found the flexibility of narrative more conducive to her realism, a realism in which each conversation and gesture carries a weight of significance.", "The narrative style utilises free indirect speech—she was the first English novelist to do so extensively—through which she had the ability to present a character's thoughts directly to the reader and yet still retain narrative control.", "The style allows an author to vary discourse between the narrator's voice and values and those of the characters.Austen had a natural ear for speech and dialogue, according to scholar Mary Lascelles: \"Few novelists can be more scrupulous than Jane Austen as to the phrasing and thoughts of their characters.\"", "Techniques such as fragmentary speech suggest a character's traits and their tone; \"syntax and phrasing rather than vocabulary\" is utilised to indicate social variants.", "Dialogue reveals a character's mood—frustration, anger, happiness—each treated differently and often through varying patterns of sentence structures.", "When Elizabeth Bennet rejects Darcy, her stilted speech and the convoluted sentence structure reveals that he has wounded her:From the very beginning, from the first moment I may almost say, of my acquaintance with you, your manners impressing me with the fullest belief of your arrogance, your conceit, and your selfish disdain of the feelings of others, were such as to form that the groundwork of disapprobation, on which succeeding events have built so immovable a dislike.", "And I had not known you a month before I felt that you were the last man in the world whom I could ever be prevailed on to marry.Austen's plots highlight women's traditional dependence on marriage to secure social standing and economic security.", "As an art form, the 18th-century novel lacked the seriousness of its equivalents from the 19th century, when novels were treated as \"the natural vehicle for discussion and ventilation of what mattered in life\".", "Rather than delving too deeply into the psyche of her characters, Austen enjoys them and imbues them with humour, according to critic John Bayley.", "He believes that the well-spring of her wit and irony is her own attitude that comedy \"is the saving grace of life\".", "Part of Austen's fame rests on the historical and literary significance that she was the first woman to write great comic novels.", "Samuel Johnson's influence is evident, in that she follows his advice to write \"a representation of life as may excite mirth\".Her humour comes from her modesty and lack of superiority, allowing her most successful characters, such as Elizabeth Bennet, to transcend the trivialities of life, which the more foolish characters are overly absorbed in.", "Austen used comedy to explore the individualism of women's lives and gender relations, and she appears to have used it to find the goodness in life, often fusing it with \"ethical sensibility\", creating artistic tension.", "Critic Robert Polhemus writes, \"To appreciate the drama and achievement of Austen, we need to realize how deep was her passion for both reverence and ridicule ... and her comic imagination reveals both the harmonies and the telling contradictions of her mind and vision as she tries to reconcile her satirical bias with her sense of the good.\"" ], [ "Reception", "===Contemporaneous responses===In 1816 the editors of ''The New Monthly Magazine'' noted ''Emma''s publication, but chose not to review it.As Austen's works were published anonymously, they brought her little personal renown.", "They were fashionable among opinion-makers, but were rarely reviewed.", "Most of the reviews were short and on balance favourable, although superficial and cautious, most often focused on the moral lessons of the novels.Sir Walter Scott, a leading novelist of the day, anonymously wrote a review of ''Emma'' in 1815, using it to defend the then-disreputable genre of the novel and praising Austen's realism, \"the art of copying from nature as she really exists in the common walks of life, and presenting to the reader, instead of the splendid scenes from an imaginary world, a correct and striking representation of that which is daily taking place around him\".", "The other important early review was attributed to Richard Whately in 1821.However, Whately denied having authored the review, which drew favourable comparisons between Austen and such acknowledged greats as Homer and Shakespeare, and praised the dramatic qualities of her narrative.", "Scott and Whately set the tone for almost all subsequent 19th-century Austen criticism.===19th century===One of the first two published illustrations of ''Pride and Prejudice'', from the Richard Bentley edition.", "Caption reads: \"She then told him Mr Bennett what Mr Darcy had voluntarily done for Lydia.", "He heard her with astonishment.", "\"Because Austen's novels did not conform to Romantic and Victorian expectations that \"powerful emotion be authenticated by an egregious display of sound and colour in the writing\", some 19th-century critics preferred the works of Charles Dickens and George Eliot.", "Notwithstanding Walter Scott's positivity, Austen's work did not win over those who preferred the prevailing aesthetic values of the elite Romantic zeitgeist.", "Her novels were republished in Britain from the 1830s and sold steadily.", "Austen's six books were included in the canon-making Standard Novels series by publisher Richard Bentley, which increased their stature.", "That series referred to her as \"the founder of a school of novelists\" and called her a genius.The first French critic who paid notice to Austen was Philarète Chasles in an 1842 essay, dismissing her in two sentences as a boring, imitative writer with no substance.", "Austen was not widely appreciated in France until 1878, when the French critic Léon Boucher published the essay , in which he called Austen a \"genius\", the first French author to do so.", "The first accurate translation of Austen into French occurred in 1899 when Félix Fénéon translated ''Northanger Abbey'' as ''Catherine Morland''.In Britain and North America, Austen gradually grew in the estimation of both the public and the literati.", "In the United States, Austen was being recommended as reading in schools as early as 1838, according to Professor Devoney Looser.", "Philosopher and literary critic George Henry Lewes published a series of enthusiastic articles in the 1840s and 1850s.", "Later in the century, novelist Henry James referred to Austen several times with approval, and on one occasion ranked her with Shakespeare, Cervantes, and Henry Fielding as among \"the fine painters of life\".The publication of James Edward Austen-Leigh's ''A Memoir of Jane Austen'' in 1869 introduced Austen's life story to a wider public as \"dear aunt Jane\", the respectable maiden aunt.", "Publication of the ''Memoir'' spurred another reissue of Austen's novels.", "Editions were released in 1883 and fancy illustrated editions and collectors' sets quickly followed.", "Author and critic Leslie Stephen described the popular mania that started to develop for Austen in the 1880s as \"Austenolatry\".", "Around the start of the 20th century, an intellectual clique of ''Janeites'' reacted against the popularisation of Austen, distinguishing their deeper appreciation from the vulgar enthusiasm of the masses.In response, Henry James decried \"a beguiled infatuation\" with Austen, a rising tide of public interest that exceeded Austen's \"intrinsic merit and interest\".", "The American literary critic A. Walton Litz noted that the \"anti-Janites\" in the 19th and 20th centuries comprised a formidable literary squad of Mark Twain, Henry James, Charlotte Brontë, D. H. Lawrence and Kingsley Amis, but in \"every case the adverse judgement merely reveals the special limitations or eccentricities of the critic, leaving Jane Austen relatively untouched\".===Modern===Depiction of Austen from ''A Memoir of Jane Austen'' (1871) written by her nephew James Edward Austen-Leigh, and based on the sketch by Cassandra.", "All subsequent portraits of Austen are generally based on this, including on the reverse of the Bank of England £10 note introduced in September 2017.Austen's works have attracted legions of scholars.", "The first dissertation on Austen was published in 1883, by George Pellew, a student at Harvard University.", "Another early academic analysis came from a 1911 essay by Oxford Shakespearean scholar A. C. Bradley, who grouped Austen's novels into \"early\" and \"late\" works, a distinction still used by scholars today.", "The first academic book devoted to Austen in France was ''Jane Austen'' by Paul and Kate Rague (1914), who set out to explain why French critics and readers should take Austen seriously.", "The same year, Léonie Villard published ''Jane Austen, Sa Vie et Ses Oeuvres'', originally her PhD thesis, the first serious academic study of Austen in France.", "In 1923, R.W.", "Chapman published the first scholarly edition of Austen's collected works, which was also the first scholarly edition of any English novelist.", "The Chapman text has remained the basis for all subsequent published editions of Austen's works.With the publication in 1939 of Mary Lascelles' ''Jane Austen and Her Art'', the academic study of Austen took hold.", "Lascelles analyzed the books Austen read and their influence on her work, and closely examined Austen's style and \"narrative art\".", "Concern arose that academics were obscuring the appreciation of Austen with increasingly esoteric theories, a debate that has continued since.The period since World War II has seen a diversity of critical approaches to Austen, including feminist theory, and perhaps most controversially, postcolonial theory.", "The divide has widened between the popular appreciation of Austen, particularly by modern Janeites, and academic judgements.", "In 1994, literary critic Harold Bloom placed Austen among the greatest Western writers of all time.In the People's Republic of China after 1949, writings of Austen were regarded as too frivolous, and thus during the Chinese Cultural Revolution of 1966–69, Austen was banned as a \"British bourgeois imperialist\".", "In the late 1970s, when Austen's works was re-published in China, her popularity with readers confounded the authorities who had trouble understanding that people generally read books for enjoyment, not political edification.In a typical modern debate, the conservative American professor Gene Koppel, to the indignation of his liberal literature students, mentioned that Austen and her family were \"Tories of the deepest dye\", i.e.", "Conservatives in opposition to the liberal Whigs.", "Although several feminist authors such as Claudia Johnson and Mollie Sandock claimed Austen for their own cause, Koppel argued that different people react to a work of literature in different subjective ways, as explained by the philosopher Hans-Georg Gadamer.", "Thus competing interpretations of Austen's work can be equally valid, provided they are grounded in textual and historical analysis: it is equally possible to see Austen as a feminist critiquing Regency-era society and as a conservative upholding its values.===Adaptations===Austen's novels have resulted in sequels, prequels and adaptations of almost every type, from soft-core pornography to fantasy.", "From the 19th century, her family members published conclusions to her incomplete novels, and by 2000 there were over 100 printed adaptations.", "The first dramatic adaptation of Austen was published in 1895, Rosina Filippi's ''Duologues and Scenes from the Novels of Jane Austen: Arranged and Adapted for Drawing-Room Performance'', and Filippi was also responsible for the first professional stage adaptation, ''The Bennets'' (1901).", "The first film adaptation was the 1940 MGM production of ''Pride and Prejudice'' starring Laurence Olivier and Greer Garson.", "BBC television dramatisations released in the 1970s and 1980s attempted to adhere meticulously to Austen's plots, characterisations and settings.", "The British critic Robert Irvine noted that in American film adaptations of Austen's novels, starting with the 1940 version of ''Pride and Prejudice'', class is subtly downplayed, and the society of Regency England depicted by Austen that is grounded in a hierarchy based upon the ownership of land and the antiquity of the family name is one that Americans cannot embrace in its entirety.From 1995, many Austen adaptations appeared, with Ang Lee's film of ''Sense and Sensibility'', for which screenwriter and star Emma Thompson won an Academy Award, and the BBC's immensely popular TV mini-series ''Pride and Prejudice'', starring Jennifer Ehle and Colin Firth.", "A 2005 British production of ''Pride and Prejudice'', directed by Joe Wright and starring Keira Knightley and Matthew Macfadyen, was followed in 2007 by ITV's ''Mansfield Park'', ''Northanger Abbey'' and ''Persuasion'', and in 2016 by ''Love & Friendship'' starring Kate Beckinsale as Lady Susan, a film version of ''Lady Susan'', that borrowed the title of Austen's ''Love and '' ." ], [ "Honours", "Austen commemoration on the wall of Poets' Corner in Westminster Abbey, LondonIn 2013, Austen's works featured on a series of UK postage stamps issued by the Royal Mail to mark the bicentenary of the publication of ''Pride and Prejudice''.", "Austen is on the £10 note issued by the Bank of England which was introduced in 2017, replacing Charles Darwin.", "In July 2017, a statue of Jane Austen was erected in Basingstoke, Hampshire on the 200th anniversary of her death." ], [ "List of works", "'''Novels'''* ''Sense and Sensibility'' (1811)* ''Pride and Prejudice'' (1813)* ''Mansfield Park'' (1814)* ''Emma'' (1816)* ''Northanger Abbey'' (1818, posthumous)* ''Persuasion'' (1818, posthumous)* ''Lady Susan'' (1871, posthumous)'''Unfinished fiction'''* ''The Watsons'' (1804)* ''Sanditon'' (1817)'''Other works'''* ''Sir Charles Grandison'' (adapted play) (1793, 1800)* ''Plan of a Novel'' (1815)* Poems (1796–1817)* Prayers (1796–1817)* Letters (1796–1817)'''Juvenilia—Volume the First''' (1787–1793)* Frederic & Elfrida* Jack & Alice* Edgar & Emma* Henry and Eliza* The Adventures of Mr. Harley* Sir William Mountague* Memoirs of Mr. Clifford* * Amelia Webster* The Visit* The Mystery* The Three Sisters* A Fragment* A beautiful description* The generous Curate* Ode to Pity'''Juvenilia—Volume the Second''' (1787–1793)* * Lesley Castle* The History of England* A Collection of Letters* The female philosopher* The first Act of a Comedy* A Letter from a Young Lady* A Tour through Wales* A Tale'''Juvenilia—Volume the Third''' (1787–1793)* Evelyn* Catharine, or The Bower" ], [ "{{anchor|Gallery}}Family trees" ], [ "See also", "* Jane Austen's family and ancestry" ], [ "Notes" ], [ "References" ], [ "Sources", "* Alexander, Christine and Juliet McMaster, eds.", "''The Child Writer from Austen to Woolf''.", "Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005..* Auerbach, Emily.", "''Searching for Jane Austen''.", "Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2004.", "* Austen, Jane.", "''Catharine and Other Writings''.", "Ed.", "Margaret Anne Doody and Douglas Murray.", "Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993..* Austen, Jane.", "''The History of England''.", "Ed.", "David Starkey.", "Icon Books, HarperCollins Publishers, 2006..* Austen, Henry Thomas.", "\"Biographical Notice of the Author\".", "''Northanger Abbey and Persuasion''.", "London: John Murray, 1817.", "* Austen-Leigh, James Edward.", "''A Memoir of Jane Austen''.", "1926.Ed.", "R.W.", "Chapman.", "Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1967.", "* Austen-Leigh, William and Richard Arthur Austen-Leigh.", "''Jane Austen: Her Life and Letters, A Family Record''.", "London: Smith, Elder & Co., 1913.", "* Bayley, John.", "\"Characterization in Jane Austen\".", "''The Jane Austen Companion''.", "Ed.", "J. David Grey.", "New York: Macmillan Publishing Company, 1986.. 24–34* Baker, Amy.", "\"Caught in the Act of Greatness: Jane Austen's Characterization Of Elizabeth And Darcy By Sentence Structure In ''Pride and Prejudice''\".", "''Explicator'', Vol.", "72, Issue 3, 2014.169–178* Brownstein, Rachel M. \"Out of the Drawing Room, Onto the Lawn\".", "''Jane Austen in Hollywood''.", "Eds.", "Linda Troost and Sayre Greenfield.", "Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2001 .", "13–21.", "* Butler, Marilyn.", "\"History, Politics and Religion\".", "''The Jane Austen Companion''.", "Ed.", "J. David Grey.", "New York: Macmillan Publishing Company, 1986.. 190–208* Byrne, Paula.", "''Jane Austen and the Theatre''.", "London and New York: Continuum, 2002..* Cartmell, Deborah and Whelehan, Imelda, eds.", "''The Cambridge Companion to Literature on Screen''.", "Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007..* Collins, Irene.", "''Jane Austen and the Clergy''.", "London: The Hambledon Press, 1994..* Copeland, Edward and Juliet McMaster, eds.", "''The Cambridge Companion to Jane Austen''.", "Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014..* Doody, Margaret Anne.", "\"The Early Short Fiction\".", "''The Cambridge Companion to Jane Austen''.", "Eds.", "Edward Copeland and Juliet McMaster.", "Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014..", "72–86.", "* Duffy, Joseph.", "\"Criticism, 1814–1870\".", "''The Jane Austen Companion''.", "Ed.", "J. David Grey.", "New York: Macmillan Publishing Company, 1986.. 93–101* Fergus, Jan. \"Biography\".", "''Jane Austen in Context''.", "Ed.", "Janet Todd.", "Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005.. 3–11* Fergus, Jan. \"The Professional Woman Writer\".", "''The Cambridge Companion to Jane Austen''.", "Eds.", "Edward Copeland and Juliet McMaster.", "Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014..", "1–20.", "* Gay, Penny.", "''Jane Austen and the Theatre''.", "Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002..* Gilson, David.", "\"Letter publishing history\".", "''Jane Austen in Context''.", "Ed.", "Janet Todd.", "Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005.. 121–159* Gilson, David.", "\"Editions and Publishing History\".", "''The Jane Austen Companion''.", "Ed.", "J. David Grey.", "New York: Macmillan, 1986.. 135–139* Grey, J. David.", "''The Jane Austen Companion''.", "New York: Macmillan Publishing Company, 1986..* Grundy, Isobel.", "\"Jane Austen and literary traditions\".", "''The Cambridge Companion to Jane Austen''.", "Eds.", "Edward Copeland and Juliet McMaster.", "Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014.. 192–214* Halperin, John.", "\"Jane Austen's Lovers\".", "''SEL: Studies in English Literature 1500–1900'' Vol.", "25, No.", "4, Autumn, 1985.719–720* Harding, D.W., \"Regulated Hatred: An Aspect of the Work of Jane Austen\".", "''Jane Austen: A Collection of Critical Essays''.", "Ed.", "Ian Watt.", "Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1963.", "* Honan, Park.", "''Jane Austen: A Life''.", "New York: St. Martin's Press, 1987..* Irvine, Robert ''Jane Austen''.", "London: Routledge, 2005.", "* Jenkyns, Richard.", "''A Fine Brush on Ivory: An Appreciation of Jane Austen''.", "Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004..* Johnson, Claudia.", "\"Austen cults and cultures\".", "''The Cambridge Companion to Jane Austen''.", "Eds.", "Edward Copeland and Juliet McMaster.", "Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014..", "232–247.", "* Kelly, Gary.", "\"Education and accomplishments\".", "''Jane Austen in Context''.", "Ed.", "Janet Todd.", "Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005.. 252–259* Keymer, Thomas.", "\"''Northanger Abbey'' and ''Sense and Sensibility''\".", "''The Cambridge Companion to Jane Austen''.", "Eds.", "Edward Copeland and Juliet McMaster.", "Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014.. 21–38* Kirkham, Margaret.", "\"Portraits\".", "''Jane Austen in Context''.", "Ed.", "Janet Todd.", "Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005.. 68–82* Lascelles, Mary.", "''Jane Austen and Her Art''.", "Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1966 1939.", "* Lane, Maggie.", "''Jane Austen and Food.''", "London: The Hambledon Press, 1995.", "* Leavis, F.R.", "''The Great Tradition: George Eliot, Henry James, Joseph Conrad''.", "London: Chatto & Windus, 1960.", "* Le Faye, Deirdre, ed.", "''Jane Austen's Letters''.", "Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995..* Le Faye, Deirdre.", "\"Chronology of Jane Austen's Life\".", "''The Cambridge Companion to Jane Austen''.", "Eds.", "Edward Copeland and Juliet McMaster.", "Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014.. xv–xxvi* Le Faye, Deirdre.", "''Jane Austen: The World of Her Novels''.", "New York: Harry N. Abrams, 2002..* Le Faye, Deirdre.", "''Jane Austen: A Family Record''.", "Second Edition.", "Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004..* Le Faye, Deirdre.", "\"Letters\".", "''Jane Austen in Context''.", "Ed.", "Janet Todd.", "Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005.. 33–40* Le Faye, \"Memoirs and Biographies\".", "''Jane Austen in Context''.", "Ed.", "Janet Todd.", "Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005.. 51–58* Litz, A. Walton.", "''Jane Austen: A Study of Her Development''.", "New York: Oxford University Press, 1965.", "* Litz, A. Walton.", "\"Chronology of Composition\".", "''The Jane Austen Companion''.", "Ed.", "J. David Grey.", "New York: Macmillan, 1986.. 47–62* Lodge, David.", "\"Jane Austen's Novels: Form and Structure\".", "''The Jane Austen Companion''.", "Ed.", "J. David Grey.", "New York: Macmillan, 1986.. 165–179* Looser, Devoney.", "''The Making of Jane Austen''.", "Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2017..* Lynch, Deirdre Shauna.", "\"Sequels\".", "''Jane Austen in Context''.", "Ed.", "Janet Todd.", "Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005.. 160–169* MacDonagh, Oliver.", "''Jane Austen: Real and Imagined Worlds''.", "New Haven: Yale University Press, 1991..* McMaster, Juliet.", "\"Education\".", "''The Jane Austen Companion''.", "Ed.", "J. David Grey.", "New York: Macmillan Publishing Company, 1986.. 140–142* Miller, D.A.", "''Jane Austen, or The Secret of Style''.", "Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2003..* Nokes, David.", "''Jane Austen: A Life''.", "Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998..* Page, Norman.", "''The Language of Jane Austen''.", "Oxford: Blackwell, 1972..* Polhemus, Robert M. \"Jane Austen's Comedy\".", "''The Jane Austen Companion''.", "Ed.", "J. David Grey.", "New York: Macmillan, 1986.. 60–71* Raven, James.", "\"Book Production\".", "''Jane Austen in Context''.", "Ed.", "Janet Todd.", "Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005.. 194–203* Raven, James.", "''The Business of Books: Booksellers and the English Book Trade''.", "New Haven: Yale University Press, 2007..* Rajan, Rajeswari.", "\"Critical Responses, Recent\".", "''Jane Austen in Context''.", "Ed.", "Janet Todd.", "Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005..", "101–10.", "* Scott, Walter.", "\"Walter Scott, an unsigned review of ''Emma'', ''Quarterly Review''\".", "''Jane Austen: The Critical Heritage, 1812–1870''.", "Ed.", "B.C.", "Southam.", "London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1968..", "58–69.", "* Southam, B.C.", "\"Grandison\".", "''The Jane Austen Companion''.", "Ed.", "J. David Grey.", "New York: Macmillan, 1986.. 187–189* Southam, B.C.", "\"Criticism, 1870–1940\".", "''The Jane Austen Companion''.", "Ed.", "J. David Grey.", "New York: Macmillan, 1986.. 102–109* Southam, B.C., ed.", "''Jane Austen: The Critical Heritage, 1812–1870''.", "Vol.", "1.London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1968..* Southam, B.C., ed.", "''Jane Austen: The Critical Heritage, 1870–1940''.", "Vol.", "2.London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1987..* Southam, B.C.", "\"Juvenilia\".", "''The Jane Austen Companion''.", "Ed.", "J. David Grey.", "New York: Macmillan, 1986.. 244–255* Stovel, Bruce.", "\"Further reading\".", "''The Cambridge Companion to Jane Austen''.", "Eds.", "Edward Copeland and Juliet McMaster.", "Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014..", "248–266.", "* Sutherland, Kathryn.", "\"Chronology of composition and publication\".", "''Jane Austen in Context''.", "Ed.", "Janet Todd.", "Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005.. 12–22* Todd, Janet, ed.", "''Jane Austen in Context''.", "Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005..* Todd, Janet.", "''The Cambridge Introduction to Jane Austen''.", "Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015..* Tomalin, Claire.", "''Jane Austen: A Life''.", "New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1997..* Troost, Linda.", "\"The Nineteenth-Century Novel on Film\".", "''The Cambridge Companion to Literature on Screen''.", "Eds.", "Deborah Cartmell and Imelda Whelehan.", "Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007.. 75–89* Trott, Nicola.", "\"Critical Responess, 1830–1970\", ''Jane Austen in Context''.", "Ed.", "Janet Todd.", "Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005.. 92–100* Tucker, George Holbert.", "\"Amateur Theatricals at Steventon\".", "''The Jane Austen Companion''.", "Ed.", "J. David Grey.", "New York: Macmillan, 1986.. 1–4* Tucker, George Holbert.", "\"Jane Austen's Family\".", "''The Jane Austen Companion''.", "Ed.", "J. David Grey.", "New York: Macmillan, 1986.. 143–153* Waldron, Mary.", "\"Critical Response, early\".", "''Jane Austen in Context''.", "Ed.", "Janet Todd.", "Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005.. 83–91* Watt, Ian.", "\"Introduction\".", "''Jane Austen: A Collection of Critical Essays''.", "Ed.", "Ian Watt.", "Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1963.", "* Watt, Ian, ed.", "''Jane Austen: A Collection of Critical Essays''.", "Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1963.", "* Wiltshire, John.", "''Jane Austen and the Body: The Picture of Health''.", "Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992.." ], [ "Further reading", "* Gubar, Susan and Sandra Gilbert.", "''The Madwoman in the Attic: The Woman Writer and the Nineteenth Century Literary Imagination''.", "New Haven: Yale University Press, 1984 1979.." ], [ "External links", "* * * * Jane Austen's Fiction Manuscripts Digital Edition, a digital archive from the University of Oxford* ''A Memoir of Jane Austen'' by James Edward Austen-Leigh* Jane Austen at the British Library===Museums===* Jane Austen's House Museum in Chawton* The Jane Austen Centre in Bath===Fan sites and societies===* The Republic of Pemberley* The Jane Austen Society of Australia* The Jane Austen Society of North America* The Jane Austen Society of the United Kingdom" ] ]
wikipedia
[ [ "June" ], [ "Introduction", "'''June''' is the sixth month of the year in the Julian and Gregorian calendars.", "Its length is 30 days.", "June contains the summer solstice in the Northern Hemisphere, the day with the most daylight hours, and the winter solstice in the Southern Hemisphere, the day with the fewest daylight hours (excluding polar regions in both cases).", "June in the Northern Hemisphere is the seasonal equivalent to December in the Southern Hemisphere and vice versa.", "In the Northern Hemisphere, the beginning of the traditional astronomical summer is 21 June (meteorological summer begins on 1 June).", "In the Southern Hemisphere, meteorological winter begins on 1 June.At the start of June, the sun rises in the constellation of Taurus; at the end of June, the sun rises in the constellation of Gemini.", "However, due to the precession of the equinoxes, June begins with the sun in the astrological sign of Gemini, and ends with the sun in the astrological sign of Cancer." ], [ "Etymology and history", "''Flaming June'' (1895) by Lord LeightonThe Latin name for June is ''Junius''.", "Ovid offers multiple etymologies for the name in the ''Fasti'', a poem about the Roman calendar.", "The first is that the month is named after the Roman goddess Juno, the goddess of marriage and the wife of the supreme deity Jupiter; the second is that the name comes from the Latin word ''iuniores'', meaning \"younger ones\", as opposed to ''maiores'' (\"elders\") for which the preceding month May ''(Maius)'' may be named.Another source claims June is named after Lucius Junius Brutus, founder of the Roman Republic and ancestor of the Roman gens Junia.In ancient Rome, the period from mid-May through mid-June was considered inauspicious for marriage.", "Ovid says that he consulted the Flaminica Dialis, the high priestess of Jupiter, about setting a date for his daughter's wedding, and was advised to wait till after June 15.Plutarch, however, implies that the entire month of June was more favorable for weddings than May.Certain meteor showers take place in June.", "The Arietids takes place May 22 to July 2 each year, and peaks on June 7.The Beta Taurids June 5 to July 18.The June Bootids take place roughly between 26 June and 2 July each year.=== Ancient Roman observances ===Under the calendar of ancient Rome, the festival of Ludi Fabarici took place on May 29 – June 1, Kalendae Fabariae took place on June 1, the Festival to Bellona took place on June 3, Ludi Piscatorii took place on June 7, and Vestalia took place from June 7 – June 15.A Rosalia was held on June 20.The Secular Games were held roughly every 100 years in either May or June.", "These dates do not correspond to the modern Gregorian calendar." ], [ "Observances", "June, from the ''Très riches heures du duc de Berry''Trooping the Colour is celebrated in June in London=== Month-long ===* Month of the Sacred Heart (Catholic tradition)* National Dairy Month* ''National Men’s Health Awareness Month''* African-American Music Appreciation Month (officially recognized by the United States)* ALS Awareness Month (Canada)* Caribbean American Heritage Month (United States)* Crop over (Barbados), celebrated until the first Monday in August.", "* Great Outdoors Month (United States)* ''Children’s Awareness Month''* LGBTQ+ Awareness and Pride month* National Oceans Month (United States)* National Smile Month (United Kingdom)* PTSD Awareness Month (United States)* Season of Emancipation (April 14 to August 23) (Barbados)* National Candy Month* SANDS Awareness Month* Gun Violence Awareness Month* Alzheimer’s & Brain Awareness Month* ''Cancer Survivors Month''* ''Cancer Immunotherapy Awareness Month''* ''Antiphospholipid Antibody Syndrome (APS) Awareness Month''=== Non-Gregorian ===''(All Baha'i, Islamic, and Jewish observances begin at the sundown prior to the date listed, and end at sundown of the date in question unless otherwise noted.", ")''* List of observances set by the Bahá'í calendar* List of observances set by the Chinese calendar* List of observances set by the Hebrew calendar* List of observances set by the Islamic calendar* List of observances set by the Solar Hijri calendar=== Moveable ===* Phi Ta Khon (Dan Sai, Loei province, Isan, Thailand) Dates are selected by village mediums and can take place anywhere between March and July.", "* Matariki (Māori New Year) – Different iwi celebrate according to their own tradition and the New Zealand Government calculates the public holiday each year according to advice from the Matariki Advisory Committee.", "Dates can fall from late June to late July.", "* See also Movable Western Christian observances* See also Movable Eastern Christian observances==== By other date ========= First Tuesday =====* International Children's Day (Eastern Europe)===== First Wednesday =====* Global Running Day* World Bicycle Day===== First Friday =====* Labour Day (Bahamas)* National Doughnut Day (United States)===== First Saturday =====* Birthday of the Yang di-Pertuan Agong (Malaysia)* National Trails Day (United States)* Saiō Matsuri (Meiwa, Mie, Japan)===== First Sunday =====* Armed Forces Day (Canada)* Children's Day (United States)* Father's Day (Lithuania, Switzerland)* National Cancer Survivors Day (United States)* Teacher's Day (Hungary)* The Seamen's Day (Iceland)===== First Monday =====* June Holiday (Lá Saoire i mí Mheitheamh) (Republic of Ireland)* King's Official Birthday (New Zealand, Cook Islands, Western Australia)* Western Australia Day===== Second Thursday =====* Seersucker Thursday (United States)===== Second Saturday =====* China's Cultural Heritage Day (China)* Start of National Dairy Goat Awareness Week, ending on the third Saturday* National Day (Montserrat, Pitcairn Islands, Saint Helena, South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands, Tristan da Cunha (United Kingdom))* King's Official Birthday (United Kingdom, Tuvalu)===== Second Sunday =====* Canadian Rivers Day* Children's Day (United States)* Father's Day (Austria, Belgium)* Mother's Day (Luxembourg)===== Third Week =====* Bike Week (Bicycle Week) (United Kingdom, Ireland)===== Second Monday =====* King's Official Birthday (Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Australia, with the exception of Western Australia, which celebrates on the first Monday)* Flag Day (US)===== Monday after the second Saturday =====* King's Official Birthday (Norfolk Island)====== Third Friday ======* National Flip Flop Day (United States)===== Third Saturday =========== Summer Solstice in the Northern Hemisphere ======* Day of Private Reflection (Northern Ireland)* International Surfing Day* International Yoga Day* Midsummer* World Music Day====== Winter Solstice in the Southern Hemisphere ======* We Tripantu, (Mapuche, southern Chile)* Willkakuti, an Andean-Amazonic New Year (Aymara)====== Saturday between June 20–25 ======* Finnish Flag Day* Juhannus (Finland)====== Saturday nearest Summer Solstice ======* Pixie Day (Ottery St. Mary, England)====== Third Sunday ======* Father's Day (Afghanistan, Albania, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Aruba, Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belize, Bermuda, Brunei, Cambodia, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Curaçao, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Dominica, Ecuador, Ethiopia, France, Ghana, Greece, Guatemala, Guyana, Hong Kong, Hungary, India, Ireland, Jamaica, Jordan, Japan, Kenya, Kosovo, Kuwait, Laos, Macau, Madagascar, Malaysia, Maldives, Malta, Mauritius, Mexico, Mozambique, Namibia, Netherlands, Nigeria, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Paraguay, People's Republic of China, Peru, Philippines, Qatar, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Slovakia, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, United Kingdom, United States, Venezuela, Vietnam, Zambia, and Zimbabwe)===== Monday Nearest to June 24 =====* Discovery Day (Newfoundland and Labrador)===== Last Thursday =====* National Bomb Pop Day (United States)====== Friday following Third Sunday ======* Take Your Dog to Work Day (United Kingdom, United States)===== Last Saturday =====* Armed Forces Day (United Kingdom)* Inventors' and Rationalizers' Day (Russia)* Veterans' Day (Netherlands)===== Last Sunday =====* Father's Day (Haiti)* Log Cabin Day (Michigan, United States)* Mother's Day (Kenya)=== Fixed Gregorian ===* May 15 – June 15 Tourette Syndrome awareness month.", "* May 25 – June 25 Bicycle Month (Canada)* May 27 – June 3 National Reconciliation Week (Australia)* May 28 – Flag Day (Philippines) (Display of the flag in all places until June 12 is encouraged)* May 31 – June 1 Gawai Dayak (Dayaks in Sarawak, Malaysia and West Kalimantan, Indonesia)* June 1** Children's Day (International), and its related observances:*** Global Day of Parents*** The Day of Protection of Children Rights (Armenia)*** Mothers' and Children's Day (Mongolia)** Fei Fei Day (Vancouver)** Global Day of Parents** Independence Day (Samoa)** Madaraka Day (Kenya)** National Maritime Day (Mexico)** National Tree Planting Day (Cambodia)** Pancasila Day (Indonesia)** President's Day (Palau)** Victory Day (Tunisia)** World Milk Day* June 2** Children's Day (North Korea)** Civil Aviation Day (Azerbaijan)** Coronation of King Jigme Singye Wangchuck (Bhutan)** Day of Hristo Botev (Bulgaria)** Decoration Day (Canada)** Festa della Repubblica (Italy)** International Whores' Day** National Rocky Road Day (United States)** National Rotisserie Chicken Day (United States)** Social Forestry Day (Bhutan)* June 3** Confederate Memorial Day (Kentucky, Louisiana, and Tennessee, United States)** Economist day (Buenos Aires, Argentina)** Mabo Day (Australia)** Martyr's Day (Uganda)** National Chocolate Macaroon Day (United States)** National Egg Day (United States)** Opium Suppression Movement Day (Taiwan)** World Clubfoot Day* June 4** Armed Forces Day/Birthday of Marshal of Finland Gustaf Mannerheim (Finland)** Emancipation Day/Independence Day (Tonga)** Flag Day (Estonia)** International Day of Innocent Children Victims of Aggression** National Cheese Day (United States)** National Cognac Day (United States)** National Unity Day (Hungary)** Tiananmen Square Protests of 1989 Memorial Day (International)* June 5** Arbor Day (New Zealand)** Constitution Day (Denmark)** Constitution Day (Faroe Island)** Day of Reclamation (Azerbaijan)** Father's Day (Denmark)** Indian Arrival Day (Suriname)** Liberation Day (Seychelles)** National Gingerbread Day (United States)** National Moonshine Day (United States)** President's Day (Equatorial Guinea)** Teachers' Day (Romania)** World Environment Day* June 6** Anniversary of the Normandy Landings** Argentina's Engineering Day** Engineer's Day (Taiwan)** Memorial Day (South Korea)** Korean Children's Union Foundation Day (North Korea)** National Applesauce Day (United States)** National Day of Sweden (Sweden)** Queensland Day (Queensland)** Teachers' Day (Bolivia)** UN Russian Language Day (United Nations)* June 7** Anniversary of the Memorandum of the Slovak Nation (Slovakia)** Battle of Arica Day (Arica y Parinacota Region, Chile)** Birthday of Prince Joachim (Denmark)** Chocolate Ice Cream Day (United States)** Commemoration Day of St John the Forerunner (Armenian Apostolic Church)** Flag Day (Peru)** Journalist Day (Argentina)** Ludi Piscatorii (Roman Empire)** Sette Giugno (Malta)** Union Dissolution Day (Norway)* June 8** Bounty Day (Norfolk Island)** Caribbean American HIV/AIDS Awareness Day** Engineer's Day (Peru)** Primož Trubar Day (Slovenia)** World Brain Tumor Day (international)** World Oceans Day (international)* June 9** Anniversary of the Accession of King Abdullah II (Jordan)** Autonomy Day (Åland)** La Rioja Day (La Rioja)** Murcia Day (Murcia)** National Heroes' Day (Uganda)* June 10** Abolition Day (French Guiana)** Army Day (Jordan)** National Iced Tea Day (United States)** Navy Day (Italy)** Portugal Day (Portugal)** Reconciliation Day (Republic of the Congo)* June 11** American Evacuation Day (Libya)** Birthday of Prince Henrik (Denmark)** Brazilian Navy commemorative day** Davis Day (Cape Breton, Nova Scotia, Canada)** Kamehameha Day (Hawaii, United States)** National Corn on the Cob Day (United States)** National German Chocolate Cake Day (United States)** Student Day (Honduras)* June 12** Chaco Armistice Day (Paraguay)** ''Dia dos Namorados'' (Brazil)** Helsinki Day (Finland)** June 12 Commemoration (Lagos State)** Loving Day (United States)** Independence Day (Philippines)** National Peanut Butter Cookie Day (United States)** Russia Day (Russia)** World Day Against Child Labour (international)* June 13** Inventors' Day (Hungary)** Suleimaniah City Fallen and Martyrs Day (Iraqi Kurdistan)* June 14** Commemoration of the Soviet Deportation related observances:*** Mourning and Commemoration Day or ''Leinapäev'' (Estonia)*** Mourning and Hope Day (Lithuania)** Day of Memory for Repressed People (Armenia)** Flag Day (United States)** Freedom Day (Malawi)** Liberation Day (Falkland Islands and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands)** World Blood Donor Day (international)* June 15** Arbor Day (Costa Rica)** Cagayan de Oro Charter Day (Cagayan de Oro)** Day of Valdemar and Reunion day (Flag Day) (Denmark)** Engineer's Day (Italy)** Global Wind Day (international)** Mangaia Gospel Day (Mangaia, Cook Islands)** National Lobster Day (United States)** National Salvation Day (Azerbaijan)** Statehood Day (Arkansas, United States)* June 16** Bloomsday (Dublin, Ireland)** Engineer's Day (Argentina)** International Day of the African Child** Anniversary of Martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev (Sikhism)** National Fudge Day (United States)** Sussex Day (Sussex)** Youth Day (South Africa)* June 17** Bunker Hill Day (Suffolk County, Massachusetts, United States)** Father's Day (El Salvador, Guatemala)** Icelandic National Day** National Eat Your Vegetables Day (United States)** Occupation of the Latvian Republic Day (Latvia)** World Day to Combat Desertification and Drought (International)* June 18** Autistic Pride Day** Human Rights Day (Azerbaijan)** Foundation Day (Benguet)** Human Rights Day (Azerbaijan)** International Sushi Day** National Day (Seychelles)** Queen Mother's Birthday (Cambodia)** Waterloo Day (United Kingdom)* June 19** Day of the Independent Hungary (Hungary)** Feast of Forest (Palawan)** Juneteenth (United States, especially African Americans)** Labour Day (Trinidad and Tobago)** Laguna Day (Laguna)** Never Again Day (Uruguay)** Surigao del Norte Day (Surigao del Norte)** Surigao del Sur Day (Surigao del Sur)** World Sickle Cell Day (International)** World Sauntering Day* June 20** Day of the National Flag (Argentina)** Festival in honor of Summanus (Roman Empire)** Gas Sector Day (Azerbaijan)** Martyrs' Day (Eritrea)** National Ice Cream Soda Day (United States)** National Kouign Amann Day (United States)** National Vanilla Milkshake Day (United States)** West Virginia Day (West Virginia)** World Refugee Day (International)* June 21** Day of the Martyrs (Togo)** Father's Day (Egypt, Lebanon, Jordan, Syria, Uganda, United Arab Emirates)** Go Skateboarding Day** National Indigenous Peoples Day (Canada)** National Day (Greenland)** National Peaches 'N' Cream Day (United States)** World Humanist Day (Humanism)** World Hydrography Day* June 22** Anti-Fascist Struggle Day (Croatia)** Day of Remembrance of the Victims of the Great Patriotic War (Belarus)** Father's Day (Guernsey, Isle of Man, and Jersey)** Teachers' Day (El Salvador)* June 23** Father's Day (Nicaragua, Poland)** Grand Duke's Official Birthday (Luxembourg)** International Widows Day (international)** National Day of Remembrance for Victims of Terrorism (Canada)** Okinawa Memorial Day (Okinawa, Japan)** Saint John's Eve (Roman Catholic Church, Europe):*** Bonfires of Saint John (Spain)*** First day of Golowan Festival (Cornwall)*** Jaaniõhtu (Estonia)*** Jāņi (Latvia)*** Last day of Drăgaica fair (Buzău, Romania)*** Festa de São João do Porto (Portugal)** United Nations Public Service Day (International)** Victory Day (Estonia)* June 24** Army Day or Battle of Carabobo Day (Venezuela)** Bannockburn Day (Scotland)** Day of the Caboclo (Amazonas, Brazil)** Saint John's Day, second day of celebrations.", "*** Enyovden (Bulgaria)*** Jaanipäev (Estonia)*** Jāņi (Latvia)*** Jónsmessa (Iceland)*** Midsummer Day (England)*** Saint Jonas' Festival or ''Joninės'' (Lithuania)*** Saint-Jean-Baptiste Day (Quebec, Canada)*** Sânziene (western Carpathian Mountains of Romania)** Youth Day (Ukraine)* June 25** Arbor Day (Philippines)** Independence Day (Mozambique)** National Catfish Day (United States)** Statehood Day (Croatia)** Statehood Day (Slovenia)** Statehood Day (Virginia)** Teacher's Day (Guatemala)** World Vitiligo Day* June 26** Army and Navy Day (Azerbaijan)** Flag Day (Romania)** Independence Day (Madagascar)** International Day against Drug Abuse and Illicit Trafficking (International)** International Day in Support of Victims of Torture (International)** National Chocolate Pudding Day (United States)** Ratcatcher's Day (Hamelin, Germany)** Sunthorn Phu Day (Thailand)** World Refrigeration Day (International)* June 27** Canadian Multiculturalism Day (Canada)** Day of Turkmen Workers of Culture and Art (Turkmenistan)** Helen Keller Day (United States)** Independence Day (Djibouti)** Mixed Race Day (Brazil)** National HIV Testing Day (United States)** PTSD Awareness Day (United States)** Seven Sleepers Day or ''Siebenschläfertag'' (Germany)** Unity Day (Tajikistan)* June 28** Carolina Day (South Carolina, United States)** Constitution Day (Ukraine)** Family Day (Vietnam)** National Ceviche Day (United States)** National Tapioca Day (United States)** Poznań Remembrance Day (Poland)** Soviet Occupation Day, Moldova** Stonewall Riots Anniversary (United States)** Tau Day** Vidovdan (Eastern Orthodox Church)* June 29** Feast of Saints Peter and Paul*** Haro Wine Festival (Haro, La Rioja, Spain)** Engineer's Day (Ecuador)** Fallen Soldiers' and Missing in Action Memorial Day ()** Independence Day (Seychelles)** Veterans' Day (Netherlands)* June 30** Armed Forces Day (Guatemala)** General Prayer Day (Central African Republic)** Independence Day (Democratic Republic of the Congo)** Navy Day (Israel)** Philippine–Spanish Friendship Day (Philippines)** Revolution Day (Sudan)" ], [ "Symbols", "Strands of pearls Partially faceted alexandrite moonstones June's birthstones are pearl, alexandrite and moonstone.", "Rose Gaujard HoneysuckleThe birth flowers are rose and honeysuckle.", "The zodiac signs are Gemini (until June 20) and Cancer (from June 21 onward).", "Both of these dates are for United States Eastern Daylight Time.", "For the world UT/GMT the dates are 19–20." ], [ "References" ] ]
wikipedia
[ [ "July" ], [ "Introduction", "'''July''' is the seventh month of the year in the Julian and Gregorian calendars.", "Its length is 31 days.", "It was named by the Roman Senate in honour of Roman general Julius Caesar in 44 B.C., being the month of his birth.", "Before then it was called Quintilis, being the fifth month of the calendar that started with March.It is on average the warmest month in most of the Northern Hemisphere, where it is the second month of summer, and the coldest month in much of the Southern Hemisphere, where it is the second month of winter.", "The second half of the year commences in July.", "In the Southern Hemisphere, July is the seasonal equivalent of January in the Northern hemisphere.", "\"Dog days\" are considered to begin in early July in the Northern Hemisphere, when the hot sultry weather of summer usually starts.", "Spring lambs born in late winter or early spring are usually sold before 1 July." ], [ "Symbols", "Ruby gemstoneJuly's birthstone is the ruby, which symbolizes contentment.", "Blue delphinium (Larkspur) water lily Its birth flowers are the larkspur and the water lily.", "The zodiac signs are Cancer (until July 22) and Leo (July 23 onward)." ], [ "Observances", "''This list does not necessarily imply either official status nor general observance.", "''rightJuly, from the ''Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry''Independence Day on July 4* Season of Emancipation 14 April to 23 August (Barbados)* Honor America Days: 14 June to 4 July (United States)=== Month-long ===* In Catholic tradition, July is the Month of the Most Precious Blood of Jesus.", "* National Hot Dog Month (United States)* National Ice Cream Month (United States)* Disability Pride Month (United States)=== Non-Gregorian ===''(All Baha'i, Islamic, and Jewish observances begin at the sundown before the date listed, and end at sundown of the date in question unless otherwise noted.", ")''* List of observances set by the Bahá'í calendar* List of observances set by the Chinese calendar* List of observances set by the Hebrew calendar* List of observances set by the Islamic calendar* List of observances set by the Solar Hijri calendarCanada Day is celebrated on July 1=== Movable ===* Phi Ta Khon (Dan Sai, Loei province, Isan, Thailand) – Dates are selected by village mediums and can take place anywhere between March and July.", "* Matariki (Māori New Year) – Different iwi celebrate according to their own tradition and the New Zealand Government calculates the public holiday each year according to advice from the Matariki Advisory Committee.", "Dates can fall from late June to late July.", "* Ra o te Ui Ariki (Cook Islands) July 6* Collector Car Appreciation Day (United States)* Senior Citizen's Day (Kiribati)* Shark Week (United States)* Earth Overshoot Day* See also Movable Western Christian observances* See also Movable Eastern Christian observances==== First Friday ====* Fishermen's Holiday (Marshall Islands)==== First Saturday ====* Día del Amigo (Peru)* International Co-operative Day* International Free Hugs Day==== First Saturday and Sunday ====* Navy Days (Netherlands)==== First Sunday ====* Navy Day (Ukraine)* Youth Day (Singapore)==== Sunday closest to 2 July ====* Alexanderson Day (Sweden)==== First full week in July ====* NAIDOC Week (Australia)==== First Monday ====* CARICOM Day (Guyana)* Heroes' Day (Zambia)* Mother's Day (South Sudan)* National Day (Cayman Islands)==== 5 July or following Monday if it's a weekend ====* Tynwald Day (Isle of Man)==== Day after first Monday ====* Unity Day (Zambia)==== Second Monday ====* Abolition Commemoration Day (New York, United States)==== Second Thursday ====* National Tree Day (Mexico)==== Second Sunday ====* Father's Day (Uruguay)* Sea Sunday (Western Christianity)==== Nearest Sunday to 11 July ====* National Day of Commemoration (Ireland)==== Third Monday ====* Birthday of Don Luis Muñoz Rivera (Puerto Rico, United States)* Children's Day (Cuba, Panama, and Venezuela)* Galla Bayramy (Turkmenistan)* Marine Day (Japan)* Presidents' Day (Botswana)==== Third Sunday ====* Galla Bayramy (Turkmenistan)* National Ice Cream Day (United States)==== Second to last Sunday in July and the following two weeks ====* Construction Holiday (Quebec)==== Third Tuesday ====* Birthday of Don Luis Muñoz Rivera (Puerto Rico, United States)==== Fourth Sunday ====* Parents' Day (United States)==== Friday preceding the Fourth Saturday and the following Sunday ====* Tobata Gion Yamagasa festival (Tobata, Japan)==== Fourth Thursday ====* National Chili Dog Day (United States)==== Last Saturday ====* Black Saturday (France)* National Dance Day (United States)==== Last Sunday ====* Father's Day (Dominican Republic)* National Tree Day (Australia)* Navy Day (Russia)* Reek Sunday (Ireland)==== Thursday before the first Monday ====* Emancipation Day (Bermuda)===== Following Friday =====* Somer's Day (Bermuda)==== Last Friday ====* National Schools Tree Day (Australia)* System Administrator Appreciation Day=== Fixed Gregorian ===* July 1** Armed Forces Day (Singapore)** Canada Day (Canada)** Children's Day (Pakistan)** Chinese Communist Party Founding Day (People's Republic of China)** Day of Officials and Civil Servants (Hungary)** Doctors' Day (India)** Emancipation Day (Netherlands Antilles)** Engineer's Day (Bahrain, Mexico)** Feast of the Most Precious Blood (removed from official Roman Catholic calendar since 1969)** Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Establishment Day (Hong Kong, China)** Independence Day (Burundi)** Independence Day (Rwanda)** Independence Day (Somalia)** International Tartan Day** July Morning (Bulgaria)** Keti Koti (Emancipation Day) (Suriname)** Madeira Day (Madeira, Portugal)** Moving Day (Quebec) (Canada)** National Creative Ice Cream Flavor Day (United States)** National Gingersnap Day (United States)** Newfoundland and Labrador Memorial Day** Republic Day (Ghana)** Sir Seretse Khama Day (Botswana)** Territory Day (British Virgin Islands)** Van Mahotsav, celebrated until July 7 (India)* July 2** Flag Day (Curaçao) (Kingdom of the Netherlands)** Palio di Provenzano (Siena, Italy)** Police Day (Azerbaijan)** World UFO Day* July 3** The start of the dog days according to the ''Old Farmer's Almanac'' but not according to established meaning in most European cultures.", "** Emancipation Day (United States Virgin Islands)** Independence Day (Belarus)* July 4** Birthday of Queen Sonja (Norway)** Dree Festival, celebrated until July 7 (Apatani people, Arunachal Pradesh, India)** Independence Day (Abkhazia)** Independence Day (United States)** Liberation Day (Northern Mariana Islands)** Liberation Day (Rwanda)** Republic Day (Philippines)* July 5** Armed Forces Day (Venezuela)** Bloody Thursday (International Longshore and Warehouse Union)** Constitution Day (Armenia)** Fifth of July (New York) ** Independence Day (Algeria)** Independence Day (Cape Verde)** Independence Day (Venezuela)** Saints Cyril and Methodius Feast Day (celebrated as a public holiday in Slovakia)** X-Day (Church of the SubGenius)* July 6** Constitution Day (Cayman Islands)** Day of the Capital (Kazakhstan)** National Fried Chicken Day (United States)** Independence Day (Comoros)** Independence Day/Republic Day, (Malawi)** Jan Hus Day (Czech Republic)** Kupala Night (Poland, Russia, Belarus and Ukraine)** Statehood Day (Lithuania)** Teachers' Day (Peru)* July 7** Independence Day (Solomon Islands)** Ivan Kupala Day (Belarus, Russia, Ukraine)** Saba Saba Day (Tanzania)** Tanabata (Japan, Gregorian date, some follow the traditional calendar)** World Chocolate Day* July 8** Air Force and Air Defense Forces Day (Ukraine)** Peter and Fevronia Day (Russian Orthodox)* July 9** Arbor Day (Cambodia)** Constitution Day (Australia)** Constitution Day (Palau)** Constitutionalist Revolution Day (São Paulo)** Day of the Employees of the Diplomatic Service (Azerbaijan)** Independence Day (Argentina, South Sudan)** Nunavut Day (Nunavut)* July 10** Armed Forces Day (Mauritania)** Beatles Day (Liverpool and Hamburg)** Independence Day (Bahamas)** Nikola Tesla Day** Statehood Day (Wyoming)* July 11** China National Maritime Day (China)** Day of the Flemish Community (Flemish Community of Belgium)** Eleventh Night (Northern Ireland)** Gospel Day (Kiribati)** Imamat Day (Isma'ilism)** World Population Day (International)* July 12** Birthday of the Heir to the Crown of Tonga (Tonga)** Independence Day (Kiribati, São Tomé and Príncipe)** Malala Day** The Twelfth, also known as Orangemen's Day (Northern Ireland, Newfoundland and Labrador)* July 13** Statehood Day (Montenegro)* July 14** Bastille Day (France and French dependencies)** Birthday of Victoria, Crown Princess of Sweden, an official flag flying day (Sweden)** Hondurans' Day (Honduras)** Republic Day (Iraq)* July 15** Bon Festival (Kantō region, Japan)** Elderly Men Day (Kiribati)** Festival of Santa Rosalia (Palermo, Sicily)** Sultan's Birthday (Brunei Darussalam)* July 16** Engineer's Day (Honduras)** Holocaust Memorial Day (France)* July 17** International Firgun Day** Constitution Day (Finland)* July 18** Constitution Day (Uruguay)** Nelson Mandela International Day* July 19** Liberation Day (Nicaragua)** Martyrs' Day (Burma)* July 20** Día del Amigo (Argentina)** Engineer's Day (Costa Rica)** Independence Day (Colombia)** Lempira's Day (Honduras)** Tree Planting Day (Central African Republic)* July 21** Belgian National Day** Racial Harmony Day (Singapore)* July 22** Foundation Day in Cleveland* July 23** Birthday of Haile Selassie (Rastafari)** Children's Day (Indonesia)** Flag Day (Abkhazia)** National Hot Dog Day (United States)** National Remembrance Day (Papua New Guinea)** Renaissance Day (Oman)** Revolution Day (Egypt)* July 24** Children's Day (Vanuatu)** Navy Day (Venezuela)** Pioneer Day (Utah) (United States)** Simón Bolívar Day (Ecuador, Venezuela, Colombia, and Bolivia)* July 25** Guanacaste Day (Costa Rica)** National Day of Galicia (Galicia (Spain))** National Baha'i Day (Jamaica)** Puerto Rico Constitution Day (Puerto Rico)** Republic Day (Tunisia)** Revolution Day (Egypt)* July 26** Day of National Significance (Barbados)** Day of the National Rebellion (Cuba)** Independence Day (Liberia)** Independence Day (Maldives)** Kargil Victory Day (India)* July 27** Day of Victory in the Great Fatherland Liberation War (North Korea)** Iglesia ni Cristo Day (the Philippines)** José Celso Barbosa Day (Puerto Rico)** Martyrs and Wounded Soldiers Day (Vietnam)** National Korean War Veterans Armistice Day (United States)** National Sleepy Head Day (Finland)* July 28** Day of Commemoration of the Great Upheaval (Canada)** Fiestas Patrias (Peru)** Liberation Day (San Marino)** Ólavsøka Eve (Faroe Islands)** World Hepatitis Day* July 29** International Tiger Day** National Anthem Day (Romania)** National Thai Language Day (Thailand)** Ólavsøka, opening of the Løgting session (Faroe Islands)** Olsok (Faroe Islands, (Finland, Norway)* July 30** Feast of the Throne (Morocco)** Día del Amigo (Paraguay)** Independence Day (Vanuatu)** Martyrs Day (South Sudan)* July 31** Saint Ignatius of Loyola** ''Ka Hae Hawaiʻi'' Day (Hawaii, United States)** Martyrdom Day of Shahid Udham Singh (Haryana and Punjab, India)** Treasury Day (Poland)** Warriors' Day (Malaysia)" ], [ "See also", "* List of historical anniversaries" ], [ "References" ], [ "External links" ] ]
wikipedia
[ [ "January 1" ], [ "Introduction", "'''January 1''' or '''1 January''' is the first day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar.", "There are 364 days remaining until the end of the year (365 in leap years).", "This day is also known as New Year's Day since the day marks the beginning of the year.", "__TOC__" ], [ "Events", "===Pre-1600===*153 BC – For the first time, Roman consuls begin their year in office on January 1.", "*45 BC – The Julian calendar takes effect as the civil calendar of the Roman Empire, establishing January 1 as the new date of the new year.", "*42 BC – The Roman Senate posthumously deifies Julius Caesar.", "* 193 – The Senate chooses Pertinax against his will to succeed Commodus as Roman emperor.", "*404 – Saint Telemachus tries to stop a gladiatorial fight in a Roman amphitheatre, and is stoned to death by the crowd.", "This act impresses the Christian Emperor Honorius, who issues a historic ban on gladiatorial fights.", "* 417 – Emperor Honorius forces Galla Placidia into marriage to Constantius, his famous general (''magister militum'') (probable).", "* 947 – Emperor Tai Zong of the Khitan-led Liao Dynasty captures Daliang, ending the dynasty and empire of the Later Jin.", "*1001 – Grand Prince Stephen I of Hungary is named the first King of Hungary by Pope Sylvester II (probable).", "*1068 – Romanos IV Diogenes marries Eudokia Makrembolitissa and is crowned Byzantine Emperor.", "*1259 – Michael VIII Palaiologos is proclaimed co-emperor of the Empire of Nicaea with his ward John IV Laskaris.", "*1438 – Albert II of Habsburg is crowned King of Hungary.", "*1502 – The present-day location of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, is first explored by the Portuguese.", "*1515 – Twenty-year-old Francis, Duke of Brittany, succeeds to the French throne following the death of his father-in-law, Louis XII.", "*1527 – Croatian nobles elect Ferdinand I, Archduke of Austria as King of Croatia in the 1527 election in Cetin.", "*1600 – Scotland recognises January 1 as the start of the year, instead of March 25.===1601–1900===*1604 – ''The Masque of Indian and China Knights'' is performed by courtiers of James VI and I at Hampton Court.", "*1651 – Charles II is crowned King of Scotland at Scone Palace.", "*1700 – Russia begins using the Anno Domini era instead of the Anno Mundi era of the Byzantine Empire.", "*1707 – John V is proclaimed King of Portugal and the Algarves in Lisbon.", "*1739 – Bouvet Island, the world's remotest island, is discovered by French explorer Jean-Baptiste Charles Bouvet de Lozier.", "*1772 – The first traveler's cheques, which could be used in 90 European cities, are issued by the London Credit Exchange Company.", "*1773 – The hymn that became known as \"Amazing Grace\", then titled \"1 Chronicles 17:16–17, Faith's Review and Expectation\", is first used to accompany a sermon led by John Newton in the town of Olney, Buckinghamshire, England.", "*1776 – American Revolutionary War: Norfolk, Virginia is burned by combined Royal Navy and Continental Army action.", "* 1776 – General George Washington hoists the first United States flag, the Grand Union Flag, at Prospect Hill.", "*1781 – American Revolutionary War: One thousand five hundred soldiers of the 6th Pennsylvania Regiment under General Anthony Wayne's command rebel against the Continental Army's winter camp in Morristown, New Jersey in the Pennsylvania Line Mutiny of 1781.", "*1788 – The first edition of ''The Times'' of London, previously ''The Daily Universal Register'', is published.", "*1801 – The legislative union of Kingdom of Great Britain and Kingdom of Ireland is completed, and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland is proclaimed.", "* 1801 – Ceres, the largest and first known object in the Asteroid belt, is discovered by Giuseppe Piazzi.", "*1804 – French rule ends in Haiti.", "Haiti becomes the first black-majority republic and second independent country in North America after the United States.", "*1806 – The French Republican Calendar is abolished.", "*1808 – The United States bans the importation of slaves.", "*1810 – Major-General Lachlan Macquarie officially becomes Governor of New South Wales.", "*1822 – The Greek Constitution of 1822 is adopted by the First National Assembly at Epidaurus.", "*1834 – Most of Germany forms the ''Zollverein'' customs union, the first such union between sovereign states.", "*1845 – The Philippines began in sync with Asian dates by redrawing the International Date Line through skipping Tuesday, December 31, 1844.Ordered by Governor–General Narciso Claveria reforming the country calendar to align with the rest of Asia.", "It's territory was one day behind for 323 years since the arrival of Ferdinand Magellan in the Philippines on March 16, 1521.", "*1847 – The world's first \"Mercy\" Hospital is founded in Pittsburgh, United States, by a group of Sisters of Mercy from Ireland; the name will go on to grace over 30 major hospitals throughout the world.", "*1860 – The first Polish stamp is issued, replacing the Russian stamps previously in use.", "*1861 – Liberal forces supporting Benito Juárez enter Mexico City.", "*1863 – American Civil War: The Emancipation Proclamation takes effect in Confederate territory.", "*1877 – Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom is proclaimed Empress of India.", "*1885 – Twenty-five nations adopt Sandford Fleming's proposal for standard time (and also, time zones).", "*1890 – Eritrea is consolidated into a colony by the Italian government.", "*1892 – Ellis Island begins processing immigrants into the United States.", "*1898 – New York, New York annexes land from surrounding counties, creating the City of Greater New York.", "The four initial boroughs, Manhattan, Brooklyn, Queens, and The Bronx, are joined on January 25 by Staten Island to create the modern city of five boroughs.", "*1899 – Spanish rule ends in Cuba.", "*1900 – Nigeria becomes British protectorate with Frederick Lugard as high commissioner.===1901–present===*1901 – The Southern Nigeria Protectorate is established within the British Empire.", "* 1901 – The British colonies of New South Wales, Queensland, Victoria, South Australia, Tasmania, and Western Australia federate as the Commonwealth of Australia; Edmund Barton is appointed the first Prime Minister.", "*1902 – The first American college football bowl game, the Rose Bowl between Michigan and Stanford, is held in Pasadena, California.", "*1910 – Captain David Beatty is promoted to Rear admiral, and becomes the youngest admiral in the Royal Navy (except for Royal family members) since Horatio Nelson.", "*1912 – The Republic of China is established.", "*1914 – The SPT Airboat Line becomes the world's first scheduled airline to use a winged aircraft.", "*1923 – Britain's Railways are grouped into the Big Four: LNER, GWR, SR, and LMS.", "*1927 – A new Mexican oil legislation goes into effect, leading to the formal outbreak of the Cristero War.", "*1928 – Boris Bazhanov defects through Iran.", "He is the only assistant of Joseph Stalin's secretariat to have defected from the Eastern Bloc.", "*1929 – The former municipalities of Point Grey, British Columbia and South Vancouver, British Columbia are amalgamated into Vancouver.", "*1932 – The United States Post Office Department issues a set of 12 stamps commemorating the 200th anniversary of George Washington's birth.", "*1934 – Alcatraz Island in San Francisco Bay becomes a United States federal prison.", "* 1934 – A \"Law for the Prevention of Genetically Diseased Offspring\" comes into effect in Nazi Germany.", "*1942 – The Declaration by United Nations is signed by twenty-six nations.", "*1945 – World War II: The German ''Luftwaffe'' launches ''Operation Bodenplatte'', a massive, but failed, attempt to knock out Allied air power in northern Europe in a single blow.", "*1947 – Cold War: The American and British occupation zones in Allied-occupied Germany, after World War II, merge to form the Bizone, which later (with the French zone) became part of West Germany.", "* 1947 – The Canadian Citizenship Act 1946 comes into effect, converting British subjects into Canadian citizens.", "Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King becomes the first Canadian citizen.", "*1948 – The British railway network is nationalized to form British Railways.", "*1949 – United Nations cease-fire takes effect in Kashmir from one minute before midnight.", "War between India and Pakistan stops accordingly.", "*1956 – Sudan achieves independence from Egypt and the United Kingdom.", "*1957 – George Town, Penang, is made a city by a royal charter of Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom.", "* 1957 – Lèse majesté in Thailand is strengthened to include \"insult\" and changed to a crime against national security, after the Thai criminal code of 1956 went into effect.", "*1958 – The European Economic Community is established.", "*1959 – Cuban Revolution: Fulgencio Batista, dictator of Cuba, is overthrown by Fidel Castro's forces.", "*1960 – Cameroon achieves independence from France and the United Kingdom.", "*1962 – Western Samoa achieves independence from New Zealand; its name is changed to the Independent State of Western Samoa.", "*1964 – The Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland is divided into the independent republics of Zambia and Malawi, and the British-controlled Rhodesia.", "*1965 – The People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan is founded in Kabul, Afghanistan.", "*1970 – The defined beginning of Unix time, at 00:00:00.", "*1971 – Cigarette advertisements are banned on American television.", "*1973 – Denmark, Ireland and the United Kingdom are admitted into the European Economic Community.", "*1976 – A bomb explodes on board Middle East Airlines Flight 438 over Qaisumah, Saudi Arabia, killing all 81 people on board.", "*1978 – Air India Flight 855, a Boeing 747, crashes into the Arabian Sea off the coast of Bombay, India, due to instrument failure, spatial disorientation, and pilot error, killing all 213 people on board.", "*1979 – the Joint Communiqué on the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations and Taiwan Relations Act enter into force.", "Through the Communiqué, the United States establishes normal diplomatic relations with China.", "Through the Act, the United States guarantees military support for Taiwan.", "*1981 – Greece is admitted into the European Community.", "*1982 – Peruvian Javier Pérez de Cuéllar becomes the first Latin American to hold the title of Secretary-General of the United Nations.", "*1983 – The ARPANET officially changes to using TCP/IP, the Internet Protocol, effectively creating the Internet.", "*1984 – The original American Telephone & Telegraph Company is divested of its 22 Bell System companies as a result of the settlement of the 1974 United States Department of Justice antitrust suit against AT&T.", "* 1984 – Brunei becomes independent of the United Kingdom.", "*1985 – The first British mobile phone call is made by Michael Harrison to his father Sir Ernest Harrison, chairman of Vodafone.", "*1987 – The Isleta Pueblo tribe elect Verna Williamson to be their first female governor.", "*1988 – The Evangelical Lutheran Church in America comes into existence, creating the largest Lutheran denomination in the United States.", "*1989 – The Montreal Protocol comes into force, stopping the use of chemicals contributing to ozone depletion.", "*1990 – David Dinkins is sworn in as New York City's first black mayor.", "*1993 – Dissolution of Czechoslovakia: Czechoslovakia is divided into the Czech Republic and Slovak Republic.", "*1994 – The Zapatista Army of National Liberation initiates twelve days of armed conflict in the Mexican state of Chiapas.", "* 1994 – The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) comes into effect.", "*1995 – The World Trade Organization comes into being.", "* 1995 – The Draupner wave in the North Sea in Norway is detected, confirming the existence of freak waves.", "* 1995 – Austria, Finland and Sweden join the EU.", "*1998 – Following a currency reform, Russia begins to circulate new rubles to stem inflation and promote confidence.", "* 1998 – Argentinian physicist Juan Maldacena published a landmark paper initiating the study of AdS/CFT correspondence, which links string theory and quantum gravity.", "*1999 – The Euro currency is introduced in 11 member nations of the European Union (with the exception of the United Kingdom, Denmark, Greece and Sweden).", "*2001 – Greece adopts the Euro, becoming the 12th Eurozone country.", "*2004 – In a vote of confidence, General Pervez Musharraf wins 658 out of 1,170 votes in the Electoral College of Pakistan, and according to Article 41(8) of the Constitution of Pakistan, is \"deemed to be elected\" to the office of President until October 2007.", "*2007 – Bulgaria and Romania join the EU.", "* 2007 – Adam Air Flight 574 breaks apart in mid-air and crashes near the Makassar Strait, Indonesia, killing all 102 people on board.", "*2009 – Sixty-six people die in a nightclub fire in Bangkok, Thailand.", "*2010 – A suicide car bomber detonates at a volleyball tournament in Lakki Marwat, Pakistan, killing 105 and injuring 100 more.", "*2011 – A bomb explodes as Coptic Christians in Alexandria, Egypt, leave a new year service, killing 23 people.", "* 2011 – Estonia officially adopts the Euro currency and becomes the 17th Eurozone country.", "*2013 – At least 60 people are killed and 200 injured in a stampede after celebrations at Félix Houphouët-Boigny Stadium in Abidjan, Ivory Coast.", "*2015 – The Eurasian Economic Union comes into effect, creating a political and economic union between Russia, Belarus, Armenia, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan.", "*2017 – An attack on a nightclub in Istanbul, Turkey, during New Year's celebrations, kills 39 people and injures 79 others.", "*2023 – Croatia officially adopts the Euro, becoming the 20th Eurozone country, and becomes the 27th member of the Schengen Area.", "*2024 – A 7.5 earthquake strikes the western coast of Japan, killing more than 230 people and injuring over 1,000 others.", "*2024 – Egypt, Ethiopia, Iran, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates join BRICS.", "*2024 – Disney's copyright protection on Steamboat Willie and the original Mickey Mouse expires as they enter the public domain.", "*2024 – Artsakh ceases to exist" ], [ "Births", "===Pre-1600===* 766 – Ali al-Ridha, 8th Imam of Twelver Shia Islam (d. 818)*1431 – Pope Alexander VI (d. 1503)*1449 – Lorenzo de' Medici, Italian politician (d. 1492)*1467 – Sigismund I the Old, Polish king (d. 1548)*1484 – Huldrych Zwingli, Swiss pastor and theologian (d. 1531)*1511 – Henry, Duke of Cornwall, first-born child of Henry VIII of England (d. 1511)*1557 – Stephen Bocskay, Prince of Transylvania (d. 1606)*1600 – Friedrich Spanheim, Dutch theologian and academic (d. 1649)===1601–1900===*1628 – Christoph Bernhard, German composer and theorist (d. 1692)*1655 – Christian Thomasius, German jurist and philosopher (d. 1728)*1684 – Arnold Drakenborch, Dutch scholar and author (d. 1748)*1704 – Soame Jenyns, English author, poet, and politician (d. 1787)*1711 – Baron Franz von der Trenck, Austrian soldier (d. 1749)*1714 – Giovanni Battista Mancini, Italian soprano and author (d. 1800)* 1714 – Kristijonas Donelaitis, Lithuanian pastor and poet (d. 1780)*1735 – Paul Revere, American silversmith and engraver (d. 1818)*1745 – Anthony Wayne, American general and politician (d. 1796)*1752 – Betsy Ross, American seamstress, sewed flags for the Pennsylvania Navy during the Revolutionary War (d. 1836)*1768 – Maria Edgeworth, Anglo-Irish author (d. 1849)*1769 – Marie-Louise Lachapelle, French obstetrician (d. 1821)*1774 – André Marie Constant Duméril, French zoologist and academic (d. 1860)*1779 – William Clowes, English publisher (d. 1847)*1803 – Edward Dickinson, American politician and father of poet Emily Dickinson (d. 1874)*1806 – Lionel Kieseritzky, Estonian-French chess player (d. 1853)*1809 – Achille Guenée, French lawyer and entomologist (d. 1880)*1813 – George Bliss, American politician (d. 1868)*1814 – Hong Xiuquan, Chinese rebellion leader and king (d. 1864)*1818 – William Gamble, Irish-born American general (d. 1866)*1819 – Arthur Hugh Clough, English-Italian poet and academic (d. 1861)* 1819 – George Foster Shepley, American general (d. 1878)*1823 – Sándor Petőfi, Hungarian poet and activist (d. 1849)*1833 – Robert Lawson, Scottish-New Zealand architect, designed the Otago Boys' High School and Knox Church (d. 1902)*1834 – Ludovic Halévy, French author and playwright (d. 1908)*1839 – Ouida, English-Italian author and activist (d. 1908)*1848 – John W. Goff, Irish-American lawyer and politician (d. 1924)*1852 – Eugène-Anatole Demarçay, French chemist and academic (d. 1904)*1854 – James George Frazer, Scottish anthropologist and academic (d. 1941)* 1854 – Thomas Waddell, Irish-Australian politician, 15th Premier of New South Wales (d. 1940)*1857 – Tim Keefe, American baseball player (d. 1933)*1858 – Heinrich Rauchinger, Kraków-born painter (d. 1942)*1859 – Michael Joseph Owens, American inventor (d. 1923)* 1859 – Thibaw Min, Burmese king (d. 1916)*1860 – Michele Lega, Italian cardinal (d. 1935)*1863 – Pierre de Coubertin, French historian and educator, founded the International Olympic Committee (d. 1937)*1864 – Alfred Stieglitz, American photographer and curator (d. 1946)* 1864 – Qi Baishi, Chinese painter (d. 1957)*1867 – Mary Acworth Evershed, English astronomer and scholar (d. 1949)*1874 – Frank Knox, American publisher and politician, 46th United States Secretary of the Navy (d. 1944)* 1874 – Gustave Whitehead, German-American pilot and engineer (d. 1927)*1877 – Alexander von Staël-Holstein, German sinologist and orientalist (d. 1937)*1878 – Agner Krarup Erlang, Danish mathematician, statistician, and engineer (d. 1929)*1879 – E. M. Forster, English author and playwright (d. 1970)* 1879 – William Fox, Hungarian-American screenwriter and producer, founded the Fox Film Corporation and Fox Theatres (d. 1952)*1883 – William J. Donovan, American general, lawyer, and politician (d. 1959)* 1883 – Noe Khomeriki, Georgian Social Democrat politician (d. 1924)*1884 – Chikuhei Nakajima, Japanese lieutenant, engineer, and politician, founded Nakajima Aircraft Company (d. 1949)*1887 – Wilhelm Canaris, German admiral (d. 1945)*1888 – Chesley Bonestell, American painter, designer, and illustrator* 1888 – John Garand, Canadian-American engineer, designed the M1 Garand rifle (d. 1974)* 1888 – Georgios Stanotas, Greek general (d. 1965)*1889 – Charles Bickford, American actor (d. 1967)* 1889 – Seabury Quinn, American author (d. 1969)*1890 – Anton Melik, Slovenian geographer and academic (d. 1966)*1891 – Sampurnanand, Indian educator and politician, 3rd Governor of Rajasthan (d. 1969)*1892 – Mahadev Desai, Indian author and activist (d. 1942)* 1892 – Artur Rodziński, Polish-American conductor (d. 1958)* 1892 – Manuel Roxas, Filipino lawyer and politician, 5th President of the Philippines (d. 1948)*1893 – Mordechai Frizis, Greek colonel (d. 1940)* 1893 – Heinie Miller, American football player and coach (d. 1964)*1894 – Satyendra Nath Bose, Indian physicist and mathematician (d. 1974)* 1894 – Edward Joseph Hunkeler, American clergyman (d. 1970)*1895 – J. Edgar Hoover, American law enforcement official; 1st Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (d. 1972)*1899 – Randolfo Pacciardi, centre-left Italian politician (d. 1991) *1900 – Chiune Sugihara, Japanese soldier and diplomat (d. 1986)* 1900 – Xavier Cugat, Spanish-American singer-songwriter and actor (d. 1990)===1901–present===*1902 – Buster Nupen, Norwegian-South African cricketer and lawyer (d. 1977)* 1902 – Hans von Dohnányi, German jurist and political dissident (d. 1945)*1904 – Fazal Ilahi Chaudhry, Pakistani lawyer and politician, 5th President of Pakistan (d. 1982)*1905 – Stanisław Mazur, Ukrainian-Polish mathematician and theorist (d. 1981)*1906 – Manuel Silos, Filipino filmmaker and actor (d. 1988)*1907 – Kinue Hitomi, Japanese sprinter and long jumper (d. 1931)*1909 – Dana Andrews, American actor (d. 1992)* 1909 – Stepan Bandera, Ukrainian soldier and politician (d. 1959)*1911 – Basil Dearden, English director, producer, and screenwriter (d. 1971)* 1911 – Hank Greenberg, American baseball player (d. 1986)* 1911 – Roman Totenberg, Polish-American violinist and educator (d. 2012)* 1911 – Audrey Wurdemann, American poet and author (d. 1960)*1912 – Boris Vladimirovich Gnedenko, Russian mathematician and historian (d. 1995)* 1912 – Kim Philby, British spy (d. 1988)* 1912 – Nikiforos Vrettakos, Greek poet and academic (d. 1991)*1914 – Noor Inayat Khan, British SOE agent (d. 1944)*1917 – Shannon Bolin, American actress and singer (d. 2016)*1918 – Patrick Anthony Porteous, Scottish colonel, Victoria Cross recipient (d. 2000)* 1918 – Willy den Ouden, Dutch swimmer (d. 1997)*1919 – Rocky Graziano, American boxer and actor (d. 1990)* 1919 – Carole Landis, American actress (d. 1948)* 1919 – Sheila Mercier, British actress, ''Emmerdale Farm'' (d. 2019)* 1919 – Bones McKinney, American basketball player (d. 1997)* 1919 – J. D. Salinger, American soldier and author (d. 2010)*1920 – Osvaldo Cavandoli, Italian cartoonist (d. 2007)*1921 – Ismail al-Faruqi, Palestinian-American philosopher and academic (d. 1986)* 1921 – César Baldaccini, French sculptor and academic (d. 1998)* 1921 – Regina Bianchi, Italian actress (d. 2013)* 1921 – Johnny Logan, American basketball player (d. 1977)*1922 – Ernest Hollings, American soldier and politician, 106th Governor of South Carolina (d. 2019)*1923 – Barbara Baxley, American actress (d. 1990)* 1923 – Valentina Cortese, Italian actress (d. 2019)* 1923 – Milt Jackson, American jazz vibraphonist and composer (d. 1999)*1924 – Francisco Macías Nguema, Equatorial Guinean politician, 1st President of the Republic of Equatorial Guinea (d. 1979)*1925 – Matthew Beard, American child actor (d. 1981)* 1925 – Paul Bomani, Tanzanian politician and diplomat, 1st Tanzanian Minister of Finance (d. 2005)*1926 – Kazys Petkevičius, Lithuanian basketball player and coach (d. 2008)*1927 – Maurice Béjart, French-Swiss dancer, choreographer, and director (d. 2007)* 1927 – James Reeb, American clergyman and political activist (d. 1965)* 1927 – Vernon L. Smith, American economist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate* 1927 – Doak Walker, American football player and businessman (d. 1998)*1928 – Ernest Tidyman, American author and screenwriter (d. 1984)* 1928 – Gerhard Weinberg, German-American historian, author, and academic*1929 – Larry L. King, American journalist, author, and playwright (d. 2012)* 1929 – Haruo Nakajima, Japanese actor and stuntman, portrayed Godzilla from 1954 to 1972 (d. 2017)*1930 – Ty Hardin, American actor (d. 2017)* 1930 – Frederick Wiseman, American director and producer *1932 – Giuseppe Patanè, Italian conductor (d. 1989)*1933 – James Hormel, American philanthropist and diplomat (d. 2021)* 1933 – Joe Orton, English dramatist (d. 1967)*1934 – Alan Berg, American lawyer and radio host (d. 1984)* 1934 – Lakhdar Brahimi, Algerian politician, Algerian Minister of Foreign Affairs*1935 – Om Prakash Chautala, Indian politician*1936 – James Sinegal, American businessman, co-founded Costco*1938 – Frank Langella, American actor*1939 – Michèle Mercier, French actress* 1939 – Phil Read, English motorcycle racer and businessman (d. 2022)* 1939 – Senfronia Thompson, American politician* 1939 – Younoussi Touré, Malian politician, Prime Minister of Mali (d. 2022)*1942 – Dennis Archer, American lawyer and politician, 67th Mayor of Detroit* 1942 – Anthony Hamilton-Smith, 3rd Baron Colwyn, English dentist and politician* 1942 – Country Joe McDonald, American singer-songwriter and guitarist* 1942 – Alassane Ouattara, Ivorian economist and politician, President of the Ivory Coast* 1942 – Gennadi Sarafanov, Russian pilot and cosmonaut (d. 2005)*1943 – Tony Knowles, American soldier and politician, 7th Governor of Alaska* 1943 – Don Novello, American comedian, screenwriter and producer* 1943 – Vladimir Šeks, Croatian lawyer and politician, 16th Speaker of the Croatian Parliament* 1944 – Barry Beath, Australian rugby league player* 1944 – Jimmy Hart, American professional wrestling manager* 1944 – Zafarullah Khan Jamali, Pakistani field hockey player and politician, 13th Prime Minister of Pakistan (d. 2020)* 1944 – Teresa Torańska, Polish journalist and author (d. 2013)* 1944 – Mati Unt, Estonian author, playwright, and director (d. 2005)*1945 – Victor Ashe, American politician and former United States Ambassador to Poland* 1945 – Jacky Ickx, Belgian racing driver* 1945 – Jimmy Jones, American basketball player*1946 – Rivellino, Brazilian footballer and manager* 1946 – Claude Steele, American social psychologist and academic*1947 – Jon Corzine, American sergeant and politician, 54th Governor of New Jersey*1948 – Devlet Bahçeli, Turkish economist, academic, and politician, 57th Deputy Prime Minister of Turkey* 1948 – Pavel Grachev, Russian general and politician, 1st Russian Minister of Defence (d. 2012)* 1948 – Dick Quax, New Zealand runner and politician (d. 2018)*1949 – Borys Tarasyuk, Ukrainian politician and diplomat*1950 – Wayne Bennett, Australian rugby league player and coach* 1950 – Tony Currie, English footballer*1952 – Shaji N. Karun, Indian director and cinematographer*1953 – Gary Johnson, American businessman and politician, 29th Governor of New Mexico*1954 – Richard Edson, American actor* 1954 – Bob Menendez, American lawyer and politician* 1954 – Dennis O'Driscoll, Irish poet and critic (d. 2012)* 1954 – Yannis Papathanasiou, Greek engineer and politician, Greek Minister of Finance*1955 – Mary Beard, English classicist, academic and presenter* 1955 – LaMarr Hoyt, American baseball player (d. 2021)*1956 – Sergei Avdeyev, Russian engineer and astronaut* 1956 – Royce Ayliffe, Australian rugby league player* 1956 – Christine Lagarde, French lawyer and politician; Managing Director, International Monetary Fund* 1956 – Mike Mitchell, American basketball player (d. 2011)* 1956 – Martin Plaza, Australian singer-songwriter and guitarist*1957 – Evangelos Venizelos, Greek lawyer and politician, Deputy Prime Minister of Greece*1958 – Grandmaster Flash, Barbadian rapper and DJ * 1958 – Dave Silk, American ice hockey player*1959 – Abdul Ahad Mohmand, Afghan colonel, pilot, and astronaut* 1959 – Azali Assoumani, Comorian colonel and politician, President of the Comoros* 1959 – Panagiotis Giannakis, Greek basketball player and coach* 1959 – Adrian Hall, English director and former actor*1961 – Sam Backo, Australian rugby league player*1962 – Anton Muscatelli, Italian-Scottish economist and academic*1963 – Jean-Marc Gounon, French racing driver*1964 – Dedee Pfeiffer, American actress*1966 – Anna Burke, Australian businesswoman and politician, 28th Speaker of the Australian House of Representatives* 1966 – Ivica Dačić, Serbian journalist and politician, 95th Prime Minister of Serbia* 1966 – Tihomir Orešković, Croatian–Canadian businessman, 11th Prime Minister of Croatia*1967 – Tawera Nikau, New Zealand rugby league player*1968 – Davor Šuker, Croatian footballer*1969 – Morris Chestnut, American actor* 1969 – Verne Troyer, American actor (d. 2018)*1970 – Sergei Kiriakov, Russian footballer and coach*1971 – Sammie Henson, American wrestler and coach* 1971 – Bobby Holík, Czech-American ice hockey player and coach* 1971 – Jyotiraditya Madhavrao Scindia, Indian politician*1972 – Lilian Thuram, French footballer*1974 – Christian Paradis, Canadian lawyer and politician, 9th Canadian Minister of Industry*1975 – Chris Anstey, Australian basketball player and coach* 1975 – Joe Cannon, American soccer player and sportscaster* 1975 – Becky Kellar-Duke, Canadian ice hockey player* 1975 – Fernando Tatís, Dominican baseball player*1976 – Tank, American singer, songwriter, producer, and actor*1979 – Vidya Balan, Indian actress *1980 – Elin Nordegren, Swedish-American model*1981 – Jonas Armstrong, Irish-English actor* 1981 – Zsolt Baumgartner, Hungarian racing driver* 1981 – Mladen Petrić, Croatian footballer* 1981 – Eden Riegel, American actress*1982 – Egidio Arévalo, Uruguayan footballer* 1982 – David Nalbandian, Argentine tennis player*1983 – Calum Davenport, English footballer* 1983 – Park Sung-hyun, South Korean archer*1984 – Paolo Guerrero, Peruvian footballer* 1984 – Fernando San Emeterio, Spanish basketball player* 1984 – Michael Witt, Australian rugby league player*1985 – Jeff Carter, Canadian ice hockey player* 1985 – Steven Davis, Northern Irish footballer* 1985 – Kenoh, Japanese professional wrestler* 1985 – Tiago Splitter, Brazilian basketball player*1986 – Pablo Cuevas, Uruguayan tennis player* 1986 – Glen Davis, American basketball player* 1986 – Colin Morgan, Northern Irish actor*1987 – Gilbert Brulé, Canadian ice hockey player* 1987 – Meryl Davis, American ice dancer* 1987 – Patric Hörnqvist, Swedish ice hockey player*1988 – Marcel Gecov, Czech footballer* 1988 – Dallas Keuchel, American baseball player*1989 – Jason Pierre-Paul, American football player*1990 – Julia Glushko, Israeli tennis player* 1990 – Ali Maâloul, Tunisian football player*1991 – Glen Rice Jr., American basketball player* 1991 – Darius Slay, American football player* 1991 – Xavier Su'a-Filo, American football player*1992 – Nathaniel Peteru, New Zealand rugby league player*1992 – Shane Duffy, Irish footballer*1993 – Larry Nance Jr., American basketball player*1993 – Abdoulaye Doucouré, Malian footballer*1994 – Brendan Elliot, Australian rugby league player * 1994 – LaMonte Wade Jr., American baseball player*1995 – Poppy, American singer and YouTube personality*1996 – Andreas Pereira, Brazilian footballer*1996 – Mahmoud Dahoud, German footballer*1996 – Mathias Jensen, Danish footballer*1997 – Keegan Hipgrave, Australian rugby league player*1997 – Gonzalo Montiel, Argentinian footballer*1998 – Cristina Bucșa, Moldovan-Spanish tennis player*1998 – Enock Mwepu, Zambian footballer*1998 – Frank Onyeka, Nigerian footballer*1999 – Azmy Qowimuramadhoni, Indonesian-Azerbaijani badminton player*2000 – Ice Spice, American rapper*2001 – Angourie Rice, Australian actress*2002 – Simon Adingra, Ivorian footballer*2003 – Daria Trubnikova, Russian rhythmic gymnast" ], [ "Deaths", "===Pre-1600===*138 – Lucius Aelius, adopted son and intended successor of Hadrian (b.", "101)*404 – Telemachus, Christian monk and martyr* 898 – Odo I, Frankish king (b.", "860)* 951 – Ramiro II, king of León and Galicia*1031 – William of Volpiano, Italian abbot (b.", "962)*1189 – Henry of Marcy, Cistercian abbot (b.", ")*1204 – Haakon III, king of Norway (b.", "1182)*1387 – Charles II, king of Navarre (b.", "1332)*1496 – Charles d'Orléans, count of Angoulême (b.", "1459)*1515 – Louis XII, king of France (b.", "1462)*1559 – Christian III, king of Denmark (b.", "1503)*1560 – Joachim du Bellay, French poet and critic (b.", "1522)===1601–1900===*1617 – Hendrik Goltzius, Dutch painter and illustrator (b.", "1558)*1697 – Filippo Baldinucci, Florentine historian and author (b.", "1625)*1716 – William Wycherley, English playwright and poet (b.", "1641)*1748 – Johann Bernoulli, Swiss mathematician and academic (b.", "1667)*1780 – Johann Ludwig Krebs, German organist and composer (b.", "1713)*1782 – Johann Christian Bach, German composer (b.", "1735)*1789 – Fletcher Norton, 1st Baron Grantley, English lawyer and politician, British Speaker of the House of Commons (b.", "1716)*1793 – Francesco Guardi, Italian painter and educator (b.", "1712)*1817 – Martin Heinrich Klaproth, German chemist and academic (b.", "1743)*1846 – John Torrington, English sailor and explorer (b.", "1825)*1853 – Gregory Blaxland, Australian farmer and explorer (b.", "1778)*1862 – Mikhail Ostrogradsky, Ukrainian mathematician and physicist (b.", "1801)*1881 – Louis Auguste Blanqui, French activist (b.", "1805)*1892 – Roswell B. Mason, American lawyer and politician, 25th Mayor of Chicago (b.", "1805)*1894 – Heinrich Hertz, German physicist and academic (b.", "1857)*1896 – Alfred Ely Beach, American publisher and lawyer, created the Beach Pneumatic Transit (b.", "1826)===1901–present===*1906 – Hugh Nelson, Scottish-Australian farmer and politician, 11th Premier of Queensland (b.", "1833)*1918 – William Wilfred Campbell, Canadian poet and author (b.", "1858)*1921 – Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg, German lawyer and politician, 5th Chancellor of Germany (b.", "1856)*1929 – Mustafa Necati, Turkish civil servant and politician, Turkish Minister of Environment and Urban Planning (b.", "1894)*1931 – Martinus Beijerinck, Dutch microbiologist and botanist (b.", "1851)*1937 – Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati, Indian religious leader, founded the Gaudiya Math (b.", "1874)*1940 – Panuganti Lakshminarasimha Rao, Indian author and educator (b.", "1865)*1943 – Jenő Rejtő, Hungarian journalist (b.", "1905)*1944 – Edwin Lutyens, English architect, designed the Castle Drogo and Thiepval Memorial (b.", "1869)* 1944 – Charles Turner, Australian cricketer (b.", "1862)*1953 – Hank Williams, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (b.", "1923)*1954 – Duff Cooper, English politician and diplomat, Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster (b.", "1890)* 1954 – Leonard Bacon, American poet and critic (b.", "1887)*1955 – Arthur C. Parker, American archaeologist and historian (b.", "1881)*1960 – Margaret Sullavan, American actress (b.", "1909)*1966 – Vincent Auriol, French journalist and politician, 16th President of the French Republic (b.", "1884)*1969 – Barton MacLane, American actor, playwright and screenwriter (b.", "1902)*1971 – Amphilochius of Pochayiv, Ukrainian saint (b.", "1894)*1972 – Maurice Chevalier, French actor and singer (b.", "1888)*1978 – Carle Hessay, German-Canadian painter (b.", "1911)*1980 – Pietro Nenni, Italian journalist and politician, Italian Minister of Foreign Affairs (b.", "1891)*1981 – Hephzibah Menuhin, American-Australian pianist (b.", "1920)*1982 – Victor Buono, American actor (b.", "1938)*1984 – Alexis Korner, French-English singer-songwriter and guitarist (b.", "1928)*1992 – Grace Hopper, American computer scientist and admiral, co-developed COBOL (b.", "1906)*1994 – Arthur Porritt, Baron Porritt, New Zealand physician and politician, 11th Governor-General of New Zealand (b.", "1900)* 1994 – Cesar Romero, American actor (b.", "1907)* 1994 – Edward Arthur Thompson, Irish historian and academic (b.", "1914)*1995 – Eugene Wigner, Hungarian-American physicist and mathematician, Nobel Prize laureate (b.", "1902)*1996 – Arleigh Burke, American admiral (b.", "1901)* 1996 – Arthur Rudolph, German-American engineer (b.", "1906)*1997 – Townes Van Zandt, American singer-songwriter, guitarist, and producer (b.", "1944)*1998 – Helen Wills, American tennis player and coach (b.", "1905)*2001 – Ray Walston, American actor (b.", "1914)*2002 – Julia Phillips, American film producer and author (b.", "1944)*2003 – Joe Foss, American soldier, pilot, and politician, 20th Governor of South Dakota (b.", "1915)*2005 – Shirley Chisholm, American educator and politician (b.", "1924)*2006 – Zakaria bin Muhammad Amin, Indonesian ulama, politician, and writer (b.", "1913)*2006 – Harry Magdoff, American economist and journalist (b.", "1913)*2007 – Roland Levinsky, South African-English biochemist and academic (b.", "1943)* 2007 – Tillie Olsen, American short story writer (b.", "1912)*2008 – Pratap Chandra Chunder, Indian educator and politician (b.", "1919) *2009 – Claiborne Pell, American politician (b.", "1918)*2010 – Lhasa de Sela, American-Mexican singer-songwriter (b.", "1972)*2012 – Kiro Gligorov, Bulgarian-Macedonian lawyer and politician, 1st President of the Republic of Macedonia (b.", "1917)* 2012 – Nay Win Maung, Burmese physician, businessman, and activist (b.", "1962)* 2012 – Tommy Mont, American football player and coach (b.", "1922)*2013 – Christopher Martin-Jenkins, English journalist (b.", "1945)* 2013 – Patti Page, American singer and actress (b.", "1927)*2014 – Higashifushimi Kunihide, Japanese monk and educator (b.", "1910)* 2014 – William Mgimwa, Tanzanian banker and politician, 13th Tanzanian Minister of Finance (b.", "1950)* 2014 – Juanita Moore, American actress (b.", "1914)* 2015 – Mario Cuomo, American lawyer and politician, 52nd Governor of New York (b.", "1932)* 2015 – Donna Douglas, American actress (b.", "1932)* 2015 – Omar Karami, Lebanese lawyer and politician, 58th Prime Minister of Lebanon (b.", "1934)* 2015 – Boris Morukov, Russian physician and astronaut (b.", "1950)* 2015 – William Lloyd Standish, United States District Judge (b.", "1930)*2016 – Fazu Aliyeva, Russian poet and journalist (b.", "1932)* 2016 – Dale Bumpers, American soldier, lawyer, and politician, 38th Governor of Arkansas (b.", "1925)* 2016 – Vilmos Zsigmond, Hungarian-American cinematographer and producer (b.", "1930)*2017 – Tony Atkinson, British economist (b.", "1944)* 2017 – Yvon Dupuis, Canadian politician (b.", "1926)* 2017 – Derek Parfit, British philosopher (b.", "1942)*2018 – Robert Mann, American violinist (b.", "1920)*2019 – Paul Neville, Australian politician (b.", "1940)* 2019 – Pegi Young, American singer, songwriter, environmentalist, educator and philanthropist (b.", "1952) * 2019 – George, last known ''Achatinella apexfulva'' (b.", ")*2020 – Alexander Frater, British travel writer and journalist (b.", "1937)* 2020 – Barry McDonald, Australian rugby union player (b.", "1940)* 2020 – David Stern, American lawyer and businessman (b.", "1942)*2021 – Carlos do Carmo, Portuguese fado singer (b.", "1939)* 2021 – Elmira Minita Gordon, Belizean educator and psychologist (b.", "1930)*2022 – Dan Reeves, American football player and coach (b.", "1944)*2023 – Fred White, American musician and songwriter (b.", "1955)*2024 – Lynja, American celebrity chef and YouTuber (b.", "1956)" ], [ "Holidays and observances", "*Christian feast day:**Adalard of Corbie**Basil the Great (Eastern Orthodox Church)**Feast of the Circumcision of Christ ***Feast of the Holy Name of Jesus (Anglican Communion, Lutheran Church)***Feast of Fools (Medieval Europe)**Fulgentius of Ruspe**Giuseppe Maria Tomasi**Solemnity of Mary, Mother of God, the Octave Day of Christmas, considered a holy day of obligation in some countries (Catholic Church); and its related observances:***World Day of Peace **Telemachus**Zygmunt Gorazdowski**January 1 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)*Earliest day on which Handsel Monday can fall, while January 7 is the latest; celebrated on the first Monday of the year (Scotland)*Second day of Hogmanay (Scotland) December 31-January 1, in some cases until January 2.", "*The last day of Kwanzaa (African-Americans) *The eighth of the Twelve Days of Christmas (Western Christianity)*Constitution Day (Italy)*Dissolution of Czechoslovakia-related observances:**Day of the Establishment of the Slovak Republic (Slovakia)**Restoration Day of the Independent Czech State (Czech Republic)*Emancipation Day (United States)*Euro Day (European Union)*Flag Day (Lithuania) commemorates raising of the Lithuanian flag on Gediminas' Tower in 1919*Founding Day (Taiwan) commemorates the establishment of the Provisional Government in Nanjing*Global Family Day *Independence Day (Brunei, Cameroon, Haiti, Sudan)*International Nepali Dhoti and Nepali Topi Day*Jump-up Day (Montserrat)*Kalpataru Day (Ramakrishna Movement)*Kamakura Ebisu, January 1–3 (Kamakura, Kanagawa, Japan)*National Bloody Mary Day (United States)*National Tree Planting Day (Tanzania)*New Year's Day (Gregorian calendar)**Japanese New Year**Novy God Day (Russia) **Sjoogwachi (Okinawa Islands)*Polar Bear Swim Day (Canada and United States)*Public Domain Day (multiple countries) *Triumph of the Revolution (Cuba)" ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* BBC: On This Day* * Historical Events on January 1" ] ]
wikipedia
[ [ "January 2" ], [ "Introduction" ], [ "Events", "===Pre-1600===*69 – The Roman legions in Germania Superior refuse to swear loyalty to Galba.", "They rebel and proclaim Vitellius as emperor.", "* 366 – The Alemanni cross the frozen Rhine in large numbers, invading the Roman Empire.", "* 533 – Mercurius becomes Pope John II, the first pope to adopt a new name upon elevation to the papacy.", "*1492 – Reconquista: The Emirate of Granada, the last Moorish stronghold in Spain, surrenders.===1601–1900===*1680 – Trunajaya rebellion: Amangkurat II of Mataram and his bodyguards execute the rebel leader Trunajaya.", "*1777 – American Revolutionary War: American forces under the command of George Washington repulsed a British attack at the Battle of the Assunpink Creek near Trenton, New Jersey.", "*1788 – Georgia becomes the fourth state to ratify the United States Constitution.", "*1791 – Big Bottom massacre in the Ohio Country, North America, marking the beginning of the Northwest Indian War.", "*1818 – The British Institution of Civil Engineers is founded by a group of six engineers; Thomas Telford would later become its first president.", "*1865 – Uruguayan War: The Siege of Paysandú ends as the Brazilians and Coloradans capture Paysandú, Uruguay.", "*1900 – American statesman and diplomat John Hay announces the Open Door Policy to promote trade with China.", "*1900 – Chicago Canal opens.===1901–present===*1920 – The second Palmer Raid, ordered by the US Department of Justice, results in 6,000 suspected communists and anarchists being arrested and held without trial.", "*1921 – World premiere of the science fiction play ''R.U.R.''", "by the Czech writer Karel Čapek in a theater in Hradec Králové.", "*1941 – World War II: The Cardiff Blitz severely damages the cathedral in Cardiff, Wales.", "*1942 – The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) obtains the conviction of 33 members of a German spy ring headed by Fritz Joubert Duquesne in the largest espionage case in United States history; Also known as the Duquesne Spy Ring.", "* 1942 – World War II: Manila is captured by Japanese forces, enabling them to control the Philippines.", "*1949 – Luis Muñoz Marín is inaugurated as the first democratically elected Governor of Puerto Rico.", "*1954 – India establishes its highest civilian awards, the Bharat Ratna and the Padma Vibhushan.", "*1955 – Following the assassination of the Panamanian president José Antonio Remón Cantera, his deputy, José Ramón Guizado, takes power, but is quickly deposed after his involvement in Cantera's death is discovered.", "*1959 – ''Luna 1'', the first spacecraft to reach the vicinity of the Moon and to orbit the Sun, is launched by the Soviet Union.", "*1963 – Vietnam War: The Viet Cong wins its first major victory, at the Battle of Ap Bac.", "*1967 – Ronald Reagan, past movie actor and future President of the United States, is sworn in as Governor of California.", "*1971 – The second Ibrox disaster kills 66 fans at a Rangers-Celtic association football (soccer) match.", "*1974 – United States President Richard Nixon signs a bill lowering the maximum U.S. speed limit to 55 mph in order to conserve gasoline during an OPEC embargo.", "*1975 – At the opening of a new railway line, a bomb blast at Samastipur, Bihar, India, fatally wounds Lalit Narayan Mishra, Minister of Railways.", "* 1975 – The Federal Rules of Evidence are approved by the United States Congress.", "*1976 – The Gale of January 1976 begins, resulting in coastal flooding around the southern North Sea coasts, affecting countries from Ireland to Yugoslavia and causing at least 82 deaths and US$1.3 billion in damage.", "*1978 – On the orders of the President of Pakistan, Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq, paramilitary forces opened fire on peaceful protesting workers in Multan, Pakistan; it is known as 1978 massacre at Multan Colony Textile Mills.", "*1981 – One of the largest investigations by a British police force ends when serial killer Peter Sutcliffe, the \"Yorkshire Ripper\", is arrested in Sheffield, South Yorkshire.", "*1988 – Condor Flugdienst Flight 3782 crashes near Seferihisar, Turkey, killing 16 people.", "*1991 – Sharon Pratt Dixon becomes the first African American woman mayor of a major city and first woman Mayor of the District of Columbia.", "*1993 – Sri Lankan Civil War: The Sri Lanka Navy kill 35–100 civilians on the Jaffna Lagoon.", "*2004 – ''Stardust'' successfully flies past Comet Wild 2, collecting samples that are returned to Earth.", "*2019 – Adventist Health System and its subsidiaries rebranded to AdventHealth.", "*2022 – Massive nationwide protests and unrest break out in Kazakhstan over the sudden increase of liquefied petroleum gas prices, leaving over 200 people dead and thousands injured.", "*2024 – Two aircraft collide on a runway at Haneda Airport in Tokyo, killing 5 and injuring 15." ], [ "Births", "===Pre-1600===* 869 – Yōzei, Japanese emperor (d. 949)*1462 – Piero di Cosimo, Italian painter (d. 1522)*1509 – Henry of Stolberg, German nobleman (d. 1572)===1601–1900===*1642 – Mehmed IV, Ottoman sultan (d. 1693)*1647 – Nathaniel Bacon, English-American rebel leader (d. 1676)*1699 – Osman III, Ottoman sultan (d. 1757)*1713 – Marie Dumesnil, French actress (d. 1803)*1727 – James Wolfe, English general (d. 1759)*1732 – František Brixi, Czech organist and composer (d. 1771)*1777 – Christian Daniel Rauch, German sculptor and educator (d. 1857)*1803 – Guglielmo Libri Carucci dalla Sommaja, Italian mathematician and academic (d. 1869)*1822 – Rudolf Clausius, Polish-German physicist and mathematician (d. 1888)*1827 – Pyotr Semyonov-Tyan-Shansky, Russian geographer and statistician (d. 1914)*1833 – Frederick A. Johnson, American banker and politician (d. 1893)*1836 – Mendele Mocher Sforim, Russian author (d. 1917)* 1836 – Queen Emma of Hawaii (d. 1885)*1837 – Mily Balakirev, Russian pianist and composer (d. 1910)*1857 – M. Carey Thomas, American educator and activist (d. 1935)*1860 – Dugald Campbell Patterson, Canadian engineer (d. 1931)* 1860 – William Corless Mills, American historian and curator (d. 1928)*1866 – Gilbert Murray, Australian-English playwright and scholar (d. 1957)*1870 – Ernst Barlach, German sculptor and playwright (d. 1938)* 1870 – Tex Rickard, American boxing promoter and businessman (d. 1929)*1873 – Antonie Pannekoek, Dutch astronomer and theorist (d. 1960)* 1873 – Thérèse of Lisieux, French nun and saint (d. 1897)*1878 – Jaakko Mäki, Finnish politician (d. 1938)* 1878 – Mannathu Padmanabha Pillai, Indian activist, founded the Nair Service Society (d. 1970)*1884 – Ben-Zion Dinur, Russian-Israeli historian and politician, 4th Israeli Minister of Education (d. 1973)*1885 – Gordon Flowerdew, Canadian lieutenant, Victoria Cross recipient (d. 1918)*1886 – Apsley Cherry-Garrard, English explorer and author (d. 1959)*1889 – Bertram Stevens, Australian accountant and politician, 25th Premier of New South Wales (d. 1973)*1891 – Giovanni Michelucci, Italian architect and urban planner, designed the Firenze Santa Maria Novella railway station (d. 1990)*1892 – Seiichiro Kashio, Japanese tennis player (d. 1962)*1895 – Folke Bernadotte, Swedish diplomat (d. 1948)*1896 – Dziga Vertov, Polish-Russian director and screenwriter (d. 1954)* 1896 – Lawrence Wackett, Australian commander and engineer (d. 1982)*1897 – Theodore Plucknett, English legal historian (d. 1965)*1900 – Una Ledingham, British physician, known for research on diabetes in pregnancy (d. 1965)===1901–present===*1901 – Bob Marshall, American activist, co-founded The Wilderness Society (d. 1939)*1902 – Dan Keating, Irish Republican Army volunteer (d. 2007)*1903 – Kane Tanaka, Japanese Supercentenarian, Oldest Japanese person ever, Second oldest verified person in world history (d. 2022)*1904 – Walter Heitler, German physicist and chemist (d. 1981)*1905 – Michael Tippett, English composer and conductor (d. 1998)* 1905 – Luigi Zampa, Italian director and screenwriter (d. 1991)*1909 – Riccardo Cassin, Italian mountaineer and author (d. 2009)* 1909 – Barry Goldwater, American politician, businessman, and author (d. 1998)*1913 – Juanita Jackson Mitchell, American lawyer and activist (d. 1992)* 1913 – Anna Lee, English-American actress (d. 2004)*1917 – Vera Zorina, German-Norwegian actress and dancer (d. 2003)*1918 – Willi Graf, German physician and activist (d. 1943)*1919 – Ernest Bender, American Indologist (d. 1996)* 1919 – Beatrice Hicks, American engineer (d. 1979)*1920 (probable) – Isaac Asimov, American writer and professor of biochemistry (d. 1992)* 1920 – Bob Feerick, American basketball player and coach (d. 1976)*1921 – Glen Harmon, Canadian ice hockey player (d. 2007)*1926 – Gino Marchetti, American football player (d. 2019)*1928 – Dan Rostenkowski, American politician (d. 2010)*1929 – Charles Beaumont, screenwriter and American author of speculative fiction (d. 1967)* 1929 – Tellervo Koivisto, Finnish politician, former First Lady of Finland*1931 – Toshiki Kaifu, Japanese lawyer and politician, 76th Prime Minister of Japan (d. 2022)*1934 – John Hollowbread, English footballer, goalkeeper (d. 2007) *1936 – Roger Miller, American singer-songwriter, musician, and actor (d. 1992)*1938 – David Bailey, English photographer and painter* 1938 – Lynn Conway, American computer scientist and electrical engineer* 1938 – Robert Smithson, American sculptor and photographer (d. 1973)*1940 – Jim Bakker, American televangelist* 1940 – Saud bin Faisal bin Abdulaziz Al Saud, Saudi Arabian economist and politician, Saudi Arabian Minister of Foreign Affairs (d. 2015) *1942 – Thomas Hammarberg, Swedish lawyer and diplomat* 1942 – Dennis Hastert, American educator and politician, 59th Speaker of the United States House of Representatives*1943 – Janet Akyüz Mattei, Turkish-American astronomer (d. 2004)*1944 – Charlie Davis, Trinidadian cricketer* 1944 – Péter Eötvös, Hungarian composer and conductor* 1944 – Norodom Ranariddh, Cambodian field marshal and politician, 1st Prime Minister of Cambodia (d. 2021)*1947 – Jack Hanna, American zoologist and author* 1947 – Calvin Hill, American football player* 1947 – David Shapiro, American poet, historian, and critic*1948 – Judith Miller, American journalist* 1948 – Deborah Watling, English actress (d. 2017)*1949 – Christopher Durang, American playwright and screenwriter* 1949 – Iris Marion Young, American political scientist and academic (d. 2006)*1952 – Indulis Emsis, Latvian biologist and politician, 9th Prime Minister of Latvia* 1952 – Wendy Phillips, American actress*1954 – Henry Bonilla, American broadcaster and politician* 1954 – Évelyne Trouillot, Haitian playwright and author*1961 – Gabrielle Carteris, American actress* 1961 – Paula Hamilton, English model* 1961 – Todd Haynes, American film director, screenwriter, and producer* 1961 – Craig James, American football player and sportscaster* 1961 – Robert Wexler, American lawyer and politician*1963 – David Cone, American baseball player and sportscaster* 1963 – Edgar Martínez, American baseball player*1964 – Chris Welp, German-American basketball player (d. 2015)* 1964 – Pernell Whitaker, American boxer (d. 2019)*1965 – Francois Pienaar, South African rugby player*1967 – Tia Carrere, American actress* 1967 – Jón Gnarr, Icelandic actor and politician; 20th Mayor of Reykjavík*1968 – Cuba Gooding, Jr., American actor and producer* 1968 – Anky van Grunsven, Dutch dressage champion*1969 – István Bagyula, Hungarian pole vaulter* 1969 – William Fox-Pitt, English horse rider and journalist* 1969 – Róbert Švehla, Slovak ice hockey player* 1969 – Christy Turlington, American model*1970 – Eric Whitacre, American composer and conductor*1971 – Taye Diggs, American actor and singer* 1971 – Renée Elise Goldsberry, American actress*1972 – Rodney MacDonald, Canadian educator and politician, 26th Premier of Nova Scotia* 1972 – Shiraz Minwalla, Indian theoretical physicist and string theorist* 1972 – Mattias Norström, Swedish ice hockey player and manager*1974 – Ludmila Formanová, Czech runner* 1974 – Juha Lind, Finnish ice hockey player* 1974 – Tomáš Řepka, Czech footballer*1975 – Dax Shepard, American actor* 1975 – Jeff Suppan, American baseball player* 1975 – Reuben Thorne, New Zealand rugby player*1976 – Paz Vega, Spanish actress*1977 – Brian Boucher, American ice hockey player and sportscaster* 1977 – Stefan Koubek, Austrian tennis player*1979 – Jonathan Greening, English footballer*1980 – David Gyasi, British actor*1981 – Kirk Hinrich, American basketball player* 1981 – Maxi Rodríguez, Argentine footballer*1983 – Kate Bosworth, American actress* 1983 – Anthony Carrigan, American actor*1987 – Shelley Hennig, American actress and model* 1987 – Robert Milsom, English footballer*1988 – Luke Harangody, American basketball player* 1988 – Damien Tussac, French-German rugby player*1991 – Ben Hardy, English actor*1992 – Paulo Gazzaniga, Argentine footballer* 1992 – Alexey Marchenko, Russian ice hockey player* 1992 – Teemu Pulkkinen, Finnish ice hockey player* 1992 – Korbin Sims, Australian-Fijian rugby league player *1993 – Bryson Tiller, American singer and rapper*1994 – Ronald Darby, American football player*1996 – Jonah Bolden, Australian-American basketball player*1998 – Tfue, American online streamer* 1998 – Timothy Fosu-Mensah, Dutch footballer*1999 – Georgios Kalaitzakis, Greek basketball player* 1999 – Fernando Tatís Jr., American baseball player" ], [ "Deaths", "===Pre-1600===* 951 – Liu Chengyou, Emperor Yin of the Later Han (b.", "931)* 951 – Su Fengji, Chinese official and chancellor*1096 – William de St-Calais, Bishop of Durham and chief counsellor of William II of England*1169 – Bertrand de Blanchefort, sixth Grand Master of the Knights Templar (b. c. 1109)*1184 – Theodora Komnene, Duchess of Austria, daughter of Andronikos Komnenos*1298 – Lodomer, Hungarian prelate, Archbishop of Esztergom*1470 – Heinrich Reuß von Plauen, Grand Master of the Teutonic Order *1512 – Svante Nilsson, Sweden politician (b.", "1460)*1514 – William Smyth, English bishop and academic (b.", "1460)*1543 – Francesco Canova da Milano, Italian composer (b.", "1497)*1557 – Pontormo, Italian painter and educator (b.", "1494)===1601–1900===*1613 – Salima Sultan Begum, Empress of the Mughal Empire (b.", "1539)*1614 – Luisa Carvajal y Mendoza, Spanish mystical poet and Catholic martyr (b.", "1566)*1726 – Domenico Zipoli, Italian organist and composer (b.", "1688)*1763 – John Carteret, 2nd Earl Granville, English statesman (b.", "1690)*1850 – Manuel de la Peña y Peña, Mexican lawyer and 20th President (1847) (b.", "1789) *1861 – Frederick William IV of Prussia (b.", "1795)*1892 – George Biddell Airy, English mathematician and astronomer (b.", "1801)===1901–present===*1904 – James Longstreet, American general and diplomat (b.", "1821)*1913 – Léon Teisserenc de Bort, French meteorologist (b.", "1855)*1915 – Karl Goldmark, Hungarian violinist and composer (b.", "1830)*1917 – Léon Flameng, French cyclist (b.", "1877) *1920 – Paul Adam, French author (b.", "1862)*1924 – Sabine Baring-Gould, English author and scholar (b.", "1834)*1939 – Roman Dmowski, Polish politician, Polish Minister of Foreign Affairs (b.", "1864)*1941 – Mischa Levitzki, Russian-American pianist and composer (b.", "1898)*1946 – Joe Darling, Australian cricketer and politician (b.", "1870) *1950 – James Dooley, Irish-Australian politician, 21st Premier of New South Wales (b.", "1877)*1951 – William Campion, English colonel and politician, 21st Governor of Western Australia (b.", "1870)* 1951 – Edith New, English militant suffragette (b.", "1877)*1953 – Guccio Gucci, Italian businessman and fashion designer, founder of Gucci (b.", "1881)*1960 – Paul Sauvé, Canadian lawyer and politician, 17th Premier of Quebec (b.", "1907)*1963 – Dick Powell, American actor, singer, and director (b.", "1904)* 1963 – Jack Carson, Canadian-American actor (b.", "1910)*1974 – Tex Ritter, American actor (b.", "1905)*1975 – Siraj Sikder, Bangladesh revolutionary leader (b.", "1944)*1977 – Erroll Garner, American pianist and composer (b.", "1921)*1986 – Una Merkel, American actress (b.", "1903)*1987 – Harekrushna Mahatab, Indian journalist and politician, 1st Chief Minister of Odisha (b.", "1899)*1989 – Safdar Hashmi, Indian actor, director, and playwright (b.", "1954)*1990 – Alan Hale Jr., American film and television actor (b.", "1921)* 1990 – Evangelos Averoff, Greek historian and politician, Greek Minister for National Defence (b.", "1910)*1994 – Dixy Lee Ray, American biologist and politician; 17th Governor of Washington (b.", "1914)* 1994 – Pierre-Paul Schweitzer, French lawyer and businessman (b.", "1915)*1995 – Nancy Kelly, American actress (b.", "1921)* 1995 – Siad Barre, Somalian general and politician; 3rd President of Somalia (b.", "1919)*1999 – Rolf Liebermann, Swiss-French composer and manager (b.", "1910)* 1999 – Sebastian Haffner, German journalist and author (b.", "1907)*2000 – Elmo Zumwalt, American admiral (b.", "1920)* 2000 – Patrick O'Brian, English author and translator (b.", "1914)*2001 – William P. Rogers, American lieutenant, lawyer, and politician, 55th United States Secretary of State (b.", "1913)*2005 – Maclyn McCarty, American geneticist and physician (b.", "1911)*2006 – Cecilia Muñoz-Palma, Filipino lawyer and jurist (b.", "1913)* 2006 – Osa Massen, Danish-American actress (b.", "1914)*2007 – A. Richard Newton, Australian-American engineer and academic (b.", "1951)* 2007 – Elizabeth Fox-Genovese, American historian and author (b.", "1941)* 2007 – Teddy Kollek, Hungarian-Israeli politician, Mayor of Jerusalem (b.", "1911)*2008 – George MacDonald Fraser, Scottish journalist and author (b.", "1925)* 2008 – Lee S. Dreyfus, American politician, Governor of Wisconsin (b.", "1926)*2009 – Inger Christensen, Danish poet and author (b.", "1935)*2010 – David R. Ross, Scottish historian and author (b.", "1958)*2011 – Anne Francis, American actress (b.", "1930)* 2011 – Bali Ram Bhagat, Indian politician; 16th Governor of Rajasthan (b.", "1922)* 2011 – Pete Postlethwaite, English actor (b.", "1946)*2012 – Gordon Hirabayashi, American-Canadian sociologist and academic (b.", "1918)* 2012 – Silvana Gallardo, American actress and producer (b.", "1953)* 2012 – William P. Carey, American businessman and philanthropist, founded W. P. Carey (b.", "1930)*2013 – Gerda Lerner, Austrian-American historian, author, and academic (b.", "1920)* 2013 – Teresa Torańska, Polish journalist and author (b.", "1944)*2014 – Bernard Glasser, American director and producer (b.", "1924)* 2014 – Elizabeth Jane Howard, English author and screenwriter (b.", "1923)*2015 – Tihomir Novakov, Serbian-American physicist and academic (b.", "1929)*2016 – Ardhendu Bhushan Bardhan, Indian lawyer and politician (b.", "1924)* 2016 – Frances Cress Welsing, American psychiatrist and author (b.", "1935)* 2016 – Nimr al-Nimr, Saudi Arabian religious leader (b.", "1959)* 2016 – Gisela Mota Ocampo, mayor of Temixco, Morelos, Mexico, assassinated (b.", "1982)*2017 – Jean Vuarnet, French ski racer (b.", "1933)* 2017 – John Berger, English art critic, novelist and painter (b.", "1926)*2018 – Guida Maria, Portuguese actress (b.", "1950) * 2018 – Thomas S. Monson, American religious leader, 16th president of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (b.", "1927)*2019 – Daryl Dragon, American musician (b.", "1942)* 2019 – Bob Einstein, American actor and comedian (b.", "1942)* 2019 – Gene Okerlund, American wrestling announcer (b.", "1942)*2022 – Richard Leakey, Kenyan paleontologist and politician (b.", "1944)*2023 – Ken Block, American rally driver (b.", "1967)*2024 – Rizal Ramli, Indonesian politician (b.", "1954)" ], [ "Holidays and observances", "*Ancestry Day (Haiti)*Berchtold's Day (Switzerland)*Christian feast day:**Basil the Great (Catholic Church and Church of England)**Gregory of Nazianzus (Catholic Church)**Macarius of Alexandria**Seraphim of Sarov (Eastern Orthodox Church)**Vedanayagam Samuel Azariah (Episcopal Church)**January 2 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)*Kaapse Klopse (Cape Town, South Africa)*The first day of Blacks and Whites' Carnival, celebrated until January 7 (Colombia)*The ninth of the Twelve Days of Christmas (Western Christianity)" ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* BBC: On This Day* * Historical Events on January 2" ] ]
wikipedia
[ [ "January 3" ], [ "Introduction" ], [ "Events", "===Pre-1600===*69 – The Roman legions on the Rhine refuse to declare their allegiance to Galba, instead proclaiming their legate, Aulus Vitellius, as emperor.", "* 250 – Emperor Decius orders everyone in the Roman Empire (except Jews) to make sacrifices to the Roman gods.", "*1521 – Pope Leo X excommunicates Martin Luther in the papal bull ''Decet Romanum Pontificem''.===1601–1900===*1653 – By the Coonan Cross Oath, the Eastern Church in India cuts itself off from colonial Portuguese tutelage.", "*1749 – Benning Wentworth issues the first of the New Hampshire Grants, leading to the establishment of Vermont.", "* 1749 – The first issue of ''Berlingske'', Denmark's oldest continually operating newspaper, is published.", "*1777 – American General George Washington defeats British General Lord Cornwallis at the Battle of Princeton.", "*1815 – Austria, the United Kingdom, and France form a secret defensive alliance against Prussia and Russia.", "*1833 – Captain James Onslow, in the ''Clio'', reasserts British sovereignty over the Falkland Islands.", "*1848 – Joseph Jenkins Roberts is sworn in as the first president of Liberia.", "*1861 – American Civil War: Delaware votes not to secede from the United States.", "*1868 – Meiji Restoration in Japan: The Tokugawa shogunate is abolished; agents of Satsuma and Chōshū seize power.", "*1870 – Construction work begins on the Brooklyn Bridge in New York, United States.", "*1871 – In the Battle of Bapaume, an engagement in the Franco-Prussian War, General Louis Faidherbe's forces bring about a Prussian retreat.", "*1885 – Sino-French War: Beginning of the Battle of Núi Bop.===1901–present===*1911 – A magnitude 7.7 earthquake destroys the city of Almaty in Russian Turkestan.", "* 1911 – A gun battle in the East End of London leaves two dead.", "It sparked a political row over the involvement of then-Home Secretary Winston Churchill.", "*1913 – An Atlantic coast storm sets the lowest confirmed barometric pressure reading (955.0 mb (28.20 inHg)) for a non-tropical system in the continental United States.", "* 1913 – First Balkan War: Greece completes its capture of the eastern Aegean island of Chios, as the last Ottoman forces on the island surrender.", "*1920 – Over 640 are killed after a magnitude 6.4 earthquake strikes the Mexican states Puebla and Veracruz.", "*1933 – Minnie D. Craig becomes the first woman elected as Speaker of the North Dakota House of Representatives, the first woman to hold a Speaker position anywhere in the United States.", "*1944 – World War II: US flying ace Major Greg \"Pappy\" Boyington is shot down in his Vought F4U Corsair by Captain Masajiro Kawato flying a Mitsubishi A6M Zero.", "*1946 – Popular Canadian American jockey George Woolf suffers a concussion during a freak racing accident; he dies from the injury the following day.", "The annual George Woolf Memorial Jockey Award is created to honor him.", "*1947 – Proceedings of the U.S. Congress are televised for the first time.", "*1949 – The Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas, the central bank of the Philippines, is established.", "*1953 – Frances P. Bolton and her son, Oliver from Ohio, become the first mother and son to serve simultaneously in the U.S.", "Congress.", "*1956 – A fire damages the top part of the Eiffel Tower.", "*1957 – The Hamilton Watch Company introduces the first electric watch.", "*1958 – The West Indies Federation is formed.", "*1959 – Alaska is admitted as the 49th U.S.", "state.", "*1961 – Cold War: After a series of economic retaliations against one another, the United States severs diplomatic relations with Cuba.", "* 1961 – The SL-1 nuclear reactor, near Idaho Falls, Idaho, is destroyed by a steam explosion in the only reactor incident in the United States to cause immediate fatalities.", "* 1961 – A protest by agricultural workers in Baixa de Cassanje, Portuguese Angola, turns into a revolt, opening the Angolan War of Independence, the first of the Portuguese Colonial Wars.", "* 1961 – Aero Flight 311 crashes into the forest in Kvevlax, Finland, killing 25 people.", "*1962 – Pope John XXIII excommunicates Fidel Castro.", "*1976 – The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, adopted by the United Nations General Assembly, comes into force.", "*1977 – Apple Computer is incorporated.", "*1987 – Varig Flight 797 crashes near Akouré in the Ivory Coast, resulting in 50 deaths.", "*1990 – United States invasion of Panama: Manuel Noriega, former leader of Panama, surrenders to American forces.", "*1992 – CommutAir Flight 4821 crashes on approach to Adirondack Regional Airport, in Saranac Lake, New York, killing two people.", "*1993 – In Moscow, Russia, George H. W. Bush and Boris Yeltsin sign the second Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START).", "*1994 – Baikal Airlines Flight 130 crashes near Mamoney, Irkutsk, Russia, resulting in 125 deaths.", "*1999 – The ''Mars Polar Lander'' is launched by NASA.", "*2002 – Israeli–Palestinian conflict: Israeli forces seize the Palestinian freighter ''Karine A'' in the Red Sea, finding 50 tons of weapons.", "*2004 – Flash Airlines Flight 604 crashes into the Red Sea, resulting in 148 deaths, making it one of the deadliest aviation accidents in Egyptian history.", "*2009 – The first block of the blockchain of the decentralized payment system Bitcoin, called the ''Genesis block'', is established by the creator of the system, Satoshi Nakamoto.", "*2015 – Boko Haram militants destroy the entire town of Baga in north-east Nigeria, starting the Baga massacre and killing as many as 2,000 people.", "*2016 – In response to the execution of Nimr al-Nimr, Iran ends its diplomatic relations with Saudi Arabia.", "*2018 – For the first time in history, all five major storm surge gates in the Netherlands are closed simultaneously in the wake of a storm.", "*2019 – Chang'e 4 makes the first soft landing on the far side of the Moon, deploying the Yutu-2 lunar rover.", "*2020 – Iranian General Qasem Soleimani is killed by an American airstrike near Baghdad International Airport, igniting global concerns of a potential armed conflict.", "*2023 – Singapore's Jurong Bird Park permanently closes.", "*2024 – At least 91 people are killed in bombings in Kerman, Iran, during a ceremony commemorating the assassination of Iranian General Qasem Soleimani 4 years ago." ], [ "Births", "===Pre-1600===*106 BC – Cicero, Roman philosopher, lawyer, and politician (d. 43 BC)*1509 – Gian Girolamo Albani, Italian cardinal (d. 1591)===1601–1900===*1611 – James Harrington, English political theorist (d. 1677)*1698 – Pietro Metastasio, Italian poet and songwriter (d. 1782)*1710 – Richard Gridley, American soldier and engineer (d. 1796)*1722 – Fredrik Hasselqvist, Swedish biologist and explorer (d. 1752)*1731 – Angelo Emo, Venetian admiral and statesman (d. 1792)*1760 – Veerapandiya Kattabomman, Indian ruler (d. 1799)*1775 – Francis Caulfeild, 2nd Earl of Charlemont (d. 1863)*1778 – Antoni Melchior Fijałkowski, Polish archbishop (d. 1861)*1793 – Lucretia Mott, American activist (d. 1880)*1802 – Charles Pelham Villiers, English lawyer and politician (d. 1898)*1803 – Douglas William Jerrold, English journalist and playwright (d. 1857)*1806 – Henriette Sontag, German soprano and actress (d. 1854)*1810 – Antoine Thomson d'Abbadie, French geographer, ethnologist, linguist, and astronomer (d. 1897)*1816 – Samuel C. Pomeroy, American businessman and politician (d. 1891)*1819 – Charles Piazzi Smyth, Italian-Scottish astronomer and academic (d. 1900)*1831 – Savitribai Phule, Indian poet, educator, and activist (d. 1897)*1836 – Sakamoto Ryōma, Japanese samurai and rebel leader (d. 1867)*1840 – Father Damien, Flemish priest and missionary (d. 1889)*1847 – Ettore Marchiafava, Italian physician (d. 1935)*1853 – Sophie Elkan, Swedish writer (d. 1921)*1855 – Hubert Bland, English businessman (d. 1914)*1861 – Ernest Renshaw, English tennis player (d. 1899)* 1861 – William Renshaw, English tennis player (d. 1904)*1862 – Matthew Nathan, English soldier and politician, 13th Governor of Queensland (d. 1939)*1865 – Henry Lytton, English actor (d. 1936)*1870 – Henry Handel Richardson, Australian-English author (d. 1946)*1873 – Ichizō Kobayashi, Japanese businessman and art collector, founded the Hankyu Hanshin Holdings (d. 1957)*1875 – Alexandros Diomidis, Greek banker and politician, 145th Prime Minister of Greece (d. 1950)*1876 – Wilhelm Pieck, German carpenter and politician, 1st President of the German Democratic Republic (d. 1960)*1877 – Josephine Hull, American actress (d. 1957)*1880 – Francis Browne, Irish Jesuit priest and photographer (d. 1960)*1883 – Clement Attlee, English soldier, lawyer, and politician, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1967)* 1883 – Duncan Gillis, Canadian discus thrower and hammer thrower (d. 1963)*1884 – Raoul Koczalski, Polish pianist and composer (d. 1948)*1885 – Harry Elkins Widener, American businessman (d. 1912)*1886 – John Gould Fletcher, American poet and author (d. 1950)* 1886 – Arthur Mailey, Australian cricketer (d. 1967)*1887 – August Macke, German-French painter (d. 1914)*1892 – J.R.R.", "Tolkien, English writer, poet, and philologist (d. 1973)*1894 – ZaSu Pitts, American actress (d. 1963)*1897 – Eithne Coyle, Irish republican activist, (d. 1985)* 1897 – Marion Davies, American actress and comedian (d. 1961)*1898 – Carolyn Haywood, American author and illustrator (d. 1990)*1900 – Donald J. Russell, American businessman (d. 1985)===1901–present===*1901 – Ngô Đình Diệm, Vietnamese lawyer and politician, 1st President of the Republic of Vietnam (d. 1963)*1905 – Dante Giacosa, Italian engineer (d. 1996)* 1905 – Anna May Wong, American actress (d. 1961)*1907 – Ray Milland, Welsh-American actor and director (d. 1986)*1909 – Victor Borge, Danish-American pianist and conductor (d. 2000)*1910 – Frenchy Bordagaray, American baseball player and manager (d. 2000)*1910 – John Sturges, American director and producer (d. 1992)*1912 – Federico Borrell García, Spanish soldier (d. 1936)* 1912 – Renaude Lapointe, Canadian journalist and politician (d. 2002)* 1912 – Armand Lohikoski, American-Finnish actor, director, and screenwriter (d. 2005)*1915 – Jack Levine, American painter and soldier (d. 2010)*1916 – Betty Furness, American actress and television journalist (d. 1994)* 1916 – Fred Haas, American golfer (d. 2004)*1917 – Albert Mol, Dutch author and actor (d. 2002)* 1917 – Roger Williams Straus, Jr., American journalist and publisher, co-founded Farrar, Straus and Giroux (d. 2004)*1919 – Herbie Nichols, American pianist and composer (d. 1963)*1920 – Siegfried Buback, German lawyer and politician, Attorney General of Germany (d. 1977)*1921 – Isabella Bashmakova, Russian historian of mathematics (d. 2005)*1922 – Bill Travers, English actor, director, and screenwriter (d. 1994)*1923 – Hank Stram, American football coach and sportscaster (d. 2005)*1924 – Otto Beisheim, German businessman and philanthropist, founded Metro AG (d. 2013)* 1924 – Enzo Cozzolini, Italian football player (d. 1962)* 1924 – André Franquin, Belgian author and illustrator (d. 1997)* 1924 – Nell Rankin, American soprano and educator (d. 2005)*1925 – Jill Balcon, English actress (d. 2009)*1926 – W. Michael Blumenthal, American economist and politician, 64th United States Secretary of the Treasury* 1926 – George Martin, English composer, conductor, and producer (d. 2016)*1928 – Abdul Rahman Ya'kub, Malaysian lawyer and politician, 3rd Chief Minister of Sarawak (d. 2015)*1929 – Sergio Leone, Italian director, producer, and screenwriter (d. 1989)* 1929 – Ernst Mahle, German-Brazilian composer and conductor* 1929 – Gordon Moore, American businessman, co-founder of Intel Corporation (d. 2023)*1930 – Stephen Fabian, American illustrator.", "* 1930 – Robert Loggia, American actor and director (d. 2015)*1932 – Dabney Coleman, American actor* 1932 – Eeles Landström, Finnish pole vaulter and politician (d. 2022)*1933 – Geoffrey Bindman, English lawyer* 1933 – Anne Stevenson, American-English poet and author (d. 2020)*1934 – Marpessa Dawn, American-French actress, singer, and dancer (d. 2008)* 1934 – Carla Anderson Hills, American lawyer and politician, 5th United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development*1935 – Raymond Garneau, Canadian businessman and politician*1937 – Glen A. Larson, American director, producer, and screenwriter, created ''Battlestar Galactica'' (d. 2014)*1938 – Robin Butler, Baron Butler of Brockwell, English academic and politician* 1938 – K. Ganeshalingam, Sri Lankan accountant and politician, Mayor of Colombo (d. 2006)*1939 – Arik Einstein, Israeli singer-songwriter and actor (d. 2013)* 1939 – Bobby Hull, Canadian ice hockey player (d. 2023)*1940 – Bernard Blaut, Polish footballer and coach (d. 2007)* 1940 – Leo de Berardinis, Italian actor and director (d. 2008)*1941 – Malcolm Dick, New Zealand rugby player*1942 – John Marsden, Australian lawyer and activist (d. 2006)* 1942 – John Thaw, English actor and producer, played Inspector Morse (d. 2002)*1943 – Van Dyke Parks, American singer-songwriter, musician, composer, author, and actor*1944 – Blanche d'Alpuget, Australian author* 1944 – Doreen Massey, English geographer and political activist (d. 2016)*1945 – Stephen Stills, American singer-songwriter, guitarist, and producer*1946 – John Paul Jones, English bass player, songwriter, and producer* 1946 – Michalis Kritikopoulos, Greek footballer (d. 2002)*1947 – Fran Cotton, English rugby player* 1947 – Zulema, American singer-songwriter (d. 2013)*1948 – Ian Nankervis, Australian footballer*1950 – Victoria Principal, American actress and businesswoman* 1950 – Linda Steiner, American journalist and academic* 1950 – Vesna Vulović, Serbian plane crash survivor and Guinness World Record holder (d. 2016)*1951 – Linda Dobbs, English lawyer and judge* 1951 – Gary Nairn, Australian surveyor and politician, 14th Special Minister of State*1952 – Esperanza Aguirre, Spanish civil servant and politician, 3rd President of the Community of Madrid* 1952 – Gianfranco Fini, Italian journalist and politician, Italian Minister of Foreign Affairs* 1952 – Jim Ross, American professional wrestling commentator*1953 – Justin Fleming, Australian playwright and author* 1953 – Mohammed Waheed Hassan, Maldivian educator and politician, 5th President of the Maldives* 1953 – Peter Taylor, English footballer and manager*1955 – Denis Walter, Australian radio host and singer*1956 – Mel Gibson, American-Australian actor, director, producer, and screenwriter*1957 – Dave Dobbyn, New Zealand singer-songwriter and producer*1960 – Russell Spence, English racing driver*1962 – Darren Daulton, American baseball player (d. 2017)* 1962 – Gavin Hastings, Scottish rugby player*1963 – Stewart Hosie, Scottish businessman and politician* 1963 – Aamer Malik, Pakistani cricketer* 1963 – Alex Wheatle, English author and playwright* 1963 – New Jack, American wrestler (d. 2021)*1964 – Bruce LaBruce, Canadian director, producer, and screenwriter* 1964 – Cheryl Miller, American basketball player and coach*1966 – Chetan Sharma, Indian cricketer*1969 – James Carter, American musician* 1969 – Jarmo Lehtinen, Finnish racing driver* 1969 – Michael Schumacher, German racing driver* 1969 – Gerda Weissensteiner, Italian luger and bobsledder*1971 – Sarah Alexander, English actress* 1971 – Cory Cross, Canadian ice hockey player and coach* 1971 – Lee Il-hwa, South Korean actress*1974 – Robert-Jan Derksen, Dutch golfer* 1974 – Alessandro Petacchi, Italian cyclist* 1974 – Todd Warriner, Canadian ice hockey player*1975 – Thomas Bangalter, French DJ, musician, and producer* 1975 – Jason Marsden, American actor* 1975 – Danica McKellar, American actress and mathematician*1976 – Angelos Basinas, Greek footballer* 1976 – Nicholas Gonzalez, American actor and producer*1977 – Lee Bowyer, English footballer and coach* 1977 – A. J. Burnett, American baseball player*1978 – Dimitra Kalentzou, Greek basketball player* 1978 – Kimberley Locke, American singer, songwriter, and television personality* 1978 – Mike York, American ice hockey player*1979 – Kate Levering, American actress, singer, and dancer*1980 – Bryan Clay, American decathlete*1980 – Eli Crane, U.S. representative for Arizona's 2nd congressional district* 1980 – Telly Leung, American actor, director, singer and songwriter* 1980 – Angela Ruggiero, American ice hockey player* 1980 – David Tyree, American football player* 1980 – Kurt Vile, American singer-songwriter, guitarist, and producer* 1980 – Mary Wineberg, American sprinter*1981 – Eli Manning, American football player*1982 – Peter Clarke, English footballer* 1982 – Park Ji-yoon, South Korean singer and actress* 1982 – Lasse Nilsson, Swedish footballer*1983 – Katie McGrath, Irish actress*1984 – Billy Mehmet, English-Irish footballer*1985 – Nicole Beharie, American actress* 1985 – Linas Kleiza, Lithuanian basketball player* 1985 – Evan Moore, American football player* 1985 – Noelle Quinn, American basketball player and coach*1986 – Dana Hussain, Iraqi sprinter* 1986 – Lloyd, American singer-songwriter* 1986 – Greg Nwokolo, Indonesian footballer* 1986 – Nikola Peković, Montenegrin basketball player and executive* 1986 – Cedric Simmons, American-Bulgarian basketball player* 1986 – Dmitry Starodubtsev, Russian pole vaulter*1987 – Adrián, Spanish footballer* 1987 – Reto Berra, Swiss professional ice hockey goaltender* 1987 – Kim Ok-bin, South Korean actress and singer*1988 – Ikechi Anya, Scottish-Nigerian footballer* 1988 – Matt Frattin, Canadian ice hockey player*1989 – Kōhei Uchimura, Japanese artistic gymnast*1990 – Yoichiro Kakitani, Japanese footballer*1991 – Jerson Cabral, Dutch footballer* 1991 – Özgür Çek, Turkish footballer* 1991 – Ryan Ellis, Canadian ice hockey player* 1991 – Sébastien Faure, French footballer* 1991 – Dane Gagai, Australian rugby league player* 1991 – Goo Hara, South Korean singer and actress (d. 2019)* 1991 – Darius Morris, American basketball player* 1991 – Joonas Nättinen, Finnish ice hockey player*1992 – Doug McDermott, American basketball player* 1992 – Sio Siua Taukeiaho, New Zealand-Tongan rugby league player *1994 – Isaquias Queiroz, Brazilian sprint canoeist*1995 – Rondae Hollis-Jefferson, American-Jordanian basketball player* 1995 – Jisoo, South Korean singer and actress* 1995 – Kim Seol-hyun, South Korean singer and actress*1996 – Florence Pugh, English actress*1997 – Kyron McMaster, British Virgin Islands hurdler*2001 – Deni Avdija, Israeli-Serbian basketball player*2003 – Kyle Rittenhouse, American conservative personality* 2003 – Greta Thunberg, Swedish environmental activist" ], [ "Deaths", "===Pre-1600===* 236 – Anterus, pope of the Catholic Church* 323 – Yuan of Yin, Chinese emperor (b.", "276)*1027 – Fujiwara no Yukinari, Japanese calligrapher (b.", "972)*1028 – Fujiwara no Michinaga, Japanese nobleman (b.", "966)*1098 – Walkelin, Norman bishop of Winchester*1322 – Philip V, king of France (b.", "1292)*1437 – Catherine of Valois, queen consort of Henry V (b.", "1401)*1501 – Ali-Shir Nava'i, Turkic poet, linguist, and mystic (b.", "1441)*1543 – Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo, Portuguese explorer and navigator (b.", "1499)*1571 – Joachim II Hector, Elector of Brandenburg (b.", "1505)===1601–1900===*1641 – Jeremiah Horrocks, English astronomer and mathematician (b.", "1618)*1656 – Mathieu Molé, French politician (b.", "1584)*1670 – George Monck, 1st Duke of Albemarle, English general and politician, Lord Lieutenant of Ireland (b.", "1608)*1701 – Louis I, prince of Monaco (b.", "1642)*1705 – Luca Giordano, Italian painter and illustrator (b.", "1634)*1743 – Ferdinando Galli-Bibiena, Italian painter and architect (b.", "1657)*1777 – William Leslie, Scottish captain (b.", "1751)*1779 – Claude Bourgelat, French surgeon and lawyer (b.", "1712)*1785 – Baldassare Galuppi, Italian composer (b.", "1706)*1795 – Josiah Wedgwood, English potter, founded the Wedgwood Company (b.", "1730)*1826 – Louis-Gabriel Suchet, French general (b.", "1770)*1871 – Kuriakose Elias Chavara, Indian priest and saint (b.", "1805)*1875 – Pierre Larousse, French lexicographer and publisher (b.", "1817)*1882 – William Harrison Ainsworth, English author (b.", "1805)*1895 – James Merritt Ives, American lithographer and businessman, co-founded Currier and Ives (b.", "1824)===1901–present===*1903 – Alois Hitler, Austrian civil servant (b.", "1837)*1911 – Alexandros Papadiamantis, Greek author and poet (b.", "1851)*1915 – James Elroy Flecker, English poet, author, and playwright (b.", "1884)*1916 – Grenville M. Dodge, American general and politician (b.", "1831)*1922 – Wilhelm Voigt, German criminal (b.", "1849)*1923 – Jaroslav Hašek, Czech journalist and author (b.", "1883)*1927 – Carl David Tolmé Runge, German physicist and mathematician (b.", "1856)*1931 – Joseph Joffre, French general (b.", "1852)*1933 – Wilhelm Cuno, German lawyer and politician, Chancellor of Germany (b.", "1876)* 1933 – Jack Pickford, Canadian-American actor, director, and producer (b.", "1896)*1943 – Walter James, Australian lawyer and politician, 5th Premier of Western Australia (b.", "1863)*1944 – Jurgis Baltrušaitis, Lithuanian poet, critic, and translator (b.", "1873)*1945 – Edgar Cayce, American psychic and author (b.", "1877)* 1945 – Ferdynand Antoni Ossendowski, Polish journalist and explorer (b.", "1879)*1946 – William Joyce, American-British pro-Axis propaganda broadcaster (b.", "1906)*1956 – Alexander Gretchaninov, Russian-American pianist and composer (b.", "1864)* 1956 – Dimitrios Vergos, Greek wrestler, weightlifter, and shot putter (b.", "1886)* 1956 – Joseph Wirth, German educator and politician, Chancellor of Germany (b.", "1876)*1958 – Cafer Tayyar Eğilmez, Turkish general (b.", "1877)*1959 – Edwin Muir, Scottish poet, author, and translator (b.", "1887)*1960 – Eric P. Kelly, American journalist, author, and academic (b.", "1884)*1962 – Hermann Lux, German footballer and manager (b.", "1893)*1965 – Milton Avery, American painter (b.", "1885)*1966 – Sammy Younge Jr., American civil rights activist (b.", "1944)*1967 – Mary Garden, Scottish-American soprano and actress (b.", "1874)* 1967 – Reginald Punnett, British scientist (b.", "1875)* 1967 – Jack Ruby, American businessman and murderer (b.", "1911)*1969 – Jean Focas, Greek-French astronomer (b.", "1909)* 1969 – Tzavalas Karousos, Greek-French actor (b.", "1904)*1970 – Gladys Aylward, English missionary and humanitarian (b.", "1902)*1972 – Mohan Rakesh, Indian author and playwright (b.", "1925)*1975 – Victor Kraft, Austrian philosopher from the Vienna Circle (b.", "1880)* 1975 – James McCormack, American general (b.", "1910)*1977 – William Gropper, American lithographer, cartoonist, and painter (b.", "1897)*1979 – Conrad Hilton, American businessman, founded the Hilton Hotels & Resorts (b.", "1887)*1980 – Joy Adamson, Austrian-Kenyan painter and conservationist (b.", "1910)* 1980 – George Sutherland Fraser, Scottish poet and academic (b.", "1915)*1981 – Princess Alice, Countess of Athlone (b.", "1883)*1988 – Rose Ausländer, Ukrainian-German poet and author (b.", "1901)*1989 – Sergei Sobolev, Russian mathematician and academic (b.", "1909)*1992 – Judith Anderson, Australian actress (b.", "1897)*2002 – Satish Dhawan, Indian engineer (b.", "1920)*2003 – Sid Gillman, American football player and coach (b.", "1911)*2005 – Koo Chen-fu, Taiwanese businessman and diplomat (b.", "1917)* 2005 – Egidio Galea, Maltese Roman Catholic priest, missionary, and educator (b.", "1918)* 2005 – Jyotindra Nath Dixit, Indian diplomat, 2nd Indian National Security Adviser (b.", "1936)* 2006 – Bill Skate, Papua New Guinean politician, 5th Prime Minister of Papua New Guinea (b.", "1954)*2007 – William Verity, Jr., American businessman and politician, 27th United States Secretary of Commerce (b.", "1917)*2008 – Jimmy Stewart, Scottish racing driver (b.", "1931)* 2008 – Choi Yo-sam, South Korean boxer (b.", "1972)*2009 – Betty Freeman, American philanthropist and photographer (b.", "1921)* 2009 – Pat Hingle, American actor (b.", "1923)* 2009 – Hisayasu Nagata, Japanese politician (b.", "1969)*2010 – Gustavo Becerra-Schmidt, Chilean-German composer and academic (b.", "1925)* 2010 – Mary Daly, American theologian and scholar (b.", "1928)*2012 – Vicar, Chilean cartoonist (b.", "1934)* 2012 – Robert L. Carter, American lawyer and judge (b.", "1917)* 2012 – Winifred Milius Lubell, American author and illustrator (b.", "1914)* 2012 – Josef Škvorecký, Czech-Canadian author and publisher (b.", "1924)*2013 – Alfie Fripp, English soldier and pilot (b.", "1913)* 2013 – Ivan Mackerle, Czech cryptozoologist, explorer, and author (b.", "1942)* 2013 – William Maxson, American general (b.", "1930)* 2013 – Sergiu Nicolaescu, Romanian actor, director, and screenwriter (b.", "1930)*2014 – Phil Everly, American singer and guitarist (b.", "1939)* 2014 – George Goodman, American economist and author (b.", "1930)* 2014 – Saul Zaentz, American film producer (b.", "1921)*2015 – Martin Anderson, American economist and academic (b.", "1936)* 2015 – Edward Brooke, American captain and politician, 47th Massachusetts Attorney General (b.", "1919)*2016 – Paul Bley, Canadian-American pianist and composer (b.", "1932)* 2016 – Peter Naur, Danish computer scientist, astronomer, and academic (b.", "1928)* 2016 – Bill Plager, Canadian ice hockey player and coach (b.", "1945)* 2016 – Igor Sergun, Russian general and diplomat (b.", "1957)*2017 – H. S. Mahadeva Prasad, Indian politician (b.", "1958)*2018 – Colin Brumby, Australian composer (b.", "1933)*2019 – Herb Kelleher, American businessman, co-founder of Southwest Airlines (b.", "1931)*2020 – Qasem Soleimani, Iranian major general, commander of the Iranian Quds Force (b.", "1957)*2021 – Eric Jerome Dickey, American author (b.", "1961)*2023 – Elena Huelva, Spanish cancer activist and influencer (b.", "2002)" ], [ "Holidays and observances", "*Anniversary of the 1966 Coup d'état (Burkina Faso)* Christian feast day:**Daniel of Padua**Genevieve**Holy Name of Jesus**Kuriakose Elias Chavara (Syro-Malabar Catholic Church)**Pope Anterus**William Passavant (Episcopal Church)**January 3 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)*Ministry of Religious Affairs Day (Indonesia)*Tamaseseri Festival (Hakozaki Shrine, Fukuoka, Japan)* The tenth of the Twelve Days of Christmas (Western Christianity)" ], [ "Notes", "Perihelion, the point during the year when the Earth is closest to the Sun, occurs on or around this date.", "In the Northern Hemisphere, ignoring the effects of daylight saving time, the latest sunrise of the year occurs on or around this date." ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* BBC: On This Day* * Historical Events on January 3" ] ]
wikipedia
[ [ "January 15" ], [ "Introduction" ], [ "Events", "===Pre-1600===*69 – Otho seizes power in Rome, proclaiming himself Emperor of Rome, beginning a reign of only three months.", "*1541 – King Francis I of France gives Jean-François Roberval a commission to settle the province of New France (Canada) and provide for the spread of the \"Holy Catholic faith\".", "*1559 – Elizabeth I is crowned Queen of England and Ireland in Westminster Abbey, London.", "*1582 – Truce of Yam-Zapolsky: Russia cedes Livonia to the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.===1601–1900===*1759 – The British Museum opens to the public.", "*1777 – American Revolutionary War: New Connecticut (present-day Vermont) declares its independence.", "*1782 – Superintendent of Finance Robert Morris addresses the U.S. Congress to recommend establishment of a national mint and decimal coinage.", "*1815 – War of 1812: American frigate , commanded by Commodore Stephen Decatur, is captured by a squadron of four British frigates.", "*1818 – A paper by David Brewster is read to the Royal Society, belatedly announcing his discovery of what we now call the ''biaxial'' class of doubly-refracting crystals.", "On the same day, Augustin-Jean Fresnel signs a \"supplement\" (submitted four days later) on reflection of polarized light.", "*1822 – Greek War of Independence: Demetrios Ypsilantis is elected president of the legislative assembly.", "*1865 – American Civil War: Fort Fisher in North Carolina falls to the Union, thus cutting off the last major seaport of the Confederacy.", "*1867 – Forty people die when ice covering the boating lake at Regent's Park, London, collapses.", "*1870 – A political cartoon for the first time symbolizes the Democratic Party with a donkey (\"A Live Jackass Kicking a Dead Lion\" by Thomas Nast for ''Harper's Weekly'').", "*1876 – The first newspaper in Afrikaans, ''Die Afrikaanse Patriot'', is published in Paarl.", "*1889 – The Coca-Cola Company, then known as the Pemberton Medicine Company, is incorporated in Atlanta.", "*1892 – James Naismith publishes the rules of basketball.===1901–present===*1908 – The Alpha Kappa Alpha sorority becomes the first Greek-letter organization founded and established by African American college women.", "*1910 – Construction ends on the Buffalo Bill Dam in Wyoming, United States, which was the highest dam in the world at the time, at .", "*1911 – Palestinian Arabic-language ''Falastin'' newspaper founded.", "*1919 – Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht, two of the most prominent communists in Germany, are clubbed and then shot to death by members of the Freikorps at the end of the Spartacist uprising.", "* 1919 – Great Molasses Flood: A wave of molasses released from an exploding storage tank sweeps through Boston, Massachusetts, killing 21 and injuring 150.", "*1934 – The 8.0 Nepal–Bihar earthquake strikes Nepal and Bihar with a maximum Mercalli intensity of XI (''Extreme''), killing an estimated 6,000–10,700 people.", "*1936 – The first building to be completely covered in glass, built for the Owens-Illinois Glass Company, is completed in Toledo, Ohio.", "*1937 – Spanish Civil War: Nationalists and Republicans both withdraw after suffering heavy losses, ending the Second Battle of the Corunna Road.", "*1943 – World War II: The Soviet counter-offensive at Voronezh begins.", "* 1943 – The Pentagon is dedicated in Arlington County, Virginia.", "*1947 – The Black Dahlia murder: The dismembered corpse of Elizabeth Short was found in Los Angeles.", "*1949 – Chinese Civil War: The Communist forces take over Tianjin from the Nationalist government.", "*1962 – The Derveni papyrus, Europe's oldest surviving manuscript dating to 340 BC, is found in northern Greece.", "* 1962 – Netherlands New Guinea Conflict: Indonesian Navy fast patrol boat RI Macan Tutul commanded by Commodore Yos Sudarso sunk in Arafura Sea by the Dutch Navy.", "*1966 – The First Nigerian Republic, led by Abubakar Tafawa Balewa is overthrown in a military coup d'état.", "*1967 – The first Super Bowl is played in Los Angeles.", "The Green Bay Packers defeat the Kansas City Chiefs 35–10.", "*1969 – The Soviet Union launches ''Soyuz 5''.", "*1970 – Nigerian Civil War: Biafran rebels surrender following an unsuccessful 32-month fight for independence from Nigeria.", "* 1970 – Muammar Gaddafi is proclaimed premier of Libya.", "*1973 – Vietnam War: Citing progress in peace negotiations, President Richard Nixon announces the suspension of offensive action in North Vietnam.", "*1975 – The Alvor Agreement is signed, ending the Angolan War of Independence and giving Angola independence from Portugal.", "*1976 – Gerald Ford's would-be assassin, Sara Jane Moore, is sentenced to life in prison.", "*1977 – Linjeflyg Flight 618 crashes in Kälvesta near Stockholm Bromma Airport in Stockholm, Sweden, killing 22 people.", "*1981 – Pope John Paul II receives a delegation from the Polish trade union Solidarity at the Vatican led by Lech Wałęsa.", "*1991 – The United Nations deadline for the withdrawal of Iraqi forces from occupied Kuwait expires, preparing the way for the start of Operation Desert Storm.", "* 1991 – Elizabeth II, in her capacity as Queen of Australia, signs letters patent allowing Australia to become the first Commonwealth realm to institute its own Victoria Cross in its honours system.", "*2001 – Wikipedia, a free wiki content encyclopedia, is launched.", "*2005 – ESA's SMART-1 lunar orbiter discovers elements such as calcium, aluminum, silicon, iron, and other surface elements on the Moon.", "*2009 – US Airways Flight 1549 ditches safely in the Hudson River after the plane collides with birds less than two minutes after take-off.", "This becomes known as \"The Miracle on the Hudson\" as all 155 people on board were rescued.", "*2013 – A train carrying Egyptian Army recruits derails near Giza, Greater Cairo, killing 19 and injuring 120 others.", "*2015 – The Swiss National Bank abandons the cap on the Swiss franc's value relative to the euro, causing turmoil in international financial markets.", "*2016 – The Kenyan Army suffers its worst defeat ever in a battle with Al-Shabaab Islamic insurgents in El-Adde, Somalia.", "An estimated 150 Kenyan soldiers are killed in the battle.", "*2018 – British multinational construction and facilities management services company Carillion went into liquidationofficially, \"the largest ever trading liquidation in the UK\"*2019 – Somali militants attack the DusitD2 hotel in Nairobi, Kenya killing at least 21 people and injuring 19.", "* 2019 – Theresa May's UK government suffers the biggest government defeat in modern times, when 432 MPs voting against the proposed European Union withdrawal agreement, giving her opponents a majority of 230.", "*2020 – The Japanese Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare confirms the first case of COVID-19 in Japan.", "*2021 – A 6.2-magnitude earthquake strikes Indonesia's Sulawesi island killing at least 105 and injuring 3,369 people.", "*2022 – The Hunga Tonga-Hunga Haʻapai volcano erupts, cutting off communications with Tonga and causing a tsunami across the Pacific.", "*2023 – Yeti Airlines Flight 691 crashes near Pokhara International Airport, killing all 72 people on board." ], [ "Births", "===Pre-1600===*1432 – Afonso V of Portugal (d. 1481)*1462 – Edzard I, Count of East Frisia, German noble (d. 1528)*1481 – Ashikaga Yoshizumi, Japanese shōgun (d. 1511)*1538 – Maeda Toshiie, Japanese general (d. 1599)*1595 – Henry Carey, 2nd Earl of Monmouth, English politician (d. 1661)===1601–1900===*1622 – Molière, French actor and playwright (d. 1673)*1623 – Algernon Sidney, British philosopher (probable) (d. 1683)*1671 – Abraham de la Pryme, English archaeologist and historian (d. 1704)*1716 – Philip Livingston, American merchant and politician (d. 1778)*1747 – John Aikin, English surgeon and author (d. 1822)*1754 – Richard Martin, Irish activist and politician, co-founded the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (d. 1834)*1791 – Franz Grillparzer, Austrian author, poet, and playwright (d. 1872)*1795 – Alexander Griboyedov, Russian playwright, composer, and poet (d. 1829)*1803 – Marjorie Fleming, Scottish poet and author (d. 1811)*1809 – Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, French economist and politician (d. 1865)*1812 – Peter Christen Asbjørnsen, Norwegian author and scholar (d. 1885)*1815 – William Bickerton, English-American religious leader, third President of the Church of Jesus Christ (d. 1905)*1834 – Samuel Arza Davenport, American lawyer and politician (d. 1911)*1841 – Frederick Stanley, 16th Earl of Derby, English captain and politician, sixth Governor General of Canada (d. 1908)*1842 – Josef Breuer, Austrian physician and psychiatrist (d. 1925)* 1842 – Mary MacKillop, Australian nun and saint, co-founded the Sisters of St Joseph of the Sacred Heart (d. 1909)*1850 – Leonard Darwin, English soldier, eugenicist, and politician (d. 1943)* 1850 – Mihai Eminescu, Romanian journalist, author, and poet (d. 1889)* 1850 – Sofia Kovalevskaya, Russian-Swedish mathematician and physicist (d. 1891)*1855 – Jacques Damala, Greek-French soldier and actor (d. 1889)*1858 – Giovanni Segantini, Italian painter (d. 1899)*1859 – Archibald Peake, English-Australian politician, 25th Premier of South Australia (d. 1920)*1863 – Wilhelm Marx, German lawyer and politician, 17th Chancellor of Germany (d. 1946)*1866 – Nathan Söderblom, Swedish archbishop, historian, and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1931)*1869 – Ruby Laffoon, American lawyer and politician, 43rd Governor of Kentucky (d. 1941)* 1869 – Stanisław Wyspiański, Polish poet, playwright, and painter (d. 1907)*1870 – Pierre S. du Pont, American businessman and philanthropist (d. 1954)*1872 – Arsen Kotsoyev, Russian author and translator (d. 1944)*1875 – Thomas Burke, American sprinter, coach, and journalist (d. 1929)*1877 – Lewis Terman, American psychologist, eugenicist, and academic (d. 1956)*1878 – Johanna Müller-Hermann, Austrian composer (d. 1941)*1879 – Mazo de la Roche, Canadian author and playwright (d. 1961)* 1879 – Ernest Thesiger, English actor (d. 1961)*1882 – Henry Burr, Canadian singer, radio performer, and producer (d. 1941)* 1882 – Princess Margaret of Connaught (d. 1920)*1885 – Lorenz Böhler, Austrian physician and author (d. 1973)* 1885 – Grover Lowdermilk, American baseball player (d. 1968)*1890 – Michiaki Kamada, Japanese admiral (d. 1947)*1891 – Ray Chapman, American baseball player (d. 1920)*1893 – Rex Ingram, Irish film director, producer, writer, and actor (d. 1950)* 1893 – Ivor Novello, Welsh singer-songwriter and actor (d. 1951)*1895 – Artturi Ilmari Virtanen, Finnish chemist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1973)*1896 – Marjorie Bennett, Australian-American actress (d. 1982)===1901–present===*1902 – Nâzım Hikmet, Greek-Turkish author, poet, and playwright (d. 1963)* 1902 – Saud of Saudi Arabia (d. 1969)*1903 – Paul A. Dever, American lieutenant and politician, 58th Governor of Massachusetts (d. 1958)*1905 – Torin Thatcher, British actor (d. 1981)*1907 – Janusz Kusociński, Polish runner and soldier (d. 1940)*1908 – Edward Teller, Hungarian-American physicist and academic (d. 2003)*1909 – Jean Bugatti, German-French engineer (d. 1939)* 1909 – Gene Krupa, American drummer, composer, and actor (d. 1973)*1912 – Michel Debré, French lawyer and politician, Prime Minister of France (d. 1996)*1913 – Eugène Brands, Dutch painter (d. 2002)* 1913 – Lloyd Bridges, American actor (d. 1998)* 1913 – Miriam Hyde, Australian pianist and composer (d. 2005)* 1913 – Alexander Marinesko, Ukrainian-Russian lieutenant (d. 1963)*1914 – Stefan Bałuk, Polish general (d. 2014)* 1914 – Hugh Trevor-Roper, English historian and academic (d. 2003)*1917 – K. A. Thangavelu, Indian film actor and comedian (d. 1994)*1918 – João Figueiredo, Brazilian general and politician, 30th President of Brazil (d. 1999)* 1918 – Édouard Gagnon, Canadian cardinal (d. 2007)* 1918 – Gamal Abdel Nasser, Egyptian colonel and politician, second President of Egypt (d. 1970)*1919 – Maurice Herzog, French mountaineer and politician, French Minister of Youth Affairs and Sports (d. 2012)* 1919 – George Cadle Price, Belizean politician, first Prime Minister of Belize (d. 2011)*1920 – Bob Davies, American basketball player and coach (d. 1990)* 1920 – Steve Gromek, American baseball player (d. 2002)* 1920 – John O'Connor, American cardinal (d. 2000)*1921 – Cliff Barker, American basketball player (d. 1998)* 1921 – Babasaheb Bhosale, Indian lawyer and politician, eighth Chief Minister of Maharashtra (d. 2007)* 1921 – Frank Thornton, English actor (d. 2013)*1922 – Sylvia Lawler, English geneticist (d. 1996)* 1922 – Eric Willis, Australian sergeant and politician, 34th Premier of New South Wales (d. 1999)*1923 – Ivor Cutler, Scottish pianist, songwriter, and poet (d. 2006)* 1923 – Lee Teng-hui, Taiwanese economist and politician, fourth President of the Republic of China (d. 2020)*1924 – George Lowe, New Zealand-English mountaineer and explorer (d. 2013)*1925 – Ruth Slenczynska, American pianist and composer* 1925 – Ignacio López Tarso, Mexican actor (d. 2023)*1926 – Maria Schell, Austrian-Swiss actress (d. 2005)*1927 – Phyllis Coates, American actress (d. 2023)*1928 – Joanne Linville, American actress (d. 2021)* 1928 – W. R. Mitchell, English journalist and author (d. 2015)*1929 – Earl Hooker, American guitarist (d. 1970)* 1929 – Martin Luther King Jr., American minister and activist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1968)*1930 – Eddie Graham, American professional wrestler and promoter (d. 1985)*1931 – Lee Bontecou, American painter and sculptor (d. 2022)* 1931 – Derek Meddings, British special effects designer (d. 1995)*1932 – Lou Jones, American sprinter (d. 2006)*1933 – Frank Bough, English journalist and radio host (d. 2020)* 1933 – Ernest J. Gaines, American author and academic (d. 2019)* 1933 – Peter Maitlis, English chemist and academic (d. 2022)*1934 – V. S. Ramadevi, Indian civil servant and politician, 13th Governor of Karnataka (d. 2013)*1935 – Robert Silverberg, American author and editor *1936 – Richard Franklin, English actor, writer, director and political activist (d. 2023)*1937 – Margaret O'Brien, American actress and singer*1938 – Ashraf Aman, Pakistani engineer and mountaineer* 1938 – Estrella Blanca, Mexican wrestler (d. 2021)* 1938 – Chuni Goswami, Indian footballer and cricketer (d. 2020)*1939 – Per Ahlmark, Swedish journalist and politician, first Deputy Prime Minister of Sweden (d. 2018)* 1939 – Tony Bullimore, English sailor (d. 2018)*1941 – Captain Beefheart, American singer-songwriter, musician, and artist (d. 2010)*1942 – Frank Joseph Polozola, American academic and judge (d. 2013)*1943 – George Ambrum, Australian rugby league player (d. 1986)* 1943 – Margaret Beckett, English metallurgist and politician, Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs* 1943 – Stuart E. Eizenstat, American lawyer and diplomat, United States Ambassador to the European Union* 1943 – Mike Marshall, American baseball player (d. 2021)*1944 – Jenny Nimmo, English author*1945 – Ko Chun-hsiung, Taiwanese actor, director, and politician (d. 2015)* 1945 – Vince Foster, American lawyer and political figure (d. 1993)* 1945 – William R. Higgins, American colonel (d. 1990)* 1945 – Princess Michael of Kent* 1945 – David Pleat, English footballer, manager, and sportscaster*1946 – Charles Brown, American actor (d. 2004)*1947 – Mary Hogg, English lawyer and judge* 1947 – Andrea Martin, American-Canadian actress, singer, and screenwriter*1948 – Ronnie Van Zant, American singer-songwriter (d. 1977)*1949 – Luis Alvarado, Puerto Rican-American baseball player (d. 2001)* 1949 – Alasdair Liddell, English businessman (d. 2012)* 1949 – Ian Stewart, Scottish runner* 1949 – Howard Twitty, American golfer*1950 – Marius Trésor, French footballer and coach*1951 – Ernie DiGregorio, American basketball player*1952 – Boris Blank, Swiss singer-songwriter* 1952 – Andrzej Fischer, Polish footballer (d. 2018)* 1952 – Muhammad Wakkas, Bangladeshi teacher and parliamentarian (d. 2021)*1953 – Randy White, American football player*1954 – Jose Dalisay, Jr., Filipino poet, author, and screenwriter*1955 – Nigel Benson, English author and illustrator* 1955 – Andreas Gursky, German photographer* 1955 – Khalid Islambouli, Egyptian lieutenant (d. 1982)*1956 – Vitaly Kaloyev, Russian architect* 1956 – Mayawati, Indian educator and politician, 23rd Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh* 1956 – Marc Trestman, American football player and coach*1957 – David Ige, American politician* 1957 – Marty Lyons, American football player and sportscaster* 1957 – Andrew Tyrie, English journalist and politician* 1957 – Mario Van Peebles, Mexican-American actor and director*1958 – Ken Judge, Australian footballer and coach (d. 2016)* 1958 – Boris Tadić, Serbian psychologist and politician, 16th President of Serbia*1959 – Greg Dowling, Australian rugby league player* 1959 – Pavle Kozjek, Slovenian mountaineer and photographer (d. 2008)*1961 – Serhiy N. Morozov, Ukrainian footballer and coach* 1961 – Yves Pelletier, Canadian actor and director*1963 – Craig Fairbrass, English actor, producer, and screenwriter*1964 – Osmo Tapio Räihälä, Finnish composer*1965 – Maurizio Fondriest, Italian cyclist* 1965 – Bernard Hopkins, American boxer and coach* 1965 – Adam Jones, American musician and songwriter* 1965 – James Nesbitt, Northern Irish actor*1967 – Ted Tryba, American golfer*1968 – Chad Lowe, American actor, director, and producer*1969 – Delino DeShields, American baseball player and manager*1970 – Shane McMahon, American wrestler and businessman*1971 – Regina King, American actress*1972 – Shelia Burrell, American heptathlete* 1972 – Christos Kostis, Greek footballer* 1972 – Claudia Winkleman, English journalist and critic*1973 – Essam El Hadary, Egyptian footballer*1974 – Séverine Deneulin, international development academic*1975 – Mary Pierce, Canadian-American tennis player and coach* 1975 – Martin Štrbák, Slovak ice hockey player*1976 – Doug Gottlieb, American basketball player and sportscaster* 1976 – Alexander Korolyuk, Russian ice hockey player* 1976 – Iryna Lishchynska, Ukrainian runner* 1976 – Dorian Missick, American actor* 1976 – Scott Murray, Scottish rugby player* 1976 – Florentin Petre, Romanian footballer and manager*1978 – Eddie Cahill, American actor* 1978 – Franco Pellizotti, Italian cyclist* 1978 – Ryan Sidebottom, English cricketer*1979 – Drew Brees, American football player* 1979 – Michalis Morfis, Cypriot footballer* 1979 – Martin Petrov, Bulgarian footballer*1980 – Matt Holliday, American baseball player*1981 – Dylan Armstrong, Canadian shot putter and hammer thrower* 1981 – Vanessa Henke, German tennis player* 1981 – Pitbull, American rapper and producer* 1981 – El Hadji Diouf, Senegalese footballer*1982 – Armando Galarraga, Venezuelan baseball player* 1982 – Francis Zé, Cameroonian footballer*1983 – Hugo Viana, Portuguese footballer* 1983 – Jermaine Pennant, English footballer*1984 – Ben Shapiro, American author and commentator*1985 – René Adler, German footballer* 1985 – Kenneth Emil Petersen, Danish footballer* 1985 – Pavel Podkolzin, Russian basketball player* 1985 – Victor Rasuk, American actor*1986 – Jessy Schram, American actress and model*1987 – Greg Inglis, Australian rugby league player* 1987 – Tsegaye Kebede, Ethiopian runner* 1987 – Kelly Kelly, American wrestler and model* 1987 – David Knight, English footballer* 1987 – Kelleigh Ryan, Canadian fencer*1988 – Daniel Caligiuri, German footballer* 1988 – Skrillex, American DJ and producer* 1988 – Donald Sloan, American basketball player*1989 – Alexei Cherepanov, Russian ice hockey player (d. 2008)* 1989 – Nicole Ross, American Olympic foil fencer* 1989 – Martin Dúbravka, Slovakian footballer*1990 – Robert Trznadel, Polish footballer* 1990 – Slava Voynov, Russian ice hockey player* 1990 – Chris Warren, American actor*1991 – Marc Bartra, Spanish footballer* 1991 – Matt Duffy, American baseball player* 1991 – Mitch Garver, American baseball player* 1991 – Nicolai Jørgensen, Danish footballer* 1991 – Darya Klishina, Russian long jumper* 1991 – James Mitchell, Australian basketball player*1992 – Joël Veltman, Dutch footballer* 1992 – Joshua King, Norwegian footballer*1993 – Kadeem Allen, American basketball player* 1994 – Eric Dier, English footballer*1996 – Dove Cameron, American actress and singer* 1996 – Deebo Samuel, American football player*1998 – Alexandra Eade, Australian artistic gymnast*1998 – Ben Godfrey, English footballer*2000 – Triston Casas, American baseball player*2002 – Tim Stützle, German ice hockey player*2004 – Grace VanderWaal, American singer-songwriter" ], [ "Deaths", "===Pre-1600===*69 – Galba, Roman emperor (b.", "3 BC)* 378 – Chak Tok Ich'aak I, Mayan ruler* 570 – Íte of Killeedy, Irish nun and saint (b.", "475)* 849 – Theophylact, Byzantine emperor (b.", "793)* 936 – Rudolph of France (b.", "880)* 950 – Wang Jingchong, Chinese general*1149 – Berengaria of Barcelona, queen consort of Castile (b.", "1116)*1477 – Adriana of Nassau-Siegen, German countess (b.", "1449)*1568 – Nicolaus Olahus, Romanian archbishop (b.", "1493)*1569 – Catherine Carey, lady-in-waiting to Elizabeth I of England (b.", "1524)*1584 – Martha Leijonhufvud, Swedish noblewoman (b.", "1520)===1601–1900===*1623 – Paolo Sarpi, Italian lawyer, historian, and scholar (b.", "1552)*1672 – John Cosin, English bishop and academic (b.", "1594)*1683 – Philip Warwick, English politician (b.", "1609)*1775 – Giovanni Battista Sammartini, Italian organist and composer (b.", "1700)*1783 - Lord Stirling, American Revolutionary War Major General (b.", "1726)*1790 – John Landen, English mathematician and theorist (b.", "1719)*1804 – Dru Drury, English entomologist and author (b.", "1725)*1813 – Anton Bernolák, Slovak linguist and priest (b.", "1762)*1815 – Emma, Lady Hamilton, English-French mistress of Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson (b.", "1761)*1855 – Henri Braconnot, French chemist and pharmacist (b.", "1780)*1864 – Isaac Nathan, English-Australian composer and journalist (b.", "1792) *1866 – Massimo d'Azeglio, Piedmontese-Italian statesman, novelist and painter (b.", "1798)*1876 – Eliza McCardle Johnson, American wife of Andrew Johnson, 18th First Lady of the United States (b.", "1810)*1880 – Carl Georg von Wächter, German jurist (b.", "1797)*1893 – Fanny Kemble, English actress (b.", "1809)*1896 – Mathew Brady, American photographer and journalist (b.", "1822)===1901–present===*1905 – George Thorn, Australian politician, sixth Premier of Queensland (b.", "1838)*1909 – Arnold Janssen, German priest and missionary (b.", "1837)*1916 – Modest Ilyich Tchaikovsky, Russian playwright and translator (b.", "1850)*1919 – Karl Liebknecht, German politician (b.", "1871)* 1919 – Rosa Luxemburg, German economist, theorist, and philosopher (b.", "1871)*1926 – Enrico Toselli, Italian pianist and composer (b.", "1883)*1929 – George Cope, American painter (b.", "1855)*1936 – Henry Forster, 1st Baron Forster, English cricketer and politician, seventh Governor-General of Australia (b.", "1866)*1937 – Anton Holban, Romanian author, theoretician, and educator (b.", "1902)*1939 – Kullervo Manner, Finnish Speaker of the Parliament, the Prime Minister of the FSWR and the Supreme Commander of the Red Guards (b.", "1880)*1945 – Wilhelm Wirtinger, Austrian-German mathematician and theorist (b.", "1865)*1948 – Josephus Daniels, American publisher and diplomat, 41st United States Secretary of the Navy (b.", "1862)*1950 – Henry H. Arnold, American general (b.", "1886)*1951 – Ernest Swinton, British Army officer (b.", "1868)* 1951 – Nikolai Vekšin, Estonian-Russian captain and sailor (b.", "1887)*1952 – Ned Hanlon, Australian sergeant and politician, 26th Premier of Queensland (b.", "1887)*1955 – Yves Tanguy, French-American painter (b.", "1900)*1959 – Regina Margareten, Hungarian businesswoman (b.", "1863)*1964 – Jack Teagarden, American singer-songwriter and trombonist (b.", "1905)*1967 – David Burliuk, Ukrainian author and illustrator (b.", "1882)*1968 – Bill Masterton, Canadian-American ice hockey player (b.", "1938)*1970 – Frank Clement, English race car driver (b.", "1886)* 1970 – William T. Piper, American engineer and businessman, founded Piper Aircraft (b.", "1881)*1972 – Daisy Ashford, English author (b.", "1881)*1973 – Coleman Francis, American actor, director, and producer (b.", "1919)* 1973 – Ivan Petrovsky, Russian mathematician and academic (b.", "1901)*1974 – Harold D. Cooley, American lawyer and politician (b.", "1897)*1981 – Graham Whitehead, English race car driver (b.", "1922)*1982 – Red Smith, American journalist (b.", "1905)*1983 – Armin Öpik, Estonian-Australian paleontologist and geologist (b.", "1898)* 1983 – Shepperd Strudwick, American actor (b.", "1907)*1984 – Fazıl Küçük, Cypriot journalist and politician (b.", "1906)*1987 – Ray Bolger, American actor, singer, and dancer (b.", "1904)*1988 – Seán MacBride, Irish republican activist and politician, Minister for External Affairs, Nobel Prize laureate (b.", "1904)*1990 – Gordon Jackson, Scottish-English actor (b.", "1923)* 1990 – Peggy van Praagh, English ballerina, choreographer, and director (b.", "1910)*1993 – Sammy Cahn, American songwriter (b.", "1913)*1994 – Georges Cziffra, Hungarian-French pianist and composer (b.", "1921)* 1994 – Harry Nilsson, American singer-songwriter (b.", "1941)* 1994 – Harilal Upadhyay, Indian author, poet, and astrologist (b.", "1916)*1996 – Les Baxter, American pianist and composer (b.", "1922)* 1996 – Moshoeshoe II of Lesotho (b.", "1938)*1998 – Gulzarilal Nanda, Indian economist and politician, Prime Minister of India (b.", "1898)*1998 – Junior Wells, American singer-songwriter and harmonica player (b.", "1934)*1999 – Betty Box, English film producer (b.", "1915)*2000 – Georges-Henri Lévesque, Canadian-Dominican priest and sociologist (b.", "1903)*2001 – Leo Marks, English cryptographer, playwright, and screenwriter (b.", "1920)*2002 – Michael Anthony Bilandic, American politician, 49th Mayor of Chicago (b.", "1923)* 2002 – Eugène Brands, Dutch painter (b.", "1913)*2003 – Doris Fisher, American singer-songwriter (b.", "1915)*2004 – Olivia Goldsmith, American author (b.", "1949)*2005 – Victoria de los Ángeles, Spanish soprano and actress (b.", "1923)* 2005 – Walter Ernsting, German author (b.", "1920)* 2005 – Elizabeth Janeway, American author and critic (b.", "1913)* 2005 – Ruth Warrick, American actress (b.", "1916)*2006 – Jaber Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah, Kuwaiti ruler (b.", "1926)*2007 – Awad Hamed al-Bandar, Iraqi lawyer and judge (b.", "1945)* 2007 – Barzan Ibrahim al-Tikriti, Iraqi intelligence officer (b.", "1951)* 2007 – James Hillier, Canadian-American computer scientist and academic, co-invented the electron microscope (b.", "1915)* 2007 – Pura Santillan-Castrence, Filipino educator and diplomat (b.", "1905)* 2007 – Bo Yibo, Chinese commander and politician, Vice Premier of the People's Republic of China (b.", "1908)*2008 – Robert V. Bruce, American historian, author, and academic (b.", "1923)* 2008 – Brad Renfro, American actor (b.", "1982)*2009 – Lincoln Verduga Loor, Ecuadorian journalist and politician (b.", "1917)*2011 – Nat Lofthouse, English footballer and manager (b.", "1925)* 2011 – Pierre Louis-Dreyfus, French soldier, race car driver, and businessman (b.", "1908)* 2011 – Susannah York, English actress and activist (b.", "1939)*2012 – Ed Derwinski, American soldier and politician, first United States Secretary of Veterans Affairs (b.", "1926)* 2012 – Manuel Fraga Iribarne, Spanish lawyer and politician, third President of the Xunta of Galicia (b.", "1922)* 2012 – Carlo Fruttero, Italian journalist and author (b.", "1926)* 2012 – Samuel Jaskilka, American general (b.", "1919)* 2012 – Ib Spang Olsen, Danish author and illustrator (b.", "1921)* 2012 – Hulett C. Smith, American lieutenant and politician, 27th Governor of West Virginia (b.", "1918)*2013 – Nagisa Oshima, Japanese director and screenwriter (b.", "1932)* 2013 – John Thomas, American high jumper (b.", "1941)*2014 – Curtis Bray, American football player and coach (b.", "1970)* 2014 – John Dobson, Chinese-American astronomer and author (b.", "1915)* 2014 – Roger Lloyd-Pack, English actor (b.", "1944)*2015 – Ervin Drake, American songwriter and composer (b.", "1919)* 2015 – Kim Fowley, American singer-songwriter, producer, and manager (b.", "1939)* 2015 – Ray Nagel, American football player and coach (b.", "1927)*2016 – Francisco X. Alarcón, American poet and educator (b.", "1954)* 2016 – Ken Judge, Australian footballer and coach (b.", "1958)* 2016 – Manuel Velázquez, Spanish footballer (b.", "1943)*2017 – Jimmy Snuka, Fijian professional wrestler (b.", "1943)*2018 – Dolores O'Riordan, Irish pop singer (b.", "1971)*2019 – Carol Channing, American actress (b.", "1921)* 2019 – Ida Kleijnen, Dutch chef (b.", "1936)*2020 – Rocky Johnson, Canadian professional wrestler (b.", "1944)* 2020 – Lloyd Cowan, British athlete and coach (b.", "1962)*2022 – Alexa McDonough, first female politician to lead a major provincial political party in Canada, former leader of the federal New Democratic Party.", "(b.", "1944)" ], [ "Holidays and observances", "*Arbor Day (Egypt)*Armed Forces Remembrance Day (Nigeria)*Army Day (India)*Christian feast day:**Abeluzius (Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church)**Arnold Janssen**Francis Ferdinand de Capillas (one of Martyr Saints of China)**Ita**Our Lady of the Poor**Macarius of Egypt (Western Christianity)**Maurus and Placidus (Order of Saint Benedict)**Paul the Hermit**January 15 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)*Earliest day on which Martin Luther King Jr. Day can fall (the 15th being his birthday), while January 21 is the latest; celebrated on the third Monday in January.", "(United States)*Earliest day on which Sinulog Festival can fall, while January 21 is the latest; celebrated on the third Sunday in January.", "(Philippines)*John Chilembwe Day (Malawi)*Korean Alphabet Day (North Korea)*Ocean Duty Day (Indonesia)*Sagichō at Tsurugaoka Hachimangū.", "(Kamakura, Japan)*Teacher's Day (Venezuela)*Black Christ of Esquipulas day *The second day of the sidereal winter solstice festivals in India ''(see January 14)'':**Thai Pongal, Tamil harvest festival" ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* BBC: On This Day* * Historical Events on January 15" ] ]
wikipedia
[ [ "January 26" ], [ "Introduction" ], [ "Events", "===Pre-1600===* 661 – The Rashidun Caliphate is effectively ended with the assassination of Ali, the last caliph.", "*1531 – The 6.4–7.1 Lisbon earthquake kills about thirty thousand people.", "*1564 – The Council of Trent establishes an official distinction between Roman Catholicism and Protestantism.", "*1564 – The Grand Duchy of Lithuania defeats the Tsardom of Russia in the Battle of Ula during the Livonian War.===1601–1900===*1699 – For the first time, the Ottoman Empire permanently cedes territory to the Christian powers.", "*1700 – The 8.7–9.2 Cascadia earthquake takes place off the west coast of North America, as evidenced by Japanese records.", "*1788 – The British First Fleet, led by Arthur Phillip, sails into Port Jackson (Sydney Harbour) to establish Sydney, the first permanent European settlement on Australia.", "Commemorated as Australia Day.", "*1808 – The Rum Rebellion is the only successful (albeit short-lived) armed takeover of the government in New South Wales.", "*1837 – Michigan is admitted as the 26th U.S.", "state.", "*1841 – James Bremer takes formal possession of Hong Kong Island at what is now Possession Point, establishing British Hong Kong.", "*1855 – Point No Point Treaty is signed in Washington Territory.", "*1856 – First Battle of Seattle: Marines from the drive off American Indian attackers after all-day battle with settlers.", "*1861 – American Civil War: The state of Louisiana secedes from the Union.", "*1863 – American Civil War: General Ambrose Burnside is relieved of command of the Army of the Potomac after the disastrous Fredericksburg campaign.", "He is replaced by Joseph Hooker.", "* 1863 – American Civil War: Governor of Massachusetts John Albion Andrew receives permission from the Secretary of War to raise a militia organization for men of African descent.", "*1870 – Reconstruction Era: Virginia is readmitted to the Union.", "*1885 – Troops loyal to The Mahdi conquer Khartoum, killing the Governor-General Charles George Gordon.===1901–present===*1905 – The world's largest diamond ever, the Cullinan, which weighs , is found at the Premier Mine near Pretoria in South Africa.", "*1915 – The Rocky Mountain National Park is established by an act of the U.S.", "Congress.", "*1918 – Finnish Civil War: A group of Red Guards hangs a red lantern atop the tower of Helsinki Workers' Hall to symbolically mark the start of the war.", "*1926 – The first demonstration of the television by John Logie Baird.", "*1930 – The Indian National Congress declares 26 January as Independence Day or as the day for Poorna Swaraj (\"Complete Independence\") which occurred 17 years later.", "*1934 – The Apollo Theater reopens in Harlem, New York City.", "* 1934 – German–Polish declaration of non-aggression is signed.", "*1939 – Spanish Civil War: Catalonia Offensive: Troops loyal to nationalist General Francisco Franco and aided by Italy take Barcelona.", "*1942 – World War II: The first United States forces arrive in Europe, landing in Northern Ireland.", "*1945 – World War II: Audie Murphy displays valor and bravery in action for which he will later be awarded the Medal of Honor.", "*1949 – The Hale telescope at Palomar Observatory sees first light under the direction of Edwin Hubble, becoming the largest aperture optical telescope (until BTA-6 is built in 1976).", "*1950 – The Constitution of India comes into force, forming a republic.", "Rajendra Prasad is sworn in as the first President of India.", "Observed as Republic Day in India.", "*1952 – Black Saturday in Egypt: rioters burn Cairo's central business district, targeting British and upper-class Egyptian businesses.", "*1956 – Soviet Union cedes Porkkala back to Finland.", "*1959 – The Chain Island is listed for sale by the California State Lands Commission, with a minimum bid of $5,226.", "*1962 – Ranger 3 is launched to study the Moon.", "The space probe later misses the Moon by 22,000 miles (35,400 km).", "*1966 – The three Beaumont children disappear from a beach in Glenelg, South Australia, resulting in one of the country's largest-ever police investigations.", "*1972 – JAT Flight 367 is destroyed by a terrorist bomb, killing 27 of the 28 people on board the DC-9.Flight attendant Vesna Vulović survives with critical injuries.", "*1974 – Turkish Airlines Flight 301 crashes during takeoff from Izmir Cumaovası Airport (now İzmir Adnan Menderes Airport), killing 66 of the 73 people on board the Fokker F28 Fellowship.", "*1986 – The Ugandan government of Tito Okello is overthrown by the National Resistance Army, led by Yoweri Museveni.", "*1991 – Mohamed Siad Barre is removed from power in Somalia, ending centralized government, and is succeeded by Ali Mahdi.", "*1998 – Lewinsky scandal: On American television, U.S. President Bill Clinton denies having had \"sexual relations\" with former White House intern Monica Lewinsky.", "*2001 – The 7.7 Gujarat earthquake shakes Western India, leaving 13,805–20,023 dead and about 166,800 injured.", "* 2001 – Diane Whipple, a lacrosse coach, is killed in a dog attack in San Francisco.", "The resulting court case clarified the meaning of implied malice murder.", "*2009 – Rioting breaks out in Antananarivo, Madagascar, sparking a political crisis that will result in the replacement of President Marc Ravalomanana with Andry Rajoelina.", "*2009 – Nadya Suleman gives birth to the world's first surviving octuplets.", "*2015 – An aircraft crashes at Los Llanos Air Base in Albacete, Spain, killing 11 people and injuring 21 others.", "* 2015 – Syrian civil war: The People's Protection Units (YPG) recaptures the city of Kobanî from the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL), marking a turning point in the Siege of Kobanî.", "*2020 – A Sikorsky S-76B flying from John Wayne Airport to Camarillo Airport crashes in Calabasas, 30 miles west of Los Angeles, killing all nine people on board, including former five-time NBA champion Kobe Bryant and his daughter Gianna Bryant.", "*2021 – Protesters and farmers storm the Red Fort near Delhi, clashing with police.", "One protester is killed and more than 80 police officers are injured." ], [ "Births", "===Pre-1600===* 183 – Lady Zhen, wife of Cao Pi (d. 221)*1541 – Florent Chrestien, French poet and translator (d. 1596)*1549 – Jakob Ebert, German theologian (d. 1614)*1582 – Giovanni Lanfranco, Italian painter (d. 1647)===1601–1900===*1657 – William Wake, Archbishop of Canterbury (d. 1737)*1714 – Jean-Baptiste Pigalle, French sculptor and educator (d. 1785)*1715 – Claude Adrien Helvétius, French philosopher (d. 1771)*1716 – George Germain, 1st Viscount Sackville, English general and politician, Secretary of State for the Colonies (d. 1785)*1722 – Alexander Carlyle, Scottish minister and author (d. 1805)*1763 – Charles XIV John of Sweden (d. 1844)*1781 – Ludwig Achim von Arnim, German poet and author (d. 1831)*1813 – Juan Pablo Duarte, Dominican philosopher and poet, founding father of the Dominican Republic (d. 1876)*1824 – Emil Czyrniański, Polish chemist (d. 1888)*1832 – George Shiras, Jr., American lawyer and Supreme Court justice (d. 1924)*1842 – François Coppée, French poet and author (d. 1908)*1852 – Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza, Italian-French explorer (d. 1905)*1861 – Louis Anquetin, French painter (d. 1932)*1863 – Charles Wade, Australian politician, 17th Premier of New South Wales (d. 1922)*1864 – József Pusztai, Slovene-Hungarian poet and journalist (d. 1934)*1866 – John Cady, American golfer (d. 1933)*1877 – Kees van Dongen, Dutch painter (d. 1968)*1878 – Dave Nourse, English-South African cricketer and coach (d. 1948)*1880 – Douglas MacArthur, American general, Medal of Honor recipient (d. 1964)*1885 – Michael Considine, Irish-Australian politician (d. 1959)* 1885 – Harry Ricardo, English engineer and academic (d. 1974)* 1885 – Per Thorén, Swedish figure skater (d. 1962)*1887 – François Faber, French-Luxembourgian cyclist (d. 1915)* 1887 – Marc Mitscher, American admiral and pilot (d. 1947)* 1887 – Dimitris Pikionis, Greek architect and academic (d. 1968)*1891 – Frank Costello, Italian-American mob boss (d. 1973)* 1891 – August Froehlich, German priest and martyr (d. 1942)* 1891 – Wilder Penfield, American-Canadian neurosurgeon and academic (d. 1976)*1892 – Bessie Coleman, American pilot (d. 1926)*1893 – Giuseppe Genco Russo, Italian mob boss (d. 1976)*1899 – Günther Reindorff, Russian-Estonian graphic designer and illustrator (d. 1974)*1900 – Karl Ristenpart, German conductor (d. 1967)===1901–present===*1902 – Menno ter Braak, Dutch author (d. 1940)*1904 – Ancel Keys, American physiologist and nutritionist (d. 2004)* 1904 – Seán MacBride, Irish lawyer and politician, Irish Minister for External Affairs Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1988)*1905 – Charles Lane, American actor and singer (d. 2007)* 1905 – Maria von Trapp, Austrian-American singer (d. 1987)*1907 – Rex Connor, Australian politician (d. 1977)* 1907 – Dimitrios Holevas, Greek priest and philologist (d. 2001)*1908 – Jill Esmond, English actress (d. 1990)* 1908 – Rupprecht Geiger, German painter and sculptor (d. 2009)* 1908 – Stéphane Grappelli, French violinist (d. 1997)*1910 – Jean Image, Hungarian-French animator, director, and screenwriter (d. 1989)*1911 – Polykarp Kusch, German-American physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1993)* 1911 – Norbert Schultze, German composer and conductor (d. 2002)*1913 – Jimmy Van Heusen, American pianist and composer (d. 1990)*1914 – Dürrüşehvar Sultan, Imperial Princess of the Ottoman Empire (d. 2006)*1915 – William Hopper, American actor (d. 1970)*1917 – Louis Zamperini, American runner and captain (d. 2014)*1918 – Philip José Farmer, American author (d. 2009)*1919 – Valentino Mazzola, Italian footballer (d. 1949)* 1919 – Bill Nicholson, English footballer and manager (d. 2004)* 1919 – Hyun Soong-jong, South Korean politician, 24th Prime Minister of South Korea (d. 2020)*1920 – Hans Holzer, Austrian-American paranormal researcher and author (d. 2009)*1921 – Eddie Barclay, French record producer, founded Barclay Records (d. 2005)* 1921 – Akio Morita, Japanese businessman, co-founded Sony (d. 1999)* 1921 – Veikko Uusimäki, Finnish actor and theater councilor (d. 2008)*1922 – Michael Bentine, English actor and screenwriter (d. 1996)* 1922 – Seán Flanagan, Irish footballer and politician, 7th Irish Minister for Health (d. 1993)* 1922 – Gil Merrick, English footballer (d. 2010)*1923 – Patrick J. Hannifin, American admiral (d. 2014)* 1923 – Anne Jeffreys, American actress and singer (d. 2017)*1924 – Alice Babs, Swedish singer and actress (d. 2014)* 1924 – Annette Strauss, American philanthropist and politician, Mayor of Dallas (d. 1998)*1925 – David Jenkins, English bishop and theologian (d. 2016)* 1925 – Joan Leslie, American actress (d. 2015)* 1925 – Paul Newman, American actor, activist, director, race car driver, and businessman, co-founded Newman's Own (d. 2008)* 1925 – Ben Pucci, American football player and sportscaster (d. 2013)* 1925 – Claude Ryan, Canadian journalist and politician (d. 2004)*1926 – Farman Fatehpuri, Pakistani linguist and scholar (d. 2013)* 1926 – Joseph Bacon Fraser, Jr., American architect and businessman, co-founded the Sea Pines Company (d. 2014)*1927 – José Azcona del Hoyo, Honduran businessman and politician, President of Honduras (d. 2005)* 1927 – Bob Nieman, American baseball player and scout (d. 1985)* 1927 – Hubert Schieth, German footballer and manager (d. 2013)*1928 – Roger Vadim, French actor and director (d. 2000)*1929 – Jules Feiffer, American cartoonist, playwright, screenwriter, and educator*1933 – Donald Sarason, American mathematician (d. 2017)*1934 – Roger Landry, Canadian businessman and publisher (d. 2020)* 1934 – Charles Marowitz, American director, playwright, and critic (d. 2014)* 1934 – Huey \"Piano\" Smith, American pianist and songwriter (d. 2023)* 1934 – Bob Uecker, American baseball player, sportscaster and actor*1935 – Corrado Augias, Italian journalist and politician* 1935 – Henry Jordan, American football player (d. 1977)* 1935 – Paula Rego, Portuguese-born British visual artist (d. 2022) *1936 – Sal Buscema, American illustrator*1937 – Joseph Saidu Momoh, Sierra Leonean soldier and politician, 2nd President of Sierra Leone (d. 2003)*1938 – Henry Jaglom, English-American director and screenwriter*1940 – Séamus Hegarty, Irish bishop (d. 2019)* 1940 – Frank Large, English footballer and cricketer (d. 2003) *1943 – César Gutiérrez, Venezuelan baseball player and manager (d. 2005)* 1943 – Jack Warner, Trinidadian businessman and politician*1944 – Angela Davis, American activist, academic, and author* 1944 – Jerry Sandusky, American football coach and criminal*1945 – Jacqueline du Pré, English cellist (d. 1987)* 1945 – David Purley, English race car driver (d. 1985)*1946 – Susan Friedlander, American mathematician* 1946 – Christopher Hampton, Portuguese-English director, screenwriter, and playwright* 1946 – Gene Siskel, American journalist and film critic (d. 1999)*1947 – Patrick Dewaere, French actor and composer (d. 1982)* 1947 – Les Ebdon, English chemist and academic* 1947 – Redmond Morris, 4th Baron Killanin, Irish director, producer, and production manager* 1947 – Richard Portnow, American actor* 1947 – Michel Sardou, French singer-songwriter and actor*1948 – Alda Facio, Costa Rican jurist, writer and teacher* 1948 – Corky Laing, Canadian rock drummer*1949 – Jonathan Carroll, American author* 1949 – David Strathairn, American actor*1950 – Jörg Haider, Austrian lawyer and politician, Governor of Carinthia (d. 2008)* 1950 – Ivan Hlinka, Czech ice hockey player and coach (d. 2004)* 1950 – Jack Youngblood, American football player*1951 – David Briggs, Australian guitarist, songwriter, and producer * 1951 – Andy Hummel, American singer-songwriter and bass player (d. 2010)* 1951 – Anne Mills, English economist and academic*1952 – Tom Henderson, American basketball player*1953 – Alik L. Alik, Micronesian politician, 7th Vice President of the Federated States of Micronesia* 1953 – Anders Fogh Rasmussen, Danish politician and diplomat, 39th Prime Minister of Denmark* 1953 – Lucinda Williams, American singer-songwriter and guitarist*1954 – Kim Hughes, Australian cricketer*1955 – Eddie Van Halen, Dutch-American guitarist, songwriter, and producer (d. 2020)*1957 – Road Warrior Hawk, American wrestler (d. 2003) *1958 – Anita Baker, American singer-songwriter * 1958 – Ellen DeGeneres, American comedian, actress, and talk show host*1960 – Charlie Gillingham, American musician*1961 – Wayne Gretzky, Canadian ice hockey player and coach* 1961 – Tom Keifer, American singer-songwriter and guitarist*1962 – Guo Jian, Chinese-Australian painter, sculptor, and photographer* 1962 – Tim May, Australian cricketer* 1962 – Oscar Ruggeri, Argentinian footballer and manager*1963 – Jazzie B, British DJ and music producer* 1963 – José Mourinho, Portuguese footballer and manager* 1963 – Simon O'Donnell, Australian footballer, cricketer, and sportscaster* 1963 – Tony Parks, English footballer and manager* 1963 – Andrew Ridgeley, English singer-songwriter and guitarist*1964 – Adam Crozier, Scottish businessman* 1964 – Paul Johansson, American-Canadian actor*1965 – Kevin McCarthy, American politician, 55th Speaker of the United States House of Representatives* 1965 – Thomas Östros, Swedish businessman and politician* 1965 – Natalia Yurchenko, Russian gymnast and coach*1966 – Kazushige Nagashima, Japanese baseball player and sportscaster*1967 – Bryan Callen, American comedian, actor, and writer* 1967 – Anatoly Komm, Russian chef and businessman* 1967 – Col Needham, English businessman, co-founded Internet Movie Database*1968 – Jupiter Apple, Brazilian singer-songwriter, film director, and actor (d. 2015)*1969 – George Dikeoulakos, Greek-Romanian basketball player and coach*1970 – Kirk Franklin, American singer-songwriter and producer *1972 – Nate Mooney, American actor*1973 – Jennifer Crystal Foley, American actress* 1973 – Larissa Lowing, Canadian artistic gymnast* 1973 – Melvil Poupaud, French actor, director, and screenwriter* 1973 – Brendan Rodgers, Northern Irish footballer and manager* 1973 – Mayu Shinjo, Japanese author and illustrator*1976 – Gilles Marini, French actor*1977 – Vince Carter, American basketball player* 1977 – Justin Gimelstob, American tennis player and coach*1978 – Esteban Germán, Dominican baseball player* 1978 – Corina Morariu, American tennis player and sportscaster* 1978 – Sara Rue, American actress* 1978 – Andrés Torres, American baseball player*1981 – José de Jesús Corona, Mexican footballer* 1981 – Gustavo Dudamel, Venezuelan violinist, composer, and conductor* 1981 – Juan José Haedo, Argentinian cyclist* 1981 – Colin O'Donoghue, Irish actor*1983 – Petri Oravainen, Finnish footballer* 1983 – Eric Werner, American ice hockey player*1984 – Ryan Hoffman, Australian rugby league player* 1984 – Iain Turner, Scottish footballer* 1984 – Luo Xuejuan, Chinese swimmer*1985 – Heather Stanning, English rower*1986 – Gerald Green, American basketball player* 1986 – Kim Jae-joong, South Korean singer, songwriter, actor, and director* 1986 – Mustapha Yatabaré, French-Malian footballer*1987 – Sebastian Giovinco, Italian footballer* 1987 – Héctor Noesí, Dominican baseball player*1988 – Dan Bailey, American football player* 1988 – Dimitrios Chondrokoukis, Greek high jumper*1989 – MarShon Brooks, American basketball player* 1989 – Emily Hughes, American figure skater* 1989 – Torrey Smith, American football player*1990 – Brandon Bolden, American football player* 1990 – Sergio Pérez, Mexican race car driver* 1990 – Peter Sagan, Slovak professional cyclist*1991 – Nicolò Melli, Italian-American basketball player* 1991 – Manti Te'o, American football player*1992 – Sasha Banks, American wrestler*1993 – Lana Clelland, Scottish footballer * 1993 – Kevin Pangos, Canadian-Slovenian basketball player* 1993 – Alice Powell, British racing driver * 1993 – Florian Thauvin, French footballer*1994 – Montrezl Harrell, American basketball player*1995 – Jean-Charles Castelletto, Cameroonian footballer* 1995 – Sione Katoa, New Zealand rugby league player*1997 – Gedion Zelalem, German-born American soccer player*1998 – Moonbin, South Korean singer and actor.", "(d. 2023)*1999 – Travis Etienne, American football player*2000 – Ester Expósito, Spanish actress* 2000 – Darius Garland, American basketball player*2001 – Latalia Bevan, Welsh artistic gymnast* 2001 – Isaac Okoro, American basketball player*2002 – Darya Astakhova, Russian tennis player*2009 – YaYa Gosselin, American actress* 2009 – The Suleman octuplets" ], [ "Deaths", "===Pre-1600===* 738 – John of Dailam, Syrian monk and saint (b.", "660)*1390 – Adolph IX, Count of Holstein-Kiel (b.c 1327)*1567 – Nicholas Wotton, English courtier and diplomat (b.", "1497)===1601–1900===*1620 – Amar Singh I, ruler of Mewar (b.", "1559)*1630 – Henry Briggs, English mathematician and astronomer (b.", "1556)*1641 – Lawrence Hyde, English lawyer (b.", "1562)*1697 – Georg Mohr, Danish mathematician and theorist (b.", "1640)*1744 – Ludwig Andreas von Khevenhüller, Austrian field marshal (b.", "1683)*1750 – Albert Schultens, Dutch philologist and academic (b.", "1686)*1795 – Johann Christoph Friedrich Bach, German harpsichord player and composer (b.", "1732)*1799 – Gabriel Christie, Scottish general (b.", "1722)*1814 – Manuel do Cenáculo, Portuguese prelate and antiquarian (b.", "1724)*1823 – Edward Jenner, English physician and immunologist, creator of the smallpox vaccine (b.", "1749)*1824 – Théodore Géricault, French painter and lithographer (b.", "1791)*1830 – Filippo Castagna, Maltese politician (b.", "1765)*1849 – Thomas Lovell Beddoes, English poet, playwright, and physician (b.", "1803)*1855 – Gérard de Nerval, French poet and translator (b.", "1808)*1860 – Wilhelmine Schröder-Devrient, opera singer (b.", "1804)*1869 – Duncan Gordon Boyes, English soldier; Victoria Cross recipient (b.", "1846)*1885 – Edward Davy, English-Australian physician and engineer (b.", "1806)* 1885 – Charles George Gordon, English general and politician (b.", "1833)*1886 – David Rice Atchison, American general and politician (b.", "1807)*1887 – Anandi Gopal Joshi, one of the first female Indian physicians (b.", "1865)*1891 – Nicolaus Otto, German engineer, invented the Internal combustion engine (b.", "1833)*1893 – Abner Doubleday, American general (b.", "1819)*1895 – Arthur Cayley, English mathematician and academic (b.", "1825)*1896 – James Edwin Campbell, American educator, school administrator, newspaper editor, poet, and essayist (b.", "1867)===1901–present===*1904 – Whitaker Wright, English businessman (b.", "1846)*1920 – Jeanne Hébuterne, French painter and author (b.", "1898) *1932 – William Wrigley, Jr., American businessman, founded the Wrigley Company (b.", "1861)*1943 – Harry H. Laughlin, American sociologist and eugenicist (b.", "1880)* 1943 – Nikolai Vavilov, Russian botanist and geneticist (b.", "1887)*1946 – Adriaan van Maanen, Dutch-American astronomer and academic (b.", "1884)*1947 – Grace Moore, American soprano and actress (b.", "1898)*1948 – Fred Conrad Koch, American biochemist and endocrinologist (b.", "1876)*1953 – Athanase David, Canadian lawyer and politician (b.", "1882)*1962 – Lucky Luciano, Italian-American mob boss (b.", "1897)*1968 – Merrill C. Meigs, American publisher (b.", "1883)*1973 – Edward G. Robinson, Romanian-American actor (b.", "1893)*1976 – João Branco Núncio, Portuguese bullfighter (b.", "1901)*1977 – Dietrich von Hildebrand, German Catholic philosopher and author (b.", "1889)*1979 – Nelson Rockefeller, American businessman and politician, 41st Vice President of the United States (b.", "1908)*1983 – Bear Bryant, American football player and coach (b.", "1913)*1985 – Kenny Clarke, American jazz drummer and bandleader (b.", "1914)*1986 – Ruben Nirvi, Finnish linguist and professor (b.", "1905)*1990 – Lewis Mumford, American sociologist and historian (b.", "1895)*1992 – José Ferrer, Puerto Rican-American actor (b.", "1912)*1993 – Jan Gies, Dutch businessman and humanitarian (b.", "1905)* 1993 – Jeanne Sauvé, Canadian journalist and politician, Governor General of Canada (b.", "1922)*1996 – Harold Brodkey, American author and academic (b.", "1930)* 1996 – Frank Howard, American football player and coach (b.", "1909)* 1996 – Henry Lewis, American bassist and conductor (b.", "1932)*1997 – Jeane Dixon, American astrologer and psychic (b.", "1904)*2000 – Don Budge, American tennis player and coach (b.", "1915)* 2000 – Kathleen Hale, English author and illustrator (b.", "1898)* 2000 – A. E. van Vogt, Canadian-American author (b.", "1912)*2001 – Al McGuire, American basketball player and coach (b.", "1928)*2003 – Valeriy Brumel, Russian high jumper (b.", "1942)* 2003 – Hugh Trevor-Roper, English historian and academic (b.", "1917)* 2003 – George Younger, 4th Viscount Younger of Leckie, Scottish banker and politician, Secretary of State for Scotland (b.", "1931)*2004 – Fred Haas, American golfer (b.", "1916)*2006 – Khan Abdul Wali Khan, Pakistani politician (b.", "1917)*2007 – Gump Worsley, Canadian ice hockey player (b.", "1929)*2008 – Viktor Schreckengost, American sculptor and designer (b.", "1906)* 2008 – George Habash, Palestinian politician, founder of the PFLP (b.", "1926)*2010 – Louis Auchincloss, American novelist and essayist (b.", "1917)*2011 – David Kato Kisule, Ugandan teacher and LGBT rights activist, considered a father of Uganda's gay rights movement (b.", "1964)* 2011 – Charlie Louvin, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (b.", "1927)*2012 – Roberto Mieres, Argentinian race car driver (b.", "1924)*2013 – Christine M. Jones, American educator and politician (b.", "1929)* 2013 – Stefan Kudelski, Polish-Swiss engineer, inventor of the Nagra (b.", "1929)* 2013 – Padma Kant Shukla, Indian physicist and academic (b.", "1950)* 2013 – Shōtarō Yasuoka, Japanese author (b.", "1920)*2014 – Tom Gola, American basketball player, coach, and politician (b.", "1933)* 2014 – Paula Gruden, Slovenian-Australian poet and translator (b.", "1921)* 2014 – José Emilio Pacheco, Mexican poet and author (b.", "1939)*2015 – Cleven \"Goodie\" Goudeau, American art director and cartoonist (b.", "1932)* 2015 – Tom Uren, Australian politician (b.", "1921)*2016 – Sahabzada Yaqub Khan, Pakistani military leader, foreign minister, and diplomat (b.", "1920)* 2016 – Abe Vigoda, American actor (b.", "1921)*2017 – Mike Connors, American actor (b.", "1925)* 2017 – Tam Dalyell, Scottish politician (b.", "1932)* 2017 – Lindy Delapenha, Jamaican footballer and sports journalist (b.", "1927)* 2017 – Barbara Hale, American actress (b.", "1922)* 2017 – Barbara Howard, Canadian sprinter and educator (b.", "1920)*2020 – John Altobelli, American college baseball coach (b.", "1963)* 2020 – Kobe Bryant, American basketball player (b.", "1978)" ], [ "Holidays and observances", "* Christian feast day:** Saint Alberic of Cîteaux** Blessed Gabriele Allegra** Saint Paula of Rome** Saint Timothy and Saint Titus** January 26 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)* Australia Day (Australia)* Duarte Day (Dominican Republic)* Engineer's Day (Panama) * Liberation Day (Uganda)* Republic Day (India)" ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* BBC: On This Day* * Historical Events on January 26" ] ]
wikipedia
[ [ "January 28" ], [ "Introduction" ], [ "Events", "===Pre-1600===*98 – On the death of Nerva, Trajan is declared Roman emperor in Cologne, the seat of his government in lower Germany.", "* 814 – The death of Charlemagne, the first Holy Roman Emperor, brings about the accession of his son Louis the Pious as ruler of the Frankish Empire.", "*1069 – Robert de Comines, appointed Earl of Northumbria by William the Conqueror, rides into Durham, England, where he is defeated and killed by rebels.", "This incident leads to the Harrying of the North.", "*1077 – Walk to Canossa: The excommunication of Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor, is lifted after he humbles himself before Pope Gregory VII at Canossa in Italy.", "*1521 – The Diet of Worms begins, lasting until May 25.", "*1547 – Edward VI, the nine-year-old son of Henry VIII, becomes King of England on his father's death.", "*1568 – The Edict of Torda prohibits the persecution of individuals on religious grounds in John Sigismund Zápolya's Eastern Hungarian Kingdom.", "*1573 – Articles of the Warsaw Confederation are signed, sanctioning freedom of religion in Poland.", "*1591 – Execution of Agnes Sampson, accused of witchcraft in Edinburgh.===1601–1900===*1624 – Sir Thomas Warner founds the first British colony in the Caribbean, on the island of Saint Kitts.", "*1671 – Original city of Panama (founded in 1519) is destroyed by a fire when privateer Henry Morgan sacks and sets fire to it.", "The site of the previously devastated city is still in ruins (see Panama Viejo).", "*1724 – The Russian Academy of Sciences is founded in St. Petersburg, Russia, by Peter the Great, and implemented by Senate decree.", "It is called the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences until 1917.", "*1754 – Sir Horace Walpole coins the word ''serendipity'' in a letter to a friend.", "*1813 – Jane Austen's ''Pride and Prejudice'' is first published in the United Kingdom.", "*1846 – The Battle of Aliwal, India, is won by British troops commanded by Sir Harry Smith.", "*1851 – Northwestern University becomes the first chartered university in Illinois.", "*1855 – A locomotive on the Panama Canal Railway runs from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean for the first time.", "*1871 – Franco-Prussian War: The Siege of Paris ends in French defeat and an armistice.", "*1878 – ''Yale Daily News'' becomes the first independent daily college newspaper in the United States.", "*1896 – Walter Arnold of East Peckham, Kent, becomes the first person to be convicted of speeding.", "He was fined one shilling, plus costs, for speeding at , thereby exceeding the contemporary speed limit of .===1901–present===*1902 – The Carnegie Institution of Washington is founded in Washington, D.C., with a $10 million gift from Andrew Carnegie.", "*1908 – Members of the Portuguese Republican Party fail in their attempted coup d'état against the administrative dictatorship of Prime Minister João Franco.", "*1909 – United States troops leave Cuba, with the exception of Guantanamo Bay Naval Base, after being there since the Spanish–American War.", "*1915 – An act of the U.S. Congress creates the United States Coast Guard as a branch of the United States Armed Forces.", "*1916 – The Canadian province of Manitoba grants women the right to vote and run for office in provincial elections (although still excluding women of Indigenous or Asian heritage), marking the first time women in Canada are granted voting rights.", "*1918 – Finnish Civil War: The Red Guard rebels seize control of the capital, Helsinki; members of the Senate of Finland go underground.", "*1919 – The Order of the White Rose of Finland is established by Baron Gustaf Mannerheim, the regent of the Kingdom of Finland.", "*1920 – Foundation of the Spanish Legion.", "*1922 – Knickerbocker Storm: Washington, D.C.'s biggest snowfall, causes a disaster when the roof of the Knickerbocker Theatre collapses, killing over 100 people.", "*1932 – Japanese forces attack Shanghai.", "*1933 – The name Pakistan is coined by Choudhry Rahmat Ali Khan and is accepted by Indian Muslims who then thereby adopted it further for the Pakistan Movement seeking independence.", "*1935 – Iceland becomes the first Western country to legalize therapeutic abortion.", "*1938 – The World Land Speed Record on a public road is broken by Rudolf Caracciola in the Mercedes-Benz W125 Rekordwagen at a speed of .", "*1941 – Franco-Thai War: Final air battle of the conflict.", "A Japanese-mediated armistice goes into effect later in the day.", "*1945 – World War II: Supplies begin to reach the Republic of China over the newly reopened Burma Road.", "*1956 – Elvis Presley makes his first national television appearance.", "*1958 – The Lego company patents the design of its Lego bricks, still compatible with bricks produced today.", "*1960 – The National Football League announces expansion teams for Dallas to start in the 1960 NFL season and Minneapolis-St. Paul for the 1961 NFL season.", "*1964 – An unarmed United States Air Force T-39 Sabreliner on a training mission is shot down over Erfurt, East Germany, by a Soviet MiG-19.", "*1965 – The current design of the Flag of Canada is chosen by an act of Parliament.", "*1977 – The first day of the Great Lakes Blizzard of 1977, which dumps of snow in one day in Upstate New York.", "Buffalo, Syracuse, Watertown, and surrounding areas are most affected.", "*1980 – collides with the tanker ''Capricorn'' while leaving Tampa, Florida and capsizes, killing 23 Coast Guard crewmembers.", "*1981 – Ronald Reagan lifts remaining domestic petroleum price and allocation controls in the United States, helping to end the 1979 energy crisis and begin the 1980s oil glut.", "*1982 – US Army General James L. Dozier is rescued by Italian anti-terrorism forces from captivity by the Red Brigades.", "*1984 – Tropical Storm Domoina makes landfall in southern Mozambique, eventually causing 214 deaths and some of the most severe flooding so far recorded in the region.", "*1985 – Supergroup USA for Africa (United Support of Artists for Africa) records the hit single ''We Are the World'', to help raise funds for Ethiopian famine relief.", "*1986 – Space Shuttle program: STS-51-L mission: Space Shuttle ''Challenger'' disintegrates after liftoff, killing all seven astronauts on board.", "*1988 – In ''R v Morgentaler'' the Supreme Court of Canada strikes down all anti-abortion laws.", "*2002 – TAME Flight 120, a Boeing 727-100, crashes in the Andes mountains in southern Colombia, killing 94.", "*2006 – The roof of one of the buildings at the Katowice International Fair in Poland collapses due to the weight of snow, killing 65 and injuring more than 170 others.", "*2021 – A nitrogen leak at a poultry food processing facility in Gainesville, Georgia kills six and injures at least ten.", "*2023 – Protests begin after police beat and kill Tyre Nichols." ], [ "Births", "===Pre-1600===* 598 – Taizong, emperor of the Tang dynasty (d. 649)*1312 – Joan II, queen of Navarre (d. 1349)*1368 – Razadarit, king of Hanthawaddy (d. 1421) *1457 – Henry VII, king of England (d. 1509)*1533 – Paul Luther, German scientist (d. 1593)*1540 – Ludolph van Ceulen, German-Dutch mathematician and academic (d. 1610)*1582 – John Barclay, French-Scottish poet and author (d. 1621)*1600 – Clement IX, pope of the Catholic Church (d. 1669)===1601–1900===*1608 – Giovanni Alfonso Borelli, Italian physiologist and physicist (d. 1679)*1611 – Johannes Hevelius, Polish astronomer and politician (d. 1687)*1622 – Adrien Auzout, French astronomer and instrument maker (d. 1691)*1693 – Gregor Werner, Austrian composer (d. 1766)*1701 – Charles Marie de La Condamine, French mathematician and geographer (d. 1774)*1706 – John Baskerville, English printer and typographer (d. 1775)*1712 – Tokugawa Ieshige, Japanese shōgun (d. 1761)*1717 – Mustafa III, Ottoman sultan (d. 1774)*1719 – Johann Elias Schlegel, German poet and critic (d. 1749)* 1726 – Christian Felix Weiße, German poet and playwright (d. 1802)*1755 – Samuel Thomas von Sömmerring, Polish-German physician, anthropologist, and paleontologist (d. 1830)*1784 – George Hamilton-Gordon, 4th Earl of Aberdeen, Scottish politician, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1860)*1797 – Charles Gray Round, English lawyer and politician (d. 1867)*1818 – George S. Boutwell, American lawyer and politician, 28th United States Secretary of the Treasury (d. 1905)*1822 – Alexander Mackenzie, Scottish-Canadian politician, 2nd Prime Minister of Canada (d. 1892)*1833 – Charles George Gordon, English general and politician (d. 1885)*1853 – José Martí, Cuban journalist, poet, and theorist (d. 1895)* 1853 – Vladimir Solovyov, Russian philosopher, poet, and critic (d. 1900)*1855 – William Seward Burroughs I, American businessman, founded the Burroughs Corporation (d. 1898)*1858 – Tannatt William Edgeworth David, Welsh-Australian geologist and explorer (d. 1934)*1861 – Julián Felipe, Filipino composer and educator (d. 1944)*1863 – Ernest William Christmas, Australian-American painter (d. 1918)*1864 – Charles W. Nash, American businessman, founded Nash Motors (d. 1948)*1865 – Lala Lajpat Rai, Indian author and politician (d. 1928)* 1865 – Kaarlo Juho Ståhlberg, Finnish lawyer, judge, and politician, 1st President of Finland (d. 1952)*1873 – Colette, French novelist and journalist (d. 1954)* 1873 – Monty Noble, Australian cricketer (d. 1940)*1874 – Alex Smith, Scottish golfer (d. 1930)*1875 – Julián Carrillo, Mexican violinist, composer, and conductor (d. 1965)*1878 – Walter Kollo, German composer and conductor (d. 1940)*1880 – Herbert Strudwick, English cricketer and coach (d. 1970)*1884 – Auguste Piccard, Swiss physicist and explorer (d. 1962)*1885 – Vahan Terian, Armenian poet and activist (d. 1920)*1886 – Marthe Bibesco, Romanian-French author and poet (d. 1973)* 1886 – Hidetsugu Yagi, Japanese engineer and academic (d. 1976)*1887 – Arthur Rubinstein, Polish-American pianist and educator (d. 1982)*1897 – Valentin Kataev, Russian author and playwright (d. 1986)*1900 – Alice Neel, American painter (d. 1984)===1901–present===*1903 – Aleksander Kamiński, Polish author and educator (d. 1978)* 1903 – Kathleen Lonsdale, Irish crystallographer and 1st female FRS (d. 1971)*1906 – Pat O'Callaghan, Irish athlete (d. 1991)* 1906 – Markos Vafiadis, Greek general and politician (d. 1992)*1908 – Paul Misraki, Turkish-French composer and historian (d. 1998)*1909 – John Thomson, Scottish footballer (d. 1931)*1910 – John Banner, Austrian actor (d. 1973)*1911 – Johan van Hulst, Dutch politician, academic and author, Yad Vashem recipient (d. 2018)*1912 – Jackson Pollock, American painter (d. 1956)*1918 – Harry Corbett, English puppeteer, actor, and screenwriter (d. 1989)* 1918 – Trevor Skeet, New Zealand-English lawyer and politician (d. 2004)*1919 – Gabby Gabreski, American colonel and pilot (d. 2002)*1920 – Lewis Wilson, American actor (d. 2000)*1921 – Vytautas Norkus, Lithuanian–American basketball player (d. 2014)*1922 – Anna Gordy Gaye, American songwriter and producer, co-founded Anna Records (d. 2014)* 1922 – Robert W. Holley, American biochemist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1993)*1924 – Marcel Broodthaers, Belgian painter and poet (d. 1976)*1925 – Raja Ramanna, Indian physicist and politician (d. 2004) *1926 – Jimmy Bryan, American race car driver (d. 1960)*1927 – Per Oscarsson, Swedish actor, director, producer, and screenwriter (d. 2010)* 1927 – Ronnie Scott, English saxophonist (d. 1996)* 1927 – Hiroshi Teshigahara, Japanese director, producer, and screenwriter (d. 2001)* 1927 – Vera Williams, American author and illustrator (d. 2015)*1929 – Acker Bilk, English singer and clarinet player (d. 2014)* 1929 – Edith M. Flanigen, American chemist* 1929 – Nikolai Parshin, Russian footballer and manager (d. 2012)* 1929 – Claes Oldenburg, Swedish-American sculptor and illustrator (d. 2022)*1930 – Kurt Biedenkopf, German academic and politician, 54th President of the German Bundesrat (d. 2021)* 1930 – Roy Clarke, English screenwriter, comedian and soldier*1933 – Jack Hill, American director and screenwriter*1934 – Juan Manuel Bordeu, Argentinian race car driver (d. 1990)*1935 – David Lodge, English author and critic* 1935 – Nicholas Pryor, American actor*1936 – Alan Alda, American actor, director, and writer* 1936 – Ismail Kadare, Albanian novelist, poet, essayist, and playwright*1937 – Karel Čáslavský, Czech historian and television host (d. 2013)* 1937 – John Normington, English actor (d. 2007)*1938 – Tomas Lindahl, Swedish-English biologist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate* 1938 – Leonid Zhabotinsky, Ukrainian weightlifter and coach (d. 2016)*1939 – John M. Fabian, American colonel, pilot, and astronaut*1940 – Carlos Slim, Mexican businessman and philanthropist, founded Grupo Carso*1941 – Joel Crothers, American actor (d. 1985)*1942 – Sjoukje Dijkstra, Dutch figure skater* 1942 – Erkki Pohjanheimo, Finnish director and producer*1943 – Paul Henderson, Canadian ice hockey player and author* 1943 – Dick Taylor, English guitarist and songwriter *1944 – Susan Howard, American actress and writer* 1944 – Rosalía Mera, Spanish businesswoman, co-founded Inditex and Zara (d. 2013)* 1944 – John Tavener, English composer (d. 2013)*1945 – Marthe Keller, Swiss actress and director*1947 – Jeanne Shaheen, American educator and politician, 78th Governor of New Hampshire*1948 – Ilkka Kanerva, Finnish politician (d. 2022)* 1948 – Bob Moses, American drummer* 1948 – Charles Taylor, Liberian politician, 22nd President of Liberia*1949 – Mike Moore, New Zealand union leader and politician, 34th Prime Minister of New Zealand (d. 2020)* 1949 – Gregg Popovich, American basketball player and coach* 1949 – Jim Wong-Chu, Canadian poet (d. 2017)*1950 – Barbi Benton, American actress, singer and model* 1950 – Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa, Bahraini king* 1950 – David C. Hilmers, American colonel, physician, and astronaut* 1950 – Naila Kabeer, Bangladeshi-English economist and academic*1951 – Brian Bilbray, American politician* 1951 – Leonid Kadeniuk, Ukrainian general, pilot, and astronaut (d. 2018)* 1951 – Billy Bass Nelson, American R&B/funk bass player*1952 – Richard Glatzer, American director, producer, and screenwriter (d. 2015)*1953 – Colin Campbell, Canadian ice hockey player and coach*1954 – Peter Lampe, German theologian and historian* 1954 – Bruno Metsu, French footballer and manager (d. 2013)* 1954 – Rick Warren, American pastor and author*1955 – Vinod Khosla, Indian-American businessman, co-founded Sun Microsystems* 1955 – Nicolas Sarkozy, French lawyer and politician, 23rd President of France*1956 – Richard Danielpour, American composer and educator* 1956 – Peter Schilling, German singer-songwriter*1957 – Mark Napier, Canadian ice hockey player and sportscaster* 1957 – Nick Price, Zimbabwean-South African golfer* 1957 – Frank Skinner, English comedian, actor, and author*1959 – Frank Darabont, American director and producer*1960 – Loren Legarda, Filipino journalist and politician*1961 – Mike Holoway, British musician and actor* 1961 – Normand Rochefort, Canadian ice hockey player and coach*1962 – Michael Cage, American basketball player and broadcaster* 1962 – Keith Hamilton Cobb, American actor* 1962 – Sam Phillips, American singer-songwriter and guitarist*1963 – Dan Spitz, American musician and songwriter*1964 – David Lawrence, English cricketer*1966 – Seiji Mizushima, Japanese director and producer* 1966 – Michal Pivoňka, Czech ice hockey player*1967 – Billy Brownless, Australian footballer and sportscaster*1968 – Sarah McLachlan, Canadian singer-songwriter, pianist, and producer* 1968 – DJ Muggs, American DJ and producer* 1968 – Rakim, American rapper*1969 – Giorgio Lamberti, Italian swimmer* 1969 – Kathryn Morris, American actress* 1969 – Mo Rocca, American comedian and television journalist* 1969 – Linda Sánchez, American lawyer and politician*1971 – Anthony Hamilton, American singer-songwriter and producer*1972 – Elena Baranova, Russian basketball player* 1972 – Amy Coney Barrett, American jurist, academic, attorney, and Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States* 1972 – Mark Regan, English rugby player* 1972 – Nicky Southall, English footballer and manager* 1972 – Léon van Bon, Dutch cyclist* 1972 – Gillian Vigman, American actress and comedian*1974 – Tony Delk, American basketball player and coach* 1974 – Jermaine Dye, American baseball player* 1974 – Ramsey Nasr, Dutch author and poet* 1974 – Magglio Ordóñez, Venezuelan baseball player and politician*1975 – Pedro Pinto, Portuguese-American journalist* 1975 – Junior Spivey, American baseball player and coach*1976 – Sireli Bobo, Fijian rugby player* 1976 – Mark Madsen, American basketball player and coach* 1976 – Rick Ross, American rapper and producer* 1976 – Miltiadis Sapanis, Greek footballer*1977 – Sandis Buškevics, Latvian basketball player and coach* 1977 – Daunte Culpepper, American football player* 1977 – Joey Fatone, American singer, dancer, and television personality* 1977 – Takuma Sato, Japanese race car driver*1978 – Gianluigi Buffon, Italian footballer* 1978 – Jamie Carragher, English footballer and sportscaster* 1978 – Papa Bouba Diop, Senegalese footballer (d. 2020)* 1978 – Big Freedia, American musician* 1978 – Sheamus, Irish wrestler*1979 – Angelique Cabral, American actress*1980 – Nick Carter, American singer-songwriter and actor * 1980 – Yasuhito Endō, Japanese footballer* 1980 – Brian Fallon, American singer-songwriter* 1980 – Michael Hastings, American journalist and author (d. 2013)*1981 – Elijah Wood, American actor and producer*1982 – Chad Aull, American politician* 1982 – Omar Cook, American-Montenegrin basketball player and coach*1984 – Ben Clucas, English race car driver* 1984 – Stephen Gostkowski, American football player* 1984 – Andre Iguodala, American basketball player* 1984 – Anne Panter, English field hockey player*1985 – Daniel Carcillo, Canadian ice hockey player* 1985 – J. Cole, American rapper* 1985 – Lauris Dārziņš, Latvian ice hockey player* 1985 – Tom Hopper, English actor* 1985 – Arnold Mvuemba, French footballer* 1985 – Libby Trickett, Australian swimmer*1986 – Jessica Ennis-Hill, English heptathlete and hurdler* 1986 – Nathan Outteridge, Australian sailor* 1986 – Asad Shafiq, Pakistani cricketer*1988 – Paul Henry, English footballer* 1988 – Alexandra Krosney, American actress* 1988 – Sanada, Japanese wrestler*1989 – Siem de Jong, Dutch footballer*1991 – Carl Klingberg, Swedish ice hockey player*1992 – Sergio Araujo, Argentinian footballer*1993 – Will Poulter, English actor* 1993 – Alan Williams, American basketball player*1994 – Joel Bolomboy, Russian-American basketball player* 1994 – Lin Zhu, Chinese tennis player* 1994 – Maluma, Colombian singer-songwriter, rapper, and actor*1995 – Mimi-Isabella Cesar, British rhythmic gymnast*1998 – Payton Pritchard, American basketball player* 1998 – Ariel Winter, American actress*2000 – Dušan Vlahović, Serbian footballer*2004 – Emoni Bates, American basketball player" ], [ "Deaths", "===Pre-1600===* 724 – Yazid II, Umayyad caliph (b.", "687)* 814 – Charlemagne, Holy Roman emperor (b.", "742)* 919 – Zhou Dewei, Chinese general* 929 – Gao Jixing, founder of Chinese Jingnan (b.", "858)* 947 – Jing Yanguang, Chinese general (b.", "892)*1061 – Spytihněv II, Duke of Bohemia (b.", "1031)*1142 – Yue Fei, Chinese general (b.", "1103)*1256 – William II, Count of Holland, King of Germany (b.", "1227)*1271 – Isabella of Aragon, Queen of France (b.", "1247)*1290 – Dervorguilla of Galloway, Scottish noble, mother of king John Balliol of Scotland (b. c. 1210)*1443 – Robert le Maçon, French diplomat (b.", "1365)*1501 – John Dynham, 1st Baron Dynham, English baron and Lord High Treasurer (b.", "1433)*1547 – Henry VIII, king of England (b.", "1491)===1601–1900===*1613 – Thomas Bodley, English diplomat and scholar, founded the Bodleian Library (b.", "1545)*1621 – Pope Paul V (b.", "1550)*1666 – Tommaso Dingli, Maltese architect and sculptor (b.", "1591)*1672 – Pierre Séguier, French politician, Lord Chancellor of France (b.", "1588)*1681 – Richard Allestree, English priest and academic (b.", "1619)*1687 – Johannes Hevelius, Polish astronomer and politician (b.", "1611)*1688 – Ferdinand Verbiest, Flemish Jesuit missionary in China (b.", "1623)*1697 – Sir John Fenwick, 3rd Baronet, English general and politician (b.", "1645)*1754 – Ludvig Holberg, Norwegian-Danish historian and philosopher (b.", "1684)*1782 – Jean Baptiste Bourguignon d'Anville, French geographer and cartographer (b.", "1697)*1832 – Augustin Daniel Belliard, French general (b.", "1769)*1859 – F. J. Robinson, 1st Viscount Goderich, English politician, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (b.", "1782)*1864 – Émile Clapeyron, French physicist and engineer (b.", "1799)*1873 – John Hart, English-Australian politician, 10th Premier of South Australia (b.", "1809)===1901–present===*1903 – Augusta Holmès, French pianist and composer (b.", "1847)*1912 – Gustave de Molinari, Belgian economist and theorist (b.", "1819).", "* 1912 – Eloy Alfaro, former president of Ecuador (b.", "1842)*1918 – John McCrae, Canadian soldier, physician, and author (b.", "1872)*1921 – Mustafa Suphi, Turkish journalist and politician (b.", "1883)*1930 – Emmy Destinn, Czech soprano and poet (b.", "1878)*1935 – Mikhail Ippolitov-Ivanov, Russian composer and conductor (b.", "1859)*1937 – Anastasios Metaxas, Greek architect and target shooter (b.", "1862)*1938 – Bernd Rosemeyer, German race car driver (b.", "1909)*1939 – W. B. Yeats, Irish poet and playwright, Nobel Prize laureate (b.", "1865)*1942 – Edward Siegler, American gymnast and triathlete (b.", "1881)*1945 – Roza Shanina, Russian sergeant and sniper (b.", "1924)*1947 – Reynaldo Hahn, Venezuelan-French composer, conductor, and critic (b.", "1875)*1948 – Hans Aumeier, German SS officer (b.", "1906)*1949 – Jean-Pierre Wimille, French race car driver (b.", "1908)*1950 – Nikolai Luzin, Russian mathematician and academic (b.", "1883)*1953 – James Scullin, Australian journalist and politician, 9th Prime Minister of Australia (b.", "1876)* 1953 – Neyzen Tevfik, Turkish philosopher and poet (b.", "1879)*1959 – Walter Beall, American baseball player (b.", "1899)*1960 – Zora Neale Hurston, American novelist, short story writer, and folklorist (b.", "1891)*1963 – Gustave Garrigou, French cyclist (b.", "1884)*1965 – Tich Freeman, English cricketer (b.", "1888)* 1965 – Maxime Weygand, Belgian-French general (b.", "1867)*1971 – Donald Winnicott, English paediatrician and psychoanalyst (b.", "1896)*1973 – John Banner, Austrian actor (b.", "1910)*1976 – Marcel Broodthaers, Belgian painter and poet (b.", "1924)*1978 – Ward Moore, American author (b.", "1903)*1983 – Billy Fury.", "English pop star (b.", "1940)* 1983 – Frank Forde, Australian educator and politician, 15th Prime Minister of Australia (b.", "1890)*1986 – Space Shuttle Challenger crew** Gregory Jarvis, American captain, engineer, and astronaut (b.", "1944)** Christa McAuliffe, American educator and astronaut (b.", "1948)** Ronald McNair, American physicist and astronaut (b.", "1950)** Ellison Onizuka, American engineer and astronaut (b.", "1946)** Judith Resnik, American colonel, engineer, and astronaut (b.", "1949)** Dick Scobee, American colonel, pilot, and astronaut (b.", "1939)** Michael J. Smith, American captain, pilot, and astronaut (b.", "1945)*1988 – Klaus Fuchs, German physicist and politician (b.", "1911)*1989 – Choekyi Gyaltsen, 10th Panchen Lama (b.", "1938)*1993 – Helen Sawyer Hogg, Canadian astronomer and academic (b.", "1905)*1996 – Joseph Brodsky, Russian-American poet and essayist, Nobel Prize laureate (b.", "1940)* 1996 – Burne Hogarth, American cartoonist and author (b.", "1911)* 1996 – Jerry Siegel, American author and illustrator, co-created Superman (b.", "1914)*1998 – Shotaro Ishinomori, Japanese author and illustrator (b.", "1938)*1999 – Valery Gavrilin, Russian composer (b.", "1939)*2001 – Ranko Marinković, Croatian author and playwright (b.", "1913)*2002 – Gustaaf Deloor, Belgian cyclist and soldier (b.", "1913)* 2002 – Astrid Lindgren, Swedish author and screenwriter (b.", "1907)* 2002 – Ayşe Nur Zarakolu, Turkish author and activist (b.", "1946)*2003 – Mieke Pullen, Dutch runner (b.", "1957)*2004 – Lloyd M. Bucher, American captain (b.", "1927)*2005 – Jim Capaldi, English singer-songwriter and drummer (b.", "1944)*2007 – Carlo Clerici, Swiss cyclist (b.", "1929)* 2007 – Robert Drinan, American priest, lawyer, and politician (b.", "1920)* 2007 – Yelena Romanova, Russian runner (b.", "1963)* 2007 – Karel Svoboda, Czech composer (b.", "1938)*2009 – Werner Flume, German jurist (b.", "1908)* 2009 – Billy Powell, American keyboard player and songwriter (b.", "1952)*2012 – Roman Juszkiewicz, Polish astronomer and astrophysicist (b.", "1952)* 2012 – Don Starkell, Canadian adventurer and author (b.", "1932)*2013 – Florentino Fernández, Cuban-American boxer and coach (b.", "1936)* 2013 – Hattie N. Harrison, American educator and politician (b.", "1928)* 2013 – Oldřich Kulhánek, Czech painter, illustrator, and stage designer (b.", "1940)*2014 – John Cacavas, American composer and conductor (b.", "1930)* 2014 – Harry Gamble, American football player, coach, and manager (b.", "1930)* 2014 – Dwight Gustafson, American composer and conductor (b.", "1930)* 2014 – Nigel Jenkins, Welsh poet, journalist, and geographer (b.", "1949)* 2014 – Jorge Obeid, Argentinian engineer and politician, Governor of Santa Fe (b.", "1947)*2015 – Suraj Abdurrahman, Nigerian general, architect, and engineer (b.", "1954)* 2015 – Yves Chauvin, French chemist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (b.", "1930)* 2015 – Lionel Gilbert, Australian historian, author, and academic (b.", "1924)*2016 – Signe Toly Anderson, American singer (b.", "1941)* 2016 – Paul Kantner, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (b.", "1941)* 2016 – Franklin Gene Bissell, American football player and coach (b.", "1926)* 2016 – Buddy Cianci, American lawyer and politician, 32nd Mayor of Providence (b.", "1941)* 2016 – Bob Tizard, New Zealand lawyer and politician, 6th Deputy Prime Minister of New Zealand (b.", "1924)*2017 – Alexander Chancellor, British journalist (b.", "1940)* 2017 – Geoff Nicholls, British musician (b.", "1948)*2019 – Pepe Smith, Filipino rock musician (b.", "1947)*2021 – Cicely Tyson, American actress (b.", "1924)" ], [ "Holidays and observances", "*Christian feast day:**Joseph Freinademetz**Julian of Cuenca**Thomas Aquinas**January 28 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)*Army Day (Armenia)*Data Privacy Day" ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* BBC: On This Day* * Historical Events on January 28" ] ]
wikipedia
[ [ "January 31" ], [ "Introduction" ], [ "Events", "===Pre-1600===* 314 – Pope Sylvester I is consecrated, as successor to the late Pope Miltiades.", "*1208 – The Battle of Lena takes place between King Sverker II of Sweden and his rival, Prince Eric, whose victory puts him on the throne as King Eric X of Sweden.", "*1504 – The Treaty of Lyon ends the Italian War, confirming French domination of northern Italy, while Spain receives the Kingdom of Naples.", "*1578 – Eighty Years' War and Anglo-Spanish War: The Battle of Gembloux is a victory for Spanish forces led by Don John of Austria over a rebel army of Dutch, Flemish, English, Scottish, German, French and Walloons.===1601–1900===*1606 – Gunpowder Plot: Four of the conspirators, including Guy Fawkes, are executed for treason by hanging, drawing and quartering, for plotting against Parliament and King James.", "*1609 – Wisselbank of Amsterdam established *1747 – The first venereal diseases clinic opens at London Lock Hospital.", "*1814 – Gervasio Antonio de Posadas becomes Supreme Director of the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata (present-day Argentina).", "*1846 – After the Milwaukee Bridge War, the United States towns of Juneautown and Kilbourntown unify to create the City of Milwaukee.", "*1848 – John C. Frémont is court-martialed for mutiny and disobeying orders.", "*1862 – Alvan Graham Clark discovers the white dwarf star Sirius B, a companion of Sirius, through an telescope now located at Northwestern University.", "*1865 – American Civil War: The United States Congress passes the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, abolishing slavery, and submits it to the states for ratification.", "* 1865 – American Civil War: Confederate General Robert E. Lee becomes general-in-chief of all Confederate armies.", "*1891 – History of Portugal: The first attempt at a Portuguese republican revolution breaks out in the northern city of Porto.", "*1900 – Datu Muhammad Salleh is killed in Kampung Teboh, Tambunan, ending the Mat Salleh Rebellion.===1901–present===*1901 – Anton Chekhov's ''Three Sisters'' premieres at Moscow Art Theatre in Russia.", "*1915 – World War I: Germany is the first to make large-scale use of poison gas in warfare in the Battle of Bolimów against Russia.", "*1917 – World War I: Kaiser Wilhelm II orders the resumption of unrestricted submarine warfare.", "*1918 – A series of accidental collisions on a misty Scottish night leads to the loss of two Royal Navy submarines with over a hundred lives, and damage to another five British warships.", "* 1918 – Finnish Civil War: The Suinula massacre, which changes the nature of the war in a more hostile direction, takes place in Kangasala.", "*1919 – The Battle of George Square takes place in Glasgow, Scotland, during a campaign for shorter working hours.", "*1928 – Leon Trotsky is exiled to Alma-Ata.", "*1942 – World War II: Allied forces are defeated by the Japanese at the Battle of Malaya and retreat to Singapore.", "*1943 – World War II: German field marshal Friedrich Paulus surrenders to the Soviets at Stalingrad, followed two days later by the remainder of his Sixth Army, ending one of the war's fiercest battles.", "*1944 – World War II: American forces land on Kwajalein Atoll and other islands in the Japanese-held Marshall Islands.", "* 1944 – World War II: During the Anzio campaign, the 1st Ranger Battalion (Darby's Rangers) is destroyed behind enemy lines in a heavily outnumbered encounter at Battle of Cisterna, Italy.", "*1945 – US Army private Eddie Slovik is executed for desertion, the first such execution of an American soldier since the Civil War.", "* 1945 – World War II: About 3,000 inmates from the Stutthof concentration camp are forcibly marched into the Baltic Sea at Palmnicken (now Yantarny, Russia) and executed.", "* 1945 – World War II: The end of fighting in the Battle of Hill 170 during the Burma Campaign, in which the British 3 Commando Brigade repulsed a Japanese counterattack on their positions and precipitated a general retirement from the Arakan Peninsula.", "*1946 – Cold War: Yugoslavia's new constitution, modeling that of the Soviet Union, establishes six constituent republics (Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia and Slovenia).", "* 1946 – The Democratic Republic of Vietnam introduces the đồng to replace the French Indochinese piastre at par.", "*1949 – ''These Are My Children'', the first television daytime soap opera, is broadcast by the NBC station in Chicago.", "*1950 – President Truman orders the development of thermonuclear weapons.", "*1951 – United Nations Security Council Resolution 90 relating to the Korean War is adopted.", "*1953 – A North Sea flood causes over 1,800 deaths in the Netherlands and over 300 in the United Kingdom.", "*1957 – Eight people (five total crew from two aircraft and three on the ground) in Pacoima, California are killed following the mid-air collision between a Douglas DC-7 airliner and a Northrop F-89 Scorpion fighter jet.", "*1958 – Cold War: Space Race: The first successful American satellite detects the Van Allen radiation belt.", "*1961 – Project Mercury: Mercury-Redstone 2: The chimpanzee Ham travels into outer space.", "*1966 – The Soviet Union launches the unmanned Luna 9 spacecraft as part of the Luna program.", "*1968 – Vietnam War: Viet Cong guerrillas attack the United States embassy in Saigon, and other attacks, in the early morning hours, later grouped together as the Tet Offensive.", "* 1968 – Nauru gains independence from Australia.", "*1971 – Apollo program: Apollo 14: Astronauts Alan Shepard, Stuart Roosa, and Edgar Mitchell, aboard a Saturn V, lift off for a mission to the Fra Mauro Highlands on the Moon.", "* 1971 – The Winter Soldier Investigation, organized by the Vietnam Veterans Against the War to publicize alleged war crimes and atrocities by Americans and allies in Vietnam, begins in Detroit.", "*1978 – The Crown of St. Stephen (also known as the Holy Crown of Hungary) goes on public display after being returned to Hungary from the United States, where it was held after World War II.", "*1988 – Doug Williams becomes the first African American quarterback to play in a Super Bowl and leads the Washington Redskins to victory in Super Bowl XXII.", "*1996 – An explosives-filled truck rams into the gates of the Central Bank of Sri Lanka in Colombo, killing at least 86 people and injuring 1,400.", "*2000 – Alaska Airlines Flight 261 crash: An MD-83, experiencing horizontal stabilizer problems, crashes in the Pacific Ocean off the coast of Point Mugu, California, killing all 88 aboard.", "*2001 – In the Netherlands, a Scottish court convicts Libyan Abdelbaset al-Megrahi and acquits another Libyan citizen for their part in the bombing of Pan Am Flight 103 over Lockerbie, Scotland in 1988.", "* 2001 – Two Japan Airlines planes nearly collide over Suruga Bay in Japan.", "*2003 – The Waterfall rail accident occurs near Waterfall, New South Wales, Australia.", "*2007 – Emergency officials in Boston mistakenly identified battery-powered LED placards depicting characters from ''Aqua Teen Hunger Force'' as Improvised explosive devices (IEDs), causing a panic.", "*2009 – At least 113 people are killed in Kenya and over 200 injured following an oil spillage ignition in Molo, days after a massive fire at a Nakumatt supermarket in Nairobi killed at least 25 people.", "*2018 – Both a blue moon and a total lunar eclipse occur.", "*2019 – Abdullah of Pahang is sworn in as the 16th Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaysia.", "*2020 – The United Kingdom's membership within the European Union ceases in accordance with Article 50, after 47 years of being a member state.", "*2022 – Sue Gray, a senior civil servant in the United Kingdom, publishes an initial version of her report on the Downing Street Partygate controversy.", "* 2023 – The last Boeing 747, the first wide-body airliner, is delivered." ], [ "Births", "===Pre-1600===*1512 – Henry, King of Portugal (d. 1580)*1543 – Tokugawa Ieyasu, Japanese shōgun (d. 1616)*1583 – Peter Bulkley, English and later American Puritan (d. 1659)*1597 – John Francis Regis, French priest and saint (d. 1640)===1601–1900===*1607 – James Stanley, 7th Earl of Derby (d. 1651)*1624 – Arnold Geulincx, Flemish philosopher and academic (d. 1669)*1673 – Louis de Montfort, French priest and saint (d. 1716)*1686 – Hans Egede, Norwegian missionary and explorer (d. 1758)*1752 – Gouverneur Morris, American lawyer, politician, and diplomat, United States Ambassador to France (d. 1816)*1759 – François Devienne, French flute player and composer (d. 1803) *1769 – André-Jacques Garnerin, French balloonist and the inventor of the frameless parachute (d. 1823)*1785 – Magdalena Dobromila Rettigová, Czech cookbook author (d. 1845)*1797 – Franz Schubert, Austrian pianist and composer (d. 1828)*1799 – Rodolphe Töpffer, Swiss teacher, author, painter, cartoonist, and caricaturist (d. 1846)*1820 – William B. Washburn, American politician, 28th Governor of Massachusetts (d. 1887)*1835 – Lunalilo of Hawaii (d. 1874)*1854 – David Emmanuel, Romanian mathematician and academic (d. 1941)*1865 – Henri Desgrange, French cyclist and journalist (d. 1940)* 1865 – Shastriji Maharaj, Indian spiritual leader, founded BAPS (d. 1951)*1868 – Theodore William Richards, American chemist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1928)*1872 – Zane Grey, American author (d. 1939)*1881 – Irving Langmuir, American chemist and physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1957)*1884 – Theodor Heuss, German journalist and politician, 1st President of the Federal Republic of Germany (d. 1963)* 1884 – Mammad Amin Rasulzade, Azerbaijani scholar and politician, 1st President of The Democratic Republic of Azerbaijan (d. 1955)*1889 – Frank Foster, English cricketer (d. 1958)*1892 – Eddie Cantor, American singer-songwriter, actor, and dancer (d. 1964)*1894 – Isham Jones, American saxophonist, composer, and bandleader (d. 1956)*1896 – Sofya Yanovskaya, Russian mathematician and historian (d. 1966)*1900 – Betty Parsons, American artist, art dealer and collector (d. 1982) ===1901–present===*1902 – Nat Bailey, Canadian businessman, founded White Spot (d. 1978)* 1902 – Tallulah Bankhead, American actress (d. 1968)* 1902 – Alva Myrdal, Swedish sociologist and politician, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1986)* 1902 – Julian Steward, American anthropologist (d. 1972)*1905 – John O'Hara, American author, playwright, and screenwriter (d. 1970)*1909 – Miron Grindea, Romanian-English journalist (d. 1995)*1913 – Don Hutson, American football player and coach (d. 1997)*1914 – Jersey Joe Walcott, American boxer and police officer (d. 1994)*1915 – Bobby Hackett, American trumpet player and cornet player (d. 1976)* 1915 – Alan Lomax, American historian, author, and scholar (d. 2002)* 1915 – Thomas Merton, American monk and author (d. 1968)* 1915 – Garry Moore, American comedian and game show host (d. 1993)*1916 – Frank Parker, American tennis player (d. 1997)*1917 – Fred Bassetti, American architect and academic, founded Bassetti Architects (d. 2013)*1919 – Jackie Robinson, American baseball player and sportscaster (d. 1972)*1920 – Stewart Udall, American lawyer and politician, 37th United States Secretary of the Interior (d. 2010)* 1920 – Bert Williams, English footballer (d. 2014)*1921 – John Agar, American actor (d. 2002)* 1921 – Carol Channing, American actress, singer, and dancer (d. 2019)* 1921 – E. Fay Jones, American architect, designed the Thorncrown Chapel (d. 2004)* 1921 – Mario Lanza, American tenor and actor (d. 1959)*1922 – Joanne Dru, American actress (d. 1996)*1923 – Norman Mailer, American journalist and author (d. 2007)*1925 – Benjamin Hooks, American minister, lawyer, and activist (d. 2010)*1926 – Tom Alston, American baseball player (d. 1993)* 1926 – Chuck Willis, American singer-songwriter (d. 1958)*1927 – Norm Prescott, American animator, producer, and composer, co-founded Filmation Studios (d. 2005)*1928 – Irma Wyman, American computer scientist and engineer (d. 2015)*1929 – Rudolf Mössbauer, German physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2011)* 1929 – Jean Simmons, English-American actress (d. 2010)*1930 – Joakim Bonnier, Swedish race car driver (d. 1972)* 1930 – Al De Lory, American composer, conductor, and producer (d. 2012)*1931 – Ernie Banks, American baseball player and coach (d. 2015)* 1931 – Christopher Chataway, English runner, journalist, and politician (d. 2014)*1932 – Miron Babiak, Polish sea captain (d. 2013)*1933 – Camille Henry, Canadian ice hockey player and coach (d. 1997)* 1933 – Morton Mower, American cardiologist and inventor (d. 2022)*1934 – Ernesto Brambilla, Italian motorcycle racer and race car driver (d. 2020)* 1934 – Gene DeWeese, American author (d. 2012)* 1934 – James Franciscus, American actor and producer (d. 1991)* 1934 – Bob Turner, Canadian ice hockey player and coach (d. 2005)*1935 – Kenzaburō Ōe, Japanese author and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2023)*1936 – Can Bartu, Turkish footballer and basketball player (d. 2019)*1937 – Regimantas Adomaitis, Lithuanian actor (d. 2022)* 1937 – Andrée Boucher, Canadian educator and politician, 39th Mayor of Quebec City (d. 2007)* 1937 – Philip Glass, American composer* 1937 – Suzanne Pleshette, American actress (d. 2008)*1938 – Beatrix of the Netherlands* 1938 – Lynn Carlin, American actress* 1938 – James G. Watt, American lawyer and politician, 43rd United States Secretary of the Interior (d. 2023)*1940 – Kitch Christie, South African rugby player and coach (d. 1998)* 1940 – Stuart Margolin, American actor and director (d. 2022)*1941 – Len Chappell, American basketball player (d. 2018)* 1941 – Dick Gephardt, American lawyer and politician* 1941 – Gerald McDermott, American author and illustrator (d. 2012)* 1941 – Jessica Walter, American actress (d. 2021)*1942 – Daniela Bianchi, Italian actress* 1942 – Derek Jarman, English director, stage designer, and author (d. 1994)*1944 – John Inverarity, Australian cricketer and coach* 1944 – Charlie Musselwhite, American musician and singer-songwriter*1945 – Rynn Berry, American historian and author (d. 2014)* 1945 – Brenda Hale, Baroness Hale of Richmond, English lawyer, judge, and academic* 1945 – Joseph Kosuth, American sculptor and theorist*1946 – Terry Kath, American guitarist and singer-songwriter (d. 1978)* 1946 – Medin Zhega, Albanian footballer and manager (d. 2012)*1947 – Jonathan Banks, American actor* 1947 – Matt Minglewood, Canadian singer-songwriter and guitarist* 1947 – Nolan Ryan, American baseball player* 1947 – Glynn Turman, American actor*1948 – Volkmar Groß, German footballer (d. 2014)* 1948 – Muneo Suzuki, Japanese politician*1949 – Johan Derksen, Dutch footballer and journalist* 1949 – Norris Church Mailer, American model and educator (d. 2010)* 1949 – Ken Wilber, American sociologist, philosopher, and author*1950 – Denise Fleming, American author and illustrator* 1950 – Alexander Korzhakov, Russian general and bodyguard* 1950 – Janice Rebibo, American-Israeli author and poet (d. 2015)*1951 – Harry Wayne Casey, American singer-songwriter, pianist, and producer *1954 – Faoud Bacchus, Guyanese cricketer* 1954 – Adrian Vandenberg, Dutch guitarist and songwriter*1955 – Virginia Ruzici, Romanian tennis player and manager*1956 – John Lydon, English singer-songwriter * 1956 – Guido van Rossum, Dutch programmer, creator of the Python programming language*1957 – Shirley Babashoff, American swimmer*1958 – Armin Reichel, German footballer and manager*1959 – Anthony LaPaglia, Australian actor and producer* 1959 – Kelly Lynch, American model and actress*1960 – Akbar Ganji, Iranian journalist and author* 1960 – Grant Morrison, Scottish author and screenwriter* 1960 – Željko Šturanović, Montenegrin politician, 31st Prime Minister of Montenegro (d. 2014)*1961 – Elizabeth Barker, Baroness Barker, English politician* 1961 – Fatou Bensouda, Gambian lawyer and judge* 1961 – Lloyd Cole, English singer-songwriter and guitarist*1963 – Gwen Graham, American lawyer and politician*1964 – Martha MacCallum, American journalist* 1964 – Dawn Prince-Hughes, American scientist*1965 – Giorgos Gasparis, Greek basketball player and coach* 1965 – Ofra Harnoy, Israeli-Canadian cellist* 1965 – Peter Sagal, American author and radio host*1966 – Dexter Fletcher, English actor and director* 1966 – Thant Myint-U, Myanmar historian, diplomat, conservationist, and former presidential advisor.", "*1967 – Fat Mike, American singer-songwriter, bass player, and producer *1968 – John Collins, Scottish footballer and manager* 1968 – Matt King, English actor, producer, and screenwriter* 1968 – Ulrica Messing, Swedish politician, 2nd Swedish Minister for Infrastructure* 1968 – Patrick Stevens, Belgian sprinter*1969 – Dov Charney, Canadian-American fashion designer and businessman, founded American Apparel* 1969 – Daniel Moder, American cinematographer*1970 – Minnie Driver, English singer-songwriter and actress* 1970 – Danny Michel, Canadian singer-songwriter and producer*1971 – Patricia Velásquez, Venezuelan model and actress*1973 – Portia de Rossi, Australian-American actress*1974 – Othella Harrington, American basketball player and coach* 1974 – Ariel Pestano, Cuban baseball player*1975 – Preity Zinta, Indian actress, producer, and television host*1976 – Traianos Dellas, Greek footballer and manager* 1976 – Buddy Rice, American race car driver*1977 – Bobby Moynihan, American actor and comedian* 1977 – Kerry Washington, American actress*1978 – Fabián Caballero, Argentine footballer and manager*1979 – Daniel Tammet, English author and educator*1980 – James Adomian, American comedian, actor, and screenwriter * 1980 – Gary Doherty, Irish footballer* 1980 – Shim Yi-young, South Korean actress*1981 – Julio Arca, Argentine footballer* 1981 – Mark Cameron, Australian cricketer* 1981 – Gemma Collins, English media personality and businesswoman* 1981 – Justin Timberlake, American singer-songwriter, dancer, and actor*1982 – Maret Ani, Estonian tennis player * 1982 – Allan McGregor, Scottish footballer* 1982 – Jānis Sprukts, Latvian ice hockey player*1983 – Fabio Quagliarella, Italian footballer*1984 – Vernon Davis, American football player* 1984 – Mikhail Grabovski, German-Belarusian ice hockey player* 1984 – Josh Johnson, Canadian-American baseball player* 1984 – Jeremy Wariner, American runner* 1984 – Alessandro Zanni, Italian rugby player*1985 – Adam Federici, Australian footballer* 1985 – Mario Williams, American football player*1986 – Walter Dix, American sprinter* 1986 – Megan Ellison, American film producer, founded Annapurna Pictures* 1986 – George Elokobi, Cameroonian footballer* 1986 – Yves Ma-Kalambay, Belgian footballer* 1986 – Pauline Parmentier, French tennis player*1987 – Marcus Mumford, American-English singer-songwriter*1988 – Brett Pitman, English footballer* 1988 – Taijo Teniste, Estonian footballer*1989 – Tommy La Stella, American baseball player*1990 – Cro, German rapper* 1990 – Jacopo Fortunato, Italian footballer* 1990 – Nicolás Laprovíttola, Argentine basketball player* 1990 – Jacob Markström, Swedish ice hockey player* 1990 – Kota Yabu, Japanese singer-songwriter, model, and actor*1992 – Tyler Seguin, Canadian ice hockey player*1993 – Qiu Bo, Chinese diver*1994 – Kenneth Zohore, Danish footballer*1996 – Joel Courtney, American actor* 1996 – Nikita Dragun, American Youtuber*1997 – Arnaut Danjuma, Dutch footballer* 1997 – Donte DiVincenzo, American basketball player*1998 – Jalen McDaniels, American basketball player*2000 – Julián Álvarez, Argentine footballer*2006 – Sára Bejlek, Czech tennis player" ], [ "Deaths", "===Pre-1600===* 632 – Máedóc of Ferns, Irish bishop and saint (b.", "550)* 876 – Hemma of Altdorf, Frankish queen* 985 – Ryōgen, Japanese monk and abbot (b.", "912)*1030 – William V, duke of Aquitaine (b.", "969)*1216 – Theodore II, patriarch of Constantinople*1398 – Sukō, emperor of Japan (b.", "1334)*1418 – Mircea I, prince of Wallachia (b.", "1355)*1435 – Xuande, emperor of China (b.", "1398)*1561 – Bairam Khan, Mughalan general (b.", "1501)* 1561 – Menno Simons, Dutch minister and theologian (b.", "1496)*1580 – Henry, king of Portugal (b.", "1512)===1601–1900===*1606 – Guy Fawkes, English conspirator, leader of the Gunpowder Plot (b.", "1570)* 1606 – Ambrose Rookwood, English Gunpowder Plot conspirator (b.", "1578)* 1606 – Thomas Wintour, English Gunpowder Plot conspirator (b.", "1571)*1615 – Claudio Acquaviva, Italian priest, 5th Superior General of the Society of Jesus (b.", "1543)*1632 – Jost Bürgi, Swiss clockmaker and mathematician (b.", "1552)*1665 – Johannes Clauberg, German philosopher and theologian (b.", "1622)*1686 – Jean Mairet, French playwright (b.", "1604)*1720 – Thomas Grey, 2nd Earl of Stamford, English politician, Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster (b.", "1654)*1729 – Jacob Roggeveen, Dutch explorer (b.", "1659)*1736 – Filippo Juvarra, Italian architect and set designer, designed the Basilica of Superga (b.", "1678)*1790 – Thomas Lewis, Irish-born American lawyer and surveyor (b.", "1718)*1794 – Mariot Arbuthnot, English admiral and politician, 12th Lieutenant Governor of Nova Scotia (b.", "1711)*1811 – Manuel Alberti, Argentinian priest and journalist (b.", "1763)*1815 – José Félix Ribas, Venezuelan soldier (b.", "1775)*1828 – Alexander Ypsilantis, Greek general (b.", "1792)*1836 – John Cheyne, English physician and author (b.", "1777)*1844 – Henri Gatien Bertrand, French general (b.", "1773)*1856 – 11th Dalai Lama (b.", "1838)*1870 – Cilibi Moise, Moldavian Romanian journalist and author (b.", "1812)*1888 – John Bosco, Italian priest and educator, founded the Salesian Society (b.", "1815)*1892 – Charles Spurgeon, English pastor and author (b.", "1834)*1900 – John Douglas, 9th Marquess of Queensberry, Scottish nobleman (b.", "1844)===1901–present===*1907 – Timothy Eaton, Canadian businessman, founded Eaton's (b.", "1834)*1911 – Paul Singer, German politician (b.", "1844)*1923 – Eligiusz Niewiadomski, Polish painter and critic (b.", "1869)*1933 – John Galsworthy, English novelist and playwright, Nobel Prize laureate (b.", "1867)*1942 – Henry Larkin, American baseball player and manager (b.", "1860)*1944 – Jean Giraudoux, French author and playwright (b.", "1882)*1954 – Edwin Howard Armstrong, American engineer, invented FM radio (b.", "1890)* 1954 – Vivian Woodward, English captain and footballer (b.", "1879)*1955 – John Mott, American activist, Nobel Prize laureate (b.", "1865)*1956 – A.", "A. Milne, English author, poet, and playwright, created ''Winnie-the-Pooh'' (b.", "1882)*1958 – Karl Selter, Estonian politician, 14th Estonian Minister of Foreign Affairs (b.", "1898)*1960 – Auguste Herbin, French painter (b.", "1882) *1961 – Krishna Singh, Indian politician, 1st Chief Minister of Bihar (b.", "1887)*1966 – Arthur Percival, English general (b.", "1887)*1967 – Eddie Tolan, American sprinter and educator (b.", "1908)*1969 – Meher Baba, Indian spiritual master (b.", "1894)*1971 – Viktor Zhirmunsky, Russian historian and linguist (b.", "1891)*1973 – Ragnar Frisch, Norwegian economist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (b.", "1895)*1974 – Samuel Goldwyn, Polish American film producer, co-founded Goldwyn Pictures (b.", "1882)*1976 – Ernesto Miranda, American criminal (b.", "1941)* 1976 – Evert Taube, Swedish author and composer (b.", "1890)*1985 – Reginald Baker, English Australian film producer (b.", "1896)* 1985 – Tatsuzō Ishikawa, Japanese author (b.", "1905)*1987 – Yves Allégret, French director and screenwriter (b.", "1907)*1989 – William Stephenson, Canadian captain and spy (b.", "1896)*1990 – Eveline Du Bois-Reymond Marcus, German zoologist and academic (b.", "1901)* 1990 – Rashad Khalifa, Egyptian American biochemist and academic (b.", "1935)*1995 – George Abbott, American actor, director, and producer (b.", "1887)*1997 – John Joseph Scanlan, Irish American bishop (b.", "1930)*1999 – Giant Baba, Japanese wrestler and trainer, co-founded All Japan Pro Wrestling (b.", "1938)* 1999 – Norm Zauchin, American baseball player (b.", "1929)*2000 – Gil Kane, Latvian American author and illustrator (b.", "1926)*2001 – Gordon R. Dickson, Canadian American author (b.", "1923)*2002 – Gabby Gabreski, American colonel and pilot (b.", "1919)*2004 – Eleanor Holm, American swimmer and actress (b.", "1913)* 2004 – Suraiya, Indian actress and playback singer (b.", "1929)*2006 – Moira Shearer, Scottish actress and ballerina (b.", "1926)*2007 – Molly Ivins, American journalist and author (b.", "1944)* 2007 – Adelaide Tambo, South African activist and politician (b.", "1929)*2008 – František Čapek, Czechoslovakian canoeist (b.", "1914)*2011 – Bartolomeu Anania, Romanian bishop and poet (b.", "1921)* 2011 – Mark Ryan, English guitarist and playwright (b.", "1959)*2012 – Mani Ram Bagri, Indian lawyer and politician (b.", "1920)* 2012 – Anthony Bevilacqua, American cardinal (b.", "1923)* 2012 – Tristram Potter Coffin, American author, scholar, and academic (b.", "1922)* 2012 – Dorothea Tanning, American painter and sculptor (b.", "1910)*2013 – Rubén Bonifaz Nuño, Mexican poet and scholar (b.", "1923)* 2013 – Hassan Habibi, Iranian lawyer and politician, 1st Vice President of Iran (b.", "1937)*2014 – Francis M. Fesmire, American cardiologist and physician (b.", "1959)* 2014 – Anna Gordy Gaye, American songwriter and producer, co-founded Anna Records (b.", "1922)* 2014 – Abdirizak Haji Hussein, Somalian politician, 4th Prime Minister of Somalia (b.", "1924)* 2014 – Miklós Jancsó, Hungarian director and screenwriter (b.", "1921)* 2014 – Joseph Willcox Jenkins, American composer, conductor, and educator (b.", "1928)* 2014 – Christopher Jones, American actor (b.", "1941)*2015 – Vic Howe, Canadian ice hockey player (b.", "1929)* 2015 – Udo Lattek, German footballer, coach, and journalist (b.", "1935)* 2015 – Lizabeth Scott, American actress (b.", "1922)* 2015 – Richard von Weizsäcker, German captain and politician, 6th President of Germany (b.", "1920)*2016 – Terry Wogan, Irish radio and television host (b.", "1938)*2017 – Rob Stewart, Canadian filmmaker (b.", "1979)*2018 – Rasual Butler, American professional basketball player (b.", "1979)* 2018 – Leah LaBelle, American singer (b.", "1986)" ], [ "Holidays and observances", "*Christian feast day:**Domitius (Domice) of Amiens**Francis Xavier Bianchi**Geminianus**John Bosco**Julius of Novara**Blessed Ludovica**Máedóc (Mogue, Aiden)**Marcella**Samuel Shoemaker (Episcopal Church (USA))**Tysul**Ulphia**Wilgils**January 31 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)*Amartithi (Meherabad, India, followers of Meher Baba)*Independence Day (Nauru), celebrates independence from Australia in 1968.", "*Street Children's Day (Austria)" ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* BBC: On This Day* * Historical Events on January 31" ] ]
wikipedia
[ [ "June 6" ], [ "Introduction" ], [ "Events", "===Pre-1600===* 913 – Constantine VII, the eight-year-old illegitimate son of Leo VI the Wise, becomes nominal ruler of the Byzantine Empire under the regency of a seven-man council headed by Patriarch Nicholas Mystikos, appointed by Constantine's uncle Alexander on his deathbed.", "*1505 – The M8.2–8.8 Lo Mustang earthquake affects Tibet and Nepal, causing severe damage in Kathmandu and parts of the Indo-Gangetic plain.", "*1513 – Battle of Novara.", "In the Italian Wars, Swiss troops defeat the French under Louis II de la Trémoille, forcing them to abandon Milan; Duke Massimiliano Sforza is restored.", "*1523 – Swedish regent Gustav Vasa is elected King of Sweden and, marking a symbolic end to the Kalmar Union, 6 June is designated the country's national day.===1601–1900===*1654 – Swedish Queen Christina abdicated her throne in favour of her cousin Charles Gustav and converted to Catholicism.", "*1762 – In the Seven Years' War, British forces begin the Siege of Havana and temporarily capture the city.", "*1813 – The Battle of Stoney Creek, considered a critical turning point in the War of 1812.A British force of 700 under John Vincent defeats an American force twice its size under William Winder and John Chandler.", "*1822 – Alexis St Martin is accidentally shot in the stomach, leading to William Beaumont's studies on digestion.", "*1832 – The June Rebellion in Paris is put down by the National Guard.", "*1844 – The Young Men's Christian Association (YMCA) is founded in London.", "*1859 – Queensland is established as a separate colony from New South Wales.", "The date is still celebrated as Queensland Day.", "*1862 – The First Battle of Memphis, a naval engagement fought on the Mississippi results in the capture of Memphis, Tennessee by Union forces from the Confederates.", "*1882 – The Shewan forces of Menelik II of Ethiopia defeat the Gojjame army in the Battle of Embabo.", "The Shewans capture Negus Tekle Haymanot of Gojjam, and their victory leads to a Shewan hegemony over the territories south of the Abay River.", "*1889 – The Great Seattle Fire destroys all of downtown Seattle.", "*1892 – The Chicago \"L\" elevated rail system begins operation.", "*1894 – Governor Davis H. Waite orders the Colorado state militia to protect and support the miners engaged in the Cripple Creek miners' strike.===1901–present===*1912 – The eruption of Novarupta in Alaska begins.", "It is the largest volcanic eruption of the 20th century.", "*1918 – Battle of Belleau Wood in World War I: the U.S. Marine Corps suffers its worst single day's casualties while attempting to recapture the wood at Château-Thierry (the losses are exceeded at the Battle of Tarawa in November 1943).", "*1925 – The original Chrysler Corporation was founded by Walter Chrysler from the remains of the Maxwell Motor Company.", "*1933 – The first drive-in theater opens in Camden, New Jersey.", "*1934 – New Deal: U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt signs the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 into law, establishing the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission.", "*1942 – The United States Navy's victory over the Imperial Japanese Navy at the Battle of Midway is a major turning point in the Pacific Theater of World War II.", "All four Japanese fleet carriers taking part—, , and —are sunk, as is the heavy cruiser .", "The American carrier and the destroyer are also sunk.", "*1944 – Commencement of Operation Overlord, the Allied invasion of Normandy, with the execution of Operation Neptune—commonly referred to as D-Day—the largest seaborne invasion in history.", "Nearly 160,000 Allied troops cross the English Channel with about 5,000 landing and assault craft, 289 escort vessels, and 277 minesweepers participating.", "By the end of the day, the Allies have landed on five invasion beaches and are pushing inland.", "*1966 – March Against Fear: African-American civil rights activist James Meredith is wounded in an ambush by white sniper James Aubrey Norvell.", "Meredith and Norvell are photographed by Jack R. Thornell, whose photo will receive the 1967 Pulitzer Prize in Photography, the last one to be awarded in the category.", "*1971 – ''Soyuz 11'' is launched.", "The mission ends in disaster when all three cosmonauts, Georgy Dobrovolsky, Vladislav Volkov, and Viktor Patsayev are suffocated by uncontrolled decompression of the capsule during re-entry on 29 June.", "* 1971 – Hughes Airwest Flight 706 collides with a McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II of the United States Marine Corps over the San Gabriel Mountains, killing 50.", "*1975 – British referendum results in continued membership of the European Economic Community, with 67% of votes in favour.", "*1976 – Chief Minister of Sabah Faud Stephens, Peter Joinud Mojuntin, and several other politicians are killed in a plane crash near Kota Kinabalu International Airport in Malaysia.", "*1982 – The Lebanon War begins.", "Forces under Israeli Defense Minister Ariel Sharon invade southern Lebanon during Operation Peace for the Galilee, eventually reaching as far north as the capital Beirut.", "*1985 – The grave of \"Wolfgang Gerhard\" is opened in Embu, Brazil; the exhumed remains are later proven to be those of Josef Mengele, Auschwitz's \"Angel of Death\"; Mengele is thought to have drowned while swimming in February 1979.", "*1992 – Copa Airlines Flight 201 breaks apart in mid-air and crashes into the Darién Gap in Panama, killing all 47 aboard.", "*1993 – Punsalmaagiin Ochirbat wins the first presidential election in Mongolia.", "*1994 – China Northwest Airlines Flight 2303 crashes near Xi'an Xianyang International Airport, killing all 160 people on board.", "*2002 – Eastern Mediterranean event.", "A near-Earth asteroid estimated at ten meters in diameter explodes over the Mediterranean Sea between Greece and Libya.", "The explosion is estimated to have a force of 26 kilotons, slightly more powerful than the Nagasaki atomic bomb.", "*2017 – Syrian civil war: The Battle of Raqqa begins with an offensive by the Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) to capture the city from the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL).", "*2023 – Destruction of the Kakhovka Dam during the Russo-Ukrainian war." ], [ "Births", "===Pre-1600===*1436 – Regiomontanus (Johannes Müller von Königsberg), German mathematician, astronomer, and bishop (d. 1476)*1519 – Andrea Cesalpino, Italian philosopher, physician, and botanist (d. 1603)*1599 – Diego Velázquez (''date of baptism''), Spanish painter and educator (d. 1660)===1601–1900===*1606 – Pierre Corneille, French playwright and producer (d. 1684)*1622 – Claude-Jean Allouez, French-American missionary and explorer (d. 1689)*1714 – Joseph I of Portugal, King of Portugal from 31 July 1750 until his death (d. 1777)*1755 – Nathan Hale, American soldier (d. 1776)*1756 – John Trumbull, American soldier and painter (d. 1843)*1799 – Alexander Pushkin, Russian author and poet (d. 1837)*1810 – Friedrich Wilhelm Schneidewin, German philologist and scholar (d. 1856)*1825 – Friedrich Bayer, German pharmacist, founded Bayer (d. 1880)*1841 – Eliza Orzeszkowa, Polish author and publisher (d. 1910)*1850 – Karl Ferdinand Braun, German-American physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate in 1909 for physics (d. 1918)*1851 – Angelo Moriondo, Italian inventor of the espresso machine (d. 1914)*1857 – Aleksandr Lyapunov, Russian mathematician and physicist (d. 1918)*1862 – Henry Newbolt, English historian, author, and poet (d. 1938)*1867 – David T. Abercrombie, American entrepreneur and co-founder of lifestyle brand Abercrombie & Fitch (d. 1931)*1868 – Robert Falcon Scott, English sailor and explorer (d. 1912)*1872 – Alix of Hesse, German princess and Russian empress (d. 1918)*1875 – Thomas Mann, German author and critic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1955)*1890 – Ted Lewis, American singer, clarinet player, and bandleader (d. 1971)*1891 – Masti Venkatesha Iyengar, Indian author and academic (d. 1986)* 1891 – Erich Marcks, German general in WWII who planned Operation Barbarossa (d. 1944) *1896 – Henry Allingham, English World War I soldier and supercentenarian (d. 2009)* 1896 – Italo Balbo, Italian air marshal and fascist politician who played a key role in developing Mussolini's air force (d. 1940)*1897 – Joel Rinne, Finnish actor (d. 1981)*1898 – Jacobus Johannes Fouché, South African politician, 2nd State President of South Africa (d. 1980)* 1898 – Ninette de Valois, English ballerina, choreographer, and director (d. 2001)*1900 – Manfred Sakel, Ukrainian-American psychiatrist and physician (d. 1957)===1901–present===*1901 – Jan Struther, English author, poet and hymnwriter who created the character Mrs Miniver (d. 1953)* 1901 – Sukarno, Indonesian engineer and politician, 1st President of Indonesia (d. 1970)*1902 – Jimmie Lunceford, American saxophonist and bandleader (d. 1947)*1903 – Aram Khachaturian, Armenian composer and conductor (d. 1978)*1906 – Max August Zorn, German mathematician and academic who is noted for Zorn's Lemma (d. 1993)*1907 – Bill Dickey, American baseball player and manager who played in eight World Series, winning seven (d. 1993)*1909 – Isaiah Berlin, Latvian-English historian and philosopher (d. 1997)*1915 – Vincent Persichetti, American pianist and composer (d. 1987)*1916 – Hamani Diori, Nigerien academic and politician, 1st President of Niger (d. 1989)*1917 – Kirk Kerkorian, American businessman, founded the Tracinda Corporation (d. 2015)*1918 – Kenneth Connor, English comedy actor (d. 1993)* 1918 – Edwin G. Krebs, American biochemist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2009)*1919 – Peter Carington, 6th Baron Carrington, English army officer and politician, 6th Secretary General of NATO (d. 2018)*1923 – V. C. Andrews, American author, illustrator, and painter (d. 1986)* 1923 – Jean Pouliot, Canadian broadcaster (d. 2004)*1925 – Maxine Kumin, American poet and author (d. 2014)* 1925 – Frank Chee Willeto, American soldier and politician, 4th Vice President of the Navajo Nation and a noted code talker during World War II (d. 2013)*1926 – Klaus Tennstedt, German conductor (d. 1998)*1929 – James Barnor, Ghanaian photographer* 1929 – Sunil Dutt, Indian actor, director, producer, and politician (d. 2005)*1930 – Frank Tyson, English-Australian cricketer, coach and journalist (d. 2015)*1932 – David Scott, American colonel, engineer, and astronaut who was the commander of Apollo 15*1933 – Heinrich Rohrer, Swiss physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2013)*1934 – Albert II, King of the Belgians from 9 August 1993 to 21 July 2013 (abdicated)* 1934 – Taichi Yamada, Japanese screenwriter and novelist (d. 2023)*1935 – Jon Henricks, Australian swimmer; winner of two Olympic gold medals in 1956*1936 – D. Ramanaidu, Indian actor, director, and producer, founded Suresh Productions (d. 2015)* 1936 – Levi Stubbs, American soul singer; lead vocalist of the Four Tops (d. 2008)*1939 – Louis Andriessen, Dutch pianist and composer (d. 2021)* 1939 – Gary U.S. Bonds, American singer-songwriter*1940 – Willie John McBride, Northern Irish rugby player who toured with the British Lions five times*1943 – Richard Smalley, American chemist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate in 1996 for chemistry (d. 2005)*1944 – Monty Alexander, Jamaican jazz pianist* 1944 – Phillip Allen Sharp, American molecular biologist; 1993 Nobel Prize laureate (Physiology or Medicine)* 1944 – Tommie Smith, American sprinter and football player; winner of 1968 Olympic 200m gold medal in a world record time*1946 – Tony Levin, American bass player and songwriter*1947 – David Blunkett, British Labour politician; Home Secretary 2001–2004* 1947 – Robert Englund, American actor; best known for ''Nightmare on Elm Street''* 1947 – Ada Kok, Dutch butterfly stroke swimmer; winner of three Olympic medals including gold in 1968* 1947 – Keith Daniel Williams, American convicted rapist and triple murderer (d. 1996)*1948 – Arlene Harris, American entrepreneur, inventor, investor and policy advocate*1949 – Holly Near, American folk singer and songwriter*1951 – Dwight Twilley, American pop/rock singer and songwriter (d. 2023)*1954 – Harvey Fierstein, American actor and playwright; winner of four Tony Awards* 1954 – Wladyslaw Zmuda, Polish footballer and manager; 91 caps for Poland and voted Best Young Player at the 1974 FIFA World Cup*1955 – Sam Simon, American director, producer and screenwriter; co-developer of ''The Simpsons'' (d. 2015)*1956 – Björn Borg, Swedish tennis player; winner of eleven Grand Slam singles titles including five consecutive Wimbledons*1959 – Colin Quinn, American comedian and actor*1960 – Steve Vai, American musician*1963 – Jason Isaacs, English actor*1966 – Sophie Jamal, Canadian endocrinologist involved in scientific misconduct* 1966 – Tony Yeboah, Ghanaian footballer*1967 – Paul Giamatti, American actor and producer*1972 – Natalie Morales, American television journalist and NBC News anchor*1974 – Uncle Kracker, American musician* 1974 – Sonya Walger, British-American actress*1977 – David Connolly, Irish footballer*1979 – Roberto De Zerbi, Italian football manager*1983 – Michael Krohn-Dehli, Danish footballer*1985 – Sebastian Larsson, Swedish footballer* 1985 – Drew McIntyre, Scottish professional wrestler* 1985 – Becky Sauerbrunn, American footballer; twice a winner of the FIFA Women's World Cup, also an Olympic gold medallist*1988 – Anthony Pilkington, Irish footballer*1990 – Gavin Hoyte, English born footballer who represented Trinidad and Tobago* 1990 – Anthony Rendon, American baseball player* 1990 – Pape Souaré, Senegalese footballer*1992 – DeAndre Hopkins, American football player*1993 – Vic Mensa, American rapper and singer*1994 – Yvon Mvogo, Swiss footballer*1995 – Julian Green, American soccer player*1996 – Jack Hetherington, Australian rugby league player*1998 – Kenny Pickett, American football player*2001 – Rayan Aït-Nouri, French-Algerian footballer" ], [ "Deaths", "===Pre-1600===* 184 – Qiao Xuan, Chinese official (b. c. 110) * 863 – Abu Musa Utamish, vizier to the Abbasid Caliphate* 913 – Alexander III, Byzantine emperor (b.", "870)*1097 – Agnes of Aquitaine, Queen of Aragon and Navarre*1134 – Norbert of Xanten, German bishop and saint (b.", "1060)*1217 – Henry I, King of Castile and Toledo (b.", "1204)*1251 – William III of Dampierre, Count of Flanders*1252 – Robert Passelewe, Bishop of Chichester*1480 – Vecchietta, Italian painter, sculptor, and architect (b.", "1412)*1548 – João de Castro, Portuguese soldier and politician, Governor of Portuguese India (b.", "1500)*1583 – Nakagawa Kiyohide, Japanese daimyo (b.", "1556)===1601–1900===*1661 – Martino Martini, Italian Jesuit missionary (b.", "1614)*1799 – Patrick Henry, American lawyer and politician, 1st Governor of Virginia (b.", "1736)*1813 – Antonio Cachia, Maltese architect, engineer and archaeologist (b.", "1739)*1832 – Jeremy Bentham, English jurist and philosopher (b.", "1748)*1861 – Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour, Italian politician, 1st Prime Minister of Italy (b.", "1810)*1865 – William Quantrill, leader of a Confederate guerrilla band in the American Civil War (b.", "1837)*1878 – Robert Stirling, Scottish minister and engineer, invented the stirling engine (b.", "1790)*1881 – Henri Vieuxtemps, Belgian violinist and composer (b.", "1820)*1891 – John A. Macdonald, Scottish-Canadian lawyer and politician, 1st Prime Minister of Canada (b.", "1815)===1901–present===*1916 – Yuan Shikai, Chinese general and politician, 2nd President of the Republic of China (b.", "1859)*1922 – Lillian Russell, American actress and singer (b.", "1860)*1935 – Julian Byng, 1st Viscount Byng of Vimy, English field marshal and politician, 12th Governor-General of Canada (b.", "1862)*1939 – Constantin Noe, Megleno-Romanian editor and professor (b.", "1883)*1941 – Louis Chevrolet, American race car driver and businessman, founded Chevrolet and Frontenac Motor Corporation (b.", "1878)*1946 – Gerhart Hauptmann, German novelist, poet, and playwright, Nobel Prize laureate (b.", "1862)*1947 – James Agate, English author and critic (b.", "1877)*1948 – Louis Lumière, French film director, producer, and screenwriter (b.", "1864)*1955 – Max Meldrum, Scottish-Australian painter and educator (b.", "1875)*1961 – Carl Gustav Jung, Swiss psychiatrist and psychotherapist (b.", "1875)*1962 – Yves Klein, French painter (b.", "1928)* 1962 – Tom Phillis, Australian motorcycle racer (b.", "1934)*1963 – William Baziotes, American painter and academic (b.", "1912)*1968 – Robert F. Kennedy, American soldier, lawyer, and politician, 64th United States Attorney General (b.", "1925)*1976 – J. Paul Getty, American businessman, founded the Getty Oil Company (b.", "1892)*1979 – Jack Haley, American actor (b.", "1897)*1982 – Kenneth Rexroth, American poet and academic (b.", "1905)*1983 – Hans Leip, German author, poet, and playwright who wrote the lyrics of ''Lili Marleen'' (b.", "1893) *1991 – Stan Getz, American saxophonist and jazz innovator (b.", "1927)*1994 – Mark McManus, Scottish actor (b.", "1935)* 1994 – Barry Sullivan, American film actor (b.", "1912)*1996 – George Davis Snell, American geneticist and immunologist; awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1980 for his studies of histocompatibility (b.", "1903)*2005 – Anne Bancroft, American film actress; winner of the 1963 Academy Award for Best Actress for ''The Miracle Worker'' (b.", "1931)* 2006 – Billy Preston, American singer-songwriter, pianist, and actor (b.", "1946)*2009 – Jean Dausset, French-Spanish immunologist and academic; awarded the 1980 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his studies of the genetic basis of immunological reaction (b.", "1916)*2012 – Vladimir Krutov, Russian ice hockey player; together with Igor Larionov and Sergei Makarov, formed the famed ''KLM Line''.", "(b.", "1960)*2013 – Jerome Karle, American crystallographer and academic; awarded the 1985 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for research into the molecular structure of chemical compounds (b.", "1918)* 2013 – Esther Williams, American swimmer and actress (b.", "1921)*2014 – Lorna Wing, English psychiatrist and physician; pioneered studies of autism (b.", "1928)*2015 – Vincent Bugliosi, American lawyer and author; prosecuting attorney in the Tate–LaBianca murders case (b.", "1934)* 2015 – Ludvík Vaculík, Czech journalist and author; noted for ''The Two Thousand Words'' which inspired the Prague Spring (b.", "1926)*2016 – Viktor Korchnoi, Russian chess grandmaster; arguably the best player never to become World Chess Champion (b.", "1931)* 2016 – Peter Shaffer, English playwright and screenwriter; works included ''Equus'' and ''Amadeus'' (b.", "1926)" ], [ "Holidays and observances", "* Christian feast day:** Claudius of Besançon**Ini Kopuria (Anglican Church of Melanesia, Church of England, Episcopal Church)**Marcellin Champagnat**Norbert** June 6 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)*D-Day Invasion Anniversary*Engineer's Day in Taiwan*Korean Children's Union Foundation Day in North Korea*Memorial Day in South Korea*National Day of Sweden, marking the end of the Danish-ruled Kalmar Union and the coronation of King Gustav Vasa*National Huntington's Disease Awareness Day in the United States*Queensland Day*UN Russian Language Day" ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* * *" ] ]
wikipedia
[ [ "June 7" ], [ "Introduction" ], [ "Events", "===Pre-1600===* 421 – Emperor Theodosius II marries Aelia Eudocia at Constantinople (Byzantine Empire).", "* 879 – Pope John VIII recognises the Duchy of Croatia under Duke Branimir as an independent state.", "*1002 – Henry II, a cousin of Emperor Otto III, is elected and crowned King of Germany.", "*1099 – First Crusade: The Siege of Jerusalem begins.", "*1420 – Troops of the Republic of Venice capture Udine, ending the independence of the Patria del Friuli.", "*1494 – Spain and Portugal sign the Treaty of Tordesillas which divides the New World between the two countries.===1601–1900===*1628 – The Petition of Right, a major English constitutional document, is granted the Royal Assent by Charles I and becomes law.", "*1640 – Corpus de Sang in Barcelona: Catalan reapers rioted against Spanish Royal soldiers and officers, killing the Viceroy of Catalonia, Dalmau de Queralt.", "Escalation of hostilities between the Principality of Catalonia and the Spanish Monarchy, leading to the Reapers' War.", "*1654 – Louis XIV is crowned King of France.", "*1692 – Port Royal, Jamaica, is hit by a catastrophic earthquake; in just three minutes, 1,600 people are killed and 3,000 are seriously injured.", "*1776 – Richard Henry Lee presents the \"Lee Resolution\" to the Continental Congress.", "The motion is seconded by John Adams and will lead to the United States Declaration of Independence.", "*1788 – French Revolution: Day of the Tiles: Civilians in Grenoble toss roof tiles and various objects down upon royal troops.", "*1800 – David Thompson reaches the mouth of the Saskatchewan River in Manitoba.", "*1810 – The newspaper ''Gazeta de Buenos Ayres'' is first published in Argentina.", "*1832 – The Great Reform Act of England and Wales receives royal assent.", "* 1832 – Asian cholera reaches Quebec, brought by Irish immigrants, and kills about 6,000 people in Lower Canada.", "*1862 – The United States and the United Kingdom agree in the Lyons–Seward Treaty to suppress the African slave trade.", "*1866 – One thousand eight hundred Fenian raiders are repelled back to the United States after looting and plundering the Saint-Armand and Frelighsburg areas of Canada East.", "*1880 – War of the Pacific: The Battle of Arica, the assault and capture of Morro de Arica (Arica Cape), ends the ''Campaña del Desierto'' (Desert Campaign).", "*1892 – Homer Plessy is arrested for refusing to leave his seat in the \"whites-only\" car of a train; he lost the resulting court case, ''Plessy v.", "Ferguson''.", "*1899 – American Temperance crusader Carrie Nation begins her campaign of vandalizing alcohol-serving establishments by destroying the inventory in a saloon in Kiowa, Kansas.===1901–present===*1905 – Norway's parliament dissolves its union with Sweden.", "The vote was confirmed by a national plebiscite on August 13 of that year.", "*1906 – Cunard Line's is launched from the John Brown Shipyard, Glasgow (Clydebank), Scotland.", "*1917 – World War I: Battle of Messines: Allied soldiers detonate a series of mines underneath German trenches at Messines Ridge, killing 10,000 German troops.", "*1919 – Sette Giugno: Nationalist riots break out in Valletta, the capital of Malta.", "British soldiers fire into the crowd, killing four people.", "*1929 – The Lateran Treaty is ratified, bringing Vatican City into existence.", "*1938 – The Douglas DC-4E makes its first test flight.", "* 1938 – Second Sino-Japanese War: The Chinese Nationalist government creates the 1938 Yellow River flood to halt Japanese forces.", "Five hundred thousand to nine hundred thousand civilians are killed.", "*1940 – King Haakon VII, Crown Prince Olav and the Norwegian government leave Tromsø and go into exile in London.", "They return exactly five years later.", "*1942 – World War II: The Battle of Midway ends in American victory.", "* 1942 – World War II: Aleutian Islands Campaign: Imperial Japanese soldiers begin occupying the American islands of Attu and Kiska, in the Aleutian Islands off Alaska.", "*1944 – World War II: Battle of Normandy: At Ardenne Abbey, members of the SS Division Hitlerjugend massacre 23 Canadian prisoners of war.", "*1945 – King Haakon VII of Norway returns from exactly five years in exile during World War II.", "*1946 – The United Kingdom's BBC returns to broadcasting its television service, which has been off air for seven years because of World War II.", "*1948 – Anti-Jewish riots in Oujda and Jerada take place.", "* 1948 – Edvard Beneš resigns as President of Czechoslovakia rather than signing the Ninth-of-May Constitution, making his nation a Communist state.", "*1955 – ''Lux Radio Theatre'' signs off the air permanently.", "The show launched in New York in 1934, and featured radio adaptations of Broadway shows and popular films.", "*1962 – The Organisation Armée Secrète (OAS) sets fire to the University of Algiers library building, destroying about 500,000 books.", "*1965 – The Supreme Court of the United States hands down its decision in ''Griswold v. Connecticut'', prohibiting the states from criminalizing the use of contraception by married couples.", "*1967 – Six-Day War: Israeli soldiers enter Jerusalem.", "*1971 – The United States Supreme Court overturns the conviction of Paul Cohen for disturbing the peace, setting the precedent that vulgar writing is protected under the First Amendment to the United States Constitution.", "* 1971 – The Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms Division of the U.S. Internal Revenue Service raids the home of Ken Ballew for illegal possession of hand grenades.", "* 1971 – Allegheny Airlines Flight 485 crashes on approach to Tweed New Haven Airport in New Haven, Connecticut, killing 28 of 31 aboard.", "*1975 – Sony launches Betamax, the first videocassette recorder format.", "*1977 – Five hundred million people watch the high day of the Silver Jubilee of Queen Elizabeth II begin on television.", "*1981 – The Israeli Air Force destroys Iraq's Osiraq nuclear reactor during Operation Opera.", "*1982 – Priscilla Presley opens Graceland to the public; the bathroom where Elvis Presley died five years earlier is kept off-limits.", "*1989 – Surinam Airways Flight 764 crashes on approach to Paramaribo-Zanderij International Airport in Suriname because of pilot error, killing 176 of 187 aboard.", "*1991 – Mount Pinatubo erupts, generating an ash column high.", "*2000 – The United Nations defines the Blue Line as the border between Israel and Lebanon.", "*2017 – A Myanmar Air Force Shaanxi Y-8 crashes into the Andaman Sea near Dawei, Myanmar, killing all 122 aboard." ], [ "Births", "===Pre-1600===*1003 – Emperor Jingzong of Western Xia (d. 1048)*1402 – Ichijō Kaneyoshi, Japanese noble (d. 1481)*1422 – Federico da Montefeltro, Italian condottiero (d. 1482)*1502 – John III of Portugal (d. 1557)*1529 – Étienne Pasquier, French lawyer and jurist (d. 1615)*1561 – John VII, Count of Nassau-Siegen, German count and military theorist (d. 1623)===1601–1900===*1687 – Gaetano Berenstadt, Italian actor and singer (d. 1734)*1702 – Louis George, Margrave of Baden-Baden (d. 1761)*1757 – Georgiana Cavendish, Duchess of Devonshire (d. 1806)*1761 – John Rennie the Elder, Scottish engineer (d. 1821)*1770 – Robert Jenkinson, 2nd Earl of Liverpool, English politician, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1828)*1778 – Beau Brummell, English cricketer and fashion designer (d. 1840)*1811 – James Young Simpson, Scottish obstetrician (d. 1870)*1831 – Amelia Edwards, English journalist and author (d. 1892)*1837 – Alois Hitler, Austrian civil servant (d. 1903)*1840 – Carlota of Mexico (d. 1927)*1845 – Leopold Auer, Hungarian violinist, composer, and conductor (d. 1930)*1847 – George Washington Ball, American legislator from Iowa (d. 1915) *1848 – Paul Gauguin, French painter and sculptor (d. 1903)*1851 – Ture Malmgren, Swedish journalist and politician (d. 1922)*1861 – Robina Nicol, New Zealand photographer and suffragist (d. 1942)*1862 – Philipp Lenard, Slovak-German physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1947)*1863 – Bones Ely, American baseball player and manager (d. 1952)*1868 – Charles Rennie Mackintosh, Scottish painter and architect (d. 1928)*1877 – Roelof Klein, Dutch-American rower and engineer (d. 1960)*1879 – Knud Rasmussen, Danish anthropologist and explorer (d. 1933)* 1879 – Joan Voûte, Dutch astronomer and academic (d. 1963)*1884 – Ester Claesson, Swedish landscape architect (d. 1931)*1883 – Sylvanus Morley, American archaeologist and scholar (d. 1948)*1886 – Henri Coandă, Romanian engineer, designed the Coandă-1910 (d. 1972)*1888 – Clarence DeMar, American runner and educator (d. 1958)*1890 – Karl Lashley, American psychologist and behaviorist (d. 1958)*1892 – Leo Reise, Canadian ice hockey player (d. 1975)*1893 – Gillis Grafström, Swedish figure skater and architect (d. 1938)*1894 – Alexander P. de Seversky, Georgian-American pilot and engineer, co-designed the Republic P-47 Thunderbolt (d. 1974)*1896 – Douglas Campbell, American lieutenant and pilot (d. 1990)* 1896 – Robert S. Mulliken, American physicist and chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1986)* 1896 – Imre Nagy, Hungarian soldier and politician, 44th Prime Minister of Hungary (d. 1958)*1897 – George Szell, Hungarian-American conductor and composer (d. 1970)*1899 – Elizabeth Bowen, Anglo-Irish author and critic (d. 1973)===1901–present===*1902 – Georges Van Parys, French composer (d. 1971)* 1902 – Herman B Wells, American banker, author, and academic (d. 2000)*1905 – James J. Braddock, American world heavyweight boxing champion (d. 1974)*1906 – Glen Gray, American saxophonist and bandleader (d. 1963)*1907 – Sigvard Bernadotte, Count of Wisborg (d. 2002)*1909 – Virginia Apgar, American anesthesiologist and pediatrician, developed the Apgar test (d. 1974)* 1909 – Peter W. Rodino, American lawyer, and politician (d. 2005)* 1909 – Jessica Tandy, English-American actress (d. 1994)*1910 – Arthur Gardner, American actor and producer (d. 2014)* 1910 – Til Kiwe, German actor and screenwriter (d. 1995)* 1910 – Mike Sebastian, American football player and coach (d. 1989)* 1910 – Bradford Washburn, American mountaineer, photographer, and cartographer (d. 2007)* 1910 – Marion Post Wolcott, American photographer (d. 1990)* 1910 – Bluey, Australian cattle dog, second-oldest recorded dog (d. 1939)*1911 – Brooks Stevens, American engineer and designer, designed the Wienermobile (d. 1995)*1912 – Jacques Hélian, French bandleader (d. 1986)*1917 – Gwendolyn Brooks, American poet (d. 2000)* 1917 – Dean Martin, American singer, actor, and producer (d. 1995)*1920 – Georges Marchais, French mechanic and politician (d. 1997)*1923 – Jules Deschênes, Canadian lawyer and judge (d. 2000)*1925 – Ernestina Herrera de Noble, Argentine publisher and executive (d. 2017)*1926 – Jean-Noël Tremblay, Canadian lawyer and politician (d. 2020)*1927 – Paul Salamunovich, American conductor and educator (d. 2014)*1928 – James Ivory, American director, producer, and screenwriter*1929 – John Turner, Canadian lawyer and politician, 17th Prime Minister of Canada (d. 2020)*1931 – Virginia McKenna, English actress and author*1932 – Per Maurseth, Norwegian historian, academic, and politician (d. 2013)*1935 – Harry Crews, American novelist, playwright, short story writer, and essayist (d. 2012)*1936 – Bert Sugar, American author and boxing historian (d. 2012)*1938 – Ian St John, Scottish international footballer and manager (d. 2021) *1939 – Yuli Turovsky, Russian-Canadian cellist, conductor and educator (d. 2013)*1940 – Tom Jones, Welsh singer and actor* 1940 – Ronald Pickup, English actor (d. 2021)*1943 – \"Superstar\" Billy Graham, American wrestler (d. 2023)*1944 – Clarence White, American guitarist and singer (d. 1973)*1945 – Wolfgang Schüssel, Austrian lawyer and politician, 26th Chancellor of Austria*1946 – Zbigniew Seifert, Polish musician (d. 1979)*1947 – Thurman Munson, American baseball player (d. 1979)*1952 – Liam Neeson, Irish-American actor* 1952 – Orhan Pamuk, Turkish-American novelist, screenwriter, and academic, Nobel Prize laureate*1954 – Louise Erdrich, American novelist and poet*1957 – Juan Luis Guerra, Dominican singer, composer, and record producer.", "*1958 – Prince, American singer-songwriter, multi-instrumentalist, producer, and actor (d. 2016)*1959 – Mike Pence, 48th Vice President of the United States, 50th Governor of Indiana*1960 – Bill Prady, American screenwriter and producer* 1962 – Lance Reddick, American actor (d. 2023)*1965 – Damien Hirst, English painter and art collector*1967 – Dave Navarro, American musician*1970 – Cafu, Brazilian footballer*1974 – Bear Grylls, English adventurer, author, and television host*1975 – Allen Iverson, American basketball player*1978 – Bill Hader, American actor, comedian, and screenwriter*1981 – Anna Kournikova, Russian tennis player*1988 – Michael Cera, Canadian actor and musician*1990 – Iggy Azalea, Australian rapper, singer, songwriter, and model*1991 – Fetty Wap, American rapper, singer, and songwriter* 1991 – Emily Ratajkowski, American model and actress*1993 – George Ezra, English singer-songwriter*1996 – Christian McCaffrey, American football player" ], [ "Deaths", "===Pre-1600===* 555 – Vigilius, pope of the Catholic Church (b.", "500)* 862 – Al-Muntasir, Abbasid caliph (b.", "837)* 929 – Ælfthryth, Countess of Flanders (b.", "877)* 940 – Qian Hongzun, heir apparent of Wuyue (b.", "925)* 951 – Lu Wenji, Chinese chancellor (b.", "876)*1329 – Robert the Bruce, Scottish king (b.", "1274)*1337 – William I, Count of Hainaut (b.", "1286)*1341 – An-Nasir Muhammad, Egyptian sultan (b.", "1285)*1358 – Ashikaga Takauji, Japanese shōgun (b.", "1305)*1394 – Anne of Bohemia, English queen (b.", "1366)*1492 – Casimir IV Jagiellon, Grand Duke of Lithuania from 1440 and King of Poland from 1447 (b.", "1427)*1594 – Rodrigo Lopez, physician of Queen Elizabeth I (b.", "1525)===1601–1900===*1618 – Thomas West, 3rd Baron De La Warr, English politician, Colonial Governor of Virginia (b.", "1577)*1660 – George II Rákóczi, Prince of Transylvania (b.", "1621)*1711 – Henry Dodwell, Irish scholar and theologian (b.", "1641)*1740 – Alexander Spotswood, Moroccan-American colonial and politician, Lieutenant Governor of Virginia (b.", "1676)*1779 – William Warburton, English bishop and critic (b.", "1698)*1792 – Benjamin Tupper, American general and surveyor (b.", "1738)*1810 – Luigi Schiavonetti, Italian engraver and etcher (b.", "1765)*1826 – Joseph von Fraunhofer, German optician, physicist, and astronomer (b.", "1787)*1840 – Frederick William III of Prussia (b.", "1770)*1843 – Friedrich Hölderlin, German lyric poet and author (b.", "1770)*1853 – Norbert Provencher, Canadian missionary and bishop (b.", "1787)*1854 – Charles Baudin, French admiral (b.", "1792)*1859 – David Cox, English painter (b.", "1783)*1861 – Patrick Brontë, Anglo-Irish priest and author (b.", "1777)*1863 – Antonio Valero de Bernabé, Latin American liberator (b.", "1790)*1866 – Chief Seattle, American tribal chief (b.", "1780)*1879 – William Tilbury Fox, English dermatologist and academic (b.", "1836)*1896 – Pavlos Carrer, Greek composer (b.", "1829)===1901–present===*1911 – Maurice Rouvier, French politician, Prime Minister of France (b.", "1842)*1915 – Charles Reed Bishop, American banker and politician, founded the First Hawaiian Bank (b.", "1822)*1916 – Émile Faguet, French author and critic (b.", "1847)*1921 – Patrick Maher, executed Irish republican (b.", "1889)* 1921 – Edmond Foley, executed Irish republican (b.", "1897)*1924 – William Pirrie, 1st Viscount Pirrie, Irish businessman and politician, Lord Mayor of Belfast (b.", "1847)*1927 – Archie Birkin, English motorcycle racer (b.", "1905)* 1927 – Edmund James Flynn, Canadian lawyer and politician, 10th Premier of Quebec (b.", "1847)*1932 – John Verran, English-Australian politician, 26th Premier of South Australia (b.", "1856)*1933 – Dragutin Domjanić, Croatian lawyer, judge, and poet (b.", "1875)*1936 – Stjepan Seljan, Croatian explorer (b.", "1875)*1937 – Jean Harlow, American actress and singer (b.", "1911)*1942 – Alan Blumlein, English engineer (b.", "1903)*1945 – Kitaro Nishida, Japanese philosopher and academic (b.", "1870)*1954 – Alan Turing, English mathematician and computer scientist (b.", "1912)*1956 – John Willcock, Australian politician, 15th Premier of Western Australia (b.", "1879)*1965 – Judy Holliday, American actress and singer (b.", "1921)*1966 – Jean Arp, German-French sculptor, painter, and poet (b.", "1886)*1967 – Anatoly Maltsev, Russian mathematician and academic (b.", "1909)* 1967 – Dorothy Parker, American poet, short story writer, critic, and satirist (b.", "1893)*1968 – Dan Duryea, American actor and singer (b.", "1907)*1970 – E. M. Forster, English novelist, short story writer, essayist (b.", "1879)*1978 – Ronald George Wreyford Norrish, English chemist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (b.", "1897)*1980 – Elizabeth Craig, Scottish journalist and economist (b.", "1883)* 1980 – Philip Guston, Canadian-American painter and educator (b.", "1913)* 1980 – Henry Miller, American novelist and essayist (b.", "1891)*1985 – Klaudia Taev, Estonian opera singer and educator (b.", "1906)*1987 – Cahit Zarifoğlu, Turkish poet and author (b.", "1940)*1992 – Bill France Sr., American race car driver and businessman, co-founded NASCAR (b.", "1909)*1995 – Hsuan Hua, Chinese monk and educator (b.", "1918)*2001 – Víctor Paz Estenssoro, Bolivian politician, 52nd President of Bolivia (b.", "1907)* 2001 – Betty Neels, English nurse and author (b.", "1910)*2002 – Signe Hasso, Swedish-American actress (b.", "1915)*2012 – Phillip V. Tobias, South African paleontologist and academic (b.", "1925)*2013 – Pierre Mauroy, French educator and politician, Prime Minister of France (b.", "1928)* 2013 – Richard Ramirez, American serial killer and sex offender (b.", "1960)*2015 – Christopher Lee, English actor (b.", "1922) BBC News.", "Published 12 June 2015.Retrieved 23 March 2016.", "*2023 – The Iron Sheik, Iranian-American wrestler and actor (b.", "1942)" ], [ "Holidays and observances", "The Sette Giugno monument, in its original location in Palace Square, Valletta* Christian feast day:**Antonio Maria Gianelli**Colmán of Dromore**St Gottschalk**Landulf of Yariglia (Asti)**Meriasek **Paul I of Constantinople**Robert of Newminster**Chief Seattle (Lutheran Church)**Blessed Marie-Thérèse de Soubiran La Louvière**Commemoration Day of St John the Forerunner (Armenian Apostolic Church)**Pioneers of the Episcopal Anglican Church of Brazil (Episcopal Church (USA))**June 7 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)*Battle of Arica Day (Arica y Parinacota Region, Chile)*Flag Day (Peru)*Journalist Day (Argentina)*Anniversary of the Memorandum of the Slovak Nation (Slovakia)*Birthday of Prince Joachim (Denmark)*Sette Giugno (Malta)*Union Dissolution Day (Independence Day of Norway)*Tourette Syndrome Awareness Day" ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* * *" ] ]
wikipedia
[ [ "June 11" ], [ "Introduction" ], [ "Events", "===Pre-1600===* 173 – Marcomannic Wars: The Roman army in Moravia is encircled by the Quadi, who have broken the peace treaty (171).", "In a violent thunderstorm emperor Marcus Aurelius defeats and subdues them in the so-called \"miracle of the rain\".", "* 631 – Emperor Taizong of Tang sends envoys to the Xueyantuo bearing gold and silk in order to seek the release of Chinese prisoners captured during the transition from Sui to Tang.", "* 786 – A Hasanid Alid uprising in Mecca is crushed by the Abbasids at the Battle of Fakhkh.", "* 980 – Vladimir the Great consolidates the Kievan realm from Ukraine to the Baltic Sea.", "He is proclaimed ruler (''knyaz'') of all Kievan Rus'.", "*1011 – Lombard Revolt: Greek citizens of Bari rise up against the Lombard rebels led by Melus and deliver the city to Basil Mesardonites, Byzantine governor (''catepan'') of the Catepanate of Italy.", "*1118 – Roger of Salerno, Prince of Antioch, captures Azaz from the Seljuk Turks.", "*1157 – Albert I of Brandenburg, also called The Bear (Ger: Albrecht der Bär), becomes the founder of the Margraviate of Brandenburg, Germany and the first margrave.", "*1345 – The ''megas doux'' Alexios Apokaukos, chief minister of the Byzantine Empire, is lynched by political prisoners.", "*1429 – Hundred Years' War: Start of the Battle of Jargeau.", "*1488 – Battle of Sauchieburn: Fought between rebel Lords and James III of Scotland, resulting in the death of the king.", "*1509 – Henry VIII of England marries Catherine of Aragon.", "*1559 – Don Tristan de Luna y Arellano sails for Florida with party of 1,500, intending to settle on gulf coast (Vera Cruz, Mexico).", "*1594 – Philip II recognizes the rights and privileges of the local nobles and chieftains in the Philippines, which paved way to the stabilization of the rule of the Principalía (an elite ruling class of native nobility in Spanish Philippines).===1601–1900===*1702 – Anglo-Dutch forces skirmish with French forces before the walls of Nijmegen and prevent its fall.", "*1748 – Denmark adopts the characteristic Nordic Cross flag later taken up by all other Scandinavian countries.", "*1770 – British explorer Captain James Cook runs aground on the Great Barrier Reef.", "*1775 – The American Revolutionary War's first naval engagement, the Battle of Machias, results in the capture of a small British naval vessel.", "*1776 – The Continental Congress appoints Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Roger Sherman, and Robert R. Livingston to the Committee of Five to draft a declaration of independence.", "*1788 – Russian explorer Gerasim Izmailov reaches Alaska.", "*1805 – A fire consumes large portions of Detroit in the Michigan Territory.", "*1825 – The first cornerstone is laid for Fort Hamilton in New York City.", "*1837 – The Broad Street Riot occurs in Boston, fueled by ethnic tensions between Yankees and Irish.", "*1865 – The Naval Battle of the Riachuelo is fought on the rivulet Riachuelo (Argentina), between the Paraguayan Navy on one side and the Brazilian Navy on the other.", "The Brazilian victory was crucial for the later success of the Triple Alliance (Brazil, Uruguay, and Argentina) in the Paraguayan War.", "*1892 – The Limelight Department, one of the world's first film studios, is officially established in Melbourne, Australia.", "*1895 – Paris–Bordeaux–Paris, sometimes called the first automobile race in history or the \"first motor race\", takes place.", "*1898 – The Hundred Days' Reform, a planned movement to reform social, political, and educational institutions in China, is started by the Guangxu Emperor, but is suspended by Empress Dowager Cixi after 104 days.", "(The failed reform led to the abolition of the Imperial examination in 1905.", ")===1901–present===*1901 – The boundaries of the Colony of New Zealand are extended by the UK to include the Cook Islands.", "*1903 – A group of Serbian officers storms the royal palace and assassinates King Alexander I of Serbia and his wife, Queen Draga.", "*1917 – King Alexander assumes the throne of Greece after his father, Constantine I, is deemed to have abdicated under pressure from allied armies occupying Athens.", "*1919 – Sir Barton wins the Belmont Stakes, becoming the first horse to win the U.S.", "Triple Crown.", "*1920 – During the U.S. Republican National Convention in Chicago, U.S. Republican Party leaders gathered in a room at the Blackstone Hotel to come to a consensus on their candidate for the U.S. presidential election, leading the Associated Press to coin the political phrase \"smoke-filled room\".", "*1935 – Inventor Edwin Armstrong gives the first public demonstration of FM broadcasting in the United States at Alpine, New Jersey.", "*1936 – The London International Surrealist Exhibition opens.", "*1937 – Great Purge: The Soviet Union under Joseph Stalin executes eight army leaders.", "*1938 – Second Sino-Japanese War: The Battle of Wuhan starts.", "*1940 – World War II: The Siege of Malta begins with a series of Italian air raids.", "*1942 – World War II: The United States agrees to send Lend-Lease aid to the Soviet Union.", "* 1942 – Free French Forces retreat from Bir Hakeim after having successfully delayed the Axis advance.", "*1944 – , the last battleship built by the United States Navy and future site of the signing of the Japanese Instrument of Surrender, is commissioned.", "*1955 – Eighty-three spectators are killed and at least one hundred are injured after an Austin-Healey and a Mercedes-Benz collide at the 24 Hours of Le Mans, the deadliest ever accident in motorsports.", "*1956 – Start of Gal Oya riots, the first reported ethnic riots that target minority Sri Lankan Tamils in the Eastern Province.", "The total number of deaths is reportedly 150.", "*1962 – Frank Morris, John Anglin and Clarence Anglin allegedly become the only prisoners to escape from the prison on Alcatraz Island.", "*1963 – American Civil Rights Movement: Governor of Alabama George Wallace defiantly stands at the door of Foster Auditorium at the University of Alabama in an attempt to block two black students, Vivian Malone and James Hood, from attending that school.", "Later in the day, accompanied by federalized National Guard troops, they are able to register.", "* 1963 – Buddhist monk Thích Quảng Đức burns himself with gasoline in a busy Saigon intersection to protest the lack of religious freedom in South Vietnam.", "* 1963 – John F. Kennedy addresses Americans from the Oval Office proposing the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which would revolutionize American society by guaranteeing equal access to public facilities, ending segregation in education, and guaranteeing federal protection for voting rights.", "*1964 – World War II veteran Walter Seifert attacks an elementary school in Cologne, Germany, killing at least eight children and two teachers and seriously injuring several more with a home-made flamethrower and a lance.", "*1968 – Lloyd J.", "Old identified the first cell surface antigens that could differentiate among different cell types.", "*1970 – After being appointed on May 15, Anna Mae Hays and Elizabeth P. Hoisington officially receive their ranks as U.S. Army general officers, becoming the first women to do so.", "*1971 – The U.S. Government forcibly removes the last holdouts to the Native American Occupation of Alcatraz, ending 19 months of control.", "*1978 – Altaf Hussain founds the student political movement All Pakistan Muhajir Students Organisation (APMSO) in Karachi University.", "*1981 – A magnitude 6.9 earthquake at Golbaf, Iran, kills at least 2,000.", "*1987 – Diane Abbott, Paul Boateng and Bernie Grant are elected as the first black MPs in Great Britain.", "*1998 – Compaq Computer pays US$9 billion for Digital Equipment Corporation in the largest high-tech acquisition.", "*2001 – Timothy McVeigh is executed for his role in the Oklahoma City bombing.", "*2002 – Antonio Meucci is acknowledged as the first inventor of the telephone by the United States Congress.", "*2004 – Cassini–Huygens makes its closest flyby of the Saturn moon Phoebe.", "*2007 – Mudslides in Chittagong, Bangladesh, kill 130 people.", "*2008 – Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper makes a historic official apology to Canada's First Nations in regard to abuses at a Canadian Indian residential school.", "* 2008 – The Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope is launched into orbit.", "*2010 – The first African FIFA World Cup kicks off in South Africa.", "*2012 – More than 80 people die in a landslide triggered by two earthquakes in Afghanistan; an entire village is buried.", "*2013 – Greece's public broadcaster ERT is shut down by then-prime minister Antonis Samaras.", "It would be opened exactly two years later by then–prime minister Alexis Tsipras." ], [ "Births", "===Pre-1600===*1403 – John IV, Duke of Brabant (d. 1427)*1456 – Anne Neville, Princess of Wales and Queen of England (d. 1485)*1540 – Barnabe Googe, English poet and translator (d. 1594)*1555 – Lodovico Zacconi, Italian composer and theorist (d. 1627)*1572 – Ben Jonson, English poet, playwright, and critic (d. 1637)*1585 – Evert Horn, Swedish soldier (d. 1615)*1588 – George Wither, English poet (d. 1667)===1601–1900===*1620 – John Moore, English businessman and politician, Lord Mayor of London (d. 1702)*1655 – Antonio Cifrondi, Italian painter (d. 1730)*1662 – Tokugawa Ienobu, Japanese shōgun (d. 1712)*1672 – Francesco Antonio Bonporti, Italian priest and composer (d. 1749)*1690 – Giovanni Antonio Giay, Italian composer (d. 1764)*1696 – James Francis Edward Keith, Scottish-Prussian field marshal (d. 1758)*1697 – Francesco Antonio Vallotti, Italian organist and composer (d. 1780)*1704 – Carlos Seixas, Portuguese harpsichord player and composer (d. 1742)*1709 – Joachim Martin Falbe, German painter (d. 1782)*1712 – Benjamin Ingham, American missionary (d. 1772)*1723 – Johann Georg Palitzsch, German astronomer (d. 1788)*1726 – Infanta Maria Teresa Rafaela of Spain (d. 1746)*1741 – Joseph Warren, American physician and general (d. 1775)*1776 – John Constable, English painter and academic (d. 1837)*1796 – François-Louis Cailler, Swiss chocolatier (d. 1852)*1797 – José Trinidad Reyes, Honduran philosopher and theorist (d. 1855)*1807 – James F. Schenck, American admiral (d. 1882)*1815 – Julia Margaret Cameron, Indian-Sri Lankan photographer (d. 1879)*1818 – Alexander Bain, Scottish philosopher and academic (d. 1903)*1829 – Edward Braddon, English-Australian politician, 18th Premier of Tasmania (d. 1904)*1832 – Lucy Pickens, American wife of Francis Wilkinson Pickens (d. 1899)*1834 – Johann Bauschinger, German mechanical engineer and physicist (d. 1893)*1842 – Carl von Linde, German engineer and academic (d. 1934)*1846 – William Louis Marshall, American general and engineer (d. 1920)*1847 – Millicent Fawcett, English academic and activist (d. 1929)*1861 – Alexander Peacock, Australian politician, 20th Premier of Victoria (d. 1933)*1864 – Richard Strauss, German composer and conductor (d. 1949)*1867 – Charles Fabry, French physicist and academic (d. 1945)*1871 – Stjepan Radić, Croatian lawyer and politician (d. 1928)*1876 – Alfred L. Kroeber, American-French anthropologist and ethnologist (d. 1960)*1877 – Renée Vivien, English-French poet and author (d. 1909)*1879 – Roger Bresnahan, American baseball player and manager (d. 1944)*1880 – Jeannette Rankin, American social worker and politician (d. 1973)*1881 – Spiros Xenos, Greek-Swedish painter (d. 1963)* 1881 – Mordecai Kaplan, Lithuanian rabbi, founded Reconstructionist Judaism (d. 1983)* 1881 – Maggie Gripenberg, Finnish dancer and choreographer (d. 1976)*1888 – Bartolomeo Vanzetti, Italian-American anarchist and convicted criminal (d. 1927)*1889 – Hugo Wieslander, Swedish decathlete (d. 1976)*1894 – Kiichiro Toyoda, Japanese businessman, founded Toyota (d. 1952)*1895 – Nikolai Bulganin, Soviet politician (d. 1975)*1897 – Ram Prasad Bismil, Indian activist, founded the Hindustan Republican Association (d. 1927)* 1897 – Reg Latta, Australian rugby league player (d. 1970)*1899 – Yasunari Kawabata, Japanese novelist and short story writer Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1972)===1901–present===*1901 – Cap Fear, Canadian football player and rower (d. 1978)* 1901 – Benny Wearing, Australian rugby league player (d. 1968)*1902 – Eric Fraser, British illustrator and graphic designer (d. 1983)*1903 – Ernie Nevers, American football player and coach (d. 1976)*1908 – Karl Hein, German hammer thrower (d. 1982)* 1908 – Francisco Marto, Portuguese saint (d. 1919)*1909 – Natascha Artin Brunswick, German-American mathematician and photographer (d. 2003)*1910 – Carmine Coppola, American flute player and composer (d. 1991)* 1910 – Jacques Cousteau, French biologist, author, and inventor, co-developed the aqua-lung (d. 1997)*1912 – James Algar, American director, producer, and screenwriter (d. 1998)* 1912 – William Baziotes, American painter and academic (d. 1963)* 1912 – Mohammad Hassan Ganji, Iranian meteorologist and academic (d. 2012)*1913 – Vince Lombardi, American football player, coach, and manager (d. 1970)* 1913 – Risë Stevens, American soprano and actress (d. 2013)*1914 – Jan Hendrik van den Berg, Dutch psychiatrist and academic (d. 2012)*1915 – Magda Gabor, Hungarian-American actress (d. 1997)* 1915 – Nicholas Metropolis, American mathematician and physicist (d. 1999)*1918 – Ruth Aarons, American table tennis player and manager (d. 1980)*1919 – Suleiman Mousa, Jordanian historian and author (d. 2008)* 1919 – Richard Todd, Irish-English actor (d. 2009)*1920 – Hazel Scott, Trinidadian-American singer, actress, and pianist (d. 1981)* 1920 – Keith Seaman, Australian lawyer and politician, 29th Governor of South Australia (d. 2013)*1922 – Jean Sutherland Boggs, Peruvian-Canadian historian, academic, and civil servant (d. 2014)* 1922 – Michael Cacoyannis, Greek Cypriot director, producer, and screenwriter (d. 2011)*1925 – Johnny Esaw, Canadian sportscaster (d. 2013)* 1925 – William Styron, American novelist and essayist (d. 2006) *1926 – Carlisle Floyd, American composer and educator (d. 2021)*1927 – Beryl Grey, English ballerina (d. 2022)* 1927 – John W. O'Malley, American Catholic historian, academic and Jesuit priest (d. 2022)* 1927 – Kit Pedler, English parapsychologist and author (d. 1981)*1928 – Queen Fabiola of Belgium (d. 2014)*1929 – Ayhan Şahenk, Turkish businessman (d. 2001)*1930 – Charles Rangel, American soldier, lawyer, and politician*1932 – Athol Fugard, South African-American actor, director, and playwright* 1932 – Tim Sainsbury, English businessman and politician, Minister of State for Trade*1933 – Gene Wilder, American actor, director, and screenwriter (d. 2016)*1937 – Chad Everett, American actor and director (d. 2012)* 1937 – Robin Warren, Australian pathologist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate*1939 – Rachael Heyhoe Flint, Baroness Heyhoe Flint, English cricketer and journalist (d. 2017)* 1939 – Jackie Stewart, Scottish racing driver and sports presenter *1942 – Parris Glendening, American politician, 59th Governor of Maryland*1943 – Henry Hill, American mobster (d. 2012)*1945 – Adrienne Barbeau, American actress *1948 – Dave Cash, American baseball player and coach * 1948 – Lalu Prasad Yadav, Indian politician, 20th Chief Minister of Bihar*1949 – Frank Beard, American drummer and songwriter*1950 – Lynsey de Paul, English singer-songwriter, pianist, producer, cartoonist and actress (d. 2014)* 1950 – Graham Russell, English-Australian singer-songwriter and guitarist *1951 – Yasumasa Morimura, Japanese painter and photographer*1952 – Yekaterina Podkopayeva, Russian runner* 1952 – Donnie Van Zant, American singer-songwriter and guitarist *1953 – Steve Bassam, Baron Bassam of Brighton, English politician* 1953 – José Bové, French farmer and politician*1954 – John Dyson, Australian cricketer* 1954 – Johnny Neel, American singer-songwriter and keyboard player*1955 – Yuriy Sedykh, Ukrainian hammer thrower (d. 2021)* 1955 – Duncan Steel, English-Australian astronomer and author*1956 – Joe Montana, American football player and sportscaster*1959 – Hugh Laurie, English actor and screenwriter *1960 – Mehmet Oz, American surgeon, author, and television host *1962 – Mano Menezes, Brazilian footballer and coach *1963 – Gioia Bruno, American singer-songwriter* 1963 – Sandra Schmirler, Canadian curler and sportscaster (d. 2000)*1964 – Jean Alesi, French race car driver* 1964 – Kim Gallagher, American runner (d. 2002)* 1964 – Penny Ford, American singer*1965 – Georgios Bartzokas, Greek former professional basketball player* 1965 – Gavin Hill, New Zealand rugby player *1966 – Bruce Robison, American country music singer-songwriter and guitarist*1967 – Graeme Bachop, New Zealand rugby player * 1967 – João Garcia, Portuguese mountaineer*1968 – Alois, Hereditary Prince of Liechtenstein* 1968 – Manoa Thompson, Fijian rugby player*1969 – Peter Dinklage, American actor and producer * 1969 – Olaf Kapagiannidis, German footballer*1971 – Vladimir Gaidamașciuc, Moldovan footballer* 1971 – Liz Kendall, British politician* 1971 – Mark Richardson, New Zealand cricketer *1972 – Stephen Kearney, New Zealand rugby league player and coach*1973 – José Manuel Abundis, Mexican footballer and coach*1974 – Fragiskos Alvertis, Greek basketball player, coach, and manager*1976 – Reiko Tosa, Japanese runner*1977 – Ryan Dunn, American stunt performer (d. 2011)* 1977 – Geoff Ogilvy, Australian golfer*1978 – Joshua Jackson, Canadian-American actor * 1978 – Daryl Tuffey, New Zealand cricketer *1979 – Ali Boussaboun, Moroccan-Dutch footballer* 1979 – Amy Duggan, Australian footballer and sportscaster*1980 – Yhency Brazoban, Dominican baseball player *1981 – Emiliano Moretti, Italian footballer* 1981 – Kristo Tohver, Estonian footballer and referee*1982 – Vanessa Boslak, French pole vaulter* 1982 – Jacques Freitag, South African high jumper* 1982 – Joey Graham, American basketball player* 1982 – Stephen Graham, American basketball player* 1982 – Reni Maitua, Australian rugby league player * 1982 – Eldar Rønning, Norwegian skier* 1982 – Diana Taurasi, American basketball player*1983 – Chuck Hayes, American basketball player* 1983 – José Reyes, Dominican baseball player*1984 – Andy Lee, Irish boxer* 1984 – Vágner Love, Brazilian footballer*1985 – Tim Hoogland, German footballer*1986 – Sebastian Bayer, German long jumper* 1986 – Shia LaBeouf, American actor*1987 – Marsel İlhan, Turkish tennis player* 1987 – Didrik Solli-Tangen, Norwegian singer*1988 – Jesús Fernández Collado, Spanish footballer* 1988 – Claire Holt, Australian actress* 1988 – Yui Aragaki, Japanese actress, voice actress, singer-songwriter, model, radio host*1989 – Maya Moore, American basketball player*1990 – Christophe Lemaitre, French sprinter*1991 – Daniel Howell, English YouTuber*1993 – Brittany Boyd, American basketball player*1994 – Ivana Baquero, Spanish actress*1996 – Ayaka Sasaki, Japanese singer *1997 – Kodak Black, American rapper*1998 – Charlie Tahan, American actor*1999 – Eartha Cumings, Scottish footballer* 1999 – Kai Havertz, German footballer*2004 – Katrina Scott, American tennis player" ], [ "Deaths", "===Pre-1600===* 573 – Emilian of Cogolla, Iberic saint (b.", "472)* 786 – Al-Husayn ibn Ali al-Abid, anti-Abbasid rebel leader* 840 – Junna, emperor of Japan (b.", "785)* 884 – Shi Jingsi, general of the Tang Dynasty*888 – Rimbert, archbishop of Bremen (b.", "830)*1183 – Henry the Young King of England (b.", "1155)*1216 – Henry of Flanders, emperor of the Latin Empire (b. c. 1174)*1248 – Adachi Kagemori, Japanese samurai*1253 – Amadeus IV, count of Savoy (b.", "1197)*1298 – Yolanda of Poland (b.", "1235)*1323 – Berengar Fredol the Elder, French lawyer and bishop (b.", "1250) *1345 – Alexios Apokaukos, chief minister of the Byzantine Empire*1347 – Bartholomew of San Concordio, Italian Dominican canonist and man of letters (b.", "1260)*1446 – Henry de Beauchamp, 1st Duke of Warwick (b.", "1425)*1479 – John of Sahagun, hermit and saint (b.", "1419)*1488 – James III of Scotland (b.", "1451)*1557 – John III of Portugal (b.", "1502)*1560 – Mary of Guise, queen of James V of Scotland (b.", "1515)===1601–1900===*1683 – Nikita Pustosvyat, a leader of the Russian Old Believers, beheaded (b. unknown)*1695 – André Félibien, French historian and author (b.", "1619)*1712 – Louis Joseph, Duke of Vendôme (b.", "1654)*1727 – George I of Great Britain (b.", "1660)*1748 – Felice Torelli, Italian painter (b.", "1667)*1796 – Samuel Whitbread, English brewer and politician, founded the Whitbread Company (b.", "1720)*1847 – John Franklin, English admiral and politician (b.", "1786)*1852 – Karl Bryullov, Russian painter (b.", "1799)*1859 – Klemens von Metternich, German-Austrian politician, 1st State Chancellor of the Austrian Empire (b.", "1773)*1879 – William, Prince of Orange (b.", "1840)*1882 – Louis Désiré Maigret, French bishop (b.", "1804)*1885 – Matías Ramos Mejía, Argentinian colonel (b.", "1810)*1897 – Henry Ayers, English-Australian politician, 8th Premier of South Australia (b.", "1821)===1901–present===*1903 – Nikolai Bugaev, Russian mathematician and philosopher (b.", "1837)* 1903 – Alexander I of Serbia (b.", "1876)* 1903 – Draga Mašin, Serbian wife of Alexander I of Serbia (b.", "1864)*1911 – James Curtis Hepburn, American physician and missionary (b.", "1815)*1913 – Mahmud Shevket Pasha, Ottoman general and politician, 279th Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire (b.", "1856)*1914 – Adolphus Frederick V, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz (b.", "1848)*1920 – William F. Halsey, Sr., American captain (b.", "1853)*1924 – Théodore Dubois, French organist, composer, and educator (b.", "1837)*1927 – William Attewell, English cricketer (b.", "1861)*1934 – Lev Vygotsky, Belarusian-Russian psychologist and theorist (b.", "1896)*1936 – Robert E. Howard, American author and poet (b.", "1906)*1937 – R. J. Mitchell, English engineer, designed the Supermarine Spitfire (b.", "1895)*1941 – Daniel Carter Beard, American author and illustrator, founded the Boy Scouts of America (b.", "1850)*1955 – Pierre Levegh, French race car driver (b.", "1905)*1962 – Chhabi Biswas, Indian actor and director (b.", "1900)*1963 – Thích Quảng Đức, Vietnamese monk and martyr (b.", "1897)*1965 – Paul B. Coremans, Belgian chemist and academic (b.", "1908)* 1965 – José Mendes Cabeçadas, Portuguese admiral and politician, 9th President of Portugal (b.", "1883)*1970 – Frank Laubach, American missionary and mystic (b.", "1884)*1974 – Eurico Gaspar Dutra, Brazilian general and politician, 16th President of Brazil (b.", "1883)* 1974 – Julius Evola, Italian philosopher and author (b.", "1898)*1976 – Jim Konstanty, American baseball player (b.", "1917)*1979 – Alice Dalgliesh, Trinidadian-American author and publisher (b.", "1893)* 1979 – John Wayne, American actor, director, and producer (b.", "1907)*1982 – H. Radclyffe Roberts, American entomologist (b.", "1906)*1983 – Ghanshyam Das Birla, Indian businessman and politician (b.", "1894)*1984 – Enrico Berlinguer, Italian politician (b.", "1922)*1986 – Chesley Bonestell, American painter and illustrator (b.", "1888)*1991 – Cromwell Everson, South African composer (b.", "1925)*1992 – Rafael Orozco Maestre, Colombian singer (b.", "1954)*1993 – Ray Sharkey, American actor (b.", "1952)*1994 – A. Thurairajah, Sri Lankan engineer and academic (b.", "1934)*1995 – Rodel Naval, Filipino singer-songwriter and actor (b.", "1953)*1996 – George Hees, Canadian politician (b.", "1910)* 1996 – Brigitte Helm, German-Swiss actress (b.", "1908)*1998 – Catherine Cookson, English author (b.", "1906)*1999 – DeForest Kelley, American actor and screenwriter (b.", "1920)*2001 – Timothy McVeigh, American terrorist (b.", "1968)* 2001 – Amalia Mendoza, Mexican singer and actress (b.", "1923)*2003 – David Brinkley, American journalist and author (b.", "1920)*2004 – Egon von Fürstenberg, Swiss fashion designer (b.", "1946)*2005 – Vasco Gonçalves, Portuguese general and politician, 103rd Prime Minister of Portugal (b.", "1922)* 2005 – Anne-Marie Alonzo, Canadian playwright, poet, novelist, critic and publisher (b.", "1951)*2006 – Neroli Fairhall, New Zealand archer (b.", "1944)* 2006 – Bruce Shand, English soldier (b.", "1917)*2007 – Imre Friedmann, American biologist and academic (b.", "1921)* 2007 – Mala Powers, American actress (b.", "1931)*2008 – Ove Andersson, Swedish race car driver (b.", "1938)* 2008 – Võ Văn Kiệt, Vietnamese soldier and politician, 5th Prime Minister of Vietnam (b.", "1922)*2011 – Eliyahu M. Goldratt, Israeli physicist and engineer (b.", "1947)* 2011 – Seth Putnam, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (b.", "1968)*2012 – Ann Rutherford, Canadian-American actress (b.", "1917)* 2012 – Teófilo Stevenson, Cuban boxer and engineer (b.", "1952)*2013 – Miller Barber, American golfer (b.", "1931)* 2013 – Carl W. Bauer, American lawyer and politician (b.", "1933)* 2013 – Robert Fogel, American economist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (b.", "1926)* 2013 – James Grimsley, Jr., American general (b.", "1921)* 2013 – Rory Morrison, English journalist (b.", "1964)* 2013 – Kristiāns Pelšs, Latvian ice hockey player (b.", "1992)* 2013 – Vidya Charan Shukla, Indian politician, Indian Minister of External Affairs (b.", "1929)*2014 – Ruby Dee, American actress (b.", "1922)* 2014 – Rafael Frühbeck de Burgos, Spanish conductor and composer (b.", "1933)* 2014 – Susan B. Horwitz, American computer scientist, engineer, and academic (b.", "1955)* 2014 – Mipham Chokyi Lodro, Tibetan lama and educator (b.", "1952)* 2014 – Benjamin Mophatlane, South African businessman (b.", "1973)* 2014 – Carlton Sherwood, American soldier and journalist (b.", "1947)*2015 – Jim Ed Brown, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (b.", "1934)* 2015 – Ornette Coleman, American saxophonist, violinist, trumpet player, and composer (b.", "1930)* 2015 – Ian McKechnie, Scottish footballer and manager (b.", "1941)* 2015 – Ron Moody, English actor and singer (b.", "1924)* 2015 – Dusty Rhodes, American wrestler (b.", "1945)*2016 – Rudi Altig, German track and road racing cyclist (b.", "1937)*2020 – Stella Pevsner, children's author (b.", "1921)*2022 – Hilary Devey, English businesswoman, television presenter (b.", "1957)" ], [ "Holidays and observances", "*American Evacuation Day (Libya)*Brazilian Navy commemorative day (Brazil)*Christian feast day:**Barnabas the Apostle **Bartholomew the Apostle (Eastern Christianity)**Blessed Ignatius Maloyan (Armenian Catholic Church)**Paula Frassinetti**Riagail of Bangor**June 11 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)*Davis Day (Cape Breton, Nova Scotia, Canada)*King Kamehameha I Day (Hawaii, United States)*Student Day (Honduras)" ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* * *" ] ]
wikipedia
[ [ "June 14" ], [ "Introduction" ], [ "Events", "===Pre-1600===*1158 – The city of Munich is founded by Henry the Lion on the banks of the river Isar.", "*1216 – First Barons' War: Prince Louis of France takes the city of Winchester, abandoned by John, King of England, and soon conquers over half of the kingdom.", "*1276 – While taking exile in Fuzhou, away from the advancing Mongol invaders, the remnants of the Song dynasty court hold the coronation ceremony for Emperor Duanzong.", "*1285 – Second Mongol invasion of Vietnam: Forces led by Prince Trần Quang Khải of the Trần dynasty destroy most of the invading Mongol naval fleet in a battle at Chuong Duong.", "*1287 – Kublai Khan defeats the force of Nayan and other traditionalist Borjigin princes in East Mongolia and Manchuria.", "*1381 – Richard II of England meets leaders of Peasants' Revolt at Mile End.", "The Tower of London is stormed by rebels who enter without resistance.", "*1404 – Welsh rebel leader Owain Glyndŵr, having declared himself Prince of Wales, allies himself with the French against King Henry IV of England.===1601–1900===*1618 – Joris Veseler prints the first Dutch newspaper ''Courante uyt Italien, Duytslandt, &c.'' in Amsterdam (approximate date).", "*1645 – English Civil War: Battle of Naseby: Twelve thousand Royalist forces are beaten by fifteen thousand Parliamentarian soldiers.", "*1658 – Franco-Spanish War: Turenne and the French army win a decisive victory over the Spanish at the battle of the Dunes.", "*1690 – King William III of England (William of Orange) lands in Ireland to confront the former King James II.", "*1775 – American Revolutionary War: the Continental Army is established by the Continental Congress, marking the birth of the United States Armed Forces.", "*1777 – The Second Continental Congress passes the Flag Act of 1777 adopting the Stars and Stripes as the Flag of the United States.", "*1789 – Mutiny on the Bounty: mutiny survivors including Captain William Bligh and 18 others reach Timor after a nearly journey in an open boat.", "*1800 – The French Army of First Consul Napoleon Bonaparte defeats the Austrians at the Battle of Marengo in Northern Italy and re-conquers Italy.", "*1807 – Emperor Napoleon's French Grande Armée defeats the Russian Army at the Battle of Friedland in Poland (modern Russian Kaliningrad Oblast) ending the War of the Fourth Coalition.", "*1821 – Badi VII, king of Sennar, surrenders his throne and realm to Ismail Pasha, general of the Ottoman Empire, bringing the 300 year old Sudanese kingdom to an end.", "*1822 – Charles Babbage proposes a difference engine in a paper to the Royal Astronomical Society.", "*1830 – Beginning of the French colonization of Algeria: Thirty-four thousand French soldiers begin their invasion of Algiers, landing 27 kilometers west at Sidi Fredj.", "*1839 – Henley Royal Regatta: the village of Henley-on-Thames, on the River Thames in Oxfordshire, stages its first regatta.", "*1846 – Bear Flag Revolt begins: Anglo settlers in Sonoma, California, start a rebellion against Mexico and proclaim the California Republic.", "*1863 – American Civil War: Second Battle of Winchester: A Union garrison is defeated by the Army of Northern Virginia in the Shenandoah Valley town of Winchester, Virginia.", "* 1863 – Second Assault on the Confederate works at the Siege of Port Hudson during the American Civil War.", "*1872 – Trade unions are legalized in Canada.", "*1888 – The White Rajahs territories become the British protectorate of Sarawak.", "*1900 – Hawaii becomes a United States territory.", "* 1900 – The second German Naval Law calls for the Imperial German Navy to be doubled in size, resulting in an Anglo-German naval arms race.===1901–present===*1907 – The National Association for Women's Suffrage succeeds in getting Norwegian women the right to vote in parliamentary elections.", "*1919 – John Alcock and Arthur Whitten Brown depart from St. John's, Newfoundland on the first nonstop transatlantic flight.", "*1926 – Brazil leaves the League of Nations.", "*1937 – Pennsylvania becomes the first (and only) state of the United States to celebrate Flag Day officially as a state holiday.", "* 1937 – U.S. House of Representatives passes the Marihuana Tax Act.", "*1940 – World War II: The German occupation of Paris begins.", "* 1940 – The Soviet Union presents an ultimatum to Lithuania resulting in Lithuanian loss of independence.", "* 1940 – Seven hundred and twenty-eight Polish political prisoners from Tarnów become the first inmates of the Auschwitz concentration camp.", "*1941 – June deportation: the first major wave of Soviet mass deportations and murder of Estonians, Latvians and Lithuanians, begins.", "*1944 – World War II: After several failed attempts, the British Army abandons Operation Perch, its plan to capture the German-occupied town of Caen.", "*1945 – World War II: Filipino troops of the Philippine Commonwealth Army liberate the captured in Ilocos Sur and start the Battle of Bessang Pass in Northern Luzon.", "*1949 – Albert II, a rhesus monkey, rides a V-2 rocket to an altitude of 134 km (83 mi), thereby becoming the first mammal and first monkey in space.", "*1950 – An Air France Douglas DC-4 crashes near Bahrain International Airport, killing 40 people.", "This came two days after another Air France DC-4 crashed in the same location.", "*1951 – UNIVAC I is dedicated by the U.S. Census Bureau.", "*1954 – U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower signs a bill into law that places the words \"under God\" into the United States Pledge of Allegiance.", "*1955 – Chile becomes a signatory to the Buenos Aires copyright treaty.", "*1959 – Disneyland Monorail System, the first daily operating monorail system in the Western Hemisphere, opens to the public in Anaheim, California.", "*1962 – The European Space Research Organisation is established in Paris – later becoming the European Space Agency.", "*1966 – The Vatican announces the abolition of the ''Index Librorum Prohibitorum'' (\"index of prohibited books\"), which was originally instituted in 1557.", "*1967 – Mariner program: ''Mariner 5'' is launched towards Venus.", "*1972 – Japan Airlines Flight 471 crashes on approach to Palam International Airport (now Indira Gandhi International Airport) in New Delhi, India, killing 82 of the 87 people on board and four more people on the ground.", "*1982 – Falklands War: Argentine forces in the capital Stanley conditionally surrender to British forces.", "*1985 – Five member nations of the European Economic Community sign the Schengen Agreement establishing a free travel zone with no border controls.", "*1986 – The Mindbender derails and kills three riders at the Fantasyland (known today as Galaxyland) indoor amusement park at West Edmonton Mall in Edmonton, Alberta.", "*1994 – The 1994 Vancouver Stanley Cup riot occurs after the New York Rangers defeat the Vancouver Canucks to win the Stanley Cup, causing an estimated 1.1 million, leading to 200 arrests and injuries.", "*2002 – Near-Earth asteroid 2002 MN misses the Earth by , about one-third of the distance between the Earth and the Moon.", "*2014 – A Ukraine military Ilyushin Il-76 airlifter is shot down, killing all 49 people on board.", "*2017 – A fire in a high-rise apartment building in North Kensington, London, UK, leaves 72 people dead and another 74 injured.", "* 2017 – US Republican House Majority Whip Steve Scalise of Louisiana, and three others, are shot and wounded while practicing for the annual Congressional Baseball Game." ], [ "Births", "===Pre-1600===*1444 – Nilakantha Somayaji, Indian astronomer and mathematician (d. 1544)*1479 – Giglio Gregorio Giraldi, Italian poet and scholar (d. 1552)*1529 – Ferdinand II, Archduke of Austria (d. 1595)===1601–1900===*1627 – Johann Abraham Ihle, German astronomer (d. 1699)*1691 – Jan Francisci, Slovak organist and composer (d. 1758)*1726 – Thomas Pennant, Welsh ornithologist and historian (d. 1798)*1730 – Antonio Sacchini, Italian composer and educator (d. 1786)*1736 – Charles-Augustin de Coulomb, French physicist and engineer (d. 1806)*1763 – Simon Mayr, German composer and educator (d. 1845)*1780 – Henry Salt, English historian and diplomat, British Consul-General in Egypt (d. 1827)*1796 – Nikolai Brashman, Czech-Russian mathematician and academic (d. 1866)*1798 – František Palacký, Czech historian and politician (d. 1876)*1801 – Heber C. Kimball, American religious leader (d. 1868)*1811 – Harriet Beecher Stowe, American author and activist (d. 1896)*1819 – Henry Gardner, American merchant and politician, 23rd Governor of Massachusetts (d. 1892)*1820 – John Bartlett, American author and publisher (d. 1905)*1829 – Bernard Petitjean, French Roman Catholic missionary to Japan (d. 1884)*1838 – Yamagata Aritomo, Japanese Field Marshal and politician, 3rd and 9th Prime Minister of Japan (d. 1922)*1840 – William F. Nast, American businessman (d. 1893)*1848 – Bernard Bosanquet, English philosopher and theorist (d. 1923)*1848 – Max Erdmannsdörfer, German conductor and composer (d. 1905)*1855 – Robert M. La Follette, American lawyer and politician, 20th Governor of Wisconsin (d. 1925)*1856 – Andrey Markov, Russian mathematician and theorist (d. 1922)*1862 – John Ulric Nef, Swiss-American chemist and academic (d. 1915)*1864 – Alois Alzheimer, German psychiatrist and neuropathologist (d. 1915)*1868 – Karl Landsteiner, Austrian biologist and physician, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1943)* 1868 – Anna B. Eckstein, German peace activist (d. 1947)*1870 – Sophia of Prussia (d. 1932)*1871 – Hermanus Brockmann, Dutch rower (d. 1936)* 1871 – Jacob Ellehammer, Danish mechanic and engineer (d. 1946)*1872 – János Szlepecz, Slovene priest and author (d. 1936)*1877 – Jane Bathori, French soprano (d. 1970)* 1877 – Ida MacLean, British biochemist, the first woman admitted to the London Chemical Society (d. 1944)*1878 – Léon Thiébaut, French fencer (d. 1943)*1879 – Arthur Duffey, American sprinter and coach (d. 1955)*1884 – John McCormack, Irish tenor and actor (d. 1945)* 1884 – Georg Zacharias, German swimmer (d. 1953)*1890 – May Allison, American actress (d. 1989)*1894 – Marie-Adélaïde, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg (d. 1924)* 1894 – José Carlos Mariátegui (d. 1930)* 1894 – W. W. E. Ross, Canadian geophysicist and poet (d. 1966)*1895 – Jack Adams, Canadian-American ice hockey player, coach, and manager (d. 1968)*1898 – Theobald Wolfe Tone FitzGerald, Irish Army Officer and painter (d. 1962)*1900 – Ruth Nanda Anshen, American writer, editor, and philosopher (d. 2003)* 1900 – June Walker, American stage and film actress (d. 1966)===1901–present===*1903 – Alonzo Church, American mathematician and logician (d. 1995)* 1903 – Rose Rand, Austrian-American logician and philosopher from the Vienna Circle (d. 1980)*1904 – Margaret Bourke-White, American photographer and journalist (d. 1971)*1905 – Steve Broidy, American businessman (d. 1991) * 1905 – Arthur Davis, American animator and director (d. 2000)*1907 – Nicolas Bentley, English author and illustrator (d. 1978)* 1907 – René Char, French poet and author (d. 1988)*1909 – Burl Ives, American actor and singer (d. 1995)*1910 – Rudolf Kempe, German pianist and conductor (d. 1976)*1913 – Joe Morris, English-Canadian lieutenant and trade union leader (d. 1996)*1916 – Dorothy McGuire, American actress (d. 2001)*1917 – Lise Nørgaard, Danish journalist, author, and screenwriter (d. 2023)* 1917 – Gilbert Prouteau, French poet and director (d. 2012)* 1917 – Atle Selberg, Norwegian-American mathematician and academic (d. 2007)*1919 – Gene Barry, American actor (d. 2009)* 1919 – Sam Wanamaker, American actor and director (d. 1993)*1921 – Martha Greenhouse, American actress (d. 2013)*1923 – Judith Kerr, German-English author and illustrator (d. 2019)* 1923 – Green Wix Unthank, American soldier, lawyer, and judge (d. 2013)*1924 – James Black, Scottish pharmacologist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2010)*1925 – Pierre Salinger, American journalist and politician, 11th White House Press Secretary (d. 2004)*1926 – Don Newcombe, American baseball player (d. 2019)*1928 – Ernesto \"Che\" Guevara, Argentinian-Cuban physician, author, guerrilla leader and politician (d. 1967)*1929 – Cy Coleman, American pianist and composer (d. 2004)* 1929 – Alan Davidson, Australian cricketer (d. 2021)* 1929 – Johnny Wilson, Canadian-American ice hockey player and coach (d. 2011)*1931 – Marla Gibbs, American actress and comedian * 1931 – Ross Higgins, Australian actor (d. 2016)* 1931 – Junior Walker, American saxophonist (d. 1995)*1933 – Jerzy Kosiński, Polish-American novelist and screenwriter (d. 1991)* 1933 – Vladislav Rastorotsky, Russian gymnast and coach (d. 2017)*1936 – Renaldo Benson, American singer-songwriter (d. 2005)* 1936 – Irmelin Sandman Lilius, Finnish author, poet, and translator*1938 – Julie Felix, American-English singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 2020)*1939 – Steny Hoyer, American lawyer and politician* 1939 – Peter Mayle, English author and screenwriter (d. 2018)* 1939 – Colin Thubron, English journalist and author*1942 – Jonathan Raban, English author and academic* 1942 – Roberto García-Calvo Montiel, Spanish judge (d. 2008)*1943 – Harold Wheeler, American composer, conductor, and producer*1944 – Laurie Colwin, American novelist and short story writer (d. 1992)*1945 – Rod Argent, English singer-songwriter and keyboard player * 1945 – Carlos Reichenbach, Brazilian director and producer (d. 2012)* 1945 – Richard Stebbins, American sprinter and educator *1946 – Robert Louis-Dreyfus, French-Swiss businessman (d. 2009)* 1946 – Tõnu Sepp, Estonian instrument maker and educator* 1946 – Donald Trump, American businessman, television personality and 45th President of the United States *1947 – Roger Liddle, Baron Liddle, English politician* 1947 – Barry Melton, American singer-songwriter and guitarist * 1947 – Paul Rudolph, Canadian singer, guitarist, and cyclist *1948 – Laurence Yep, American author and playwright*1949 – Jim Lea, English singer-songwriter, bass player, and producer * 1949 – Roger Powell, English-Australian scientist and academic* 1949 – Antony Sher, South African-British actor, director, and screenwriter (d. 2021)* 1949 – Harry Turtledove, American historian and author* 1949 – Alan White, English drummer and songwriter (d. 2022)*1950 – Rowan Williams, Welsh archbishop and theologian*1951 – Paul Boateng, English lawyer and politician, British High Commissioner to South Africa* 1951 – Danny Edwards, American golfer*1952 – Pat Summitt, American basketball player and coach (d. 2016)*1954 – Will Patton, American actor* 1955 – Paul O'Grady, English television host, producer, and drag performer (d. 2023)* 1955 – Kirron Kher, Indian theatre, film and television actress, TV talk show host and politician *1958 – James Gurney, American artist and author* 1958 – Nick Van Eede, English singer-songwriter*1959 – Marcus Miller, American bass player, composer, and producer *1960 – Tonie Campbell, American hurdler*1961 – Boy George, English singer-songwriter and producer * 1961 – Dušan Kojić, Serbian singer-songwriter and bass player * 1961 – Sam Perkins, American basketball player*1967 – Dedrick Dodge, American football player and coach* 1967 – Paul Martin, Australian rugby league player *1968 – Faizon Love, Cuban-American actor and screenwriter*1969 – Éric Desjardins, Canadian ice hockey player and coach* 1969 – Steffi Graf, German tennis player*1970 – Heather McDonald, American comedian, actress, and author*1971 – Bruce Bowen, American basketball player and sportscaster* 1971 – Ramon Vega, Swiss footballer*1972 – Rick Brunson, American basketball player and coach* 1972 – Matthias Ettrich, German computer scientist and engineer, founded KDE* 1972 – Claude Henderson, South African cricketer* 1972 – Danny McFarlane, Jamaican hurdler and sprinter*1973 – Sami Kapanen, Finnish-American ice hockey player and manager*1976 – Alan Carr, English comedian, actor, and screenwriter* 1976 – Massimo Oddo, Italian footballer and manager*1977 – Boeta Dippenaar, South African cricketer* 1977 – Chris McAlister, American football player* 1977 – Joe Worsley, English rugby player and coach*1978 – Steve Bégin, Canadian ice hockey player* 1978 – Diablo Cody, American director, producer, and screenwriter* 1978 – Annia Hatch, Cuban-American gymnast and coach * 1978 – Nikola Vujčić, Croatian former professional basketball player *1979 – Shannon Hegarty, Australian rugby league player*1981 – Elano, Brazilian footballer and manager *1982 – Jamie Green, English racing driver* 1982 – Nicole Irving, Australian swimmer* 1982 – Lang Lang, Chinese pianist*1983 – Trevor Barry, Bahamian high jumper* 1983 – Louis Garrel, French actor, director, and screenwriter*1984 – Lorenzo Booker, American football player* 1984 – Mark Cosgrove, Australian cricketer* 1984 – Siobhán Donaghy, English singer-songwriter * 1984 – Yury Prilukov, Russian swimmer*1985 – Oleg Medvedev.", "Russian luger* 1985 – Andy Soucek, Spanish racing driver*1986 – Rhe-Ann Niles-Mapp, Barbadian netball player* 1986 – Matt Read, Canadian ice hockey player*1987 – Andrew Cogliano, Canadian ice hockey player* 1987 – Mohamed Diamé, Senegalese footballer*1988 – Adrián Aldrete, Mexican footballer* 1988 – Kevin McHale, American actor, singer, dancer and radio personality*1989 – Lucy Hale, American actress and singer-songwriter* 1989 – Brad Takairangi, Australian-Cook Islands rugby league player*1990 – Patrice Cormier, Canadian ice hockey player*1991 – Kostas Manolas, Greek footballer* 1991 – Jesy Nelson, English singer*1992 – Daryl Sabara, American actor* 1992 – Devante Smith-Pelly, Canadian ice hockey player*1993 – Gunna, American rapper*1994 – Moon Tae-il, South Korean singer*1997 – David Bangala, French football defender* 1997 – Fujii Kaze, Japanese singer-songwriter*1999 – Chou Tzuyu, Taiwanese singer*2000 – RJ Barrett, Canadian basketball player* 2000 – Naomi Girma, American soccer player" ], [ "Deaths", "===Pre-1600===* 809 – Ōtomo no Otomaro, Japanese general (b.", "731)* 847 – Methodius I, patriarch of Constantinople* 957 – Guadamir, bishop of Vic (Spain)* 976 – Aron, Bulgarian nobleman*1161 – Emperor Qinzong of the Song dynasty (b.", "1100)*1349 – Günther von Schwarzburg, German king (b.", "1304)*1381 – Simon Sudbury, English archbishop (b.", "1316)*1497 – Giovanni Borgia, 2nd Duke of Gandía, Italian son of Pope Alexander VI (b.", "1474)*1516 – John III of Navarre (b.", "1469)*1544 – Antoine, Duke of Lorraine (b.", "1489)*1548 – Carpentras, French composer (b.", "1470)*1583 – Shibata Katsuie, Japanese samurai (b.", "1522)*1594 – Jacob Kroger, German goldsmith, hanged in Edinburgh for stealing the jewels of Anne of Denmark.", "* 1594 – Orlande de Lassus, Flemish composer and educator (b.", "1532)===1601–1900===*1662 – Henry Vane the Younger, English-American politician, Governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony (b.", "1613)*1674 – Marin le Roy de Gomberville, French author and poet (b.", "1600)*1679 – Guillaume Courtois, French painter and illustrator (b.", "1628)*1746 – Colin Maclaurin, Scottish mathematician (b.", "1698)*1794 – Francis Seymour-Conway, 1st Marquess of Hertford, English courtier and politician, Lord Lieutenant of Ireland (b.", "1718)*1800 – Louis Desaix, French general (b.", "1768)* 1800 – Jean-Baptiste Kléber, French general (b.", "1753)*1801 – Benedict Arnold, American general during the American Revolution later turned British spy (b.", "1741)*1825 – Pierre Charles L'Enfant, French-American architect and engineer, designed Washington, D.C. (b.", "1754)*1837 – Giacomo Leopardi, Italian poet and philosopher (b.", "1798)*1864 – Leonidas Polk, American general and bishop (b.", "1806)*1877 – Mary Carpenter, English educational and social reformer (b.", "1807)*1883 – Edward FitzGerald, English poet and author (b.", "1809)*1886 – Alexander Ostrovsky, Russian director and playwright (b.", "1823)*1898 – Dewitt Clinton Senter, American politician, 18th Governor of Tennessee (b.", "1830)===1901–present===*1907 – William Le Baron Jenney, American architect and engineer, designed the Home Insurance Building (b.", "1832)* 1907 – Bartolomé Masó, Cuban soldier and politician (b.", "1830)*1908 – Frederick Stanley, 16th Earl of Derby, English captain and politician, 6th Governor General of Canada (b.", "1841)*1914 – Adlai Stevenson I, American lawyer and politician, 23rd Vice President of the United States (b.", "1835)*1916 – João Simões Lopes Neto, Brazilian author (b.", "1865)*1920 – Max Weber, German sociologist and economist (b.", "1864)*1923 – Isabelle Bogelot, French philanthropist (b.", "1838)*1926 – Mary Cassatt, American-French painter (b.", "1843)*1927 – Ottavio Bottecchia, Italian cyclist (b.", "1894)* 1927 – Jerome K. Jerome, English author (b.", "1859)*1928 – Emmeline Pankhurst, English activist and academic (b.", "1857)*1932 – Dorimène Roy Desjardins, Canadian businesswoman, co-founded Desjardins Group (b.", "1858)*1933 – Justinien de Clary, French target shooter (b.", "1860)*1936 – G. K. Chesterton, English essayist, poet, playwright, and novelist (b.", "1874)* 1936 – Hans Poelzig, German architect, painter, and designer, designed the IG Farben Building (b.", "1869)*1946 – John Logie Baird, Scottish-English physicist and engineer (b.", "1888)* 1946 – Jorge Ubico, 21st President of Guatemala (b.", "1878)*1949 – Albert II, rhesus macaque, animal astronaut, and first mammal in space *1953 – Tom Cole, Welsh-American racing driver (b.", "1922)*1968 – Salvatore Quasimodo, Italian novelist and poet, Nobel Prize Laureate (b.", "1901)*1971 – Carlos P. Garcia, 8th President of the Republic of the Philippines (b.", "1896)*1972 – Dündar Taşer, Turkish soldier and politician (b.", "1925)*1977 – Robert Middleton, American actor (b.", "1911)* 1977 – Alan Reed, American actor, original voice of Fred Flintstone (b.1907)*1979 – Ahmad Zahir, Afghan singer-songwriter (b.", "1946)*1980 – Charles Miller, American saxophonist and flute player (b.", "1939)*1986 – Jorge Luis Borges, Argentine short-story writer, essayist, poet and translator (b.", "1899)* 1986 – Alan Jay Lerner, American composer and songwriter (b.", "1918)*1987 – Stanisław Bareja, Polish actor, director, and screenwriter (b.", "1929)*1990 – Erna Berger, German soprano and actress (b.", "1900)*1991 – Peggy Ashcroft, English actress (b.", "1907)*1994 – Lionel Grigson, English pianist, composer, and educator (b.", "1942)* 1994 – Henry Mancini, American composer and conductor (b.", "1924)* 1994 – Marcel Mouloudji, French singer and actor (b.", "1922)*1995 – Els Aarne, Ukrainian-Estonian pianist, composer, and educator (b.", "1917)* 1995 – Rory Gallagher, Irish singer-songwriter, guitarist, and producer (b.", "1948)* 1995 – Roger Zelazny, American author and poet (b.", "1937)*1996 – Noemí Gerstein, Argentinian sculptor and illustrator (b.", "1908)*1997 – Richard Jaeckel, American actor (b.", "1926)*1999 – Bernie Faloney, American-Canadian football player and sportscaster (b.", "1932)*2000 – Attilio Bertolucci, Italian poet and author (b.", "1911)*2002 – June Jordan, American author and activist (b.", "1936)*2003 – Dale Whittington, American race car driver (b.", "1959)*2004 – Ulrich Inderbinen, Swiss mountaineer and guide (b.", "1900)*2005 – Carlo Maria Giulini, Italian conductor and director (b.", "1914)* 2005 – Mimi Parent, Canadian-Swiss painter (b.", "1924)*2006 – Monty Berman, English director, producer, and cinematographer (b.", "1905)* 2006 – Jean Roba, Belgian author and illustrator (b.", "1930)*2007 – Ruth Graham, Chinese-American author, poet, and painter (b.", "1920)* 2007 – Robin Olds, American general and pilot (b.", "1922)* 2007 – Kurt Waldheim, Secretary-General of the United Nations, Austrian politician, 9th President of Austria (b.", "1918)*2009 – Bob Bogle, American musician (b.", "1934)* 2009 – William McIntyre, Canadian soldier, lawyer, and judge (b.", "1918)*2012 – Peter Archer, Baron Archer of Sandwell, English lawyer and politician, Solicitor General for England and Wales (b.", "1926)* 2012 – Bob Chappuis, American football player and soldier (b.", "1923)* 2012 – Margie Hyams, American pianist and vibraphone player (b.", "1920)* 2012 – Karl-Heinz Kämmerling, German pianist and academic (b.", "1930)* 2012 – Carlos Reichenbach, Brazilian director and producer (b.", "1945)* 2012 – Gitta Sereny, Austrian-English historian, journalist, and author (b.", "1921) *2013 – Elroy Schwartz, American screenwriter and producer (b.", "1923)*2014 – Alberto Cañas Escalante, Costa Rican journalist and politician (b.", "1920)* 2014 – Isabelle Collin Dufresne, French actress (b.", "1935)* 2014 – Robert Lebeck, German photographer and journalist (b.", "1929)* 2014 – James E. Rogers, American lawyer, businessman, and academic (b.", "1938)*2015 – Richard Cotton, Australian geneticist and academic (b.", "1940)* 2015 – Anne Nicol Gaylor, American activist, co-founded the Freedom From Religion Foundation (b.", "1926)* 2015 – Qiao Shi, Chinese politician (b.", "1924)*2016 – Ann Morgan Guilbert, American actress and singer (b.", "1928)* 2016 – Gilles Lamontagne, Canadian politician, Lieutenant Governor of Quebec (b.", "1919)*2020 – Sushant Singh Rajput, Indian film actor (b.", "1986)*2022 – A.", "B. Yehoshua, Israeli novelist, essayist, and playwright (b.", "1936)" ], [ "Holidays and observances", "*Christian feast day:**Burchard of Meissen**Caomhán of Inisheer**Elisha (Roman Catholic and Lutheran)**Fortunatus of Naples (Roman Catholic)**Blessed Francisca de Paula de Jesus (Nhá Chica)**Joseph the Hymnographer (Roman Catholic: Orthodox April 3)**Methodios I of Constantinople**Quintian of Rodez (Rodez)**Richard Baxter (Church of England)**Valerius and Rufinus**June 14 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)*Commemoration of the Soviet Deportation related observances:**Baltic Freedom Day (United States) **Commemoration Day for the Victims of Communist Genocide (Latvia)**Mourning and Commemoration Day or ''Leinapäev'' (Estonia)**Mourning and Hope Day (Lithuania)*Day of Memory for Repressed People (Armenia)*Flag Day (United States)*Freedom Day (Malawi)*Liberation Day (Falkland Islands and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands)*World Blood Donor Day" ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* * *" ] ]
wikipedia
[ [ "June 17" ], [ "Introduction" ], [ "Events", "===Pre-1600===* 653 – Pope Martin I is arrested and taken to Constantinople, due to his opposition to monothelitism.", "*1242 – Following the Disputation of Paris, twenty-four carriage loads of Jewish religious manuscripts were burnt in Paris.", "*1397 – The Kalmar Union is formed under the rule of Margaret I of Denmark.", "*1462 – Vlad III the Impaler attempts to assassinate Mehmed II (The Night Attack at Târgovişte), forcing him to retreat from Wallachia.", "*1497 – Battle of Deptford Bridge: Forces under King Henry VII defeat troops led by Michael An Gof.", "*1565 – Matsunaga Hisahide assassinates the 13th Ashikaga shōgun, Ashikaga Yoshiteru.", "*1579 – Sir Francis Drake claims a land he calls ''Nova Albion'' (modern California) for England.", "*1596 – The Dutch explorer Willem Barentsz discovers the Arctic archipelago of Spitsbergen.===1601–1900===*1631 – Mumtaz Mahal dies during childbirth.", "Her husband, Mughal emperor Shah Jahan I, will spend the next 17 years building her mausoleum, the Taj Mahal.", "*1665 – Battle of Montes Claros: Portugal definitively secured independence from Spain in the last battle of the Portuguese Restoration War.", "*1673 – French explorers Jacques Marquette and Louis Jolliet reach the Mississippi River and become the first Europeans to make a detailed account of its course.", "*1767 – Samuel Wallis, a British sea captain, sights Tahiti and is considered the first European to reach the island.", "*1773 – Cúcuta, Colombia, is founded by Juana Rangel de Cuéllar.", "*1775 – American Revolutionary War: Colonists inflict heavy casualties on British forces while losing the Battle of Bunker Hill.", "*1789 – In France, the Third Estate declares itself the National Assembly.", "*1794 – Foundation of Anglo-Corsican Kingdom.", "*1795 – The burghers of Swellendam expel the Dutch East India Company magistrate and declare a republic.", "*1839 – In the Kingdom of Hawaii, Kamehameha III issues the edict of toleration which gives Roman Catholics the freedom to worship in the Hawaiian Islands.", "The Hawaii Catholic Church and the Cathedral of Our Lady of Peace are established as a result.", "*1843 – The Wairau Affray, the first serious clash of arms between Māori and British settlers in the New Zealand Wars, takes place.", "*1861 – American Civil War: Battle of Vienna, Virginia.", "*1863 – American Civil War: Battle of Aldie in the Gettysburg Campaign.", "*1876 – American Indian Wars: Battle of the Rosebud: One thousand five hundred Sioux and Cheyenne led by Crazy Horse beat back General George Crook's forces at Rosebud Creek in Montana Territory.", "*1877 – American Indian Wars: Battle of White Bird Canyon: The Nez Perce defeat the U.S. Cavalry at White Bird Canyon in the Idaho Territory.", "*1885 – The Statue of Liberty arrives in New York Harbor.", "*1898 – The United States Navy Hospital Corps is established.", "*1900 – Boxer Rebellion: Western Allied and Japanese forces capture the Taku Forts in Tianjin, China.===1901–present===*1901 – The College Board introduces its first standardized test, the forerunner to the SAT.", "*1910 – Aurel Vlaicu pilots an A. Vlaicu nr.", "1 on its first flight.", "*1922 – Portuguese naval aviators Gago Coutinho and Sacadura Cabral complete the first aerial crossing of the South Atlantic.", "*1929 – The town of Murchison, New Zealand is rocked by a 7.8 magnitude earthquake killing 17.At the time it was New Zealand's worst natural disaster.", "*1930 – U.S. President Herbert Hoover signs the Smoot–Hawley Tariff Act into law.", "*1932 – Bonus Army: Around a thousand World War I veterans amass at the United States Capitol as the U.S. Senate considers a bill that would give them certain benefits.", "*1933 – Union Station massacre: In Kansas City, Missouri, four FBI agents and captured fugitive Frank Nash are gunned down by gangsters attempting to free Nash.", "*1939 – Last public guillotining in France: Eugen Weidmann, a convicted murderer, is executed in Versailles outside the Saint-Pierre prison.", "*1940 – World War II: is attacked and sunk by the Luftwaffe near Saint-Nazaire, France.", "At least 3,000 are killed in Britain's worst maritime disaster.", "* 1940 – World War II: The British Army's 11th Hussars assault and take Fort Capuzzo in Libya, Africa from Italian forces.", "* 1940 – The three Baltic states of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania fall under the occupation of the Soviet Union.", "*1944 – Iceland declares independence from Denmark and becomes a republic.", "*1948 – United Airlines Flight 624, a Douglas DC-6, crashes near Mount Carmel, Pennsylvania, killing all 43 people on board.", "*1952 – Guatemala passes Decree 900, ordering the redistribution of uncultivated land.", "*1953 – Cold War: East Germany Workers Uprising: In East Germany, the Soviet Union orders a division of troops into East Berlin to quell a rebellion.", "*1958 – The Ironworkers Memorial Second Narrows Crossing, in the process of being built to connect Vancouver and North Vancouver (Canada), collapses into the Burrard Inlet killing 18 ironworkers and injuring others.", "*1960 – The Nez Perce tribe is awarded $4 million for of land undervalued at four cents/acre in the 1863 treaty.", "*1963 – The United States Supreme Court rules 8–1 in ''Abington School District v. Schempp'' against requiring the reciting of Bible verses and the Lord's Prayer in public schools.", "* 1963 – A day after South Vietnamese President Ngô Đình Diệm announced the Joint Communiqué to end the Buddhist crisis, a riot involving around 2,000 people breaks out.", "One person is killed.", "*1967 – Nuclear weapons testing: China announces a successful test of its first thermonuclear weapon.", "*1971 – U.S. President Richard Nixon in a televised press conference called drug abuse \"America's public enemy number one\", starting the War on drugs.", "*1972 – Watergate scandal: Five White House operatives are arrested for burgling the offices of the Democratic National Committee during an attempt by members of the administration of President Richard M. Nixon to illegally wiretap the political opposition as part of a broader campaign to subvert the democratic process.", "*1985 – Space Shuttle program: STS-51-G mission: Space Shuttle ''Discovery'' launches carrying Sultan bin Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud, the first Arab and first Muslim in space, as a payload specialist.", "*1987 – With the death of the last individual of the species, the dusky seaside sparrow becomes extinct.", "*1989 – Interflug Flight 102 crashes during a rejected takeoff from Berlin Schönefeld Airport, killing 21 people.", "*1991 – Apartheid: The South African Parliament repeals the Population Registration Act which required racial classification of all South Africans at birth.", "*1992 – A \"joint understanding\" agreement on arms reduction is signed by U.S. President George Bush and Russian President Boris Yeltsin (this would be later codified in START II).", "*1994 – Following a televised low-speed highway chase, O. J. Simpson is arrested for the murders of his ex-wife, Nicole Brown Simpson, and her friend Ronald Goldman.", "*2015 – Nine people are killed in a mass shooting at Emanuel African Methodist Episcopal Church in Charleston, South Carolina.", "*2017 – A series of wildfires in central Portugal kill at least 64 people and injure 204 others.", "*2021 – Juneteenth National Independence Day, was signed into law by President Joe Biden, to become the first federal holiday established since Martin Luther King Jr. Day in 1983." ], [ "Births", "===Pre-1600===* 801 – Drogo of Metz, Frankish bishop (d. 855)*1239 – Edward I, English king (d. 1307)*1530 – François de Montmorency, French nobleman (d. 1579)*1571 – Thomas Mun, English writer on economics (d. 1641)===1601–1900===*1603 – Joseph of Cupertino, Italian mystic and saint (d. 1663)*1604 – John Maurice, Dutch nobleman (d. 1679)*1610 – Birgitte Thott, Danish scholar, writer and translator (b.", "1662)*1631 – Gauharara Begum, Mughal princess (d. 1706)*1682 – Charles XII, Swedish king (d. 1718)*1691 – Giovanni Paolo Panini, Italian painter and architect (d. 1765)*1693 – Johann Georg Walch, German theologian and author (d. 1775)*1704 – John Kay, English engineer, invented the Flying shuttle (d. 1780)*1714 – César-François Cassini de Thury, French astronomer and cartographer (d. 1784)*1718 – George Howard, English field marshal and politician, Governor of Minorca (d. 1796)*1778 – Gregory Blaxland, English-Australian explorer (d. 1853)*1800 – William Parsons, 3rd Earl of Rosse, English-Irish astronomer and politician (d. 1867)*1808 – Henrik Wergeland, Norwegian poet, playwright, and linguist (d. 1845)*1810 – Ferdinand Freiligrath, German poet and translator (d. 1876)*1811 – Jón Sigurðsson, Icelandic scholar and politician (d. 1879)*1818 – Charles Gounod, French composer and academic (d. 1893)* 1818 – Sophie of Württemberg, queen of the Netherlands (d. 1877)*1821 – E. G. Squier, American archaeologist and journalist (d. 1888)*1832 – William Crookes, English chemist and physicist (d. 1919)*1833 – Manuel González Flores, Mexican general and president (d. 1893)*1858 – Eben Sumner Draper, American businessman and politician, 44th Governor of Massachusetts (d. 1914)*1861 – Pete Browning, American baseball player (d. 1905)* 1861 – Omar Bundy, American general (d. 1940)*1863 – Charles Michael, duke of Mecklenburg (d. 1934)*1865 – Susan La Flesche Picotte, Native American physician (d. 1915)*1867 – Flora Finch, English-American actress (d. 1940)* 1867 – John Robert Gregg, Irish-born American educator, publisher, and humanitarian (d. 1948)* 1867 – Henry Lawson, Australian poet and author (d. 1922)*1871 – James Weldon Johnson, American author, journalist, and activist (d. 1938)*1876 – William Carr, American rower (d. 1942)* 1876 – Edward Anthony Spitzka, American anatomist and author (d. 1922)*1880 – Carl Van Vechten, American author and photographer (d. 1964)*1881 – Tommy Burns, Canadian boxer and promoter (d. 1955)*1882 – Adolphus Frederick VI, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz (d. 1918)* 1882 – Igor Stravinsky, Russian pianist, composer, and conductor (d. 1971)*1888 – Heinz Guderian, German general (d. 1954)*1897 – Maria Izilda de Castro Ribeiro, Brazilian girl, popular saint (d. 1911)*1898 – M. C. Escher, Dutch illustrator (d. 1972)* 1898 – Carl Hermann, German physicist and academic (d. 1961)* 1898 – Joe McKelvey, Executed Irish republican (d. 1922)* 1898 – Harry Patch, English soldier and firefighter (d. 2009)*1900 – Martin Bormann, German politician (d. 1945)* 1900 – Evelyn Irons, Scottish journalist and war correspondent (d. 2000) ===1901–present===*1902 – Sammy Fain, American pianist and composer (d. 1989)* 1902 – Alec Hurwood, Australian cricketer (d. 1982)*1903 – Ruth Graves Wakefield, American chef, created the chocolate chip cookie (d. 1977)*1904 – Ralph Bellamy, American actor (d. 1991)* 1904 – J. Vernon McGee, American pastor and theologian (d. 1988)* 1904 – Patrice Tardif, Canadian farmer and politician (d. 1989)*1907 – Maurice Cloche, French director, producer, and screenwriter (d. 1990)*1909 – Elmer L. Andersen, American businessman and politician, 30th Governor of Minnesota (d. 2004)* 1909 – Ralph E. Winters, Canadian-American film editor (d. 2004)*1910 – Red Foley, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 1968)* 1910 – George Hees, Canadian football player and politician (d. 1996)*1914 – John Hersey, American journalist and author (d. 1993)*1915 – David \"Stringbean\" Akeman, American singer and banjo player (d. 1973)* 1915 – Marcel Cadieux, Canadian civil servant and diplomat, Canadian Ambassador to the United States (d. 1981)*1916 – Terry Gilkyson, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 1999)*1917 – Dufferin Roblin, Canadian politician, 14th Premier of Manitoba (d. 2010)*1918 – Ajahn Chah, Thai monk and educator (d. 1992)*1919 – William Kaye Estes, American psychologist and academic (d. 2011)* 1919 – John Moffat, Scottish lieutenant and pilot (d. 2016)* 1919 – Beryl Reid, English actress (d. 1996)*1920 – Jacob H. Gilbert, American lawyer and politician (d. 1981)* 1920 – Setsuko Hara, Japanese actress (d. 2015)* 1920 – François Jacob, French biologist and geneticist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2013)* 1920 – Peter Le Cheminant, English air marshal and politician, Lieutenant Governor of Guernsey (d. 2018)*1922 – John Amis, English journalist and critic (d. 2013)*1923 – Elroy Hirsch, American football player (d. 2004)* 1923 – Arnold S. Relman, American physician and academic (d. 2014)* 1923 – Dale C. Thomson, Canadian historian and academic (d. 1999)*1925 – Alexander Shulgin, American pharmacologist and chemist (d. 2014)*1927 – Martin Böttcher, German composer and conductor (d. 2019)* 1927 – Wally Wood, American author, illustrator, and publisher (d. 1981)*1928 – Juan María Bordaberry, President of Uruguay (d. 2011)*1929 – Bud Collins, American journalist and sportscaster (d. 2016)* 1929 – Tigran Petrosian, Armenian chess player (d. 1984)*1930 – Cliff Gallup, American guitarist (d. 1988)* 1930 – Brian Statham, English cricketer (d. 2000)*1931 – John Baldessari, American painter and illustrator (d. 2020)*1932 – Derek Ibbotson, English runner (d. 2017)* 1932 – John Murtha, American colonel and politician (d. 2010)*1933 – Harry Browne, American soldier and politician (d. 2006)* 1933 – Christian Ferras, French violinist (d. 1982)* 1933 – Maurice Stokes, American basketball player (d. 1970)*1936 – Vern Harper, Canadian tribal leader and activist (d. 2018)* 1936 – Ken Loach, English director, producer, and screenwriter*1937 – Peter Fitzgerald, Irish footballer and manager (d. 2013)* 1937 – Ted Nelson, American sociologist and philosopher* 1937 – Clodovil Hernandes, Brazilian fashion designer, television presenter and politician (d. 2009)*1940 – George Akerlof, American economist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate* 1940 – Bobby Bell, American football player* 1940 – Chuck Rainey, American bassist *1941 – Nicholas C. Handy, English chemist and academic (d. 2012)*1942 – Mohamed ElBaradei, Egyptian politician, Vice President of Egypt, Nobel Prize laureate* 1942 – Doğu Perinçek, Turkish lawyer and politician* 1942 – Roger Steffens, American actor and producer*1943 – Newt Gingrich, American historian and politician, 58th Speaker of the United States House of Representatives* 1943 – Barry Manilow, American singer-songwriter and producer* 1943 – Chantal Mouffe, Belgian theorist and author* 1943 – Burt Rutan, American engineer and pilot*1944 – Randy Johnson, American football player (d. 2009)* 1944 – Chris Spedding, English singer-songwriter and guitarist *1945 – Tommy Franks, American general* 1945 – Ken Livingstone, English politician, 1st Mayor of London* 1945 – Eddy Merckx, Belgian cyclist and sportscaster* 1945 – Art Bell, American broadcaster and author (d. 2018)*1946 – Peter Rosei, Austrian author, poet, and playwright*1947 – Christopher Allport, American actor (d. 2008)* 1947 – Timothy Wright, American gospel singer, pastor (d. 2009)* 1947 – Linda Chavez, American journalist and author* 1947 – George S. Clinton, American composer and songwriter* 1947 – Gregg Rolie, American rock singer-songwriter and keyboard player* 1947 – Paul Young, English singer-songwriter (d. 2000)*1948 – Dave Concepción, Venezuelan baseball player and manager* 1948 – Jacqueline Jones, American historian and academic* 1948 – Aurelio López, Mexican baseball player and politician (d. 1992)* 1948 – Karol Sikora, English physician and academic*1949 – Snakefinger, English singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 1987)* 1949 – John Craven, English economist and academic* 1949 – Russell Smith, American country singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 2019)*1950 – Lee Tamahori, New Zealand film director*1951 – Starhawk, American author and activist* 1951 – John Garrett, Canadian ice hockey player and sportscaster* 1951 – Joe Piscopo, American actor, comedian, and screenwriter*1952 – Mike Milbury, American ice hockey player, coach, and manager* 1952 – Estelle Morris, Baroness Morris of Yardley, English educator and politician, Secretary of State for Education*1953 – Vernon Coaker, English educator and politician, Shadow Secretary of State for Defence* 1953 – Juan Muñoz, Spanish sculptor and storyteller (d. 2001)*1954 – Mark Linn-Baker, American actor and director*1955 – Mati Laur, Estonian historian, author, and academic* 1955 – Bob Sauvé, Canadian ice hockey player and coach* 1955 – Cem Hakko, Turkish fashion designer and businessman*1956 – Iain Milne, Scottish rugby player*1957 – Philip Chevron, Irish singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 2013)* 1957 – Martin Dillon, American tenor and educator (d. 2005)* 1957 – Uģis Prauliņš, Latvian composer *1958 – Pierre Berbizier, French rugby player and coach* 1958 – Jello Biafra, American singer-songwriter and producer * 1958 – Bobby Farrelly, American director, producer, and screenwriter* 1958 – Sam Hamad, Syrian-Canadian academic and politician* 1958 – Jon Leibowitz, American lawyer and politician* 1958 – Daniel McVicar, American actor *1959 – Carol Anderson, American author and historian* 1959 – Lawrence Haddad, South African-English economist and academic* 1959 – Nikos Stavropoulos, Greek basketball player and coach*1960 – Adrián Campos, Spanish race car driver (d. 2021)* 1960 – Thomas Haden Church, American actor *1961 – Kōichi Yamadera, Japanese actor and singer*1962 – Michael Monroe, Finnish singer-songwriter and saxophonist*1963 – Greg Kinnear, American actor, television presenter, and producer*1964 – Rinaldo Capello, Italian race car driver* 1964 – Michael Gross, German swimmer* 1964 – Steve Rhodes, English cricketer and coach*1965 – Dermontti Dawson, American football player and coach* 1965 – Dan Jansen, American speed skater and sportscaster* 1965 – Dara O'Kearney, Irish runner and poker player*1966 – Mohammed Ghazy Al-Akhras, Iraqi journalist and author* 1966 – Tory Burch, American fashion designer and philanthropist* 1966 – Ken Clark, American football player (d. 2013)* 1966 – Diane Modahl, English runner* 1966 – Jason Patric, American actor *1967 – Dorothea Röschmann, German soprano and actress* 1967 – Eric Stefani, American keyboard player and composer *1968 – Steve Georgallis, Australian rugby league player and coach* 1968 – Minoru Suzuki, Japanese wrestler and mixed martial artist*1969 – Paul Tergat, Kenyan runner* 1969 – Geoff Toovey, Australian rugby league player and coach* 1969 – Ilya Tsymbalar, Ukrainian-Russian footballer and manager (d. 2013)*1970 – Stéphane Fiset, Canadian ice hockey player* 1970 – Will Forte, American actor, comedian, and screenwriter* 1970 – Jason Hanson, American football player* 1970 – Popeye Jones, American basketball player and coach* 1970 – Michael Showalter, American actor, director, producer, and screenwriter* 1970 – Alan Dowson, English football manager and former professional player*1971 – Paulina Rubio, Mexican pop singer* 1971 – Mildred Fox, Irish politician*1973 – Leander Paes, Indian tennis player*1974 – Evangelia Psarra, Greek archer*1975 – Joshua Leonard, American actor, director, and screenwriter* 1975 – Juan Carlos Valerón, Spanish footballer* 1975 – Phiyada Akkraseranee, Thai actress and model *1976 – Scott Adkins, English actor and martial artist* 1976 – Sven Nys, Belgian cyclist*1977 – Bartosz Brożek, Polish philosopher and jurist* 1977 – Tjaša Jezernik, Slovenian tennis player* 1977 – Mark Tauscher, American football player and sportscaster*1978 – Isabelle Delobel, French ice dancer* 1978 – Travis Roche, Canadian ice hockey player*1979 – Nick Rimando, American soccer player* 1979 – Tyson Apostol, American television personality* 1979 – Young Maylay, American rapper, producer, and voice actor*1980 – Elisa Rigaudo, Italian race walker* 1980 – Jeph Jacques, American author and illustrator* 1980 – Venus Williams, American tennis player*1981 – Kyle Boller, American football player* 1981 – Shane Watson, Australian cricketer*1982 – Alex Rodrigo Dias da Costa, Brazilian footballer* 1982 – Marek Svatoš, Slovak ice hockey player (d. 2016)* 1982 – Stanislava Hrozenská, Slovak tennis player* 1982 – Stefan Hodgetts, English racing driver* 1982 – Arthur Darvill, English actor* 1982 – Jodie Whittaker, English actress*1983 – Lee Ryan, English singer/actor* 1983 – Vlasis Kazakis, Greek footballer*1984 – Michael Mathieu, Bahamian sprinter* 1984 – Si Tianfeng, Chinese race walker*1985 – Özge Akın, Turkish sprinter* 1985 – Marcos Baghdatis, Cypriot tennis player* 1985 – Rafael Sóbis, Brazilian footballer*1986 – Apoula Edel, Armenian footballer* 1986 – Helen Glover, English rower*1987 – Kendrick Lamar, American rapper * 1987 – Nozomi Tsuji, Japanese singer and actress *1988 – Andrew Ogilvy, Australian basketball player* 1988 – Shaun MacDonald, Welsh footballer* 1988 – Stephanie Rice, Australian swimmer*1989 – Georgios Tofas, Cypriot footballer* 1989 – Simone Battle, American singer and actress (d. 2014)*1990 – Jordan Henderson, English footballer* 1990 – Josh Mansour, Australian rugby league player*1991 – Daniel Tupou, Australian-Tongan rugby league player*1994 – Amari Cooper, American football player*1995 – Clément Lenglet, French footballer* 1995 – Aoi Morikawa, Japanese actress and model*1997 – KJ Apa, New Zealand actor* 1997 – Raluca Șerban, Romanian-Cypriot tennis player*1999 – Elena Rybakina, Kazakhstani tennis player" ], [ "Deaths", "===Pre-1600===* 656 – Uthman, caliph of the Rashidun Caliphate (b.", "579)* 676 – Adeodatus, pope of the Catholic Church* 811 – Sakanoue no Tamuramaro, Japanese shōgun (b.", "758)* 850 – Tachibana no Kachiko, Japanese empress (b.", "786)* 900 – Fulk, French archbishop and chancellor*1025 – Bolesław I the Brave, Polish king (b.", "967)*1091 – Dirk V, count of Holland (b.", "1052)*1207 – Daoji, Chinese buddhist monk (b.", "1130)*1219 – David of Scotland, 8th Earl of Huntingdon*1361 – Ingeborg of Norway, princess consort and regent of Sweden (b.", "1301)*1400 – Jan of Jenštejn, archbishop of Prague (b.", "1348)*1463 – Catherine of Portugal, Portuguese princess (b.", "1436)*1501 – John I Albert, Polish king (b.", "1459)*1565 – Ashikaga Yoshiteru, Japanese shōgun (b.", "1536)===1601–1900===*1631 – Mumtaz Mahal, Mughal princess (b.", "1593)*1649 – Injo of Joseon, Korean king (b.", "1595)*1674 – Jijabai, Dowager Queen, mother of Shivaji (b.", "1598)*1694 – Philip Howard, English cardinal (b.", "1629)*1696 – John III Sobieski, Polish king (b.", "1629)*1719 – Joseph Addison, English essayist, poet, playwright, and politician (b.", "1672)*1734 – Claude Louis Hector de Villars, French general and politician, French Secretary of State for War (b.", "1653)*1740 – Sir William Wyndham, 3rd Baronet, English politician, Chancellor of the Exchequer (b.", "1687)*1762 – Prosper Jolyot de Crébillon, French poet and playwright (b.", "1674)*1771 – Daskalogiannis, Greek rebel leader (b.", "1722)*1775 – John Pitcairn, Scottish-English soldier (b.", "1722)*1797 – Mohammad Khan Qajar, Persian tribal chief (b.", "1742)*1813 – Charles Middleton, 1st Baron Barham, Scottish-English admiral and politician (b.", "1726)*1821 – Martín Miguel de Güemes, Argentinian general and politician (b.", "1785)*1839 – Lord William Bentinck, English general and politician, 14th Governor-General of India (b.", "1774)*1866 – Joseph Méry, French poet and author (b.", "1798)*1889 – Lozen, Chiracaua Apache warrior woman (b.", "~1840)*1898 – Edward Burne-Jones, English soldier and painter (b.", "1833)===1901–present===*1904 – Nikolay Bobrikov, Russian soldier and politician, Governor-General of Finland (b.", "1839)*1914 – Julien Félix, French military officer and aviator (b.", "1869) *1936 – Julius Seljamaa, Estonian journalist, politician, and diplomat, Estonian Minister of Foreign Affairs (b.", "1883)*1939 – Allen Sothoron, American baseball player, coach, and manager (b.", "1893)* 1939 – Eugen Weidmann, German criminal (b.", "1908)*1940 – Arthur Harden, English biochemist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (b.", "1865)*1941 – Johan Wagenaar, Dutch organist and composer (b.", "1862)* 1941 – Đorđe Bogić, protopresbyter of the Serbian Orthodox Church, victim of Genocide of Serbs (b.", "1911)*1942 – Charles Fitzpatrick, Canadian lawyer and politician, 5th Chief Justice of Canada (b.", "1853)*1952 – Jack Parsons, American chemist and engineer (b.", "1914)*1954 – Danny Cedrone, American guitarist and bandleader (b.", "1920)*1956 – Percival Perry, 1st Baron Perry, English businessman (b.", "1878)* 1956 – Paul Rostock, German surgeon and academic (b.", "1892)* 1956 – Bob Sweikert, American race car driver (b.", "1926)*1957 – Dorothy Richardson, English journalist and author (b.", "1873)* 1957 – J. R. Williams, Canadian-American cartoonist (b.", "1888)*1961 – Jeff Chandler, American actor (b.", "1918)*1963 – Aleksander Kesküla, Estonian politician (b.", "1882)*1968 – José Nasazzi, Uruguayan footballer and manager (b.", "1901)*1974 – Refik Koraltan, Turkish lawyer and politician, 8th Speaker of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey (b.", "1889)*1975 – James Phinney Baxter III, American historian and academic (b.", "1893)*1979 – Hubert Ashton, English cricketer and politician (b.", "1898)* 1979 – Duffy Lewis, American baseball player and manager (b.", "1888)*1981 – Richard O'Connor, Indian-English general (b.", "1889)* 1981 – Zerna Sharp, American author and educator (b.", "1889)*1982 – Roberto Calvi, Italian banker (b.", "1920)*1983 – Peter Mennin, American composer and educator (b.", "1923)*1985 – John Boulting, English director, producer, and screenwriter (b.", "1913)*1986 – Kate Smith, American singer (b.", "1907)*1987 – Dick Howser, American baseball player, coach, and manager (b.", "1936)*1996 – Thomas Kuhn, American historian and philosopher (b.", "1922)* 1996 – Curt Swan, American illustrator (b.", "1920)*1999 – Basil Hume, English cardinal (b.", "1923)*2000 – Ismail Mahomed, South African lawyer and jurist, 17th Chief Justice of South Africa (b.", "1931)*2001 – Donald J. Cram, American chemist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (b.", "1919)* 2001 – Thomas Winning, Scottish cardinal (b.", "1925)*2002 – Willie Davenport, American sprinter and hurdler (b.", "1943)* 2002 – Fritz Walter, German footballer (b.", "1920)*2004 – Gerry McNeil, Canadian ice hockey player (b.", "1926)*2006 – Bussunda, Brazilian comedian (b.", "1962)*2007 – Gianfranco Ferré, Italian fashion designer (b.", "1944)* 2007 – Serena Wilson, American dancer and choreographer (b.", "1933)*2008 – Cyd Charisse, American actress and dancer (b.", "1922)*2009 – Ralf Dahrendorf, German-English sociologist and politician (b.", "1929)* 2009 – Darrell Powers, American sergeant (b.", "1923)*2011 – Rex Mossop, Australian rugby player and sportscaster (b.", "1928)*2012 – Stéphane Brosse, French mountaineer (b.", "1971)* 2012 – Patricia Brown, American baseball player (b.", "1931)* 2012 – Nathan Divinsky, Canadian mathematician and chess player (b.", "1925)* 2012 – Rodney King, American victim of police brutality (b.", "1965)* 2012 – Fauzia Wahab, Pakistani actress and politician (b.", "1956)*2013 – Michael Baigent, New Zealand-English theorist and author (b.", "1948)* 2013 – Atiqul Haque Chowdhury, Bangladeshi playwright and producer (b.", "1930)* 2013 – Pierre F. Côté, Canadian lawyer and civil servant (b.", "1927)* 2013 – Bulbs Ehlers, American basketball player (b.", "1923)* 2013 – James Holshouser, American politician, 68th Governor of North Carolina (b.", "1934)*2014 – Patsy Byrne, English actress (b.", "1933)* 2014 – Éric Dewailly, Canadian epidemiologist and academic (b.", "1954)* 2014 – Stanley Marsh 3, American businessman and philanthropist (b.", "1938) * 2014 – Arnold S. Relman, American physician and academic (b.", "1923)* 2014 – Larry Zeidel, Canadian-American ice hockey player and sportscaster (b.", "1928)*2015 – Ron Clarke, Australian runner and politician, Mayor of the Gold Coast (b.", "1937)* 2015 – John David Crow, American football player and coach (b.", "1935)* 2015 – Süleyman Demirel, Turkish engineer and politician, 9th President of Turkey (b.", "1924)* 2015 – Roberto M. Levingston, Argentinian general and politician, 36th President of Argentina (b.", "1920)* 2015 – Clementa C. Pinckney, American minister and politician (b.", "1973) *2017 – Baldwin Lonsdale, president of Vanuatu (b.", "1948)*2019 – Gloria Vanderbilt, American artist, author actress, fashion designer, heiress and socialite (b.", "1924)* 2019 – Mohamed Morsi, Egyptian professor and politician, first elected president of Egypt after Egyptian revolution (b.", "1951)*2021 – Kenneth Kaunda, Zambian educator and politician, first president of Zambia (b.", "1924)" ], [ "Holidays and observances", "*Christian feast day:**Albert Chmielowski**Botolph (England and Scandinavia)**Gondulphus of Berry**Hervé**Hypatius of Bithynia (Eastern Orthodox and Byzantine Catholic Churches)**Rainerius**Samuel and Henrietta Barnett (Church of England)**June 17 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)*Father's Day (El Salvador, Guatemala)*Icelandic National Day, celebrates the independence of Iceland from Kingdom of Denmark in 1944.", "*National Day of Remembrance for the Victims of Forest Fires (Portugal)*Occupation of the Latvian Republic Day (Latvia)*World Day to Combat Desertification and Drought (international)*Zemla Intifada Day (Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic)" ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* * *" ] ]
wikipedia
[ [ "June 25" ], [ "Introduction" ], [ "Events", "===Pre-1600===* 524 – The Franks are defeated by the Burgundians in the Battle of Vézeronce.", "* 841 – In the Battle of Fontenay-en-Puisaye, forces led by Charles the Bald and Louis the German defeat the armies of Lothair I of Italy and Pepin II of Aquitaine.", "*1258 – War of Saint Sabas: In the Battle of Acre, the Venetians defeat a larger Genoese fleet sailing to relieve Acre.", "*1530 – At the Diet of Augsburg the Augsburg Confession is presented to the Holy Roman Emperor by the Lutheran princes and Electors of Germany.===1601–1900===*1658 – Spanish forces fail to retake Jamaica at the Battle of Rio Nuevo during the Anglo-Spanish War.", "*1678 – Venetian Elena Cornaro Piscopia is the first woman awarded a doctorate of philosophy when she graduates from the University of Padua.", "*1741 – Maria Theresa is crowned Queen of Hungary.", "*1786 – Gavriil Pribylov discovers St. George Island of the Pribilof Islands in the Bering Sea.", "*1788 – Virginia becomes the tenth state to ratify the United States Constitution.", "*1848 – A photograph of the June Days uprising becomes the first known instance of photojournalism.", "*1876 – American Indian Wars: Battle of the Little Bighorn: 300 men of the U.S. 7th Cavalry Regiment under Lieutenant Colonel George Armstrong Custer are wiped out by 5,000 Lakota, Cheyenne and Arapaho, led by Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse.", "*1900 – The Taoist monk Wang Yuanlu discovers the Dunhuang manuscripts, a cache of ancient texts that are of great historical and religious significance, in the Mogao Caves of Dunhuang, China.===1901–present===*1906 – Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania millionaire Harry Thaw shoots and kills prominent architect Stanford White.", "*1910 – The United States Congress passes the Mann Act, which prohibits interstate transport of women or girls for \"immoral purposes\"; the ambiguous language would be used to selectively prosecute people for years to come.", "* 1910 – Igor Stravinsky's ballet ''The Firebird'' is premiered in Paris, bringing him to prominence as a composer.", "*1913 – American Civil War veterans begin arriving at the Great Reunion of 1913.", "*1935 – Colombia–Soviet Union relations are established.", "*1938 – Dr. Douglas Hyde is inaugurated as the first President of Ireland.", "*1940 – World War II: The French armistice with Nazi Germany comes into effect.", "*1941 – World War II: The Continuation War between the Soviet Union and Finland, supported by Nazi Germany, began.", "*1943 – The Holocaust and World War II: Jews in the Częstochowa Ghetto in Poland stage an uprising against the Nazis.", "* 1943 – The left-wing German Jewish exile Arthur Goldstein is murdered in Auschwitz.", "*1944 – World War II: The Battle of Tali-Ihantala, the largest battle ever fought in the Nordic countries, begins.", "* 1944 – World War II: United States Navy and British Royal Navy ships bombard Cherbourg to support United States Army units engaged in the Battle of Cherbourg.", "* 1944 – The final page of the comic ''Krazy Kat'' is published, exactly two months after its author George Herriman died.", "*1947 – ''The Diary of a Young Girl'' (better known as ''The Diary of Anne Frank'') is published.", "*1948 – The United States Congress passes the Displaced Persons Act to allow World War II refugees to immigrate to the United States above quota restrictions.", "*1950 – The Korean War begins with the invasion of South Korea by North Korea.", "*1960 – Cold War: Two cryptographers working for the United States National Security Agency left for vacation to Mexico, and from there defected to the Soviet Union.", "*1975 – Mozambique achieves independence from Portugal.", "* 1975 – Prime Minister Indira Gandhi declares a state of internal emergency in India.", "*1976 – Missouri Governor Kit Bond issues an executive order rescinding the Extermination Order, formally apologizing on behalf of the state of Missouri for the suffering it had caused to members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.", "*1978 – The rainbow flag representing gay pride is flown for the first time during the San Francisco Gay Freedom Day Parade.", "*1981 – Microsoft is restructured to become an incorporated business in its home state of Washington.", "*1991 – The breakup of Yugoslavia begins when Slovenia and Croatia declare their independence from Yugoslavia.", "*1993 – Kim Campbell is sworn in as the first female Prime Minister of Canada.", "*1996 – The Khobar Towers bombing in Saudi Arabia kills 19 U.S.", "servicemen.", "*1997 – An uncrewed Progress spacecraft collides with the Russian space station ''Mir''.", "* 1997 – The National Hockey League approved expansion franchises for Nashville (1998), Atlanta (1999), Columbus (2000), and Minneapolis-Saint Paul (2000).", "*1998 – In ''Clinton v. City of New York'', the United States Supreme Court decides that the Line Item Veto Act of 1996 is unconstitutional.", "*2007 – PMTair Flight 241 crashes in the Dâmrei Mountains in Kampot Province, Cambodia, killing all 22 people on board.", "*2022 – The prime minister of Bangladesh, Sheikh Hasina inaugurates the longest bridge of Bangladesh, Padma Bridge.", "* 2022 – Russo-Ukrainian War: The Battle of Sievierodonetsk ends after weeks of heavy fighting with the Russian capture of the city, leading to the Battle of Lysychansk.", "* 2022 – Two people are killed and 21 more injured after a gunman opens fire at three sites in Oslo in a suspected Islamist anti-LGBTQ+ attack.==Births== ===Pre-1600===*1242 – Beatrice of England (d. 1275)*1328 – William de Montagu, 2nd Earl of Salisbury, English commander (d. 1397)*1371 – Joanna II of Naples (d. 1435)*1484 – Bartholomeus V. Welser, German banker (d. 1561)*1526 – Elisabeth Parr, Marchioness of Northampton (d. 1565)*1560 – Wilhelm Fabry, German surgeon (d. 1634)*1568 – Gunilla Bielke, Queen of Sweden (d. 1597)===1601–1900===*1612 – John Albert Vasa, Polish cardinal (d. 1634)*1632 – Girolamo Corner, Venetian statesman and military commander (d. 1690)*1709 – Francesco Araja, Italian composer (d. 1762)*1715 – Joseph Foullon de Doué, French soldier and politician, Controller-General of Finances (d. 1789)*1755 – Natalia Alexeievna of Russia (d. 1776)*1799 – David Douglas, Scottish-English botanist and explorer (d. 1834)*1814 – Gabriel Auguste Daubrée, French geologist and engineer (d. 1896)*1825 – James Farnell, Australian politician, 8th Premier of New South Wales (d. 1888)*1852 – Antoni Gaudí, Spanish architect, designed the Park Güell (d. 1926)*1858 – Georges Courteline, French author and playwright (d. 1929)*1860 – Gustave Charpentier, French composer and conductor (d. 1956)*1863 – Émile Francqui, Belgian soldier and diplomat (d. 1935)*1864 – Walther Nernst, German chemist and physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1941) *1866 – Eloísa Díaz, Chilean doctor and Chile's first female physician (d. 1950)*1874 – Rose O'Neill, American cartoonist, illustrator, artist, and writer (d. 1944)*1884 – Géza Gyóni, Hungarian soldier and poet (d. 1917)* 1884 – Daniel-Henry Kahnweiler, German-French art collector and historian (d. 1979)*1886 – Henry H. Arnold, American general (d. 1950)*1887 – George Abbott, American director, producer, and screenwriter (d. 1995)* 1887 – Frigyes Karinthy, Hungarian author, poet, and journalist (d. 1938)*1892 – Shirō Ishii, Japanese microbiologist and general (d. 1959)*1894 – Hermann Oberth, Romanian-German physicist and engineer (d. 1989)*1898 – Kay Sage, American painter and poet (d. 1963)*1900 – Marta Abba, Italian actress (d. 1988)* 1900 – Zinaida Aksentyeva, Ukrainian/Soviet astronomer (d. 1969)* 1900 – Georgia Hale, American silent film actress and real estate investor (d. 1985)* 1900 – Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma, English admiral and politician, 44th Governor-General of India (d. 1979)===1901–present===*1901 – Harold Roe Bartle, American businessman and politician, 47th Mayor of Kansas City (d. 1974)*1902 – Yasuhito, Prince Chichibu of Japan (d. 1953)*1903 – George Orwell, British novelist, essayist, and critic (d. 1950)* 1903 – Anne Revere, American actress (d. 1990)*1905 – Rupert Wildt, German-American astronomer and academic (d. 1976)*1907 – J. Hans D. Jensen, German physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1973)*1908 – Willard Van Orman Quine, American philosopher and academic (d. 2000)*1911 – William Howard Stein, American chemist and biologist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1980)*1912 – William T. Cahill, American lawyer and politician, 46th Governor of New Jersey (d. 1996)*1913 – Cyril Fletcher, English actor and screenwriter (d. 2005)*1915 – Whipper Billy Watson, Canadian-American wrestler and trainer (d. 1990)*1917 – Nils Karlsson, Swedish skier (d. 2012)* 1917 – Claude Seignolle, French author (d. 2018)*1918 – P. H. Newby, English soldier and author (d. 1997)*1920 – Lassie Lou Ahern, American actress (d. 2018)*1921 – Celia Franca, English-Canadian ballerina and choreographer, founded the National Ballet of Canada (d. 2007)*1922 – Johnny Smith, American guitarist and songwriter (d. 2013)*1923 – Sam Francis, American soldier and painter (d. 1994)* 1923 – Dorothy Gilman, American author (d. 2012)* 1923 – Jamshid Amouzegar, 43rd Prime Minister of Iran (d. 2016)*1924 – Sidney Lumet, American director, producer, and screenwriter (d. 2011)*1924 – Dimitar Isakov, Bulgarian football player* 1924 – Madan Mohan, Iraqi-Indian composer and director (d. 1975)* 1924 – William J. Castagna, American lawyer and judge (d. 2020)*1925 – June Lockhart, American actress* 1925 – Robert Venturi, American architect and academic (d. 2018)* 1925 – Virginia Patton, American actress and businesswoman (d. 2022)*1926 – Ingeborg Bachmann, Austrian author and poet (d. 1973)* 1926 – Kep Enderby, Australian lawyer, judge, and politician, 23rd Attorney-General for Australia (d. 2015)* 1926 – Stig Sollander, Swedish Alpine skier (d. 2019)*1927 – Antal Róka, Hungarian runner (d. 1970)* 1927 – Arnold Wolfendale, English astronomer and academic (d. 2020)*1928 – Alexei Alexeyevich Abrikosov, Russian-American physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2017)* 1928 – Michel Brault, Canadian director, producer, and screenwriter (d. 2013)* 1928 – Peyo, Belgian author and illustrator, created ''The Smurfs'' (d. 1992)*1929 – Eric Carle, American author and illustrator (d. 2021) * 1929 – Francesco Marchisano, Italian cardinal (d. 2014)*1931 – V. P. Singh, Indian lawyer and politician, 7th Prime Minister of India (d. 2008)*1932 – Peter Blake, English painter and illustrator* 1932 – George Sluizer, French-Dutch director, producer, and screenwriter (d. 2014)*1933 – Álvaro Siza Vieira, Portuguese architect, designed the Porto School of Architecture*1934 – Jean Geissinger, American baseball player (d. 2014)* 1934 – Jack W. Hayford, American minister and author (d. 2023)* 1934 – Beatriz Sheridan, Mexican actress and director (d. 2006)*1935 – Ray Butt, English television producer and director (d. 2013)* 1935 – Salihu Ibrahim, Nigerian Army Officer (d. 2018)* 1935 – Taufiq Ismail, Indonesian poet and activist* 1935 – Larry Kramer, American author, playwright, and activist, co-founded Gay Men's Health Crisis (d. 2020)* 1935 – Don Demeter, American professional baseball player (d. 2021)* 1935 – Tony Lanfranchi, English racing driver (d. 2004)* 1935 – Judy Howe, American artistic gymnast* 1935 – Charles Sheffield, English-American mathematician, physicist, and author (d. 2002)*1936 – B. J. Habibie, Indonesian engineer and politician, 3rd President of Indonesia (d. 2019)* 1936 – Bert Hölldobler, German biologist and entomologist*1937 – Eddie Floyd, American R&B/soul singer-songwriter* 1937 – Derek Foster, Baron Foster of Bishop Auckland, English politician (d. 2019)* 1937 – Doreen Wells, English ballerina and actress*1939 – Allen Fox, American tennis player and coach*1940 – Judy Amoore, Australian runner* 1940 – Mary Beth Peil, American actress and singer* 1940 – A. J. Quinnell, English-Maltese author (d. 2005)* 1940 – Clint Warwick, English bass player (d. 2004)*1941 – Denys Arcand, Canadian director, producer, and screenwriter* 1941 – John Albert Raven, Scottish academic and ecologist *1942 – Patricia Brake, English actress (d. 2022)* 1942 – Nikiforos Diamandouros, Greek academic and politician* 1942 – Willis Reed, American basketball player, coach, and manager (d. 2023)* 1942 – Michel Tremblay, Canadian author and playwright*1943 – Carly Simon, American singer-songwriter*1944 – Robert Charlebois, Canadian singer-songwriter, guitarist, and actor* 1944 – Gary David Goldberg, American screenwriter and producer (d. 2013)*1945 – Baba Gana Kingibe, Nigerian politician* 1945 – Harry Womack, American singer (d. 1974)*1946 – Roméo Dallaire, Dutch-Canadian general and politician* 1946 – Allen Lanier, American guitarist and songwriter (d. 2013)* 1946 – Ian McDonald, English guitarist and saxophonist (d. 2022) *1947 – John Powell, American discus thrower* 1947 – Jimmie Walker, American actor*1949 – Richard Clarke, Irish archbishop* 1949 – Patrick Tambay, French racing driver (d. 2022) * 1949 – Yoon Joo-sang, South Korean actor*1950 – Marcello Toninelli, Italian author and screenwriter*1951 – Eva Bayer-Fluckiger, Swiss mathematician and academic*1952 – Péter Erdő, Hungarian cardinal * 1952 – Tim Finn, New Zealand singer-songwriter * 1952 – Martin Gerschwitz, German singer-songwriter and keyboard player * 1952 – Kristina Abelli Elander, Swedish artist*1953 – Olivier Ameisen, French-American cardiologist and educator (d. 2013)* 1953 – Ian Davis, Australian cricketer*1954 – Mario Lessard, Canadian ice hockey player* 1954 – David Paich, American singer-songwriter, keyboard player, and producer* 1954 – Sonia Sotomayor, American lawyer and jurist, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States*1955 – Vic Marks, English cricketer and sportscaster*1956 – Anthony Bourdain, American chef and author (d. 2018)* 1956 – Boris Trajkovski, Macedonian politician, 2nd President of the Republic of Macedonia (d. 2004)* 1956 – Craig Young, Australian rugby player and coach*1957 – Greg Millen, Canadian ice hockey player and sportscaster*1959 – Lutz Dombrowski, German long jumper and educator* 1959 – Jari Puikkonen, Finnish ski jumper* 1959 – Bobbie Vaile, Australian astrophysicist and astronomer (d. 1996)*1960 – Alastair Bruce of Crionaich, English-Scottish journalist and author* 1960 – Brian Hayward, Canadian ice hockey player and sportscaster* 1960 – Craig Johnston, South African-Australian footballer and photographer* 1960 – Laurent Rodriguez, French rugby player*1961 – Timur Bekmambetov, Kazakh director, producer, and screenwriter* 1961 – Ricky Gervais, English comedian, actor, director, producer and singer*1963 – Yann Martel, Spanish-born Canadian author* 1963 – Doug Gilmour, Canadian ice hockey player and manager* 1963 – George Michael, English singer-songwriter and producer (d. 2016)*1964 – Dell Curry, American basketball player and coach* 1964 – Phil Emery, Australian cricketer* 1964 – Johnny Herbert, English racing driver and sportscaster* 1964 – John McCrea, American singer-songwriter and musician* 1964 – Greg Raymer, American poker player and lawyer*1965 – Napole Polutele, French politician* 1965 – Kerri Pottharst, Australian beach volleyball player* 1965 – Joseph Hii Teck Kwong, Malaysian bishop*1966 – Dikembe Mutombo, Congolese-American basketball player*1967 – Tracey Spicer, Australian journalist *1968 – Adrian Garvey, Zimbabwean-South African rugby player* 1968 – Vaios Karagiannis, Greek footballer and manager*1969 – Hunter Foster, American actor and singer* 1969 – Zim Zum, American guitarist and songwriter* 1969 – Kevin Kelley, American football coach*1970 – Ariel Gore, American journalist and author* 1970 – Roope Latvala, Finnish guitarist * 1970 – Erki Nool, Estonian decathlete and politician* 1970 – Aaron Sele, American baseball player and scout*1971 – Karen Darke, English cyclist and author* 1971 – Jason Gallian, Australian-English cricketer and educator* 1971 – Rod Kafer, Australian rugby player and sportscaster* 1971 – Angela Kinsey, American actress* 1971 – Neil Lennon, Northern Irish-Scottish footballer and manager* 1971 – Michael Tucker, American baseball player*1972 – Carlos Delgado, Puerto Rican baseball player and coach* 1972 – Saif al-Islam Gaddafi, Libyan engineer and politician*1973 – Milan Hnilička, Czech ice hockey player* 1973 – Jamie Redknapp, English footballer and coach*1974 – Nisha Ganatra, Canadian director, producer, and screenwriter* 1974 – Glen Metropolit, Canadian ice hockey player*1975 – Kiur Aarma, Estonian journalist and producer* 1975 – Linda Cardellini, American actress* 1975 – Albert Costa, Spanish tennis player and coach* 1975 – Vladimir Kramnik, Russian chess player* 1975 – Michele Merkin, American model and television host*1976 – José Cancela, Uruguayan footballer* 1976 – Carlos Nieto, Argentinian-Italian rugby player* 1976 – Neil Walker, American swimmer*1978 – Aramis Ramírez, Dominican baseball player*1979 – Richard Hughes, Scottish footballer* 1979 – Busy Philipps, American actress*1981 – Simon Ammann, Swiss ski jumper*1982 – Rain, South Korean singer and actor* 1982 – Mikhail Youzhny, Russian tennis player *1983 – Marc Janko, Austrian footballer*1985 – Karim Matmour, Algerian footballer*1986 – Aya Matsuura, Japanese singer and actress *1988 – Jhonas Enroth, Swedish ice hockey player* 1988 – Miguel Layún, Mexican footballer* 1988 – Therese Johaug, Norwegian cross-country skier*1990 – Andi Eigenmann, Filipino actress*1996 – Pietro Fittipaldi, Brazilian-American race car driver* 1996 – Sione Mata'utia, Australian rugby league player*1998 – Kyle Chalmers, Australian swimmer" ], [ "Deaths", "===Pre-1600===* 635 – Gao Zu, Chinese emperor (b.", "566)* 841 – Gerard of Auvergne, Frankish nobleman* 841 – Ricwin of Nantes, Frankish nobleman* 891 – Sunderolt, German archbishop* 931 – An Chonghui, Chinese general*1014 – Æthelstan Ætheling, son of Æthelred the Unready*1031 – Sheng Zong, Chinese emperor (b.", "972)*1134 – Niels, king of Denmark (b.", "1065)*1218 – Simon de Montfort, 5th Earl of Leicester, French politician, Lord High Steward (b.", "1160)*1291 – Eleanor of Provence, queen of England (b.", "1223)*1337 – Frederick III, king of Sicily (b.", "1272)*1394 – Dorothea of Montau, German hermitess (b.", "1347)*1483 – Anthony Woodville, 2nd Earl Rivers, English courtier and translator (b.", "1440)* 1483 – Richard Grey, half brother of Edward V of England (b.", "1458)*1522 – Franchinus Gaffurius, Italian composer and theorist (b.", "1451)*1533 – Mary Tudor, queen of France (b.", "1496)*1579 – Hatano Hideharu, Japanese warlord (b.", "1541)*1593 – Michele Mercati, Italian physician and archaeologist (b.", "1541)===1601–1900===*1634 – John Marston, English poet and playwright (b.", "1576)*1638 – Juan Pérez de Montalbán, Spanish author, poet, and playwright (b.", "1602)*1665 – Sigismund Francis, archduke of Austria (b.", "1630)*1669 – François de Vendôme, duke of Beaufort (b.", "1616)*1671 – Giovanni Battista Riccioli, Italian priest and astronomer (b.", "1598)*1673 – Charles de Batz-Castelmore d'Artagnan, French captain (b.", "1611)*1686 – Simon Ushakov, Russian painter and educator (b.", "1626)*1715 – Jean-Baptiste du Casse, French admiral and politician (b.", "1646)*1767 – Georg Philipp Telemann, German composer and theorist (b.", "1681)*1798 – Thomas Sandby, English cartographer, painter, and architect (b.", "1721)*1822 – E. T. A. Hoffmann, German composer, critic, and jurist (b.", "1776)*1835 – Ebenezer Pemberton, American educator (b.", "1746)*1838 – François-Nicolas-Benoît Haxo, French general and engineer (b.", "1774)*1861 – Abdülmecid I, Ottoman sultan (b.", "1823)*1866 – Alexander von Nordmann, Finnish biologist and paleontologist (b.", "1803)*1868 – Carlo Matteucci, Italian physicist and neurophysiologist (b.", "1811)*1870 – David Heaton, American lawyer and politician (b.", "1823)*1875 – Antoine-Louis Barye, French sculptor (b.", "1796)*1876 – James Calhoun, American lieutenant (b.", "1845)* 1876 – Boston Custer, American civilian army contractor (b.", "1848)* 1876 – George Armstrong Custer, American general (b.", "1839)* 1876 – Thomas Custer, American officer, Medal of Honor recipient (b.", "1845)* 1876 – Myles Keogh, Irish-American officer (b.", "1840)*1882 – François Jouffroy, French sculptor (b.", "1806)*1884 – Hans Rott, Austrian organist and composer (b.", "1858)*1886 – Jean-Louis Beaudry, Canadian businessman and politician, 11th Mayor of Montreal (b.", "1809)*1894 – Marie François Sadi Carnot, French engineer and politician, 5th President of France (b.", "1837)===1901–present===*1906 – Stanford White, American architect, designed the Washington Square Arch (b.", "1853)*1912 – Lawrence Alma-Tadema, Dutch-British painter (b.", "1836)*1916 – Thomas Eakins, American painter, photographer, and sculptor (b.", "1844)*1917 – Géza Gyóni, Hungarian soldier and poet (b.", "1884)*1918 – Jake Beckley, American baseball player and coach (b.", "1867)*1922 – Satyendranath Dutta, Indian poet and author (b.", "1882)*1937 – Colin Clive, British actor (b.", "1900)*1939 – Richard Seaman, English race car driver (b.", "1913)*1943 – Arthur Goldstein, German Jewish left-wing activist (c. 1887)*1944 – Dénes Berinkey, Hungarian jurist and politician, 18th Prime Minister of Hungary (b.", "1871)* 1944 – Lucha Reyes, Mexican singer and actress (b.", "1906)*1947 – Jimmy Doyle, American boxer (b.", "1924)*1948 – William C. Lee, American general (b.", "1895)*1949 – Buck Freeman, American baseball player (b.", "1871)* 1949 – James Steen, American water polo player (b.", "1876)*1950 – Maurice O'Sullivan, Irish police officer and author (b.", "1904)*1958 – Alfred Noyes, English author, poet, and playwright (b.", "1880)*1959 – Charles Starkweather, American spree killer (b.", "1938)*1960 – Tommy Corcoran, American baseball player and manager (b.", "1869)*1968 – Tony Hancock, English comedian and actor (b.", "1924)*1971 – John Boyd Orr, 1st Baron Boyd-Orr, Scottish physician, biologist, and politician, Nobel Prize laureate (b.", "1880)*1972 – Jan Matulka, Czech-American painter and illustrator (b.", "1890)*1974 – Cornelius Lanczos, Hungarian mathematician and physicist (b.", "1893)*1976 – Johnny Mercer, American singer-songwriter, co-founded Capitol Records (b.", "1909)*1977 – Olave Baden-Powell, British Girl Guiding and Girl Scouting leader (b.", "1889)* 1977 – Endre Szervánszky, Hungarian pianist and composer (b.", "1911)*1979 – Dave Fleischer, American animator, director, and producer (b.", "1894)* 1979 – Philippe Halsman, Latvian-American photographer (b.", "1906)*1981 – Felipe Cossío del Pomar, Peruvian painter and political activist (b.", "1888)*1983 – Alberto Ginastera, Argentinian pianist and composer (b.", "1916)*1984 – Michel Foucault, French historian and philosopher (b.", "1926)*1988 – Hillel Slovak, Israeli-American guitarist and songwriter (b.", "1962)*1990 – Ronald Gene Simmons, American sergeant and murderer (b.", "1940)*1992 – Jerome Brown, American football player (b.", "1965)*1995 – Warren E. Burger, Fifteenth Chief Justice of the United States (b.", "1907)* 1995 – Ernest Walton, Irish physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (b.", "1903)*1996 – Arthur Snelling, English civil servant and diplomat, British Ambassador to South Africa (b.", "1914)*1997 – Jacques Cousteau, French oceanographer and explorer (b.", "1910)*2002 – Jean Corbeil, Canadian politician, 29th Canadian Minister of Labour (b.", "1934)*2003 – Lester Maddox, American businessman and politician, 75th Governor of Georgia (b.", "1915)*2004 – Morton Coutts, New Zealand inventor (b.", "1904)*2005 – John Fiedler, American actor and voice artist (b.", "1925)* 2005 – Kâzım Koyuncu, Turkish singer-songwriter and activist (b.", "1971)*2006 – Jaap Penraat, Dutch-American humanitarian (b.", "1918)*2007 – J. Fred Duckett, American journalist and educator (b.", "1933)* 2007 – Jeeva, Indian director, cinematographer, and screenwriter (b.", "1963)*2008 – Lyall Watson, South African anthropologist and ethologist (b.", "1939)*2009 – Farrah Fawcett, American actress and producer (b.", "1947)* 2009 – Michael Jackson, American singer-songwriter, producer, dancer, and actor (b.", "1958)* 2009 – Sky Saxon, American singer-songwriter (b.", "1937)*2010 – Alan Plater, English playwright and screenwriter (b.", "1935)* 2010 – Richard B. Sellars, American businessman and philanthropist (b.", "1915)*2011 – Annie Easley, American computer scientist and mathematician (b.", "1933)* 2011 – Goff Richards, English composer and conductor (b.", "1944)* 2011 – Margaret Tyzack, English actress (b.", "1931)*2012 – Shigemitsu Dandō, Japanese academic and jurist (b.", "1913)* 2012 – Campbell Gillies, Scottish jockey (b.", "1990)* 2012 – George Randolph Hearst, Jr., American businessman (b.", "1927)* 2012 – Lucella MacLean, American baseball player (b.", "1921)* 2012 – Edgar Ross, American boxer (b.", "1949)*2013 – George Burditt, American screenwriter and producer (b.", "1923)* 2013 – Catherine Gibson, Scottish swimmer (b.", "1931)* 2013 – Robert E. Gilka, American photographer and journalist (b.", "1916)* 2013 – Harry Parker, American rower and coach (b.", "1935)* 2013 – Mildred Ladner Thompson, American journalist (b.", "1918)* 2013 – Green Wix Unthank, American soldier and judge (b.", "1923)*2014 – Nigel Calder, English journalist, author, and screenwriter (b.", "1931)* 2014 – Ana María Matute, Spanish author and academic (b.", "1925)* 2014 – Ivan Plyushch, Ukrainian agronomist and politician (b.", "1941)*2015 – Patrick Macnee, English actor (b.", "1922)* 2015 – Nerses Bedros XIX Tarmouni, Egyptian-Armenian patriarch (b.", "1940)*2016 – Adam Small, South African writer of apartheid-period (b.", "1936)*2023 – Simon Crean, Australian trade union leader and politician (b.", "1949)" ], [ "Holidays and observances", "*Arbor Day (Philippines)*Christian feast day:**David of Munktorp**Eurosia**Maximus (Massimo) of Turin**Philipp Melanchthon (Evangelical Lutheran Church in America)**Presentation of the Augsburg Confession (Lutheran)**Prosper of Aquitaine**Prosper of Reggio**William of Montevergine**June 25 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)*Independence Day, celebrates the independence of Mozambique from Portugal in 1975.", "*Independence Day (Croatia)*National Catfish Day (United States)*Statehood Day (Slovenia)*Statehood Day (Virginia)*Teacher's Day (Guatemala) *World Vitiligo Day" ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* * *" ] ]
wikipedia
[ [ "June 26" ], [ "Introduction" ], [ "Events", "===Pre-1600===*4 – Augustus adopts Tiberius.", "* 221 – Roman emperor Elagabalus adopts his cousin Alexander Severus as his heir and receives the title of Caesar.", "* 363 – Roman emperor Julian is killed during the retreat from the Sasanian Empire.", "* 684 – Pope Benedict II is the last pope to require confirmation by the Byzantine emperor before taking office.", "* 699 – En no Ozuno, a Japanese mystic and apothecary who will later be regarded as the founder of a folk religion Shugendō, is banished to Izu Ōshima.", "*1243 – Mongols defeat the Seljuk Turks at the Battle of Köse Dağ.", "*1295 – Przemysł II crowned king of Poland, following Ducal period.", "The white eagle is added to the Polish coat of arms.", "*1407 – Ulrich von Jungingen becomes Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights.", "*1409 – Western Schism: The Roman Catholic Church is led into a double schism as Petros Philargos is crowned Pope Alexander V after the Council of Pisa, joining Pope Gregory XII in Rome and Pope Benedict XIII in Avignon.", "*1460 – War of the Roses: Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick, and Edward, Earl of March, land in England with a rebel army and march on London.", "*1483 – Richard III becomes King of England.", "*1522 – Ottomans begin the second Siege of Rhodes.", "*1541 – Francisco Pizarro is assassinated in Lima by the son of his former companion and later antagonist, Diego de Almagro the younger.", "Almagro is later caught and executed.", "*1579 – Livonian campaign of Stephen Báthory begins.===1601–1900===*1718 – Alexei Petrovich, Tsarevich of Russia, Peter the Great's son, mysteriously dies after being sentenced to death by his father for plotting against him.", "*1723 – After a siege and bombardment by cannon, Baku surrenders to the Russians.", "*1740 – A combined force of Spanish, free blacks and allied Indians defeat a British garrison at the Siege of Fort Mose near St. Augustine during the War of Jenkins' Ear.", "*1794 – French Revolutionary Wars: Battle of Fleurus marked the first successful military use of aircraft.", "*1830 – William IV becomes king of Britain and Hanover.", "*1843 – Treaty of Nanking comes into effect, Hong Kong Island is ceded to the British \"in perpetuity\".", "*1848 – End of the June Days Uprising in Paris.", "*1857 – The first investiture of the Victoria Cross in Hyde Park, London.", "*1886 – Henri Moissan isolated elemental Fluorine for the first time.", "*1889 – Bangui is founded by Albert Dolisie and Alfred Uzac in what was then the upper reaches of the French Congo.===1901–present===*1906 – The first Grand Prix motor race is held at Le Mans.", "*1909 – The Science Museum in London comes into existence as an independent entity.", "*1917 – World War I: The American Expeditionary Forces begin to arrive in France.", "They will first enter combat in the Battle of Hamel on the 4th of July.", "*1918 – World War I: Allied forces under John J. Pershing and James Harbord defeat Imperial German forces under Wilhelm, German Crown Prince in the Battle of Belleau Wood.", "*1924 – The American occupation of the Dominican Republic ends after eight years.", "*1927 – The Cyclone roller coaster opens on Coney Island.", "*1934 – United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt signs the Federal Credit Union Act, which establishes credit unions.", "*1936 – Initial flight of the Focke-Wulf Fw 61, the first practical helicopter.", "*1940 – World War II: Under the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, the Soviet Union presents an ultimatum to Romania requiring it to cede Bessarabia and the northern part of Bukovina.", "*1941 – World War II: Soviet planes bomb Kassa, Hungary (now Košice, Slovakia), giving Hungary the impetus to declare war the next day.", "*1942 – The first flight of the Grumman F6F Hellcat.", "*1944 – World War II: San Marino, a neutral state, is mistakenly bombed by the RAF based on faulty information, leading to 35 civilian deaths.", "* 1944 – World War II: The Battle of Osuchy in Osuchy, Poland, one of the largest battles between Nazi Germany and Polish resistance forces, ends with the defeat of the latter.", "*1945 – The United Nations Charter is signed by 50 Allied nations in San Francisco, California.", "*1948 – Cold War: The first supply flights are made in response to the Berlin Blockade.", "* 1948 – William Shockley files the original patent for the grown-junction transistor, the first bipolar junction transistor.", "* 1948 – Shirley Jackson's short story ''The Lottery'' is published in ''The New Yorker'' magazine.", "*1952 – The Pan-Malayan Labour Party is founded in Malaya, as a union of statewide labour parties.", "*1953 – Lavrentiy Beria, head of MVD, is arrested by Nikita Khrushchev and other members of the Politburo.", "*1955 – The South African Congress Alliance adopts the Freedom Charter at the Congress of the People in Kliptown.", "*1959 – Swedish boxer Ingemar Johansson becomes world champion of heavy weight boxing, by defeating American Floyd Patterson on technical knockout after two minutes and three seconds in the third round at Yankee Stadium.", "*1960 – The former British Protectorate of British Somaliland gains its independence as Somaliland.", "* 1960 – Madagascar gains its independence from France.", "*1963 – Cold War: U.S. President John F. Kennedy gave his \"Ich bin ein Berliner\" speech, underlining the support of the United States for democratic West Germany shortly after Soviet-supported East Germany erected the Berlin Wall.", "*1967 – Karol Wojtyła (later John Paul II) made a cardinal by Pope Paul VI.", "*1974 – The Universal Product Code is scanned for the first time to sell a package of Wrigley's chewing gum at the Marsh Supermarket in Troy, Ohio.", "*1975 – Two FBI agents and a member of the American Indian Movement are killed in a shootout on the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation in South Dakota; Leonard Peltier is later convicted of the murders in a controversial trial.", "*1977 – Elvis Presley held his final concert in Indianapolis, Indiana at Market Square Arena.", "*1978 – Air Canada Flight 189, flying to Toronto, overruns the runway and crashes into the Etobicoke Creek ravine.", "Two of the 107 passengers on board perish.", "*1981 – Dan-Air Flight 240, flying to East Midlands Airport, crashes in Nailstone, Leicestershire.", "All three crew members perish.", "*1988 – The first crash of an Airbus A320 occurs when Air France Flight 296Q crashes at Mulhouse–Habsheim Airfield in Habsheim, France, during an air show, killing three of the 136 people on board.", "*1991 – Yugoslav Wars: The Yugoslav People's Army begins the Ten-Day War in Slovenia.", "*1995 – Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani deposes his father Khalifa bin Hamad Al Thani, the Emir of Qatar, in a bloodless coup d'état.", "*1997 – The U.S. Supreme Court rules that the Communications Decency Act violates the First Amendment to the United States Constitution.", "* 1997 – J. K. Rowling publishes the first of her ''Harry Potter'' novel series, ''Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone'' in United Kingdom.", "*2000 – The Human Genome Project announces the completion of a \"rough draft\" sequence.", "*2003 – The U.S. Supreme Court rules in ''Lawrence v. Texas'' that sex-based sodomy laws are unconstitutional.", "*2006 – Mari Alkatiri, the first Prime Minister of East Timor, resigns after weeks of political unrest.", "*2007 – Pope Benedict XVI reinstates the traditional laws of papal election in which a successful candidate must receive two-thirds of the votes.", "*2008 – A suicide bomber dressed as an Iraqi policeman detonates an explosive vest, killing 25 people.", "*2012 – The Waldo Canyon fire descends into the Mountain Shadows neighborhood in Colorado Springs burning 347 homes in a matter of hours and killing two people.", "*2013 – Riots in China's Xinjiang region kill at least 36 people and injure 21 others.", "* 2013 – The U.S. Supreme Court ruled, 5–4, that Section 3 of the Defense of Marriage Act is unconstitutional and in violation of the Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution.", "*2015 – Five different terrorist attacks in France, Tunisia, Somalia, Kuwait, and Syria occurred on what was dubbed Bloody Friday by international media.", "Upwards of 750 people were either killed or injured in these uncoordinated attacks.", "* 2015 – The U.S. Supreme Court ruled, 5–4, that same-sex couples have a constitutional right to marriage under the 14th Amendment to the United States Constitution." ], [ "Births", "===Pre-1600===*12 BC – Agrippa Postumus, Roman son of Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa and Julia the Elder (d. 14)*1399 – John, Count of Angoulême (d. 1467)*1467 – Ferdinand II of Naples (d. 1496)*1575 – Anne Catherine of Brandenburg (d. 1612)*1581 – San Pedro Claver, Spanish Jesuit saint (d. 1654)*1600 – Juan de Palafox y Mendoza, Spanish-born bishop and viceroy of New Spain (d. 1659)===1601–1900===*1681 – Hedvig Sophia of Sweden (d. 1708)*1689 – Edward Holyoke, American pastor and academic (d. 1769)*1694 – Georg Brandt, Swedish chemist and mineralogist (d. 1768)*1699 – Marie Thérèse Rodet Geoffrin, French businesswoman (d. 1777) *1702 – Philip Doddridge, English hymn-writer and educator (d. 1751)*1703 – Thomas Clap, American minister and academic (d. 1767)*1726 – Victor Amadeus III of Sardinia (d. 1796)*1730 – Charles Messier, French astronomer and academic (d. 1817)*1764 – Jan Paweł Łuszczewski, Polish politician (d. 1812)*1786 – Sunthorn Phu, Thai poet (d. 1855)*1796 – Jan Paweł Lelewel, Polish painter and engineer (d. 1847)*1798 – Wolfgang Menzel, German poet and critic (d. 1873)*1817 – Branwell Brontë, English painter and poet (d. 1848)*1819 – Abner Doubleday, American general (d. 1893)*1821 – Bartolomé Mitre, Argentinian soldier, journalist, and politician, 6th President of Argentina (d. 1906)*1824 – William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin, Irish-Scottish physicist and engineer (d. 1907)*1835 – Thomas W. Knox, American journalist and author (d. 1896)*1839 – Sam Watkins, American soldier and author (d. 1901)*1852 – Daoud Corm, Lebanese painter (d. 1930)*1854 – Robert Laird Borden, Canadian lawyer and politician, 8th Prime Minister of Canada (d. 1937)*1865 – Bernard Berenson, Lithuanian-American historian and author (d. 1959)*1866 – George Herbert, 5th Earl of Carnarvon, English archaeologist and banker (d. 1923)*1869 – Martin Andersen Nexø, Danish journalist and author (d. 1954)*1878 – Leopold Löwenheim, German mathematician and logician (d. 1957)*1880 – Mitchell Lewis, American actor (d. 1956)*1881 – Ya'akov Cohen, Israeli linguist, poet, and playwright (d. 1960)*1892 – Pearl S. Buck, American novelist, essayist, short story writer Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1973)*1893 – Dorothy Fuldheim, American journalist and news anchor (d. 1989)*1895 – George Hainsworth, Canadian ice hockey player and politician (d. 1950)*1898 – Willy Messerschmitt, German engineer and businessman (d. 1978)* 1898 – Chesty Puller, US general (d. 1971)*1899 – Grand Duchess Maria Nikolaevna of Russia (d. 1918)===1901–present===*1901 – Stuart Symington, American lieutenant and politician, 1st United States Secretary of the Air Force (d. 1988)*1902 – Hugues Cuénod, Swiss tenor and educator (d. 2010)*1903 – Big Bill Broonzy, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 1958)*1904 – Peter Lorre, Slovak-American actor and singer (d. 1964)*1905 – Lynd Ward, American author and illustrator (d. 1985)*1906 – Alberto Rabagliati, Italian singer (d. 1974)* 1906 – Viktor Schreckengost, American sculptor and educator (d. 2008)*1907 – Debs Garms, American baseball player (d. 1984)*1908 – Salvador Allende, Chilean physician and politician, 29th President of Chile (d. 1973)*1909 – Colonel Tom Parker, Dutch-American talent manager (d. 1997)* 1909 – Wolfgang Reitherman, German-American animator, director, and producer (d. 1985)*1911 – Babe Didrikson Zaharias, American golfer and basketball player (d. 1956)* 1911 – Bronisław Żurakowski, Polish pilot and engineer (d. 2009)*1913 – Aimé Césaire, French poet, author, and politician (d. 2008)* 1913 – Maurice Wilkes, English computer scientist and physicist (d. 2010)*1914 – Laurie Lee, English author and poet (d. 1997)* 1914 – Sultan Ahmad Nanupuri, Bangladeshi Islamic scholar and teacher (d. 1997)* 1914 – Princess Sophie of Greece and Denmark, European royalty (d. 2001)*1915 – Paul Castellano, American gangster (d. 1985)* 1915 – George Haigh, English professional footballer (d. 2019)* 1915 – Charlotte Zolotow, American author and poet (d. 2013)*1916 – Virginia Satir, American psychotherapist and author (d. 1988)* 1916 – Giuseppe Taddei, Italian actor and singer (d. 2010)*1917 – Idriz Ajeti, Albanian albanologist (d. 2019)*1918 – Leo Rosner, Polish-born Austrian Jewish musician (d. 2008)* 1918 – Raleigh Rhodes, American combat fighter pilot (d. 2007)* 1918 – J.", "B. Fuqua, American entrepreneur and philanthropist (d. 2006)*1919 – Richard Neustadt, American political scientist and academic (d. 2003)* 1919 – Jimmy Newberry, American pitcher (d. 1983)* 1919 – George Athan Billias, American historian (d. 2018)* 1919 – Donald M. Ashton, English art director (d. 2004)*1920 – Jean-Pierre Roy, Canadian-American baseball player, manager, and sportscaster (d. 2014)*1921 – Violette Szabo, French-British secret agent (d. 1945)* 1921 – Robert Everett, American computer scientist (d. 2018)*1922 – Walter Farley, American author (d. 1989)* 1922 – Eleanor Parker, American actress (d. 2013)* 1922 – Enzo Apicella, English artist, cartoonist, designer, and restaurateur (d. 2018)*1923 – Franz-Paul Decker, German conductor (d. 2014)* 1923 – Ed Bearss, American military historian and author (d. 2020)*1924 – Kostas Axelos, Greek-French philosopher and author (d. 2010)* 1924 – James W. McCord Jr., CIA officer (d. 2017)*1925 – Pavel Belyayev, Soviet soldier, pilot and cosmonaut (d. 1970)* 1925 – Wolfgang Unzicker, German chess player (d. 2006)* 1925 – Jean Frydman, French resistant and businessman (d. 2021)*1926 – Kenny Baker, American fiddler (d. 2011)* 1926 – Mahendra Bhatnagar, Indian poet (d. 2020)* 1926 – Fernando Mönckeberg Barros, Chilean surgeon* 1926 – Dinu Zamfirescu, Romanian politician*1927 – Robert Kroetsch, Canadian author and poet (d. 2011)*1928 – Jacob Druckman, American composer and academic (d. 1996)* 1928 – Yoshiro Nakamatsu, Japanese inventor* 1928 – Bill Sheffield, American politician; 5th Governor of Alaska (d. 2022)* 1928 – Samuel Belzberg, Canadian businessman and philanthropist (d. 2018)*1929 – June Bronhill, Australian soprano and actress (d. 2005)* 1929 – Fred Bruemmer, Latvian-Canadian photographer and author (d. 2013)* 1929 – Milton Glaser, American illustrator and graphic designer (d. 2020)*1930 – Jackie Fargo, American wrestler and trainer (d. 2013)* 1930 – Wolfgang Schwanitz, East German secret police (d. 2022)*1931 – Colin Wilson, English philosopher and author (d. 2013)*1932 – Dame Marguerite Pindling, Bahamian politician; Governor-General of the Bahamas* 1932 – Don Valentine, American venture capitalist (d. 2019)*1933 – Claudio Abbado, Italian conductor (d. 2014)* 1933 – Gene Green, American baseball player (d. 1981)* 1933 – David Winnick, English politician*1934 – Dave Grusin, American pianist and composer* 1934 – Toru Goto, Japanese swimmer*1935 – Carlo Facetti, Italian race car driver* 1935 – Sandro Riminucci, Italian basketball player*1936 – Benjamin Adekunle, Nigerian general (d. 2014)* 1936 – Hal Greer, American basketball player (d. 2018)* 1936 – Robert Maclennan, Baron Maclennan of Rogart, Scottish politician (d. 2020)* 1936 – Edith Pearlman, American short story writer* 1936 – Jean-Claude Turcotte, Canadian cardinal (d. 2015)* 1936 – Nancy Willard, American author and poet (d. 2017)*1937 – Robert Coleman Richardson, American physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2013)* 1937 – Reggie Workman, American bassist and composer *1938 – Neil Abercrombie, American sociologist and politician, 7th Governor of Hawaii* 1938 – Billy Davis Jr., American pop-soul singer * 1938 – Gerald North, American climatologist and academic*1939 – Chuck Robb, American soldier, lawyer, and politician, 64th Governor of Virginia* 1939 – Zainuddin Maidin, Malaysian politician (d. 2018)*1941 – Yves Beauchemin, Canadian author and academic*1942 – J. J. Dillon, American wrestler and manager* 1942 – Gilberto Gil, Brazilian singer-songwriter, guitarist, and politician, Brazilian Minister of Culture*1943 – Georgie Fame, English singer, pianist, and keyboard player* 1943 – Warren Farrell, American author and educator*1944 – Gennady Zyuganov, Russian politician* 1945 – Issa al-Haadi al-Mahdi (Dwight York), American criminal, black supremacist, pedophile, convicted child molester, and musician*1946 – Candace Pert, American neuroscientist and pharmacologist (d. 2013)*1949 – Fredric Brandt, American dermatologist and author (d. 2015)* 1949 – Adrian Gurvitz, English singer-songwriter and producer * 1949 – Mary Styles Harris, American biologist and geneticist*1951 – Gary Gilmour, Australian cricketer and manager (d. 2014)*1952 – Gordon McQueen, Scottish footballer and manager (d. 2023)* 1952 – Olive Morris, Jamaican-English civil rights activist (d. 1979)*1954 – Luis Arconada, Spanish footballer *1955 – Mick Jones, English singer-songwriter and guitarist * 1955 – Gedde Watanabe, American actor*1956 – Chris Isaak, American singer-songwriter, guitarist, and actor* 1956 – Catherine Samba-Panza, interim president of the Central African Republic* 1956 – Patrick Mercer, English colonel and politician*1957 – Al Hunter Ashton, English actor and screenwriter (d. 2007)* 1957 – Philippe Couillard, Canadian surgeon and politician, 31st Premier of Quebec* 1957 – Patty Smyth, American singer-songwriter and musician*1959 – Mark McKinney, Canadian actor and screenwriter*1960 – Mark Durkan, Irish politician*1961 – Greg LeMond, American cyclist* 1961 – Terri Nunn, American singer-songwriter and actress *1962 – Jerome Kersey, American basketball player and coach (d. 2015)*1963 – Mikhail Khodorkovsky, Russian-Swiss businessman and philanthropist* 1963 – Mark McClellan, American economist and politician* 1963 – Harriet Wheeler, English singer-songwriter *1964 – Tommi Mäkinen, Finnish race car driver*1966 – Dany Boon, French actor, director, and screenwriter* 1966 – Kirk McLean, Canadian ice hockey player* 1966 – Jürgen Reil, American drummer *1967 – Inha Babakova, Ukrainian high jumper* 1967 – Olivier Dahan, French director and screenwriter*1968 – Guðni Th.", "Jóhannesson, Icelandic lecturer and politician, 6th President of Iceland* 1968 – Paolo Maldini, Italian footballer* 1968 – Shannon Sharpe, American football player*1969 – Colin Greenwood, English bass player and songwriter * 1969 – Ingrid Lempereur, Belgian swimmer* 1969 – Geir Moen, Norwegian sprinter* 1969 – Mike Myers, American baseball player*1970 – Paul Thomas Anderson, American director, producer, and screenwriter* 1970 – Paul Bitok, Kenyan runner* 1970 – Irv Gotti, American record producer, co-founded Murder Inc Records* 1970 – Sean Hayes, American actor* 1970 – Matt Letscher, American actor and playwright* 1970 – Adam Ndlovu, Zimbabwean footballer (d. 2012)* 1970 – Chris O'Donnell, American actor * 1970 – Nick Offerman, American actor*1971 – Max Biaggi, Italian motorcycle racer*1972 – Jai Taurima, Australian long jumper and police officer*1973 – Gretchen Wilson, American singer-songwriter and guitarist *1974 – Derek Jeter, American baseball player* 1974 – Jason Kendall, American baseball player*1975 – Chris Armstrong, Canadian ice hockey player* 1975 – Terry Skiverton, English footballer and manager*1976 – Ed Jovanovski, Canadian ice hockey player* 1976 – Pommie Mbangwa, Zimbabwean cricketer and sportscaster* 1976 – Chad Pennington, American football player and sportscaster* 1976 – Dave Rubin, American political commentator*1977 – Quincy Lewis, American basketball player*1979 – Ryō Fukuda, Japanese race car driver* 1979 – Walter Herrmann, Argentinian basketball player* 1979 – Ryan Tedder, American singer-songwriter, pianist, and producer *1980 – Hamílton Hênio Ferreira Calheiros, Togolese footballer* 1980 – Michael Jackson, English footballer* 1980 – Jason Schwartzman, American singer-songwriter, drummer, and actor* 1980 – Chris Shelton, American baseball player* 1980 – Michael Vick, American football player*1981 – Natalya Antyukh, Russian sprinter and hurdler* 1981 – Paolo Cannavaro, Italian footballer* 1981 – Kanako Kondō, Japanese voice actress and singer* 1981 – Takashi Toritani, Japanese baseball player*1982 – Zuzana Kučová, Slovak tennis player*1983 – Vinícius Rodrigues Almeida, Brazilian footballer* 1983 – Nick Compton, South African-English cricketer* 1983 – Toyonoshima Daiki, Japanese sumo wrestler* 1983 – Felipe Melo, Brazilian footballer* 1983 – Antonio Rosati, Italian footballer*1984 – J. J. Barea, Puerto Rican-American basketball player* 1984 – Yankuba Ceesay, Gambian footballer* 1984 – Elijah Dukes, American baseball player* 1984 – Raymond Felton, American basketball player* 1984 – Indila, French singer* 1984 – Priscah Jeptoo, Kenyan runner* 1984 – Aubrey Plaza, American actress* 1984 – Preslava, Bulgarian singer* 1984 – Jūlija Tepliha, Latvian figure skater* 1984 – Deron Williams, American basketball player*1985 – Ogyen Trinley Dorje, Tibetan spiritual leader, 17th Karmapa Lama*1986 – Duvier Riascos, Colombian footballer*1987 – Carlos Iaconelli, Brazilian race car driver* 1987 – Samir Nasri, French footballer*1988 – Oliver Stang, German footballer* 1988 – Andrew Bachelor, Canadian-American actor, comedian, director, producer, writer and social media personality*1990 – Belaynesh Oljira, Ethiopian runner* 1990 – Iman Shumpert, American basketball player* 1990 – Igor Subbotin, Estonian footballer*1991 – Houssem Chemali, French footballer* 1991 – Diego Falcinelli, Italian footballer* 1991 – Dustin Martin, Australian rules footballer*1992 – Joel Campbell, Costa Rican footballer* 1992 – Rudy Gobert, French basketball player* 1992 – Jennette McCurdy, American actress and singer-songwriter*1993 – Ariana Grande, American singer-songwriter, dancer, and actress*1994 – Hollie Arnold, English javelin thrower* 1994 – Leonard Carow, German actor*1997 – Baek Ye-rin, South Korean singer* 1997 – Callum Taylor, English cricketer*2000 – Ann Li, American tennis player*2002 – Chandler Smith, American racing driver*2005 – Princess Alexia of the Netherlands" ], [ "Deaths", "===Pre-1600===*116 BC – Ptolemy VIII, king of Egypt * 363 – Julian the Apostate, Roman emperor (b.", "332)* 405 – Vigilius, bishop of Trent (b.", "353)* 822 – Saichō, Japanese Buddhist monk (b.", "767) * 969 – George El Mozahem, Egyptian martyr (b.", "940)* 985 – Ramiro III, king of León *1090 – Jaromír, bishop of Prague*1095 – Robert, bishop of Hereford*1265 – Anne of Bohemia, duchess of Silesia (b.", "1203 or 1204)*1274 – Nasir al-Din al-Tusi, Persian scientist and writer (b.", "1201)*1487 – John Argyropoulos, Byzantine philosopher and scholar (b.", "1415)*1541 – Francisco Pizarro, Spanish explorer and politician, Governor of New Castile (b. c. 1471)*1574 – Gabriel, comte de Montgomery, captain of the Scottish Guard of Henry II of France (b.", "1530)===1601–1900===*1677 – Francesco Buonamici, Italian architect, painter and engraver (b.", "1596)*1688 – Ralph Cudworth, English philosopher and academic (b.", "1617)*1752 – Giulio Alberoni, Spanish cardinal (b.", "1664)*1757 – Maximilian Ulysses Browne, Austrian field marshal (b.", "1705)*1784 – Caesar Rodney, American lawyer and politician, 4th Governor of Delaware (b.", "1728)*1793 – Gilbert White, English ornithologist and ecologist (b.", "1720)*1795 – Johannes Jährig, German linguist and translator (b.", "1747)*1798 – James Dickey, Irish revolutionary (b.", "1776)*1808 – Ludwik Tyszkiewicz, Polish poet and politician (b.", "1748)*1810 – Joseph-Michel Montgolfier, French inventor, co-invented the hot air balloon (b.", "1740)*1830 – George IV of the United Kingdom (b.", "1762)*1836 – Claude Joseph Rouget de Lisle, French soldier and composer (b.", "1760)*1856 – Max Stirner, German philosopher and author (b.", "1806)*1870 – Armand Barbès, French lawyer and politician (b.", "1809)*1878 – Mercedes of Orléans (b.", "1860)*1879 – Richard H. Anderson, American general (b.", "1821)*1883 – Edward Sabine, Irish-English astronomer, geophysicist, and ornithologist (b.", "1788)===1901–present===*1918 – Peter Rosegger, Austrian poet and author (b.", "1843)*1922 – Albert I, Prince of Monaco (b.", "1848)*1927 – Armand Guillaumin, French painter (b.", "1841)*1932 – Adelaide Ames, American astronomer and academic (b.", "1900)*1938 – James Weldon Johnson, American poet, lawyer and politician (b.", "1871)* 1938 – Daria Pratt, American golfer (b.", "1859)*1939 – Ford Madox Ford, English novelist, poet, and critic (b.", "1873)*1943 – Karl Landsteiner, Austrian biologist and physician, Nobel Prize laureate (b.", "1868)*1945 – Emil Hácha, Czech lawyer and politician, 3rd President of Czechoslovakia (b.", "1872)*1946 – Max Kögel, German SS officer (b.", "1895)* 1946 – Yōsuke Matsuoka, Japanese politician, Japanese Minister of Foreign Affairs (b.", "1880)*1947 – R. B. Bennett, Canadian lawyer and politician, 11th Prime Minister of Canada (b.", "1870)*1949 – Kim Koo, South Korean educator and politician, 13th President of the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea (b.", "1876)*1955 – Engelbert Zaschka, German engineer (b.", "1895)*1956 – Clifford Brown, American trumpet player and composer (b.", "1930)* 1956 – Richie Powell, American pianist (b.", "1931)*1957 – Alfred Döblin, Polish-German physician and author (b.", "1878)* 1957 – Malcolm Lowry, English novelist and poet (b.", "1909)*1958 – George Orton, Canadian runner and hurdler (b.", "1873)* 1958 – Andrija Štampar, Croatian physician and scholar (b.", "1888)*1964 – Léo Dandurand, American-Canadian businessman (b.", "1889)*1967 – Françoise Dorléac, French actress and singer (b.", "1942)*1975 – Josemaría Escrivá, Spanish priest and saint (b.", "1902)*1979 – Akwasi Afrifa, Ghanaian soldier and politician, 3rd Head of State of Ghana (b.", "1936)*1989 – Howard Charles Green, Canadian lawyer and politician, 27th Canadian Minister of Public Works (b.", "1895)*1990 – Anni Blomqvist, Finnish author (b.", "1909)*1992 – Buddy Rogers, American wrestler (b.", "1921)*1993 – Roy Campanella, American baseball player and coach (b.", "1921)* 1993 – William H. Riker, American political scientist and academic (b.", "1920)*1994 – Jahanara Imam, Bangladeshi author and activist (b.", "1929)*1996 – Veronica Guerin, Irish journalist (b.", "1958)* 1996 – Necmettin Hacıeminoğlu, Turkish linguist and academic (b.", "1932)*1997 – Don Hutson, American football player and coach (b.", "1913)*1998 – Hacı Sabancı, Turkish businessman and philanthropist (b.", "1935)*2001 – Gina Cigna, French-Italian soprano (b.", "1900)*2002 – Jay Berwanger, American football player (b.", "1914)* 2002 – Arnold Brown, English-Canadian 11th General of The Salvation Army (b.", "1913)*2003 – Marc-Vivien Foé, Cameroon footballer (b.", "1975)* 2003 – Denis Thatcher, English soldier and businessman (b.", "1915)* 2003 – Strom Thurmond, American general, lawyer, and politician, 103rd Governor of South Carolina (b.", "1902)*2004 – Ott Arder, Estonian poet and translator (b.", "1950)* 2004 – Yash Johar, Indian film producer, founded Dharma Productions (b.", "1929)* 2004 – Naomi Shemer, Israeli singer-songwriter (b.", "1930)*2005 – Tõnno Lepmets, Estonian basketball player (b.", "1938)* 2005 – Richard Whiteley, English journalist and game show host (b.", "1943)*2006 – Tommy Wonder, Dutch magician (b.", "1953)*2007 – Liz Claiborne, Belgian-American fashion designer, founded Liz Claiborne (b.", "1929)* 2007 – Joey Sadler, New Zealand rugby player (b.", "1914)*2010 – Algirdas Brazauskas, Lithuanian engineer and politician, 4th President of Lithuania (b.", "1932)* 2010 – Harald Keres, Estonian physicist and academic (b.", "1912)*2011 – Edith Fellows, American actress (b.", "1923)* 2011 – Jan van Beveren, Dutch footballer and coach (b.", "1948)*2012 – Sverker Åström, Swedish diplomat, Swedish Permanent Representative to the United Nations (b.", "1915)* 2012 – Pat Cummings, American basketball player (b.", "1956)* 2012 – Nora Ephron, American director, producer, and screenwriter (b.", "1941)* 2012 – Mario O'Hara, Filipino director, producer, and screenwriter (b.", "1944) * 2012 – Doris Singleton, American actress (b.", "1919)*2013 – Henrik Otto Donner, Finnish trumpet player and composer (b.", "1939)* 2013 – Edward Huggins Johnstone, Brazilian-American sergeant and judge (b.", "1922)* 2013 – Byron Looper, American politician (b.", "1964)* 2013 – Justin Miller, American baseball player (b.", "1977)* 2013 – Marc Rich, Belgian-American businessman (b.", "1934)*2014 – Howard Baker, American lawyer, politician, and diplomat, 12th White House Chief of Staff (b.", "1925)* 2014 – Bill Frank, American-Canadian football player (b.", "1938)* 2014 – Rollin King, American businessman, co-founded Southwest Airlines (b.", "1931)* 2014 – Bob Mischak, American football player and coach (b.", "1932)* 2014 – Julius Rudel, Austrian-American conductor (b.", "1921)* 2014 – Mary Rodgers, American composer and author (b.", "1931)*2015 – Yevgeny Primakov, Ukrainian-Russian journalist and politician, 32nd Prime Minister of Russia (b.", "1929)* 2015 – Chris Thompson, American screenwriter and producer (b.", "1952)*2019 – Beth Chapman, American reality Television star, Bounty Hunter (b.", "1967)*2020 – Milton Glaser, American graphic designer (b.", "1929)*2021 – Mike Gravel, American politician (b.", "1930)*2022 – Margaret Keane, American artist (b.", "1927)" ], [ "Holidays and observances", "*Day of the Armed Forces of Azerbaijan*Christian feast day:**Anthelm of Belley**David the Dendrite**Hermogius**Isabel Florence Hapgood (Episcopal Church)**Jeremiah (Lutheran)**John and Paul**José María Robles Hurtado (one of Saints of the Cristero War)**Josemaría Escrivá**Mar Abhai (Syriac Orthodox Church)**Pelagius of Córdoba**Vigilius of Trent **June 26 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)*Flag Day (Romania)*Independence Day, celebrates the independence of Madagascar from France in 1960.", "(Madagascar)*Independence Day, celebrates the independence of Somaliland from United Kingdom in 1960.", "(Somaliland)*International Day against Drug Abuse and Illicit Trafficking (International)*International Day in Support of Victims of Torture (International)*Ratcatcher's Day (Hamelin, Germany)*Sunthorn Phu Day (Thailand)*World Refrigeration Day (International)" ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* * *" ] ]
wikipedia
[ [ "June 27" ], [ "Introduction" ], [ "Events", "===Pre-1600===*1358 – The Republic of Ragusa is founded.", "*1497 – Cornish rebels Michael An Gof and Thomas Flamank are executed at Tyburn, London, England.", "*1499 – Amerigo Vespucci sights what is now Amapá State in Brazil.", "*1556 – The thirteen Stratford Martyrs are burned at the stake near London for their Protestant beliefs.===1601–1900===*1743 – In the Battle of Dettingen, George II becomes the last reigning British monarch to participate in a battle.", "*1760 – Anglo-Cherokee War: Cherokee warriors defeat British forces at the Battle of Echoee near present-day Otto, North Carolina.", "*1806 – British forces take Buenos Aires during the first of the British invasions of the River Plate.", "*1844 – Joseph Smith, founder of the Latter Day Saint movement, and his brother Hyrum Smith, are killed by a mob at the Carthage, Illinois jail.", "*1864 – American Civil War: Confederate forces defeat Union forces during the Battle of Kennesaw Mountain during the Atlanta Campaign.", "*1895 – The inaugural run of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad's ''Royal Blue'' from Washington, D.C., to New York City, the first U.S. passenger train to use electric locomotives.", "*1898 – The first solo circumnavigation of the globe is completed by Joshua Slocum from Briar Island, Nova Scotia.===1901–present===*1905 – During the Russo-Japanese War, sailors start a mutiny aboard the Russian battleship ''Potemkin''.", "*1914 – The Illinois Monument is dedicated at Cheatham Hill in what is now the Kennesaw Mountain National Battlefield Park.", "*1927 – Prime Minister of Japan Tanaka Giichi convenes an eleven-day conference to discuss Japan's strategy in China.", "The Tanaka Memorial, a forged plan for world domination, is later claimed to be a secret report leaked from this conference.", "*1928 – The Rovaniemi township decree was promulgated, as a result of which Rovaniemi seceded from the old rural municipality as its own market town on January 1, 1929.", "*1941 – Romanian authorities launch one of the most violent pogroms in Jewish history in the city of Iași, resulting in the murder of at least 13,266 Jews.", "* 1941 – World War II: German troops capture the city of Białystok during Operation Barbarossa.", "*1944 – World War II: Mogaung is the first place in Burma to be liberated from the Japanese by British Chindits, supported by the Chinese.", "*1946 – In the Canadian Citizenship Act, the Parliament of Canada establishes the definition of Canadian citizenship.", "*1950 – The United States decides to send troops to fight in the Korean War.", "*1954 – The Obninsk Nuclear Power Plant, the Soviet Union's first nuclear power station, opens in Obninsk, near Moscow.", "* 1954 – The FIFA World Cup quarterfinal match between Hungary and Brazil, highly anticipated to be exciting, instead turns violent, with three players ejected and further fighting continuing after the game.", "*1957 – Hurricane Audrey makes landfall near the Texas–Louisiana border, killing over 400 people, mainly in and around Cameron, Louisiana.", "*1973 – The President of Uruguay Juan María Bordaberry dissolves Parliament and establishes a dictatorship.", "*1974 – U.S. president Richard Nixon visits the Soviet Union.", "*1976 – Air France Flight 139 (Tel Aviv-Athens-Paris) is hijacked en route to Paris by the PFLP and redirected to Entebbe, Uganda.", "*1977 – France grants independence to Djibouti.", "*1977 – Constitution for the Federation of Earth, also known as ''Earth Constitution'', was adopted by the second session of the World Constituent Assembly, held at Innsbruck, Austria.", "*1980 – The 'Ustica massacre': Itavia Flight 870 crashes in the sea while en route from Bologna to Palermo, Italy, killing all 81 on board.", "*1981 – The Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party issues its \"Resolution on Certain Questions in the History of Our Party Since the Founding of the People's Republic of China\", laying the blame for the Cultural Revolution on Mao Zedong.", "*1982 – Space Shuttle ''Columbia'' launched from the Kennedy Space Center on the final research and development flight mission, STS-4.", "*1988 – The Gare de Lyon rail accident in Paris, France, kills 56 people.", "* 1988 – Villa Tunari massacre: Bolivian anti-narcotics police kill nine to 12 and injure over a hundred protesting coca-growing peasants.", "*1991 – Two days after it had declared independence, Slovenia is invaded by Yugoslav troops, tanks, and aircraft, starting the Ten-Day War.", "*1994 – Members of the Aum Shinrikyo cult release sarin gas in Matsumoto, Japan.", "Seven people are killed, 660 injured.", "*2007 – Tony Blair resigns as British Prime Minister, a position he had held since 1997.His Chancellor, Gordon Brown succeeds him.", "* 2007 – The Brazilian Military Police invades the ''favelas'' of Complexo do Alemão in an episode which is remembered as the Complexo do Alemão massacre.", "*2008 – In a highly scrutinized election, President of Zimbabwe Robert Mugabe is re-elected in a landslide after his opponent Morgan Tsvangirai had withdrawn a week earlier, citing violence against his party's supporters.", "*2013 – NASA launches the Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph space probe to observe the Sun.", "*2014 – At least fourteen people are killed when a Gas Authority of India Limited pipeline explodes in the East Godavari district of Andhra Pradesh, India.", "*2015 – Formosa Fun Coast fire: A dust fire occurs at a recreational water park in Taiwan, killing 15 people and injuring 497 others, 199 critically.", "*2017 – A series of powerful cyberattacks using the Petya malware target websites of Ukrainian organizations and counterparts with Ukrainian connections around the globe." ], [ "Births", "===Pre-1600===* 850 – Ibrahim II of Ifriqiya, Aghlabid emir (d. 902)*1350 – Manuel II Palaiologos, Byzantine emperor (d. 1425)*1430 – Henry Holland, 3rd Duke of Exeter, Lancastrian leader (d. 1475)*1462 – Louis XII, king of France (d. 1515)*1464 – Ernst II of Saxony, Archbishop of Magdeburg (1476–1513) (d. 1513)*1497 – Ernest I, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg (d. 1546)*1550 – Charles IX, king of France (d. 1574)*1596 – Maximilian, Prince of Dietrichstein (d. 1655)===1601–1900===*1696 – William Pepperrell, American merchant and soldier (d. 1759)*1717 – Louis-Guillaume Le Monnier, French botanist and physicist (d. 1799)*1767 – Alexis Bouvard, French astronomer and academic (d. 1843)*1805 – Napoléon Coste, French guitarist and composer (d. 1883)*1806 – Augustus De Morgan, English mathematician and logician (d. 1871)*1812 – Anna Cabot Lowell Quincy Waterston, American writer (d. 1899)*1817 – Louise von François, German author (d. 1893)*1828 – Bryan O'Loghlen, Irish-Australian politician, 13th Premier of Victoria (d. 1905)*1838 – Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay, Indian journalist, author, and poet (d. 1894)* 1838 – Paul Mauser, German weapon designer, designed the Gewehr 98 (d. 1914)*1846 – Charles Stewart Parnell, Irish politician (d. 1891)*1850 – Jørgen Pedersen Gram, Danish mathematician and academic (d. 1919)* 1850 – Lafcadio Hearn, Greek-Japanese historian and author (d. 1904)*1862 – May Irwin, Canadian-American actress and singer (d. 1938)*1865 – John Monash, Australian engineer and general (d. 1931)*1869 – Kate Carew, American illustrator and journalist (d. 1961)* 1869 – Emma Goldman, Lithuanian-Canadian philosopher and activist (d. 1940)* 1869 – Hans Spemann, German embryologist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1941)*1870 – Frank Rattray Lillie, American zoologist and embryologist (d. 1947)*1872 – Heber Doust Curtis, American astronomer (d. 1942)* 1872 – Paul Laurence Dunbar, American author, poet, and playwright (d. 1906)*1880 – Helen Keller, American author, academic, and activist (d. 1968)*1882 – Eduard Spranger, German philosopher and academic (d. 1963)*1884 – Gaston Bachelard, French philosopher and poet (d. 1962)*1885 – Pierre Montet, French historian and academic (d. 1966)* 1885 – Guilhermina Suggia, Portuguese cellist (d. 1950)*1886 – Charlie Macartney, Australian cricketer and soldier (d. 1958)*1888 – Lewis Bernstein Namier, Polish-English historian and academic (d. 1960)* 1888 – Antoinette Perry, American actress and director (d. 1946)*1892 – Paul Colin, French illustrator (d. 1985)*1899 – Juan Trippe, American businessman, founded Pan American World Airways (d. 1981)*1900 – Dixie Brown, British boxer (d. 1957)===1901–present===*1901 – Merle Tuve, American geophysicist and academic (d. 1982)*1905 – Armand Mondou, Canadian ice hockey player (d. 1976)*1906 – Vernon Watkins, Welsh-American poet and painter (d. 1967)*1907 – John McIntire, American actor (d. 1991)*1908 – João Guimarães Rosa, Brazilian physician and author (d. 1967)*1911 – Marion M. Magruder, American Marine officer, commander of the VMF(N)-533 squadron (d. 1997)*1912 – E. R. Braithwaite, Guyanese novelist, writer, teacher, and diplomat (d. 2016)*1913 – Elton Britt, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 1972)* 1913 – Philip Guston, American painter and academic (d. 1980)* 1913 – Willie Mosconi, American pool player (d. 1993)*1914 – Robert Aickman, English author and activist, co-founded the Inland Waterways Association (d. 1981)* 1914 – Helena Benitez, Filipina academic and administrator (d. 2016)* 1914 – Giorgio Almirante, Italian journalist and politician (d. 1988)*1915 – Grace Lee Boggs, American philosopher, author, and activist (d. 2015)* 1915 – John Alexander Moore, American zoologist and academic (d. 2002)*1916 – Robert Normann, Norwegian guitarist (d. 1998)*1918 – Adolph Kiefer, American swimmer (d. 2017)*1919 – M. Carl Holman, American author, educator, poet, and playwright (d. 1988)* 1919 – Amala Shankar, Indian danseuse (d. 2020)*1920 – Fernando Riera, Chilean football player and manager (d. 2010)*1921 – Muriel Pavlow, English actress (d. 2019)*1922 – George Walker, American composer (d. 2018)*1923 – Jacques Berthier, French organist and composer (d. 1994)* 1923 – Elmo Hope, American pianist and composer (d. 1967)*1924 – Bob Appleyard, English cricketer and businessman (d. 2015)*1925 – Leonard Lerman, American geneticist and biologist (d. 2012)* 1925 – Doc Pomus, American singer-songwriter (d. 1991)* 1925 – Wayne Terwilliger, American second baseman, coach, and manager (d. 2021)*1927 – Bob Keeshan, American actor and producer (d. 2004)*1928 – Rudy Perpich, American dentist and politician, 34th Governor of Minnesota (d. 1995)*1929 – Dick the Bruiser, American football player and wrestler (d. 1991)* 1929 – Peter Maas, American journalist and author (d. 2001)*1930 – Ross Perot, American businessman and politician (d. 2019)* 1930 – Tommy Kono, Japanese American weightlifter (d. 2016)*1931 – Charles Bronfman, Canadian-American businessman and philanthropist * 1931 – Martinus J. G. Veltman, Dutch physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2021)*1932 – Eddie Kasko, American baseball player and manager (d. 2020)* 1932 – Anna Moffo, American operatic soprano (d. 2006)* 1932 – Hugh Wood, English composer (d. 2021)*1936 – Lucille Clifton, American author and poet (d. 2010)* 1936 – Shirley Anne Field, English actress (d. 2023)*1937 – Joseph P. Allen, American physicist and astronaut* 1937 – Otto Herrigel, Namibian lawyer and politician (d. 2013)* 1937 – Kirkpatrick Sale, American author and scholar*1938 – Bruce Babbitt, American lawyer and politician, 47th United States Secretary of the Interior* 1938 – David Hope, Baron Hope of Craighead, Scottish lieutenant and judge* 1938 – Konrad Kujau, German illustrator (d. 2000)*1939 – R. D. Burman, Indian singer-songwriter (d. 1994)* 1939 – Neil Hawke, Australian cricketer and footballer (d. 2000)* 1939 – Brereton C. Jones, American politician, 58th Governor of Kentucky (d. 2023)*1940 – Ian Lang, Baron Lang of Monkton, Scottish politician, Secretary of State for Scotland*1941 – Bill Baxley, American lawyer and politician, 24th Lieutenant Governor of Alabama* 1941 – James P. Hogan, English-Irish author (d. 2010)* 1941 – Krzysztof Kieślowski, Polish director and screenwriter (d. 1996)*1942 – Bruce Johnston, American singer-songwriter and producer* 1942 – Frank Mills, Canadian pianist and composer * 1942 – Danny Schechter, American director, producer, and screenwriter (d. 2015)*1943 – Ravi Batra, Indian-American economist and academic*1944 – Angela King, English environmentalist and author, co-founded Common Ground* 1944 – Patrick Sercu, Belgian cyclist (d. 2019)*1945 – Joey Covington, American drummer, songwriter, and producer (d. 2013)* 1945 – Norma Kamali, American fashion designer*1948 – Camile Baudoin, American guitarist*1949 – Vera Wang, American fashion designer*1951 – Ulf Andersson, Swedish chess player* 1951 – Julia Duffy, American actress* 1951 – Gilson Lavis, English drummer and portrait artist* 1951 – Mary McAleese, Irish academic and politician, 8th President of Ireland *1952 – Madan Bhandari, Nepalese politician (d. 1993)*1953 – Igor Gräzin, Estonian academic and politician* 1953 – Alice McDermott, American novelist*1954 – Richard Ibbotson, English admiral*1955 – Isabelle Adjani, French actress *1956 – Heiner Dopp, German field hockey player and politician*1957 – Gabriella Dorio, Italian runner*1958 – Lisa Germano, American singer-songwriter and guitarist * 1958 – Jeffrey Lee Pierce, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 1996)*1959 – Dan Jurgens, American author and illustrator * 1959 – Lorrie Morgan, American singer*1960 – Craig Hodges, American basketball player and coach* 1960 – Michael Mayer, American theatre director* 1960 – Robert King, English harpsichordist and conductor* 1960 – Jeremy Swift, English actor*1962 – Michael Ball, English actor and singer* 1962 – Sunanda Pushkar, India-born Canadian businesswoman (d. 2014)*1963 – Wendy Alexander, Scottish politician, Minister for Enterprise and Lifelong Learning* 1963 – Johnny Benson Jr., American race car driver*1964 – Stephan Brenninkmeijer, Dutch director, producer, and screenwriter* 1964 – Chuck Person, American basketball player and coach*1965 – Simon Sebag Montefiore, English journalist, historian, and author* 1965 – S. Manikavasagam, Malaysian politician and social activist* 1965 – Óscar Vega, Spanish boxer*1966 – J. J. Abrams, American director, producer, and screenwriter* 1966 – Jörg Bergen, German footballer and manager* 1966 – Jeff Conine, American baseball player and sportscaster* 1966 – Aigars Kalvītis, Latvian politician, businessman, and former Prime Minister of Latvia *1967 – Sylvie Fréchette, Canadian swimmer and coach* 1967 – George Hamilton, Northern Irish police officer* 1967 – Vasiliy Kaptyukh, Belarusian discus thrower* 1967 – Phil Kearns, Australian rugby player and sportscaster*1968 – Kelly Ayotte, American lawyer and politician, New Hampshire Attorney General*1969 – Viktor Petrenko, Ukrainian figure skater*1970 – Régine Cavagnoud, French skier (d. 2001)* 1970 – John Eales, Australian rugby player and businessman* 1970 – Jim Edmonds, American baseball player and sportscaster* 1970 – Jo Frost, English nanny, television personality, and author*1971 – Serginho, Brazilian footballer*1972 – Dawud Wharnsby, Canadian singer-songwriter, guitarist, and producer*1973 – Abbath Doom Occulta, Norwegian musician* 1973 – Simon Archer, English badminton player*1974 – Christian Kane, American singer-songwriter and actor* 1974 – Christopher O'Neill, English-American businessman*1975 – Ace Darling, American wrestler* 1975 – Bianca Del Rio, American drag queen and comedian* 1975 – Sarah Evanetz, Canadian swimmer* 1975 – Tobey Maguire, American actor * 1975 – Daryle Ward, American baseball player*1976 – Johnny Estrada, American baseball player* 1976 – Leigh Nash, American singer-songwriter *1977 – Arkadiusz Radomski, Polish footballer*1978 – Apparat, German musician*1979 – Martin Bourboulon, French film director and screenwriter*1980 – Hugo Campagnaro, Argentinian footballer* 1980 – Jennifer Goodridge, American keyboard player * 1980 – Alexander Peya, Austrian tennis player * 1980 – Kevin Pietersen, South African-English cricketer* 1980 – Craig Terrill, American football player*1981 – Andrew Embley, Australian footballer*1983 – Jim Johnson, American baseball player* 1983 – Dale Steyn, South African cricketer* 1983 – Nikola Rakočević, Serbian actor*1984 – Aiden Blizzard, Australian cricketer* 1984 – Khloé Kardashian, American model, businesswoman, and radio host* 1984 – D.J.", "King, Canadian ice hockey player* 1984 – Gökhan Inler, Swiss footballer*1985 – James Hook, Welsh rugby player* 1985 – Svetlana Kuznetsova, Russian tennis player* 1985 – Nico Rosberg, German race car driver*1986 – Sam Claflin, British actor* 1986 – Drake Bell, American singer-songwriter, guitarist, and actor* 1986 – Bryan Fletcher, American skier* 1986 – LaShawn Merritt, American sprinter*1987 – India de Beaufort, English actress * 1987 – Ed Westwick, English actor *1988 – Stefani Bismpikou, Greek gymnast* 1988 – Matthew Spiranovic, Australian footballer* 1988 – Kate Ziegler, American swimmer*1989 – Hana Birnerová, Czech tennis player* 1989 – Matthew Lewis, English actor*1990 – Bobby Wagner, American football player*1992 – Ahn So-hee, South Korean singer and actress* 1992 – Karthika Nair, Indian actress*1993 – Johanna Talihärm, Estonian biathlete* 1993 – Alberto Campbell-Staines, Australian athlete*1994 – Anita Husarić, Bosnian tennis player*1995 – Monté Morris, American basketball player*1997 – Yordan Álvarez, Cuban baseball player* 1997 – H.E.R., American singer-songwriter*1999 – Chandler Riggs, American actor*2002 – Kelee Ringo, American football player" ], [ "Deaths", "===Pre-1600===* 992 – Conan I of Rennes, Duke of Brittany *1162 – Odo II, Duke of Burgundy (b.", "1118)*1194 – King Sancho VI of Navarre (b.", "1132)*1296 – Floris V, Count of Holland (b.", "1254)*1458 – Alfonso V of Aragon (b.", "1396)*1497 – Michael An Gof, rebel leader * 1497 – Thomas Flamank, rebel leader*1574 – Giorgio Vasari, Italian historian, painter, and architect (b.", "1511)===1601–1900===*1601 – Henry Norris, 1st Baron Norreys (b.", "1525)*1603 – Jan Dymitr Solikowski, Polish archbishop (b.", "1539)*1627 – John Hayward, English historian, journalist, and politician (b.", "1564)*1636 – Date Masamune, Japanese strongman (b.", "1567)*1654 – Johannes Valentinus Andreae, German theologian (b.", "1586)*1655 – Eleonora Gonzaga, Holy Roman Empress (b.", "1598)*1672 – Roger Twysden, English historian and politician (b.", "1597)*1720 – Guillaume Amfrye de Chaulieu, French poet and author (b.", "1639)*1729 – Élisabeth Jacquet de La Guerre, French harpsichord player and composer (b.", "1665)*1794 – Wenzel Anton, Prince of Kaunitz-Rietberg (b.", "1711)* 1794 – Philippe de Noailles, French general (b.", "1715)*1827 – Johann Gottfried Eichhorn, German theologian and academic (b.", "1754)*1829 – James Smithson, English chemist and mineralogist (b.", "1765)*1831 – Sophie Germain, French mathematician and physicist (b.", "1776)* 1831 – Konstantin Pavlovich, grand duke of Russia and the son of Emperor Paul I of Russia (b.", "1779)*1839 – Ranjit Singh, founder of the Sikh Empire (b.", "1780)*1844 – Hyrum Smith, American religious leader (b.", "1800)* 1844 – Joseph Smith, American religious leader, founded the Latter Day Saint movement (b.", "1805)*1878 – Sidney Breese, American jurist and politician (b.", "1800)*1894 – Giorgio Costantino Schinas, Maltese architect and civil engineer (b.", "1834)*1896 – John Berryman, English soldier, Victoria Cross recipient (b.", "1825)===1901–present===*1905 – Harold Mahony, Scottish-Irish tennis player (b.", "1867)*1907 – Elizabeth Cabot Agassiz, American educator, co-founded Radcliffe College (b.", "1822)*1911 – Victor Surridge, English motorcycle racer (b.", "1882)*1912 – George Bonnor, Australian cricketer (b.", "1855)*1917 – Karl Allmenröder, German soldier and pilot (b.", "1896)*1919 – Peter Sturholdt, American boxer (b.", "1885)*1920 – Adolphe-Basile Routhier, Canadian lawyer and judge (b.", "1839)*1934 – Francesco Buhagiar, Maltese politician, 2nd Prime Minister of Malta (b.", "1876)*1935 – Eugene Augustin Lauste, French-American inventor (b.", "1857)*1944 – Milan Hodža, Czech journalist and politician, 10th Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia (b.", "1878)*1946 – Wanda Gág, American author and illustrator (b.", "1893)*1948 – Dorothea Bleek, South African anthropologist and philologist (b.", "1873)*1949 – Frank Smythe, English botanist and mountaineer (b.", "1900)*1950 – Milada Horáková, Czech politician, victim of judicial murder (b.", "1901)*1952 – Max Dehn, German-American mathematician and academic (b.", "1878)*1957 – Hermann Buhl, Austrian soldier and mountaineer (b.", "1924)*1960 – Lottie Dod, English tennis player, golfer, and archer (b.", "1871)* 1960 – Harry Pollitt, British politician and Secretary General of the Communist Party of Great Britain (b.", "1890)*1962 – Paul Viiding, Estonian author, poet, and critic (b.", "1904)*1967 – Jaan Lattik, Estonian pastor and politician, 9th Minister of Foreign Affairs of Estonia (b.", "1878)*1970 – Daniel Kinsey, American hurdler and scholar (b.", "1902)*1973 – Ida Mett, Belarusian Jewish anarchist (b.", "1901)*1975 – G.I.", "Taylor, English mathematician and physicist (b.", "1886)*1977 – Arthur Perdue, American businessman (b.", "1885)*1986 – George Nēpia, New Zealand rugby player and referee (b.", "1905)*1987 – Billy Snedden, Australian lawyer and politician, 17th Attorney-General for Australia (b.", "1926)*1989 – A. J. Ayer, English philosopher and academic (b.", "1910)*1991 – Milton Subotsky, American-English screenwriter and producer (b.", "1921)*1996 – Albert R. Broccoli, American film producer (b.", "1909)*1998 – Gilles Rocheleau, Canadian businessman and politician (b.", "1935)*1999 – Georgios Papadopoulos, Greek colonel and politician, 169th Prime Minister of Greece (b.", "1919)*2000 – Pierre Pflimlin, French lawyer and politician, Prime Minister of France (b.", "1907)*2001 – Tove Jansson, Finnish author, illustrator, and painter (b.", "1914)* 2001 – Jack Lemmon, American actor (b.", "1925)* 2001 – Joan Sims, English actress (b.", "1930)*2002 – John Entwistle, English singer-songwriter, bass guitarist, and producer (b.", "1944)* 2002 – Robert L. J.", "Long, American admiral (b.", "1920)*2003 – David Newman, American director, producer, and screenwriter (b.", "1937)*2004 – George Patton IV, American general (b.", "1923)* 2004 – Darrell Russell, American race car driver (b.", "1968)*2005 – Shelby Foote, American historian and author (b.", "1916)* 2005 – Ray Holmes, English lieutenant and pilot (b.", "1914)* 2005 – John T. Walton, American businessman, co-founded the Children's Scholarship Fund (b.", "1946)*2006 – Eileen Barton, American singer (b.", "1924)* 2006 – Ángel Maturino Reséndiz, Mexican serial killer (b.", "1960)*2007 – William Hutt, Canadian actor (b.", "1920)*2008 – Sam Manekshaw, Indian field marshal (b.", "1914)*2009 – Gale Storm, American actress (b.", "1922)*2010 – Corey Allen, American film and television actor, writer, director, and producer (b.", "1934)*2011 – Mike Doyle, English footballer (b.", "1946)*2012 – Stan Cox, English runner (b.", "1918)* 2012 – Rosemary Dobson, Australian poet and illustrator (b.", "1920)*2013 – Stefano Borgonovo, Italian footballer (b.", "1964)* 2013 – Ian Scott, English-New Zealand painter (b.", "1945)*2014 – Edmond Blanchard, Canadian jurist and politician (b.", "1954)* 2014 – Allen Grossman, American poet, critic, and academic (b.", "1932)* 2014 – Leslie Manigat, Haitian educator and politician, 43rd President of Haiti (b.", "1930)* 2014 – Violet Milstead, Canadian World War II aviator and bush pilot (b.", "1919)* 2014 – Rachid Solh, Lebanese politician, 48th Prime Minister of Lebanon (b.", "1926)*2015 – Zvi Elpeleg, Polish-Israeli diplomat, author, and academic (b.", "1926)* 2015 – Knut Helle, Norwegian historian and professor (b.", "1930)* 2015 – Chris Squire, English musician (bass guitarist), singer and songwriter, member of the rock band Yes (b.", "1948)*2016 – Bud Spencer, Italian swimmer, actor, and screenwriter (b.", "1929)*2017 – Peter L. Berger, Austrian sociologist (b.", "1929)*2018 – Joe Jackson, American manager, father of Michael Jackson and Janet Jackson (b.", "1928)* 2018 – Liz Jackson, Australian journalist and former barrister (b.", "1951)* 2018 – William McBride, Australian obstetrician (b.", "1927)" ], [ "Holidays and observances", "*Christian feast day:**Arialdo**Crescens, one of the Seventy disciples**Cyril of Alexandria (Coptic Church, Roman Catholic Church, Anglican Communion and Lutheran Church)**Ladislaus I of Hungary**Our Lady of Perpetual Help**Sampson the Hospitable**Zoilus**June 27 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)*Canadian Multiculturalism Day (Canada)*Commemoration Day for the Victims of the Communist Regime (Czech Republic)* Day of Turkmen Workers of Culture and Art and poetry of Magtymguly Pyragy (Turkmenistan)*Helen Keller Day (United States)*Independence Day, celebrates the independence of Djibouti from France in 1977.", "*Mixed Race Day (Brazil)*National PTSD Awareness Day (United States) *Seven Sleepers' Day or ''Siebenschläfertag'' (Germany)*Unity Day (Tajikistan)" ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* * *" ] ]
wikipedia
[ [ "June 28" ], [ "Introduction" ], [ "Events", "===Pre-1600===*1098 – Fighters of the First Crusade defeat Kerbogha of Mosul at the battle of Antioch.", "*1360 – Muhammed VI becomes the tenth Nasrid king of Granada after killing his brother-in-law Ismail II.", "*1461 – Edward, Earl of March, is crowned King Edward IV of England.", "*1495 – A French force heavily defeats a much larger Neapolitan and Spanish army at the battle of Seminara, leading to the creation of the Tercios by Gonzalo de Córdoba.", "*1519 – Charles V is elected Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire.", "*1575 – Sengoku period of Japan: The combined forces of Oda Nobunaga and Tokugawa Ieyasu are victorious in the Battle of Nagashino.===1601–1900===*1635 – Guadeloupe becomes a French colony.", "*1651 – The Battle of Berestechko between Poland and Ukraine starts.", "*1745 – A New England colonial army captures the French fortifications at Louisbourg (New Style).", "*1776 – American Revolutionary War: The Battle of Sullivan's Island ends with the American victory, leading to the commemoration of Carolina Day.", "* 1776 – American Revolutionary War: Thomas Hickey, Continental Army private and bodyguard to General George Washington, is hanged for mutiny and sedition.", "*1778 – American Revolutionary War: The American Continentals engage the British in the Battle of Monmouth Courthouse resulting in standstill and British withdrawal under cover of darkness.", "*1797 – French troops disembark in Corfu, beginning the French rule in the Ionian Islands.", "*1807 – Second British invasion of the Río de la Plata; John Whitelocke lands at Ensenada on an attempt to recapture Buenos Aires and is defeated by the locals.", "*1838 – Coronation of Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom.", "*1841 – The Paris Opera Ballet premieres ''Giselle'' in the Salle Le Peletier.", "*1855 – Sigma Chi fraternity is founded in North America.", "*1859 – The first conformation dog show is held in Newcastle upon Tyne, England.", "*1865 – The Army of the Potomac is disbanded.", "*1870 – The US Congress establishes the first federal holidays (New Year Day, July 4th, Thanksgiving, and Christmas).", "*1880 – Australian bushranger Ned Kelly is captured at Glenrowan.", "*1881 – The Austro–Serbian Alliance of 1881 is secretly signed.", "*1882 – The Anglo-French Convention of 1882 marks the territorial boundaries between Guinea and Sierra Leone.", "*1894 – Labor Day becomes an official US holiday.", "*1895 – The United States Court of Private Land Claims rules James Reavis’s claim to Barony of Arizona is \"wholly fictitious and fraudulent.", "\"*1896 – An explosion in the Newton Coal Company's Twin Shaft Mine in Pittston, Pennsylvania results in a massive cave-in that kills 58 miners.===1901–present===*1902 – The U.S. Congress passes the Spooner Act, authorizing President Theodore Roosevelt to acquire rights from Colombia for the Panama Canal.", "*1904 – The runs aground on Hasselwood Rock in the North Atlantic northwest of Ireland.", "More than 635 people die during the sinking.", "*1911 – The Nakhla meteorite, the first one to suggest signs of aqueous processes on Mars, falls to Earth, landing in Egypt.", "*1914 – Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria and his wife Sophie are assassinated in Sarajevo; this is the ''casus belli'' of World War I.", "*1917 – World War I: Greece joins the Allied powers.", "*1919 – The Treaty of Versailles is signed, ending the state of war between Germany and the Allies of World War I.", "*1921 – Serbian King Alexander I proclaims the new constitution of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, known thereafter as the Vidovdan Constitution.", "*1922 – The Irish Civil War begins with the shelling of the Four Courts in Dublin by Free State forces.", "*1926 – Mercedes-Benz is formed by Gottlieb Daimler and Karl Benz merging their two companies.", "*1936 – The Japanese puppet state of Mengjiang is formed in northern China.", "*1940 – Romania cedes Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina to the Soviet Union after facing an ultimatum.", "*1942 – World War II: Nazi Germany starts its strategic summer offensive against the Soviet Union, codenamed Case Blue.", "*1945 – Poland's Soviet-allied Provisional Government of National Unity is formed over a month after V-E Day.", "*1948 – Cold War: The Tito–Stalin Split results in the expulsion of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia from the Cominform.", "* 1948 – Boxer Dick Turpin beats Vince Hawkins at Villa Park in Birmingham to become the first black British boxing champion in the modern era.", "*1950 – Korean War: Suspected communist sympathizers (between 60,000 and 200,000) are executed in the Bodo League massacre.", "* 1950 – Korean War: Packed with its own refugees fleeing Seoul and leaving their 5th Division stranded, South Korean forces blow up the Hangang Bridge in an attempt to slow North Korea's offensive.", "The city falls later that day.", "* 1950 – Korean War: The Korean People's Army kills almost a thousand doctors, nurses, inpatient civilians and wounded soldiers in the Seoul National University Hospital massacre.", "*1956 – In Poznań, workers from HCP factory go to the streets, sparking one of the first major protests against communist government both in Poland and Europe.", "*1964 – Malcolm X forms the Organization of Afro-American Unity.", "*1969 – Stonewall riots begin in New York City, marking the start of the Gay Rights Movement.", "*1973 – Elections are held for the Northern Ireland Assembly, which will lead to power-sharing between unionists and nationalists in Northern Ireland for the first time.", "*1976 – The Angolan court sentences US and UK mercenaries to death sentences and prison terms in the Luanda Trial.", "*1978 – The United States Supreme Court, in ''Regents of the University of California v. Bakke'' bars quota systems in college admissions.", "*1981 – A powerful bomb explodes in Tehran, killing 73 officials of the Islamic Republican Party.", "*1982 – Aeroflot Flight 8641 crashes in Mazyr, Belarus, killing 132 people.", "*1987 – For the first time in military history, a civilian population is targeted for chemical attack when Iraqi warplanes bombed the Iranian town of Sardasht.", "*1989 – On the 600th anniversary of the Battle of Kosovo, Slobodan Milošević delivers the Gazimestan speech at the site of the historic battle.", "*1997 – Holyfield–Tyson II: Mike Tyson is disqualified in the third round for biting a piece off Evander Holyfield's ear.", "*2001 – Slobodan Milošević is extradited to the ICTY in The Hague to stand trial.", "*2004 – Iraq War: Sovereign power is handed to the interim government of Iraq by the Coalition Provisional Authority, ending the U.S.-led rule of that nation.", "*2009 – Honduran president Manuel Zelaya is ousted by a local military coup following a failed request to hold a referendum to rewrite the Honduran Constitution.", "This was the start of the 2009 Honduran constitutional crisis.", "*2016 – A terrorist attack in Turkey's Istanbul Atatürk Airport kills 42 people and injures more than 230 others." ], [ "Births", "===Pre-1600===* 751 – Carloman I, king of the Franks (d. 771)*1243 – Emperor Go-Fukakusa of Japan (d. 1304)*1444 – Charlotte, Queen of Cyprus (d. 1487)*1476 – Pope Paul IV (d. 1559)*1490 – Albert of Brandenburg, German archbishop (d. 1545)*1491 – Henry VIII of England (d. 1547)*1503 – Giovanni della Casa, Italian author and poet (d. 1556)*1547 – Cristofano Malvezzi, Italian organist and composer (d. 1599)*1557 – Philip Howard, 20th Earl of Arundel, English nobleman (d. 1595)*1560 – Giovanni Paolo Lascaris, Grand Master of the Knights Hospitaller (d. 1657)*1573 – Henry Danvers, 1st Earl of Danby, English noble (d. 1644)*1577 – Peter Paul Rubens, Flemish painter and diplomat (d. 1640)*1582 – William Fiennes, 1st Viscount Saye and Sele, English politician (d. 1662)===1601–1900===*1604 – Heinrich Albert, German composer and poet (d. 1651)*1641 – Marie Casimire Louise de La Grange d'Arquien, consort to King John III Sobieski (d. 1716)*1653 – Muhammad Azam Shah, Mughal emperor (d. 1707)*1703 – John Wesley, English cleric and theologian (d. 1791)*1712 – Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Swiss philosopher and polymath (d. 1778)*1719 – Étienne François, duc de Choiseul, French general and politician, Prime Minister of France (d. 1785)*1734 – Jean-Jacques Beauvarlet-Charpentier, French organist and composer (d. 1794)*1742 – William Hooper, American physician, lawyer, and politician (d. 1790)*1824 – Paul Broca, French physician, anatomist, and anthropologist (d. 1880)*1825 – Emil Erlenmeyer, German chemist (d. 1909)*1831 – Joseph Joachim, Austrian violinist, composer, and conductor (d. 1907)*1836 – Emmanuel Rhoides, Greek journalist and author (d. 1904)*1844 – John Boyle O'Reilly, Irish-born poet, journalist and fiction writer (d. 1890)*1852 – Charles Cruft, English showman, founded Crufts Dog Show (d. 1938)*1867 – Luigi Pirandello, Italian dramatist, novelist, and poet, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1936)*1873 – Alexis Carrel, French surgeon and biologist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1944)*1875 – Henri Lebesgue, French mathematician and academic (d. 1941)*1879 – Wilhelm Steinkopf, German chemist (d. 1949)*1880 – John Meyers, American swimmer and water polo player (d. 1971)*1883 – Pierre Laval, French soldier and politician, 101st Prime Minister of France (d. 1945)*1884 – Lamina Sankoh, Sierra Leonean banker and politician (d. 1964)*1888 – George Challenor, Barbadian cricketer (d. 1947)* 1888 – Stefi Geyer, Hungarian violinist and educator (d. 1956)*1891 – Esther Forbes, American historian and author (d. 1968)* 1891 – Carl Spaatz, American general (d. 1974)*1892 – Carl Panzram, American serial killer (d. 1930)*1893 – August Zamoyski, Polish-French sculptor (d. 1970)*1894 – Jessie Baetz, Canadian-American artist, composer and pianist (d. 1974 or later)* 1894 – Francis Hunter, American tennis player (d. 1981)===1901–present===*1902 – Richard Rodgers, American playwright and composer (d. 1979)*1906 – Maria Goeppert Mayer, German-American physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1972)*1907 – Jimmy Mundy, American saxophonist and composer (d. 1983)* 1907 – Yvonne Sylvain, First female Haitian physician (d. 1989)*1909 – Eric Ambler, English author and screenwriter (d. 1998)*1912 – Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker, German physicist and philosopher (d. 2007)*1913 – Franz Antel, Austrian director and producer (d. 2007)* 1913 – George Lloyd, English soldier and composer (d. 1998)* 1913 – Walter Oesau, German colonel and pilot (d. 1944)*1914 – Aribert Heim, Austrian SS physician and Nazi war criminal (d. 1992)*1917 – A. E. Hotchner, American author and playwright (d. 2020)*1918 – William Whitelaw, 1st Viscount Whitelaw, Scottish-English politician, Deputy Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1999)*1919 – Joseph P. Lordi, American government official (d. 1983)*1920 – Clarissa Eden, Spouse of the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 2021)*1921 – P. V. Narasimha Rao, Indian lawyer and politician, 9th Prime Minister of India (d. 2004)*1923 – Pete Candoli, American trumpet player (d. 2008)* 1923 – Adolfo Schwelm Cruz, Argentinian racing driver (d. 2012)* 1923 – Gaye Stewart, Canadian ice hockey player (d. 2010)*1924 – Kalevi Keihänen, Finnish entrepreneur (d. 1995)*1926 – George Booth, American cartoonist (d. 2022)* 1926 – Mel Brooks, American actor, director, producer, and screenwriter* 1926 – Robert Ledley, American academic and inventor (d. 2012)*1927 – Correlli Barnett, English historian and author (d. 2022)* 1927 – Frank Sherwood Rowland, American chemist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2012)*1928 – Hans Blix, Swedish politician and diplomat, 33rd Swedish Minister of Foreign Affairs* 1928 – Patrick Hemingway, American writer* 1928 – Harold Evans, English-American historian and journalist (d. 2020)* 1928 – Peter Heine, South African cricketer (d. 2005)* 1928 – Cyril Smith, English politician (d. 2010)*1929 – Alfred Miodowicz, Polish politician (d. 2021)*1930 – William C. Campbell, Irish-American biologist and parasitologist, Nobel Prize laureate* 1930 – Itamar Franco, Brazilian engineer and politician, 33rd President of Brazil (d. 2011)* 1930 – Jack Gold, English director and producer (d. 2015)*1931 – Hans Alfredson, Swedish actor, director, and screenwriter (d. 2017)* 1931 – Junior Johnson, American race car driver (d. 2019)* 1931 – Lucien Victor, Belgian cyclist (d. 1995)*1932 – Pat Morita, American actor (d. 2005)*1933 – Gusty Spence, Northern Irish loyalist and politician (d. 2011)*1934 – Robert Carswell, Baron Carswell, Northern Irish lawyer and judge, Lord Chief Justice of Northern Ireland* 1934 – Roy Gilchrist, Jamaican cricketer (d. 2001)* 1934 – Bette Greene, American journalist and author (d. 2020)* 1934 – Carl Levin, American lawyer and politician (d. 2021)* 1934 – Georges Wolinski, Tunisian-French journalist and cartoonist (d. 2015)*1935 – John Inman, English actor (d. 2007)*1936 – Chuck Howley, American football player*1937 – George Knudson, Canadian golfer (d. 1989)* 1937 – Fernand Labrie, Canadian endocrinologist and academic (d. 2019)* 1937 – Ron Luciano, American baseball player and umpire (d. 1995)*1938 – John Byner, American actor and comedian* 1938 – Leon Panetta, American lawyer and politician, 23rd United States Secretary of Defense* 1938 – S. Sivamaharajah, Sri Lankan Tamil newspaper publisher and politician (d. 2006)* 1938 – Simon Douglas-Pennant, 7th Baron Penrhyn, British baron*1939 – Klaus Schmiegel, German chemist*1940 – Karpal Singh, Malaysian lawyer and politician (d. 2014)* 1940 – Muhammad Yunus, Bangladeshi economist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate*1941 – Al Downing, American baseball player and sportscaster* 1941 – Joseph Goguen, American computer scientist and academic, developed the OBJ language (d. 2006)* 1941 – David Johnston, Canadian academic, lawyer, and politician, 28th Governor General of Canada*1942 – Chris Hani, South African politician (d. 1993)* 1942 – Hans-Joachim Walde, German decathlete (d. 2013)* 1942 – Frank Zane, American professional bodybuilder and author*1943 – Jens Birkemose, Danish painter* 1943 – Donald Johanson, American paleontologist and academic* 1943 – Klaus von Klitzing, German physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate*1945 – Ken Buchanan, Scottish boxer (d. 2023)* 1945 – David Knights, English bass player and producer* 1945 – Raul Seixas, Brazilian singer-songwriter, guitarist, and producer (d. 1989)* 1945 – Türkan Şoray, Turkish actress, director, and screenwriter*1946 – Robert Asprin, American soldier and author (d. 2008)* 1946 – Bruce Davison, American actor and director* 1946 – David Duckham, English rugby player (d. 2023)* 1946 – Robert Xavier Rodríguez, American classical composer* 1946 – Jaime Guzmán, Chilean lawyer and politician (d. 1991)* 1946 – Gilda Radner, American actress and comedian (d. 1989)*1947 – Mark Helprin, American novelist and journalist* 1947 – Laura Tyson, American economist and academic*1948 – Kathy Bates, American actress* 1948 – Sergei Bodrov, Russian-American director, producer, and screenwriter* 1948 – Deborah Moggach, English author and screenwriter* 1948 – Daniel Wegner, Canadian-American psychologist and academic (d. 2013)*1949 – Don Baylor, American baseball player and coach (d. 2017)*1950 – Philip Fowke, English pianist and educator* 1950 – Mauricio Rojas, Chilean-Swedish economist and politician* 1950 – Chris Speier, American baseball player and coach*1951 – Mick Cronin, Australian rugby league player and coach* 1951 – Mark Shand, English conservationist and author (d. 2014)* 1951 – Lalla Ward, English actress and author*1952 – Enis Batur, Turkish poet and author* 1952 – Pietro Mennea, Italian sprinter and politician (d. 2013)* 1952 – Jean-Christophe Rufin, French physician and author*1954 – A.", "A. Gill, Scottish author and critic (d. 2016)* 1954 – Alice Krige, South African actress * 1955 – Shirley Cheriton, British actress*1956 – Amira Hass, Israeli journalist and author* 1956 – Noel Mugavin, Australian footballer and coach*1957 – Lance Nethery, Canadian ice hockey player and coach* 1957 – Georgi Parvanov, Bulgarian historian and politician, 4th President of Bulgaria* 1957 – Mike Skinner, American race car driver* 1957 – Jim Spanarkel, American basketball player and sportscaster*1958 – Donna Edwards, American lawyer and politician* 1958 – Félix Gray, Tunisian-French singer-songwriter*1959 – Clint Boon, English singer and keyboard player * 1959 – John Shelley, British illustrator*1960 – John Elway, American football player and manager* 1960 – Roland Melanson, Canadian ice hockey player and coach*1961 – Kurt Eichenwald, American journalist*1961 – Jeff Malone, American basketball player and coach*1962 – Anișoara Cușmir-Stanciu, Romanian long jumper* 1962 – Artur Hajzer, Polish mountaineer (d. 2013)* 1962 – Ann-Louise Skoglund, Swedish hurdler*1963 – Peter Baynham, Welsh actor, producer, and screenwriter* 1963 – Charlie Clouser, American keyboard player, songwriter, and producer *1964 – Christina Ashcroft, Canadian sport shooter* 1964 – Mark Grace, American baseball player and sportscaster* 1964 – Bernie McCahill, New Zealand rugby player* 1964 – Dan Stains, Australian rugby league player and coach* 1964 – Steve Williamson, English saxophonist and composer *1965 – Jessica Hecht, American actress * 1965 – Tiaan Strauss, South African rugby player*1966 – Peeter Allik, Estonian painter and illustrator (d. 2019)* 1966 – Bobby Bare Jr., American singer-songwriter and guitarist * 1966 – John Cusack, American actor and screenwriter* 1966 – Mary Stuart Masterson, American actress*1967 – Leona Aglukkaq, Canadian politician, 7th Canadian Minister of Health* 1967 – Gil Bellows, Canadian actor and producer* 1967 – Zhong Huandi, Chinese runner* 1967 – Lars Riedel, German discus thrower*1968 – Chayanne, Puerto Rican-American singer-songwriter and actor *1969 – Tichina Arnold, American actress and singer* 1969 – Stéphane Chapuisat, Swiss footballer* 1969 – Fabrizio Mori, Italian hurdler*1970 – Mushtaq Ahmed, Pakistani cricketer and coach* 1970 – Tom Merritt, American journalist* 1970 – Mike White, American actor, director, producer, and screenwriter*1971 – Lorenzo Amoruso, Italian footballer* 1971 – Fabien Barthez, French footballer* 1971 – Bobby Hurley, American basketball player and coach* 1971 – Ron Mahay, American baseball player and scout* 1971 – Elon Musk, South African-born American entrepreneur* 1971 – Aileen Quinn, American actress and singer*1972 – Ngô Bảo Châu, Vietnamese-French mathematician and academic* 1972 – Chris Leslie, English politician, Shadow Chancellor of the Exchequer* 1972 – Geeta Tripathee, Nepali poet, lyricist and literary critic* 1972 – Alessandro Nivola, American actor*1973 – Adrián Annus, Hungarian hammer thrower* 1973 – Corey Koskie, Canadian baseball player*1974 – Rob Dyrdek, American skateboarder, entrepreneur, and reality television star*1975 – Jon Nödtveidt, Swedish singer-songwriter, and guitarist (d. 2006)*1976 – Shinobu Asagoe, Japanese tennis player* 1976 – Seth Wescott, American snowboarder*1977 – Chris Spurling, American baseball player* 1977 – Mark Stoermer, American bass player, songwriter, and producer* 1977 – Harun Tekin, Turkish singer and guitarist *1978 – Simon Larose, Canadian tennis player*1979 – Felicia Day, American actress and writer* 1979 – Randy McMichael, American football player* 1979 – Florian Zeller, French author and playwright*1980 – Jevgeni Novikov, Estonian footballer*1981 – Savage, New Zealand rapper * 1981 – Michael Crafter, Australian singer-songwriter * 1981 – Guillermo Martínez, Cuban javelin thrower* 1981 – Brandon Phillips, American baseball player*1982 – Ibrahim Camejo, Cuban long jumper*1985 – Phil Bardsley, English footballer* 1985 – Colt Hynes, American baseball player*1986 – Kellie Pickler, American singer-songwriter*1987 – Sonata Tamošaitytė, Lithuanian hurdler* 1987 – Terrence Williams, American basketball player*1989 – Jason Clark, Australian rugby league player* 1989 – Andrew Fifita, Australian rugby league player* 1989 – David Fifita, Australian rugby league player* 1989 – Julia Zlobina, Russian-Azerbaijani figure skater* 1989 – Markiplier, American internet personality* 1989 – Nicole Rottmann, Austrian tennis player*1991 – Seohyun, South Korean singer, dancer, and actress* 1991 – Kevin De Bruyne, Belgian footballer* 1991 – Kang Min-hyuk, South Korean singer, drummer, and actor*1992 – Oscar Hiljemark, Swedish footballer* 1992 – Elaine Thompson, Jamaican sprinter*1993 – Bradley Beal, American basketball player*1994 – Hussein, Crown Prince of Jordan*1996 – Donna Vekić, Croatian tennis player* 1996 – Larissa Werbicki, Canadian rower*1997 – Tadasuke Makino, Japanese racing driver* 1997 – Shakur Stevenson, American boxer*1999 – Markéta Vondroušová, Czech tennis player*2002 – Marta Kostyuk, Ukrainian tennis player" ], [ "Deaths", "===Pre-1600===* 202 – Yuan Shao, Chinese warlord* 548 – Theodora I, Byzantine empress* 572 – Alboin, King of the Lombards* 683 – Leo II, pope of the Catholic Church (b.", "611)*767 – Paul I, pope of the Catholic Church (b.", "700)* 975 – Cyneweard, bishop of Wells*1031 – Taira no Tadatsune, Japanese governor*1061 – Floris I, count of Holland*1175 – Andrey Bogolyubsky, Russian Grand Prince (b.", "1111)*1189 – Matilda of England, Duchess of Saxony, (b.", "1156)*1194 – Xiao Zong, Chinese emperor (b.", "1127)*1385 – Andronikos IV, Byzantine emperor (b.", "1348)*1497 – James Tuchet, 7th Baron Audley, English rebel leader (b. c. 1463)*1575 – Yonekura Shigetsugu, Japanese samurai*1586 – Primož Trubar, Slovenian author and reformer (b.", "1508)*1598 – Abraham Ortelius, Flemish cartographer and geographer (b.", "1527)===1601–1900===*1607 – Domenico Fontana, Italian architect (b.", "1543)*1716 – George FitzRoy, 1st Duke of Northumberland, English general and politician, Lord Lieutenant of Berkshire (b.", "1665)*1757 – Sophia Dorothea of Hanover, queen consort of Frederick William I (b.", "1687)*1798 – John Henry Colclough, Irish revolutionary (b. c. 1769)*1813 – Gerhard von Scharnhorst, Prussian general and politician, Prussian Minister of War (b.", "1755)*1834 – Joseph Bové, Russian architect, designed the Triumphal Arch of Moscow (b.", "1784)*1836 – James Madison, American academic and politician, 4th President of the United States (b.", "1751)*1880 – Texas Jack Omohundro, American soldier and hunter (b.", "1846)*1881 – Jules Armand Dufaure, French politician, 33rd Prime Minister of France (b.", "1798)*1889 – Maria Mitchell, American astronomer and academic (b.", "1818)*1892 – Alexandros Rizos Rangavis, Greek poet and politician, Greek Foreign Minister (b.", "1810)===1901–present===*1913 – Manuel Ferraz de Campos Sales, Brazilian lawyer and politician, 4th President of Brazil (b.", "1841)*1914 – Sophie, duchess of Hohenberg (b.", "1868)* 1914 – Franz Ferdinand, archduke of Austria (b.", "1863)*1915 – Victor Trumper, Australian cricketer (b.", "1877)*1917 – Ștefan Luchian, Romanian painter and educator (b.", "1868)*1922 – Velimir Khlebnikov, Russian poet and playwright (b.", "1885)*1925 – Georgina Febres-Cordero, Venezuelan nun (b.", "1861)*1925 – Henry C. Berghoff, German-American politician (b.", "1856)*1929 – Edward Carpenter, English poet and philosopher (b.", "1844)*1936 – Alexander Berkman, American author and activist (b.", "1870)*1939 – Douglas H. Johnston, governor of the Chickasaw Nation (b.", "1856) *1940 – Italo Balbo, Italian air marshal and politician (b.", "1896) *1944 – Friedrich Dollmann, German general (b.", "1882)*1945 – Yunus Nadi Abalıoğlu, Turkish journalist (b.", "1879) *1947 – Stanislav Kostka Neumann, Czech writer, poet and journalist (b.", "1875)*1960 – Jake Swirbul, American businessman, co-founded the Grumman Aircraft Engineering Corporation (b.", "1898)*1962 – Mickey Cochrane, American baseball player and manager (b.", "1903)* 1962 – Cy Morgan, American baseball player (b.", "1878)*1965 – Red Nichols, American cornet player, bandleader, and composer (b.", "1905)*1966 – Mehmet Fuat Köprülü, Turkish historian and politician, 21st Deputy Prime Minister of Turkey (b.", "1890)*1971 – Franz Stangl, Austrian SS officer (b.", "1908)*1974 – Vannevar Bush, American engineer and academic (b.", "1890)*1975 – Constantinos Apostolou Doxiadis, Greek architect (b.", "1913)* 1975 – Rod Serling, American screenwriter and producer (b.", "1924)*1978 – Clifford Dupont, English-Rhodesian lawyer and politician, 1st President of Rhodesia (b.", "1905)*1980 – José Iturbi, Spanish pianist and conductor (b.", "1895)*1981 – Terry Fox, Canadian runner and activist (b.", "1958)*1983 – Alf Francis, German-English motor racing mechanic and racing car constructor (b.", "1918)*1984 – Yigael Yadin, Israeli archaeologist, general, and politician (b.", "1917)*1985 – Lynd Ward, American author and illustrator (b.", "1905)*1989 – Joris Ivens, Dutch journalist, director, and producer (b.", "1898)*1992 – Guy Nève, Belgian racing driver (b.", "1955)* 1992 – Mikhail Tal, Latvian chess player (b.", "1936)*1995 – Petri Walli, Finnish singer-songwriter, guitarist, and producer (b.", "1969)*1999 – Vere Bird, first Prime Minister of Antigua and Barbuda (b.", "1910)*2000 – Nils Poppe, Swedish actor, director, and screenwriter (b.", "1908)*2001 – Mortimer J. Adler, American philosopher and author (b.", "1902)*2003 – Joan Lowery Nixon, American journalist and author (b.", "1927)*2004 – Anthony Buckeridge, English author (b.", "1912)*2005 – Brenda Howard, American activist (b.", "1946)* 2005 – Michael P. Murphy, American lieutenant, Medal of Honor recipient (b.", "1976)*2006 – Jim Baen, American publisher, founded Baen Books (b.", "1943)* 2006 – Peter Rawlinson, Baron Rawlinson of Ewell, English lawyer and politician, Attorney General for England and Wales (b.", "1919)* 2006 – George Unwin, English pilot and commander (b.", "1913)*2007 – Eugene B. Fluckey, American admiral, Medal of Honor recipient (b.", "1913)* 2007 – Kiichi Miyazawa, Japanese lawyer and politician, 78th Prime Minister of Japan (b.", "1919)*2009 – A. K. Lohithadas, Indian director, producer, and screenwriter (b.", "1955)* 2009 – Billy Mays, American TV personality (b.", "1958)*2010 – Robert Byrd, American lawyer and politician (b.", "1917)*2012 – Richard Isay, American psychiatrist and author (b.", "1934)* 2012 – Leontine T. Kelly, American bishop (b.", "1920)* 2012 – Robert Sabatier, French author and poet (b.", "1923)* 2012 – Doris Sams, American baseball player (b.", "1927)*2013 – Ted Hood, American sailor and architect (b.", "1927)* 2013 – Tamás Katona, Hungarian historian and politician (b.", "1932)* 2013 – Kenneth Minogue, New Zealand-Australian political scientist and academic (b.", "1930)* 2013 – F. D. Reeve, American author and academic (b.", "1928)* 2013 – David Rubitsky, American sergeant (b.", "1917)*2014 – Seymour Barab, American cellist and composer (b.", "1921)* 2014 – Jim Brosnan, American baseball player (b.", "1929)* 2014 – On Kawara, Japanese painter (b.", "1933)* 2014 – Meshach Taylor, American actor (b.", "1947)*2015 – Jack Carter, American actor and comedian (b.", "1922) * 2015 – Jope Seniloli, Fijian politician, Vice-President of Fiji (b.", "1939)* 2015 – Wally Stanowski, Canadian ice hockey player (b.", "1919)*2016 – Scotty Moore, American guitarist (b.", "1931)* 2016 – Pat Summitt, American women's college basketball head coach (b.", "1952)* 2016 – Buddy Ryan, American football coach (b.", "1931)*2018 – Harlan Ellison, American writer (b.", "1934)*2023 – Lowell Weicker, French-American politician, 85th Governor of Connecticut (b.", "1931)" ], [ "Holidays and observances", "*Christian feast day:**Basilides and Potamiana**Irenaeus of Lyon (Western Christianity)**Heimerad**Blessed Maria Pia Mastena**Paulus I**Vincenza Gerosa**June 28 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)*Constitution Day (Ukraine)*Poznań Remembrance Day (Poland)*Vidovdan, celebrating St. Vitus and an important day in Serbian history.", "(Eastern Orthodox Church)" ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* * * *" ] ]
wikipedia
[ [ "July 20" ], [ "Introduction" ], [ "Events", "===Pre-1600===*70 – Siege of Jerusalem: Titus, son of emperor Vespasian, storms the Fortress of Antonia north of the Temple Mount.", "The Roman army is drawn into street fights with the Zealots.", "* 792 – Kardam of Bulgaria defeats Byzantine Emperor Constantine VI at the Battle of Marcellae.", "* 911 – Rollo lays siege to Chartres.", "*1189 – Richard I of England officially invested as Duke of Normandy.", "*1225 – Treaty of San Germano is signed at San Germano between Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II and Pope Gregory IX.", "A Dominican named Guala is responsible for the negotiations.", "*1398 – The Battle of Kellistown was fought on this day between the forces of the English led by Roger Mortimer, 4th Earl of March against the O'Byrnes and O'Tooles under the command of Art Óg mac Murchadha Caomhánach, the most powerful Chieftain in Leinster.", "*1402 – Ottoman-Timurid Wars: Battle of Ankara: Timur, ruler of Timurid Empire, defeats forces of the Ottoman Empire sultan Bayezid I.", "*1592 – During the first Japanese invasion of Korea, Japanese forces led by Toyotomi Hideyoshi captured Pyongyang, although they were ultimately unable to hold it.===1601–1900===*1705 – A fire in Oulu, Finland almost completely destroyed the fourth district, which covered the southern part of the city and was by far the largest of the city districts.", "*1715 – Seventh Ottoman–Venetian War: The Ottoman Empire captures Nauplia, the capital of the Republic of Venice's \"Kingdom of the Morea\", thereby opening the way to the swift Ottoman reconquest of the Morea.", "*1738 – Canadian explorer Pierre Gaultier de Varennes et de La Vérendrye reaches the western shore of Lake Michigan.", "*1799 – Tekle Giyorgis I begins his first of six reigns as Emperor of Ethiopia.", "*1807 – Nicéphore Niépce is awarded a patent by Napoleon for the Pyréolophore, the world's first internal combustion engine, after it successfully powered a boat upstream on the river Saône in France.", "*1810 – Citizens of Bogotá, New Granada declare independence from Spain.", "*1831 – Seneca and Shawnee people agree to relinquish their land in western Ohio for 60,000 acres west of the Mississippi River.", "*1848 – The first Women's Rights Convention in Seneca Falls, New York, a two-day event, concludes.", "*1864 – American Civil War: Battle of Peachtree Creek: Near Atlanta, Georgia, Confederate forces led by General John Bell Hood unsuccessfully attack Union troops under General William T.", "Sherman.", "*1866 – Austro-Prussian War: Battle of Lissa: The Austrian Navy, led by Admiral Wilhelm von Tegetthoff, defeats the Italian Navy near the island of Vis in the Adriatic Sea.", "*1871 – British Columbia joins the confederation of Canada.", "*1885 – The Football Association legalizes professionalism in association football under pressure from the British Football Association.===1901–present===*1903 – The Ford Motor Company ships its first automobile.", "*1906 – In Finland, a new electoral law is ratified, guaranteeing the country the first and equal right to vote in the world.", "Finnish women are the first in Europe to receive the right to vote.", "*1917 – World War I: The Corfu Declaration, which leads to the creation of the post-war Kingdom of Yugoslavia, is signed by the Yugoslav Committee and Kingdom of Serbia.", "*1920 – The Greek Army takes control of Silivri after Greece is awarded the city by the Paris Peace Conference; by 1923 Greece effectively lost control to the Turks.", "*1922 – The League of Nations awards mandates of Togoland to France and Tanganyika to the United Kingdom.", "*1932 – In the ''Preußenschlag'', German President Hindenburg places Prussia directly under the rule of the national government.", "*1934 – Labor unrest in the U.S.: Police in Minneapolis fire upon striking truck drivers, during the Minneapolis Teamsters Strike of 1934, killing two and wounding sixty-seven.", "* 1934 – West Coast waterfront strike: In Seattle, police fire tear gas on and club 2,000 striking longshoremen.", "The governor of Oregon calls out the National Guard to break a strike on the Portland docks.", "*1935 – Switzerland: A Royal Dutch Airlines plane en route from Milan to Frankfurt crashes into a Swiss mountain, killing thirteen.", "*1936 – The Montreux Convention is signed in Switzerland, authorizing Turkey to fortify the Dardanelles and Bosphorus but guaranteeing free passage to ships of all nations in peacetime.", "*1938 – The United States Department of Justice files suit in New York City against the motion picture industry charging violations of the Sherman Antitrust Act in regards to the studio system.", "The case would eventually result in a break-up of the industry in 1948.", "*1940 – Denmark leaves the League of Nations.", "* 1940 – California opens its first freeway, the Arroyo Seco Parkway.", "*1941 – Soviet leader Joseph Stalin consolidates the Commissariats of Home Affairs and National Security to form the NKVD and names Lavrentiy Beria its chief.", "*1944 – World War II: Adolf Hitler survives an assassination attempt led by German Army Colonel Claus von Stauffenberg.", "*1949 – The Israel–Syria Mixed Armistice Commission brokers the last of four ceasefire agreements to end the 1948 Arab–Israeli War.", "*1950 – Cold War: In Philadelphia, Harry Gold pleads guilty to spying for the Soviet Union by passing secrets from atomic scientist Klaus Fuchs.", "* 1950 – After a month-long campaign, the majority of North Korea's Air Force was destroyed by anti-communist forces.", "*1951 – King Abdullah I of Jordan is assassinated by a Palestinian while attending Friday prayers in Jerusalem.", "*1954 – Germany: Otto John, head of West Germany's secret service, defects to East Germany.", "*1960 – Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) elects Sirimavo Bandaranaike Prime Minister, the world's first elected female head of government.", "* 1960 – The Polaris missile is successfully launched from a submarine, the , for the first time.", "*1961 – French military forces break the Tunisian siege of Bizerte.", "*1964 – Vietnam War: Viet Cong forces attack the capital of Định Tường Province, Cái Bè, killing 11 South Vietnamese military personnel and 40 civilians (30 of whom are children).", "*1968 – The first International Special Olympics Summer Games are held at Soldier Field in Chicago, with about 1,000 athletes with intellectual disabilities.", "*1969 – Apollo program: Apollo 11's crew successfully makes the first human landing on the Moon in the Sea of Tranquility.", "Americans Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin become the first humans to walk on the Moon six and a half hours later.", "* 1969 – A cease fire is announced between Honduras and El Salvador, six days after the beginning of the \"Football War\".", "*1974 – Turkish invasion of Cyprus: Forces from Turkey invade Cyprus after a ''coup d'état'', organised by the dictator of Greece, against president Makarios.", "*1976 – The American ''Viking 1'' lander successfully lands on Mars.", "*1977 – The Central Intelligence Agency releases documents under the Freedom of Information Act revealing it had engaged in mind-control experiments.", "* 1977 – The Johnstown flood of 1977 kills 84 people and causes millions of dollars in damages.", "*1981 – Somali Airlines Flight 40 crashes in the Balad District of Somalia, killing 40 people.", "*1982 – Hyde Park and Regent's Park bombings: The Provisional IRA detonates two bombs in Hyde Park and Regent's Park in central London, killing eight soldiers, wounding forty-seven people, and leading to the deaths of seven horses.", "*1985 – The government of Aruba passes legislation to secede from the Netherlands Antilles.", "*1989 – Burma's ruling junta puts opposition leader Aung San Suu Kyi under house arrest.", "*1992 – Václav Havel resigns as president of Czechoslovakia.", "*1997 – The fully restored (a.k.a.", "''Old Ironsides'') celebrates its 200th birthday by setting sail for the first time in 116 years.", "*1999 – The Chinese Communist Party begins a persecution campaign against Falun Gong, arresting thousands nationwide.", "*2005 – The Civil Marriage Act legalizes same-sex marriage in Canada.", "*2012 – James Holmes opened fire at a movie theater in Aurora, Colorado, killing 12 and injuring 70 others.", "* 2012 – Syrian civil war: The People's Protection Units (YPG) capture the cities of Amuda and Efrîn without resistance.", "*2013 – Seventeen government soldiers are killed in an attack by FARC revolutionaries in the Colombian department of Arauca.", "* 2013 – Syrian civil war: The Battle of Ras al-Ayn ends with the expulsion of Islamist forces from the city by the People's Protection Units (YPG).", "*2015 – A huge explosion in the mostly Kurdish border town of Suruç, Turkey, targeting the Socialist Youth Associations Federation, kills at least 31 people and injures over 100.", "* 2015 – The United States and Cuba resume full diplomatic relations after five decades.", "*2017 – O. J. Simpson is granted parole to be released from prison after serving nine years of a 33-year sentence after being convicted of armed robbery in Las Vegas.", "*2021 – American businessman Jeff Bezos flies to space aboard New Shepard NS-16 operated by his private spaceflight company Blue Origin." ], [ "Births", "===Pre-1600===* 682 – Taichō, Japanese monk and scholar (d. 767)*1304 – Petrarch, Italian poet and scholar (d. 1374)*1313 – John Tiptoft, 2nd Baron Tibetot (d. 1367)*1346 – Margaret, Countess of Pembroke, daughter of King Edward III of England (d. 1361)*1470 – John Bourchier, 1st Earl of Bath, English noble (d. 1539)*1519 – Pope Innocent IX (d. 1591)*1537 – Arnaud d'Ossat, French cardinal (d. 1604)*1583 – Alban Roe, English Benedictine martyr (d. 1642)*1591 – Anne Hutchinson, English Puritan preacher (d. 1643)*1592 – Johan Björnsson Printz, governor of New Sweden (d. 1663)===1601–1900===*1601 – Robert Wallop, English politician (d. 1667)*1620 – Nikolaes Heinsius the Elder, Dutch poet and scholar (d. 1681)*1649 – William Bentinck, 1st Earl of Portland (d. 1709)*1754 – Antoine Destutt de Tracy, French philosopher and academic (d. 1836)*1757 – Garsevan Chavchavadze, Georgian politician and diplomat (d. 1811)*1762 – Jakob Haibel, Austrian tenor and composer (d. 1826)*1774 – Auguste de Marmont, French general (d. 1852)*1789 – Mahmud II, Ottoman sultan (d. 1839)*1804 – Richard Owen, English biologist, anatomist, and paleontologist (d. 1892)*1816 – sir William Bowman, English surgeon, histologist and anatomist.", "(d. 1892)*1822 – Gregor Mendel, Austro-German monk, geneticist and botanist (d. 1884)*1838 – Augustin Daly, American playwright and manager (d. 1899)*1830 – Clements Markham, English explorer (d. 1916)* 1838 – William Paine Lord, American lawyer and politician, 9th Governor of Oregon (d. 1911)* 1838 – Sir George Trevelyan, 2nd Baronet, English civil servant and politician, Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster (d. 1928)*1847 – Max Liebermann, German painter and academic (d. 1935)*1849 – Robert Anderson Van Wyck, American lawyer and politician, 91st Mayor of New York City (d. 1918)*1852 – Theo Heemskerk, Dutch lawyer and politician, Prime Minister of the Netherlands (d. 1932)*1854 – Philomène Belliveau, Canadian artist (d. 1940)*1864 – Erik Axel Karlfeldt, Swedish poet, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1931)* 1864 – Ruggero Oddi, Italian physiologist and anatomist (d. 1913)*1868 – Miron Cristea, Romanian cleric and politician, 38th Prime Minister of Romania (d. 1939)*1873 – Alberto Santos-Dumont, Brazilian pilot (d. 1932)*1876 – Otto Blumenthal, German mathematician and academic (d. 1944)*1877 – Tom Crean, Irish sailor and explorer (d. 1938)*1882 – Olga Hahn-Neurath, Austrian mathematician and philosopher (d. 1937)*1889 – John Reith, 1st Baron Reith, Scottish broadcaster, co-founded BBC (d. 1971)*1890 – Verna Felton, American actress (d. 1966)* 1890 – Julie Vinter Hansen, Danish-Swiss astronomer and academic (d. 1960)* 1890 – Giorgio Morandi, Italian painter (d. 1964) *1893 – George Llewelyn Davies, English soldier (d. 1915)*1895 – László Moholy-Nagy, Hungarian painter, photographer, and sculptor (d. 1946)*1897 – Tadeusz Reichstein, Polish-Swiss chemist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1996)*1900 – Maurice Leyland, English cricketer and coach (d. 1967)===1901–present===*1901 – Vehbi Koç, Turkish businessman and philanthropist, founded Koç Holding (d. 1996)* 1901 – Eugenio Lopez Sr., Filipino businessman and founder of the Lopez Group of Companies (d. 1975)* 1901 – Heinie Manush, American baseball player and manager (d. 1971)* 1901 – Ida Mett, Belarusian Jewish anarchist (d. 1973)*1902 – Leonidas Berry, American gastroenterologist (d. 1995)*1905 – Joseph Levis, American foil fencer (d. 2005)*1909 – Eric Rowan, South African cricketer (d. 1993)*1910 – Vilém Tauský, Czech-English conductor and composer (d. 2004)*1911 – Baqa Jilani, Indian cricketer (d. 1941)* 1911 – José Zabala-Santos, Filipino author and illustrator (d. 1985)* 1911 – Loda Halama, Polish dancer and actress (d. 1996)*1912 – George Johnston, Australian journalist and author (d. 1970)*1914 – Dobri Dobrev, Bulgarian philanthropist (d. 2018)* 1914 – Charilaos Florakis, Greek politician (d. 2005)* 1914 – Ersilio Tonini, Italian cardinal (d. 2013)*1918 – Cindy Walker, American singer-songwriter and dancer (d. 2006)*1919 – Edmund Hillary, New Zealand mountaineer and explorer (d. 2008)* 1919 – Jacquemine Charrott Lodwidge, English writer (d. 2012)*1920 – Elliot Richardson, American lieutenant and politician, 11th United States Secretary of Defense (d. 1999)*1921 – Henri Alleg, English-French journalist and author (d. 2013)*1922 – Alan Stephenson Boyd, American lawyer and politician, 1st United States Secretary of Transportation (d. 2020)*1923 – Stanisław Albinowski, Polish economist and journalist (d. 2005)*1924 – Lola Albright, American actress and singer (d. 2017)* 1924 – Thomas Berger, American author and playwright (d. 2014)* 1924 – Mort Garson, Canadian-American songwriter and composer (d. 2008)*1925 – Jacques Delors, French economist and politician, 8th President of the European Commission (d. 2023)* 1925 – Frantz Fanon, French–Algerian psychiatrist and philosopher (d. 1961)*1927 – Barbara Bergmann, American economist and academic (d. 2015)* 1927 – Heather Chasen, English actress (d. 2020)* 1927 – Michael Gielen, Austrian conductor and composer (d. 2019)* 1927 – Ian P. Howard, English-Canadian psychologist and academic (d. 2013)*1928 – Józef Czyrek, Polish economist and politician, Polish Minister of Foreign Affairs (d. 2013)* 1928 – Belaid Abdessalam, Prime Minister of Algeria (d. 2020)*1929 – Hazel Hawke, Australian social worker and pianist, 23rd Spouse of the Prime Minister of Australia (d. 2013)* 1929 – Mike Ilitch, American businessman, co-founded Little Caesars (d. 2017)* 1929 – Rajendra Kumar, Pakistani-Indian actor and producer (d. 1999)* 1929 – David Tonkin, Australian politician, 38th Premier of South Australia (d. 2000)*1930 – Giannis Agouris, Greek journalist and author (d. 2006)* 1930 – Chuck Daly, American basketball player and coach (d. 2009)* 1930 – William H. Goetzmann, American historian and author (d. 2010)* 1930 – Sally Ann Howes, English-American singer and actress (d. 2021)*1931 – Tony Marsh, English race car driver (d. 2009)*1932 – Nam June Paik, American artist (d. 2006)* 1932 – Otto Schily, German lawyer and politician, German Minister of the Interior*1933 – Buddy Knox, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 1999)* 1933 – Cormac McCarthy, American novelist, playwright, and screenwriter (d. 2023)* 1933 – Rex Williams, English snooker player*1935 – Peter Palumbo, Baron Palumbo, English businessman and art collector*1936 – Alistair MacLeod, Canadian novelist and short story writer (d. 2014)* 1936 – Barbara Mikulski, American social worker and politician*1938 – Deniz Baykal, Turkish lawyer and politician, Deputy Prime Minister of Turkey (d. 2023)* 1938 – Roger Hunt, English footballer (d. 2021)* 1938 – Tony Oliva, Cuban-American baseball player and coach* 1938 – Diana Rigg, English actress (d. 2020)* 1938 – Natalie Wood, American actress (d. 1981)*1939 – Judy Chicago, American feminist artist*1941 – Don Chuy, American football player (d. 2014)* 1941 – Periklis Korovesis, Greek author and journalist (d. 2020)* 1941 – Kurt Raab, German actor, screenwriter, and production designer (d. 1988)*1942 – Pete Hamilton, American race car driver (d. 2017)*1943 – Chris Amon, New Zealand race car driver (d. 2016)* 1943 – John Lodge, English singer-songwriter, bass player, and producer * 1943 – Bob McNab, English footballer* 1943 – Adrian Păunescu, Romanian poet, journalist, and politician (d. 2010)* 1943 – Wendy Richard, English actress (d. 2009)*1944 – Mel Daniels, American basketball player and coach (d. 2015)* 1944 – W. Cary Edwards, American politician (d. 2010)* 1944 – Olivier de Kersauson, French sailor* 1944 – T. G. Sheppard, American country music singer-songwriter*1945 – Charles Bowden, American non-fiction author, journalist and essayist (d. 2014)* 1945 – Kim Carnes, American singer-songwriter* 1945 – Larry Craig, American soldier and politician* 1945 – Bo Rein, American football player and coach (d. 1980)*1946 – Randal Kleiser, American actor, director, and producer *1947 – Gerd Binnig, German physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate* 1947 – Carlos Santana, Mexican-American singer-songwriter and guitarist *1948 – Muse Watson, American actor and producer*1950 – Edward Leigh, English lawyer and politician* 1950 – Lucille Lemay, Canadian archer*1951 – Jeff Rawle, English actor and screenwriter*1953 – Dave Evans, Welsh-Australian singer-songwriter * 1953 – Thomas Friedman, American journalist and author* 1953 – Marcia Hines, American-Australian singer and actress*1954 – Moira Harris, American actress* 1954 – Jay Jay French, American guitarist and producer *1955 – Desmond Douglas, Jamaican-English table tennis player* 1955 – René-Daniel Dubois, Canadian actor and playwright* 1955 – Jem Finer, English banjo player and songwriter *1956 – Paul Cook, English drummer * 1956 – Thomas N'Kono, Cameroonian footballer* 1956 – Jim Prentice, Canadian lawyer and politician, 16th Premier of Alberta (d. 2016)*1958 – Mick MacNeil, Scottish keyboard player and songwriter* 1958 – Billy Mays, American salesman (d. 2009)*1959 – Radney Foster, American singer-songwriter, guitarist, and producer *1960 – Claudio Langes, Italian race car driver* 1960 – Prvoslav Vujčić, Serbian-Canadian poet and philosopher* 1960 – Sudesh Berry, Indian actor*1961 – Óscar Elías Biscet, Cuban physician and activist, founded the Lawton Foundation*1962 – Carlos Alazraqui, American actor, producer, and screenwriter* 1962 – Giovanna Amati, Italian race car driver* 1962 – Julie Bindel, English journalist, author, and academic*1963 – Frank Whaley, American actor, director, and screenwriter*1964 – Chris Cornell, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 2017)* 1964 – Terri Irwin, American-Australian zoologist and author* 1964 – Sebastiano Rossi, Italian footballer* 1964 – Bernd Schneider, German race car driver*1965 – Jess Walter, American journalist and author*1966 – Anton Du Beke, English dancer and presenter* 1966 – Stone Gossard, American singer-songwriter and guitarist * 1966 – Enrique Peña Nieto, Mexican lawyer and politician, 57th President of Mexico*1967 – Courtney Taylor-Taylor, American singer-songwriter and guitarist *1968 – Jimmy Carson, American ice hockey player* 1968 – Hami Mandıralı, Turkish footballer and manager* 1968 – Kool G Rap, American hip-hop artist*1969 – Josh Holloway, American actor * 1969 – Kreso Kovacec, Croatian-German footballer* 1969 – Giovanni Lombardi, Italian cyclist* 1969 – Joon Park, South Korean-American singer* 1969 – Tobi Vail, American singer and guitarist * 1969 – Vitamin C, American singer-songwriter*1971 – Charles Johnson, American baseball player* 1971 – Sandra Oh, Canadian actress *1972 – Jamie Ainscough, Australian rugby league player* 1972 – Jozef Stümpel, Slovak ice hockey player* 1972 – Erik Ullenhag, Swedish jurist and politician*1973 – Omar Epps, American actor* 1973 – Haakon, Crown Prince of Norway* 1973 – Peter Forsberg, Swedish ice hockey player and manager* 1973 – Nixon McLean, Caribbean cricketer* 1973 – Roberto Orci, Mexican-American screenwriter and producer* 1973 – Claudio Reyna, American soccer player*1975 – Ray Allen, American basketball player and actor* 1975 – Judy Greer, American actress and producer* 1975 – Erik Hagen, Norwegian footballer* 1975 – Birgitta Ohlsson, Swedish journalist and politician, 5th Swedish Minister for European Union Affairs* 1975 – Jason Raize, American singer and actor (d. 2004)* 1975 – Yusuf Şimşek, Turkish footballer and manager*1976 – Erica Hill, American journalist* 1976 – Debashish Mohanty, Indian cricketer and coach* 1976 – Andrew Stockdale, Australian singer-songwriter and guitarist * 1976 – Alex Yoong, Malaysian race car driver*1977 – Kiki Musampa, Congolese footballer* 1977 – Yves Niaré, French shot putter (d. 2012)* 1977 – Alessandro Santos, Brazilian-Japanese footballer*1978 – Pavel Datsyuk, Russian ice hockey player* 1978 – Will Solomon, American basketball player* 1978 – Elliott Yamin, American singer-songwriter* 1978 – Ieva Zunda, Latvian runner and hurdler*1979 – Miklós Fehér, Hungarian footballer (d. 2004)* 1979 – Charlotte Hatherley, English singer-songwriter and guitarist * 1979 – David Ortega, Spanish swimmer*1980 – Tesfaye Bramble, English-Montserratian footballer* 1980 – Gisele Bündchen, Brazilian model, fashionista, and businesswoman *1981 – Viktoria Ladõnskaja, Estonian journalist and politician*1982 – Antoine Vermette, Canadian ice hockey player*1984 – Alexi Casilla, Dominican baseball player* 1984 – Matt Gilroy, American ice hockey player*1985 – John Francis Daley, American actor and screenwriter* 1985 – Harley Morenstein, Canadian actor and YouTube personality* 1985 – David Mundy, Australian footballer*1986 – Osric Chau, Canadian actor, director, producer, and screenwriter*1987 – Nicola Benedetti, Scottish violinist* 1987 – Niall McGinn, Irish footballer*1988 – Julianne Hough, American singer-songwriter, actress, and dancer* 1988 – Stephen Strasburg, American baseball player* 1988 – Shahram Mahmoudi, Iranian volleyball player*1989 – Javier Cortés, Mexican footballer* 1989 – Cristian Pasquato, Italian footballer*1990 – Lars Unnerstall, German footballer*1991 – Chiyoshōma Fujio, Mongolian sumo wrestler* 1991 – Ryan James, Australian rugby league player* 1991 – Kira Kazantsev, Miss America 2015* 1991 – Philipp Reiter, German mountaineer and runner* 1991 – Tawan Vihokratana, Thai actor, host, and model*1993 – Steven Adams, New Zealand basketball player* 1993 – Nick Cousins, Canadian ice hockey player*1995 – Moses Leota, New Zealand rugby league player*1996 – Ben Simmons, Australian basketball player*1999 – Pop Smoke, American rapper and singer (d. 2020)" ], [ "Deaths", "===Pre-1600===* 518 – Amantius, Byzantine grand chamberlain and Monophysite martyr* 833 – Ansegisus, Frankish abbot and saint* 985 – Boniface VII, antipope of Rome*1031 – Robert II, king of France (b.", "972)*1156 – Toba, emperor of Japan (b.", "1103)*1320 – Oshin, king of Armenia (b.", "1282)*1332 – Thomas Randolph, 1st Earl of Moray, regent of Scotland*1387 – Robert IV, French nobleman (b.", "1356)*1398 – Roger Mortimer, 4th Earl of March, Welsh nobleman (b.", "1374)*1405 – Alexander Stewart, Earl of Buchan, fourth son of King Robert II of Scotland (approximate, b.", "1343)*1453 – Enguerrand de Monstrelet, French historian and author (b.", "1400)*1454 – John II, king of Castile and León (b.", "1405)*1514 – György Dózsa, Transylvanian peasant revolt leader (b.", "1470)*1524 – Claude, queen consort of France (b.", "1499)*1526 – García Jofre de Loaísa, Spanish explorer (b.", "1490)*1600 – William More, English courtier (b.", "1520)===1601–1900===*1616 – Hugh O'Neill, Earl of Tyrone, Irish nobleman and rebel soldier (b.", "1550)*1704 – Peregrine White, English-American farmer and soldier (b.", "1620)*1752 – Johann Christoph Pepusch, German-English composer and theorist (b.", "1667)*1816 – Gavrila Derzhavin, Russian poet and politician (b.", "1743)*1866 – Bernhard Riemann, German mathematician and academic (b.", "1826)*1897 – Jean Ingelow, English poet and author (b.", "1820)===1901–present===*1901 – William Cosmo Monkhouse, English poet and critic (b.", "1840)*1903 – Leo XIII, pope of the Catholic Church (b.", "1810)*1908 – Demetrius Vikelas, Greek businessman and author (b.", "1835)* 1908 – Karl Bernhard Zoeppritz, German geophysicist and seismologist (b.", "1881)*1910 – Anderson Dawson, Australian politician, 14th Premier of Queensland (b.", "1863)*1917 – Ignaz Sowinski, Galician architect (b.", "1858)*1922 – Andrey Markov, Russian mathematician and theorist (b.", "1856)*1923 – Pancho Villa, Mexican general and politician, Governor of Chihuahua (b.", "1878)*1926 – Felix Dzerzhinsky, Soviet educator and politician of Belarusian origin (b.", "1877)*1927 – Ferdinand I, king of Romania (b.", "1865)*1928 – Kostas Karyotakis, Greek poet and author (b.", "1896)*1932 – René Bazin, French author and academic (b.", "1853)*1937 – Olga Hahn-Neurath, Austrian mathematician and philosopher from the Vienna Circle (b.", "1882)* 1937 – Guglielmo Marconi, Italian physicist and engineer, Nobel Prize laureate (b.", "1874)*1941 – Lew Fields, American actor and producer (b.", "1867)*1944 – Ludwig Beck, German general (b.", "1880)*1944 – Mildred Harris, American actress (b.", "1901) *1945 – Paul Valéry, French author and poet (b.", "1871)*1951 – Abdullah I, king of Jordan (b.", "1882)*1953 – Dumarsais Estimé, Haitian lawyer and politician, 33rd President of Haiti (b.", "1900)* 1953 – Jan Struther, English author and hymn-writer (b.", "1901)*1955 – Calouste Gulbenkian, Armenian businessman and philanthropist (b.", "1869)*1956 – James Alexander Calder, Canadian educator and politician, Canadian Minister of Militia and Defence (b.", "1868)*1959 – William D. Leahy, American admiral and diplomat, United States Ambassador to France (b.", "1875)*1965 – Batukeshwar Dutt, Indian activist (b.", "1910)*1968 – Bray Hammond, American historian and author (b.", "1886)*1970 – Iain Macleod, English journalist and politician, Chancellor of the Exchequer (b.", "1913)*1972 – Geeta Dutt, Indian singer and actress (b.", "1930)*1973 – Bruce Lee, American actor and martial artist (b.", "1940)* 1973 – Robert Smithson, American photographer and sculptor (b.", "1938)*1974 – Allen Jenkins, American actor and singer (b.", "1900)* 1974 – Kamal Dasgupta, Bengali music director, composer and folk artist.", "(b.", "1912)*1976 – Joseph Rochefort, American captain and cryptanalyst (b.", "1900)*1977 – Gary Kellgren, American record producer, co-founded Record Plant (b.", "1939)*1980 – Maria Martinez, San Ildefonso Pueblo (Native American) potter (b.", "1887)*1981 – Kostas Choumis, Greek-Romanian footballer (b.", "1913)*1983 – Frank Reynolds, American soldier and journalist (b.", "1923)*1987 – Richard Egan, American soldier and actor (b.", "1921)*1989 – Forrest H. Anderson, American judge and politician, 17th Governor of Montana (b.", "1913)*1990 – Herbert Turner Jenkins, American police officer (b.", "1907)*1993 – Vince Foster, American lawyer and political figure (b.", "1945)*1994 – Paul Delvaux, Belgian painter (b.", "1897)*1997 – M. E. H. Maharoof, Sri Lankan politician (b.", "1939)*1998 – June Byers, American wrestler (b.", "1922)*1999 – Sandra Gould, American actress (b.", "1916)*2002 – Michalis Kritikopoulos, Greek footballer (b.", "1946)*2003 – Nicolas Freeling, English author (b.", "1927)*2004 – Lala Mara, Fijian politician (b.", "1931)* 2004 – Valdemaras Martinkėnas, Lithuanian footballer and coach (b.", "1965)*2005 – James Doohan, Canadian-American actor (b.", "1920)* 2005 – Finn Gustavsen, Norwegian journalist and politician (b.", "1926)* 2005 – Kayo Hatta, American director and cinematographer (b.", "1958)*2006 – Ted Grant, South African-English theorist and activist (b.", "1913)* 2006 – Gérard Oury, French actor, director, and producer (b.", "1919)*2007 – Tammy Faye Messner, American Christian evangelist and talk show host (b.", "1942)*2008 – Artie Traum, American guitarist, songwriter, and producer (b.", "1943)* 2008 – Dinko Šakić, Croatian concentration camp commander (b.", "1921)*2009 – Vedat Okyar, Turkish footballer (b.", "1945)* 2009 – Mark Rosenzweig, American psychologist and academic (b.", "1922)*2011 – Lucian Freud, German-English painter and illustrator (b.", "1922)*2012 – Alastair Burnet, English journalist (b.", "1928)* 2012 – Jack Davis, American hurdler (b.", "1930)* 2012 – José Hermano Saraiva, Portuguese historian, jurist, and politician, Portuguese Minister of Education (b.", "1919)*2013 – Pierre Fabre, French pharmacist and businessman, founded Laboratoires Pierre Fabre (b.", "1926)* 2013 – Khurshed Alam Khan, Indian politician, 2nd Governor of Goa (b.", "1919)* 2013 – Augustus Rowe, Canadian physician and politician (b.", "1920)* 2013 – Helen Thomas, American journalist and author (b.", "1920)*2014 – Victor G. Atiyeh, American businessman and politician, 32nd Governor of Oregon (b.", "1923)* 2014 – Constantin Lucaci, Romanian sculptor and educator (b.", "1923)* 2014 – Bob McNamara, American football player (b.", "1931)* 2014 – Klaus Schmidt, German archaeologist and academic (b.", "1953)*2015 – Wayne Carson, American singer-songwriter and producer (b.", "1943)* 2015 – Fred Else, English footballer and manager (b.", "1933)* 2015 – Dieter Moebius, Swiss-German keyboard player and producer (b.", "1944)*2016 – Radu Beligan, Romanian actor, director, and essayist (b.", "1918)*2017 – Chester Bennington, American singer (b.", "1976)*2020 – Michael Brooks, political commentator (b.", "1983)" ], [ "Holidays and observances", "*Birthday of Crown Prince Haakon Magnus (Norway)*Christian feast day:** Ansegisus** Apollinaris of Ravenna** Aurelius** Ealhswith (or Elswith)** Elijah** Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Amelia Bloomer, Sojourner Truth, and Harriet Ross Tubman (Episcopal Church (USA))** John Baptist Yi (one of The Korean Martyrs)** Margaret the Virgin** Thorlac (relic translation)** Wilgefortis (cult suppressed)** July 20 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)*Día del Amigo (Argentina, Brazil)*Engineer's Day (Costa Rica)*Independence Day, celebrates the independence declaration of Colombia from Spain in 1810.", "*International Chess Day*Lempira Day (Honduras)*Tree Planting Day (Central African Republic)" ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* * *" ] ]
wikipedia
[ [ "July 25" ], [ "Introduction" ], [ "Events", "===Pre-1600===* 306 – Constantine I is proclaimed Roman emperor by his troops.", "* 315 – The Arch of Constantine is completed near the Colosseum in Rome to commemorate Constantine I's victory over Maxentius at the Milvian Bridge.", "* 677 – Climax of the Siege of Thessalonica by the Slavs in a three-day assault on the city walls.", "* 864 – The Edict of Pistres of Charles the Bald orders defensive measures against the Vikings.", "* 918 – Wang Geon becomes King of Goryeo after overthrowing Gung Ye in a coup the previous day *1137 – Eleanor of Aquitaine marries Prince Louis, later King Louis VII of France, at the Cathedral of Saint-André in Bordeaux.", "*1139 – Battle of Ourique: The Almoravids, led by Ali ibn Yusuf, are defeated by Prince Afonso Henriques who is proclaimed King of Portugal.", "*1261 – The city of Constantinople is recaptured by Nicaean forces under the command of Alexios Strategopoulos, re-establishing the Byzantine Empire.", "*1278 – The naval Battle of Algeciras takes place in the context of the Spanish Reconquista resulting in a victory for the Emirate of Granada and the Maranid Dynasty over the Kingdom of Castile.", "*1467 – The Battle of Molinella: The first battle in Italy in which firearms are used extensively.", "*1536 – Sebastián de Belalcázar on his search of El Dorado founds the city of Santiago de Cali.", "*1538 – The city of Guayaquil is founded by the Spanish Conquistador Francisco de Orellana and given the name Muy Noble y Muy Leal Ciudad de Santiago de Guayaquil.", "*1547 – Henry II of France is crowned.", "*1554 – The royal wedding of Mary I and Philip II of Spain celebrated at Winchester Cathedral.", "*1567 – Don Diego de Losada founds the city of Santiago de Leon de Caracas, modern-day Caracas, the capital city of Venezuela.", "*1591 – The Duke of Parma is defeated near the Dutch city of Nijmegen by an Anglo-Dutch force led by Maurice of Orange.", "*1593 – Henry IV of France publicly converts from Protestantism to Roman Catholicism.===1601–1900===*1603 – James VI and I and Anne of Denmark are crowned in Westminster Abbey.", "*1609 – The English ship ''Sea Venture'', en route to Virginia, is deliberately driven ashore during a storm at Bermuda to prevent its sinking; the survivors go on to found a new colony there.", "*1668 – A magnitude 8.5 earthquake strikes eastern China, killing over 43,000 people.", "*1693 – Ignacio de Maya founds the Real Santiago de las Sabinas, now known as Sabinas Hidalgo, Nuevo León, Mexico.", "*1718 – At the behest of Tsar Peter the Great, the construction of the Kadriorg Palace, dedicated to his wife Catherine, begins in Tallinn.", "*1722 – Dummer's War begins along the Maine-Massachusetts border.", "*1755 – British governor Charles Lawrence and the Nova Scotia Council order the deportation of the Acadians.", "*1759 – French and Indian War: In Western New York, British forces capture Fort Niagara from the French, who subsequently abandon Fort Rouillé.", "*1783 – American Revolutionary War: The war's last action, the Siege of Cuddalore, is ended by a preliminary peace agreement.", "*1788 – Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart completes his Symphony No.", "40 in G minor (K550).", "*1792 – The Brunswick Manifesto is issued to the population of Paris promising vengeance if the French royal family is harmed.", "*1797 – Horatio Nelson loses more than 300 men and his right arm during the failed conquest attempt of Tenerife (Spain).", "*1799 – Napoleon Bonaparte defeats a numerically superior Ottoman army under Mustafa Pasha at the Battle of Abukir.", "*1814 – War of 1812: An American attack on Canada is repulsed.", "*1824 – Costa Rica annexes Guanacaste from Nicaragua.", "*1837 – The first commercial use of an electrical telegraph is successfully demonstrated in London by William Cooke and Charles Wheatstone.", "*1853 – Joaquin Murrieta, the famous Californio bandit known as the \"Robin Hood of El Dorado\", is killed.", "*1861 – American Civil War: The United States Congress passes the Crittenden–Johnson Resolution, stating that the war is being fought to preserve the Union and not to end slavery, in the wake of the defeat at the First Battle of Bull Run.", "*1866 – The United States Congress passes legislation authorizing the rank of General of the Army.", "Lieutenant General Ulysses S. Grant becomes the first to be promoted to this rank.", "*1868 – The Wyoming Territory is established.", "*1869 – The Japanese ''daimyōs'' begin returning their land holdings to the emperor as part of the Meiji Restoration reforms.", "(Traditional Japanese Date: June 17, 1869).", "*1894 – The First Sino-Japanese War begins when the Japanese fire upon a Chinese warship.", "*1897 – American author Jack London embarks on a sailing trip to take part in the Klondike's gold rush, from which he wrote his first successful stories.", "*1898 – Spanish–American War: The American invasion of Spanish-held Puerto Rico begins, as United States Army troops under General Nelson A.", "Miles land and secure the port at Guánica.===1901–present===*1908 – Ajinomoto is founded.", "Kikunae Ikeda of the Tokyo Imperial University discovers that a key ingredient in kombu soup stock is monosodium glutamate (MSG), and patents a process for manufacturing it.", "*1909 – Louis Blériot makes the first flight across the English Channel in a heavier-than-air machine from Calais to Dover, England, United Kingdom in 37 minutes.", "*1915 – RFC Captain Lanoe Hawker becomes the first British pursuit aviator to earn the Victoria Cross.", "*1917 – Sir Robert Borden introduces the first income tax in Canada as a \"temporary\" measure (lowest bracket is 4% and highest is 25%).", "*1925 – Telegraph Agency of the Soviet Union (TASS) is established.", "*1934 – The Nazis assassinate Austrian Chancellor Engelbert Dollfuss in a failed coup attempt.", "*1940 – General Henri Guisan orders the Swiss Army to resist German invasion and makes surrender illegal.", "*1942 – The Norwegian Manifesto calls for nonviolent resistance to the German occupation.", "*1943 – World War II: Benito Mussolini is forced out of office by the King (encouraged by the Grand Council of Fascism) and is replaced by Pietro Badoglio.", "*1944 – World War II: Operation Spring is one of the bloodiest days for the First Canadian Army during the war.", "*1946 – The Crossroads Baker device is the first underwater nuclear weapon test.", "*1956 – Forty-five miles south of Nantucket Island, the Italian ocean liner collides with the in heavy fog and sinks the next day, killing 51.", "*1957 – The Tunisian King Muhammad VIII al-Amin is replaced by President Habib Bourguiba.", "*1958 – The African Regroupment Party holds its first congress in Cotonou.", "*1961 – Cold War: In a speech John F. Kennedy emphasizes that any attack on Berlin is an attack on NATO.", "*1965 – Bob Dylan goes electric at the Newport Folk Festival, signaling a major change in folk and rock music.", "*1969 – Vietnam War: U.S. President Richard Nixon declares the Nixon Doctrine, stating that the United States now expects its Asian allies to take care of their own military defense.", "This is the start of the \"Vietnamization\" of the war.", "*1971 – The Sohagpur massacre is perpetrated by the Pakistan Army.", "*1973 – Soviet ''Mars 5'' space probe is launched.", "*1976 – Viking program: ''Viking 1'' takes the famous Face on Mars photo.", "*1978 – Puerto Rican police shoot two nationalists in the Cerro Maravilla murders.", "* 1978 – Birth of Louise Joy Brown, the first human to have been born after conception by in vitro fertilisation, or IVF.", "*1979 – In accord with the Egypt–Israel peace treaty, Israel begins its withdrawal from the Sinai Peninsula.", "*1983 – Black July: Thirty-seven Tamil political prisoners at the Welikada high security prison in Colombo are massacred by the fellow Sinhalese prisoners.", "*1984 – ''Salyut 7'' cosmonaut Svetlana Savitskaya becomes the first woman to perform a space walk.", "*1993 – Israel launches a massive attack against Lebanon in what the Israelis call Operation Accountability, and the Lebanese call the Seven-Day War.", "* 1993 – The Saint James Church massacre occurs in Kenilworth, Cape Town, South Africa.", "*1994 – Israel and Jordan sign the Washington Declaration, that formally ends the state of war that had existed between the nations since 1948.", "*1995 – A gas bottle explodes in ''Saint Michel'' station of line B of the RER (Paris regional train network).", "Eight are killed and 80 wounded.", "*1996 – In a military coup in Burundi, Pierre Buyoya deposes Sylvestre Ntibantunganya.", "*2000 – Concorde Air France Flight 4590 crashes outside of Paris shortly after taking off at Charles de Gaulle Airport, killing 113 people.", "*2007 – Pratibha Patil is sworn in as India's first female president.", "*2010 – WikiLeaks publishes classified documents about the War in Afghanistan, one of the largest leaks in U.S. military history.", "*2018 – As-Suwayda attacks: Coordinated attacks occur in Syria.", "*2019 – National extreme heat records set this day in the UK, Belgium, The Netherlands and Germany during the July 2019 European heat wave." ], [ "Births", "===Pre-1600===* 975 – Thietmar, bishop of Merseburg (d. 1018)*1016 – Casimir I the Restorer, duke of Poland (d. 1058)*1109 – Afonso I, king of Portugal (d. 1185)*1165 – Ibn Arabi, Andalusian Sufi mystic, poet, and philosopher (d. 1240)*1261 – Arthur II, Duke of Brittany (d. 1312)*1291 – Hawys Gadarn, Welsh noblewoman (d. 1353)*1336 – Albert I, Duke of Bavaria (d. 1404)*1394 – James I, king of Scotland (d. 1437)*1404 – Philip I, Duke of Brabant (d. 1430)*1421 – Henry Percy, 3rd Earl of Northumberland, English politician (d. 1461)*1450 – Jakob Wimpfeling, Renaissance humanist (d. 1528)*1486 – Albrecht VII, Duke of Mecklenburg (d. 1547)*1498 – Hernando de Aragón, Archbishop of Zaragoza (d. 1575)*1532 – Alphonsus Rodriguez, Jesuit lay brother and saint (d. 1617)*1556 – George Peele, English translator, poet, and dramatist (d. 1596)*1562 – Katō Kiyomasa, Japanese warlord (d. 1611)*1573 – Christoph Scheiner, German astronomer and Jesuit (d. 1650)*1581 – Brian Twyne, English archivist (d. 1644)===1601–1900===*1605 – Theodore Haak, German scholar (d. 1690)*1633 – Joseph Williamson, English politician (d. 1701)*1654 – Agostino Steffani, Italian composer and diplomat (d. 1728)*1657 – Philipp Heinrich Erlebach, German composer (d. 1714)*1658 – Archibald Campbell, 1st Duke of Argyll, Scottish general (d. 1703)*1683 – Pieter Langendijk, Dutch playwright and poet (d. 1756)*1750 – Henry Knox, American general and politician, 1st United States Secretary of War (d. 1806)*1753 – Santiago de Liniers, 1st Count of Buenos Aires, French-Spanish captain and politician, 10th Viceroy of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata (d. 1810)*1797 – Princess Augusta of Hesse-Kassel (d. 1889)*1806 – Maria Weston Chapman, American abolitionist (d. 1885)*1839 – Francis Garnier, French captain and explorer (d. 1873)*1844 – Thomas Eakins, American painter, sculptor, and photographer (d. 1916)*1847 – Paul Langerhans, German pathologist, physiologist and biologist (d. 1888)*1848 – Arthur Balfour, Scottish-English lieutenant and politician, 33rd Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1930)*1857 – Frank J. Sprague, American naval officer and inventor (d. 1934)*1865 – Jac.", "P. Thijsse, Dutch botanist and conservationist (d. 1945)*1866 – Frederick Blackman, English physiologist and academic (d. 1947)*1867 – Max Dauthendey, German author and painter (d. 1918)* 1867 – Alexander Rummler, American painter (d. 1959)*1869 – Platon, Estonian bishop and saint (d. 1919)*1870 – Maxfield Parrish, American painter and illustrator (d. 1966)*1875 – Jim Corbett, Indian hunter, environmentalist, and author (d. 1955)*1878 – Masaharu Anesaki, Japanese philosopher and scholar (d. 1949)*1882 – George S. Rentz, American commander (d. 1942)*1883 – Alfredo Casella, Italian pianist, composer, and conductor (d. 1947)*1886 – Edward Cummins, American golfer (d. 1926)*1894 – Walter Brennan, American actor (d. 1974)* 1894 – Gavrilo Princip, Bosnian Serb revolutionary (d. 1918)*1895 – Ingeborg Spangsfeldt, Danish actress (d. 1968)*1896 – Jack Perrin, American actor and stuntman (d. 1967)* 1896 – Josephine Tey, Scottish author and playwright (d. 1952)===1901–present===*1901 – Ruth Krauss, American author and poet (d. 1993)* 1901 – Mohammed Helmy, Egyptian physician and Righteous Among the Nations (d. 1982)* 1901 – Lila Lee, American actress and singer (d. 1973)*1902 – Eric Hoffer, American philosopher and author (d. 1983)*1905 – Elias Canetti, Bulgarian-Swiss novelist, playwright, and memoirist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1994)* 1905 – Georges Grignard, French race car driver (d. 1977)* 1905 – Denys Watkins-Pitchford, English author and illustrator (d. 1990)*1906 – Johnny Hodges, American saxophonist and clarinet player (d. 1970)*1908 – Bill Bowes, English cricketer (d. 1987)* 1908 – Ambroise-Marie Carré, French priest and author (d. 2004)* 1908 – Jack Gilford, American actor (d. 1990)*1914 – Woody Strode, American football player and actor (d. 1994)*1915 – S. U. Ethirmanasingham, Sri Lankan businessman and politician* 1915 – Joseph P. Kennedy Jr., American lieutenant and pilot (d. 1944)*1916 – Lucien Saulnier, Canadian lawyer and politician (d. 1989)*1917 – Fritz Honegger, Swiss lawyer and politician (d. 1999)*1918 – Jane Frank, American painter and sculptor (d. 1986)*1920 – Rosalind Franklin, English biophysicist, chemist, and academic (d. 1958)*1921 – Adolph Herseth, American soldier and trumpet player (d. 2013)* 1921 – Lionel Terray, French mountaineer (d. 1965)*1922 – John B. Goodenough, American materials scientist, physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2023)*1923 – Estelle Getty, American actress (d. 2008)* 1923 – Edgar Gilbert, American mathematician and theorist (d. 2013)* 1923 – Maria Gripe, Swedish journalist and author (d. 2007)*1924 – Frank Church, American lawyer and politician (d. 1984)* 1924 – Scotch Taylor, South African cricketer and hockey player (d. 2004)*1925 – Benny Benjamin, American R&B drummer (d. 1969)* 1925 – Jerry Paris, American actor and director (d. 1986)* 1925 – Dick Passwater, American race car driver (d. 2020)* 1925 – Jutta Zilliacus, Finnish journalist and politician*1926 – Whitey Lockman, American baseball player, coach, and manager (d. 2009)* 1926 – Bernard Thompson, British television producer and director (d. 1998)* 1926 – Beatriz Segall, Brazilian actress (d. 2018)*1927 – Daniel Ceccaldi, French actor, director, and screenwriter (d. 2003)* 1927 – Midge Decter, American journalist and author (d. 2022)* 1927 – Sadiq Hussain Qureshi, Pakistani politician, 10th Governor of Punjab (d. 2000)* 1927 – Jean-Marie Seroney, Kenyan activist and politician (d. 1982)*1928 – Dolphy, Filipino actor, singer, and producer (d. 2012)* 1928 – Mario Montenegro, Filipino actor (d. 1988)* 1928 – Nils Taube, Estonian-English businessman (d. 2008) *1929 – Judd Buchanan, Canadian businessman and politician, 36th Canadian Minister of Public Works* 1929 – Somnath Chatterjee, Indian lawyer and politician, 14th Speaker of the Lok Sabha (d. 2018)* 1929 – Eddie Mazur, Canadian ice hockey player (d. 1995)*1930 – Murray Chapple, New Zealand cricketer and manager (d. 1985)* 1930 – Maureen Forrester, Canadian actress and singer (d. 2010)* 1930 – Alice Parizeau, Polish-Canadian journalist and criminologist (d. 1990)* 1930 – Herbert Scarf, American economist and academic (d. 2015)* 1930 – Annie Ross, Scottish-American singer and actress (d. 2020)*1931 – James Butler, English sculptor and educator (d. 2022)*1932 – Paul J. Weitz, American astronaut (d. 2017)*1934 – Don Ellis, American trumpet player and composer (d. 1978)* 1934 – Claude Zidi, French director and screenwriter*1935 – Barbara Harris, American actress and singer (d. 2018)* 1935 – Adnan Khashoggi, Saudi Arabian businessman (d. 2017)* 1935 – Gilbert Parent, Canadian educator and politician, 33rd Speaker of the House of Commons of Canada (d. 2009)* 1935 – John Robinson, American football player and coach* 1935 – Larry Sherry, American baseball player and coach (d. 2006)* 1935 – Lars Werner, Swedish lawyer and politician (d. 2013)*1936 – Gerry Ashmore, English race car driver (d. 2021)* 1936 – Glenn Murcutt, English-Australian architect and academic*1937 – Colin Renfrew, Baron Renfrew of Kaimsthorn, English archaeologist and academic*1939 – S. Ramadoss, Indian politician*1940 – Richard Ballantine, American-English journalist and author (d. 2013)*1941 – Manny Charlton, Spanish-born Scottish rock musician and songwriter (d. 2022) * 1941 – Nate Thurmond, American basketball player (d. 2016)* 1941 – Emmett Till, African-American lynching and kidnapping victim (d. 1955)*1942 – Bruce Woodley, Australian singer-songwriter and guitarist *1943 – Jim McCarty, English singer and drummer * 1943 – Erika Steinbach, Polish-German politician*1944 – Sally Beauman, English journalist and author (d. 2016)*1946 – José Areas, Nicaraguan drummer * 1946 – Nicole Farhi, French fashion designer and sculptor* 1946 – John Gibson, American radio host* 1946 – Rita Marley, Cuban-Jamaican singer * 1946 – P. Selvarasa, Sri Lankan politician* 1946 – Ljupka Dimitrovska, Macedonian-Croatian pop singer (d. 2016)*1948 – Steve Goodman, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 1984)*1950 – Mark Clarke, English singer-songwriter and bass player *1951 – Jack Thompson, American lawyer and activist * 1951 – Verdine White, American bass player and producer *1952 – Eduardo Souto de Moura, Portuguese architect, designed the Estádio Municipal de Braga*1953 – Walter Payton, American football player and race car driver (d. 1999)* 1953 – Joseph A. Tunzi, Chicago based author, foremost expert on Elvis Presley* 1953 – Robert Zoellick, American banker and politician, 14th United States Deputy Secretary of State*1954 – Ken Greer, Canadian guitarist, keyboard player, and producer * 1954 – Sheena McDonald, Scottish journalist* 1954 – Jochem Ziegert, German footballer and manager*1955 – Iman, Somalian-English model and actress* 1955 – Randall Bewley, American guitarist and songwriter (d. 2009)* 1956 – Frances Arnold, American scientist and engineer*1957 – Mark Hunter, English politician* 1957 – Steve Podborski, Canadian skier *1958 – Alexei Filippenko, American astrophysicist and academic* 1958 – Thurston Moore, American singer-songwriter, guitarist, and producer *1959 – Fyodor Cherenkov, Russian footballer and manager (d. 2014)* 1959 – Geoffrey Zakarian, American chef and author*1960 – Alain Robidoux, Canadian snooker player* 1960 – Justice Howard, American photographer* 1960 – Māris Martinsons, Latvian film director, producer, screenwriter, and editor*1962 – Carin Bakkum, Dutch tennis player* 1962 – Doug Drabek, American baseball player and coach*1963 – Denis Coderre, Canadian politician, 44th Mayor of Montreal* 1963 – Julian Hodgson, Welsh chess player*1964 – Anne Applebaum, American journalist and author* 1964 – Tony Granato, American ice hockey player and coach* 1964 – Breuk Iversen, American designer and journalist*1965 – Marty Brown, American singer-songwriter and guitarist * 1965 – Illeana Douglas, American actress, director, producer, and screenwriter* 1965 – Dale Shearer, Australian rugby league player*1966 – Daryl Halligan, New Zealand rugby player and sportscaster* 1966 – Maureen Herman, American bass player * 1966 – Diana Johnson, English politician*1967 – Matt LeBlanc, American actor and producer* 1967 – Ruth Peetoom, Dutch minister and politician* 1967 – Tommy Skjerven, Norwegian footballer and referee*1968 – Rudi Bryson, South African cricketer* 1968 – Shi Tao, Chinese journalist and poet*1969 – Jon Barry, American basketball player and sportscaster* 1969 – Annastacia Palaszczuk, Australian politician, 39th Premier of Queensland* 1969 – D. B. Woodside, American actor*1971 – Roger Creager, American singer-songwriter* 1971 – Tracy Murray, American basketball player* 1971 – Billy Wagner, American baseball player and coach*1972 – David Penna, Australian rugby league player and coach*1973 – David Denman, American actor* 1973 – Dani Filth, English singer-songwriter * 1973 – Kevin Phillips, English footballer* 1973 – Igli Tare, Albanian footballer *1974 – Lauren Faust, American animator, producer, and screenwriter* 1974 – Julia Laffranque, Estonian lawyer and judge* 1974 – Kenzo Suzuki, Japanese rugby player and wrestler*1975 – Jody Craddock, English footballer and coach* 1975 – Jean-Claude Darcheville, Guianan-French footballer* 1975 – El Zorro, Mexican wrestler* 1975 – Brian Gibson, American bass player * 1975 – Evgeni Nabokov, Russian ice hockey player*1976 – Marcos Assunção, Brazilian footballer* 1976 – Jovica Tasevski-Eternijan, Macedonian poet and critic* 1976 – Javier Vázquez, Puerto Rican-American baseball player*1977 – Kenny Thomas, American basketball player*1978 – Gerard Warren, American football player*1979 – Ali Carter, English snooker player* 1979 – Tom Lungley, English cricketer and umpire* 1979 – Ahmed Tantawi, Egyptian politician and journalist*1980 – Shawn Riggans, American baseball player* 1980 – Toni Vilander, Finnish race car driver* 1980 – David Wachs, American actor and producer* 1980 – Scott Waldrom, New Zealand rugby player*1981 – Finn Bálor, Irish wrestler* 1981 – Conor Casey, American soccer player* 1981 – Constantinos Charalambidis, Cypriot footballer* 1981 – Yūichi Komano, Japanese footballer* 1981 – Mac Lethal, American rapper and producer* 1981 – Jani Rita, Finnish ice hockey player*1982 – Jason Dundas, Australian TV host* 1982 – Brad Renfro, American actor and musician (d. 2008)*1983 – Nenad Krstić, Serbian basketball player*1984 – Loukas Mavrokefalidis, Greek basketball player*1985 – James Lafferty, American actor and athlete* 1985 – Nelson Piquet Jr., Brazilian race car driver* 1985 – Hugo Rodallega, Colombian footballer*1986 – Abraham Gneki Guié, Ivorian footballer* 1986 – Hulk, Brazilian footballer*1987 – Richard Bachman, American ice hockey player* 1987 – Mitchell Burgzorg, Dutch footballer and rapper* 1987 – Fernando, Brazilian footballer* 1987 – Jax Jones, English DJ, singer and songwriter* 1987 – Eran Zahavi, Israeli footballer*1988 – Sarah Geronimo, Filipino singer and actress* 1988 – John Goossens, Dutch footballer * 1988 – Tom Hiariej, Dutch footballer * 1988 – Stacey Kemp, English skater* 1988 – Paulinho, Brazilian footballer* 1988 – Anthony Stokes, Irish footballer*1989 – Natalia Vieru, Russian basketball player*1990 – Thodoris Karapetsas, Greek footballer*1991 – Toni Duggan, English footballer* 1991 – Hasan Piker, American Twitch streamer*1992 – Sergei Simonov, Russian ice hockey player (d. 2016)*1994 – Natalija Stevanović, Serbian tennis player*1995 – Alvin Kamara, American football player* 1995 – Maria Sakkari, Greek tennis player*1997 – Nat Butcher, Australian rugby league player*2000 – Meg Donnelly, American actress*2001 – Bryce Young, American football player" ], [ "Deaths", "===Pre-1600===* 306 – Constantius Chlorus, Roman emperor (b.", "250)* 885 – Ragenold, margrave of Neustria*1011 – Ichijō, emperor of Japan (b.", "980)*1190 – Sibylla, queen of Jerusalem*1195 – Herrad of Landsberg, abbess, author, and illustrator (b. c. 1130)*1409 – Martin I, king of Sicily (b.", "1376)*1471 – Thomas à Kempis, German priest and mystic*1472 – Charles of Artois, French nobleman (b.", "1394)*1492 – Innocent VIII, pope of the Catholic Church (b.", "1432)*1564 – Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor (b.", "1503)*1572 – Isaac Luria, Ottoman rabbi and mystic (b.", "1534)===1601–1900===*1608 – Pomponio Nenna, Italian composer (b.", "1556)*1616 – Andreas Libavius, German physician and chemist (b.", "1550)*1643 – Robert Pierrepont, 1st Earl of Kingston-upon-Hull, English general and politician (b.", "1584)*1681 – Urian Oakes, English-American minister and educator (b.", "1631)*1790 – Johann Bernhard Basedow, German educator and reformer (b.", "1723)* 1790 – William Livingston, American soldier and politician, 1st Governor of New Jersey (b.", "1723)*1791 – Isaac Low, American merchant and politician (b.", "1735)*1794 – André Chénier, Greek-French poet and author (b.", "1762)* 1794 – Jean-Antoine Roucher, French poet and author (b.", "1745)* 1794 – Friedrich von der Trenck, Prussian adventurer and author (b.", "1726)*1826 – Kondraty Ryleyev, Russian poet and publisher (b.", "1795)*1831 – Maria Szymanowska, Polish composer and pianist (b.", "1789)*1834 – Samuel Taylor Coleridge, English philosopher, poet, and critic (b.", "1772)*1842 – Dominique Jean Larrey, French physician and surgeon (b.", "1766)*1843 – Charles Macintosh, Scottish chemist and inventor of waterproof fabric (b.", "1766)*1861 – Jonas Furrer, Swiss lawyer and politician, President of the Swiss Confederation (b.", "1805)*1865 – James Barry, English soldier and surgeon (b.", "1799)*1887 – John Taylor, American religious leader, 3rd President of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (b.", "1808)===1901–present===*1934 – François Coty, French businessman, founded Coty (b.", "1874)* 1934 – Engelbert Dollfuss, Austrian politician, 14th Chancellor of Austria (b.", "1892)* 1934 – Nestor Makhno, Ukrainian anarchist revolutionary (b.", "1888)*1942 – Fred Englehardt, American triple jumper (b.", "1879)*1947 – Kathleen Scott, English sculptor (b.", "1878)*1952 – Herbert Murrill, English organist and composer (b.", "1909)*1958 – Otto Lasanen, Finnish wrestler (b.", "1891)*1959 – Yitzhak HaLevi Herzog, Polish-born Irish rabbi and author (b.", "1888)*1962 – Thibaudeau Rinfret, Canadian lawyer and jurist, 9th Chief Justice of Canada (b.", "1879)*1963 – Ugo Cerletti, Italian neurologist and academic (b.", "1877)*1966 – Frank O'Hara, American poet and critic (b.", "1926)*1967 – Konstantinos Parthenis, Egyptian-Greek painter (b.", "1878)*1971 – John Meyers, American swimmer and water polo player (b.", "1880)* 1971 – Leroy Robertson, American composer and educator (b.", "1896)*1973 – Amy Jacques Garvey, Jamaican-American journalist and activist (b.", "1895)* 1973 – Louis St. Laurent, Canadian lawyer and politician, 12th Prime Minister of Canada (b.", "1882)*1977 – Shivrampant Damle, Indian educationist (b.", "1900)*1980 – Vladimir Vysotsky, Russian singer-songwriter, guitarist, and actor (b.", "1938)*1981 – Rosa A. González, Puerto Rican nurse, author, feminist, and activist (b.", "1889)*1982 – Hal Foster, Canadian-American author and illustrator (b.", "1892)*1984 – Bryan Hextall, Canadian ice hockey player (b.", "1913)* 1984 – Big Mama Thornton, American singer-songwriter (b.", "1926)*1986 – Vincente Minnelli, American director and screenwriter (b.", "1903)*1988 – Judith Barsi, American child actress (b.", "1978)*1989 – Steve Rubell, American businessman, co-owner of Studio 54 (b.", "1943)*1991 – Lazar Kaganovich, Soviet politician (b.", "1893)*1992 – Alfred Drake, American actor and singer (b.", "1914)*1995 – Charlie Rich, American singer-songwriter (b.", "1932)*1997 – Ben Hogan, American golfer (b.", "1912)*1998 – Evangelos Papastratos, Greek businessman, co-founded Papastratos (b.", "1910)*2000 – Rudi Faßnacht, German footballer, coach, and manager (b.", "1934)*2002 – Abdel Rahman Badawi, Egyptian philosopher and poet (b.", "1917)*2003 – Ludwig Bölkow, German engineer (b.", "1912)* 2003 – John Schlesinger, English actor, director, producer, and screenwriter (b.", "1926)*2004 – John Passmore, Australian philosopher and academic (b.", "1914)*2005 – Albert Mangelsdorff, German trombonist (b.", "1928)*2006 – Ezra Fleischer, Romanian-Israeli poet and philologist (b.", "1928)*2007 – Bernd Jakubowski, German footballer and manager (b.", "1952)*2008 – Jeff Fehring, Australian footballer (b.", "1955)* 2008 – Tracy Hall, American chemist and academic (b.", "1919)* 2008 – Randy Pausch, American computer scientist and educator (b.", "1960)*2009 – Vernon Forrest, American boxer (b.", "1971)* 2009 – Stanley Middleton, English author (b.", "1919)* 2009 – Harry Patch, English soldier (b.", "1898)* 2009 – Yasmin Ahmad, Malaysian film director (b.", "1958)*2011 – Michael Cacoyannis, Cypriot-Greek director, producer, and screenwriter (b.", "1922)*2012 – B. R. Ishara, Indian director and screenwriter (b.", "1934)* 2012 – Barry Langford, English director and producer (b.", "1926)* 2012 – Greg Mohns, American-Canadian football player and coach (b.", "1950)* 2012 – Franz West, Austrian painter and sculptor (b.", "1947)*2013 – Walter De Maria, American sculptor, illustrator, and composer (b.", "1935)* 2013 – William J. Guste, American lawyer and politician (b.", "1922)* 2013 – Hugh Huxley, English-American biologist and academic (b.", "1924)*2014 – Bel Kaufman, German-American author and academic (b.", "1911)* 2014 – Richard Larter, Australian painter and illustrator (b.", "1929)*2015 – Jacques Andreani, French diplomat, French ambassador to the United States (b.", "1929)* 2015 – R. S. Gavai, Indian lawyer and politician, 18th Governor of Kerala (b.", "1929)* 2015 – Bob Kauffman, American basketball player and coach (b.", "1946)*2016 – Tim LaHaye, American Christian minister and author (b.", "1926)* 2016 – Tom Peterson, American television personality (b.", "1930)*2017 – Michael Johnson, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (b.", "1944)*2018 – Sergio Marchionne, Italian-Canadian businessman (b.", "1952)*2019 – Beji Caid Essebsi, 4th President and 9th Prime Minister of Tunisia (b.", "1926)*2020 – Peter Green, English blues rock guitarist, singer-songwriter and founder of Fleetwood Mac (b.", "1946)* 2020 – Lou Henson, American college basketball coach (b.", "1932) *2022 – Paul Sorvino, American actor (b.", "1939)" ], [ "Holidays and observances", "*Christian feast day:**Anne (Eastern Christianity)**Christopher (Western Christianity)**Cucuphas**Glodesind**James the Great (Western Christianity) **John I Agnus**Julian of Le Mans (translation)**Magnerich of Trier**July 25 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)*Earliest day on which Father's Day can fall, while July 31 is the latest; celebrated on last Sunday in July.", "(Dominican Republic)*Earliest day on which National Tree Planting Day can fall, while July 31 is the latest; celebrated on last Sunday in July.", "(Australia)*Earliest day on which Navy Day can fall, while July 31 is the latest; celebrated on last Sunday in July.", "(Russia)*Guanacaste Day (Costa Rica)*National Baha'i Day (Jamaica) *National Day of Galicia (Galicia, Spain)*Puerto Rico Constitution Day (Puerto Rico)*Republic Day (Tunisia)*International Afro-descendant Women's Day" ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* * *" ] ]
wikipedia
[ [ "June 10" ], [ "Introduction" ], [ "Events", "===Pre-1600===* 671 – Emperor Tenji of Japan introduces a water clock (clepsydra) called ''Rokoku''.", "The instrument, which measures time and indicates hours, is placed in the capital of Ōtsu.", "*1190 – Third Crusade: Frederick I Barbarossa drowns in the river Saleph while leading an army to Jerusalem.", "*1329 – The Battle of Pelekanon is the last attempt of the Byzantine Empire to retain its cities in Asia Minor.", "*1358 – Battle of Mello: The peasant forces of the Jacquerie are crushed by the army of the French nobility.", "*1523 – Copenhagen is surrounded by the army of Frederick I of Denmark, as the city will not recognise him as the successor of Christian II of Denmark.", "*1539 – Council of Trent: Pope Paul III sends out letters to his bishops, delaying the Council due to war and the difficulty bishops had traveling to Venice.", "*1596 – Willem Barents and Jacob van Heemskerk discover Bear Island.===1601–1900===*1619 – Thirty Years' War: Battle of Záblatí, a turning point in the Bohemian Revolt.", "*1624 – Signing of the Treaty of Compiègne between France and the Netherlands.", "*1692 – Salem witch trials: Bridget Bishop is hanged at Gallows Hill near Salem, Massachusetts, for \"certaine Detestable Arts called Witchcraft and Sorceries\".", "*1719 – Jacobite risings: Battle of Glen Shiel.", "*1782 – King Buddha Yodfa Chulaloke (Rama I) of Siam (modern day Thailand) is crowned.", "*1786 – A landslide dam on the Dadu River created by an earthquake ten days earlier collapses, killing 100,000 in the Sichuan province of China.", "*1793 – The Jardin des Plantes museum opens in Paris.", "A year later, it becomes the first public zoo.", "* 1793 – French Revolution: Following the arrests of Girondin leaders, the Jacobins gain control of the Committee of Public Safety installing the ''revolutionary dictatorship''.", "*1805 – First Barbary War: Yusuf Karamanli signs a treaty ending the hostilities between Tripolitania and the United States.", "*1829 – The first Boat Race between the University of Oxford and the University of Cambridge takes place on the Thames in London.", "*1838 – Myall Creek massacre: Twenty-eight Aboriginal Australians are murdered.", "*1854 – The United States Naval Academy graduates its first class of students.", "*1861 – American Civil War: Battle of Big Bethel: Confederate troops under John B. Magruder defeat a much larger Union force led by General Ebenezer W. Pierce in Virginia.", "*1863 – During the French intervention in Mexico, Mexico City is captured by French troops.", "*1864 – American Civil War: Battle of Brice's Crossroads: Confederate troops under Nathan Bedford Forrest defeat a much larger Union force led by General Samuel D. Sturgis in Mississippi.", "*1868 – Mihailo Obrenović III, Prince of Serbia is assassinated.", "*1871 – Sinmiyangyo: Captain McLane Tilton leads 109 US Marines in a naval attack on Han River forts on Kanghwa Island, Korea.", "*1878 – League of Prizren is established, to oppose the decisions of the Congress of Berlin and the Treaty of San Stefano, as a consequence of which the Albanian lands in the Balkans were being partitioned and given to the neighbor states of Serbia, Montenegro, Bulgaria, and Greece.", "*1886 – Mount Tarawera in New Zealand erupts, killing 153 people and burying the famous Pink and White Terraces.", "Eruptions continue for three months creating a large, long fissure across the mountain peak.", "*1898 – Spanish–American War: In the Battle of Guantánamo Bay, U.S. Marines begin the American invasion of Spanish-held Cuba.", ";===1901–present===*1916 – The Arab Revolt against the Ottoman Empire was declared by Hussein bin Ali, Sharif of Mecca.", "*1918 – The Austro-Hungarian battleship sinks off the Croatian coast after being torpedoed by an Italian MAS motorboat; the event is recorded by camera from a nearby vessel.", "*1924 – Fascists kidnap and kill Italian Socialist leader Giacomo Matteotti in Rome.", "*1935 – Dr. Robert Smith takes his last drink, and Alcoholics Anonymous is founded in Akron, Ohio, United States, by him and Bill Wilson.", "* 1935 – Chaco War ends: A truce is called between Bolivia and Paraguay who had been fighting since 1932.", "*1940 – World War II: Fascist Italy declares war on France and the United Kingdom, beginning an invasion of southern France.", "* 1940 – World War II: U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt denounces Italy's actions in his \"Stab in the Back\" speech at the graduation ceremonies of the University of Virginia.", "* 1940 – World War II: Military resistance to the German occupation of Norway ends.", "*1942 – World War II: The Lidice massacre is perpetrated as a reprisal for the assassination of ''Obergruppenführer'' Reinhard Heydrich.", "*1944 – World War II: Six hundred forty-two men, women and children massacred at Oradour-sur-Glane, France.", "* 1944 – World War II: In Distomo, Boeotia, Greece, 218 men, women and children are massacred by German troops.", "* 1944 – In baseball, 15-year-old Joe Nuxhall of the Cincinnati Reds becomes the youngest player ever in a major-league game.", "*1945 – Australian Imperial Forces land in Brunei Bay to liberate Brunei.", "*1947 – Saab produces its first automobile.", "*1957 – John Diefenbaker leads the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada to a stunning upset in the 1957 Canadian federal election, ending 22 years of Liberal Party government.", "*1960 – Trans Australia Airlines Flight 538 crashes near Mackay Airport in Mackay, Queensland, Australia, killing 29.", "*1963 – The Equal Pay Act of 1963, aimed at abolishing wage disparity based on sex, was signed into law by John F. Kennedy as part of his New Frontier Program.", "*1964 – United States Senate breaks a 75-day filibuster against the Civil Rights Act of 1964, leading to the bill's passage.", "*1967 – The Six-Day War ends: Israel and Syria agree to a cease-fire.", "*1977 – James Earl Ray escapes from Brushy Mountain State Penitentiary in Petros, Tennessee.", "He is recaptured three days later.", "*1980 – The African National Congress in South Africa publishes a call to fight from their imprisoned leader Nelson Mandela.", "*1982 – Lebanon War: The Syrian Arab Army defeats the Israeli Defense Forces in the Battle of Sultan Yacoub.", "*1987 – June Democratic Struggle: The June Democratic Struggle starts in South Korea, and people protest against the government.", "*1990 – British Airways Flight 5390 lands safely at Southampton Airport after a blowout in the cockpit causes the captain to be partially sucked from the cockpit.", "There are no fatalities.", "*1991 – Eleven-year-old Jaycee Lee Dugard is kidnapped in South Lake Tahoe, California; she would remain a captive until 2009.", "*1994 – China conducts a nuclear test for DF-31 warhead at Area C (Beishan), Lop Nur, its prominence being due to the Cox Report.", "*1996 – Peace talks begin in Northern Ireland without the participation of Sinn Féin.", "*1997 – Before fleeing his northern stronghold, Khmer Rouge leader Pol Pot orders the killing of his defense chief Son Sen and 11 of Sen's family members.", "*1999 – Kosovo War: NATO suspends its airstrikes after Slobodan Milošević agrees to withdraw Serbian forces from Kosovo.", "*2001 – Pope John Paul II canonizes Lebanon's first female saint, Saint Rafqa.", "*2002 – The first direct electronic communication experiment between the nervous systems of two humans is carried out by Kevin Warwick in the United Kingdom.", "*2003 – The ''Spirit'' rover is launched, beginning NASA's Mars Exploration Rover mission.", "*2008 – Sudan Airways Flight 109 crashes at Khartoum International Airport, killing 30 people.", "*2009 – Eighty-eight year-old James Wenneker von Brunn opens fire inside the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum and fatally shoots Museum Special Police Officer Stephen Tyrone Johns.", "Other security guards returned fire, wounding von Brunn, who was apprehended.", "*2018 – ''Opportunity'' rover, sends it last message back to earth.", "The mission was finally declared over on February 13, 2019.", "*2019 – An Agusta A109E Power crashes onto the AXA Equitable Center on Seventh Avenue in Manhattan, New York City, sparking a fire on the top of the building.", "The pilot of the helicopter is killed." ], [ "Births", "===Pre-1600===* 867 – Emperor Uda of Japan (d. 931)* 940 – Abu al-Wafa' Buzjani, Persian mathematician and astronomer (d. 998)*1213 – Fakhr-al-Din Iraqi, Persian poet and philosopher (d. 1289)*1465 – Mercurino Gattinara, Italian statesman and jurist (d. 1530)*1513 – Louis, Duke of Montpensier (1561–1582) (d. 1582)*1557 – Leandro Bassano, Italian painter (d. 1622)===1601–1900===*1632 – Esprit Fléchier, French bishop and author (d. 1710)*1688 – James Francis Edward Stuart, claimant to the English and Scottish throne (d. 1766)*1713 – Princess Caroline of Great Britain (d. 1757)*1716 – Carl Gustaf Ekeberg, Swedish physician and explorer (d. 1784)*1753 – William Eustis, American physician and politician, 12th Governor of Massachusetts (d. 1825)*1804 – Hermann Schlegel, German ornithologist and herpetologist (d. 1884)*1819 – Gustave Courbet, French-Swiss painter and sculptor (d. 1877)*1825 – Sondre Norheim, Norwegian-American skier (d. 1897)*1832 – Edwin Arnold, English poet and journalist (d. 1904)* 1832 – Nicolaus Otto, German engineer (d. 1891)*1832 – Stephen Mosher Wood, American lieutenant and politician (d. 1920)*1835 – Rebecca Latimer Felton, American educator and politician (d. 1930)*1839 – Ludvig Holstein-Ledreborg, Danish lawyer and politician, 19th Prime Minister of Denmark (d. 1912)*1840 – Theodor Philipsen, Danish painter (d. 1920)*1843 – Heinrich von Herzogenberg, Austrian composer and conductor (d. 1900)*1854 – Sarah Grand, Irish feminist writer (d. 1943)*1859 – Emanuel Nobel, Swedish-Russian businessman (d. 1932)*1862 – Mrs. Leslie Carter, American actress (d. 1937)*1863 – Louis Couperus, Dutch author and poet (d. 1923)*1864 – Ninian Comper, Scottish architect (d. 1960)*1865 – Frederick Cook, American physician and explorer (d. 1940)*1878 – Margarito Bautista, Nahua-Mexican evangelizer, theologian, and religious founder (d. 1961)*1880 – André Derain, French painter and sculptor (d. 1954)*1882 – Nils Økland, Norwegian Esperantist and teacher (d. 1969)*1884 – Leone Sextus Tollemache, English captain (d. 1917)*1886 – Sessue Hayakawa, Japanese actor and producer (d. 1973)*1891 – Al Dubin, Swiss-American songwriter (d. 1945)*1893 – Hattie McDaniel, American actress (d. 1952)*1897 – Grand Duchess Tatiana Nikolaevna of Russia (d. 1918)*1898 – Princess Marie-Auguste of Anhalt (d. 1983)*1899 – Stanisław Czaykowski, Polish racing driver (d. 1933)===1901–present===*1901 – Frederick Loewe, Austrian-American composer (d. 1988)*1904 – Lin Huiyin, Chinese architect and poet (d. 1955)*1907 – Fairfield Porter, American painter and critic (d. 1975)* 1907 – Dicky Wells, American jazz trombonist (d. 1985)*1909 – Lang Hancock, Australian soldier and businessman (d. 1992)*1910 – Frank Demaree, American baseball player and manager (d. 1958)* 1910 – Howlin' Wolf, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 1976)*1911 – Ralph Kirkpatrick, American harpsichord player and musicologist (d. 1984)* 1911 – Terence Rattigan, English playwright and screenwriter (d. 1977)*1912 – Jean Lesage, Canadian lawyer and politician, 11th Premier of Quebec (d. 1980)*1913 – Tikhon Khrennikov, Russian pianist and composer (d. 2007)* 1913 – Benjamin Shapira, German-Israeli biochemist and academic (d. 1993)*1914 – Oktay Rıfat Horozcu, Turkish poet and playwright (d. 1988)*1915 – Saul Bellow, Canadian-American novelist, essayist and short story writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2005)*1916 – Peride Celal, Turkish author (d. 2013)* 1916 – William Rosenberg, American entrepreneur, founded Dunkin' Donuts (d. 2002)*1918 – Patachou, French singer and actress (d. 2015)* 1918 – Barry Morse, English-Canadian actor and director (d. 2008)*1919 – Haidar Abdel-Shafi, Palestinian physician and politician (d. 2007)* 1919 – Kevin O'Flanagan, Irish footballer, rugby player, and physician (d. 2006)*1921 – Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh (d. 2021)* 1921 – Jean Robic, French cyclist (d. 1980)*1922 – Judy Garland, American actress and singer (d. 1969)* 1922 – Bill Kerr, South African-Australian actor (d. 2014)* 1922 – Mitchell Wallace, Australian rugby league player (d. 2016)*1923 – Paul Brunelle, Canadian singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 1994)* 1923 – Robert Maxwell, Czech-English captain, publisher, and politician (d. 1991)*1924 – Friedrich L. Bauer, German mathematician, computer scientist, and academic (d. 2015)*1925 – Leo Gravelle, Canadian ice hockey player (d. 2013)* 1925 – Nat Hentoff, American historian, author, and journalist (d. 2017)* 1925 – James Salter, American novelist and short-story writer (d. 2015)*1926 – Bruno Bartoletti, Italian conductor (d. 2013)* 1926 – Lionel Jeffries, English actor, screenwriter and film director (d. 2010)*1927 – Claudio Gilberto Froehlich, Brazilian zoologist* 1927 – László Kubala, Hungarian footballer, coach, and manager (d. 2002)* 1927 – Lin Yang-kang, Chinese politician, 29th Vice Premier of the Republic of China (d. 2013)* 1927 – Johnny Orr, American basketball player and coach (d. 2013)* 1927 – Eugene Parker, American astrophysicist and academic (d. 2022)*1928 – Maurice Sendak, American author and illustrator (d. 2012)*1929 – James McDivitt, American general, pilot, and astronaut (d. 2022)* 1929 – Ian Sinclair, Australian farmer and politician, 42nd Australian Minister for Defence* 1929 – Thomas Taylor, Baron Taylor of Blackburn, British Labour Party politician (d. 2016)* 1929 – E. O. Wilson, American biologist, author, and academic (d. 2021)*1930 – Aranka Siegal, Czech-American author and Holocaust survivor* 1930 – Carmen Cozza, American baseball and football player (d. 2018)* 1930 – Chen Xitong, Chinese politician, 8th Mayor of Beijing (d. 2013)*1931 – Bryan Cartledge, English academic and diplomat, British Ambassador to Russia* 1931 – João Gilberto, Brazilian singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 2019)*1932 – Pierre Cartier, French mathematician and academic*1933 – Chuck Fairbanks, American football player and coach (d. 2013)*1934 – Peter Gibson, English lawyer and judge* 1934 – Tom Pendry, Baron Pendry, English politician (d. 2023)*1935 – Vic Elford, English racing driver (d. 2022)* 1935 – Lu Jiaxi, Chinese self-taught mathematician (d. 1983)* 1935 – Yoshihiro Tatsumi, Japanese author and illustrator (d. 2015)*1938 – Rahul Bajaj, Indian businessman and politician (d. 2022)* 1938 – Violetta Villas, Belgian-Polish singer-songwriter and actress (d. 2011)* 1938 – Vasanti N. Bhat-Nayak, Indian mathematician and academic (d. 2009)*1940 – Augie Auer, American-New Zealand meteorologist (d. 2007)* 1940 – John Stevens, English drummer (d. 1994)*1941 – Mickey Jones, American drummer (d. 2018)* 1941 – Shirley Owens, American singer* 1941 – Jürgen Prochnow, German actor* 1941 – David Walker, Australian racing driver*1942 – Gordon Burns, Northern Irish journalist* 1942 – Chantal Goya, French singer and actress* 1942 – Arthur Hamilton, Lord Hamilton, Scottish lawyer and judge* 1942 – Preston Manning, Canadian politician*1943 – Simon Jenkins, English journalist and author*1944 – Ze'ev Friedman, Polish-Israeli weightlifter (d. 1972)* 1944 – Rick Price, English rock bass player (d. 2022)*1947 – Michel Bastarache, Canadian businessman, lawyer, and jurist* 1947 – Ken Singleton, American baseball player and sportscaster* 1947 – Robert Wright, English air marshal*1950 – Elías Sosa, Dominican-American baseball player*1951 – Dan Fouts, American football player and sportscaster* 1951 – Tony Mundine, Australian boxer* 1951 – Burglinde Pollak, German pentathlete*1952 – Kage Baker, American author (d. 2010)*1953 – Eileen Cooper, English painter and academic* 1953 – John Edwards, American lawyer and politician* 1953 – Garry Hynes, Irish director and producer* 1953 – Don Maitz, American artist* 1953 – Christine St-Pierre, Canadian journalist and politician*1954 – Moya Greene, Canadian businesswoman* 1954 – Rich Hall, American actor, producer, and screenwriter*1955 – Annette Schavan, German theologian and politician* 1955 – Andrew Stevens, American actor and producer*1957 – Nicola Palazzo, Italian writer*1958 – Elain Harwood, English architectural historian (d. 2023)* 1958 – Yu Suzuki, Japanese game designer and producer*1959 – Carlo Ancelotti, Italian footballer and manager* 1959 – Ernie C, American heavy metal guitarist, songwriter, and producer* 1959 – Eliot Spitzer, American lawyer and politician, 54th Governor of New York*1960 – Nandamuri Balakrishna, Indian film actor and politician*1961 – Kim Deal, American singer-songwriter and musician *1962 – Gina Gershon, American actress, singer and author* 1962 – Anderson Bigode Herzer, Brazilian poet and author (d. 1982)* 1962 – Wong Ka Kui, Hong Kong singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 1993)* 1962 – Tzi Ma, Hong Kong American character actor* 1962 – Brent Sutter, Canadian ice hockey player and coach*1963 – Brad Henry, American lawyer and politician, 26th Governor of Oklahoma* 1963 – Jeanne Tripplehorn, American actress*1965 – Susanne Albers, German computer scientist and academic* 1965 – Elizabeth Hurley, English model, actress, and producer* 1965 – Joey Santiago, American alternative rock musician*1966 – David Platt, English footballer and manager*1967 – Emma Anderson, English singer-songwriter and guitarist * 1967 – Darren Robinson, American rapper (d. 1995)* 1967 – Elizabeth Wettlaufer, Canadian nurse and serial killer*1968 – Bill Burr, American comedian and actor* 1968 – Derek Dooley, American football player and coach*1969 – Craig Hancock, Australian rugby league player* 1969 – Ronny Johnsen, Norwegian footballer* 1969 – Kate Snow, American journalist*1970 – Mike Doughty, American singer-songwriter and guitarist * 1970 – Katsuhiro Harada, Japanese game designer, director, and producer* 1970 – Alex Santos, Filipino journalist* 1970 – Shane Whereat, Australian rugby league player* 1970 – Sarah Wixey, Welsh sport shooter*1971 – JoJo Hailey, American singer* 1971 – Bobby Jindal, American journalist and politician, 55th Governor of Louisiana* 1971 – Bruno Ngotty, French footballer* 1971 – Erik Rutan, American singer-songwriter, guitarist, and producer* 1971 – Kyle Sandilands, Australian radio and television host*1972 – Steven Fischer, American director and producer* 1972 – Radmila Šekerinska, Macedonian politician, Prime Minister of the Republic of Macedonia* 1972 – Sundar Pichai, Indian-American businessman* 1972 – Eric Upashantha, Sri Lankan cricketer*1973 – Faith Evans, American singer-songwriter, producer, and actress* 1973 – Flesh-n-Bone, American rapper and actor* 1973 – Pokey Reese, American baseball player *1974 – Dustin Lance Black, American screenwriter, director, film and television producer, and LGBT rights activist*1975 – Henrik Pedersen, Danish footballer*1976 – Alari Lell, Estonian footballer* 1976 – Esther Ouwehand, Dutch politician* 1976 – Stefan Postma, Dutch footballer and coach* 1976 – Hadi Saei, Iranian martial artist*1977 – Adam Darski (Nergal), Polish singer-songwriter and guitarist * 1977 – Mike Rosenthal, American football player and coach*1978 – Raheem Brock, American football player*1979 – Evgeni Borounov, Russian ice dancer and coach* 1979 – Kostas Louboutis, Greek footballer*1980 – Jessica DiCicco, American actress and voice actress* 1980 – Matuzalém, Brazilian footballer* 1980 – Ovie Mughelli, American football player* 1980 – Dmitri Uchaykin, Russian ice hockey player (d. 2013)* 1980 – Daniele Seccarecci, Italian bodybuilder (d. 2013)*1981 – Mat Jackson, English racing driver* 1981 – Albie Morkel, South African cricketer* 1981 – Andrey Yepishin, Russian sprinter*1982 – Tara Lipinski, American figure skater* 1982 – Princess Madeleine, Duchess of Hälsingland and Gästrikland* 1982 – Ana Lúcia Souza, Brazilian ballerina and journalist*1983 – Jade Bailey, Barbadian athlete* 1983 – Marion Barber III, American football player (d. 2022)* 1983 – Aaron Davey, Australian footballer* 1983 – Leelee Sobieski, American actress and producer* 1983 – Steve von Bergen, Swiss footballer*1984 – Johanna Kedzierski, German sprinter* 1984 – Dirk Van Tichelt, Belgian martial artist*1985 – Richard Chambers, Irish rower* 1985 – Celina Jade, Hong Kong-American actress* 1985 – Kaia Kanepi, Estonian tennis player* 1985 – Andy Schleck, Luxembourger cyclist* 1985 – Vasilis Torosidis, Greek footballer*1986 – Al Alburquerque, Dominican baseball player* 1986 – Marco Andreolli, Italian footballer*1987 – Martin Harnik, German-Austrian footballer* 1987 – Amobi Okoye, Nigerian-American football player*1988 – Jeff Teague, American basketball player*1989 – David Miller, South African cricketer* 1989 – Mustapha Carayol, Gambian footballer* 1989 – Alexandra Stan, Romanian singer-songwriter, dancer, and model*1991 – Alexa Scimeca Knierim, American figure skater*1992 – Kate Upton, American model and actress *1996 – Wen Junhui, Chinese singer *1997 – Cheung Ka-long, Hong Kong foil fencer, 2020 Olympic champion*1998 – Ryan Papenhuyzen, Australian rugby league player*1999 – Rafael Leão, Portuguese footballer* 1999 – Blanche, Belgian singer" ], [ "Deaths", "===Pre-1600===*AD 38 – Julia Drusilla, Roman sister of Caligula (b.", "16 AD)* 223 – Liu Bei, Chinese emperor (b.", "161)* 779 – Emperor Daizong of Tang (b.", "727)* 754 – Abul Abbas al-Saffah, Muslim caliph (b.", "721)* 871 – Odo I, Frankish nobleman* 903 – Cheng Rui, Chinese warlord* 932 – Dong Zhang, Chinese general* 942 – Liu Yan, emperor of Southern Han (b.", "889)*1075 – Ernest, Margrave of Austria (b.", "1027)*1141 – Richenza of Northeim (b.", "1087)*1190 – Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor (b.", "1122)*1261 – Matilda of Brandenburg, Duchess of Brunswick-Lüneburg (b.", "1210)*1338 – Kitabatake Akiie, Japanese governor (b.", "1318)*1364 – Agnes of Austria (b.", "1281)*1424 – Ernest, Duke of Austria (b.", "1377)*1437 – Joan of Navarre, Queen of England (b.", "1370)*1468 – Idris Imad al-Din, supreme leader of Tayyibi Isma'ilism, scholar and historian (b.", "1392)*1552 – Alexander Barclay, English poet and author (b.", "1476)*1556 – Martin Agricola, German composer and theorist (b.", "1486)*1580 – Luís de Camões, Portuguese poet (b.", "1524–25)===1601–1900===*1604 – Isabella Andreini, Italian actress (b.", "1562)*1607 – John Popham, English politician, Attorney General for England and Wales (b.", "1531)*1654 – Alessandro Algardi, Italian sculptor (b.", "1598)*1680 – Johan Göransson Gyllenstierna, Swedish lawyer and politician (b.", "1635)*1692 – Bridget Bishop, Colonial Massachusetts woman hanged as a witch during the Salem witch trials (b.", "1632)*1735 – Thomas Hearne, English historian and author (b.", "1678)*1753 – Joachim Ludwig Schultheiss von Unfriedt, German architect (b.", "1678)*1776 – Hsinbyushin, Burmese king (b.", "1736)* 1776 – Leopold Widhalm, Austrian instrument maker (b.", "1722)*1791 – Toussaint-Guillaume Picquet de la Motte, French admiral (b.", "1720)*1799 – Chevalier de Saint-Georges, Caribbean-French violinist, composer, and conductor (b.", "1745)*1811 – Charles Frederick, Grand Duke of Baden (b.", "1728)*1831 – Hans Karl von Diebitsch, German-Russian field marshal (b.", "1785)*1836 – André-Marie Ampère, French physicist and mathematician (b.", "1775)*1849 – Thomas Robert Bugeaud, French general and politician (b.", "1784)* 1849 – Robert Brown, Scottish botanist (b.", "1773)*1868 – Mihailo Obrenović III, Prince of Serbia (b.", "1823)*1899 – Ernest Chausson, French composer (b.", "1855)===1901–present===*1901 – Robert Williams Buchanan, Scottish poet, author, and playwright (b.", "1841)*1902 – Jacint Verdaguer, Catalan priest and poet (b.", "1845)*1906 – Richard Seddon, English-New Zealand politician, 15th Prime Minister of New Zealand (b.", "1845)*1909 – Edward Everett Hale, American minister, historian, and author (b.", "1822)*1914 – Ödön Lechner, Hungarian architect (b.", "1845)*1918 – Arrigo Boito, Italian author, poet, and composer (b.", "1842)*1923 – Pierre Loti, French soldier and author (b.", "1850)*1924 – Giacomo Matteotti, Italian lawyer and politician (b.", "1885)*1926 – Antoni Gaudí, Spanish architect, designed the Park Güell (b.", "1852)*1930 – Adolf von Harnack, German historian and theologian (b.", "1851)*1934 – Frederick Delius, English composer and educator (b.", "1862)*1936 – John Bowser, English-Australian politician, 26th Premier of Victoria (b.", "1856)*1937 – Robert Borden, Canadian lawyer and politician, 8th Prime Minister of Canada (b.", "1854)*1939 – Albert Ogilvie, Australian politician, 28th Premier of Tasmania (b.", "1890)*1940 – Marcus Garvey, Jamaican journalist and activist, founded the Black Star Line (b.", "1887)*1944 – Willem Jacob van Stockum, Dutch mathematician and academic (b.", "1910)*1946 – Jack Johnson, American boxer (b.", "1878)*1947 – Alexander Bethune, Canadian businessman and politician, 12th Mayor of Vancouver (b.", "1852)*1949 – Sigrid Undset, Danish-Norwegian novelist, essayist, and translator, Nobel Prize laureate (b.", "1882)*1955 – Margaret Abbott, Indian-American golfer (b.", "1876)*1958 – Angelina Weld Grimké, American journalist, poet, and playwright (b.", "1880)*1959 – Zoltán Meskó, Hungarian politician (b.", "1883)*1963 – Timothy Birdsall, English cartoonist (b.", "1936)*1965 – Vahap Özaltay, Turkish footballer and manager (b.", "1908)*1967 – Spencer Tracy, American actor (b.", "1900)*1971 – Michael Rennie, English actor (b.", "1909)*1973 – William Inge, American playwright and novelist (b.", "1913)*1974 – Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester (b.", "1900)*1976 – Adolph Zukor, American film producer, co-founded Paramount Pictures (b.", "1873)*1982 – Rainer Werner Fassbinder, German actor, director, and screenwriter (b.", "1945)*1984 – Halide Nusret Zorlutuna, Turkish author and poet (b.", "1901)*1986 – Merle Miller, American author and playwright (b.", "1919)*1987 – Elizabeth Hartman, American actress (b.", "1943)*1988 – Louis L'Amour, American novelist and short story writer (b.", "1908)*1991 – Jean Bruller, French author and illustrator, co-founded Les Éditions de Minuit (b.", "1902)*1992 – Hachidai Nakamura, Chinese-Japanese pianist and composer (b.", "1931)*1993 – Les Dawson, English comedian, actor, writer and presenter (b.", "1931)*1996 – George Hees, Canadian soldier, football player, and politician (b.", "1910)* 1996 – Jo Van Fleet, American actress (b.", "1915) *1998 – Jim Hearn, American baseball player (b.", "1921)* 1998 – Hammond Innes, English author (b.", "1913)*2000 – Hafez al-Assad, Syrian general and politician, 18th President of Syria (b.", "1930)* 2000 – Brian Statham, English cricketer (b.", "1930)*2001 – Leila Pahlavi, Princess of Iran (b.", "1970)*2002 – John Gotti, American mobster (b.", "1940)*2003 – Donald Regan, American colonel and politician, 11th White House Chief of Staff (b.", "1918)* 2003 – Bernard Williams, English philosopher and academic (b.", "1929)* 2003 – Phil Williams, Welsh academic and politician (b.", "1939)*2004 – Ray Charles, American singer-songwriter, pianist, and actor (b.", "1930)* 2004 – Odette Laure, French actress and singer (b.", "1917)* 2004 – Xenophon Zolotas, Greek economist and politician, 177th Prime Minister of Greece (b.", "1904)*2005 – Curtis Pitts, American aircraft designer, designed the Pitts Special (b.", "1915)*2007 – Augie Auer, American-New Zealand meteorologist (b.", "1940)*2008 – Chinghiz Aitmatov, Kyrgyzstani author and diplomat (b.", "1928)*2009 – Stelios Skevofilakas, Greek footballer (b.", "1940)*2010 – Basil Schott, American archbishop (b.", "1939)* 2010 – Sigmar Polke, German painter and photographer (b.", "1941)*2011 – Brian Lenihan Jnr, Irish lawyer and politician, 25th Irish Minister for Finance (b.", "1959)*2012 – Piero Bellugi, Italian conductor (b.", "1924)* 2012 – Warner Fusselle, American sportscaster (b.", "1944)* 2012 – Will Hoebee, Dutch songwriter and producer (b.", "1947)* 2012 – Georges Mathieu, French painter and academic (b.", "1921)* 2012 – Joshua Orwa Ojode, Kenyan politician (b.", "1958)* 2012 – George Saitoti, Kenyan economist and politician, 6th Vice-President of Kenya (b.", "1945)* 2012 – Sudono Salim, Chinese-Indonesian businessman, founded Bank Central Asia (b.", "1916)* 2012 – Gordon West, English footballer (b.", "1943)*2013 – Doug Bailey, American political consultant (b.", "1933)* 2013 – Enrique Orizaola, Spanish footballer and coach (b.", "1922)* 2013 – Barbara Vucanovich, American lawyer and politician (b.", "1921)*2014 – Marcello Alencar, Brazilian lawyer and politician, 57th Governor of Rio de Janeiro (b.", "1925)* 2014 – Gary Gilmour, Australian cricketer and manager (b.", "1951)* 2014 – Robert M. Grant, American theologian and academic (b.", "1917)* 2014 – Jack Lee, American radio host and politician (b.", "1920)*2015 – Robert Chartoff, American film producer and philanthropist (b.", "1933)* 2015 – Wolfgang Jeschke, German author and publisher (b.", "1936)*2016 – Christina Grimmie, American singer-songwriter (b.", "1994)* 2016 – Gordie Howe, Canadian ice hockey player (b.", "1928)*2017 – Julia Perez, Indonesian singer and actress (b.", "1980)*2018 – Neal E. Boyd, American singer, winner of the 2008 season of ''America's Got Talent'' (b.", "1975)*2020 – Claudell Washington, American baseball player (b.", "1954)*2023 – Ted Kaczynski American mathematician and domestic terrorist (b.", "1942)" ], [ "Holidays and observances", "*Abolition Day (French Guiana)*Army Day (Jordan)*World Art Nouveau Day (Worldwide)*Christian feast day:**Bardo**Getulius, Amancius and Cerealus**Guardian Angel of Portugal**John of Tobolsk (Russian Orthodox Church)**Landry of Paris **Maurinus of Cologne**Maximus of Aveia (or of Aquila)**Maximus of Naples**Olivia**June 10 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)*Navy Day (Italy)*Portugal Day, also Day of Camões (Portugal and the Portuguese communities) *Reconciliation Day (Republic of the Congo)" ], [ "Notes" ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* * *" ] ]
wikipedia
[ [ "June 12" ], [ "Introduction" ], [ "Events", "===Pre-1600===* 910 – Battle of Augsburg: The Hungarians defeat the East Frankish army under King Louis the Child, using the famous feigned retreat tactic of the nomadic warriors.", "*1240 – At the instigation of Louis IX of France, an inter-faith debate, known as the Disputation of Paris, starts between a Christian monk and four rabbis.", "*1381 – Peasants' Revolt: In England, rebels assemble at Blackheath, just outside London.", "*1418 – Armagnac–Burgundian Civil War: Parisians slaughter sympathizers of Bernard VII, Count of Armagnac, along with all prisoners, foreign bankers, and students and faculty of the College of Navarre.", "*1429 – Hundred Years' War: On the second day of the Battle of Jargeau, Joan of Arc leads the French army in their capture of the city and the English commander, William de la Pole, 1st Duke of Suffolk.", "*1550 – The city of Helsinki, Finland (belonging to Sweden at the time) is founded by King Gustav I of Sweden.===1601–1900===*1643 – The Westminster Assembly is convened by the Parliament of England, without the assent of Charles I, in order to restructure the Church of England.", "*1653 – First Anglo-Dutch War: The Battle of the Gabbard begins, lasting until the following day.", "*1665 – Thomas Willett is appointed the first mayor of New York City.", "*1758 – French and Indian War: Siege of Louisbourg: James Wolfe's attack at Louisbourg, Nova Scotia, commences.", "*1772 – French explorer Marc-Joseph Marion du Fresne and 25 of his men killed by Māori in New Zealand.", "*1775 – American War of Independence: British general Thomas Gage declares martial law in Massachusetts.", "The British offer a pardon to all colonists who lay down their arms.", "There would be only two exceptions to the amnesty: Samuel Adams and John Hancock, if captured, were to be hanged.", "*1776 – The Virginia Declaration of Rights is adopted.", "*1798 – Irish Rebellion of 1798: Battle of Ballynahinch.", "*1817 – The earliest form of bicycle, the dandy horse, is driven by Karl von Drais.", "*1821 – Badi VII, king of Sennar, surrenders his throne and realm to Isma'il Pasha, general of the Ottoman Empire, ending the existence of that Sudanese kingdom.", "*1830 – Beginning of the Invasion of Algiers: Thirty-four thousand French soldiers land 27 kilometers west of Algiers, at Sidi Ferruch.", "*1864 – American Civil War, Overland Campaign: Battle of Cold Harbor: Ulysses S. Grant gives the Confederate forces under Robert E. Lee a victory when he pulls his Union troops from their position at Cold Harbor, Virginia and moves south.", "*1898 – Philippine Declaration of Independence: General Emilio Aguinaldo declares the Philippines' independence from Spain.", "*1899 – New Richmond tornado: The ninth deadliest tornado in U.S. history kills 117 people and injures around 200.", "*1900 – The Reichstag approves new legislation continuing Germany's naval expansion program, providing for construction of 38 battleships over a 20-year period.", "Germany's fleet would be the largest in the world.===1901–present===*1914 – Massacre of Phocaea: Turkish irregulars slaughter 50 to 100 Greeks and expel thousands of others in an ethnic cleansing operation in the Ottoman Empire.", "*1921 – Mikhail Tukhachevsky orders the use of chemical weapons against the Tambov Rebellion, bringing an end to the peasant uprising.", "*1935 – A ceasefire is negotiated between Bolivia and Paraguay, ending the Chaco War.", "*1939 – Shooting begins on Paramount Pictures' ''Dr.", "Cyclops'', the first horror film photographed in three-strip Technicolor.", "* 1939 – The Baseball Hall of Fame opens in Cooperstown, New York.", "*1940 – World War II: Thirteen thousand British and French troops surrender to Major General Erwin Rommel at Saint-Valery-en-Caux.", "*1942 – Anne Frank receives a diary for her thirteenth birthday.", "*1943 – The Holocaust: Germany liquidates the Jewish Ghetto in Brzeżany, Poland (now Berezhany, Ukraine).", "Around 1,180 Jews are led to the city's old Jewish graveyard and shot.", "*1944 – World War II: Operation Overlord: American paratroopers of the 101st Airborne Division secure the town of Carentan, Normandy, France.", "*1950 – An Air France Douglas DC-4 crashes near Bahrain International Airport, killing 46 people.", "*1954 – Pope Pius XII canonises Dominic Savio, who was 14 years old at the time of his death, as a saint, making him at the time the youngest unmartyred saint in the Roman Catholic Church.", "In 2017, Francisco and Jacinta Marto, aged ten and nine at the time of their deaths, are declared as saints.", "*1963 – NAACP field secretary Medgar Evers is murdered in front of his home in Jackson, Mississippi by Ku Klux Klan member Byron De La Beckwith during the civil rights movement.", "* 1963 – The film ''Cleopatra'', starring Elizabeth Taylor and Richard Burton, is released in US theaters.", "It was the most expensive film made at the time.", "*1964 – Anti-apartheid activist and ANC leader Nelson Mandela is sentenced to life in prison for sabotage in South Africa.", "*1967 – The United States Supreme Court in ''Loving v. Virginia'' declares all U.S. state laws which prohibit interracial marriage to be unconstitutional.", "*1975 – India, Judge Jagmohanlal Sinha of the city of Allahabad ruled that India's Prime Minister Indira Gandhi had used corrupt practices to win her seat in the Indian Parliament, and that she should be banned from holding any public office.", "Mrs. Gandhi sent word that she refused to resign.", "*1979 – Bryan Allen wins the second Kremer prize for a man-powered flight across the English Channel in the Gossamer Albatross.", "*1981 – The first of the Indiana Jones film franchise, ''Raiders of the Lost Ark'', is released in theaters.", "*1982 – A nuclear disarmament rally and concert is held in New York City.", "*1987 – The Central African Republic's former emperor Jean-Bédel Bokassa is sentenced to death for crimes he had committed during his 13-year rule.", "* 1987 – Cold War: At the Brandenburg Gate, U.S. President Ronald Reagan publicly challenges Mikhail Gorbachev to tear down the Berlin Wall.", "*1988 – Austral Líneas Aéreas Flight 046, a McDonnell Douglas MD-81, crashes short of the runway at Libertador General José de San Martín Airport, killing all 22 people on board.", "*1990 – Russia Day: The parliament of the Russian Federation formally declares its sovereignty.", "*1991 – In modern Russia's first democratic election, Boris Yeltsin is elected as the President of Russia.", "* 1991 – Kokkadichcholai massacre: The Sri Lankan Army massacres 152 minority Tamil civilians in the village of Kokkadichcholai near the Eastern Province town of Batticaloa.", "*1993 – An election takes place in Nigeria and is won by Moshood Kashimawo Olawale Abiola.", "Its results are later annulled by the military government of Ibrahim Babangida.", "*1999 – Kosovo War: Operation Joint Guardian begins when a NATO-led United Nations peacekeeping force (KFor) enters the province of Kosovo in the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.", "*2009 – A disputed presidential election in Iran leads to wide-ranging local and international protests.", "*2014 – Between 1,095 and 1,700 Shia Iraqi people are killed in an attack by the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant on Camp Speicher in Tikrit, Iraq.", "It is the second deadliest act of terrorism in history, only behind 9/11.", "*2016 – An attack on a gay nightclub in Orlando, Florida killed 49 civilians and injured 58 others; the gunman, Omar Mateen, is killed in a gunfight with police.", "*2018 – United States President Donald Trump and Kim Jong-un of North Korea held the first meeting between leaders of their two countries in Singapore.", "*2019 – Kassym-Jomart Tokayev is inaugurated as the second president of Kazakhstan." ], [ "Births", "===Pre-1600===* 950 – Reizei, Japanese emperor (d. 1011)*1107 – Gao Zong, Chinese emperor (d. 1187)*1161 – Constance, Duchess of Brittany (d. 1201)*1519 – Cosimo I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany (d. 1574)*1561 – Anna of Württemberg, German princess (d. 1616)*1564 – John Casimir, Duke of Saxe-Coburg (d. 1633)*1573 – Robert Radclyffe, 5th Earl of Sussex, soldier (d. 1629)*1577 – Paul Guldin, Swiss astronomer and mathematician (d. 1643)*1580 – Adriaen van Stalbemt, Flemish painter (d. 1662)===1601–1900===*1653 – Maria Amalia of Courland, Landgravine of Hesse-Kassel (d. 1711)*1686 – Marie-Catherine Homassel Hecquet, French writer (d. 1764)*1711 – Louis Legrand, French priest and theologian (d. 1780)*1760 – Jean-Baptiste Louvet de Couvrai, French author, playwright, journalist, and politician (d. 1797)*1771 – Patrick Gass, American sergeant (Lewis and Clark Expedition) and author (d. 1870)*1775 – Karl Freiherr von Müffling, Prussian field marshal (d. 1851)*1777 – Robert Clark, American physician and politician (d. 1837)*1795 – John Marston, American sailor (d. 1885)*1798 – Samuel Cooper, American general (d. 1876)*1800 – Samuel Wright Mardis, American politician (d. 1836)*1802 – Harriet Martineau, English sociologist and author (d. 1876)*1806 – John A. Roebling, German-American engineer, designed the Brooklyn Bridge (d. 1869)*1807 – Ante Kuzmanić, Croatian physician and journalist (d. 1879)*1812 – Edmond Hébert, French geologist and academic (d. 1890)*1819 – Charles Kingsley, English priest, historian, and author (d. 1875)*1827 – Johanna Spyri, Swiss author, best known for ''Heidi'' (d. 1901)*1831 – Robert Herbert, English-Australian politician, 1st Premier of Queensland (d. 1905)*1841 – Watson Fothergill, English architect, designed the Woodborough Road Baptist Church (d. 1928)*1843 – David Gill, Scottish-English astronomer and author (d. 1914)*1851 – Oliver Lodge, English physicist and academic (d. 1940)*1857 – Maurice Perrault, Canadian architect, engineer, and politician, 15th Mayor of Longueuil (d. 1909)*1858 – Harry Johnston, English botanist and explorer (d. 1927)* 1858 – Henry Scott Tuke, English painter and photographer (d. 1929)*1861 – William Attewell, English cricketer and umpire (d. 1927)*1864 – Frank Chapman, American ornithologist, photographer, and author (d. 1945)*1877 – Thomas C. Hart, American admiral and politician (d. 1971)*1883 – Fernand Gonder, French pole vaulter (d. 1969)* 1883 – Robert Lowie, Austrian-American anthropologist and academic (d. 1957)*1888 – Zygmunt Janiszewski, Polish mathematician and academic (d. 1920)*1890 – Egon Schiele, Austrian soldier and painter (d. 1918)*1892 – Djuna Barnes, American novelist, journalist, and playwright (d. 1982)*1895 – Eugénie Brazier, French chef (d. 1977)*1897 – Anthony Eden, English soldier and politician, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1977)*1899 – Fritz Albert Lipmann, German-American biochemist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1986)* 1899 – Weegee, Ukrainian-American photographer and journalist (d. 1968)===1901–present===*1902 – Hendrik Elias, Belgian lawyer and politician, Mayor of Ghent (d. 1973)*1905 – Ray Barbuti, American sprinter and football player (d. 1988)*1906 – Sandro Penna, Italian poet (d. 1977)*1908 – Alphonse Ouimet, Canadian broadcaster (d. 1988)* 1908 – Marina Semyonova, Russian ballerina and educator (d. 2010)* 1908 – Otto Skorzeny, German SS officer (d. 1975)*1910 – Bill Naughton, Irish-English playwright and author (d. 1992)*1912 – Bill Cowley, Canadian ice hockey player and coach (d. 1993)* 1912 – Carl Hovland, American psychologist and academic (d. 1961)*1913 – Jean Victor Allard, Canadian general (d. 1996)* 1913 – Desmond Piers, Canadian admiral (d. 2005)*1914 – William Lundigan, American actor (d. 1975)* 1914 – Go Seigen, Chinese-Japanese Go player (d. 2014)*1915 – Priscilla Lane, American actress (d. 1995)* 1915 – Christopher Mayhew, English soldier and politician (d. 1997)* 1915 – David Rockefeller, American banker and businessman (d. 2017)*1916 – Irwin Allen, American director and producer (d. 1991)* 1916 – Raúl Héctor Castro, Mexican-American politician and diplomat, 14th Governor of Arizona (d. 2015)*1918 – Samuel Z. Arkoff, American film producer (d. 2001)* 1918 – Georgia Louise Harris Brown, American architect (d. 1999)* 1918 – Christie Jayaratnam Eliezer, Sri Lankan-Australian mathematician and academic (d. 2001)*1919 – Uta Hagen, German-American actress and educator (d. 2004)*1920 – Dave Berg, American soldier and cartoonist (d. 2002)* 1920 – Peter Jones, English actor and screenwriter (d. 2000)*1921 – Luis García Berlanga, Spanish director and screenwriter (d. 2010)* 1921 – Christopher Derrick, English author, critic, and academic (d. 2007)* 1921 – James Archibald Houston, Canadian author and illustrator (d. 2005)*1922 – Margherita Hack, Italian astrophysicist and author (d. 2013)*1924 – George H. W. Bush, American lieutenant and politician, 41st President of the United States (d. 2018)* 1924 – Grete Dollitz, German-American guitarist and radio host (d. 2013)*1928 – Vic Damone, American singer-songwriter and actor (d. 2018)* 1928 – Petros Molyviatis, Greek politician and diplomat, Greek Minister for Foreign Affairs* 1928 – Richard M. Sherman, American composer and director*1929 – Brigid Brophy, English author and critic (d. 1995)* 1929 – Anne Frank, German-Dutch diarist; victim of the Holocaust (d. 1945)* 1929 – Jameel Jalibi, Pakistani linguist and academic (d. 2019)* 1929 – John McCluskey, Baron McCluskey, Scottish lawyer, judge, and politician, Solicitor General for Scotland (d. 2017)*1930 – Jim Burke, Australian cricketer (d. 1979)* 1930 – Donald Byrne, American chess player (d. 1976)* 1930 – Innes Ireland, Scottish racing driver and engineer (d. 1993)* 1930 – Jim Nabors, American actor and singer (d. 2017)*1931 – Trevanian, American author and scholar (d. 2005)* 1931 – Rona Jaffe, American novelist (d. 2005)*1932 – Mimi Coertse, South African soprano and producer* 1932 – Mamo Wolde, Ethiopian runner (d. 2002)*1933 – Eddie Adams, American photographer and journalist (d. 2004)*1934 – John A. Alonzo, American actor and cinematographer (d. 2001)* 1934 – Kevin Billington, English director and producer (d. 2021)*1935 – Ian Craig, Australian cricketer (d. 2014)* 1935 – Paul Kennedy, English lawyer and judge*1937 – Vladimir Arnold, Russian-French mathematician and academic (d. 2010)* 1937 – Klaus Basikow, German footballer and manager (d. 2015)* 1937 – Antal Festetics, Hungarian-Austrian biologist and zoologist* 1937 – Chips Moman, American record producer, guitarist, and songwriter (d. 2016) *1938 – Jean-Marie Doré, Guinean lawyer and politician, 11th Prime Minister of Guinea (d. 2016)* 1938 – Tom Oliver, English-Australian actor*1939 – Ron Lynch, Australian rugby league player and coach * 1939 – Frank McCloskey, American sergeant and politician (d. 2003)*1940 – Jacques Brassard, Canadian educator and politician*1941 – Marv Albert, American sportscaster* 1941 – Chick Corea, American pianist and composer (d. 2021)* 1941 – Roy Harper, English singer-songwriter, guitarist, and actor* 1941 – Reg Presley, English singer-songwriter (d. 2013)* 1941 – Lucille Roybal-Allard, American politician*1942 – Len Barry, American singer-songwriter and producer (d. 2020)* 1942 – Bert Sakmann, German physiologist and biologist, Nobel Prize laureate*1945 – Pat Jennings, Northern Irish footballer and coach*1946 – Michel Bergeron, Canadian ice hockey player and coach* 1946 – Bobby Gould, English footballer and manager* 1946 – Catherine Bréchignac, French physicist and academic*1948 – Hans Binder, Austrian racing driver* 1948 – Herbert Meyer, German footballer* 1948 – Len Wein, American comic book writer and editor (d. 2017)*1949 – Jens Böhrnsen, German judge and politician* 1949 – Marc Tardif, Canadian ice hockey player* 1949 – John Wetton, English singer-songwriter, bass player, and producer (d. 2017)*1950 – Oğuz Abadan, Turkish singer-songwriter and guitarist* 1950 – Michael Fabricant, English politician* 1950 – Sonia Manzano, American actress*1951 – Brad Delp, American musician and singer (d. 2007)* 1951 – Andranik Margaryan, Armenian engineer and politician, 10th Prime Minister of Armenia (d. 2007)*1952 – Spencer Abraham, American academic and politician, 10th United States Secretary of Energy* 1952 – Junior Brown, American country music singer-songwriter and guitarist*1953 – Rocky Burnette, American singer-songwriter and guitarist*1956 – Terry Alderman, Australian cricketer and sportscaster*1957 – Timothy Busfield, American actor, director, and producer* 1957 – Javed Miandad, Pakistani cricketer and coach*1958 – Meredith Brooks, American singer-songwriter and guitarist*1959 – John Linnell, American singer-songwriter and musician * 1959 – Scott Thompson, Canadian actor and comedian *1960 – Joe Kopicki, American basketball player and coach*1962 – Jordan Peterson, Canadian psychologist, professor and cultural critic*1963 – Philippe Bugalski, French racing driver (d. 2012)* 1963 – Warwick Capper, Australian footballer, coach, and actor*1964 – Derek Higgins, Irish racing driver* 1964 – Takashi Yamazaki, Japanese filmmaker*1965 – Adrian Toole, Australian rugby league player * 1965 – Gwen Torrence, American sprinter* 1965 – Cathy Tyson, English actress*1966 – Marc Glanville, Australian rugby league player * 1966 – Tom Misteli, Swiss cell biologist*1967 – Aivar Kuusmaa, Estonian basketball player and coach* 1967 – Frances O'Connor, English-Australian actress*1968 – Scott Aldred, American baseball player and coach* 1968 – Bobby Sheehan, American bass player and songwriter (d. 1999)*1969 – Zsolt Daczi, Hungarian guitarist (d. 2007)* 1969 – Héctor Garza, Mexican wrestler (d. 2013)* 1969 – Mathieu Schneider, American ice hockey player* 1969 – Heinz-Christian Strache, Austrian politician*1971 – Mark Henry, American weightlifter and wrestler* 1971 – Ryan Klesko, American baseball player* 1971 – Jérôme Romain, Caribbean-Dominican triple jumper and coach*1973 – Jason Caffey, American basketball player and coach* 1973 – Darryl White, Australian footballer*1974 – Flávio Conceição, Brazilian footballer * 1974 – Hideki Matsui, Japanese baseball player*1975 – Bryan Alvarez, American wrestler and journalist* 1975 – Stéphanie Szostak, French-American actress*1976 – Antawn Jamison, American basketball player and sportscaster* 1976 – Ray Price, Zimbabwean cricketer* 1976 – Thomas Sørensen, Danish footballer* 1976 – Paul Stenning, English author*1977 – Wade Redden, Canadian ice hockey player*1978 – Lewis Moody, English rugby player*1979 – Dallas Clark, American football player* 1979 – Martine Dugrenier, Canadian wrestler* 1979 – Diego Milito, Argentine footballer* 1979 – Robyn, Swedish singer-songwriter, musician, and record producer* 1979 – Earl Watson, American basketball player and coach*1980 – Marco Bortolami, Italian rugby player*1981 – Raitis Grafs, Latvian basketball player* 1981 – Adriana Lima, Brazilian model and actress*1982 – Shailaja Pujari, Indian weightlifter*1983 – Bryan Habana, South African rugby player* 1983 – Christine Sinclair, Canadian soccer player*1984 – James Kwalia, Kenyan-Qatari runner* 1984 – Bruno Soriano, Spanish footballer*1985 – Dave Franco, American actor* 1985 – Blake Ross, American computer programmer, co-created Mozilla Firefox* 1985 – Kendra Wilkinson, American model, actress, and author*1986 – Salim Mehajer, Australian politician*1988 – Eren Derdiyok, Swiss footballer* 1988 – Mauricio Isla, Chilean footballer*1989 – Emma Eliasson, Swedish ice hockey player* 1989 – Ibrahim Jeilan, Ethiopian runner*1990 – Jrue Holiday, American basketball player* 1990 – David Worrall, English footballer*1991 – Avisaíl García, Venezuelan baseball player*1992 – Philippe Coutinho, Brazilian footballer* 1992 – Allie DiMeco, American actress and musician*1996 – Shonica Wharton, Barbadian netball player*1999 – CarryMinati, Indian YouTuber" ], [ "Deaths", "===Pre-1600===* 796 – Hisham I, Muslim emir ( 757)* 816 – Pope Leo III (b.", "750)* 918 – Æthelflæd, Mercian daughter of Alfred the Great (b.", "870)*1020 – Lyfing, English archbishop (b.", "999)*1036 – Tedald, Italian bishop (b.", "990)*1144 – Al-Zamakhshari, Persian theologian (b.", "1075)*1152 – Henry of Scotland, 3rd Earl of Huntingdon (b.", "1114)*1266 – Henry II, Prince of Anhalt-Aschersleben (b.", "1215)*1294 – John I of Brienne, Count of Eu*1418 – Bernard VII, Count of Armagnac (b.", "1360)*1420 – Adolf I, Count of Nassau-Siegen (b.", "1362)*1435 – John FitzAlan, 14th Earl of Arundel, English commander (b.", "1408)*1478 – Ludovico III Gonzaga, Marquis of Mantua (b.", "1412)*1524 – Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar, Spanish conquistador (b.", "1465)*1560 – Ii Naomori, Japanese warrior (b.", "1506)* 1560 – Imagawa Yoshimoto, Japanese daimyō (b.", "1519)*1565 – Adrianus Turnebus, French philologist and scholar (b.", "1512)*1567 – Richard Rich, 1st Baron Rich, English politician, Lord Chancellor of England (b.", "1490)*1574 – Renée of France, Duchess of Ferrara (b.1510)===1601–1900===*1647 – Thomas Farnaby, English scholar and educator (b.", "1575)*1668 – Charles Berkeley, 2nd Viscount Fitzhardinge, English politician (b.", "1599)*1675 – Charles Emmanuel II, Duke of Savoy (b.", "1634)*1734 – James FitzJames, 1st Duke of Berwick, French-English general and politician, Lord Lieutenant of Hampshire (b.", "1670)*1758 – Prince Augustus William of Prussia (b.", "1722)*1772 – Marc-Joseph Marion du Fresne, French explorer (b.", "1724)*1778 – Philip Livingston, American merchant and politician (b.", "1716)*1816 – Pierre Augereau, French general (b.", "1757)*1818 – Egwale Seyon, Ethiopian emperor *1841 – Konstantinos Nikolopoulos, Greek composer, archaeologist, and philologist (b.", "1786)*1900 – Lucretia Peabody Hale, American journalist and author (b.", "1820)===1901–present===*1904 – Camille of Renesse-Breidbach (b.", "1836)*1912 – Frédéric Passy, French economist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (b.", "1822)*1917 – Teresa Carreño, Venezuelan-American singer-songwriter, pianist, and conductor (b.", "1853)*1932 – Theo Heemskerk, Dutch lawyer and politician, Prime Minister of the Netherlands (b.", "1852)*1937 – Mikhail Tukhachevsky, Russian general (b.", "1893)*1944 – Erich Marcks, German general (b.", "1891)*1946 – Médéric Martin, Canadian politician, mayor of Montreal (b.", "1869)*1952 – Harry Lawson, Australian politician, 27th Premier of Victoria (b.", "1875)*1957 – Jimmy Dorsey, American saxophonist, composer, and bandleader (The Dorsey Brothers and The California Ramblers) (b.", "1904)*1962 – John Ireland, English composer and educator (b.", "1879)*1963 – Medgar Evers, American soldier and activist (b.", "1925)*1966 – Hermann Scherchen, German viola player and conductor (b.", "1891)*1968 – Herbert Read, English poet and critic (b.", "1893)*1969 – Aleksandr Deyneka, Ukrainian-Russian painter and sculptor (b.", "1899)*1972 – Edmund Wilson, American critic, essayist, and editor (b.", "1895)* 1972 – Dinanath Gopal Tendulkar, Indian writer and documentary filmmaker (b.", "1909)*1976 – Gopinath Kaviraj, Indian philosopher and scholar (b.", "1887)*1978 – Guo Moruo, Chinese historian, author, and poet (b.", "1892)* 1978 – Georg Siimenson, Estonian footballer (b.", "1912)*1980 – Billy Butlin, South African-English businessman, founded the Butlins Company (b.", "1899)* 1980 – Masayoshi Ōhira, Japanese politician, 68th Prime minister of Japan (b.", "1910)* 1980 – Milburn Stone, American actor (b.", "1904)*1982 – Ian McKay, English sergeant, Victoria Cross recipient (b.", "1953)* 1982 – Karl von Frisch, Austrian-German ethologist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (b.", "1886)*1983 – Norma Shearer, Canadian-American actress (b.", "1902)*1989 – Bruce Hamilton, Australian public servant (b.", "1911)*1990 – Terence O'Neill, Baron O'Neill of the Maine, English captain and politician, 4th Prime Minister of Northern Ireland (b.", "1914)*1994 – Menachem Mendel Schneerson, Russian-American rabbi and author (b.", "1902)*1994 – Nicole Brown Simpson, ex-wife of O. J. Simpson (b.", "1959) and Ron Goldman, restaurant employee (b.", "1968)*1995 – Arturo Benedetti Michelangeli, Italian pianist (b.", "1920)* 1995 – Pierre Russell, American basketball player (b.", "1949) *1997 – Bulat Okudzhava, Russian singer-songwriter and guitarist (b.", "1924)*1998 – Leo Buscaglia, American author and educator (b.", "1924)* 1998 – Theresa Merritt, American actress and singer (b.", "1922)*1999 – J. F. Powers, American novelist and short story writer (b.", "1917)*2000 – Purushottam Laxman Deshpande, Indian actor, director, and producer (b.", "1919)*2002 – Bill Blass, American fashion designer, founded Bill Blass Limited (b.", "1922)* 2002 – Zena Sutherland, American reviewer of children's literature (b.", "1915)*2003 – Gregory Peck, American actor and political activist (b.", "1916)*2005 – Scott Young, Canadian journalist and author (b.", "1918)*2006 – Nicky Barr, Australian rugby player and fighter pilot (b.", "1915)* 2006 – György Ligeti, Romanian-Hungarian composer and educator (b.", "1923)* 2006 – Kenneth Thomson, 2nd Baron Thomson of Fleet, Canadian businessman and art collector (b.", "1923)*2008 – Miroslav Dvořák, Czech ice hockey player (b.", "1951)* 2008 – Derek Tapscott, Welsh footballer and manager (b.", "1932)*2010 – Al Williamson, American illustrator (b.", "1931)*2011 – René Audet, Canadian bishop (b.", "1920)* 2011 – Carl Gardner, American singer (The Coasters) (b.", "1928)*2012 – Hector Bianciotti, Argentinian-French journalist and author (b.", "1930)* 2012 – Margarete Mitscherlich-Nielsen, Danish-German psychoanalyst and author (b.", "1917)* 2012 – Medin Zhega, Albanian footballer and manager (b.", "1946)* 2012 – Elinor Ostrom, American political scientist and economist, Nobel Prize laureate (b.", "1933)* 2012 – Pahiño, Spanish footballer (b.", "1923)* 2012 – Frank Walker, Australian judge and politician, 41st Attorney General of New South Wales (b.", "1942)*2013 – Teresita Barajuen, Spanish nun (b.", "1908)* 2013 – Jason Leffler, American racing driver (b.", "1975)*2014 – Nabil Hemani, Algerian footballer (b.", "1979)* 2014 – Frank Schirrmacher, German journalist (b.", "1959)*2015 – Fernando Brant, Brazilian journalist, poet, and composer (b.", "1946)*2018 – Jon Hiseman, English drummer (b.", "1944)*2019 – Sylvia Miles, American actress (b.", "1924)*2022 – Philip Baker Hall, American actor (b.", "1931)* 2022 – Phil Bennett, Welsh rugby union player (b.", "1948) *2023 – Silvio Berlusconi, Italian businessman and politician, Prime Minister of Italy (b.", "1936)* 2023 – Francesco Nuti, Italian actor and director, (b.", "1955)* 2023 – John Romita Sr., comic book artist and author (b.", "1930)* 2023 – Treat Williams, American actor (b.", "1951)" ], [ "Holidays and observances", "*Chaco Armistice Day (Paraguay)*Christian feast day:**108 Martyrs of World War II**Basilides, Cyrinus, Nabor and Nazarius**Blessed Hildegard Burjan**Enmegahbowh (Episcopal Church)**Eskil**First Ecumenical Council (Lutheran)**Gaspar Bertoni**John of Sahagún**Onuphrius**Pope Leo III**Ternan**June 12 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)*''Dia dos Namorados'' (Brazil)*Helsinki Day (Finland)*Independence Day, celebrates the independence of the Philippines from Spain in 1898.", "*June 12 Commemoration (Lagos State)*Loving Day (United States)*Russia Day (Russia)*World Day Against Child Labour, and its related observances:**Children's Day (Haiti)" ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* * *" ] ]
wikipedia
[ [ "John Horton Conway" ], [ "Introduction", "'''John Horton Conway''' (26 December 1937 – 11 April 2020) was an English mathematician active in the theory of finite groups, knot theory, number theory, combinatorial game theory and coding theory.", "He also made contributions to many branches of recreational mathematics, most notably the invention of the cellular automaton called the Game of Life.Born and raised in Liverpool, Conway spent the first half of his career at the University of Cambridge before moving to the United States, where he held the John von Neumann Professorship at Princeton University for the rest of his career.", "On 11 April 2020, at age 82, he died of complications from COVID-19." ], [ "Early life and education", "Conway was born on 26 December 1937 in Liverpool, the son of Cyril Horton Conway and Agnes Boyce.", "He became interested in mathematics at a very early age.", "By the time he was 11, his ambition was to become a mathematician.", "After leaving sixth form, he studied mathematics at Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge.", "A \"terribly introverted adolescent\" in school, he took his admission to Cambridge as an opportunity to transform himself into an extrovert, a change which would later earn him the nickname of \"the world's most charismatic mathematician\".Conway was awarded a BA in 1959 and, supervised by Harold Davenport, began to undertake research in number theory.", "Having solved the open problem posed by Davenport on writing numbers as the sums of fifth powers, Conway began to become interested in infinite ordinals.", "It appears that his interest in games began during his years studying the Cambridge Mathematical Tripos, where he became an avid backgammon player, spending hours playing the game in the common room.In 1964, Conway was awarded his doctorate and was appointed as College Fellow and Lecturer in Mathematics at Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge.After leaving Cambridge in 1986, he took up the appointment to the John von Neumann Chair of Mathematics at Princeton University.", "There, he won the school's Pi Day pie-eating contest." ], [ "Conway and Martin Gardner", "Conway's career was intertwined with that of Martin Gardner.", "When Gardner featured Conway's Game of Life in his Mathematical Games column in October 1970, it became the most widely read of all his columns and made Conway an instant celebrity.", "Gardner and Conway had first corresponded in the late 1950s, and over the years Gardner had frequently written about recreational aspects of Conway's work.", "For instance, he discussed Conway's game of Sprouts (July 1967), Hackenbush (January 1972), and his angel and devil problem (February 1974).", "In the September 1976 column, he reviewed Conway's book ''On Numbers and Games'' and even managed to explain Conway's surreal numbers.Conway was a prominent member of Martin Gardner's Mathematical Grapevine.", "He regularly visited Gardner and often wrote him long letters summarizing his recreational research.", "In a 1976 visit, Gardner kept him for a week, pumping him for information on the Penrose tilings which had just been announced.", "Conway had discovered many (if not most) of the major properties of the tilings.", "Gardner used these results when he introduced the world to Penrose tiles in his January 1977 column.", "The cover of that issue of ''Scientific American'' features the Penrose tiles and is based on a sketch by Conway." ], [ "Personal life and death", "Conway was married three times.", "With his first two wives he had two sons and four daughters.", "He married Diana in 2001 and had another son with her.", "He had three grandchildren and two great-grandchildren.On 8 April 2020, Conway developed symptoms of COVID-19.On 11 April, he died in New Brunswick, New Jersey, at the age of 82." ], [ "Major areas of research", "===Recreational mathematics===Gosper's Glider Gun creating \"gliders\" in Conway's Game of LifeConway invented the Game of Life, one of the early examples of a cellular automaton.", "His initial experiments in that field were done with pen and paper, long before personal computers existed.", "Since Conway's game was popularized by Martin Gardner in ''Scientific American'' in 1970, it has spawned hundreds of computer programs, web sites, and articles.", "It is a staple of recreational mathematics.", "There is an extensive wiki devoted to curating and cataloging the various aspects of the game.", "From the earliest days, it has been a favorite in computer labs, both for its theoretical interest and as a practical exercise in programming and data display.", "Conway came to dislike how discussions of him heavily focused on his Game of Life, feeling that it overshadowed deeper and more important things he had done, although he remained proud of his work on it.", "The game helped to launch a new branch of mathematics, the field of cellular automata.The Game of Life is known to be Turing complete.===Combinatorial game theory===Conway contributed to combinatorial game theory (CGT), a theory of partisan games.", "He developed the theory with Elwyn Berlekamp and Richard Guy, and also co-authored the book ''Winning Ways for your Mathematical Plays'' with them.", "He also wrote ''On Numbers and Games'' (''ONAG'') which lays out the mathematical foundations of CGT.He was also one of the inventors of the game sprouts, as well as philosopher's football.", "He developed detailed analyses of many other games and puzzles, such as the Soma cube, peg solitaire, and Conway's soldiers.", "He came up with the angel problem, which was solved in 2006.He invented a new system of numbers, the surreal numbers, which are closely related to certain games and have been the subject of a mathematical novelette by Donald Knuth.", "He also invented a nomenclature for exceedingly large numbers, the Conway chained arrow notation.", "Much of this is discussed in the 0th part of ''ONAG''.===Geometry===In the mid-1960s with Michael Guy, Conway established that there are sixty-four convex uniform polychora excluding two infinite sets of prismatic forms.", "They discovered the grand antiprism in the process, the only non-Wythoffian uniform polychoron.", "Conway has also suggested a system of notation dedicated to describing polyhedra called Conway polyhedron notation.In the theory of tessellations, he devised the Conway criterion which is a fast way to identify many prototiles that tile the plane.He investigated lattices in higher dimensions and was the first to determine the symmetry group of the Leech lattice.===Geometric topology===In knot theory, Conway formulated a new variation of the Alexander polynomial and produced a new invariant now called the Conway polynomial.", "After lying dormant for more than a decade, this concept became central to work in the 1980s on the novel knot polynomials.", "Conway further developed tangle theory and invented a system of notation for tabulating knots, now known as Conway notation, while correcting a number of errors in the 19th-century knot tables and extending them to include all but four of the non-alternating primes with 11 crossings.", "The Conway knot is named after him.Conway's conjecture that, in any thrackle, the number of edges is at most equal to the number of vertices, is still open.===Group theory===He was the primary author of the ''ATLAS of Finite Groups'' giving properties of many finite simple groups.", "Working with his colleagues Robert Curtis and Simon P. Norton he constructed the first concrete representations of some of the sporadic groups.", "More specifically, he discovered three sporadic groups based on the symmetry of the Leech lattice, which have been designated the Conway groups.", "This work made him a key player in the successful classification of the finite simple groups.Based on a 1978 observation by mathematician John McKay, Conway and Norton formulated the complex of conjectures known as monstrous moonshine.", "This subject, named by Conway, relates the monster group with elliptic modular functions, thus bridging two previously distinct areas of mathematics—finite groups and complex function theory.", "Monstrous moonshine theory has now been revealed to also have deep connections to string theory.Conway introduced the Mathieu groupoid, an extension of the Mathieu group M12 to 13 points.===Number theory===As a graduate student, he proved one case of a conjecture by Edward Waring, that every integer could be written as the sum of 37 numbers each raised to the fifth power, though Chen Jingrun solved the problem independently before Conway's work could be published.", "In 1972, Conway proved that a natural generalization of the Collatz problem is algorithmically undecidable.", "Related to that, he developed the esoteric programming language FRACTRAN.", "While lecturing on the Collatz conjecture, Terence Tao (who was taught by him in graduate school) mentioned Conway's result and said that he was \"always very good at making extremely weird connections in mathematics\".===Algebra===Conway wrote a textbook on Stephen Kleene's theory of state machines, and published original work on algebraic structures, focusing particularly on quaternions and octonions.", "Together with Neil Sloane, he invented the icosians.===Analysis===He invented a base 13 function as a counterexample to the converse of the intermediate value theorem: the function takes on every real value in each interval on the real line, so it has a Darboux property but is ''not'' continuous.===Algorithmics===For calculating the day of the week, he invented the Doomsday algorithm.", "The algorithm is simple enough for anyone with basic arithmetic ability to do the calculations mentally.", "Conway could usually give the correct answer in under two seconds.", "To improve his speed, he practised his calendrical calculations on his computer, which was programmed to quiz him with random dates every time he logged on.", "One of his early books was on finite-state machines.===Theoretical physics===In 2004, Conway and Simon B. Kochen, another Princeton mathematician, proved the free will theorem, a version of the \"no hidden variables\" principle of quantum mechanics.", "It states that given certain conditions, if an experimenter can freely decide what quantities to measure in a particular experiment, then elementary particles must be free to choose their spins to make the measurements consistent with physical law.", "Conway said that \"if experimenters have free will, then so do elementary particles.\"" ], [ "Awards and honours", "Conway received the Berwick Prize (1971), was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (1981), became a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1992, was the first recipient of the Pólya Prize (LMS) (1987), won the Nemmers Prize in Mathematics (1998) and received the Leroy P. Steele Prize for Mathematical Exposition (2000) of the American Mathematical Society.", "In 2001 he was awarded an honorary degree from the University of Liverpool, and in 2014 one from Alexandru Ioan Cuza University.His FRS nomination, in 1981, reads: In 2017 Conway was given honorary membership of the British Mathematical Association.Conferences called Gathering 4 Gardner are held every two years to celebrate the legacy of Martin Gardner, and Conway himself was often a featured speaker at these events, discussing various aspects of recreational mathematics." ], [ "Select publications", "* 1971 – ''Regular algebra and finite machines''.", "Chapman and Hall, London, 1971, Series: Chapman and Hall mathematics series, .", "* 1976 – ''On numbers and games''.", "Academic Press, New York, 1976, Series: L.M.S.", "monographs, 6, .", "* 1979 – ''On the Distribution of Values of Angles Determined by Coplanar Points'' (with Paul Erdős, Michael Guy, and H. T. Croft).", "Journal of the London Mathematical Society, vol.", "II, series 19, pp. 137–143.", "* 1979 – ''Monstrous Moonshine'' (with Simon P. Norton).", "Bulletin of the London Mathematical Society, vol.", "11, issue 2, pp. 308–339.", "* 1982 – ''Winning Ways for your Mathematical Plays'' (with Richard K. Guy and Elwyn Berlekamp).", "Academic Press, .", "* 1985 – ''Atlas of finite groups'' (with Robert Turner Curtis, Simon Phillips Norton, Richard A. Parker, and Robert Arnott Wilson).", "Clarendon Press, New York, Oxford University Press, 1985, .", "* 1988 – ''Sphere Packings, Lattices, and Groups'' (with Neil Sloane).", "Springer-Verlag, New York, Series: Grundlehren der mathematischen Wissenschaften, 290, .", "* 1995 – ''Minimal-Energy Clusters of Hard Spheres'' (with Neil Sloane, R. H. Hardin, and Tom Duff).", "Discrete & Computational Geometry, vol.", "14, no.", "3, pp. 237–259.", "* 1996 – ''The Book of Numbers'' (with Richard K. Guy).", "Copernicus, New York, 1996, .", "* 1997 – ''The Sensual (quadratic) Form'' (with Francis Yein Chei Fung).", "Mathematical Association of America, Washington, DC, 1997, Series: Carus mathematical monographs, no.", "26, .", "* 2002 – ''On Quaternions and Octonions'' (with Derek A. Smith).", "A. K. Peters, Natick, MA, 2002, .", "* 2008 – ''The Symmetries of Things'' (with Heidi Burgiel and Chaim Goodman-Strauss).", "A. K. Peters, Wellesley, MA, 2008, ." ], [ "See also", "* List of things named after John Horton Conway" ], [ "References" ], [ "Sources", "* Alpert, Mark (1999). ''", "Not Just Fun and Games'' ''Scientific American'', April 1999* Boden, Margaret (2006).", "''Mind As Machine'', Oxford University Press, 2006, p. 1271* du Sautoy, Marcus (2008).", "''Symmetry'', HarperCollins, p. 308* Guy, Richard K (1983). ''", "Conway's Prime Producing Machine'' Mathematics Magazine, Vol.", "56, No.", "1 (Jan. 1983), pp.", "26–33* * * * Princeton University (2009).", "Bibliography of John H. Conway Mathematics Department* Seife, Charles (1994). ''", "Impressions of Conway'' The Sciences* Schleicher, Dierk (2011), Interview with John Conway, Notices of the AMS" ], [ "External links", "* * * ** ** * Conway leading a tour of brickwork patterns in Princeton, lecturing on the ordinals and on sums of powers and the Bernoulli numbers* necrology by Keith Hartnett in Quanta Magazine, April 20, 2020" ] ]
wikipedia
[ [ "July 10" ], [ "Introduction" ], [ "Events", "===Pre-1600===*138 – Emperor Hadrian of Rome dies of heart failure at his residence on the bay of Naples, Baiae; he is buried at Rome in the Tomb of Hadrian beside his late wife, Vibia Sabina.", "*420 – Having usurped the throne of Emperor Gong of Jin, Liu Yu proclaims himself Emperor of the Liu Song dynasty.", "* 645 – Isshi Incident: Prince Naka-no-Ōe and Fujiwara no Kamatari assassinate Soga no Iruka during a ''coup d'état'' at the imperial palace.", "* 988 – The Norse King Glúniairn recognises Máel Sechnaill mac Domnaill, High King of Ireland, and agrees to pay taxes and accept Brehon Law; the event is considered to be the founding of the city of Dublin.", "*1086 – King Canute IV of Denmark is killed by rebellious peasants.", "*1212 – The most severe of several early fires of London burns most of the city to the ground.", "*1290 – Ladislaus IV, King of Hungary, is assassinated at the castle of Körösszeg (modern-day Cheresig in Romania).", "*1460 – Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick, defeats the king's Lancastrian forces and takes King Henry VI prisoner in the Battle of Northampton.", "*1499 – The Portuguese explorer Nicolau Coelho returns to Lisbon after discovering the sea route to India as a companion of Vasco da Gama.", "*1512 – The Spanish conquest of Iberian Navarre commences with the capture of Goizueta.", "*1519 – Zhu Chenhao declares the Ming dynasty's Zhengde Emperor a usurper, beginning the Prince of Ning rebellion, and leads his army north in an attempt to capture Nanjing.", "*1553 – Lady Jane Grey takes the throne of England.", "*1584 – William I of Orange is assassinated in his home in Delft, Holland, by Balthasar Gérard.===1601–1900===*1645 – English Civil War: The Battle of Langport takes place.", "*1778 – American Revolution: Louis XVI of France declares war on the Kingdom of Great Britain.", "*1789 – Alexander Mackenzie reaches the Mackenzie River delta.", "*1806 – The Vellore Mutiny is the first instance of a mutiny by Indian sepoys against the British East India Company.", "*1832 – U.S. President Andrew Jackson vetoes a bill that would re-charter the Second Bank of the United States.", "*1850 – U.S. President Millard Fillmore is sworn in, a day after becoming president upon Zachary Taylor's death.", "*1877 – The then-villa of Mayagüez, Puerto Rico, formally receives its city charter from the Royal Crown of Spain.", "*1882 – War of the Pacific: Chile suffers its last military defeat in the Battle of La Concepción when a garrison of 77 men is annihilated by a 1,300-strong Peruvian force, many of them armed with spears.", "*1883 – War of the Pacific: Chileans led by Alejandro Gorostiaga defeat Andrés Avelino Cáceres's Peruvian army at the Battle of Huamachuco, hastening the end of the war.", "*1890 – Wyoming is admitted as the 44th U.S. state.===1901–present===*1920 – Arthur Meighen becomes Prime Minister of Canada.", "*1921 – Belfast's Bloody Sunday occurs with 20 killings, at least 100 wounded and 200 homes destroyed during rioting and gun battles in Belfast, Northern Ireland.", "*1924 – Paavo Nurmi won the 1,500 and 5,000 m races with just an hour between them at the Paris Olympics.", "*1925 – Scopes Trial: In Dayton, Tennessee, the so-called \"Monkey Trial\" begins of John T. Scopes, a young high school science teacher accused of teaching evolution in violation of the Butler Act.", "*1927 – Kevin O'Higgins TD, Vice-President of the Executive Council of the Irish Free State is assassinated by the IRA.", "*1938 – Howard Hughes begins a 91-hour airplane flight around the world that will set a new record.", "*1940 – World War II: The Vichy government is established in France.", "* 1940 – World War II: Six days before Adolf Hitler issues his Directive 16 to the combined ''Wehrmacht'' armed forces for Operation Sea Lion, the ''Kanalkampf'' shipping attacks against British maritime convoys begin, in the leadup to initiating the Battle of Britain.", "*1941 – Jedwabne pogrom: Massacre of Polish Jews living in and near the village of Jedwabne.", "* 1942 – World War II: An American pilot spots a downed, intact Mitsubishi A6M Zero on Akutan Island (the \"Akutan Zero\") that the US Navy uses to learn the aircraft's flight characteristics.", "*1943 – World War II: Operation Husky begins in Sicily.", "*1947 – Muhammad Ali Jinnah is recommended as the first Governor-General of Pakistan by the British Prime Minister, Clement Attlee.", "*1951 – Korean War: Armistice negotiations begin at Kaesong.", "*1962 – Telstar, the world's first communications satellite, is launched into orbit.", "*1966 – The Chicago Freedom Movement, co-founded by Martin Luther King Jr., holds a rally at Soldier Field in Chicago at which as many as 60,000 people attend.", "*1973 – The Bahamas gain full independence within the Commonwealth of Nations.", "*1974 – An EgyptAir Tupolev Tu-154 stalls and crashes at Cairo International Airport, killing all six people on board.", "*1976 – Four mercenaries (one American and three British) are executed in Angola following the Luanda Trial.", "* 1978 – President Moktar Ould Daddah of Mauritania is ousted in a bloodless coup d'état.", "*1985 – The Greenpeace vessel ''Rainbow Warrior'' is bombed and sunk in Auckland harbour by French DGSE agents, killing Fernando Pereira.", "* 1985 – An Aeroflot Tupolev Tu-154 stalls and crashes near Uchkuduk, Uzbekistan (then part of the Soviet Union), killing all 200 people on board in the USSR's worst-ever airline disaster.", "*1991 – The South African cricket team is readmitted into the International Cricket Council following the end of Apartheid.", "* 1991 – Boris Yeltsin takes office as the first elected President of Russia.", "* 1991 – A Beechcraft Model 99 crashes near Birmingham Municipal Airport (now Birmingham–Shuttlesworth International Airport) in Birmingham, Alabama, killing 13 of the 15 people on board.", "*1992 – In Miami, former Panamanian leader Manuel Noriega is sentenced to 40 years in prison for drug and racketeering violations.", "*1997 – In London, scientists report the findings of the DNA analysis of a Neanderthal skeleton which supports the \"out of Africa theory\" of human evolution, placing an \"African Eve\" at 100,000 to 200,000 years ago.", "* 1997 – Miguel Ángel Blanco, a member of Partido Popular (Spain), is kidnapped (and later murdered) in the Basque city of Ermua by ETA members, sparking widespread protests.", "*1998 – Catholic Church sexual abuse cases: The Diocese of Dallas agrees to pay $23.4 million to nine former altar boys who claimed they were sexually abused by Rudolph Kos, a former priest.", "*1999 – In women's association football, the United States defeated China in a penalty shoot-out at the Rose Bowl near Los Angeles to win the final match of the 1999 FIFA Women's World Cup.", "The final was watched by 90,185 spectators, which set a new world record for attendance at a women's sporting event.", "*2000 – EADS, the world's second-largest aerospace group is formed by the merger of Aérospatiale-Matra, DASA, and CASA.", "* 2000 – Bashar al-Assad succeeds his father Hafez al-Assad as President of Syria.", "*2002 – At a Sotheby's auction, Peter Paul Rubens's painting ''The Massacre of the Innocents'' is sold for £49.5 million (US$76.2 million) to Lord Thomson.", "*2006 – A Pakistan International Airlines Fokker F27 Friendship crashes near Multan International Airport, killing all 45 people on board.", "*2007 – Erden Eruç begins the first solo human-powered circumnavigation of the world.", "*2008 – Former Macedonian Interior Minister Ljube Boškoski is acquitted of all war-crimes charges by a United Nations Tribunal.", "*2011 – Russian cruise ship ''Bulgaria'' sinks in the Volga River near Syukeyevo, Tatarstan, causing 122 deaths.", "* 2011 – Amid widespread backlash to revelations of phone hacking, British weekly tabloid ''News of the World'' publishes its final issue and shuts down after nearly 168 years in print.", "*2012 – The Episcopal Church USA allows same-sex marriage.", "*2016 – Portugal defeats France in the UEFA Euro 2016 Final to win their first European title.", "*2017 – Iraqi Civil War: Mosul is declared fully liberated from the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant by the government of Iraq.", "*2018 – A group of Thai school children and their teacher get stuck in a cave for a few days; they are all rescued but one rescuer doesn't make it.", "This is known as the Tham Luang cave rescue.", "*2019 – The last Volkswagen Beetle rolls off the line in Puebla, Mexico.", "The last of 5,961 \"Special Edition\" cars will be exhibited in a museum." ], [ "Births", "===Pre-1600===*1419 – Emperor Go-Hanazono of Japan (d. 1471)*1451 – James III of Scotland (d. 1488)*1501 – Cho Shik, Korean poet and scholar (d. 1572)*1509 – John Calvin, French pastor and theologian (d. 1564)*1515 – Francisco de Toledo, Viceroy of Peru (d. 1582)*1517 – Odet de Coligny, French cardinal (d. 1571)*1533 – Antonio Possevino, Italian diplomat (d. 1611)*1592 – Pierre d'Hozier, French genealogist and historian (d. 1660)===1601–1900===*1614 – Arthur Annesley, 1st Earl of Anglesey, Irish-English politician (d. 1686)*1625 – Jean Herauld Gourville, French adventurer (d. 1703)*1638 – David Teniers III, Flemish painter (d. 1685)*1666 – John Ernest Grabe, German theologian and academic (d. 1711)*1682 – Roger Cotes, English mathematician and astronomer (d. 1716)*1723 – William Blackstone, English lawyer, judge, and politician (d. 1780)*1724 – Eva Ekeblad, Swedish noble and agronomist (d. 1786)*1752 – St. George Tucker, United States federal judge (d. 1827)*1792 – George M. Dallas, American lawyer and politician, 11th Vice President of the United States (d. 1864)*1802 – Robert Chambers, Scottish geologist and publisher, co-founded Chambers Harrap (d. 1871)*1802 – Alfred Ronalds, British fly fishing author, artisan and Australian pioneer (d. 1860)*1804 – Emma Smith, American religious leader (d. 1879)*1809 – Friedrich August von Quenstedt, German geologist and palaeontologist (d. 1889)*1823 – Louis-Napoléon Casault, Canadian lawyer, judge, and politician (d. 1908)*1830 – Camille Pissarro, Danish-French painter (d. 1903)*1832 – Alvan Graham Clark, American astronomer (d. 1897)*1835 – Henryk Wieniawski, Polish violinist and composer (d. 1880)*1839 – Adolphus Busch, German brewer, co-founded Anheuser-Busch (d. 1913)*1856 – Nikola Tesla, Serbian-American physicist and engineer (d. 1943)*1864 – Austin Chapman, Australian businessman and politician, 4th Australian Minister for Defence (d. 1926)*1867 – Prince Maximilian of Baden (d. 1929)*1871 – Marcel Proust, French novelist, critic, and essayist (d. 1922)*1874 – Sergey Konenkov, Russian sculptor (d. 1971)*1875 – Mary McLeod Bethune, American educator and activist (d. 1955)* 1875 – Dezső Pattantyús-Ábrahám, Hungarian politician (d. 1973)*1877 – Ernst Bresslau, German zoologist (d. 1935)*1878 – Otto Freundlich, German painter and sculptor (d. 1943)*1882 – Ima Hogg, American society leader, philanthropist, patron and collector of the arts (d. 1975)*1883 – Johannes Blaskowitz, German general (d. 1948)* 1883 – Hugo Raudsepp, Estonian playwright and politician (d. 1952)*1888 – Giorgio de Chirico, Greek-Italian painter and set designer (d. 1978)* 1888 – Toyohiko Kagawa, Japanese evangelist, author, and activist (d. 1960)*1891 – Edith Quimby, American medical researcher and physicist (d. 1982)*1894 – Jimmy McHugh, American composer (d. 1969)*1895 – Carl Orff, German composer and educator (d. 1982)*1896 – Thérèse Casgrain, Canadian politician (d. 1981)*1897 – Legs Diamond, American gangster (d. 1931)* 1897 – Karl Plagge, German general and engineer (d. 1957)*1898 – Renée Björling, Swedish actress (d. 1975) *1899 – John Gilbert, American actor, director, and screenwriter (d. 1936)* 1899 – Heiri Suter, Swiss cyclist (d. 1978)*1900 – Mitchell Parish, Lithuanian-American songwriter (d. 1993)* 1900 – Sampson Sievers, Russian monk and mystic (d. 1979)===1901–present===*1902 – Kurt Alder, German chemist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1958)* 1902 – Nicolás Guillén, Cuban poet, journalist, and activist (d. 1989)*1903 – Werner Best, German SS officer and jurist (d. 1989)* 1903 – John Wyndham, English author (d. 1969)*1904 – Lili Damita, French-American actress (d. 1994)*1905 – Mildred Benson, American journalist and author (d. 2002)* 1905 – Thomas Gomez, American actor (d. 1971)* 1905 – Wolfram Sievers, German physician (d. 1948)*1907 – Blind Boy Fuller, American singer and guitarist (d. 1941)*1909 – Donald Sinclair, English lieutenant and businessman (d. 1981)*1911 – Terry-Thomas, English comedian and character actor (d. 1990)* 1911 – Cootie Williams, American trumpeter and bandleader (d. 1985) *1913 – Salvador Espriu, Spanish author, poet, and playwright (d. 1985)*1914 – Joe Shuster, Canadian-American illustrator, co-created Superman (d. 1992)* 1914 – Rempo Urip, Indonesian film director (d. 2001)*1916 – Judith Jasmin, Canadian journalist (d. 1972)*1917 – Hugh Alexander, American baseball player and scout (d. 2000)* 1917 – Reg Smythe, English cartoonist (d. 1998)*1918 – James Aldridge, Australian-English journalist and author (d. 2015)* 1918 – Chuck Stevens, American baseball player (d. 2018)* 1918 – Frank L. Lambert, Professor Emeritus of Chemistry at Occidental College (d. 2018)* 1918 – Fred Wacker, American race driver and engineer (d. 1998)*1919 – Pierre Gamarra, French author, poet, and critic (d. 2009)* 1919 – Ian Wallace, English actor and singer (d. 2009)*1920 – David Brinkley, American journalist (d. 2003)* 1920 – Owen Chamberlain, American physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2006)* 1920 – Cyril Grant, English footballer (d. 2002)*1921 – Harvey Ball, American illustrator, created the Smiley (d. 2001)* 1921 – Jeff Donnell, American actress (d. 1988)* 1921 – John K. Singlaub, U.S. Army Major General (d. 2022)* 1921 – Eunice Kennedy Shriver, American activist, co-founded the Special Olympics (d. 2009)*1922 – Jean Kerr, American author and playwright (d. 2003)* 1922 – Herb McKenley, Jamaican sprinter (d. 2007)* 1922 – Jake LaMotta, American boxer and actor (d. 2017)*1923 – Amalia Mendoza, Mexican singer and actress (d. 2001)* 1923 – John Bradley, American soldier (d. 1994)* 1923 – Suzanne Cloutier, Canadian actress and producer (d. 2003)* 1923 – G. A. Kulkarni, Indian author and academic (d. 1987)*1924 – Johnny Bach, American basketball player and coach (d. 2016)* 1924 – Bobo Brazil, American wrestler (d. 1998)*1925 – Mahathir Mohamad, Malaysian physician and politician, 4th and 7th Prime Minister of Malaysia * 1925 – Ernest Bertrand Boland, American Roman Catholic bishop (d. 2023)*1926 – Carleton Carpenter, American actor, magician, songwriter, and novelist (d. 2022)* 1926 – Fred Gwynne, American actor (d. 1993)*1927 – Grigory Barenblatt, Russian mathematician and academic (d. 2018)* 1927 – David Dinkins, American soldier and politician, 106th Mayor of New York City (d. 2020)* 1927 – William Smithers, American actor*1928 – Don Bolles, American investigative reporter (d. 1976)* 1928 – Bernard Buffet, French painter and illustrator (d. 1999)* 1928 – Alejandro de Tomaso, Argentinian-Italian race car driver and businessman, founded De Tomaso (d. 2003)* 1928 – Moshe Greenberg, American-Israeli rabbi and scholar (d. 2010)* 1928 – John Glenn, American baseball player*1929 – Winnie Ewing, Scottish lawyer and politician (d. 2023)* 1929 – George Clayton Johnson, American author and screenwriter (d. 2015)* 1929 – Moe Norman, Canadian golfer (d. 2004)* 1929 – José Vicente Rangel, Venezuelan politician; 21st Vice President of Venezuela (d. 2020)*1930 – Bruce Boa, Canadian actor (d. 2004)* 1930 – Janette Sherman, American physician, author, and pioneer in occupational and environmental health (d. 2019)* 1930 – Josephine Veasey, English soprano and actress (d. 2022)*1931 – Nick Adams, American actor and screenwriter (d. 1968)* 1931 – Jerry Herman, American composer and songwriter (d. 2019)* 1931 – Julian May, American author (d. 2017)* 1931 – Alice Munro, Canadian short story writer, Nobel Prize laureate*1932 – Carlo Maria Abate, Italian race car driver (d. 2019)* 1932 – Neile Adams, Filipino-American actress, singer and dancer * 1932 – Manfred Preußger, German athlete*1933 – Jumpin' Gene Simmons, American rockabilly singer-songwriter (d. 2006)* 1933 – C.K.", "Yang, Taiwanese decathlete and pole vaulter (d. 2007)*1934 – Marshall Brodien, American actor (d. 2019)* 1934 – Jerry Nelson, American puppeteer and voice actor (d. 2012)*1935 – Margaret McEntee, American Catholic religious sister and educator* 1935 – Wilson Tuckey, Australian politician* 1935 – Wilson Whineray, New Zealand rugby player and businessman (d. 2012)*1936 – Herbert Boyer, American businessman, co-founded Genentech* 1936 – Tunne Kelam, Estonian journalist and politician*1937 – Edwards Barham, American farmer and politician (d. 2014)* 1937 – Gun Svensson, Swedish politician*1938 – Paul Andreu, French architect (d. 2018)* 1938 – Lee Morgan, American trumpet player and composer (d. 1972)*1939 – Phil Kelly, Irish-English footballer and manager (d. 2012)* 1939 – Ahmet Taner Kışlalı, Turkish political scientist, journalist and educator (d. 1999)*1939 – Mavis Staples, American singer *1940 – Meghnad Desai, Baron Desai, Indian-English economist and politician* 1940 – Helen Donath, American soprano and actress* 1940 – Brian Priestley, English pianist and composer * 1940 – Keith Stackpole, Australian cricketer*1941 – Jake Eberts, Canadian film producer (d. 2012)* 1941 – David G. Hartwell, American anthologist, author, and critic (d. 2016)* 1941 – Robert Pine, American actor and director* 1941 – Ian Whitcomb, English singer-songwriter, producer, and actor (d. 2020)*1942 – Ronnie James Dio, American singer-songwriter and producer (d. 2010)* 1942 – Pyotr Klimuk, Belarusian general, pilot, and astronaut * 1942 – Sixto Rodriguez, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 2023)* 1942 – Lopo do Nascimento, Angolan politician; 1st Prime Minister of Angola*1943 – Arthur Ashe, American tennis player and journalist (d. 1993)* 1943 – Inonge Mbikusita-Lewanika, Zambian politician* 1943 – Jerry Miller, American singer-songwriter and guitarist *1944 – Mick Grant, English motorcycle racer* 1944 – Norman Hammond, English archaeologist and academic*1945 – Ron Glass, American actor (d. 2016)* 1945 – Hal McRae, American baseball player and manager* 1945 – John Motson, English sportscaster (d. 2023)* 1945 – Jean-Marie Poiré, French director, producer, and screenwriter* 1945 – Virginia Wade, English tennis player and sportscaster*1946 – Jean-Pierre Jarier, French race car driver* 1946 – Chin Han, Taiwanese actor*1947 – Arlo Guthrie, American singer-songwriter, producer, and actor*1948 – Ronnie Cutrone, American painter (d. 2013)* 1948 – Chico Resch, Canadian ice hockey player and sportscaster* 1948 – Natalya Sedykh, Russian figure skater, ballet dancer, actor* 1948 – John Whitehead, American singer-songwriter and producer (d. 2004)*1949 – Anna Czerwińska, Polish mountaineer and author* 1949 – Sunil Gavaskar, Indian cricketer and sportscaster* 1949 – Greg Kihn, American singer-songwriter and guitarist *1950 – Tony Baldry, English colonel, lawyer, and politician, British Minister of State for Agriculture* 1950 – Prokopis Pavlopoulos, President of Greece, Greek lawyer and politician, Greek Minister for the Interior*1951 – Cheryl Wheeler, American singer-songwriter and guitarist *1951 – Rajnath Singh, Indian Politician and Union Home Minister of India*1952 – Kim Mitchell, Canadian singer-songwriter and guitarist * 1952 – Peter van Heemst, Dutch politician*1953 – Rik Emmett, Canadian singer-songwriter, guitarist, and producer * 1953 – Zoogz Rift, American musician and wrestler (d. 2011)*1954 – Tommy Bowden, American football player and coach* 1954 – Andre Dawson, American baseball player* 1954 – Neil Tennant, English singer-songwriter and keyboard player *1955 – Nic Dakin, English educator and politician* 1955 – Geoff Gerard, Australian rugby league player*1956 – Tom McClintock, American lawyer and politician* 1956 – K. Rajagopal, Malaysian football manager*1957 – Derry Grehan, Canadian rock guitarist and songwriter*1958 – Béla Fleck, American banjo player and songwriter* 1958 – Fiona Shaw, Irish actress and director*1959 – Ellen Kuras, American director and cinematographer* 1959 – Sandy West, American singer, drummer and songwriter (d. 2006)*1960 – Ariel Castro, Puerto Rican-American convicted kidnapper and rapist (d. 2013)*1961 – Jacky Cheung, Hong Kong singer and film actor* 1961 – Marc Riley, English guitarist and radio DJ*1963 – Ian Lougher, Welsh motorcycle racer*1964 – Martin Laurendeau, Canadian tennis player and coach* 1964 – Urban Meyer, American football player and coach* 1964 – Wilfried Peeters, Belgian cyclist*1965 – Scott McCarron, American golfer* 1965 – Ken Mellons, American singer-songwriter and guitarist *1966 – Clive Efford, English politician* 1966 – Johnny Grunge, American wrestler (d. 2006)* 1966 – Christian Stangl, Austrian skier and mountaineer* 1966 – Anna Bråkenhielm, Swedish business executive*1967 – Tom Meents, American professional monster truck driver* 1967 – Rebekah Del Rio, American singer-songwriter* 1967 – Gillian Tett, English journalist and author* 1967 – Ikki Sawamura, Japanese model, actor and television presenter * 1967 – John Yoo, South Korean-American lawyer, author, and educator *1969 – Marty Cordova, American baseball player* 1969 – Gale Harold, American actor*1970 – Gary LeVox, American singer-songwriter * 1970 – Jason Orange, English singer-songwriter and dancer * 1970 – John Simm, English actor*1971 – Adam Foote, Canadian ice hockey player* 1971 – Gregory Goodridge, Barbadian footballer and coach*1972 – Peter Serafinowicz, English actor* 1972 – Sofía Vergara, Colombian-American actress and producer* 1972 – Tilo Wolff, German-Swiss singer-songwriter, pianist, and producer *1974 – Imelda May, Irish singer-songwriter, musician, and producer*1975 – Andrew Firestone, American businessman* 1975 – Brendan Gaughan, American race car driver* 1975 – Alain Nasreddine, Canadian ice hockey player and coach* 1975 – Stefán Karl Stefánsson, Icelandic actor (d. 2018)* 1975 – Richard Westbrook, English race car driver*1976 – Edmílson, Brazilian footballer* 1976 – Elijah Blue Allman, American singer and guitarist * 1976 – Ludovic Giuly, French footballer* 1976 – Adrian Grenier, American actor, producer, and screenwriter* 1976 – Brendon Lade, Australian footballer and coach* 1976 – Lars Ricken, German footballer*1977 – Chiwetel Ejiofor, English actor *1979 – Mvondo Atangana, Cameroon footballer* 1979 – Gong Yoo, Korean actor*1980 – Alejandro Millán, Mexican singer-songwriter and keyboard player * 1980 – Adam Petty, American race car driver (d. 2000)* 1980 – Claudia Leitte, Brazilian singer-songwriter* 1980 – James Rolfe, American actor, director, and producer* 1980 – Jessica Simpson, American singer-songwriter, actress, and fashion designer*1981 – Aleksandar Tunchev, Bulgarian footballer*1982 – Alex Arrowsmith, American guitarist and producer * 1982 – Juliya Chernetsky, Ukrainian-American television host* 1982 – Sebastian Mila, Polish footballer* 1982 – Jeffrey Walker, Australian actor and director *1983 – Giuseppe De Feudis, Italian footballer* 1983 – Matthew Egan, Australian footballer* 1983 – Gabi, Spanish footballer* 1983 – Kim Hee-chul, Korean entertainer and singer* 1983 – Joelson José Inácio, Brazilian footballer* 1983 – Doug Kramer, Filipino basketball player* 1983 – Anthony Watmough, Australian rugby league player* 1983 – Sherif Ekramy, Egyptian footballer*1984 – Nikolaos Mitrou, Greek footballer*1985 – Park Chu-young, South Korean footballer* 1985 – B. J. Crombeen, American ice hockey player* 1985 – Mario Gómez, German footballer*1988 – Antonio Brown, American football player* 1988 – Heather Hemmens, American actress, director, and producer* 1988 – Sarah Walker, New Zealand BMX rider*1990 – Adam Reynolds, Australian rugby league player* 1990 – Trent Richardson, American footballer* 1990 – Chiyonokuni Toshiki, Japanese sumo wrestler*1991 – Daishōmaru Shōgo, Japanese sumo wrestler*1999 – April Ivy, Portuguese composer and singer*2001 – Isabela Merced, American actress*2002 – Reece Walsh, Australian rugby league player" ], [ "Deaths", "===Pre-1600===*138 – Hadrian, Roman emperor (b.", "76)* 645 – Soga no Iruka, Japanese politician* 649 – Tai Zong, Chinese emperor (b.", "598)* 772 – Amalberga of Temse, Frankish noblewoman* 831 – Zubaidah bint Ja`far, Abbasid Princess* 983 – Benedict VII, pope of the Catholic Church* 994 – Leopold I, margrave of Austria*1086 – Canute IV, king of Denmark (b.", "1043)*1103 – Eric I, king of Denmark (b.", "1060)*1290 – Ladislaus IV, king of Hungary (b.", "1262)*1460 – Humphrey Stafford, 1st Duke of Buckingham, English commander and politician, Lord High Constable of England (b.", "1402)* 1460 – John Talbot, 2nd Earl of Shrewsbury, English nobleman (b. c. 1413)*1461 – Thomas, king of Bosnia (b.", "1411)*1473 – James II, king of Cyprus*1480 – René of Anjou, French nobleman (b.", "1400)*1510 – Catherine Cornaro, queen of Cyprus (b.", "1454)*1576 – Eleonora di Garzia di Toledo, Italian noble (b.", "1553)*1559 – Henry II, king of France (b.", "1519)*1584 – William I, Dutch nobleman (b.", "1533)*1590 – Charles II, archduke of Austria (b.", "1540)*1594 – Paolo Bellasio, Italian organist and composer (b.", "1554)===1601–1900===*1603 – Joan Terès i Borrull, Spanish archbishop and academic (b.", "1538)*1621 – Charles Bonaventure de Longueval, French commander (b.", "1571)*1653 – Gabriel Naudé, French librarian and scholar (b.", "1600)*1680 – Louis Moréri, French priest and scholar (b.", "1643)*1683 – François Eudes de Mézeray, French historian and author (b.", "1610)*1686 – John Fell, English bishop and academic (b.", "1625)*1776 – Richard Peters, English lawyer and minister (b.", "1704)*1794 – Gaspard de Bernard de Marigny, French general (b.", "1754)*1806 – George Stubbs, English painter and academic (b.", "1724)*1851 – Louis Daguerre, French photographer and physicist, invented the daguerreotype (b.", "1787)*1863 – Clement Clarke Moore, American author and educator (b.", "1779)*1881 – Georg Hermann Nicolai, German architect and academic (b.", "1812)*1884 – Paul Morphy, American chess player (b.", "1837)===1901–present===*1908 – Phoebe Knapp, American organist and composer (b.", "1839)*1915 – Hendrik Willem Mesdag, Dutch painter (b.", "1831)*1920 – John Fisher, 1st Baron Fisher, British admiral (b.", "1841)*1929 – Ève Lavallière, French actress (b.", "1866) *1938 – Arthur Barclay, 15th president of Liberia (b.", "1854)*1941 – Jelly Roll Morton, American pianist, composer, and bandleader (b.", "1890)* 1941 – Huntley Wright, English actor (b.", "1868)*1950 – Richard Maury, American-Argentinian engineer (b.", "1882)*1952 – Rued Langgaard, Danish organist and composer (b.", "1893)*1954 – Calogero Vizzini, Italian mob boss (b.", "1877)*1956 – Joe Giard, American baseball player (b.", "1898)*1960 – Sæbjørn Buttedahl, Norwegian actor and sculptor (b.", "1876)*1962 – Yehuda Leib Maimon, Israeli rabbi and politician (b.", "1875)*1963 – Teddy Wakelam, English rugby player and sportscaster (b.", "1893)*1970 – Bjarni Benediktsson, Icelandic academic and politician, 13th Prime Minister of Iceland (b.", "1908)*1971 – Laurent Dauthuille, French boxer (b.", "1924)*1972 – Lovie Austin, American pianist, composer, and bandleader (b.", "1887)*1978 – John D. Rockefeller III, American businessman and philanthropist, founded the Asia Society (b.", "1906)*1979 – Arthur Fiedler, American conductor (b.", "1894)*1980 – Joseph Krumgold, American author and screenwriter (b.", "1908)*1985 – Fernando Pereira, Dutch photographer (b.", "1950)*1986 – Tadeusz Piotrowski, Polish mountaineer and author (b.", "1940)*1987 – John Hammond, American record producer, critic, and activist (b.", "1910)*1989 – Mel Blanc, American voice actor (b.", "1908)*1993 – Ruth Krauss, American author and poet (b.", "1901)* 1993 – Sam Rolfe, American screenwriter and producer (b.", "1924)*1995 – Mehmet Ali Aybar, Turkish lawyer and politician (b.", "1908)*1996 – Eno Raud, Estonian author (b.", "1928)*2000 – Vakkom Majeed, Indian journalist and politician (b.", "1909)*2002 – Jean-Pierre Côté, Canadian politician, 23rd Lieutenant Governor of Quebec (b.", "1926)* 2002 – Evangelos Florakis, Greek general (b.", "1943)* 2002 – Laurence Janifer, American author (b.", "1933)*2003 – Winston Graham, English author (b.", "1908)* 2003 – Hartley Shawcross, Baron Shawcross, German-English lawyer and politician, Attorney General for England and Wales (b.", "1902)*2004 – Pati Behrs, Russian-American ballerina and actress (b.", "1922)*2005 – A. J. Quinnell, English author (b.", "1940)*2006 – Shamil Basayev, Chechen terrorist rebel leader (b.", "1965)* 2006 – Lennart Bladh, Swedish politician (b.", "1920)*2007 – Doug Marlette, American cartoonist and author (b.", "1949)*2008 – Hiroaki Aoki, Japanese-American wrestler and businessman, founded Benihana (b.", "1938)* 2008 – Mike Souchak, American golfer (b.", "1927)*2011 – Pierrette Alarie, Canadian soprano and educator (b.", "1921)* 2011 – Roland Petit, French dancer and choreographer (b.", "1924)*2012 – Dolphy, Filipino actor, singer, and producer (b.", "1928)* 2012 – Peter Kyros, American lawyer and politician (b.", "1925)* 2012 – Berthe Meijer, German-Dutch journalist and author (b.", "1938) * 2012 – Fritz Langanke, German lieutenant (b.", "1919)* 2012 – Viktor Suslin, Russian-German composer (b.", "1942)*2013 – Philip Caldwell, American businessman (b.", "1920)* 2013 – Józef Gara, Polish poet and linguist (b.", "1929)* 2013 – Concha García Campoy, Spanish journalist (b.", "1958)* 2013 – Caroline Duby Glassman, American lawyer and jurist (b.", "1922)* 2013 – Ku Ok-hee, South Korean golfer (b.", "1956)* 2013 – Gokulananda Mahapatra, Indian author and academic (b.", "1922)*2014 – Robert C. Broomfield, American lawyer and judge (b.", "1933)* 2014 – Juozas Kazickas, Lithuanian-American businessman and philanthropist (b.", "1918)* 2014 – Paul G. Risser, American ecologist and academic (b.", "1939)* 2014 – Zohra Sehgal, Indian actress, dancer, and choreographer (b.", "1912)* 2014 – Gloria Schweigerdt, American baseball player (b.", "1934)*2015 – Roger Rees, Welsh-American actor and director (b.", "1944)* 2015 – Omar Sharif, Egyptian actor (b.", "1932)* 2015 – Jon Vickers, Canadian tenor (b.", "1926)*2016 – Katharina Focke, German politician (b.", "1922)*2018 – Henry Morgenthau III, American author and television producer (b.", "1917)*2020 – Lara van Ruijven, Dutch short track speed skater (b.", "1992) * 2020 – Jack Charlton, English footballer and manager (b.", "1935)*2022 – Maurice Boucher, Canadian outlaw biker (b.", "1953)" ], [ "Holidays and observances", "* Armed Forces Day (Mauritania)* Christian feast day:** Amalberga of Maubeuge ** Canute IV of Denmark** Rufina and Secunda** Seven Brothers** Victoria, Anatolia, and Audax** July 10 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)* Independence Day (Bahamas), celebrates the independence of the Bahamas from the United Kingdom in 1973.", "* Nikola Tesla Day* Statehood Day (Wyoming)" ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* * *" ] ]
wikipedia
[ [ "June 24" ], [ "Introduction" ], [ "Events", "===Pre-1600===*1312 BC – Mursili II launches a campaign against the Kingdom of Azzi-Hayasa.", "*109 – Roman emperor Trajan inaugurates the Aqua Traiana, an aqueduct that channels water from Lake Bracciano, northwest of Rome.", "* 474 – Julius Nepos forces Roman usurper Glycerius to abdicate the throne and proclaims himself Emperor of the Western Roman Empire.", "* 637 – The Battle of Moira is fought between the High King of Ireland and the Kings of Ulster and Dál Riata.", "It is claimed to be the largest battle in the history of Ireland.", "* 843 – The Vikings sack the French city of Nantes.", "* 972 – Battle of Cedynia, the first documented victory of Polish forces, takes place.", "*1128 – Battle of São Mamede, near Guimarães: Forces led by Afonso I defeat forces led by his mother Teresa of León and her lover Fernando Pérez de Traba.", "*1230 – The Siege of Jaén begins, in the context of the Spanish Reconquista.", "*1314 – First War of Scottish Independence: The Battle of Bannockburn concludes with a decisive victory by Scottish forces led by Robert the Bruce.", "*1340 – Hundred Years' War: Battle of Sluys: The French fleet is almost completely destroyed by the English fleet commanded in person by King Edward III.", "*1374 – A sudden outbreak of St. John's Dance causes people in the streets of Aachen, Germany, to experience hallucinations and begin to jump and twitch uncontrollably until they collapse from exhaustion.", "*1497 – John Cabot lands in North America at Newfoundland leading the first European exploration of the region since the Vikings.", "*1509 – Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon are crowned King and Queen of England.", "*1535 – The Anabaptist state of Münster is conquered and disbanded.", "*1540 – English King Henry VIII commands his fourth wife, Anne of Cleves, to leave the court.", "*1571 – Miguel López de Legazpi founds Manila, the capital of the Philippines.", "*1593 – The Dutch city of Geertruidenberg held by the Spanish, capitulates to a besieging Dutch and English army led by Maurice of Nassau.===1601–1900===*1604 – Samuel de Champlain encounters the mouth of the Saint John River, site of Reversing Falls and the present-day city of Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada.", "*1622 – Battle of Macau: The Dutch make a failed attempt to capture Macau.", "*1663 – The Spanish garrison of Évora capitulates, following the Portuguese victory at the Battle of Ameixial.", "*1717 – The Premier Grand Lodge of England is founded in London, the first Masonic Grand Lodge in the world (now the United Grand Lodge of England).", "*1762 – Battle of Wilhelmsthal: The British-Hanoverian army of Ferdinand of Brunswick defeats French forces in Westphalia.", "*1779 – American Revolutionary War: The Great Siege of Gibraltar begins.", "*1793 – The first Republican constitution in France is adopted.", "*1812 – Napoleonic Wars: Napoleon's Grande Armée crosses the Neman river beginning the invasion of Russia.", "*1813 – Battle of Beaver Dams: A British and Indian combined force defeats the United States Army.", "*1821 – Battle of Carabobo: Decisive battle in the war of independence of Venezuela from Spain.", "*1859 – Battle of Solferino (Battle of the Three Sovereigns): Sardinia and France defeat Austria in Solferino, northern Italy.", "*1866 – Battle of Custoza: An Austrian army defeats the Italian army during the Austro-Prussian War.", "*1880 – First performance of ''O Canada'' at the Congrès national des Canadiens-Français.", "The song would later become the national anthem of Canada.", "*1894 – Marie François Sadi Carnot, President of France, is assassinated by Sante Geronimo Caserio.===1901–present===*1913 – Greece and Serbia annul their alliance with Bulgaria.", "*1916 – Mary Pickford becomes the first female film star to sign a million-dollar contract.", "*1918 – First airmail service in Canada from Montreal to Toronto.", "*1922 – The American Professional Football Association is renamed the National Football League.", "*1932 – A bloodless revolution instigated by the People's Party ends the absolute power of King Prajadhipok of Siam (now Thailand).", "*1938 – Pieces of a meteorite land near Chicora, Pennsylvania.", "The meteorite is estimated to have weighed 450 metric tons when it hit the Earth's atmosphere and exploded.", "*1939 – Siam is renamed Thailand by Plaek Phibunsongkhram, the country's third prime minister.", "*1940 – World War II: Operation Collar, the first British Commando raid on occupied France, by No 11 Independent Company.", "*1943 – US military police attempt to arrest a black soldier in Bamber Bridge, England, sparking the Battle of Bamber Bridge mutiny that leaves one dead and seven wounded.", "*1945 – The first Victory Day Parade takes place on Red Square in Moscow, Soviet Union, symbolizing the victory of the Soviet Union over Nazi Germany.", "*1947 – Kenneth Arnold makes the first widely reported UFO sighting near Mount Rainier, Washington.", "*1948 – Cold War: Start of the Berlin Blockade: The Soviet Union makes overland travel between West Germany and West Berlin impossible.", "*1949 – The first television western, ''Hopalong Cassidy'', starring William Boyd, is aired on NBC.", "*1950 – Apartheid: In South Africa, the Group Areas Act is passed, formally segregating races.", "*1954 – First Indochina War: Battle of Mang Yang Pass: Viet Minh troops belonging to the 803rd Regiment ambush G.M.", "100 of France in An Khê.", "*1957 – In ''Roth v. United States'', the U.S. Supreme Court rules that obscenity is not protected by the First Amendment.", "*1960 – Venezuelan President Rómulo Betancourt is injured in an assassination attempt.", "*1963 – The United Kingdom grants Zanzibar internal self-government.", "*1973 – The UpStairs Lounge arson attack takes place at a gay bar located on the second floor of the three-story building at 141 Chartres Street in the French Quarter of New Orleans, Louisiana, US.", "Thirty-two people die as a result of fire or smoke inhalation.", "*1975 – Eastern Air Lines Flight 66 encounters severe wind shear and crashes on final approach to New York's JFK Airport killing 113 of the 124 passengers on board, making it the deadliest U.S. plane crash at the time.", "This accident led to decades of research into downburst and microburst phenomena and their effects on aircraft.", "*1981 – The Humber Bridge opens to traffic, connecting Yorkshire and Lincolnshire.", "It remained the world's longest bridge span for 17 years.", "*1982 – \"The Jakarta Incident\": British Airways Flight 009 flies into a cloud of volcanic ash thrown up by the eruption of Mount Galunggung, resulting in the failure of all four engines.", "*1989 – Jiang Zemin succeeds Zhao Ziyang to become the General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party after the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre.", "*1994 – A Boeing B-52 Stratofortress crashes at Fairchild Air Force Base near Spokane, Washington, killing four.", "*1995 – Rugby World Cup: South Africa defeats New Zealand and Nelson Mandela presents Francois Pienaar with the Webb Ellis Cup in an iconic post-apartheid moment.", "*2002 – The Igandu train disaster in Tanzania kills 281, the worst train accident in African history.", "*2004 – In New York, capital punishment is declared unconstitutional.", "*2010 – At Wimbledon, John Isner of the United States defeats Nicolas Mahut of France, in the longest match in professional tennis history.", "* 2010 – Julia Gillard assumes office as the first female Prime Minister of Australia.", "*2012 – Death of Lonesome George, the last known individual of ''Chelonoidis nigra abingdonii'', a subspecies of the Galápagos tortoise.", "*2013 – Former Italian Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi is found guilty of abusing his power and engaging in sex with an underage prostitute, and is sentenced to seven years in prison.", "*2021 – The Champlain Towers South condominium in Surfside, Florida suffers a sudden partial collapse, killing 98 people inside.", "*2022 – In ''Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization'', the U.S. Supreme Court rules that the U.S. Constitution does not assign the authority to regulate abortions to the federal government, thereby returning such authority to the individual states.", "This overturns the prior decisions in ''Roe v. Wade'' (1973) and ''Planned Parenthood v. Casey'' (1992).", "*2023 – The Wagner Group led by Yevgeny Prigozhin launches an insurrection against the Russian government." ], [ "Births", "===Pre-1600===*1210 – Count Floris IV of Holland (d. 1234)*1244 – Henry I, Landgrave of Hesse (d. 1308)*1254 – Floris V, Count of Holland (d. 1296)*1257 – Robert de Vere, 6th Earl of Oxford, English nobleman (probable; d. 1331)*1314 – Philippa of Hainault Queen of England (d. 1369)*1322 – Joanna, Duchess of Brabant (d. 1406)*1343 – Joan of Valois, Queen of Navarre (d. 1373)*1360 – Nuno Álvares Pereira, Portuguese general*1386 – John of Capistrano, Italian priest and saint (d. 1456)*1465 – Isabella del Balzo, Queen Consort of Naples (d. 1533)*1485 – Johannes Bugenhagen, Polish-German priest and reformer (d. 1558)* 1485 – Elizabeth of Denmark, Electress of Brandenburg (d. 1555)*1499 – Johannes Brenz, German theologian and the Protestant Reformer (d. 1570)*1519 – Theodore Beza, French theologian and scholar (d. 1605)*1532 – Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester, English politician (d. 1588)* 1532 – William IV, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel (d. 1573)*1535 – Joanna of Austria, Princess of Portugal (d. 1573)*1546 – Robert Persons, English Jesuit priest, insurrectionist, and author (d. 1610)*1587 – William Arnold, English-American settler (d. 1675)===1601–1900===*1614 – John Belasyse, 1st Baron Belasyse *1616 – Ferdinand Bol, Dutch painter, etcher and draftsman, student of Rembrandt (d. 1680)*1661 – Hachisuka Tsunanori, Japanese daimyō (d. 1730)*1663 – Jean Baptiste Massillon, French bishop (d. 1742)*1687 – Johann Albrecht Bengel, German-Lutheran clergyman and scholar (d. 1757)*1694 – Jean-Jacques Burlamaqui, Swiss author and theorist (d. 1748)*1704 – Jean-Baptiste de Boyer, Marquis d'Argens, French philosopher and author (d. 1771)*1753 – William Hull, American general and politician, 1st Governor of Michigan Territory (d. 1825)*1755 – Anacharsis Cloots, Prussian-French activist (d. 1794)*1767 – Jean-Baptiste Benoît Eyriès, French geographer and author (d. 1846)*1771 – Éleuthère Irénée du Pont, French chemist and businessman, founded DuPont (d. 1834)*1774 – Antonio González de Balcarce, Argentinian commander and politician, 5th Supreme Director of the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata (d. 1819)* 1774 – François-Nicolas-Benoît Haxo, French general and engineer (d. 1838)*1777 – John Ross, Scottish commander and explorer (d. 1856)*1782 – Juan Larrea, Argentinian captain and politician (d. 1847)*1783 – Johann Heinrich von Thünen, German economist and geographer (d. 1850)*1784 – Juan Antonio Lavalleja, Uruguayan general and politician, President of Uruguay (d. 1853)*1788 – Thomas Blanchard, American inventor (d. 1864)*1795 – Ernst Heinrich Weber, German physician and psychologist (d. 1878)*1797 – John Hughes, Irish-American archbishop (d. 1864)* 1797 – Paweł Edmund Strzelecki, Polish geologist and explorer (d. 1873)*1804 – Stephan Endlicher, Austrian botanist, numismatist, and sinologist (d. 1849)* 1804 – Willard Richards, American religious leader (d. 1854)*1811 – John Archibald Campbell, American lawyer and jurist (d. 1889)*1813 – Henry Ward Beecher, American minister and reformer (d. 1887)* 1813 – Francis Boott, American composer (d. 1904)*1821 – Guillermo Rawson, Argentinian physician and politician (d. 1890)*1826 – George Goyder, English-Australian surveyor (d. 1898)*1835 – Johannes Wislicenus, German chemist and academic (d. 1902)*1838 – Jan Matejko, Polish painter (d. 1893)*1839 – Gustavus Franklin Swift, American businessman (d. 1903)*1842 – Ambrose Bierce, American short story writer, essayist, and journalist (d. 1914)*1846 – Samuel Johnson, Nigerian priest and historian (d. 1901)*1850 – Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener, Irish field marshal and politician, Governor-General of Sudan (d. 1916)*1852 – Friedrich Loeffler, German bacteriologist and academic (d. 1915)*1854 – Eleanor Norcross, American painter (d. 1923)*1856 – Henry Chapman Mercer, American archaeologist and author (d. 1930)*1858 – Hastings Rashdall, English historian, philosopher, and theologian (d. 1924)*1865 – Robert Henri, American painter and educator (d. 1929)*1867 – Ruth Randall Edström, American educator and activist (d. 1944)*1869 – Prince George of Greece and Denmark (d. 1957)*1872 – Frank Crowninshield, American journalist and art and theatre critic (d. 1947)*1875 – Forrest Reid, Irish novelist, literary critic and translator (d. 1947)*1880 – Oswald Veblen, American mathematician and academic (g. 1960)* 1880 – João Cândido Felisberto, Brazilian revolutionary and sailor (d. 1969)*1881 – George Shiels, Irish-Canadian author, poet, and playwright (d. 1949)*1882 – Athanase David, Canadian lawyer and politician (d. 1953)* 1882 – Carl Diem, German businessman (d. 1962)*1883 – Victor Francis Hess, Austrian-American physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1964)* 1883 – Fritz Löhner-Beda, Austrian librettist, lyricist and writer (d. 1942)* 1883 – Jean Metzinger, French artist (d. 1956)* 1883 – Arthur L. Newton, American runner (d. 1956)* 1883 – Frank Verner, American runner (d. 1966)*1884 – Frank Waller, American runner (d. 1941)*1885 – Olaf Holtedahl, Norwegian geologist (d. 1975)*1888 – Gerrit Rietveld, Dutch architect, designed the Rietveld Schröder House (d. 1964)*1893 – Roy O. Disney, American businessman, co-founded The Walt Disney Company (d. 1971)*1895 – Jack Dempsey, American boxer and soldier (d. 1983)*1898 – Armin Öpik, Estonian-Australian paleontologist and geologist (d. 1983)* 1898 – Karl Selter, Estonian politician, 14th Minister of Foreign Affairs of Estonia (d. 1958)*1900 – Wilhelm Cauer, German mathematician and engineer (d. 1945)===1901–present===*1901 – Marcel Mule, French saxophonist (d. 2001)* 1901 – Harry Partch, American composer and theorist (d. 1974)* 1901 – Chuck Taylor, American basketball player and salesman (d. 1969)*1904 – Phil Harris, American singer-songwriter and actor (d. 1995)*1905 – Fred Alderman, American sprinter (d. 1998)*1906 – Pierre Fournier, French cellist and educator (d. 1986)* 1906 – Willard Maas, American poet and educator (d. 1971)*1907 – Arseny Tarkovsky, Russian poet and translator (d. 1989)*1908 – Hugo Distler, German organist, composer, and conductor (d. 1942)* 1908 – Alfons Rebane, Estonian colonel (d. 1976)*1909 – Jean Deslauriers, Canadian violinist, composer, and conductor (d. 1978)* 1909 – William Penney, Baron Penney, English mathematician and physicist (d. 1991)* 1909 – Betty Cavanna, American author (d. 2001) *1911 – Juan Manuel Fangio, Argentinian race car driver (d. 1995)* 1911 – Ernesto Sabato, Argentinian physicist and academic (d. 2011)* 1911 – Portia White, Canadian opera singer (d. 1968)*1912 – Brian Johnston, English sportscaster and author (d. 1994)* 1912 – Mary Wesley, English author (d. 2002)*1913 – Gustaaf Deloor, Belgian cyclist and soldier (d. 2002)*1914 – Jan Karski, Polish-American activist and academic (d. 2000)* 1914 – Pearl Witherington, French secret agent (d. 2008)*1915 – Fred Hoyle, English astronomer and author (d. 2001)*1916 – William B. Saxbe, American soldier, lawyer, and politician, 70th United States Attorney General (d. 2010)* 1916 – Saloua Raouda Choucair, Lebanese painter and sculptor (d. 2017)*1917 – David Easton, Canadian-American political scientist and academic (d. 2014)* 1917 – Lucy Jarvis, American television producer (d. 2020)* 1917 – Ramblin' Tommy Scott, American singer and guitarist (d. 2013)* 1917 – Joan Clarke, English cryptanalyst and numismatist (d. 1996)*1918 – Mildred Ladner Thompson, American journalist and author (d. 2013)* 1918 – Yong Nyuk Lin, Singaporean businessman and politician, Singaporean Minister for Education (d. 2012)*1919 – Al Molinaro, American actor (d. 2015)*1921 – Gerhard Sommer, German soldier (d. 2019)*1922 – Jack Carter, American actor and comedian (d. 2015)* 1922 – John Postgate, English microbiologist, author, and academic (d. 2014)* 1922 – Richard Timberlake, American economist (d. 2020)*1923 – Margaret Olley, Australian painter and philanthropist (d. 2011)*1924 – Kurt Furgler, Swiss politician, 70th President of the Swiss Confederation (d. 2008)* 1924 – Archie Roy, Scottish astronomer and academic (d. 2012)* 1924 – Yoshito Takamine, American politician (d. 2015)*1925 – Ogden Reid, American politician (d. 2019)*1927 – Fernand Dumont, Canadian sociologist, philosopher, and poet (d. 1997)* 1927 – James B. Edwards, American dentist, soldier, and politician, 3rd United States Secretary of Energy (d. 2014)* 1927 – Martin Lewis Perl, American physicist and engineer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2014)*1929 – Carolyn S. Shoemaker, American astronomer (d. 2021)*1930 – Claude Chabrol, French actor, director, producer, and screenwriter (d. 2010)* 1930 – Donald Gordon, South African businessman and philanthropist (d. 2019)* 1930 – William Bernard Ziff, Jr., American publisher (d. 2006)*1931 – Billy Casper, American golfer (d. 2015)*1932 – David McTaggart, Canadian-Italian environmentalist (d. 2001)*1933 – Sam Jones, American basketball player and coach (d. 2021)* 1933 – Ngina Kenyatta, 1st First Lady of Kenya*1934 – Ferdinand Biwersi, German footballer and referee (d. 2013)* 1934 – Jean-Pierre Ferland, Canadian singer-songwriter* 1934 – Gloria Christian, Italian singer*1935 – Terry Riley, American composer and educator* 1935 – Jean Milesi, French racing cyclist* 1935 – Charlie Dees, American baseball player*1936 – Robert Downey Sr., American actor and director (d. 2021)*1937 – Anita Desai, Indian-American author and academic*1938 – Lawrence Block, American author* 1938 – Abulfaz Elchibey, Azerbaijani politician, 1st democratically elected Azerbaijani president (d. 2000)* 1938 – Ken Gray, New Zealand rugby player (d. 1992)*1939 – Brigitte Fontaine, French singer*1940 – Ian Ross, Australian newsreader (d. 2014)* 1940 – Vittorio Storaro, Italian cinematographer*1941 – Erkin Koray, Turkish singer-songwriter and guitarist* 1941 – Julia Kristeva, Bulgarian-French psychoanalyst and author* 1941 – Graham McKenzie, Australian cricketer*1942 – Arthur Brown, English rock singer-songwriter* 1942 – Michele Lee, American actress and singer* 1942 – Eduardo Frei Ruiz-Tagle, Chilean engineer and politician, 32nd President of Chile* 1942 – Colin Groves, Australian academician and educator (d. 2017)*1943 – Birgit Grodal, Danish economist and academic (d. 2004)*1944 – Jeff Beck, English guitarist and songwriter (d. 2023)* 1944 – Kathryn Lasky, American author* 1944 – Chris Wood, English saxophonist (d. 1983)*1945 – Colin Blunstone, English singer-songwriter * 1945 – Wayne Cashman, Canadian ice hockey player and coach* 1945 – George Pataki, American lawyer and politician, 53rd Governor of New York* 1945 – Betty Stöve, Dutch tennis player*1946 – David Collenette, Canadian civil servant and politician, 32nd Canadian Minister of National Defence* 1946 – Ellison Onizuka, American engineer, and astronaut (d. 1986)* 1946 – Robert Reich, American economist and politician, 22nd United States Secretary of Labor*1947 – Clarissa Dickson Wright, English chef, author, and television personality (d. 2014)* 1947 – Mick Fleetwood, English-American drummer* 1947 – Peter Weller, American actor and director*1948 – Patrick Moraz, Swiss keyboard player and songwriter *1949 – John Illsley, English singer-songwriter, bass player, and producer * 1949 – Betty Jackson, English fashion designer*1950 – Nancy Allen, American actress* 1950 – Bob Carlos Clarke, Irish-born English photographer (d. 2006)* 1950 – Jan Kulczyk, Polish businessman (d. 2015)* 1950 – Mercedes Lackey, American author*1951 – Raelene Boyle, Australian sprinter* 1951 – Charles Sturridge, English director, producer, and screenwriter*1952 – Dianna Melrose, English diplomat, British High Commissioner to Tanzania* 1952 – Bob Neill, English lawyer and politician*1953 – William E. Moerner, American chemist and physicist, Nobel Prize laureate* 1953 – Michael Tuck, Australian footballer and coach*1955 – Chris Higgins, English geneticist and academic* 1955 – Edmund Malura, German footballer and manager* 1955 – Loren Roberts, American golfer*1956 – Owen Paterson, English politician, Secretary of State for Northern Ireland*1957 – Mark Parkinson, American lawyer and politician, 45th Governor of Kansas*1958 – Jean Charest, Canadian lawyer and politician, 5th Deputy Prime Minister of Canada* 1958 – Silvio Mondinelli, Italian mountaineer* 1958 – Reed Oliver, governor of Pohnpei State, Micronesia* 1958 – John Tortorella, American ice hockey player and coach*1959 – Andy McCluskey, English singer-songwriter, bass player, and producer *1960 – Elish Angiolini, Scottish lawyer, judge, and politician, Solicitor General for Scotland* 1960 – Siedah Garrett, American singer-songwriter and pianist* 1960 – Karin Pilsäter, Swedish accountant and politician* 1960 – Erik Poppe, Norwegian director, cinematographer, and screenwriter*1961 – Dennis Danell, American singer and guitarist (d. 2000)* 1961 – Iain Glen, Scottish actor * 1961 – Bernie Nicholls, Canadian ice hockey player and coach* 1961 – Ralph E. Reed, Jr., American journalist and activist * 1961 – Curt Smith, English singer-songwriter, guitarist, and producer*1962 – Gautam Adani, Indian industrialist and billionaire*1963 – Yuri Kasparyan, Russian guitarist * 1963 – Preki, Serbian-American soccer player and coach * 1963 – Mike Wieringo, American author and illustrator (d. 2007)*1964 – Jean-Luc Delarue, French television host and producer (d. 2012)* 1964 – Kathryn Parminter, Baroness Parminter, English politician* 1964 – Gary Suter, American ice hockey player and scout*1965 – Claude Bourbonnais, Canadian race car driver* 1965 – Uwe Krupp, German ice hockey player and coach* 1965 – Richard Lumsden, English actor, writer, composer and musician*1966 – Hope Sandoval, American singer-songwriter and musician* 1966 – Adrienne Shelly, American actress, director, and screenwriter (d. 2006)*1967 – Janez Lapajne, Slovenian director and producer* 1967 – John Limniatis, Canadian soccer player and manager*1968 – Alaa Abdelnaby, Egyptian-American basketball player and sportscaster*1970 – Glenn Medeiros, American singer-songwriter and guitarist* 1970 – Bernardo Sassetti, Portuguese pianist, composer, and educator (d. 2012)*1972 – Robbie McEwen, Australian cyclist* 1972 – Denis Žvegelj, Slovenian rower*1973 – Alexis Gauthier, French chef* 1973 – Jere Lehtinen, Finnish ice hockey player*1974 – Dan Byles, English sailor, rower, and politician* 1974 – Chris Guccione, American baseball player and umpire*1975 – Marek Malík, Czech ice hockey player* 1975 – Federico Pucciariello, Argentinian-Italian rugby player*1976 – Brock Olivo, American football player and coach*1977 – Dimos Dikoudis, Greek basketball player and manager* 1977 – Jeff Farmer, Australian footballer*1978 – Luis García, Spanish footballer* 1978 – Pantelis Kafes, Greek footballer* 1978 – Shunsuke Nakamura, Japanese footballer* 1978 – Ariel Pink, American singer-songwriter * 1978 – Juan Román Riquelme, Argentinian footballer* 1978 – Emppu Vuorinen, Finnish guitarist and songwriter*1979 – Mindy Kaling, American actress and producer* 1979 – Petra Němcová, Czech model and philanthropist*1980 – Cicinho, Brazilian footballer* 1980 – Nina Dübbers, German tennis player* 1980 – Andrew Jones, Australian race car driver* 1980 – Minka Kelly, American actress*1982 – Kevin Nolan, English footballer* 1982 – Jarret Stoll, Canadian ice hockey player*1983 – Rebecca Cooke, English swimmer* 1983 – Gianni Munari, Italian footballer* 1983 – Gard Nilssen, Norwegian drummer* 1983 – David Shillington, Australian rugby league player*1984 – Andrea Raggi, Italian footballer* 1984 – JJ Redick, American basketball player* 1984 – Johanna Welin, Swedish-born German wheelchair basketball player*1985 – Diego Alves Carreira, Brazilian footballer* 1985 – Tom Kennedy, English footballer* 1985 – Nate Myles, Australian rugby league player* 1985 – Vernon Philander, South African cricketer* 1985 – Yukina Shirakawa, Japanese model*1986 – Stuart Broad, English cricketer* 1986 – Phil Hughes, American baseball player* 1986 – Solange Knowles, American singer-songwriter and actress*1987 – Simona Dobrá, Czech tennis player* 1987 – Lionel Messi, Argentinian footballer* 1987 – Pierre Vaultier, French snowboarder*1988 – Micah Richards, English footballer*1989 – Teklemariam Medhin, Eritrean runner*1990 – Michael Del Zotto, Canadian ice hockey player* 1990 – Richard Sukuta-Pasu, German footballer*1991 – Yasmin Paige, English actress* 1991 – Aidan Sezer, Australian rugby league player*1992 – David Alaba, Austrian footballer*1996 – Duki, Argentinian rapper* 1996 – Marcus Coco, Guadeloupean footballer*1999 – Darwin Núñez, Uruguayan footballer*2004 – Erika Andreeva, Russian tennis player* 2004 – Luke Chambers, English footballer" ], [ "Deaths", "===Pre-1600===*1046 – Jeongjong II, Korean ruler (b.", "1018)*1088 – William de Warenne, 1st Earl of Surrey, Norman nobleman*1314 – Gilbert de Clare, 8th Earl of Gloucester, English commander (b.", "1291)* 1314 – Robert de Clifford, 1st Baron de Clifford, English soldier and politician, Lord Warden of the Marches (b.", "1274)*1398 – Hongwu, Chinese emperor (b.", "1328)*1439 – Frederick IV, duke of Austria (b.", "1382)*1503 – Reginald Bray, English architect and politician, Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster (b.", "1440)*1519 – Lucrezia Borgia, Italian wife of Alfonso I d'Este, Duke of Ferrara (b.", "1480)*1520 – Hosokawa Sumimoto, Japanese commander (b.", "1489)===1601–1900===*1604 – Edward de Vere, 17th Earl of Oxford, English courtier, Lord Great Chamberlain (b.", "1550)*1637 – Nicolas-Claude Fabri de Peiresc, French astronomer and historian (b.", "1580)*1643 – John Hampden, English politician (b.", "1595)*1766 – Adrien Maurice de Noailles, French soldier and politician, French Minister of Foreign Affairs (b.", "1678)*1778 – Pieter Burman the Younger, Dutch philologist and academic (b.", "1714)*1803 – Matthew Thornton, Irish-American judge and politician (b.", "1714)*1817 – Thomas McKean, American lawyer and politician, 2nd Governor of Pennsylvania (b.", "1734)*1835 – Andreas Vokos Miaoulis, Greek admiral and politician (b.", "1769)===1901–present===*1902 – George Leake, Australian politician, 2nd Premier of Western Australia (b.", "1856)*1908 – Grover Cleveland, American lawyer and politician, 22nd and 24th President of the United States (b.", "1837)*1909 – Sarah Orne Jewett, American novelist, short story writer, and poet (b.", "1849)*1922 – Walther Rathenau, German businessman and politician, 7th German Minister for Foreign Affairs (b.", "1867)*1923 – Edith Södergran, Swedish-Finnish poet (b.", "1892)*1931 – Otto Mears, Russian-American businessman (b.", "1840)* 1931 – Xiang Zhongfa, Chinese politician, 2nd General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party (b.", "1880)*1932 – Ernst Põdder, Estonian general (b.", "1879)*1943 – Camille Roy, Canadian priest and critic (b.", "1870)*1946 – Louise Whitfield Carnegie, American philanthropist (b.", "1857)*1947 – Emil Seidel, American politician, Mayor of Milwaukee (b.", "1864)*1962 – Volfgangs Dārziņš, Latvian composer, pianist and music critic (b.", "1906)*1964 – Stuart Davis, American painter and academic (b.", "1892)*1969 – Frank King, American cartoonist (b.", "1883)* 1969 – Willy Ley, German-American historian and author (b.", "1906) *1975 – Wendell Ladner, Professional Basketball Player in the ABA *1976 – Minor White, American photographer, critic, and academic (b.", "1908)*1978 – Robert Charroux, French author and critic (b.", "1909)*1980 – V. V. Giri, Indian lawyer and politician, 4th President of India (b.", "1894)*1984 – Clarence Campbell, Canadian businessman (b.", "1905)*1987 – Jackie Gleason, American actor, comedian, and producer (b.", "1916)*1988 – Csaba Kesjár, Hungarian race car driver (b.", "1962)*1991 – Sumner Locke Elliott, Australian-American author and playwright (b.", "1917)* 1991 – Rufino Tamayo, Mexican painter and illustrator (b.", "1899)*1994 – Jean Vallerand, Canadian violinist, composer, and conductor (b.", "1915)*1995 – Andrew J. Transue, American politician and attorney ''Morissette v. United States'' (b.", "1903)*1997 – Brian Keith, American actor (b.", "1921)*2000 – Vera Atkins, British intelligence officer (b.", "1908)* 2000 – David Tomlinson, English actor and comedian (b.", "1917)* 2000 – Rodrigo Bueno, Argentine cuarteto singer (b.", "1973)*2001 – Konstantin Gerchik, the second head of the world's first cosmodrome — \"Baikonur\" (1958-1961).", "*2002 – Pierre Werner, Luxembourgian banker and politician, 21st Prime Minister of Luxembourg (b.", "1913)*2004 – Ifigeneia Giannopoulou, Greek songwriter and author (b.", "1957)*2005 – Paul Winchell, American actor, voice artist, and ventriloquist (b.", "1922)*2007 – Natasja Saad, Danish rapper and reggae singer (b.", "1974)* 2007 – Chris Benoit, Canadian wrestler (b.", "1967)* 2007 – Derek Dougan, Northern Irish footballer and manager (b.", "1938) *2008 – Gerhard Ringel, Austrian mathematician and academic (b.", "1919)*2009 – Roméo LeBlanc, Canadian journalist and politician, 25th Governor General of Canada (b.", "1927)*2010 – Fred Anderson, American jazz tenor saxophonist (b.", "1929)*2011 – Tomislav Ivić, Croatian football coach and manager (b.", "1933)*2012 – Darrel Akerfelds, American baseball player and coach (b.", "1962)* 2012 – Gad Beck, German author and educator (b.", "1923) * 2012 – Gu Chaohao, Chinese mathematician and academic (b.", "1926)* 2012 – Miki Roqué, Spanish footballer (b.", "1988)* 2012 – Ann C. Scales, American lawyer, educator, and activist (b.", "1952)* 2012 – Lonesome George, last known Pinta Island tortoise (h. )*2013 – Mick Aston, English archaeologist and academic (b.", "1946)* 2013 – Emilio Colombo, Italian politician, 40th Prime Minister of Italy (b.", "1920)* 2013 – Joannes Gijsen, Dutch bishop (b.", "1932)* 2013 – William Hathaway, American lawyer and politician (b.", "1924)* 2013 – James Martin, English-Bermudian computer scientist and author (b.", "1933)* 2013 – Alan Myers, American drummer (b.", "1955)*2014 – John Clement, Canadian lawyer and politician (b.", "1928)* 2014 – Olga Kotelko, Canadian runner and softball player (b.", "1919)* 2014 – Ramón José Velásquez, Venezuelan journalist, lawyer, and politician, President of Venezuela (b.", "1916)* 2014 – Eli Wallach, American actor (b.", "1915)*2015 – Cristiano Araújo, Brazilian singer-songwriter (b.", "1986)* 2015 – Mario Biaggi, American police officer, politician and criminal (b.", "1917)* 2015 – Marva Collins, American author and educator (b.", "1936)* 2015 – Susan Ahn Cuddy, American lieutenant (b.", "1915)*2021 – Benigno Aquino III, 15th President of the Philippines (b.", "1960)* 2021 – Trần Thiện Khiêm, 7th Prime Minister of South Vietnam and army officer (b.", "1925)" ], [ "Holidays and observances", "* Army Day or Battle of Carabobo Day (Venezuela)* Bannockburn Day (Scotland)* Christian feast day:** María Guadalupe García Zavala ** Nativity of Saint John the Baptist** June 24 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)* Day of the Caboclo (Amazonas, Brazil)*Inti Raymi, a winter solstice festival and a New Year in the Andes of the Southern Hemisphere (Sacsayhuamán)* St John's Day and the second day of the Midsummer celebrations (although this is not the astronomical summer solstice, see June 20) (Roman Catholic Church, Europe), and its related observances: ** Enyovden (Bulgaria)** Jaanipäev (Estonia)** Jāņi (Latvia)** Jónsmessa (Iceland)** Midsummer Day (England)** Saint Jonas' Festival or ''Joninės'' (Lithuania)** Saint-Jean-Baptiste Day (Quebec)** Sânziene (western Carpathian Mountains of Romania)** Wattah Wattah Festival (Philippines)* Fors Fortuna, ancient Roman festival to Fortuna" ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* * *" ] ]
wikipedia
[ [ "January 30" ], [ "Introduction" ], [ "Events", "===Pre-1600===*1018 – Poland and the Holy Roman Empire conclude the Peace of Bautzen.", "*1287 – King Wareru founds the Hanthawaddy Kingdom, and proclaims independence from the Pagan Kingdom.===1601–1900===*1607 – An estimated 200 square miles (51,800 ha) along the coasts of the Bristol Channel and Severn Estuary in England are destroyed by massive flooding, resulting in an estimated 2,000 deaths.", "*1648 – Eighty Years' War: The Treaty of Münster and Osnabrück is signed, ending the conflict between the Netherlands and Spain.", "*1649 – Charles I of England is executed in Whitehall, London.", "*1661 – Oliver Cromwell, Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England, is ritually executed more than two years after his death, on the 12th anniversary of the execution of the monarch he himself deposed.", "*1667 – The Truce of Andrusovo is signed, ending the Russian-Polish War of 1654-1667*1703 – The Forty-seven rōnin, under the command of Ōishi Kuranosuke, avenge the death of their master, by killing Kira Yoshinaka.", "*1789 – Tây Sơn forces emerge victorious against Qing armies and liberate the capital Thăng Long.", "*1806 – The original Lower Trenton Bridge (also called the Trenton Makes the World Takes Bridge), which spans the Delaware River between Morrisville, Pennsylvania and Trenton, New Jersey, is opened.", "*1820 – Edward Bransfield sights the Trinity Peninsula and claims the discovery of Antarctica.", "*1826 – The Menai Suspension Bridge, considered the world's first modern suspension bridge, connecting the Isle of Anglesey to the north West coast of Wales, is opened.", "*1835 – In the first assassination attempt against a President of the United States, Richard Lawrence attempts to shoot president Andrew Jackson, but fails and is subdued by a crowd, including several congressmen as well as Jackson himself.", "*1847 – Yerba Buena, California is renamed San Francisco, California.", "*1858 – The first Hallé concert is given in Manchester, England, marking the official founding of The Hallé orchestra as a full-time, professional orchestra.", "*1862 – The first American ironclad warship, the is launched.", "*1889 – Archduke Crown Prince Rudolf of Austria, heir to the Austro-Hungarian crown, is found dead with his mistress Baroness Mary Vetsera in the Mayerling.===1901–present===*1902 – The first Anglo-Japanese Alliance is signed in London.", "*1908 – Indian pacifist and leader Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi is released from prison by Jan C. Smuts after being tried and sentenced to two months in jail earlier in the month.", "*1911 – The destroyer makes the first airplane rescue at sea saving the life of Douglas McCurdy from Havana, Cuba.", "*1920 – Japanese carmaker Mazda is founded, initially as a cork-producing company.", "*1925 – The Government of Turkey expels Patriarch Constantine VI from Istanbul.", "*1930 – The Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union orders the confiscation of lands belonging to the Kulaks in a campaign of Dekulakization, resulting in the executions and forced deportations of millions.", "*1933 – Adolf Hitler's rise to power: Hitler takes office as the Chancellor of Germany.", "*1939 – During a speech in the Reichstag, Adolf Hitler makes a prediction about the end of the Jewish race in Europe if another world war were to occur.", "*1942 – World War II: Japanese forces invade the island of Ambon in the Dutch East Indies.", "Some 300 captured Allied troops are killed after the surrender.", "One-quarter of the remaining POWs remain alive at the end of the war.", "*1944 – World War II: The Battle of Cisterna, part of Operation Shingle, begins in central Italy.", "*1945 – World War II: The ''Wilhelm Gustloff'', overfilled with German refugees, sinks in the Baltic Sea after being torpedoed by a Soviet submarine, killing approximately 9,500 people.", "* 1945 – World War II: Raid at Cabanatuan: One hundred and twenty-six American Rangers and Filipino resistance fighters liberate over 500 Allied prisoners from the Japanese-controlled Cabanatuan POW camp.", "*1948 – British South American Airways' Tudor IV Star Tiger disappears over the Bermuda Triangle.", "* 1948 – Following the assassination of Mahatma Gandhi in his home compound, India's prime minister, Jawaharlal Nehru, broadcasts to the nation, saying \"The light has gone out of our lives\".", "The date of the assassination becomes observed as \"Martyrs' Day\" in India.", "*1956 – In the United States, Civil Rights Movement leader Martin Luther King Jr.'s home is bombed in retaliation for the Montgomery bus boycott.", "*1959 – The forces of the Sultanate of Muscat occupy the last strongholds of the Imamate of Oman, Saiq and Shuraijah, marking the end of Jebel Akhdar War in Oman.", "*1959 – , specifically designed to operate in icebound seas, strikes an iceberg on her maiden voyage and sinks, killing all 95 aboard.", "*1960 – The African National Party is founded in Chad, through the merger of traditionalist parties.", "*1964 – In a bloodless coup, General Nguyễn Khánh overthrows General Dương Văn Minh's military junta in South Vietnam.", "*1968 – Vietnam War: Tet Offensive launch by forces of the Viet Cong and North Vietnamese Army against South Vietnam, the United States, and their allies.", "*1969 – The Beatles' last public performance, on the roof of Apple Records in London.", "The impromptu concert is broken up by the police.", "*1972 – The Troubles: Bloody Sunday: British paratroopers open fire on anti-internment marchers in Derry, Northern Ireland, killing 13 people; another person later dies of injuries sustained.", "* 1972 – Pakistan leaves the Commonwealth of Nations in protest of its recognition of breakaway Bangladesh.", "*1974 – Pan Am Flight 806 crashes near Pago Pago International Airport in American Samoa, killing 97.", "*1975 – The Monitor National Marine Sanctuary is established as the first United States National Marine Sanctuary.", "*1975 – Turkish Airlines Flight 345 crashes into the Sea of Marmara near Istanbul Yeşilköy Airport, killing 42.", "*1979 – A Varig Boeing 707-323C freighter, flown by the same commander as Flight 820, disappears over the Pacific Ocean 30 minutes after taking off from Tokyo.", "*1982 – Richard Skrenta writes the first PC virus code, which is 400 lines long and disguised as an Apple boot program called \"Elk Cloner\".", "*1989 – The American embassy in Kabul, Afghanistan is closed.", "*1995 – Hydroxycarbamide becomes the first approved preventive treatment for sickle cell disease.", "*2000 – Kenya Airways Flight 431 crashes into the Atlantic Ocean off the coast of Ivory Coast, killing 169.", "*2006 – The Goleta postal facility shootings occur, killing seven people before the perpetrator took her own life.", "*2013 – Naro-1 becomes the first carrier rocket launched by South Korea.", "*2020 – The World Health Organization declares the COVID-19 pandemic to be a Public Health Emergency of International Concern." ], [ "Births", "===Pre-1600===*58 BC – Livia, Roman wife of Augustus (d. 29)*1410 – William Calthorpe, English knight (d. 1494)*1520 – William More, English courtier (d. 1600)*1563 – Franciscus Gomarus, Dutch theologian and academic (d. 1641)*1573 – Georg Friedrich, Margrave of Baden-Durlach (d. 1638)*1580 – Gundakar, Prince of Liechtenstein, court official in Vienna (d. 1658)*1590 – Lady Anne Clifford, 14th Baroness de Clifford (d. 1676)===1601–1900===*1628 – George Villiers, 2nd Duke of Buckingham, English statesman (d. 1687)*1661 – Charles Rollin, French historian and educator (d. 1741)*1697 – Johann Joachim Quantz, German flute player and composer (d. 1773)*1703 – François Bigot, French politician (d. 1778)*1720 – Charles De Geer, Swedish entomologist and archaeologist (d. 1778)*1754 – John Lansing Jr., American lawyer and politician (d. 1829)*1775 – Walter Savage Landor, English poet and author (d. 1864)*1781 – Adelbert von Chamisso, German botanist and poet (d. 1838)*1816 – Nathaniel P. Banks, American general and politician, 24th Governor of Massachusetts (d. 1894)*1822 – Franz Ritter von Hauer, Austrian geologist and curator (d. 1899)*1841 – Félix Faure, French politician, 7th President of France (d. 1899)*1844 – Richard Theodore Greener, American lawyer, academic, and diplomat (d. 1922)*1846 – Angela of the Cross, Spanish nun and saint (d. 1932)*1861 – Charles Martin Loeffler, German-American violinist and composer (d. 1935)*1862 – Walter Damrosch, German-American conductor and composer (d. 1950)*1866 – Gelett Burgess, American author, poet, and critic (d. 1951)*1878 – A. H. Tammsaare, Estonian author (d. 1940)*1882 – Franklin D. Roosevelt, American lawyer and statesman, 32nd President of the United States (d. 1945)*1889 – Jaishankar Prasad, Indian poet and playwright (d. 1937)*1899 – Max Theiler, South African-American virologist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1972)*1900 – Martita Hunt, Argentine-born British actress (d. 1969)===1901–present===*1901 – Rudolf Caracciola, German racing driver (d. 1959)*1902 – Nikolaus Pevsner, German-English historian and scholar (d. 1983)*1910 – Chidambaram Subramaniam, Indian lawyer and politician, Indian Minister of Defence (d. 2000)*1911 – Roy Eldridge, American jazz trumpet player (d. 1989)*1912 – Werner Hartmann, German physicist and academic (d. 1988)* 1912 – Francis Schaeffer, American pastor and theologian (d. 1984)* 1912 – Barbara W. Tuchman, American historian and author (d. 1989)*1913 – Amrita Sher-Gil, Hungarian-Indian painter (d. 1941)*1914 – Luc-Marie Bayle, French commander and painter (d. 2000)* 1914 – John Ireland, Canadian-American actor and director (d. 1992)* 1914 – David Wayne, American actor (d. 1995)*1915 – Joachim Peiper, German SS officer (d. 1976)* 1915 – John Profumo, English soldier and politician, Secretary of State for War (d. 2006)*1917 – Paul Frère, Belgian racing driver and journalist (d. 2008)*1918 – David Opatoshu, American actor and screenwriter (d. 1996)*1919 – Fred Korematsu, American activist (d. 2005)*1920 – Michael Anderson, English director and producer (d. 2018)* 1920 – Patrick Heron, British painter (d. 1999)* 1920 – Delbert Mann, American director and producer (d. 2007)*1922 – Dick Martin, American comedian, actor, and director (d. 2008)*1923 – Marianne Ferber, Czech-American economist and author (d. 2013)*1924 – Ernie Calverley, American basketball player and coach (d. 2003)* 1924 – S. N. Goenka, Burmese-Indian author and educator (d. 2013)*1925 – Douglas Engelbart, American computer scientist, invented the computer mouse (d. 2013)*1927 – Olof Palme, Swedish statesman, 26th Prime Minister of Sweden (d. 1986)*1928 – Harold Prince, American director and producer (d. 2019)* 1928 – Paul Seymour, American basketball player and coach (d. 1998)*1929 – Lois Hole, Canadian businesswoman and politician, 15th Lieutenant Governor of Alberta (d. 2005)* 1929 – Hugh Tayfield, South African cricketer (d. 1994)* 1929 – Lucille Teasdale-Corti, Canadian-Italian physician and humanitarian (d. 1996)*1930 – Gene Hackman, American actor and author* 1930 – Magnus Malan, South African general and politician, South African Minister of Defence (d. 2011)*1931 – John Crosbie, Canadian lawyer and politician, 34th Canadian Minister of Justice (d. 2020)* 1931 – Shirley Hazzard, Australian-American novelist, short story writer, and essayist (d. 2016)*1932 – Knock Yokoyama, Japanese comedian and politician (d. 2007)*1934 – Tammy Grimes, American actress and singer (d. 2016) *1935 – Richard Brautigan, American novelist, poet, and short story writer (d. 1984)* 1935 – Tubby Hayes, English saxophonist and composer (d. 1973)*1936 – Horst Jankowski, German pianist and composer (d. 1998)*1937 – Vanessa Redgrave, English actress* 1937 – Boris Spassky, Russian chess player*1938 – Islam Karimov, Uzbek politician, 1st President of Uzbekistan (d. 2016)*1941 – Gregory Benford, American astrophysicist and author* 1941 – Dick Cheney, American businessman and politician, 46th Vice President of the United States* 1941 – Tineke Lagerberg, Dutch swimmer*1942 – Marty Balin, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 2018)*1943 – Davey Johnson, American baseball player and manager*1944 – Lynn Harrell, American cellist and academic (d. 2020)* 1944 – Colin Rimer, English lawyer and judge*1945 – Meir Dagan, Israeli military officer and intelligence official, Director of Mossad (2002–11) (d. 2016)* 1945 – Michael Dorris, American author and scholar (d. 1997)*1946 – John Bird, Baron Bird, English publisher, founded ''The Big Issue''*1947 – Les Barker, English poet and author (d. 2023)* 1947 – Steve Marriott, English singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 1991)*1949 – Peter Agre, American physician and biologist, Nobel Prize laureate*1950 – Jack Newton, Australian golfer (d. 2022)*1951 – Phil Collins, English drummer, singer-songwriter, producer, and actor* 1951 – Charles S. Dutton, American actor and director* 1951 – Bobby Stokes, English footballer (d. 1995)*1952 – Doug Falconer, Canadian football player and producer (d. 2021)*1953 – Fred Hembeck, American author and illustrator*1955 – John Baldacci, American politician, 73rd Governor of Maine* 1955 – Curtis Strange, American golfer* 1955 – Mychal Thompson, Bahamian-American basketball player and sportscaster*1956 – Ann Dowd, American actress*1957 – Chris Jansing, American television reporter* 1957 – Payne Stewart, American golfer (d. 1999)*1958 – Brett Butler, American actress*1959 – Jody Watley, American entertainer*1962 – Abdullah II of Jordan* 1962 – Mary Kay Letourneau, American child rapist (d. 2020)*1964 – Otis Smith, American basketball player, coach, and manager*1965 – Kevin Moore, Australian rugby league player and coach*1966 – Danielle Goyette, Canadian ice hockey player and coach*1968 – Felipe VI of Spain*1969 – Justin Skinner, English footballer and manager*1970 – Kimiya Yui, Japanese astronaut*1972 – Mike Johnson, American politician, 56th Speaker of the United States House of Representatives* 1972 – Chris Simon, Canadian ice hockey player*1973 – Jalen Rose, American basketball player and sportscaster*1974 – Christian Bale, British actor* 1974 – Olivia Colman, English actress*1975 – Juninho Pernambucano, Brazilian footballer*1976 – Andy Milonakis, American entertainer*1978 – Carmen Küng, Swiss curler* 1978 – John Patterson, American baseball player*1979 – Trevor Gillies, Canadian ice hockey player*1980 – Lena Hall, American actress and singer* 1980 – Josh Kelley, American singer-songwriter and musician* 1980 – Georgios Vakouftsis, Greek footballer* 1980 – Wilmer Valderrama, American actor and producer*1981 – Jonathan Bender, American basketball player* 1981 – Dimitar Berbatov, Bulgarian footballer* 1981 – Peter Crouch, English footballer* 1981 – Mathias Lauda, Austrian racing driver*1982 – Jorge Cantú, American-Mexican baseball player* 1982 – DeSagana Diop, Senegalese basketball player and coach* 1982 – Cameron Wake, American football player*1983 – Drake Maverick, English wrestler* 1983 – Slavko Vraneš, Montenegrin basketball player*1984 – Kid Cudi, American entertainer* 1984 – Junior dos Santos, Brazilian mixed martial artist* 1984 – Kotoshōgiku Kazuhiro, Japanese sumo wrestler*1985 – Gisela Dulko, Argentinian tennis player*1987 – Becky Lynch, Irish wrestler* 1987 – Renato Santos, Brazilian footballer* 1987 – Arda Turan, Turkish footballer*1989 – Jahvid Best, American football player and athlete* 1989 – Yoon Bo-ra, South Korean singer * 1989 – Kylie Bunbury, Canadian-American actress*1990 – Eiza González, Mexican actress and singer* 1990 – Luca Sbisa, Italian-Swiss ice hockey player and coach* 1990 – Mitchell Starc, Australian cricketer* 1990 – Jake Thomas, American actor*1991 – Stefan Elliott, Canadian ice hockey player *1993 – Katy Marchant, English track cyclist * 1993 – Kodai Senga, Japanese baseball player* 1993 – Thitipoom Techaapaikhun, Thai actor*1995 – Danielle Campbell, American actress* 1995 – Jack Laugher, English diver*1996 – Dafne Navarro, Mexican trampoline gymnast*1997 – Thomas Chabot, Canadian ice hockey player* 1997 – Colin White, American ice hockey player*2000 – Markella Kavenagh, Australian actress*2001 – Curtis Jones, English footballer*2002 – Bijan Robinson, American football player*2003 – Amen Thompson, American basketball player* 2003 – Ausar Thompson, American basketball player* 2005 – Prince Hashem, second son of King Abdullah II of Jordan" ], [ "Deaths", "===Pre-1600===* 680 – Balthild, Frankish queen (b.", "626) * 970 – Peter I of Bulgaria*1030 – William V, Duke of Aquitaine (b.", "969)*1181 – Emperor Takakura of Japan (b.", "1161)*1240 – Pelagio Galvani, Leonese lawyer and cardinal (b.", "1165)*1314 – Nicholas III of Saint Omer*1344 – William Montacute, 1st Earl of Salisbury (b.", "1301)*1384 – Louis II, Count of Flanders (b.", "1330)*1574 – Damião de Góis, Portuguese historian and philosopher (b.", "1502)===1601–1900===*1606 – Everard Digby, English criminal (b.", "1578)* 1606 – John Grant, English conspirator (b.", "1570)* 1606 – Robert Wintour, English conspirator (b.", "1565)*1649 – Charles I of England, Scotland, and Ireland (b.", "1600)*1664 – Cornelis de Graeff, Dutch mayor (b.", "1599)*1730 – Peter II of Russia (b.", "1715)*1770 – Giovanni Pietro Francesco Agius de Soldanis, Maltese linguist, historian and cleric (b.", "1712)*1836 – Betsy Ross, American seamstress, said to have designed the American Flag (b.", "1752)*1838 – Osceola, American tribal leader (b.", "1804)*1858 – Coenraad Jacob Temminck, Dutch zoologist and ornithologist (b.", "1778)*1867 – Emperor Kōmei of Japan (b.", "1831)*1869 – William Carleton, Irish author (b.", "1794)*1881 – Arthur O'Shaughnessy, English poet and herpetologist (b.", "1844)*1889 – Rudolf, Crown Prince of Austria, heir apparent to the throne of Austria-Hungary (b.", "1858)===1901–present===*1923 – Columba Marmion, Benedictine abbot (b.", "1858)*1926 – Barbara La Marr, American actress (b.", "1896)*1928 – Johannes Fibiger, Danish physician and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (b.", "1867)*1934 – Frank Nelson Doubleday, American publisher, founded the Doubleday Publishing Company (b.", "1862)*1947 – Frederick Blackman, English botanist and physiologist (b.", "1866)*1948 – Arthur Coningham, Australian air marshal (b.", "1895)* 1948 – Mahatma Gandhi, leader of the Indian independence movement against British rule (b.", "1869)* 1948 – Orville Wright, American pilot and engineer, co-founded the Wright Company (b.", "1871)*1951 – Ferdinand Porsche, Austrian-German engineer and businessman, founded Porsche (b.", "1875)*1958 – Jean Crotti, Swiss painter (b.", "1878)* 1958 – Ernst Heinkel, German engineer and businessman; founded the Heinkel Aircraft Company (b.", "1888)*1962 – Manuel de Abreu, Brazilian physician and engineer (b.", "1894)*1963 – Francis Poulenc, French pianist and composer (b.", "1899)*1966 – Jaan Hargel, Estonian flute player, conductor, and educator (b.", "1912)*1968 – Makhanlal Chaturvedi, Indian poet, playwright, and journalist (b.", "1889)*1969 – Dominique Pire, Belgian friar, Nobel Prize laureate (b.", "1910) *1973 – Elizabeth Baker, American economist and academic (b.", "1885) * 1973 – Titina Silá, Bissau-Guinean revolutionary (b.", "1943)*1974 – Olav Roots, Estonian pianist and composer (b.", "1910) *1977 – Paul Marais de Beauchamp, French zoologist (b.", "1883)*1980 – Professor Longhair, American singer-songwriter and pianist (b.", "1918)*1982 – Lightnin' Hopkins, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (b.", "1912)*1991 – John Bardeen, American physicist and engineer, Nobel Prize laureate (b.", "1908)* 1991 – Clifton C. Edom, American photographer and educator (b.", "1907)*1993 – Alexandra of Yugoslavia, the last Queen of Yugoslavia (b.", "1921)*1994 – Pierre Boulle, French soldier and author (b.", "1912)*1999 – Huntz Hall, American actor (b.", "1919)* 1999 – Ed Herlihy, American journalist (b.", "1909)*2001 – Jean-Pierre Aumont, French soldier and actor (b.", "1911)* 2001 – Johnnie Johnson, English air marshal and pilot (b.", "1915)* 2001 – Joseph Ransohoff, American surgeon and educator (b.", "1915)*2004 – Egon Mayer, Swiss-American sociologist (b.", "1944)*2005 – Martyn Bennett, Canadian-Scottish violinist (b.", "1971)*2006 – Coretta Scott King, American author and activist (b.", "1927)* 2006 – Wendy Wasserstein, American playwright and academic (b.", "1950)*2007 – Sidney Sheldon, American author and screenwriter (b.", "1917) *2008 – Marcial Maciel, Mexican-American priest, founded the Legion of Christ and Regnum Christi (b.", "1920)*2009 – H. Guy Hunt, American soldier, pastor, and politician, 49th Governor of Alabama (b.", "1933)*2010 – Fadil Ferati, Kosovar accountant and politician (b.", "1960)*2011 – John Barry, English composer and conductor (b.", "1933)*2012 – Frank Aschenbrenner, American football player and soldier (b.", "1925)* 2012 – Doeschka Meijsing, Dutch author (b.", "1947)*2013 – Gamal al-Banna, Egyptian author and scholar (b.", "1920)* 2013 – Patty Andrews, American singer (b.", "1918)* 2013 – George Witt, American baseball player and coach (b.", "1931)*2014 – Stefan Bałuk, Polish general and photographer (b.", "1914)* 2014 – The Mighty Hannibal, American singer-songwriter and producer (b.", "1939)* 2014 – William Motzing, American composer and conductor (b.", "1937)* 2014 – Arthur Rankin Jr., American director, producer, and screenwriter (b.", "1924)* 2014 – Greater, oldest known greater flamingo and Feast Festival 2021 mascot (h. c.1919–1933)*2015 – Carl Djerassi, Austrian-American chemist, author, and playwright (b.", "1923)* 2015 – Ülo Kaevats, Estonian academic, philosopher, and politician (b.", "1947)* 2015 – Geraldine McEwan, English actress (b.", "1932)* 2015 – Gerrit Voorting, Dutch cyclist (b.", "1923)* 2015 – Zhelyu Zhelev, Bulgarian philosopher and politician, 2nd President of Bulgaria (b.", "1935)*2016 – Frank Finlay, English actor (b.", "1926)* 2016 – Francisco Flores Pérez, Salvadorian politician, President of El Salvador (b.", "1959)* 2016 – Georgia Davis Powers, American activist and politician (b.", "1923)* 2016 – Gaston Mialaret, French pedagogist and professor (b.", "1918) *2018 – Mark Salling, American actor and musician (b.", "1982)*2019 – Dick Miller, American actor (b.", "1928)*2021 – Sophie, Scottish musician (b.", "1986)*2022 – Cheslie Kryst, American television presenter and model (b.", "1991)*2023 – Bobby Beathard, American Pro Football Hall of Fame executive (b.", "1937)* 2023 – Bobby Hull, Canadian ice hockey player (b.", "1939)*2024 – Chita Rivera, American actress, singer, and dancer (b.", "1933)" ], [ "Holidays and observances", "* Christian Feast Day:**Adelelmus of Burgos** Aldegonde** Anthony the Great (Coptic Church)** Armentarius of Pavia** Balthild** Charles, King and Martyr (various provinces of the Anglican Communion)** Hippolytus of Rome** Hyacintha Mariscotti** Martina** Matthias of Jerusalem** Mutien-Marie Wiaux** Savina** Three Holy Hierarchs (Eastern Orthodox), and its related observances:***Teacher's Day (Greece)** January 30 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)* Day of Azerbaijani customs (Azerbaijan)* Day of ''Saudade'' (Brazil)* Fred Korematsu Day (California, Florida, Hawaii, Virginia)* Martyrdom of Mahatma Gandhi, and its related observances:** Martyrs' Day (India)** School Day of Non-violence and Peace (Spain)** Start of the Season for Nonviolence (January 30 – April 4)" ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* BBC: On This Day* * Historical Events on January 30" ] ]
wikipedia
[ [ "January 29" ], [ "Introduction" ], [ "Events", "===Pre-1600===* 904 – Sergius III is elected pope, after coming out of retirement to take over the papacy from the deposed antipope Christopher.", "* 946 – Caliph al-Mustakfi is blinded and deposed by Mu'izz al-Dawla, ruler of the Buyid Empire.", "He is succeeded by al-Muti as caliph of the Abbasid Caliphate.===1601–1900===*1814 – War of the Sixth Coalition: France defeats Russia and Prussia in the Battle of Brienne.", "*1819 – Stamford Raffles lands on the island of Singapore.", "*1845 – \"The Raven\" is published in ''The Evening Mirror'' in New York, the first publication with the name of the author, Edgar Allan Poe.", "*1850 – Henry Clay introduces the Compromise of 1850 to the U.S.", "Congress.", "*1856 – Queen Victoria issues a Warrant under the Royal sign-manual that establishes the Victoria Cross to recognise acts of valour by British military personnel during the Crimean War.", "*1861 – Kansas is admitted as the 34th U.S.", "state.", "*1863 – The Bear River Massacre: A detachment of California Volunteers led by Colonel Patrick Edward Connor engage the Shoshone at Bear River, Washington Territory, killing hundreds of men, women and children.", "*1886 – Karl Benz patents the first successful gasoline-driven automobile.", "*1891 – Liliuokalani is proclaimed the last monarch and only queen regnant of the Kingdom of Hawaii.===1901–present===*1907 – Charles Curtis of Kansas becomes the first Native American U.S.", "Senator.", "*1911 – Mexican Revolution: Mexicali is captured by the Mexican Liberal Party, igniting the Magonista rebellion of 1911.", "*1918 – Ukrainian–Soviet War: The Bolshevik Red Army, on its way to besiege Kyiv, is met by a small group of military students at the Battle of Kruty.", "* 1918 – Ukrainian–Soviet War: An armed uprising organized by the Bolsheviks in anticipation of the encroaching Red Army begins at the Kiev Arsenal, which will be put down six days later.", "*1936 – The first inductees into the Baseball Hall of Fame are announced.", "*1940 – Three trains on the Nishinari Line; present Sakurajima Line, in Osaka, Japan, collide and explode while approaching Ajikawaguchi Station.", "One hundred and eighty-one people are killed.", "*1943 – World War II: The first day of the Battle of Rennell Island, is torpedoed and heavily damaged by Japanese bombers.", "*1944 – World War II: Approximately 38 people are killed and about a dozen injured when the Polish village of Koniuchy (present-day Kaniūkai, Lithuania) is attacked by Soviet partisan units.", "* 1944 – World War II: In Bologna, Italy, the Anatomical theatre of the Archiginnasio is completely destroyed in an air-raid.", "* 1959 – The first Melodifestivalen is held at Cirkus in Stockholm, Sweden.", "*1973 – EgyptAir Flight 741 crashes into the Kyrenia Mountains in Cyprus, killing 37 people.", "*1983 – Singapore cable car crash: Panamanian-registered oil rig, ''Eniwetok'', strikes the cables of the Singapore Cable Car system linking the mainland and Sentosa Island, causing two cabins to fall into the water and killing seven people and leaving thirteen others trapped for hours.", "*1989 – Cold War: Hungary establishes diplomatic relations with South Korea, making it the first Eastern Bloc nation to do so.", "*1991 – Gulf War: The Battle of Khafji, the first major ground engagement of the war, as well as its deadliest, begins between Iraq and Saudi Arabia.", "*1996 – President Jacques Chirac announces a \"definitive end\" to French nuclear weapons testing.", "*2001 – Thousands of student protesters in Indonesia storm parliament and demand that President Abdurrahman Wahid resign due to alleged involvement in corruption scandals.", "*2002 – In his State of the Union address, President George W. Bush describes \"regimes that sponsor terror\" as an ''Axis of evil'', in which he includes Iraq, Iran and North Korea.", "*2005 – The first direct commercial flights from mainland China (from Guangzhou) to Taiwan since 1949 arrived in Taipei.", "Shortly afterwards, a China Airlines flight lands in Beijing.", "*2008 – An Egyptian court rules that people who do not adhere to one of the three government-recognised religions, while not allowed to list any belief outside of those three, are still eligible to receive government identity documents.", "*2009 – Governor of Illinois Rod Blagojevich is removed from office following his conviction of several corruption charges, including solicitation of personal benefit in exchange for an appointment to the United States Senate as a replacement for then-U.S. president-elect Barack Obama.", "*2013 – SCAT Airlines Flight 760 crashes near the Kazakh city of Almaty, killing 21 people.", "*2014 – Rojava conflict: The Afrin Canton declares its autonomy from the Syrian Arab Republic.", "*2017 – A gunman opens fire at the Islamic Cultural Centre of Quebec City, killing six and wounding 19 others in a spree shooting.", "*2020 – COVID-19 pandemic: The Trump administration establishes the White House Coronavirus Task Force under Secretary of Health and Human Services Alex Azar." ], [ "Births", "===Pre-1600===*1455 – Johann Reuchlin, German-born humanist and scholar (d. 1522)*1475 – Giuliano Bugiardini, Italian painter (d. 1555)*1499 – Katharina von Bora, wife of Martin Luther; formerly a Roman Catholic nun (d. 1552)*1525 – Lelio Sozzini, Italian humanist and reformer (d. 1562)*1584 – Frederick Henry, Prince of Orange (d. 1647)*1591 – Franciscus Junius, German pioneer philologist (d. 1677)===1601–1900===*1602 – Countess Amalie Elisabeth of Hanau-Münzenberg (d. 1651)*1632 – Johann Georg Graevius, German scholar and critic (d. 1703)*1688 – Emanuel Swedenborg, Swedish astronomer, philosopher, and theologian (d. 1772)*1711 – Giuseppe Bonno, Austrian composer (d. 1788)*1715 – Georg Christoph Wagenseil, Austrian organist and composer (d. 1777)*1717 – Jeffery Amherst, 1st Baron Amherst, English field marshal and politician, 19th Governor General of Canada (d. 1797)*1718 – Paul Rabaut, French pastor (d. 1794)*1737 – Thomas Paine, English-American political activist, philosopher, political theorist, and revolutionary (d. 1809)*1749 – Christian VII of Denmark (d. 1808)*1754 – Moses Cleaveland, American general, lawyer, and politician, founded Cleveland, Ohio (d. 1806)*1756 – Henry Lee III, American general and politician, 9th Governor of Virginia (d. 1818)*1761 – Albert Gallatin, Swiss-American ethnologist, linguist, and politician, 4th United States Secretary of the Treasury (d. 1849)*1782 – Daniel Auber, French composer (d. 1871)*1792 – Lemuel H. Arnold, American politician (d. 1852)*1801 – Johannes Bernardus van Bree, Dutch violinist, composer, and conductor (d. 1857)*1810 – Ernst Kummer, Polish-German mathematician and academic (d. 1893)* 1810 – Mary Whitwell Hale, American teacher, school founder, and hymnwriter (d. 1862)*1843 – William McKinley, American soldier, lawyer, and politician, 25th President of the United States (d. 1901)*1846 – Karol Olszewski, Polish chemist, mathematician and physicist (d. 1915)*1852 – Frederic Hymen Cowen, Jamaican-English pianist, composer, and conductor (d. 1935)*1858 – Henry Ward Ranger, American painter and academic (d. 1916)*1860 – Anton Chekhov, Russian playwright and short story writer (d. 1904)*1861 – Florida Ruffin Ridley, American civil rights activist, teacher, editor, and writer (d. 1943)*1862 – Frederick Delius, English composer (d. 1934)*1864 – Richard Arman Gregory, British astronomer (d. 1952)*1866 – Romain Rolland, French historian, author, and playwright, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1944)*1867 – Vicente Blasco Ibáñez, Spanish journalist and author (d. 1928)*1874 – John D. Rockefeller Jr., American businessman and philanthropist (d. 1960)*1876 – Havergal Brian, English composer (d. 1972)*1880 – W. C. Fields, American actor, comedian, and screenwriter (d. 1946)*1881 – Alice Catherine Evans, American microbiologist (d. 1975)*1884 – Juhan Aavik, Estonian-Swedish composer and conductor (d. 1982)*1886 – Karl Freudenberg, German chemist (d. 1983)*1888 – Sydney Chapman, English mathematician and geophysicist (d. 1970)* 1888 – Wellington Koo, Chinese statesman (d. 1985)*1892 – Ernst Lubitsch, German American film director, producer, writer, and actor (d. 1947)*1895 – Muna Lee, American poet and author (d. 1965)===1901–present===*1901 – Allen B. DuMont, American engineer and broadcaster, founded the DuMont Television Network (d. 1965)* 1901 – E. P. Taylor, Canadian businessman and horse breeder (d. 1989)*1905 – Barnett Newman, American painter and etcher (d. 1970)*1913 – Victor Mature, American actor (d. 1999)*1915 – Bill Peet, American author and illustrator (d. 2002)* 1915 – John Serry Sr., Italian-American concert accordionist and composer (d. 2003)*1916 – Roy Markham, British plant virologist (d. 1979)*1917 – John Raitt, American actor and singer (d. 2005)*1918 – John Forsythe, American actor (d. 2010)*1920 – Paul Gayten, American R&B pianist, songwriter, producer, and record company executive (d. 1991)*1923 – Paddy Chayefsky, American author and screenwriter (d. 1981)* 1923 – Eddie Taylor, American electric blues guitarist and singer (d. 1985)*1926 – Abdus Salam, Pakistani-British physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1996)*1927 – Edward Abbey, American environmentalist and author (d. 1989)*1928 – Joseph Kruskal, American mathematician and computer scientist (d. 2010)*1929 – Elio Petri, Italian director and screenwriter (d. 1982)*1931 – Leslie Bricusse, English playwright and composer (d. 2021)* 1931 – Ferenc Mádl, Hungarian academic and politician, 2nd President of Hungary (d. 2011)*1932 – Raman Subba Row, English cricketer and referee*1933 – Sacha Distel, French singer and guitarist (d. 2004)*1934 – Alan Cowley, British chemist (d. 2020)*1936 – James Jamerson, American bass player (d. 1983)* 1936 – Veturi, Indian poet and songwriter (d. 2010)*1937 – Jeff Clyne, British musician (d. 2009)*1939 – Germaine Greer, Australian journalist and author* 1939 – Jeanne Lee, American jazz singer, poet and composer (d. 2000)*1940 – Justino Díaz, Puerto Rican opera singer* 1940 – Katharine Ross, American actress and author*1941 – Robin Morgan, American actress, journalist, and author* 1941 – Gamini Jayawickrama Perera, Sri Lankan politician (d. 2024)*1942 – Arnaldo Tamayo Méndez, Cuban military officer, legislator and cosmonaut*1943 – Tony Blackburn, English radio and television host* 1943 – Pat Quinn, Canadian ice hockey player and coach (d. 2014)* 1943 – Mark Wynter, English singer and actor*1945 – Ibrahim Boubacar Keïta, Malian academic and politician, Prime Minister of Mali (d. 2022)* 1945 – Tom Selleck, American actor and businessman*1946 – Geater Davis, American singer-songwriter (d. 1984)* 1946 – Bettye LaVette, American singer-songwriter*1947 – Linda B. Buck, American biologist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate* 1947 – David Byron, English singer-songwriter (d. 1985)* 1947 – Marián Varga, Slovak organist and composer (d. 2017)*1948 – Raymond Keene, English chess player and author* 1948 – Cristina Saralegui, Cuban-American journalist, actress and talk show host* 1948 – Marc Singer, Canadian-American actor*1949 – Doris Davenport, American poet and teacher* 1949 – Tommy Ramone, Hungarian-American drummer and producer (d. 2014)*1950 – Ann Jillian, American actress and singer* 1950 – Miklós Vámos, Hungarian writer, novelist, screenwriter and translator*1952 – Pete Geren, American attorney and politician* 1952 – Tim Healy, British actor*1953 – Teresa Teng, Taiwanese singer (d. 1995)* 1953 – Charlie Wilson, American singer-songwriter and producer*1954 – Terry Kinney, American actor and director* 1954 – Oprah Winfrey, American talk show host, actress, and producer, founded Harpo Productions*1955 – Greg Ballard, American basketball player and coach (d. 2016)* 1955 – John Tate, American boxer (d. 1998)*1956 – Irlene Mandrell, American musician, actress, and model* 1956 – Amii Stewart, American singer and dancer*1957 – Diane Delano, American actress* 1957 – Ron Franscell, American author and journalist*1958 – Judy Norton, American actress and theater director*1960 – Cho-liang Lin, Taiwanese-American musician* 1960 – Greg Louganis, American diver and author* 1960 – Steve Sax, American baseball player*1961 – Strive Masiyiwa, Zimbabwean businessman and philanthropist*1962 – Gauri Lankesh, Indian journalist and activist (d. 2017)* 1962 – Lee Terry, American politician and lawyer* 1962 – Nicholas Turturro, American actor, director, producer, and screenwriter*1964 – Roddy Frame, Scottish singer-songwriter and musician* 1964 – Andre Reed, American football player*1965 – David Agus, American physician and author* 1965 – Dominik Hašek, Czech ice hockey player*1967 – Sean Burke, Canadian ice hockey player and coach* 1967 – Stacey King, American basketball player, coach, and sportscaster*1968 – Edward Burns, American actor, director, writer, and producer* 1968 – Monte Cook, American game designer and writer* 1968 – Aeneas Williams, American football player*1969 – Sam Trammell, American actor*1970 – Heather Graham, American actress* 1970 – Jörg Hoffmann, German swimmer* 1970 – Rajyavardhan Singh Rathore, Indian colonel and politician* 1970 – Paul Ryan, American politician, 62nd Speaker of the United States House of Representatives*1971 – Clare Balding, English broadcaster, journalist and author*1972 – Brian Wood, American writer, illustrator and graphic designer*1973 – Megan McArdle, American journalist* 1973 – Jason Schmidt, American baseball player*1975 – Sharif Atkins, American actor* 1975 – Sara Gilbert, American actress, producer, and talk show host* 1975 – Kelly Packard, American actress*1977 – Justin Hartley, American actor* 1977 – Sam Jaeger, American actor and screenwriter*1979 – Andrew Keegan, American actor* 1979 – Christina Koch, American engineer and astronaut*1980 – Jason James Richter, American actor and musician*1981 – Tenoch Huerta, Mexican actor* 1981 – Jonny Lang, American singer, songwriter and guitarist*1982 – Adam Lambert, American singer, songwriter and actor*1983 – Tim Gleason, American ice hockey player*1985 – Marc Gasol, Spanish basketball player* 1985 – Isabel Lucas, Australian actress and model* 1985 – Rag'n'Bone Man, English singer-songwriter*1986 – Chris Bourque, American ice hockey player* 1986 – Thomas Greiss, German ice hockey player* 1986 – Jair Jurrjens, Curaçaoan baseball player*1987 – José Abreu, Cuban baseball player* 1987 – Alex Avila, American baseball player* 1987 – Jessica Burkhart, American author* 1987 – Vladimír Mihálik, Slovak ice hockey player*1988 – Ayobami Adebayo, Nigerian author* 1988 – Jake Auchincloss, American politician, businessman, and Marine veteran* 1988 – Hank Conger, American baseball player* 1988 – Shay Logan, English footballer*1989 – Mohamed Abou Gabal, Egyptian footballer* 1989 – Kevin Shattenkirk, American ice hockey player*1992 – Markel Brown, American basketball player* 1992 – Maxi Kleber, German basketball player*1993 – Kyary Pamyu Pamyu, Japanese singer*1997 – Joel Eriksson Ek, Swedish ice hockey player* 1997 – Jack Roslovic, American ice hockey player*2003 – Jarell Quansah, English footballer" ], [ "Deaths", "===Pre-1600===*757 – An Lushan, Chinese general (b.", "703)*1119 – Pope Gelasius II (b.", "1060)*1597 – Elias Ammerbach, German organist and composer (b.", "1530)===1601–1900===*1647 – Francis Meres, English priest and author (b.", "1565)*1678 – Jerónimo Lobo, Portuguese missionary and author (b.", "1593)*1706 – Charles Sackville, 6th Earl of Dorset, English poet and courtier (b.", "1643)*1737 – George Hamilton, 1st Earl of Orkney, Scottish-English field marshal and politician, Colonial Governor of Virginia (b.", "1666)*1743 – André-Hercule de Fleury, French cardinal (b.", "1653)*1763 – Juan José Eguiara y Eguren, Mexican bishop and Catholic scholar (b.", "1696)* 1763 – Louis Racine, French poet (b.", "1692)*1820 – George III of the United Kingdom (b.", "1738)*1829 – Paul Barras, French captain and politician (b.", "1755)*1870 – Leopold II, Grand Duke of Tuscany (b.", "1797)*1888 – Edward Lear, English poet and illustrator (b.", "1812)*1899 – Alfred Sisley, French-English painter (b.", "1839)===1901–present===*1901 – Eugène Louis-Marie Jancourt, French bassoonist, composer and pedagogue (b.", "1815)*1906 – Christian IX of Denmark (b.", "1818)*1910 – Édouard Rod, French-Swiss novelist (b.", "1857)*1912 – Herman Bang, Danish journalist and author (b.", "1857)*1916 – Sibylle von Olfers, German art teacher, author and nun (b.", "1881)*1917 – Evelyn Baring, 1st Earl of Cromer, British statesman, diplomat and colonial administrator (b.", "1841)*1923 – Elihu Vedder, American symbolist painter, book illustrator and poet (b.", "1836)*1928 – Douglas Haig, 1st Earl Haig, Scottish field marshal (b.", "1861)*1929 – Jacques Bouhy, Belgian baritone (b.", "1848)* 1929 – Charles Fox Parham, American preacher and evangelist (b.", "1873)*1933 – Sara Teasdale, American poet (b.", "1884)*1934 – Fritz Haber, Polish-German chemist and engineer, Nobel Prize laureate (b.", "1868)* 1934 – Dukinfield Henry Scott, British botanist (b.", "1854)*1935 – Frederick Samuel Dellenbaugh, American explorer (b.", "1853)*1940 – Edward Harkness, American philanthropist (b.", "1874)*1941 – Ioannis Metaxas, Greek general and politician, 130th Prime Minister of Greece (b.", "1871)*1944 – William Allen White, American journalist and author (b.", "1868)*1946 – Harry Hopkins, American businessman and politician, 8th United States Secretary of Commerce (b.", "1890)* 1946 – Sidney Jones, English conductor and composer (b.", "1861)*1948 – Prince Aimone, Duke of Aosta (b.", "1900)*1951 – James Bridie, Scottish playwright, screenwriter and physician (b.", "1888)*1954 – Walter Conrad Arensberg, American art collector, critic and poet (b.", "1878)*1955 – Hans Hedtoft, Danish politician (b.", "1903)*1956 – H. L. Mencken, American journalist and critic (b.", "1880)*1959 – Pauline Smith, South African novelist, short story writer, memoirist and playwright (b.", "1882)*1960 – Mack Harrell, American operatic and concert baritone vocalist (b.", "1909)* 1960 – George S. Messersmith, American diplomat (b.", "1883)*1961 – Angela Thirkell, English novelist (b.", "1890)*1962 – Fritz Kreisler, Austrian-American violinist and composer (b.", "1875)* 1962 – William Francis Gray Swann, Anglo-American physicist (b.", "1884)*1963 – Robert Frost, American poet and playwright (b.", "1874)*1964 – Vera Hall, American folk singer (b.", "1902)* 1964 – Alan Ladd, American actor (b.", "1913)*1965 – Jack Hylton, English pianist, composer, band leader and impresario (b.", "1892)*1966 – Pierre Mercure, Canadian composer, TV producer, bassoonist and administrator (b.", "1927)*1967 – Harold Munro Fox, English zoologist (b.", "1889)*1969 – Allen Dulles, American banker, lawyer, and diplomat, 5th Director of Central Intelligence (b.", "1893)*1969 - Max Weinreich, Russian-American-Jewish linguist and cofounder of YIVO (b.", "1894)*1970 – Lawren Harris, Canadian painter (b.", "1885)* 1970 – B. H. Liddell Hart, French-English soldier, historian, and journalist (b.", "1895)*1973 – Johannes Paul Thilman, German composer (b.", "1903)*1974 – H. E. Bates, English writer (b.", "1905)*1976 – Jesse Fuller, American one-man band musician (b.", "1896)*1977 – Johnny Franz, English record producer and pianist (b.", "1922)* 1977 – Freddie Prinze, American comedian and actor (b.", "1954)*1978 – Tim McCoy, American actor and military officer (b.", "1891)* 1978 – Frank Nicklin, Australian politician, 28th Premier of Queensland (b.", "1895)*1979 – Sonny Payne, American jazz drummer (b.", "1926)*1980 – Jimmy Durante, American entertainer (b.", "1893)*1981 – Jack A. W. Bennett, New Zealander literary scholar (b.", "1911)* 1981 – John Glassco, Canadian poet, memoirist and novelist (b.", "1909)*1982 – Rudolph Peters, British biochemist (b.", "1889)* 1982 – Roger Stanier, Canadian microbiologist (b.", "1916)* 1982 – Charles Sykes, British physicist and metallurgist (b.", "1905)*1983 – Stuart H. Ingersoll, American naval aviator, USN vice admiral (b.", "1898)*1984 – Frances Goodrich, American actress, dramatist and screenwriter (b.", "1890)* 1984 – John Macnaghten Whittaker, British mathematician (b.", "1905)*1987 – Vincent R. Impellitteri, American politician and judge, 101st Mayor of New York City (b.", "1900)*1988 – James Rhyne Killian, American educator, scientist and White House advisor (b.", "1904)*1989 – Morton DaCosta, American theatre and film director, film producer, writer and actor (b.", "1914)*1991 – Yasushi Inoue, Japanese author and poet (b.", "1907)*1992 – Willie Dixon, American singer-songwriter and producer (b.", "1915)*1993 – Adetokunbo Ademola, Nigerian lawyer and jurist, 2nd Chief Justice of Nigeria (b.", "1906)*1994 – Ulrike Maier, Austrian skier (b.", "1967)*1999 – Lili St. Cyr, American model and dancer (b.", "1918)*2002 – Harold Russell, Canadian-American soldier and actor (b.", "1914)*2003 – Frank Moss, American lawyer and politician (b.", "1911)*2004 – Janet Frame, New Zealand author and poet (b.", "1924)*2005 – Ephraim Kishon, Israeli author, screenwriter, and director (b.", "1924)*2006 – Nam June Paik, South Korean-American artist (b.", "1932)*2008 – Margaret Truman, American singer and author (b.", "1924)*2009 – Hélio Gracie, Brazilian martial artist (b.", "1913)* 2009 – John Martyn, British singer-songwriter and guitarist (b.", "1948)*2011 – Milton Babbitt, American composer, educator, and theorist (b.", "1916)*2012 – Ranjit Singh Dyal, Indian general and politician, 10th Lieutenant Governor of Puducherry (b.", "1928)* 2012 – Oscar Luigi Scalfaro, Italian lawyer and politician, 9th President of Italy (b.", "1918)* 2012 – Camilla Williams, American soprano and educator (b.", "1919)*2015 – Colleen McCullough, Australian neuroscientist, author, and academic (b.", "1937)* 2015 – Rod McKuen, American singer-songwriter and poet (b.", "1933)* 2015 – Alexander Vraciu, American commander and pilot (b.", "1918)*2016 – Jean-Marie Doré, Guinean lawyer and politician, 11th Prime Minister of Guinea (b.", "1938)* 2016 – Jacques Rivette, French director, screenwriter, and critic (b.", "1928)*2019 – George Fernandes, Indian politician (b.", "1930)* 2019 – James Ingram, American musician (b.", "1952)*2021 – Walker Boone, Canadian actor (b.", "1944)*2022 – Howard Hesseman, American actor (b.", "1940)*2023 – Hazel McCallion, Canadian businesswoman and politician, 5th Mayor of Mississauga (b.", "1921)* 2023 – Will Steffen, American-Australian chemist (b.", "1947)* 2023 – Gero Storjohann, German politician (b.", "1958)" ], [ "Holidays and observances", "* Christian feast day:** Gildas** Sabinian of Troyes** Sulpitius I of Bourges** January 29 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)*Earliest day on which Fat Thursday can fall, while March 4 is the latest; celebrated on Thursday before Ash Wednesday.", "(Christianity)*Kansas Day (Kansas, United States)" ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* BBC: On This Day* * Historical Events on January 29" ] ]
wikipedia
[ [ "June 18" ], [ "Introduction" ], [ "Events", "===Pre-1600===* 618 – Li Yuan becomes Emperor Gaozu of Tang, initiating three centuries of Tang dynasty rule over China.", "* 656 – Ali becomes Caliph of the Rashidun Caliphate.", "* 860 – Byzantine–Rus' War: A fleet of about 200 Rus' vessels sails into the Bosphorus and starts pillaging the suburbs of the Byzantine capital Constantinople.", "*1053 – Battle of Civitate: Three thousand Norman horsemen of Count Humphrey rout the troops of Pope Leo IX.", "*1264 – The Parliament of Ireland meets at Castledermot in County Kildare, the first definitively known meeting of this Irish legislature.", "*1265 – A draft Byzantine–Venetian treaty is concluded between Venetian envoys and Emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos, but is not ratified by Doge Reniero Zeno.", "*1391 – Tokhtamysh–Timur war: Battle of the Kondurcha River: Timur defeats Tokhtamysh of the Golden Horde in present-day southeast Russia.", "*1429 – Charles VII's army defeats an English army under John Talbot at the Battle of Patay during the Hundred Years' War.", "The English lost 2,200 men, over half their army, crippling their efforts during this segment of the war.===1601–1900===*1633 – Charles I is crowned King of Scots at St Giles' Cathedral, Edinburgh.", "*1684 – The charter of the Massachusetts Bay Colony is revoked via a ''scire facias'' writ issued by an English court.", "*1757 – Battle of Kolín between Prussian forces under Frederick the Great and an Austrian army under the command of Field Marshal Count Leopold Joseph von Daun in the Seven Years' War.", "*1778 – American Revolutionary War: The British Army abandons Philadelphia.", "*1799 – Action of 18 June 1799: A frigate squadron under Rear-admiral Jean-Baptiste Perrée is captured by the British fleet under Lord Keith.", "*1803 – Haitian Revolution: The Royal Navy led by Rear-Admiral John Thomas Duckworth commence the blockade of Saint-Domingue against French forces.", "*1812 – The United States declaration of war upon the United Kingdom is signed by President James Madison, beginning the War of 1812.", "*1815 – Napoleonic Wars: The Battle of Waterloo results in the defeat of Napoleon Bonaparte by the Duke of Wellington and Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher forcing him to abdicate the throne of France for the second and last time.", "*1822 – Konstantinos Kanaris blows up the Ottoman navy's flagship at Chios, killing the Kapudan Pasha Nasuhzade Ali Pasha.", "*1858 – Charles Darwin receives a paper from Alfred Russel Wallace that includes nearly identical conclusions about evolution as Darwin's own, prompting Darwin to publish his theory.", "*1859 – First ascent of Aletschhorn, second summit of the Bernese Alps.", "*1873 – Susan B. Anthony is fined $100 for attempting to vote in the 1872 presidential election.", "*1887 – The Reinsurance Treaty between Germany and Russia is signed.", "*1900 – Empress Dowager Cixi of China orders all foreigners killed, including foreign diplomats and their families.===1901–present===*1908 – Japanese immigration to Brazil begins when 781 people arrive in Santos aboard the ship ''Kasato-Maru''.", "* 1908 – The University of the Philippines is established.", "*1920 – The Troubles in Northern Ireland (1920–1922) begin with a week of sectarian violence in Derry.", "*1928 – Aviator Amelia Earhart becomes the first woman to fly in an aircraft across the Atlantic Ocean (she is a passenger; Wilmer Stultz is the pilot and Lou Gordon the mechanic).", "*1935 – Police in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, clash with striking longshoremen, resulting in a total of 60 injuries and 24 arrests.", "*1940 – Appeal of 18 June by Charles de Gaulle.", "* 1940 – The \"Finest Hour\" speech is delivered by Winston Churchill.", "*1945 – William Joyce (\"Lord Haw-Haw\") is charged with treason for his pro-German propaganda broadcasting during World War II.", "*1946 – Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia, a Socialist, calls for a Direct Action Day against the Portuguese in Goa.", "*1948 – Columbia Records introduces the long-playing record album in a public demonstration at the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel in New York City.", "* 1948 – Britain, France and the United States announce that on June 21, the ''Deutsche Mark'' will be introduced in western Germany and West Berlin.", "Over the next six days, Communists increasingly restrict access to Berlin.", "*1953 – The Egyptian revolution of 1952 ends with the overthrow of the Muhammad Ali dynasty and the declaration of the Republic of Egypt.", "* 1953 – A United States Air Force C-124 crashes and burns near Tachikawa, Japan, killing 129.", "*1954 – Carlos Castillo Armas leads an invasion force across the Guatemalan border, setting in motion the 1954 Guatemalan coup d'état.", "*1958 – Benjamin Britten's one-act opera ''Noye's Fludde'' premiered at the Aldeburgh Festival.", "*1965 – Vietnam War: The United States Air Force uses B-52 bombers to attack guerrilla fighters in South Vietnam.", "*1972 – Staines air disaster: One hundred eighteen people are killed when a BEA H.S.", "Trident crashes minutes after takeoff from London's Heathrow Airport.", "*1979 – SALT II is signed by the United States and the Soviet Union.", "*1981 – The Lockheed F-117 Nighthawk, the first operational aircraft initially designed around stealth technology, makes its first flight.", "*1982 – Italian banker Roberto Calvi's body is discovered hanging beneath Blackfriars Bridge in London, England.", "*1983 – Space Shuttle program: STS-7, Astronaut Sally Ride becomes the first American woman in space.", "* 1983 – Mona Mahmudnizhad, together with nine other women of the Baháʼí Faith, is sentenced to death and hanged in Shiraz, Iran over her religious beliefs.", "*1984 – A major clash between about 5,000 police and a similar number of miners takes place at Orgreave, South Yorkshire, during the 1984–85 UK miners' strike.", "*1994 – The Troubles: Members of the Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF) attack a crowded pub with assault rifles in Loughinisland, Northern Ireland.", "Six Catholic civilians are killed and five wounded.", "It was crowded with people watching the 1994 FIFA World Cup.", "*1998 – Propair Flight 420 crashes near Montréal–Mirabel International Airport in Quebec, Canada, killing 11.", "*2006 – The first Kazakh space satellite, KazSat-1 is launched.", "*2007 – The Charleston Sofa Super Store fire happened in Charleston, South Carolina, killing nine firefighters.", "*2009 – The Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO), a NASA robotic spacecraft is launched.", "*2018 – An earthquake of magnitude 6.1 strikes northern Osaka.", "*2023 – ''Titan'', a submersible operated by OceanGate Expeditions, imploded while attempting to view the wreck of the Titanic, killing all five people on board including the co-founder and CEO of the company, Stockton Rush in the North Atlantic Ocean." ], [ "Births", "===Pre-1600===*1269 – Eleanor of England, Countess of Bar (d. 1298)*1318 – Eleanor of Woodstock (d. 1355)*1332 – John V Palaiologos, Byzantine Emperor (d. 1391)*1466 – Ottaviano Petrucci, Italian printer (d. 1539)*1511 – Bartolomeo Ammannati, Italian architect and sculptor, designed the Ponte Santa Trinita (d. 1592)*1517 – Emperor Ōgimachi of Japan (d. 1593)*1521 – Maria of Portugal, Duchess of Viseu (d. 1577)===1601–1900===*1667 – Ivan Trubetskoy, Russian field marshal (d. 1750)*1673 – Antonio de Literes, Spanish composer (d. 1747)*1677 – Antonio Maria Bononcini, Italian cellist and composer (d. 1726)*1716 – Joseph-Marie Vien, French painter and educator (d. 1809)*1717 – Johann Stamitz, Czech violinist and composer (d. 1757)*1757 – Ignaz Pleyel, Austrian-French pianist and composer (d. 1831)* 1757 – Gervasio Antonio de Posadas, Argentine lawyer and politician 1st Supreme Director of the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata (d. 1833)*1769 – Robert Stewart, Viscount Castlereagh, Irish-English politician, Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs (d. 1822)*1799 – William Lassell, English astronomer and merchant (d. 1880)*1812 – Ivan Goncharov, Russian journalist and author (d. 1891)*1815 – Ludwig Freiherr von und zu der Tann-Rathsamhausen, German general (d. 1881)*1816 – Hélène Napoleone Bonaparte, French daughter of Napoleon (d. 1907)* 1816 – Jung Bahadur Rana, Nepali ruler (d. 1877)*1833 – Manuel González Flores, Mexican general and President (1880-1884) (d. 1893)*1834 – Auguste-Théodore-Paul de Broglie, French philosopher and academic (d. 1895)*1839 – William H. Seward Jr., American general and banker (d. 1920)*1845 – Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran, French physician and parasitologist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1922)*1850 – Richard Heuberger, Austrian composer and critic (d. 1914)*1854 – E. W. Scripps, American publisher, founded the E. W. Scripps Company (d. 1926)*1857 – Henry Clay Folger, American businessman and philanthropist, founded the Folger Shakespeare Library (d. 1930)*1858 – Andrew Forsyth, Scottish-English mathematician and academic (d. 1942)* 1858 – Hector Rason, English-Australian politician, 7th Premier of Western Australia (d. 1927)*1862 – Carolyn Wells, American novelist and poet (d. 1942)*1863 – George Essex Evans, English-Australian poet and author (d. 1909)*1868 – Miklós Horthy, Hungarian admiral and politician, Regent of Hungary (d. 1957)*1870 – Édouard Le Roy, French mathematician and philosopher (d. 1954)*1877 – James Montgomery Flagg, American painter and illustrator (d. 1960)*1881 – Zoltán Halmay, Hungarian swimmer (d. 1956)*1882 – Georgi Dimitrov, Bulgarian compositor and politician, 32nd Prime Minister of Bulgaria (d. 1949)*1884 – Édouard Daladier, French captain and politician, Prime Minister of France (d. 1970)*1886 – George Mallory, English lieutenant and mountaineer (d. 1924)* 1886 – Alexander Wetmore, American ornithologist and paleontologist (d. 1978)*1887 – Tancrède Labbé, Canadian businessman and politician (d. 1956)*1896 – Blanche Sweet, American actress (d. 1986)*1897 – Martti Marttelin, Finnish runner (d. 1940)*1900 – Vlasta Vraz, Czech-American relief worker, editor, and fundraiser (d. 1989)===1901–present===*1901 – Grand Duchess Anastasia Nikolaevna of Russia (d. 1918)* 1901 – Llewellyn Rees, English actor (d. 1994)*1902 – Louis Alter, American musician (d. 1980)* 1902 – Paavo Yrjölä, Finnish decathlete (d. 1980)*1903 – Jeanette MacDonald, American actress and singer (d. 1965)* 1903 – Raymond Radiguet, French author and poet (d. 1923)*1904 – Keye Luke, Chinese-American actor (d. 1991)* 1904 – Manuel Rosenthal, French conductor and composer (d. 2003)*1905 – Eduard Tubin, Estonian composer and conductor (d. 1982)*1907 – Frithjof Schuon, Swiss-American metaphysicist, philosopher, and author (d. 1998)*1908 – Bud Collyer, American actor and game show host (d. 1969)* 1908 – Stanley Knowles, American-Canadian academic and politician (d. 1997)* 1908 – Nedra Volz, American actress (d. 2003)*1910 – Dick Foran, American actor and singer (d. 1979)* 1910 – Avon Long, American actor and singer (d. 1984)* 1910 – Ray McKinley, American singer, drummer, and bandleader (d. 1995)*1912 – Glenn Morris, American decathlete (d. 1974)*1913 – Wilfred Gordon Bigelow, Canadian soldier and surgeon (d. 2005)* 1913 – Sammy Cahn, American pianist and composer (d. 1993)* 1913 – Sylvia Porter, American economist and journalist (d. 1991)* 1913 – Françoise Loranger, Canadian playwright and producer (d. 1995)* 1913 – Robert Mondavi, American winemaker and philanthropist (d. 2008)* 1913 – Oswald Teichmüller, German mathematician (d. 1943)*1914 – E. G. Marshall, American actor (d. 1998)* 1914 – Efraín Huerta, Mexican poet (d.1982)*1915 – Red Adair, American firefighter (d. 2004)* 1915 – Robert Kanigher, American author (d. 2002)* 1915 – Alice T. Schafer, American mathematician (d. 2009)*1916 – Julio César Turbay Ayala, Colombian lawyer and politician, 25th President of Colombia (d. 2005)*1917 – Richard Boone, American actor, singer, and director (d. 1981)* 1917 – Jack Karnehm, English snooker player and sportscaster (d. 2002)* 1917 – Erik Ortvad, Danish painter and illustrator (d. 2008)*1918 – Alf Francis, West Prussia-born, English motor racing mechanic and race car constructor (d. 1983)* 1918 – Jerome Karle, American chemist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2013)* 1918 – Franco Modigliani, Italian-American economist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2003)*1919 – Jüri Järvet, Estonian actor and screenwriter (d. 1995)*1920 – Ian Carmichael, English actor and singer (d. 2010)* 1920 – Aster Berkhof, Belgian author and academic (d. 2020)*1922 – Claude Helffer, French pianist and educator (d. 2004)*1924 – George Mikan, American basketball player and coach (d. 2005)*1925 – Robert Beadell, American composer and educator (d. 1994)*1926 – Philip B. Crosby, American businessman and author (d. 2001)* 1926 – Allan Sandage, American astronomer and cosmologist (d. 2010)* 1926 – Tom Wicker, American journalist and author (d. 2011)*1927 – Eva Bartok, Hungarian-English actress (d. 1998)* 1927 – Paul Eddington, English actor (d. 1995)*1928 – Michael Blakemore, Australian actor, director, and screenwriter* 1928 – David T. Lykken, American geneticist and academic (d. 2006)*1929 – Jürgen Habermas, German sociologist and philosopher* 1929 – Tibor Rubin, Hungarian-American soldier, Medal of Honor recipient (d. 2015)*1931 – Fernando Henrique Cardoso, Brazilian sociologist, academic, and politician, 34th President of Brazil*1932 – Dudley R. Herschbach, American chemist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate* 1932 – Geoffrey Hill, English poet and academic (d. 2016)*1933 – Colin Brumby, Australian composer and conductor (d. 2018)* 1933 – Tommy Hunt, American singer*1934 – Brian Kenny, English general (d. 2017)* 1934 – Mitsuteru Yokoyama, Japanese author and illustrator (d. 2004)* 1934 – Barack Obama Sr., Kenyan economist (d. 1982)*1936 – Denny Hulme, New Zealand race car driver (d. 1992)* 1936 – Ronald Venetiaan, Surinamese politician, 6th President of Suriname*1937 – Del Harris, American basketball player and coach* 1937 – Jay Rockefeller, American lawyer and politician, 29th Governor of West Virginia* 1937 – Bruce Trigger, Canadian archaeologist, anthropologist and historian (d. 2006)* 1937 – Vitaly Zholobov, Ukrainian colonel, engineer, and astronaut*1938 – Kevin Murray, Australian footballer and coach*1939 – Lou Brock, American baseball player and sportscaster (d. 2020)* 1939 – Jean-Claude Germain, Canadian historian, author, and journalist* 1939 – Brooks Firestone, American businessman and politician*1941 – Roger Lemerre, French footballer and manager* 1941 – Paul Mayersberg, English director and screenwriter* 1941 – Delia Smith, English chef and author*1942 – John Bellany, Scottish painter (d. 2013)* 1942 – Roger Ebert, American journalist, critic, and screenwriter (d. 2013)* 1942 – Pat Hutchins, English author and illustrator (d. 2017)* 1942 – Thabo Mbeki, South African politician and 2nd President of South Africa* 1942 – Paul McCartney, English singer-songwriter and guitarist* 1942 – Richard Perry, American record producer* 1942 – Carl Radle, American bass player and producer (d. 1980)* 1942 – Nick Tate, Australian actor and director* 1942 – Hans Vonk, Dutch conductor (d. 2004)*1943 – Barry Evans, English actor (d. 1997)* 1943 – Raffaella Carrà, Italian singer, dancer, and actress (d. 2021)* 1943 – Éva Marton, Hungarian soprano and actress*1944 – Bruce DuMont, American broadcaster and political analyst* 1944 – Sandy Posey, American pop/country singer*1946 – Russell Ash, English journalist and author (d. 2010)* 1946 – Bruiser Brody, American wrestler (d. 1988)* 1946 – Fabio Capello, Italian footballer and manager* 1946 – Maria Bethânia, Brazilian singer* 1946 – Gordon Murray, British automobile designer*1947 – Ivonne Coll, Puerto Rican-American model and actress, Miss Puerto Rico 1967* 1947 – Bernard Giraudeau, French actor, director, producer, and screenwriter (d. 2010)* 1947 – Linda Thorson, Canadian actress*1948 – Philip Jackson, English actor* 1948 – Sherry Turkle, American academic, psychologist, and sociologist*1949 – Chris Van Allsburg, American author and illustrator* 1949 – Jarosław Kaczyński, Polish lawyer and politician, 13th Prime Minister of Poland* 1949 – Lech Kaczyński, Polish lawyer and politician, 4th President of Poland (d. 2010)*1950 – Rod de'Ath, Welsh drummer and producer (d. 2014)* 1950 – Annelie Ehrhardt, German hurdler* 1950 – Mike Johanns, American lawyer and politician, 28th United States Secretary of Agriculture* 1950 – Jackie Leven, Scottish singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 2011)*1951 – Mohammed Al-Sager, Kuwaiti journalist and politician* 1951 – Miriam Flynn, American actress and comedian* 1951 – Ian Hargreaves, English-Welsh journalist and academic* 1951 – Stephen Hopper, Australian botanist and academic* 1951 – Gyula Sax, Hungarian chess player (d. 2014)*1952 – Tiiu Aro, Estonian physician and politician, Estonian Minister of Social Affairs* 1952 – Denis Herron, Canadian ice hockey player* 1952 – Carol Kane, American actress* 1952 – Isabella Rossellini, Italian actress, director, producer, and screenwriter* 1952 – Lee Soo-man, South Korean singer and businessman, founded S.M.", "Entertainment*1953 – Peter Donohoe, English pianist and educator*1955 – Ed Fast, Canadian lawyer and politician*1956 – Brian Benben, American actor and producer* 1956 – John Scott, English organist and conductor (d. 2015)*1957 – Miguel Ángel Lotina, Spanish footballer and manager* 1957 – Richard Powers, American novelist*1958 – Peter Altmaier, German jurist and politician, Federal Minister for Special Affairs of Germany* 1958 – Gary Martin, British voice actor and actor*1959 – Joe Ansolabehere, American animation screenwriter and producer*1960 – Barbara Broccoli, American director and producer* 1960 – Steve Murphy, Canadian journalist*1961 – Oz Fox, American singer-songwriter, guitarist, and producer* 1961 – Andrés Galarraga, Venezuelan baseball player* 1961 – Angela Johnson, American novelist and poet* 1961 – Alison Moyet, English singer-songwriter*1962 – Lisa Randall, American physicist and academic*1963 – Dizzy Reed, American keyboard player and songwriter* 1963 – Bruce Smith, American football player*1964 – Uday Hussein, Iraqi commander (d. 2003)* 1964 – Patti Webster, American publicist and author (d. 2013)*1966 – Kurt Browning, Canadian figure skater, choreographer, and sportscaster* 1966 – Troy Kemp, Bahamian high jumper*1968 – Frank Müller, German decathlete*1969 – Haki Doku, Albanian cyclist* 1969 – Christopher Largen, American journalist and author (d. 2012)*1970 – Katie Derham, English journalist* 1970 – Ivan Kozák, Slovak footballer* 1970 – Greg Yaitanes, American director and producer*1971 – Kerry Butler, American actress and singer* 1971 – Jason McAteer, English-Irish footballer and manager* 1971 – Nathan Morris, American soul singer* 1971 – Nigel Owens, Welsh rugby referee and TV presenter*1972 – Anu Tali, Estonian pianist and conductor* 1972 – Wikus du Toit, South African actor, director, and composer*1973 – Julie Depardieu, French actress* 1973 – Stephen Thomas Erlewine, American author and music critic* 1973 – Ray LaMontagne, American singer-songwriter and guitarist* 1973 – Alexandra Meissnitzer, Austrian skier* 1973 – Matt Parsons, Australian rugby league player* 1973 – Gavin Wanganeen Australian footballer and coach*1974 – Vincenzo Montella, Italian footballer and manager* 1974 – Sergey Sharikov, Russian fencer and coach (d. 2015)*1975 – Marie Gillain, Belgian actress* 1975 – Aleksandrs Koliņko, Latvian footballer* 1975 – Martin St. Louis, Canadian ice hockey player*1976 – Blake Shelton, American singer-songwriter and guitarist*1978 – Wang Liqin, Chinese table tennis player*1979 – Yumiko Kobayashi, Japanese voice actress and singer* 1979 – Ivana Wong, Hong Kong singer-songwriter and actress*1980 – Antonio Gates, American football player* 1980 – Sergey Kirdyapkin, Russian race walker* 1980 – Craig Mottram, Australian runner* 1980 – Antero Niittymäki, Finnish ice hockey player* 1980 – Tara Platt, American actress, producer, and screenwriter*1981 – Scooter Braun, American music executive* 1981 – Clint Newton, American-Australian rugby league player* 1981 – Marco Streller, Swiss footballer*1982 – Nadir Belhadj, French-Algerian footballer* 1982 – Marco Borriello, Italian footballer* 1982 – Nathan Cavaleri, Australian singer-songwriter, guitarist, and actor*1983 – Billy Slater, Australian rugby league player* 1983 – Cameron Smith, Australian rugby league player*1984 – Nanyak Dala, Canadian rugby player*1985 – Chris Coghlan, American baseball player* 1985 – Alex Hirsch, American animator and television producer*1986 – Edgars Eriņš, Latvian decathlete* 1986 – Richard Gasquet, French tennis player* 1986 – Richard Madden, Scottish actor*1987 – Omar Arellano, Mexican footballer* 1987 – Moeen Ali, English cricketer*1988 – Elini Dimoutsos, Greek footballer* 1988 – Josh Dun, American musician*1989 – Pierre-Emerick Aubameyang, French-born Gabonese footballer* 1989 – Chris Harris Jr., American football player*1990 – Luke Adam, Canadian ice hockey player* 1990 – Sandra Izbașa, Romanian gymnast* 1990 – Derek Stepan, American ice hockey player* 1990 – Christian Taylor, American triple jumper*1993 – Dennis Lloyd, Israeli musician, producer, singer, songwriter, and multi-instrumentalist*1994 – Sean McMahon, Australian rugby player* 1994 – Takeoff, American rapper (d. 2022)*1995 – Maxim Kovtun, Russian figure skater*1996 – Alen Halilović, Croatian footballer* 1996 – Niki Wories, Dutch figure skater*1997 – Katharina Hobgarski, German tennis player* 1997 – Latrell Mitchell, Australian rugby league player*1999 – Choi Ye-won, South Korean singer and actress* 1999 – Trippie Redd, American rapper" ], [ "Deaths", "===Pre-1600===* 741 – Leo III the Isaurian, Byzantine emperor (b.", "685)* 908 – Zhang Hao, general of Yang Wu*1095 – Sophia of Hungary (b. c. 1050)*1164 – Elisabeth of Schönau, German Benedictine visionary (b. c. 1129)*1234 – Emperor Chūkyō of Japan (b.", "1218)*1250 – Theresa of Portugal, Queen of León*1291 – Alfonso III of Aragon (b.", "1265)*1333 – Henry XV, Duke of Bavaria (b.", "1312)*1464 – Rogier van der Weyden, Flemish painter (b.", "1400)*1588 – Robert Crowley, English minister and poet (b.", "1517)===1601–1900===*1629 – Piet Pieterszoon Hein, Dutch admiral (b.", "1577)*1650 – Christoph Scheiner, German priest, physicist, and astronomer (b.", "1575)*1673 – Jeanne Mance, French-Canadian nurse, founded the Hôtel-Dieu de Montréal (b.", "1606)*1704 – Tom Brown, English author and translator (b.", "1662)*1726 – Michel Richard Delalande, French organist and composer (b.", "1657)*1742 – John Aislabie, English politician, Chancellor of the Exchequer (b.", "1670)*1749 – Ambrose Philips, English poet and politician (b.", "1674)*1772 – Johann Ulrich von Cramer, German jurist and scholar (b.", "1706)* 1772 – Gerard van Swieten, Dutch-Austrian physician and reformer (b.", "1700)*1788 – Adam Gib, Scottish religious leader (b.", "1714)*1794 – François Buzot, French lawyer and politician (b.", "1760)* 1794 – James Murray, Scottish-English general and politician, 20th Governor of the Province of Quebec (b.", "1721)*1804 – Maria Amalia, Duchess of Parma (b.", "1746)*1815 – Thomas Picton, Welsh-English general and politician (b.", "1758)*1833 – Robert Hett Chapman, American minister, missionary, and academic (b.", "1771)*1835 – William Cobbett, English farmer and journalist (b.", "1763)*1860 – Friedrich Wilhelm von Bismarck, German army officer and writer (b.", "1783)*1866 – Prince Sigismund of Prussia (b.", "1864)===1901–present===*1902 – Samuel Butler, English novelist, satirist, and critic (b.", "1835)*1905 – Carmine Crocco, Italian soldier (b.", "1830)*1916 – Max Immelmann, German lieutenant and pilot (b.", "1890)*1917 – Titu Maiorescu, Romanian critic and politician, 23rd Prime Minister of Romania (b.", "1840)*1921 – Abdul Awwal Jaunpuri, Indian Islamic scholar and author (b.", "1867)*1922 – Jacobus Kapteyn, Dutch astronomer and academic (b.", "1851)*1926 – Olga Constantinovna of Russia, Queen consort of the Hellenes (b.", "1851)*1928 – Roald Amundsen, Norwegian pilot and explorer (b.", "1872)*1936 – Maxim Gorky, Russian novelist, short story writer, and playwright (b.", "1868)*1937 – Gaston Doumergue, French politician, 13th President of France (b.", "1863)*1942 – Arthur Pryor, American trombonist, bandleader, and politician (b.", "1870)*1943 – Elias Degiannis, Greek commander (b.", "1912)*1945 – Florence Bascom, American geologist and educator (b.", "1862)* 1945 – Simon Bolivar Buckner Jr., American general (b.", "1886)*1947 – Shigematsu Sakaibara, Japanese admiral (b.", "1898)*1948 – Edward Brooker, English-Australian politician, 31st Premier of Tasmania (b.", "1891)*1959 – Ethel Barrymore, American actress (b.", "1879)*1963 – Pedro Armendáriz, Mexican-American actor (b.", "1912)*1964 – Giorgio Morandi, Italian painter (b.", "1890)*1967 – Geki, Italian race car driver (b.", "1937)* 1967 – Beat Fehr, Swiss race car driver (b.", "1942)*1971 – Thomas Gomez, American actor (b.", "1905)* 1971 – Paul Karrer, Russian-Swiss chemist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (b.", "1889)*1974 – Júlio César de Mello e Souza, Brazilian mathematician and academic (b.", "1896)* 1974 – Georgy Zhukov, Russian marshal and politician, Minister of Defence for the Soviet Union (b.", "1896)*1975 – Hugo Bergmann, German-Israeli philosopher and author (b.", "1883)*1978 – Walter C. Alvarez, American physician and author (b.", "1884)*1980 – Terence Fisher, English director and screenwriter (b.", "1904)* 1980 – André Leducq, French cyclist (b.", "1904)*1982 – Djuna Barnes, American novelist, journalist, and playwright (b.", "1892)* 1982 – John Cheever, American novelist and short story writer (b.", "1912)* 1982 – Curd Jürgens, German-Austrian actor and director (b.", "1915)*1984 – Alan Berg, American lawyer and radio host (b.", "1934)*1985 – Paul Colin, French illustrator (b.", "1892)*1986 – Frances Scott Fitzgerald, American journalist (b.", "1921)*1989 – I. F. Stone, American journalist and author (b.", "1907)*1992 – Kofoworola Abeni Pratt, the first black Chief Nursing Officer of Nigeria (b.", "1910)* 1992 – Peter Allen, Australian singer-songwriter and pianist (b.", "1944)* 1992 – Mordecai Ardon, Polish-Israeli painter and educator (b.", "1896)*1993 – Craig Rodwell, American activist, founded the Oscar Wilde Bookshop (b.", "1940)*1996 – Endel Puusepp, Estonian-Soviet military pilot and politician (b.", "1909)*1997 – Lev Kopelev, Ukrainian-German author and academic (b.", "1912)*1998 – Felix Knight, American actor and tenor (b.", "1908)*2000 – Nancy Marchand, American actress (b.", "1928)*2003 – Larry Doby, American baseball player and manager (b.", "1923)*2005 – Mushtaq Ali, Indian cricketer (b.", "1914)* 2005 – Manuel Sadosky, Argentinian mathematician and academic (b.", "1914)*2006 – Vincent Sherman, American actor, director, and screenwriter (b.", "1906)* 2006 – Joseph Zobel, Martinique-French author (b.", "1915)*2007 – Bernard Manning, English comedian and actor (b.", "1930)* 2007 – Hank Medress, American singer and producer (b.", "1938)* 2007 – Georges Thurston, Canadian singer-songwriter (b.", "1951)*2008 – Jean Delannoy, French actor, director, and screenwriter (b.", "1908)* 2008 – Tasha Tudor, American author and illustrator (b.", "1915)* 2008 – Hans Steinbrenner, German sculptor (b.", "1928)*2010 – Trent Acid, American wrestler (b.", "1980)* 2010 – José Saramago, Portuguese novelist Nobel Prize laureate (b.", "1922)* 2010 – Okan Demiriş, Turkish composer (b.", "1942)*2011 – Yelena Bonner, Russian activist (b.", "1923)* 2011 – Frederick Chiluba, Zambian politician, 2nd President of Zambia (b.", "1943)* 2011 – Clarence Clemons, American saxophonist (b.", "1942)*2012 – Horacio Coppola, Argentinian photographer and director (b.", "1906)* 2012 – Lina Haag, German author and activist (b.", "1907)* 2012 – Tom Maynard, Welsh cricketer (b.", "1989)* 2012 – Luis Edgardo Mercado Jarrín, Peruvian general and politician, 109th Prime Minister of Peru (b.", "1919)* 2012 – Alketas Panagoulias, Greek footballer and manager (b.", "1934)* 2012 – William Van Regenmorter, American businessman and politician (b.", "1939)*2013 – Brent F. Anderson, American engineer and politician (b.", "1932)* 2013 – Alastair Donaldson, Scottish bass player (b.", "1955)* 2013 – Garde Gardom, Canadian lawyer and politician, 26th Lieutenant Governor of British Columbia (b.", "1924)* 2013 – Michael Hastings, American journalist and author (b.", "1980)* 2013 – David Wall, English ballet dancer (b.", "1946)*2014 – Stephanie Kwolek, American chemist and engineer (b.", "1923)* 2014 – Johnny Mann, American singer-songwriter and conductor (b.", "1928)* 2014 – Claire Martin, Canadian author (b.", "1914)* 2014 – Vladimir Popovkin, Russian general (b.", "1957)* 2014 – Horace Silver, American pianist and composer (b.", "1928)*2015 – Phil Austin, American comedian, actor, and screenwriter (b.", "1941)* 2015 – Ralph J. Roberts, American businessman, co-founded Comcast (b.", "1920)* 2015 – Danny Villanueva, American football player and broadcaster, co-founded Univision (b.", "1937)* 2015 – Allen Weinstein, American historian and academic (b.", "1937)*2016 – Jeppiaar, Indian educationist, founder and chancellor of Sathyabama University (b.", "1931)*2018 – XXXTentacion, American rapper (b.", "1998)* 2018 – Big Van Vader (also known as Vader) American professional wrestler (b.", "1955)* 2018 – Jimmy Wopo, American rapper (b.", "1997)*2020 – Vera Lynn, English singer who was the \"Forces' Sweetheart\" in World War II (b.", "1917)*2022 – Uffe Ellemann-Jensen, Danish politician, minister of foreign affairs (b.", "1941)* 2022 – Adibah Noor, Malaysian actress, singer, master of ceremonies (b.", "1970)* 2023 – Notable victims of the ''Titan'' submersible implosion:** Shahzada Dawood, Pakistani-British businessman (b.", "1975)** Hamish Harding, British businessman (b.", "1964)** Paul-Henri Nargeolet, French navy commander and explorer (b.", "1946)** Stockton Rush, American businessman, CEO and founder of OceanGate (b.", "1962)" ], [ "Holidays and observances", "* Autistic Pride Day (International)* Christian feast day:** Bernard Mizeki (Anglican and Episcopal Church)** Elisabeth of Schönau** Gregorio Barbarigo** Leontius, Hypatius and Theodulus** Marina the Monk (Maronite Church, Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria)** Mark and Marcellian** June 18 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)* Foundation Day (Benguet)* Human Rights Day (Azerbaijan)* National Day (Seychelles)* Queen Mother's Birthday (Cambodia)* Waterloo Day (United Kingdom)" ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* * *" ] ]
wikipedia
[ [ "June 13" ], [ "Introduction" ], [ "Events", "===Pre-1600===* 313 – The decisions of the Edict of Milan, signed by Constantine the Great and co-emperor Valerius Licinius, granting religious freedom throughout the Roman Empire, are published in Nicomedia.", "*1325 – Ibn Battuta begins his travels, leaving his home in Tangiers to travel to Mecca (gone 24 years).", "*1381 – In England, the Peasants' Revolt, led by Wat Tyler, comes to a head, as rebels set fire to the Savoy Palace.", "*1514 – ''Henry Grace à Dieu'', at over 1,000 tons the largest warship in the world at this time, built at the new Woolwich Dockyard in England, is dedicated.", "*1525 – Martin Luther marries Katharina von Bora, against the celibacy rule decreed by the Roman Catholic Church for priests and nuns.===1601–1900===*1625 – King Charles I of England marries Catholic princess Henrietta Maria of France and Navarre, at Canterbury.", "*1740 – Georgia provincial governor James Oglethorpe begins an unsuccessful attempt to take Spanish Florida during the Siege of St.", "Augustine.", "*1774 – Rhode Island becomes the first of Britain's North American colonies to ban the importation of slaves.", "*1777 – American Revolutionary War: Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette lands near Charleston, South Carolina, in order to help the Continental Congress to train its army.", "*1805 – Lewis and Clark Expedition: Scouting ahead of the expedition, Meriwether Lewis and four companions sight the Great Falls of the Missouri River.", "*1855 – Twentieth opera of Giuseppe Verdi, ''Les vêpres siciliennes'' (\"The Sicilian Vespers\"), is premiered in Paris.", "*1881 – The USS ''Jeannette'' is crushed in an Arctic Ocean ice pack.", "*1886 – A fire devastates much of Vancouver, British Columbia.", "*1893 – Grover Cleveland notices a rough spot in his mouth and on July 1 undergoes secret, successful surgery to remove a large, cancerous portion of his jaw; the operation was not revealed to the public until 1917, nine years after the president's death.", "*1895 – Émile Levassor wins the world's first real automobile race.", "Levassor completed the 732-mile course, from Paris to Bordeaux and back, in just under 49 hours, at a then-impressive speed of about .", "*1898 – Yukon Territory is formed, with Dawson chosen as its capital.===1901–present===*1917 – World War I: The deadliest German air raid on London of the war is carried out by Gotha G.IV bombers and results in 162 deaths, including 46 children, and 432 injuries.", "*1927 – Aviator Charles Lindbergh receives a ticker tape parade up 5th Avenue in New York City.", "*1944 – World War II: The Battle of Villers-Bocage: German tank ace Michael Wittmann ambushes elements of the British 7th Armoured Division, destroying up to fourteen tanks, fifteen personnel carriers and two anti-tank guns in a Tiger I tank.", "* 1944 – World War II: German combat elements, reinforced by the 17th SS Panzergrenadier Division, launch a counterattack on American forces near Carentan.", "* 1944 – World War II: Germany launches the first V1 Flying Bomb attack on England.", "Only four of the eleven bombs strike their targets.", "*1952 – Catalina affair: A Swedish Douglas DC-3 is shot down by a Soviet MiG-15 fighter.", "*1966 – The United States Supreme Court rules in ''Miranda v. Arizona'' that the police must inform suspects of their Fifth Amendment rights before questioning them (colloquially known as \"Mirandizing\").", "*1967 – U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson nominates Solicitor-General Thurgood Marshall to become the first black justice on the U.S. Supreme Court.", "*1971 – Vietnam War: ''The New York Times'' begins publication of the ''Pentagon Papers''.", "*1973 – In a game versus the Philadelphia Phillies at Veterans Stadium, Steve Garvey, Davey Lopes, Ron Cey and Bill Russell play together as an infield for the first time, going on to set the record of staying together for years.", "*1977 – Convicted Martin Luther King Jr. assassin James Earl Ray is recaptured after escaping from prison three days before.", "* 1977 – The Uphaar Cinema Fire took place at Green Park, Delhi, resulting in the deaths of 59 people and seriously injured 103 others.", "*1981 – At the Trooping the Colour ceremony in London, a teenager, Marcus Sarjeant, fires six blank shots at Queen Elizabeth II.", "*1982 – Fahd becomes King of Saudi Arabia upon the death of his brother, Khalid.", "* 1982 – Battles of Tumbledown and Wireless Ridge, during the Falklands War.", "*1983 – ''Pioneer 10'' becomes the first man-made object to leave the central Solar System when it passes beyond the orbit of Neptune.", "*1990 – First day of the June 1990 Mineriad in Romania.", "At least 240 strikers and students are arrested or killed in the chaos ensuing from the first post-Ceaușescu elections.", "*1994 – A jury in Anchorage, Alaska, blames recklessness by Exxon and Captain Joseph Hazelwood for the ''Exxon Valdez'' disaster, allowing victims of the oil spill to seek $15 billion in damages.", "*1996 – The Montana Freemen surrender after an 81-day standoff with FBI agents.", "* 1996 – Garuda Indonesia flight 865 crashes during takeoff from Fukuoka Airport, killing three people and injuring 170.", "*1997 – A jury sentences Timothy McVeigh to death for his part in the 1995 Oklahoma City bombing.", "*1999 – BMW win 1999 24 Hours of Le Mans*2000 – President Kim Dae-jung of South Korea meets Kim Jong-il, leader of North Korea, for the beginning of the first ever inter-Korea summit, in the northern capital of Pyongyang.", "* 2000 – Italy pardons Mehmet Ali Ağca, the Turkish gunman who tried to kill Pope John Paul II in 1981.", "*2002 – The United States withdraws from the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty.", "*2005 – The jury acquits pop singer Michael Jackson of his charges for allegedly sexually molesting a child in 1993.", "*2007 – The Al Askari Mosque is bombed for a second time.", "*2010 – A capsule of the Japanese spacecraft ''Hayabusa'', containing particles of the asteroid 25143 Itokawa, returns to Earth by landing in the Australian Outback.", "*2012 – A series of bombings across Iraq, including Baghdad, Hillah and Kirkuk, kills at least 93 people and wounds over 300 others.", "*2015 – A man opens fire at policemen outside the police headquarters in Dallas, Texas, while a bag containing a pipe bomb is also found.", "He was later shot dead by police.", "*2018 – Volkswagen is fined one billion euros over the emissions scandal.", "*2021 – A gas explosion in Zhangwan district of Shiyan city, in Hubei province of China kills at least 12 people and wounds over 138 others.", "*2023 – At least 100 people are killed when a wedding boat capsizes on the Niger River in Kwara State, Nigeria.", "* 2023 – Three people are killed and another three injured in an early morning stabbing and van ramming attack in Nottingham, England." ], [ "Births", "===Pre-1600===*AD 40 – Gnaeus Julius Agricola, Roman general (d. 93)* 823 – Charles the Bald, Holy Roman Emperor (d. 877)* 839 – Charles the Fat, Holy Roman Emperor (d. 888)*1367 – Taejong of Joseon (d. 1422)*1500 – Ernest of Bavaria, pledge lord of the County of Glatz (d. 1560)*1508 – Alessandro Piccolomini, Italian astronomer and philosopher (d. 1579)*1539 – Jost Amman, Swiss printmaker (d. 1591)*1555 – Giovanni Antonio Magini, Italian mathematician, cartographer and astronomer (d. 1617)*1580 – Willebrord Snell, Dutch astronomer and mathematician (d. 1626)*1595 – Jan Marek Marci, Czech physician and scientist (d. 1667)===1601–1900===*1617 – Sir Vincent Corbet, 1st Baronet, English politician (d. 1656)*1649 – Adrien Baillet, French scholar and critic (d. 1706)*1711 – Sir Richard Glyn, 1st Baronet, of Ewell, English banker and politician, Lord Mayor of London (d. 1773)*1752 – Frances Burney, English novelist and playwright (d. 1840)*1761 – Antonín Vranický, Czech violinist and composer (d. 1820)*1763 – José Bonifácio de Andrada, Brazilian poet, academic, and politician (d. 1838)*1773 – Thomas Young, English physicist and physiologist (d. 1829)*1775 – Antoni Radziwiłł, Polish-Lithuanian composer and politician (d. 1833)*1786 – Winfield Scott, American general (d. 1866)*1790 – José Antonio Páez, Venezuelan general and politician, President of Venezuela (d. 1873)*1809 – Heinrich Hoffmann, German psychiatrist and author (d. 1894)*1822 – Carl Schmidt, Latvian-German chemist and academic (d. 1894)*1827 – Alberto Henschel, German-Brazilian photographer and businessman (d. 1882)*1831 – James Clerk Maxwell, Scottish physicist and mathematician (d. 1879)*1840 – Augusta Lundin, the first international Swedish fashion designer (d. 1919)*1854 – Charles Algernon Parsons, English engineer, founded C. A. Parsons and Company (d. 1931)*1863 – Lucy, Lady Duff-Gordon, English fashion designer (d. 1935)*1864 – Rudolf Kjellén, Swedish political scientist and academic (d. 1922)* 1864 – Dwight B. Waldo, American historian and academic (d. 1939)*1865 – Karl Blossfeldt, German photographer (d. 1932)* 1865 – W. B. Yeats, Irish poet and playwright, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1939)*1868 – Wallace Clement Sabine, American physicist and academic (d. 1919)*1870 – Jules Bordet, Belgian immunologist and microbiologist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1961)*1872 – Thomas N. Heffron, American actor, director, and screenwriter (d. 1951)*1873 – Karin Swanström, Swedish actress, director, and producer (d. 1942)*1875 – Paul Neumann, Austrian swimmer and physician (d. 1932)*1876 – William Sealy Gosset, English chemist and statistician (d. 1937)*1879 – Heinrich Gutkin, Estonian businessman and politician (d. 1941)* 1879 – Charalambos Tseroulis, Greek general and politician, Greek Minister for Military Affairs (d. 1929)*1884 – Leon Chwistek, Polish painter, philosopher, and mathematician (d. 1944)* 1884 – Étienne Gilson, French philosopher and academic (d. 1978)*1885 – Henry George Lamond, Australian farmer and author (d. 1969)*1887 – André François-Poncet, French politician and diplomat (d. 1978)* 1887 – Bruno Frank, German-American author, poet, and playwright (d. 1945)*1888 – Fernando Pessoa, Portuguese poet and critic (d. 1935)*1892 – Basil Rathbone, South African-born British-American actor (d. 1967)*1893 – Alan Arnold Griffith, English engineer (d. 1963)* 1893 – Dorothy L. Sayers, English author and poet (d. 1957)*1894 – Leo Kanner, Ukrainian-American psychiatrist and physician (d. 1981)* 1894 – Jacques Henri Lartigue, French photographer and painter (d. 1986)*1897 – Paavo Nurmi, Finnish runner and coach (d. 1973)*1899 – Carlos Chávez, Mexican composer, conductor, and journalist, founded the Mexican Symphonic Orchestra (d. 1978)===1901–present===*1901 – Tage Erlander, Swedish lieutenant and politician, 25th Prime Minister of Sweden (d. 1985)*1902 – Carolyn Eisele, American mathematician and historian (d. 2000)*1903 – Willard Harrison Bennett, American physicist and chemist (d. 1987)*1905 – James T. Rutnam, Sri Lankan historian and author (d. 1988)*1906 – Bruno de Finetti, Austrian-Italian mathematician and statistician (d. 1985)*1909 – E. M. S. Namboodiripad, Indian theorist and politician, 1st Chief Minister of Kerala (d. 1998)*1910 – Gonzalo Torrente Ballester, Spanish journalist, author, and playwright (d. 1999)* 1910 – Mary Wickes, American actress (d. 1995)* 1910 – Mary Whitehouse, English activist, founded the National Viewers' and Listeners' Association (d. 2001)*1911 – Luis Walter Alvarez, American physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1988)* 1911 – Maurice Copeland, American actor (d. 1985)* 1911 – Erwin Wilhelm Müller, German physicist and academic (d. 1977)*1912 – Hector de Saint-Denys Garneau, Canadian poet and painter (d. 1943)*1913 – Ralph Edwards, American radio and television host (d. 2005)* 1913 – Yitzhak Pundak, Israeli general, diplomat and politician (d. 2017)*1914 – Frederic Franklin, English-American ballet dancer and director (d. 2013)*1915 – Don Budge, American tennis player and coach (d. 2000)*1916 – Wu Zhengyi, Chinese botanist and academic (d. 2013)*1917 – Teddy Turner, English actor (d. 1992)* 1917 – Augusto Roa Bastos, Paraguayan novelist (d. 2005)*1918 – Ben Johnson, American actor and stuntman (d. 1996)* 1918 – Helmut Lent, German soldier and pilot (d. 1944)* 1918 – Percy Rodriguez, Canadian-American actor (d. 2007)*1920 – Rolf Huisgen, German chemist and academic (d. 2020)* 1920 – Iosif Vorovich, Russian mathematician and engineer (d. 2001)*1921 – Lennart Strand, Swedish runner (d. 2004)*1922 – Etienne Leroux, South African author (d. 1989)*1923 – Lloyd Conover, American chemist and inventor (d. 2017)*1925 – Kristine Miller, American actress (d. 2015)*1926 – Jérôme Lejeune, French pediatrician and geneticist (d. 1994)* 1926 – Paul Lynde, American actor and comedian (d. 1982)*1927 – Slim Dusty, Australian singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 2003)*1928 – Giacomo Biffi, Italian cardinal (d. 2015)* 1928 – Renée Morisset, Canadian pianist (d. 2009)* 1928 – John Forbes Nash, Jr., American mathematician and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2015)*1929 – Ralph McQuarrie, American illustrator (d. 2012)* 1929 – Robert W. Scott, American farmer and politician, 67th Governor of North Carolina (d. 2009)*1930 – Gotthard Graubner, German painter and educator (d. 2013)* 1930 – Ryszard Kukliński, Polish colonel and spy (d. 2004)* 1930 – Paul Veyne, French archaeologist, historian, and academic (d. 2022)*1931 – Nora Kovach, Hungarian-American ballerina (d. 2009)* 1931 – Reed Scowen, Canadian politician (d. 2020)* 1931 – Irvin D. Yalom, American psychotherapist and academic*1932 – Raymond Jolliffe, 5th Baron Hylton, English politician* 1932 – Bob McGrath, American singer and actor (d. 2022)* 1932 – Billy Williams, American baseball player and coach (d. 2013)*1933 – Tom King, Baron King of Bridgwater, English soldier and politician, Secretary of State for Defence* 1933 – Norman Lloyd-Edwards, Welsh lawyer and politician, Lord Lieutenant of South Glamorgan*1934 – Bill Blakeley, American basketball player and coach (d. 2010)* 1934 – Lucjan Brychczy, Polish footballer and coach* 1934 – Manuel Clouthier, Mexican businessman and politician (d. 1989)* 1934 – James Anthony Griffin, American bishop* 1934 – Uriel Jones, American drummer (d. 2009)* 1934 – Leonard Kleinrock, American computer scientist and engineer*1935 – Christo, Bulgarian-French sculptor and painter (d. 2020)* 1935 – Jeanne-Claude, Moroccan sculptor and painter (d. 2009)* 1935 – Samak Sundaravej, Thai politician, 25th Prime Minister of Thailand (d. 2009)*1937 – Eleanor Holmes Norton, American lawyer and politician* 1937 – Erich Ribbeck, German footballer and manager* 1937 – Andreas Whittam Smith, English journalist and publisher, co-founded ''The Independent''*1940 – Bobby Freeman, American singer-songwriter, pianist, and producer (d. 2017)* 1940 – Dallas Long, American shot putter and physician*1941 – Marcel Lachemann, American baseball player, coach, and manager* 1941 – Serge Lemoyne, Canadian painter (d. 1998)* 1941 – Marv Tarplin, American guitarist and songwriter (d. 2011)*1942 – Yiannis Boutaris, Greek businessman and politician, Mayor of Thessaloniki*1943 – Harry Collins, English sociologist, author, and academic* 1943 – Malcolm McDowell, English actor and producer* 1943 – Jim Guy Tucker, American lawyer and politician, 43rd Governor of Arkansas*1944 – Christine Beasley, English nursing administrator* 1944 – David Curry, English journalist and politician, Secretary of State for Communities and Local Government* 1944 – Ban Ki-moon, South Korean politician and diplomat, 8th Secretary-General of the United Nations*1945 – Whitley Strieber, American author*1946 – Sher Bahadur Deuba, Nepalese politician, 32nd Prime Minister of Nepal* 1946 – Paul L. Modrich, American biochemist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate* 1946 – Gabriel of Komana, Belgian-Dutch archbishop (d. 2013)*1948 – Garnet Bailey, Canadian-American ice hockey player and scout (d. 2001)* 1948 – Joe Roth, American director and producer, co-founded Morgan Creek Productions*1949 – Ann Druyan, American popular science writer* 1949 – Dennis Locorriere, American singer and musician* 1949 – Ulla Schmidt, German educator and politician, German Federal Minister of Health* 1949 – Red Symons, English-Australian musician, television, and radio personality*1950 – Nick Brown, English politician, Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food* 1950 – Gerd Zewe, German footballer and manager*1951 – Howard Leese, American guitarist and producer* 1951 – Richard Thomas, American actor, director, and producer* 1951 – Stellan Skarsgård, Swedish actor *1952 – Jean-Marie Dedecker, Belgian martial artist and politician*1953 – Tim Allen, American actor, comedian, and producer*1954 – Andrzej Lepper, Polish politician, Deputy Prime Minister of the Republic of Poland (d. 2011)* 1954 – Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala, Nigerian economist and politician, Minister of Foreign Affairs for Nigeria*1955 – Alan Hansen, Scottish footballer and sportscaster* 1955 – Leah Ward Sears, German-American lawyer and jurist*1956 – Blair Chapman, Canadian ice hockey player* 1956 – Sal Paolantonio, American lieutenant and journalist*1957 – Ron Areshenkoff, Canadian ice hockey player (d. 2019)* 1957 – Roy Cooper, American lawyer and politician, 75th Governor of North Carolina* 1957 – Bruce Flowers, American basketball player* 1957 – Andrzej Morozowski, Polish journalist and author* 1957 – Dicky Thompson, American golfer*1959 – Boyko Borissov, Bulgarian footballer and politician, 50th Prime Minister of Bulgaria* 1959 – Maurice G. Dantec, French-born Canadian science fiction writer (d. 2016)* 1959 – Steve Georganas, Australian politician* 1959 – Klaus Iohannis, Romanian educator and politician, 5th President of Romania*1960 – Jacques Rougeau, Canadian wrestler*1962 – Davey Hamilton, American race car driver* 1962 – Glenn Michibata, Canadian-American tennis player and coach* 1962 – Ally Sheedy, American actress and author* 1962 – Hannah Storm, American journalist and author*1963 – Bettina Bunge, Swiss-German tennis player* 1963 – Sarah Connolly, English soprano and actress* 1963 – Audrey Niffenegger, American author and academic*1964 – Christian Wilhelm Berger, Romanian organist, composer, and educator* 1964 – Kathy Burke, English actress, director, and playwright* 1964 – Piyush Goyal, Indian politician, Minister of Railways* 1964 – Šarūnas Marčiulionis, Lithuanian basketball player*1965 – Sunny Balwani, Pakistani-American businessman and criminal * 1965 – Infanta Cristina Federica of Spain* 1965 – Vassilis Karapialis, Greek footballer* 1965 – Lukas Ligeti, Austrian-American drummer and composer* 1965 – Maninder Singh, Indian cricketer*1966 – Henry Bond, English photographer and curator* 1966 – Grigori Perelman, Russian mathematician* 1966 – Naoki Hattori, Japanese race car driver*1967 – Taşkın Aksoy, German-Turkish footballer and manager*1968 – Fabio Baldato, Italian cyclist* 1968 – Peter DeBoer, Canadian ice hockey player and coach* 1968 – Darren Dreger, Canadian sportscaster* 1968 – David Gray, English-Welsh singer-songwriter, guitarist, and producer* 1968 – Denise Pearson, English singer-songwriter * 1968 – Marcel Theroux, Ugandan-English journalist and author*1969 – Cayetana Guillén Cuervo, Spanish actress, director, and screenwriter* 1969 – Virginie Despentes, French author, screenwriter, and director* 1969 – Laura Kightlinger, American actress, comedian, producer, and screenwriter* 1969 – Svetlana Krivelyova, Russian shot putter* 1969 – Søren Rasted, Danish singer-songwriter, guitarist, and producer*1970 – Rivers Cuomo, American rock musician* 1970 – Chris Cairns, New Zealand cricketer*1971 – Nóra Köves, Hungarian tennis player*1972 – Natalie MacMaster, Canadian fiddler* 1972 – Marek Jerzy Minakowski, Polish philosopher, historian, genealogist*1973 – Sam Adams, American football player* 1973 – Tanner Foust, American race car driver and television host* 1973 – Mattias Hellberg, Swedish singer-songwriter * 1973 – Stuart Karppinen, Australian cricketer and coach* 1973 – Ville Laihiala, Finnish singer-songwriter and guitarist *1974 – Valeri Bure, Russian-American ice hockey player* 1974 – Steve-O, American stunt performer*1975 – Ante Covic, Australian footballer* 1975 – Jeff Davis, American screenwriter and producer* 1975 – Jennifer Nicole Lee, American model, actress, and author* 1975 – Jaan Pehk, Estonian singer-songwriter and guitarist * 1975 – Riccardo Scimeca, English footballer*1976 – Kym Marsh, English singer-songwriter and actress *1977 – Romain Mesnil, French pole vaulter* 1977 – Earthwind Moreland, American football player* 1977 – Riikka Purra, Finnish politician*1978 – Ethan Embry, American actor*1979 – Esther Anderson, Australian actress* 1979 – Nila Håkedal, Norwegian volleyball player* 1979 – Miguel Pate, American long jumper* 1979 – Ryan Pickett, American director, producer, and screenwriter*1980 – Florent Malouda, French footballer* 1980 – Diego Mendieta, Paraguayan footballer (d. 2012)* 1980 – Jamario Moon, American basketball player* 1980 – Juan Carlos Navarro, Spanish basketball player* 1980 – Darius Vassell, English footballer* 1980 – Markus Winkelhock, German racing driver*1981 – Chris Evans, American actor and producer* 1981 – Blake Judd, American actor, director, and producer* 1981 – David Madden, founder and executive director of the National History Bee and the National History Bowl* 1981 – Radim Vrbata, Czech ice hockey player*1982 – Kenenisa Bekele, Ethiopian runner* 1982 – Krzysztof Bosak, Polish politician* 1982 – Nate Jones, American football player*1983 – Steve Novak, American basketball player* 1983 – Jason Spezza, Canadian ice hockey player* 1983 – Rachel Taylor, Welsh rugby union player*1984 – Nery Castillo, Mexican-Uruguayan footballer* 1984 – Kaori Icho, Japanese wrestler* 1984 – Antje Möldner-Schmidt, German runner*1985 – Filipe Albuquerque, Portuguese racing driver* 1985 – Silvio Bankert, German footballer* 1985 – Pedro Strop, Dominican baseball player* 1985 – Danny Syvret, Canadian ice hockey player*1986 – Kat Dennings, American actress and comedian* 1986 – Keisuke Honda, Japanese footballer * 1986 – Jonathan Lucroy, American baseball catcher* 1986 – Ashley Olsen, American child actress, fashion designer, and businesswoman* 1986 – Mary-Kate Olsen, American child actress, fashion designer, and businesswoman* 1986 – DJ Snake, French DJ and record producer* 1986 – Lea Verou, Greek computer scientist and author* 1986 – Måns Zelmerlöw, Swedish singer*1987 – Marko Grgić, Croatian footballer*1988 – Gabe Carimi, American football player* 1988 – Reece Noi, British actor* 1988 – Cody Walker, American actor*1989 – Ben Barba, Australian rugby league player* 1989 – James Calado, English racing driver* 1989 – Ryan McDonagh, American ice hockey defenseman* 1989 – Daniel Mortimer, Australian rugby league player* 1989 – Andreas Samaris, Greek footballer* 1989 – Tommy Searle, English motocross racer* 1989 – Hassan Whiteside, American basketball player* 1989 – Erica Wiebe, Canadian wrestler*1990 – James McCann, American baseball player* 1990 – Nicole Riner, Swiss tennis player* 1990 – Aaron Taylor-Johnson, English actor*1991 – Will Claye, American jumper* 1991 – Ryan Mason, English footballer*1992 – Semi Radradra, Fijian rugby league player*1993 – Simona Senoner, Italian ski jumper (d. 2011)* 1993 – Denis Ten, Kazakhstani figure skater (d. 2018)*1994 – Deepika Kumari, Indian archer*1995 – Emily Fanning, New Zealand tennis player* 1995 – Laura Ucrós, Colombian tennis player*2000 – Penny Oleksiak, Canadian swimmer" ], [ "Deaths", "===Pre-1600===* 220 – Xiahou Dun, Chinese general* 976 – Mansur I, Samanid emir* 995 – Fujiwara no Michikane, Japanese nobleman (b.", "961)*1036 – Ali az-Zahir, Fatimid caliph (b.", "1005)*1231 – Anthony of Padua, Portuguese priest and saint (b.", "1195)*1256 – Tankei, Japanese sculptor (b.", "1173)*1348 – Juan Manuel, Spanish prince (b.", "1282)*1432 – Uko Fockena, Frisian chieftain (b. c. 1408)*1550 – Veronica Gambara, Italian poet (b.", "1485)===1601–1900===*1636 – George Gordon, 1st Marquess of Huntly, Scottish politician (b.", "1562)*1645 – Miyamoto Musashi, Japanese samurai (b.", "1584)*1661 – Henry Carey, 2nd Earl of Monmouth, English politician (b.", "1595)*1665 – Egbert Bartholomeusz Kortenaer, Dutch admiral (b.", "1604)*1762 – Dorothea Erxleben, first German female doctor (b.", "1715)*1784 – Henry Middleton, American farmer and politician, 2nd President of the Continental Congress (b.", "1717)*1846 – Jean-Baptiste Benoît Eyriès, French geographer and author (b.", "1767)*1861 – Henry Gray, English anatomist and surgeon (b.", "1827)*1881 – Joseph Škoda, Czech physician and dermatologist (b.", "1805)*1886 – Ludwig II, king of Bavaria (b.", "1845)*1894 – John Cox Bray, Australian politician, 15th Premier of South Australia (b.", "1842)*1898 – Joseph-Adolphe Chapleau, Canadian lawyer and politician, 5th Premier of Quebec (b.", "1840)===1901–present===*1904 – Nikiforos Lytras, Greek painter and educator (b.", "1832)*1917 – Louis-Philippe Hébert, Canadian sculptor (b.", "1850)*1918 – Michael Alexandrovich, Russian Grand Duke (b.", "1878) *1930 – Henry Segrave, American-English racing driver (b.", "1896)*1931 – Kitasato Shibasaburō, Japanese physician and bacteriologist (b.", "1851)*1939 – Arthur Coningham, Australian cricketer (b.", "1863)*1943 – Kočo Racin, Macedonian author and activist (b.", "1908)*1948 – Osamu Dazai, Japanese author (b.", "1909)*1951 – Ben Chifley, Australian engineer and politician, 16th Prime Minister of Australia (b.", "1885)*1957 – Irving Baxter, American high jumper and pole vaulter (b.", "1876)*1958 – Edwin Keppel Bennett, English poet and academic (b.", "1887)*1965 – Martin Buber, Austrian-Israeli philosopher and theologian (b.", "1878)* 1965 – David Drummond, Australian farmer and politician (b.", "1890)*1969 – Pralhad Keshav Atre, Indian journalist, director, and producer (b.", "1898)*1972 – Georg von Békésy, Hungarian biophysicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (b.", "1899)* 1972 – Stephanie von Hohenlohe, Austrian-German spy (b.", "1891)*1979 – Demetrio Stratos, Egyptian-Italian singer-songwriter and pianist (b.", "1945)*1980 – Walter Rodney, Guyanese historian and activist (b.", "1942)*1981 – Olivério Pinto, Brazilian zoologist and physician (b.", "1896)*1984 – António Variações, Portuguese singer-songwriter (b.", "1944)*1986 – Benny Goodman, American clarinet player, songwriter, and bandleader (b.", "1909)*1987 – Geraldine Page, American actress (b.", "1924)*1989 – Fran Allison, American television personality and puppeteer (b.", "1907)*1993 – Gérard Côté, Canadian runner (b.", "1913)* 1993 – Deke Slayton, American soldier, pilot, and astronaut (b.", "1924)*1994 – Nadia Gray, Romanian-French actress (b.", "1923)*1997 – Nguyen Manh Tuong, Vietnamese lawyer and academic (b.", "1909)*1998 – Alfred Gerrard, English sculptor and academic (b.", "1899)* 1998 – Birger Ruud, Norwegian ski jumper (b.", "1911)* 1998 – Reg Smythe, English cartoonist (b.", "1917)*2002 – John Hope, American navigator and meteorologist (b.", "1919)* 2002 – Maia Wojciechowska, Polish-American author (b.", "1927)*2003 – Malik Meraj Khalid, Pakistani lawyer and politician, Prime Minister of Pakistan (b.", "1916)*2004 – Ralph Wiley, American journalist and author (b.", "1952)*2005 – Álvaro Cunhal, Portuguese academic and politician (b.", "1913)* 2005 – David Diamond, American pianist and composer (b.", "1915)*2006 – Charles Haughey, Irish lawyer and politician, 7th Taoiseach of Ireland (b.", "1925)*2007 – Walid Eido, Lebanese judge and politician (b.", "1942)*2008 – Tim Russert, American journalist and lawyer (b.", "1950)*2009 – Fathi Yakan, Lebanese scholar and politician (b.", "1933)*2010 – Jimmy Dean, American singer and businessman, founded Jimmy Dean Foods (b.", "1928)*2012 – Sam Beddingfield, American pilot and engineer (b.", "1933)* 2012 – Graeme Bell, Australian pianist, composer, and bandleader (b.", "1914)* 2012 – Roger Garaudy, French philosopher and author (b.", "1913)* 2012 – Jože Humer, Slovenian composer and translator (b.", "1934)* 2012 – Mehdi Hassan, Pakistani ghazal singer and playback singer for Lollywood (b.", "1927)*2013 – David Deutsch, American businessman, founded Deutsch Inc. (b.", "1929)* 2013 – Sam Most, American flute player and saxophonist (b.", "1930)* 2013 – Albert White Hat, American educator and activist (b.", "1938)*2014 – Mahdi Elmandjra, Moroccan economist and sociologist (b.", "1933)* 2014 – Gyula Grosics, Hungarian footballer and manager (b.", "1926)* 2014 – Jim Keays, Scottish-Australian singer-songwriter and guitarist (b.", "1946)* 2014 – Chuck Noll, American football player and coach (b.", "1932)* 2014 – Robert Peters, American poet, playwright, and critic (b.", "1924)*2015 – Buddy Boudreaux, American saxophonist and clarinet player (b.", "1917)* 2015 – Sergio Renán, Argentinian actor, director, and screenwriter (b.", "1933)* 2015 – Mike Shrimpton, New Zealand cricketer and coach (b.", "1940)*2021 – Ned Beatty, American actor (b.", "1937)*2023 – Cormac McCarthy, American author (b.", "1933)" ], [ "Holidays and observances", "* Christian feast day:** Anthony of Padua, Doctor of the Church** Aquilina** Cetteus (Peregrinus)** Felicula** G. K. Chesterton (Episcopal Church (USA)) ** Gerard of Clairvaux** Psalmodius** Ragnebert (Rambert)** Blessed Thomas Woodhouse** Triphyllius** June 13 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)*Inventors' Day (Hungary)*Suleimaniah City Fallen and Martyrs Day (Iraqi Kurdistan)*International Albinism Awareness Day (international)" ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* * *" ] ]
wikipedia
[ [ "June 19" ], [ "Introduction" ], [ "Events", "===Pre-1600===* 325 – The original Nicene Creed is adopted at the First Council of Nicaea.", "*1179 – The Battle of Kalvskinnet takes place outside Nidaros (now Trondheim), Norway.", "Earl Erling Skakke is killed, and the battle changes the tide of the civil wars.", "*1306 – The Earl of Pembroke's army defeats Bruce's Scottish army at the Battle of Methven.", "*1586 – English colonists leave Roanoke Island, after failing to establish England's first permanent settlement in North America.===1601–1900===*1718 – At least 73,000 people died in the 1718 Tongwei–Gansu earthquake due to landslides in the Qing dynasty.", "*1770 – New Church Day: Emanuel Swedenborg wrote: \"The Lord sent forth His twelve disciples, who followed Him in the world into the whole spiritual world to preach the Gospel that the Lord God Jesus Christ reigns.", "This took place on the 19th day of June, in the year 1770.", "\"*1785 – The Boston King's Chapel adopts James Freeman's revised prayer book, without the Nicene Creed, establishing it as the first Unitarian congregation in the United States.", "*1800 – War of the Second Coalition Battle of Höchstädt results in a French victory over Austria.", "*1816 – Battle of Seven Oaks between North West Company and Hudson's Bay Company, near Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.", "*1821 – Decisive defeat of the Filiki Eteria by the Ottomans at Drăgășani (in Wallachia).", "*1846 – The first officially recorded, organized baseball game is played under Alexander Cartwright's rules on Hoboken, New Jersey's Elysian Fields with the New York Base Ball Club defeating the Knickerbockers 23–1.Cartwright umpired.", "*1850 – Princess Louise of the Netherlands marries Crown Prince Karl of Sweden–Norway.", "*1862 – Congress prohibits slavery in all current and future United States territories, and President Lincoln quickly signs the legislation.", "*1865 – Over two years after the Emancipation Proclamation, slaves in Galveston, Texas, United States, are officially informed of their freedom.", "The anniversary was officially celebrated in Texas and other states as Juneteenth.", "On June 17, 2021, Juneteenth officially became a federal holiday in the United States.", "*1867 – Maximilian I of the Second Mexican Empire is executed by a firing squad in Querétaro, Querétaro.", "*1875 – The Herzegovinian rebellion against the Ottoman Empire begins.===1901–present===*1903 – Benito Mussolini, at the time a radical Socialist, is arrested by Bern police for advocating a violent general strike.", "*1910 – The first Father's Day is celebrated in Spokane, Washington.", "*1913 – Natives Land Act, 1913 in South Africa implemented.", "*1921 – The village of Knockcroghery, Ireland, was burned by British forces.", "*1934 – The Communications Act of 1934 establishes the United States' Federal Communications Commission (FCC).", "*1943 – The Philadelphia Eagles and Pittsburgh Steelers of the NFL merge for one season due to player shortages caused by World War II.", "*1947 – Pan Am Flight 121 crashes in the Syrian Desert near Mayadin, Syria, killing 15 and injuring 21.", "*1953 – Cold War: Julius and Ethel Rosenberg are executed at Sing Sing, in New York.", "*1960 – The first NASCAR race was held at Charlotte Motor Speedway.", "*1961 – Kuwait declares independence from the United Kingdom.", "*1964 – The Civil Rights Act of 1964 is approved after surviving an 83-day filibuster in the United States Senate.", "*1965 – Nguyễn Cao Kỳ becomes Prime Minister of South Vietnam at the head of a military junta; General Nguyễn Văn Thiệu becomes the figurehead chief of state.", "*1978 – ''Garfield's'' first comic strip, originally published locally as ''Jon'' in 1976, goes into nationwide syndication.", "*1985 – Members of the Revolutionary Party of Central American Workers, dressed as Salvadoran soldiers, attack the Zona Rosa area of San Salvador.", "*1987 – Basque separatist group ETA commits one of its most violent attacks, in which a bomb is set off in a supermarket, Hipercor, killing 21 and injuring 45.", "* 1987 – Aeroflot Flight N-528 crashes at Berdiansk Airport in present-day Ukraine, killing eight people.", "*1988 – Pope John Paul II canonizes 117 Vietnamese Martyrs.", "*1990 – The current international law defending indigenous peoples, Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention, 1989, is ratified for the first time by Norway.", "* 1990 – The Communist Party of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic is founded in Moscow.", "*1991 – The last Soviet army units in Hungary are withdrawn.", "*2005 – Following a series of Michelin tire failures during the United States Grand Prix weekend at Indianapolis, and without an agreement being reached, 14 cars from seven teams in Michelin tires withdrew after completing the formation lap, leaving only six cars from three teams on Bridgestone tires to race.", "*2007 – The al-Khilani Mosque bombing in Baghdad leaves 78 people dead and another 218 injured.", "*2009 – Mass riots involving over 10,000 people and 10,000 police officers break out in Shishou, China, over the dubious circumstances surrounding the death of a local chef.", "* 2009 – War in North-West Pakistan: The Pakistani Armed Forces open Operation Rah-e-Nijat against the Taliban and other Islamist rebels in the South Waziristan area of the Federally Administered Tribal Areas.", "*2012 – WikiLeaks founder Julian Assange requested asylum in London's Ecuadorian Embassy for fear of extradition to the US after publication of previously classified documents including footage of civilian killings by the US army.", "*2018 – The 10,000,000th United States Patent is issued.", "* 2018 – Antwon Rose II was fatally shot in East Pittsburgh by East Pittsburgh Police Officer Michael Rosfeld after being involved in a near-fatal drive-by shooting.", "* 2020 – Animal rights advocate Regan Russell was run over and killed by a transport truck outside of a pig slaughterhouse in Burlington, Ontario." ], [ "Births", "===Pre-1600===*1301 – Prince Morikuni, ''shōgun'' of Japan (d. 1333)*1417 – Sigismondo Pandolfo Malatesta, lord of Rimini (d. 1468)*1566 – James VI and I of the United Kingdom (d. 1625)*1590 – Philip Bell, British colonial governor (d. 1678)*1595 – Hargobind, sixth Sikh guru (d. 1644)*1598 – Gilbert Sheldon, Archbishop of Canterbury (d. 1677)===1601–1900===*1606 – James Hamilton, 1st Duke of Hamilton, Scottish soldier and politician, Lord Chancellor of Scotland (d. 1649)*1623 – Blaise Pascal, French mathematician and physicist (d. 1662)*1633 – Philipp van Limborch, Dutch author and theologian (d. 1712)*1701 – François Rebel, French violinist and composer (d. 1775)*1731 – Joaquim Machado de Castro, Portuguese sculptor (d. 1822)*1764 – José Gervasio Artigas, Uruguayan general and politician (d. 1850)*1771 – Joseph Diaz Gergonne, French mathematician and philosopher (d. 1859)*1776 – Francis Johnson, American lawyer and politician (d. 1842)*1783 – Friedrich Sertürner, German chemist and pharmacist (d. 1841)*1793 – Joseph Earl Sheffield, American businessman and philanthropist (d. 1882)*1795 – James Braid, Scottish-English surgeon (d. 1860)*1797 – Hamilton Hume, Australian explorer (d. 1873)*1815 – Cornelius Krieghoff, Dutch-Canadian painter (d. 1872)*1816 – William H. Webb, American shipbuilder and philanthropist, founded the Webb Institute (d. 1899)*1833 – Mary Tenney Gray, American editorial writer, club-woman, philanthropist, and suffragette (d. 1904)*1834 – Charles Spurgeon, English pastor and author (d. 1892)*1840 – Georg Karl Maria Seidlitz, German entomologist and academic (d. 1917)*1843 – Mary Sibbet Copley, American philanthropist (d. 1929) *1845 – Cléophas Beausoleil, Canadian journalist and politician (d. 1904)*1846 – Antonio Abetti, Italian astronomer and academic (d. 1928)*1850 – David Jayne Hill, American historian and politician, 24th United States Assistant Secretary of State (d. 1932)*1851 – Billy Midwinter, English-Australian cricketer (d. 1890)* 1851 – Silvanus P. Thompson, English physicist, engineer, and academic (d. 1916)*1854 – Alfredo Catalani, Italian composer and academic (d. 1893)* 1854 – Hjalmar Mellin, Finnish mathematician and theorist (d. 1933)*1855 – George F. Roesch, American lawyer and politician (d. 1917)*1858 – Sam Walter Foss, American poet and librarian (d. 1911)*1861 – Douglas Haig, 1st Earl Haig, Scottish-English field marshal (d. 1928)* 1861 – Émile Haug, French geologist and paleontologist (d. 1927)* 1861 – José Rizal, Filipino journalist, author, and poet (d. 1896)*1865 – May Whitty, English actress (d. 1948)*1871 – Alajos Szokolyi, Hungarian hurdler, jumper, and physician (d. 1932)*1872 – Theodore Payne, English-American gardener and botanist (d. 1963)*1874 – Peder Oluf Pedersen, Danish physicist and engineer (d. 1941)*1876 – Nigel Gresley, Scottish-English engineer (d. 1941)*1877 – Charles Coburn, American actor (d. 1961)*1881 – Maginel Wright Enright, American illustrator (d. 1966) *1883 – Gladys Mills Phipps, American horse breeder (d. 1970)*1884 – Georges Ribemont-Dessaignes, French painter and historian (d. 1974)*1886 – Finley Hamilton, American lawyer and politician (d. 1940)*1888 – Arthur Massey Berry, Canadian soldier and pilot (d. 1970)*1891 – John Heartfield, German photographer and activist (d. 1968)*1896 – Rajani Palme Dutt, English journalist and politician (d. 1974)* 1896 – Wallis Simpson, American wife of Edward VIII (d. 1986)*1897 – Cyril Norman Hinshelwood, English chemist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1967)* 1897 – Moe Howard, American comedian (d. 1975)===1901–present===*1902 – Guy Lombardo, Canadian-American violinist and bandleader (d. 1977)*1903 – Mary Callery, American-French sculptor and academic (d. 1977)* 1903 – Lou Gehrig, American baseball player (d. 1941)* 1903 – Wally Hammond, English cricketer and coach (d. 1965)* 1903 – Hans Litten, German lawyer (d. 1938)*1905 – Mildred Natwick, American actress (d. 1994)*1906 – Ernst Boris Chain, German-Irish biochemist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1979)* 1906 – Knut Kroon, Swedish footballer (d. 1975)* 1906 – Walter Rauff, German SS officer (d. 1984)*1907 – Clarence Wiseman, Canadian 10th General of the Salvation Army (d. 1985)*1909 – Osamu Dazai, Japanese author (d. 1948)* 1909 – Rūdolfs Jurciņš, Latvian basketball player (d. 1948)*1910 – Sydney Allard, English race car driver, founded the Allard Company (d. 1966)* 1910 – Paul Flory, American chemist and engineer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1985)* 1910 – Abe Fortas, American lawyer and jurist (d. 1982)*1912 – Don Gutteridge, American baseball player and manager (d. 2008)* 1912 – Virginia MacWatters, American soprano and actress (d. 2005)*1913 – Helene Madison, American swimmer (d. 1970)*1914 – Alan Cranston, American journalist and politician (d. 2000)* 1914 – Lester Flatt, American bluegrass singer-songwriter, guitarist, and mandolin player (d. 1979)*1915 – Pat Buttram, American actor (d. 1994)* 1915 – Julius Schwartz, American publisher and agent (d. 2004)*1917 – Joshua Nkomo, Zimbabwean guerrilla leader and politician, Vice President of Zimbabwe (d. 1999)*1919 – Pauline Kael, American film critic (d. 2001)*1920 – Yves Robert, French actor, director, and screenwriter (d. 2002)*1921 – Louis Jourdan, French-American actor and singer (d. 2015)*1922 – Aage Bohr, Danish physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2009)* 1922 – Marilyn P. Johnson, American educator and diplomat, 8th United States Ambassador to Togo (d. 2022)*1923 – Bob Hank, Australian footballer and coach (d. 2012)*1926 – Erna Schneider Hoover, American mathematician and inventor*1927 – Luciano Benjamín Menéndez, Argentine general and human rights violator (d. 2018)*1928 – Tommy DeVito, American singer and guitarist (d. 2020)* 1928 – Nancy Marchand, American actress (d. 2000)*1930 – Gena Rowlands, American actress* 1930 – Boris Parygin, Soviet philosopher, psychologist, and author (d. 2012)*1932 – Pier Angeli, Italian actress (d. 1971)* 1932 – José Sanchis Grau, Spanish author and illustrator (d. 2011)* 1932 – Marisa Pavan, Italian actress *1933 – Viktor Patsayev, Kazakh engineer and astronaut (d. 1971)*1934 – Gérard Latortue, Haitian politician, 12th Prime Minister of Haiti (d. 2023)*1936 – Marisa Galvany, American soprano and actress*1937 – André Glucksmann, French philosopher and author (d. 2015)*1938 – Wahoo McDaniel, American football player and wrestler (d. 2002)*1939 – Bernd Hoss, German footballer and manager (d. 2016)* 1939 – John F. MacArthur, American minister and theologian*1941 – Václav Klaus, Czech economist and politician, 2nd President of the Czech Republic*1942 – Merata Mita, New Zealand director and producer (d. 2010)*1944 – Chico Buarque, Brazilian singer, composer, writer and poet*1945 – Radovan Karadžić, Serbian-Bosnian politician and convicted war criminal, 1st President of Republika Srpska* 1945 – Aung San Suu Kyi, Burmese politician, Nobel Prize laureate* 1945 – Tobias Wolff, American short story writer, memoirist, and novelist* 1945 – Peter Bardens, British keyboardist*1946 – Jimmy Greenhoff, English footballer and manager*1947 – Salman Rushdie, Indian-English novelist and essayist * 1947 – John Ralston Saul, Canadian philosopher and author*1948 – Nick Drake, English singer-songwriter (d. 1974)* 1948 – Phylicia Rashad, American actress *1950 – Neil Asher Silberman, American archaeologist and historian* 1950 – Ann Wilson, American singer-songwriter and musician *1951 – Ayman al-Zawahiri, Egyptian terrorist (d. 2022)* 1951 – Francesco Moser, Italian cyclist*1952 – Bob Ainsworth, English politician, Secretary of State for Defence*1954 – Mike O'Brien, English lawyer and politician, Solicitor General for England and Wales* 1954 – Lou Pearlman, American music producer and fraudster (d. 2016)* 1954 – Kathleen Turner, American actress* 1954 – Richard Wilkins, New Zealand-Australian journalist and television presenter*1955 – Mary O'Connor, New Zealand runner* 1955 – Mary Schapiro, American lawyer and politician*1957 – Anna Lindh, Swedish politician, 39th Swedish Minister of Foreign Affairs (d. 2003)* 1957 – Jean Rabe, American journalist and author* 1957 – Subcomandante Marcos, Mexican insurgent and EZLN leader*1958 – Sergei Makarov, Russian-American ice hockey player and coach*1959 – Mark DeBarge, American singer-songwriter and trumpet player* 1959 – Christian Wulff, German lawyer and politician, 10th President of Germany*1960 – Andrew Dilnot, English economist and academic* 1960 – Johnny Gray, American runner and coach* 1960 – Luke Morley, English guitarist, songwriter, and producer * 1960 – Patti Rizzo, American golfer*1962 – Paula Abdul, American singer-songwriter, dancer, actress, and presenter* 1962 – Jeremy Bates, English tennis player* 1962 – Ashish Vidyarthi, Indian actor*1963 – Laura Ingraham, American radio host and author* 1963 – Margarita Ponomaryova, Russian hurdler* 1963 – Rory Underwood, English rugby player, lieutenant, and pilot*1964 – Brent Goulet, American soccer player and manager* 1964 – Boris Johnson, former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom and former Mayor of London* 1964 – Brian Vander Ark, American singer-songwriter and guitarist*1965 – Sabine Braun, German heptathlete* 1965 – Sadie Frost, English actress and producer*1966 – Michalis Romanidis, Greek basketball player*1967 – Bjørn Dæhlie, Norwegian skier and businessman*1968 – Alastair Lynch, Australian footballer and sportscaster* 1968 – Timothy Morton, American philosopher and academic*1968 – Kimberly Anne \"Kim\" Walker, American film and television actress (d. 2001)*1970 – Rahul Gandhi, Indian politician* 1970 – Quincy Watts, American sprinter and football player* 1970 – Brian Welch, American singer-songwriter and guitarist*1971 – José Emilio Amavisca, Spanish footballer * 1971 – Chris Armstrong, English footballer*1972 – Jean Dujardin, French actor* 1972 – Ilya Markov, Russian race walker* 1972 – Brian McBride, American soccer player and coach* 1972 – Robin Tunney, American actress *1973 – Jahine Arnold, American football player* 1973 – Yuko Nakazawa, Japanese singer * 1973 – Yasuhiko Yabuta, Japanese baseball player*1974 – Doug Mientkiewicz, American baseball player, coach, and manager *1974 – Mustaque Ahmed Ruhi, Bangladeshi member of parliament *1975 – Hugh Dancy, English actor and model* 1975 – Anthony Parker, American basketball player* 1976 – Dennis Crowley, American businessman, co-founded Foursquare* 1976 – Bryan Hughes, English footballer and manager* 1976 – Anita Wilson, American singer-songwriter and producer*1978 – Dirk Nowitzki, German basketball player* 1978 – Zoe Saldana, American actress* 1978 – Claudio Vargas, Dominican baseball player*1979 – José Kléberson, Brazilian footballer*1980 – Jean Carroll, Irish cricketer* 1980 – Dan Ellis, Canadian ice hockey player* 1980 – Robbie Neilson, Scottish footballer and manager* 1980 – Nuno Santos, Portuguese footballer*1981 – Mohammed Al-Khuwalidi, Saudi Arabian long jumper* 1981 – Moss Burmester, New Zealand swimmer*1982 – Alexander Frolov, Russian ice hockey player* 1982 – Chris Vermeulen, Australian motorcycle racer* 1982 – Michael Yarmush, American actor*1983 – Macklemore, American rapper * 1983 – Aidan Turner, Irish actor*1984 – Paul Dano, American actor * 1984 – Wieke Dijkstra, Dutch field hockey player* 1984 – Andri Eleftheriou, Cypriot sport shooter*1985 – Ai Miyazato, Japanese golfer* 1985 – José Ernesto Sosa, Argentinian footballer* 1985 – Dire Tune, Ethiopian runner*1986 – Aoiyama Kōsuke, Bulgarian sumo wrestler* 1986 – Lázaro Borges, Cuban pole vaulter* 1986 – Marvin Williams, American basketball player*1987 – Rashard Mendenhall, American football player*1988 – Jacob deGrom, American baseball player*1990 – Moa Hjelmer, Swedish sprinter* 1990 – Xavier Rhodes, American football player*1992 – Keaton Jennings, South African-English cricketer * 1992 – C. J. Mosley, American football player*1993 – Olajide Olatunji, English YouTuber*1999 – Jordan Poole, American basketball player*2004 – Millie Gibson, English actress" ], [ "Deaths", "===Pre-1600===* 404 – Huan Xuan, Jin-dynasty warlord and emperor of Huan Chu (b.", "369)* 626 – Soga no Umako, Japanese son of Soga no Iname (b.", "551)* 930 – Xiao Qing, chancellor of Later Liang (b.", "862)*1027 – Romuald, Italian mystic and saint (b.", "951)*1185 – Taira no Munemori, Japanese soldier (b.", "1147)*1282 – Eleanor de Montfort, Welsh princess (b.", "1252)*1312 – Piers Gaveston, 1st Earl of Cornwall, English politician (b.", "1284)*1341 – Juliana Falconieri, Italian nun and saint (b.", "1270) *1364 – Elisenda of Montcada, queen consort and regent of Aragon (b.", "1292)*1504 – Bernhard Walther, German astronomer and humanist (b.", "1430)*1542 – Leo Jud, Swiss theologian and reformer (b.", "1482)*1545 – Abraomas Kulvietis, Lithuanian Lutheran lawyer and jurist (b.", "1509)*1567 – Anna of Brandenburg, Duchess of Mecklenburg (b.", "1507)===1601–1900===*1608 – Alberico Gentili, Italian lawyer and jurist (b.", "1551)*1650 – Matthäus Merian, Swiss-German engraver and publisher (b.", "1593)*1747 – Alessandro Marcello, Italian composer and educator (b.", "1669)* 1747 – Nader Shah, Persian leader (b.", "1688)*1762 – Johann Ernst Eberlin, German organist and composer (b.", "1702)*1768 – Benjamin Tasker Sr., American soldier and politician, 10th Colonial Governor of Maryland (b.", "1690)*1786 – Nathanael Greene, American general (b.", "1742)*1805 – Louis-Jean-François Lagrenée, French painter and educator (b.", "1724)*1820 – Joseph Banks, English botanist and author (b.", "1743)*1844 – Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, French zoologist and biologist (b.", "1772)*1864 – Richard Heales, English-Australian politician, 4th Premier of Victoria (b.", "1822)* 1864 – Sarah Rosetta Wakeman, American soldier (b.", "1843)*1865 – Evangelos Zappas, Greek-Romanian businessman and philanthropist (b.", "1800)*1867 – Miguel Miramón, Unconstitutional president of Mexico, 1859-1860 (b.", "1832)* 1867 – Maximilian I of Mexico (b.", "1832)*1874 – Ferdinand Stoliczka, Moravian palaeontologist and ornithologist (b.", "1838)*1884 – Juan Bautista Alberdi, Argentinian-French politician and diplomat (b.", "1810)===1901–present===*1903 – Herbert Vaughan, English cardinal (b.", "1832)*1918 – Francesco Baracca, Italian fighter pilot (b.", "1888)*1921 – Ramón López Velarde, Mexican poet and author (b.", "1888)*1922 – Hitachiyama Taniemon, Japanese sumo wrestler, the 19th Yokozuna (b.", "1874)*1932 – Sol Plaatje, South African journalist and activist (b.", "1876)*1937 – J. M. Barrie, Scottish novelist and playwright (b.", "1860)*1939 – Grace Abbott, American social worker and activist (b.", "1878)*1940 – Maurice Jaubert, French composer and conductor (b.", "1900)*1941 – C. V. Hartman, Swiss botanist and anthropologist (b.", "1862)* 1941 – Otto Hirsch, German jurist and politician (b.", "1885)*1949 – Syed Zafarul Hasan, Indian philosopher and academic (b.", "1885)*1951 – Angelos Sikelianos, Greek poet and playwright (b.", "1884)*1953 – Ethel Rosenberg, American spy (b.", "1915)* 1953 – Julius Rosenberg, American spy (b.", "1918)*1956 – Thomas J. Watson, American businessman (b.", "1874)*1962 – Frank Borzage, American film director and actor (b.", "1894)*1966 – Ed Wynn, American actor and comedian (b.", "1886)*1968 – James Joseph Sweeney, American bishop (b.", "1898)*1973 – Marie Vieux-Chauvet, Haitian writer (b.", "1916)*1975 – Sam Giancana, American mob boss (b.", "1908)*1977 – Ali Shariati, Iranian sociologist and philosopher (b.", "1933)*1979 – Paul Popenoe, American explorer and scholar, founded Relationship counseling (b.", "1888)*1981 – Anya Phillips, Chinese-American band manager (b.", "1955)* 1981 – Subhash Mukherjee, Indian scientist and physician who created India's first, and the world's second, child using in-vitro fertilisation (b.", "1931)*1984 – Lee Krasner, American painter and educator (b.", "1908)*1986 – Len Bias, American basketball player (b.", "1963)*1987 – Margaret Carver Leighton, American author (b.", "1896)*1988 – Fernand Seguin, Canadian biochemist and academic (b.", "1922)* 1988 – Gladys Spellman, American lawyer and politician (b.", "1918)*1989 – Betti Alver, Estonian author and poet (b.", "1906)*1990 – George Addes, American trade union leader, co-founded United Automobile Workers (b.", "1911)* 1990 – Isobel Andrews, New Zealand writer (b.", "1905)*1991 – Jean Arthur, American actress (b.", "1900)*1993 – William Golding, British novelist, playwright, and poet, Nobel Prize laureate (b.", "1911)*1995 – Peter Townsend, Burmese-English captain and pilot (b.", "1914)*2001 – Stanley Mosk, American lawyer, jurist, and politician (b.", "1912)* 2001 – John Heyer, Australian director and producer (b.", "1916)*2004 – Clayton Kirkpatrick, journalist and newspaper editor (b.", "1915)*2007 – Antonio Aguilar, Mexican singer-songwriter, actor, producer, and screenwriter (b.", "1919)* 2007 – Alberto Mijangos, Mexican-American painter and educator (b.", "1925)* 2007 – Terry Hoeppner, American football player and coach (b.", "1947)* 2007 – Ze'ev Schiff, Israeli journalist and author (b.", "1932)*2008 – Barun Sengupta, Bengali journalist, founded ''Bartaman'' (b.", "1934)*2009 – Tomoji Tanabe, Japanese engineer and surveyor (b.", "1895)*2010 – Manute Bol, Sudanese-American basketball player and activist (b.", "1962)* 2010 – Anthony Quinton, Baron Quinton, English philosopher and academic (b.", "1925)* 2010 – Carlos Monsiváis, Mexican writer, journalist and political activist (b.", "1938)*2012 – Norbert Tiemann, American soldier and politician, 32nd Governor of Nebraska (b.", "1924)*2013 – Vince Flynn, American author (b.", "1966)* 2013 – James Gandolfini, American actor (b.", "1961)* 2013 – Gyula Horn, Hungarian politician, 37th Prime Minister of Hungary (b.", "1932)* 2013 – Dave Jennings, American football player and sportscaster (b.", "1952)* 2013 – Filip Topol, Czech singer-songwriter and pianist (b.", "1965)* 2013 – Slim Whitman, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (b.", "1923)*2014 – Oskar-Hubert Dennhardt, German general (b.", "1915)* 2014 – Gerry Goffin, American songwriter (b.", "1939)* 2014 – Ibrahim Touré, Ivorian footballer (b.", "1985)*2015 – James Salter, American novelist and short-story writer (b.", "1925)*2016 – Anton Yelchin, American actor (b.", "1989)*2017 – Otto Warmbier, American college student detained in North Korea (b.", "1994) *2018 – Koko, western lowland gorilla and user of American Sign Language (b.", "1971)*2019 – Etika, American YouTuber and streamer (b.", "1990)" ], [ "Holidays and observances", "*Christian feast day:**Deodatus (or Didier) of Nevers (or of Jointures)**Gervasius and Protasius (Catholic Church)**Hildegrim of Châlons**Juliana Falconieri**Romuald**Ursicinus of Ravenna**Zosimus**June 19 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)*New Church feast day**New Church Day*Day of the Independent Hungary (Hungary)*Feast of Forest (Palawan)*Juneteenth (United States)*Labour Day (Trinidad and Tobago)*Laguna Day (Laguna)*Birthday of Jose Gervasio Artigas (Uruguay)*World Sickle Cell Day (International)" ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* * *" ] ]
wikipedia
[ [ "June 20" ], [ "Introduction" ], [ "Events", "===Pre-1600===* 451 – Battle of Chalons: Flavius Aetius' battles Attila the Hun.", "After the battle, which was inconclusive, Attila retreats, causing the Romans to interpret it as a victory.", "*1180 – First Battle of Uji, starting the Genpei War in Japan.===1601–1900===*1622 – The Battle of Höchst takes place during the Thirty Years' War.", "*1631 – The Sack of Baltimore: The Irish village of Baltimore is attacked by Barbary slave traders.", "*1652 – Tarhoncu Ahmed Pasha is appointed Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire.", "*1685 – Monmouth Rebellion: James Scott, 1st Duke of Monmouth declares himself King of England at Bridgwater.", "*1756 – A British garrison is imprisoned in the Black Hole of Calcutta.", "*1782 – The U.S. Congress adopts the Great Seal of the United States.", "*1787 – Oliver Ellsworth moves at the Federal Convention to call the government the 'United States'.", "*1789 – Deputies of the French Third Estate take the Tennis Court Oath.", "*1791 – King Louis XVI, disguised as a valet, and the French royal family attempt to flee Paris during the French Revolution.", "*1819 – The U.S. vessel arrives at Liverpool, United Kingdom.", "It is the first steam-propelled vessel to cross the Atlantic, although most of the journey is made under sail.", "*1837 – King William IV dies, and is succeeded by his niece, Victoria.", "*1840 – Samuel Morse receives the patent for the telegraph.", "*1862 – Barbu Catargiu, the Prime Minister of Romania, is assassinated.", "*1863 – American Civil War: West Virginia is admitted as the 35th U.S.", "state.", "*1877 – Alexander Graham Bell installs the world's first commercial telephone service in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.", "*1893 – Lizzie Borden is acquitted of the murders of her father and stepmother.", "*1895 – The Kiel Canal, crossing the base of the Jutland peninsula and the busiest artificial waterway in the world, is officially opened.", "*1900 – Boxer Rebellion: The Imperial Chinese Army begins a 55-day siege of the Legation Quarter in Beijing, China.", "* 1900 – Baron Eduard Toll, leader of the Russian Polar Expedition of 1900, departs Saint Petersburg in Russia on the explorer ship ''Zarya'', never to return.===1901–present===*1921 – Workers of Buckingham and Carnatic Mills in the city of Chennai, India, begin a four-month strike.", "*1926 – The 28th International Eucharistic Congress begins in Chicago, with over 250,000 spectators attending the opening procession.", "*1942 – The Holocaust: Kazimierz Piechowski and three others, dressed as members of the SS-Totenkopfverbände, steal an SS staff car and escape from the Auschwitz concentration camp.", "*1943 – The Detroit race riot breaks out and continues for three more days.", "* 1943 – World War II: The Royal Air Force launches Operation Bellicose, the first shuttle bombing raid of the war.", "Avro Lancaster bombers damage the V-2 rocket production facilities at the Zeppelin Works while en route to an air base in Algeria.", "*1944 – World War II: The Battle of the Philippine Sea concludes with a decisive U.S. naval victory.", "The lopsided naval air battle is also known as the \"Great Marianas Turkey Shoot\".", "* 1944 – World War II: During the Continuation War, the Soviet Union demands unconditional surrender from Finland during the beginning of partially successful Vyborg–Petrozavodsk Offensive.", "The Finnish government refuses.", "* 1944 – The experimental MW 18014 V-2 rocket reaches an altitude of 176 km, becoming the first man-made object to reach outer space.", "*1945 – The United States Secretary of State approves the transfer of Wernher von Braun and his team of Nazi rocket scientists to the U.S. under Operation Paperclip.", "*1948 – The Deutsche Mark is introduced in Western Allied-occupied Germany.", "The Soviet Military Administration in Germany responded by imposing the Berlin Blockade four days later.", "*1956 – A Venezuelan Super-Constellation crashes in the Atlantic Ocean off Asbury Park, New Jersey, killing 74 people.", "*1959 – A rare June hurricane strikes Canada's Gulf of St. Lawrence killing 35.", "*1960 – The Mali Federation gains independence from France (it later splits into Mali and Senegal).", "*1963 – Following the Cuban Missile Crisis, the Soviet Union and the United States sign an agreement to establish the so-called \"red telephone\" link between Washington, D.C., and Moscow.", "*1964 – A Curtiss C-46 Commando crashes in the Shengang District of Taiwan, killing 57 people.", "*1972 – Watergate scandal: An -minute gap appears in the tape recording of the conversations between U.S. President Richard Nixon and his advisers regarding the recent arrests of his operatives while breaking into the Watergate complex.", "*1973 – Snipers fire upon left-wing Peronists in Buenos Aires, Argentina, in what is known as the Ezeiza massacre.", "At least 13 are killed and more than 300 are injured.", "* 1973 – Aeroméxico Flight 229 crashes on approach to Licenciado Gustavo Díaz Ordaz International Airport, killing all 27 people on board.", "*1975 – The film ''Jaws'' is released in the United States, becoming the highest-grossing film of that time and starting the trend of films known as \"summer blockbusters\".", "*1979 – ABC News correspondent Bill Stewart is shot dead by a Nicaraguan National Guard soldier under the regime of Anastasio Somoza Debayle during the Nicaraguan Revolution.", "The murder is caught on tape and sparks an international outcry against the regime.", "*1982 – The International Conference on the Holocaust and Genocide opens in Tel Aviv, despite attempts by the Turkish government to cancel it, as it included presentations on the Armenian genocide.", "* 1982 – The Argentine Corbeta Uruguay base on Southern Thule surrenders to Royal Marine commandos in the final action of the Falklands War.", "*1988 – Haitian president Leslie Manigat is ousted from power in a coup d'état led by Lieutenant General Henri Namphy.", "*1990 – Asteroid Eureka is discovered.", "* 1990 – The 7.4 Manjil–Rudbar earthquake affects northern Iran with a maximum Mercalli intensity of X (''Extreme''), killing 35,000–50,000, and injuring 60,000–105,000.", "*1991 – The German Bundestag votes to move seat of government from the former West German capital of Bonn to the present capital of Berlin.", "*1994 – The 1994 Imam Reza shrine bomb explosion in Iran leaves at least 25 dead and 70 to 300 injured.", "*2003 – The Wikimedia Foundation is founded in St. Petersburg, Florida.", "*2011 – RusAir Flight 9605 crashes in Besovets during approach to Petrozavodsk Airport, killing 47.", "*2019 – Iran's Air Defense Forces shoot down an American surveillance drone over the Strait of Hormuz amid rising tensions between the two countries." ], [ "Births", "===Pre-1600===*1005 – Ali az-Zahir, Fatimid caliph of Egypt (d. 1036)*1389 – John of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Bedford, English statesman (d. 1435)*1469 – Gian Galeazzo Sforza, duke of Milan (d. 1494)*1566 – Sigismund III Vasa, Polish and Swedish king (d. 1632)*1583 – Jacob De la Gardie, Swedish soldier and politician, Lord High Constable of Sweden (d. 1652)===1601–1900===*1634 – Charles Emmanuel II, duke of Savoy (d. 1675)*1642 – (O.S.)", "George Hickes, English minister and scholar (d. 1715)*1647 – (O.S.)", "John George III, Elector of Saxony (d. 1691)*1717 – Jacques Saly, French sculptor and painter (d. 1776)*1723 – (O.S.)", "Adam Ferguson, Scottish philosopher and historian (d. 1816)*1737 – Tokugawa Ieharu, Japanese shōgun (d. 1786)*1754 – Amalie of Hesse-Darmstadt, princess of Baden (d. 1832)*1756 – Joseph Martin Kraus, German-Swedish composer and educator (d. 1792)*1761 – Jacob Hübner, German entomologist and author (d. 1826)*1763 – Wolfe Tone, Irish rebel leader (d. 1798)*1770 – Moses Waddel, American minister and academic (d. 1840)*1771 – Thomas Douglas, 5th Earl of Selkirk, Scottish philanthropist and politician, Lord Lieutenant of Kirkcudbright (d. 1820)* 1771 – Hermann von Boyen, Prussian general and politician, Prussian Minister of War (d. 1848)*1777 – Jean-Jacques Lartigue, Canadian bishop (d. 1840)*1778 – Jean Baptiste Gay, vicomte de Martignac, French politician, 7th Prime Minister of France (d. 1832)*1786 – Marceline Desbordes-Valmore, French poet and author (d. 1859)*1796 – Luigi Amat di San Filippo e Sorso, Italian cardinal (d. 1878)*1808 – Samson Raphael Hirsch, German rabbi and scholar (d. 1888)*1809 – Isaak August Dorner, German theologian and academic (d. 1884)*1813 – Joseph Autran, French poet and author (d. 1877)*1819 – Jacques Offenbach, German-French cellist and composer (d. 1880)*1847 – Gina Krog, Norwegian suffragist and women's rights activist (d. 1916)*1855 – Richard Lodge, English historian and academic (d. 1936)*1858 – Charles W. Chesnutt, American novelist and short story writer (d. 1932)*1859 – Christian von Ehrenfels, Austrian philosopher (d. 1932)*1860 – Alexander Winton, Scottish-American race car driver and engineer (d. 1932)* 1860 – Jack Worrall, Australian cricketer, footballer, and coach (d. 1937)*1861 – Frederick Gowland Hopkins, English biochemist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1947)*1865 – George Redmayne Murray, English biologist and physician (d. 1939)*1866 – James Burns, English cricketer (d. 1957)*1867 – Leon Wachholz, Polish scientist and medical examiner (d. 1942)*1869 – Laxmanrao Kirloskar, Indian businessman, founded the Kirloskar Group (d. 1956)*1870 – Georges Dufrénoy, French painter and academic (d. 1943)*1872 – George Carpenter, American 5th General of The Salvation Army (d. 1948)*1875 – Reginald Punnett, English geneticist, statistician, and academic (d. 1967)*1882 – Daniel Sawyer, American golfer (d. 1937)*1884 – Mary R. Calvert, American astronomer and author (d. 1974)* 1884 – Johannes Heinrich Schultz, German psychiatrist and psychotherapist (d. 1970)*1885 – Andrzej Gawroński, Polish linguist and academic (d. 1927)*1887 – Kurt Schwitters, German painter and illustrator (d. 1948)*1889 – John S. Paraskevopoulos, Greek-South African astronomer and academic (d. 1951)*1891 – Giannina Arangi-Lombardi, Italian soprano (d. 1951)* 1891 – John A. Costello, Irish lawyer and politician, 3rd Taoiseach of Ireland (d. 1976)*1893 – Wilhelm Zaisser, German soldier and politician (d. 1958)*1894 – Lloyd Hall, American chemist and academic (d. 1971)*1896 – Wilfrid Pelletier, Canadian pianist, composer, and conductor (d. 1982)*1897 – Elisabeth Hauptmann, German author and playwright (d. 1973)*1899 – Jean Moulin, French soldier and engineer (d. 1943)===1901–present===*1903 – Sam Rabin, English wrestler, sculptor, and singer (d. 1991)*1905 – Lillian Hellman, American playwright and screenwriter (d. 1984)*1906 – Bob King, American high jumper and obstetrician (d. 1965)* 1906 – William Reid, Scottish mining engineer (d. 1985)*1907 – Jimmy Driftwood, American singer-songwriter and banjo player (d. 1998)*1908 – Billy Werber, American baseball player (d. 2009)* 1908 – Gus Schilling, American actor (d. 1957)*1909 – Errol Flynn, Australian-American actor (d. 1959)*1910 – Josephine Johnson, American author and poet (d. 1990)*1911 – Gail Patrick, American actress (d. 1980)*1912 – Anthony Buckeridge, English author (d. 2004)* 1912 – Jack Torrance, American shot putter and football player (d. 1969)*1912 – Geoffrey Baker, English Field Marshal and Chief of the General Staff of the British Army (d. 1980)*1914 – Gordon Juckes, Canadian ice hockey player (d. 1994)* 1914 – Muazzez İlmiye Çığ, Turkish archaeologist and academic *1915 – Dick Reynolds, Australian footballer and coach (d. 2002)* 1915 – Terence Young, Chinese-English director and screenwriter (d. 1994)*1916 – Jean-Jacques Bertrand, Canadian lawyer and politician, 21st Premier of Quebec (d. 1973)* 1916 – T. Texas Tyler, American country music singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 1972)*1917 – Helena Rasiowa, Austrian-Polish mathematician and academic (d. 1994)*1918 – George Lynch, American race car driver (d. 1997)* 1918 – Zoltán Sztáray, Hungarian-American author (d. 2011)* 1920 – Danny Cedrone, American guitarist and bandleader (d. 1954)* 1920 – Thomas Jefferson, American trumpet player (d. 1986)*1921 – Byron Farwell, American historian and author (d. 1999)* 1921 – Pancho Segura, Ecuadorian tennis player (d. 2017)*1923 – Peter Gay, German-American historian, author, and academic (d. 2015)* 1923 – Jerzy Nowak, Polish actor and educator (d. 2013)*1924 – Chet Atkins, American guitarist and record producer (d. 2001)* 1924 – Fritz Koenig, German sculptor and academic, designed The Sphere (d. 2017)*1925 – Doris Hart, American tennis player and educator (d. 2015)* 1925 – Audie Murphy, American lieutenant and actor, Medal of Honor recipient (d. 1971)*1926 – Rehavam Ze'evi, Israeli general and politician, 9th Israeli Minister of Tourism (d. 2001)*1927 – Simin Behbahani, Iranian poet and activist (d. 2014)*1928 – Eric Dolphy, American saxophonist, flute player, and composer (d. 1964)* 1928 – Martin Landau, American actor and producer (d. 2017)* 1928 – Jean-Marie Le Pen, French intelligence officer and politician* 1928 – Asrat Woldeyes, Ethiopian surgeon and educator (d. 1999)*1929 – Edgar Bronfman, Sr., Canadian-American businessman and philanthropist (d. 2013)* 1929 – Anne Weale, English journalist and author (d. 2007)* 1929 – Edith Windsor, American lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender rights activist (d. 2017)*1930 – Magdalena Abakanowicz, Polish sculptor and academic (d. 2017)* 1930 – John Waine, English bishop (d. 2020)*1931 – Olympia Dukakis, American actress (d. 2021)* 1931 – James Tolkan, American actor and director*1932 – Robert Rozhdestvensky, Russian poet and author (d. 1994)*1933 – Danny Aiello, American actor (d. 2019)* 1933 – Claire Tomalin, English journalist and author*1934 – Wendy Craig, English actress *1935 – Jim Barker, American politician (d. 2005)* 1935 – Len Dawson, American football player (d. 2022)* 1935 – Armando Picchi, Italian footballer and coach (d. 1971)*1936 – Billy Guy, American singer (d. 2002)* 1936 – Enn Vetemaa, Estonian author and screenwriter (d. 2017)*1937 – Stafford Dean, English actor and singer* 1937 – Jerry Keller, American singer-songwriter*1938 – Joan Kirner, Australian educator and politician, 42nd Premier of Victoria (d. 2015)* 1938 – Mickie Most, English music producer (d. 2003)*1939 – Ramakant Desai, Indian cricketer (d. 1998)* 1939 – Budge Rogers, English rugby player and manager*1940 – Eugen Drewermann, German priest and theologian* 1940 – John Mahoney, English-born American actor (d. 2018)*1941 – Stephen Frears, English actor, director, and producer* 1941 – Ulf Merbold, German physicist and astronaut*1942 – Neil Trudinger, Australian mathematician and theorist* 1942 – Brian Wilson, American singer, songwriter and producer*1945 – Anne Murray, Canadian singer and guitarist *1946 – Xanana Gusmão, Timorese soldier and politician, 1st President of East Timor* 1946 – David Kazhdan, Russian-Israeli mathematician and academic* 1946 – Bob Vila, American television host* 1946 – André Watts, American pianist and educator (d. 2023)*1947 – Dolores \"LaLa\" Brooks, American pop singer*1948 – Cirilo Flores, American bishop (d. 2014)* 1948 – Alan Longmuir, Scottish bass player and songwriter (d. 2018)* 1948 – Ludwig Scotty, Nauruan politician, 10th President of Nauru*1949 – Gotabaya Rajapaksa, 8th president of Sri Lanka* 1949 – Lionel Richie, American singer, songwriter, pianist, producer, and actor *1950 – Nouri al-Maliki, Iraqi politician, 76th Prime Minister of Iraq*1951 – Tress MacNeille, American actress and voice artist * 1951 – Sheila McLean, Scottish scholar and academic* 1951 – Paul Muldoon, Irish poet and academic*1952 – John Goodman, American actor * 1952 – Vikram Seth, Indian author and poet*1953 – Robert Crais, American author and screenwriter* 1953 – Raúl Ramírez, Mexican tennis player* 1953 – Willy Rampf, German engineer *1954 – Michael Anthony, American musician* 1954 – Allan Lamb, South African-English cricketer and sportscaster* 1954 – Ilan Ramon, Israeli colonel, pilot, and astronaut (d. 2003)*1955 – E. Lynn Harris, American author (d. 2009)*1956 – Peter Reid, English footballer and manager* 1956 – Sohn Suk-hee, South Korean newscaster*1958 – Kelly Johnson, English hard rock guitarist and songwriter (d. 2007)*1960 – Philip M. Parker, American economist and author* 1960 – John Taylor, English bass player and actor *1963 – Kirk Baptiste, American sprinter* 1963 – Mark Ovenden, British author and broadcaster*1964 – Pierfrancesco Chili, Italian motorcycle racer* 1964 – Silke Möller, German runner*1966 – Boaz Yakin, American director, producer, and screenwriter*1967 – Nicole Kidman, American-Australian actress* 1967 – Dan Tyminski, American singer-songwriter*1968 – Robert Rodriguez, American director, producer, and screenwriter*1969 – Paulo Bento, Portuguese footballer and manager * 1969 – Misha Verbitsky, Russian mathematician and academic* 1969 – MaliVai Washington, American tennis player and sportscaster*1970 – Andrea Nahles, German politician, German Minister of Labour and Social Affairs* 1970 – Athol Williams, South African poet and social philosopher *1971 – Rodney Rogers, American basketball player and coach* 1971 – Jeordie White, American songwriter, guitarist, and bass player*1972 – Alexis Alexoudis, Greek footballer*1973 – Chino Moreno, American singer, guitarist and lyricist*1975 – Joan Balcells, Spanish tennis player* 1975 – Daniel Zítka, Czech footballer*1976 – Juliano Belletti, Brazilian footballer* 1976 – Carlos Lee, Panamanian baseball player*1977 – Gordan Giriček, Croatian basketball player* 1977 – Amos Lee, American singer-songwriter*1978 – Quinton Jackson, American mixed martial artist and actor* 1978 – Frank Lampard, English footballer* 1978 – Jan-Paul Saeijs, Dutch footballer*1979 – Charles Howell III, American golfer*1980 – Franco Semioli, Italian footballer* 1980 – Fabian Wegmann, German cyclist*1981 – Brede Hangeland, Norwegian footballer*1982 – Aleksei Berezutski, Russian footballer* 1982 – Vasili Berezutski, Russian footballer* 1982 – Example, English singer/rapper*1983 – Josh Childress, American basketball player* 1983 – Darren Sproles, American football player*1984 – Hassan Adams, American basketball player*1985 – Saki Aibu, Japanese actress* 1985 – Aurélien Chedjou, Cameroonian footballer* 1985 – Matt Flynn, American football player*1986 – Dreama Walker, American actress*1987 – A-fu, Taiwanese singer and songwriter* 1987 – Carsten Ball, Australian tennis player * 1987 – Asmir Begović, Bosnian footballer* 1987 – Joseph Ebuya, Kenyan runner*1989 – Christopher Mintz-Plasse, American actor* 1989 – Javier Pastore, Argentinian footballer* 1989 – Terrelle Pryor, American football player*1990 – DeQuan Jones, American basketball player* 1990 – Mohamed Mbougar Sarr, Senegalese writer*1991 – Kalidou Koulibaly, Senegalese footballer* 1991 – Rick ten Voorde, Dutch footballer*1994 – Leonard Williams, American football player*1995 – Caroline Weir, Scottish footballer* 1995 – Carol Zhao, Canadian tennis player*1996 – Sam Bennett, Canadian ice hockey player*1997 – Bálint Kopasz, Hungarian sprint canoeist*2003 – Hans Niemann, American chess player" ], [ "Deaths", "===Pre-1600===* 465 – Emperor Wencheng of Northern Wei (b.", "440)* 840 – Louis the Pious, Carolingian emperor (b.", "778)* 930 – Hucbald, Frankish monk and music theorist* 981 – Adalbert, archbishop of Magdeburg*1176 – Mikhail of Vladimir, Russian prince*1351 – Margareta Ebner, German nun and mystic (b.", "1291)*1597 – Willem Barentsz, Dutch cartographer and explorer (b.", "1550)===1601–1900===*1605 – Feodor II of Russia (b.", "1589)*1668 – Heinrich Roth, German missionary and scholar (b.", "1620)*1776 – Benjamin Huntsman, English businessman (b.", "1704)*1787 – Carl Friedrich Abel, German viol player and composer (b.", "1723)*1800 – Abraham Gotthelf Kästner, German mathematician and academic (b.", "1719)*1810 – Axel von Fersen the Younger, Swedish general and politician (b.", "1755)*1815 – Guillaume Philibert Duhesme, French general (b.", "1766)*1820 – Manuel Belgrano, Argentinian general, economist, and politician (b.", "1770)*1837 – William IV of the United Kingdom (b.", "1765)*1840 – Pierre Claude François Daunou, French historian and politician (b.", "1761)*1847 – Juan Larrea, Argentinian captain and politician (b.", "1782)*1869 – Hijikata Toshizō, Japanese commander (b.", "1835)*1870 – Jules de Goncourt, French historian and author (b.", "1830)*1872 – Élie Frédéric Forey, French general (b.", "1804)*1875 – Joseph Meek, American police officer and politician (b.", "1810)*1876 – John Neal, American writer, critic, editor, lecturer, and activist (b.", "1793)*1888 – Johannes Zukertort, Polish-English chess player (b.", "1842)===1901–present===*1906 – John Clayton Adams, English painter (b.", "1840)*1909 – Friedrich Martens, Estonian-Russian historian, lawyer, and diplomat (b.", "1845)*1925 – Josef Breuer, Austrian physician and psychologist (b.", "1842)*1929 – Emmanouil Benakis, Greek merchant and politician, 35th Mayor of Athens (b.", "1843)*1945 – Bruno Frank, German author, poet, and playwright (b.", "1878)*1947 – Bugsy Siegel, American mobster (b.", "1906)*1952 – Luigi Fagioli, Italian race car driver (b.", "1898)*1958 – Kurt Alder, German chemist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (b.", "1902)*1963 – Raphaël Salem, Greek-French mathematician and academic (b.", "1898)*1965 – Bernard Baruch, American financier and politician (b.", "1870)*1966 – Georges Lemaître, Belgian priest, physicist, and astronomer (b.", "1894)*1969 – Bishnu Prasad Rabha, Indian artist, painter, actor, dancer, writer, music composer and politician (b.", "1909)*1974 – Horace Lindrum, Australian snooker player (b.", "1912)*1975 – Suzanne Comhaire-Sylvain, Haitian anthropologist (b.", "1898)*1978 – Mark Robson, Canadian-American director and producer (b.", "1913)*1984 – Estelle Winwood, English actress (b.", "1883)*1995 – Emil Cioran, Romanian-French philosopher and educator (b.", "1911)*1997 – Cahit Külebi, Turkish poet and author (b.", "1917)*1999 – Clifton Fadiman, American game show host, author, and critic (b.", "1902)*2002 – Erwin Chargaff, Austrian-American biochemist and academic (b.", "1905)* 2002 – Tinus Osendarp, Dutch runner (b.", "1916)*2004 – Jim Bacon, Australian politician, 41st Premier of Tasmania (b.", "1950)*2005 – Larry Collins, American journalist, historian, and author (b.", "1929)* 2005 – Jack Kilby, American physicist and engineer, Nobel Prize laureate (b.", "1923)*2010 – Roberto Rosato, Italian footballer (b.", "1943)* 2010 – Harry B. Whittington, English palaeontologist and academic (b.", "1916)*2011 – Ryan Dunn, American television personality (b.", "1977)*2012 – Judy Agnew, Second Lady of the United States.", "(b.", "1921)* 2012 – LeRoy Neiman, American painter (b.", "1921)* 2012 – Heinrich IV, Prince Reuss of Köstritz (b.", "1919)* 2012 – Andrew Sarris, American critic (b.", "1928)*2013 – Ingvar Rydell, Swedish footballer (b.", "1922)*2015 – Angelo Niculescu, Romanian footballer and manager (b.", "1921)* 2015 – Miriam Schapiro, Canadian-American painter and sculptor (b.", "1923)*2017 – Prodigy, American music artist (b.", "1974)*2022 – Caleb Swanigan, American basketball player (b.", "1997)" ], [ "Holidays and observances", "*Christian feast day:**Adalbert of Magdeburg**Florentina**John of Matera**Blessed Margareta Ebner**Methodius of Olympus**Pope Silverius**June 20 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)*Day of the National Flag (Argentina)*Earliest possible date for the summer solstice in the Northern hemisphere and the winter solstice in the Southern hemisphere, and its related observance:**Earliest day on which Day of the Finnish Flag can fall, while June 26 is the latest; celebrated on Saturday of Midsummer's Day (Finland)**International Surfing Day (third Saturday in June, on or near Summer solstice) **Litha / Midsummer celebrations in the northern hemisphere, Yule in the southern hemisphere.", "*Gas Sector Day (Azerbaijan)*Martyrs' Day (Eritrea) *West Virginia Day (West Virginia)*World Refugee Day (International)" ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* * *" ] ]
wikipedia
[ [ "June 21" ], [ "Introduction" ], [ "Events", "===Pre-1600===* 533 (approximate date) – A Byzantine expeditionary fleet under Belisarius sails from Constantinople to attack the Vandals in Africa, via Greece and Sicily .", "*1307 – Külüg Khan is enthroned as Khagan of the Mongols and Wuzong of the Yuan.", "*1529 – French forces are driven out of northern Italy by Spain at the Battle of Landriano during the War of the League of Cognac.", "*1582 – Sengoku period: Oda Nobunaga, the most powerful of the Japanese ''daimyōs'', is forced to commit suicide by his own general Akechi Mitsuhide.===1601–1900===*1621 – Execution of 27 Czech noblemen on the Old Town Square in Prague as a consequence of the Battle of White Mountain.", "*1734 – In Montreal, New France, a slave known by the French name of Marie-Joseph Angélique is put to death, having been convicted of setting the fire that destroyed much of the city.", "*1749 – Halifax, Nova Scotia, is founded.", "*1768 – James Otis Jr. offends the King and Parliament in a speech to the Massachusetts General Court.", "*1788 – New Hampshire becomes the ninth state to ratify the Constitution of the United States.", "*1791 – King Louis XVI of France and his immediate family begin the Flight to Varennes during the French Revolution.", "*1798 – Irish Rebellion of 1798: The British Army defeats Irish rebels at the Battle of Vinegar Hill.", "*1813 – Peninsular War: Wellington defeats Joseph Bonaparte at the Battle of Vitoria.", "*1824 – Greek War of Independence: Egyptian forces capture Psara in the Aegean Sea.", "*1826 – Maniots defeat Egyptians under Ibrahim Pasha in the Battle of Vergas.", "*1848 – In the Wallachian Revolution, Ion Heliade Rădulescu and Christian Tell issue the Proclamation of Islaz and create a new republican government.", "*1864 – American Civil War: The Battle of Jerusalem Plank Road begins.", "*1898 – The United States captures Guam from Spain.", "The few warning shots fired by the U.S. naval vessels are misinterpreted as salutes by the Spanish garrison, which was unaware that the two nations were at war.", "*1900 – Boxer Rebellion: China formally declares war on the United States, Britain, Germany, France and Japan, as an edict issued from the Empress Dowager Cixi.===1901–present===*1915 – The U.S. Supreme Court hands down its decision in ''Guinn v. United States'' 238 US 347 1915, striking down Oklahoma grandfather clause legislation which had the effect of denying the right to vote to blacks.", "*1919 – The Royal Canadian Mounted Police fire a volley into a crowd of unemployed war veterans, killing two, during the Winnipeg general strike.", "* 1919 – Admiral Ludwig von Reuter scuttles the German fleet at Scapa Flow, Orkney.", "The nine sailors killed are the last casualties of World War I.", "*1921 – The Irish village of Knockcroghery was burned by British forces.", "*1929 – An agreement brokered by U.S.", "Ambassador Dwight Whitney Morrow ends the Cristero War in Mexico.", "*1930 – One-year conscription comes into force in France.", "*1940 – World War II: Italy begins an unsuccessful invasion of France.", "*1942 – World War II: Tobruk falls to Italian and German forces; 33,000 Allied troops are taken prisoner.", "* 1942 – World War II: A Japanese submarine surfaces near the Columbia River in Oregon, firing 17 shells at Fort Stevens in one of only a handful of attacks by Japan against the United States mainland.", "*1945 – World War II: The Battle of Okinawa ends when the organized resistance of Imperial Japanese Army forces collapses in the Mabuni area on the southern tip of the main island.", "*1952 – The Philippine School of Commerce, through a republic act, is converted to Philippine College of Commerce, later to be the Polytechnic University of the Philippines.", "*1957 – Ellen Fairclough is sworn in as Canada's first female Cabinet Minister.", "*1963 – Cardinal Giovanni Battista Montini is elected as Pope Paul VI.", "*1964 – Three civil rights workers, Andrew Goodman, James Chaney and Michael Schwerner, are murdered in Neshoba County, Mississippi, United States, by members of the Ku Klux Klan.", "*1970 – Penn Central declares Section 77 bankruptcy in what was the largest U.S. corporate bankruptcy to date.", "*1973 – In its decision in ''Miller v. California'', 413 U.S. 15, the Supreme Court of the United States establishes the Miller test for determining whether something is obscene and not protected speech under the U.S.", "constitution.", "*1978 – The original production of Tim Rice and Andrew Lloyd Webber's musical, ''Evita'', based on the life of Eva Perón, opens at the Prince Edward Theatre, London.", "*1982 – John Hinckley is found not guilty by reason of insanity for the attempted assassination of U.S. President Ronald Reagan.", "*1989 – The U.S. Supreme Court rules in ''Texas v. Johnson'', 491 U.S. 397, that American flag-burning is a form of political protest protected by the First Amendment.", "*2000 – Section 28 (of the Local Government Act 1988), outlawing the 'promotion' of homosexuality in the United Kingdom, is repealed in Scotland with a 99 to 17 vote.", "*2001 – A federal grand jury in Alexandria, Virginia, indicts 13 Saudis and a Lebanese in the 1996 bombing of the Khobar Towers in Saudi Arabia that killed 19 American servicemen.", "*2004 – ''SpaceShipOne'' becomes the first privately funded spaceplane to achieve spaceflight.", "*2005 – Edgar Ray Killen, who had previously been unsuccessfully tried for the murders of James Chaney, Andrew Goodman, and Mickey Schwerner, is convicted of manslaughter 41 years afterwards (the case had been reopened in 2004).", "*2006 – Pluto's newly discovered moons are officially named Nix and Hydra.", "*2006 – A Yeti Airlines de Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter crashes at Jumla Airport in Nepal, killing nine people.", "*2009 – Greenland assumes self-rule.", "*2012 – A boat carrying more than 200 migrants capsizes in the Indian Ocean between the Indonesian island of Java and Christmas Island, killing 17 people and leaving 70 others missing." ], [ "Births", "===Pre-1600===* 906 – Abu Ja'far Ahmad ibn Muhammad, Saffarid emir (d. 963)*1002 – Pope Leo IX (d. 1054)*1226 – Bolesław V the Chaste of Poland (d. 1279)*1521 – John II, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Haderslev (d. 1580)*1528 – Maria of Austria, Holy Roman Empress (d. 1603)*1535 – Leonhard Rauwolf, German physician and botanist (d. 1596)*1565 – Scipione Chiaramonti, Italian philosopher and astronomer (d. 1652)===1601–1900===*1630 – Samuel Oppenheimer, German Jewish banker and diplomat (d. 1703)*1636 – Godefroy Maurice de La Tour d'Auvergne, Duke of Bouillon, French noble (d. 1721)*1639 – (O.S.)", "Increase Mather, American minister and author (d. 1723)*1676 – (O.S.)", "Anthony Collins, English philosopher and author (d. 1729)*1706 – John Dollond, English optician and astronomer (d. 1761)*1710 – James Short, Scottish-English mathematician and optician (d. 1768)*1712 – Luc Urbain de Bouëxic, comte de Guichen, French admiral (d. 1790)*1730 – Motoori Norinaga, Japanese poet and scholar (d. 1801)*1732 – Johann Christoph Friedrich Bach, German pianist and composer (d. 1791)*1736 – Enoch Poor, American general (d. 1780)*1741 – Prince Benedetto, Duke of Chablais (d. 1808)*1750 – Pierre-Nicolas Beauvallet, French sculptor and illustrator (d. 1818)*1759 – Alexander J. Dallas, American lawyer and politician, 6th United States Secretary of the Treasury (d. 1817)*1763 – Pierre Paul Royer-Collard, French philosopher and academic (d. 1845)*1764 – Sidney Smith, English admiral and politician (d. 1840)*1774 – Daniel D. Tompkins, American lawyer and politician, 6th Vice President of the United States (d. 1825)*1781 – Siméon Denis Poisson, French mathematician and physicist (d. 1840)*1786 – Charles Edward Horn, English opera singer and composer (d. 1849)*1792 – Ferdinand Christian Baur, German theologian and scholar (d. 1860)*1797 – Wilhelm Küchelbecker, Russian poet and author (d. 1846)*1802 – Karl Zittel, German theologian (d. 1871)*1805 – Karl Friedrich Curschmann, German composer and singer (d. 1841)* 1805 – Charles Thomas Jackson, American physician and geologist (d. 1880)*1811 – Carlo Matteucci, Italian physicist and neurophysiologist (d. 1868)*1814 – Paweł Bryliński, Polish sculptor (d. 1890)* 1814 – Anton Nuhn, German anatomist and academic (d. 1889)*1823 – Jean Chacornac, French astronomer (d. 1873)*1825 – Thomas Edward Cliffe Leslie, Irish economist and jurist (d. 1882)* 1825 – William Stubbs, English bishop and historian (d. 1901)*1828 – Ferdinand André Fouqué, French geologist and academic (d. 1904)* 1828 – Nikolaus Nilles, German Catholic writer and teacher (d. 1907)*1834 – Frans de Cort, Flemish poet and author (d. 1878)*1836 – Luigi Tripepi, Italian theologian (d. 1906)*1839 – Joaquim Maria Machado de Assis, Brazilian author, poet, and playwright (d. 1908)*1845 – Samuel Griffith, Welsh-Australian politician, 9th Premier of Queensland (d. 1920)* 1845 – Arthur Cowper Ranyard, English astrophysicist and astronomer (d. 1894)*1846 – Marion Adams-Acton, Scottish-English author and playwright (d. 1928)* 1846 – Enrico Coleman, Italian painter (d. 1911)*1850 – Daniel Carter Beard, American author and illustrator, co-founded the Boy Scouts of America (d. 1941)*1857 – Charles Alderton, American pharmacist, founded Dr. Pepper (d. 1941)*1858 – Giuseppe De Sanctis, Italian painter (d. 1924)* 1858 – Medardo Rosso, Italian sculptor and educator (d. 1928)*1859 – Henry Ossawa Tanner, American-French painter and illustrator (d. 1937)*1860 – William Dobinson Halliburton, British physiologist and biochemist (d. 1931)*1862 – Damrong Rajanubhab, Thai historian and author (d. 1943)*1863 – Ludwig Lange, German physicist (d. 1936)* 1863 – Max Wolf, German astronomer and academic (d. 1932)*1864 – Heinrich Wölfflin, Swiss historian and critic (d. 1945)*1867 – Oscar Florianus Bluemner, German-American painter and illustrator (d. 1938)* 1867 – William Brede Kristensen, Norwegian historian of religion (d. 1953)*1868 – Edwin Stephen Goodrich, English zoologist and anatomist (d. 1946)*1870 – Clara Immerwahr, Jewish-German chemist and academic (d. 1915)* 1870 – Anthony Michell, English-Australian engineer (d. 1959)* 1870 – Julio Ruelas, Mexican painter (d. 1907)*1874 – Jacob Linzbach, Estonian linguist (d. 1953)*1876 – Willem Hendrik Keesom, Dutch physicist and academic (d. 1956)*1880 – Arnold Gesell, American psychologist and pediatrician (d. 1961)* 1880 – Josiah Stamp, 1st Baron Stamp, English economist and civil servant (d. 1941)*1881 – (O.S.)", "Natalia Goncharova, Russian painter, costume designer, and illustrator (d. 1962)*1882 – Ya'acov Ben-Dov, Israeli photographer and cinematographer (d. 1968)*1882 – Lluís Companys, Spanish lawyer and politician, 123rd President of Catalonia (d. 1940)* 1882 – Adrianus de Jong, Dutch fencer and soldier (d. 1966)* 1882 – Rockwell Kent, American painter and illustrator (d. 1971)*1883 – Feodor Gladkov, Russian author and educator (d. 1958)*1884 – Claude Auchinleck, English field marshal (d. 1981)*1887 – Norman L. Bowen, Canadian geologist and petrologist (d. 1956)*1889 – Ralph Craig, American sprinter and sailor (d. 1972)*1891 – Pier Luigi Nervi, Italian architect and engineer, co-designed the Pirelli Tower and Cathedral of Saint Mary of the Assumption (d. 1979)* 1891 – Hermann Scherchen, German-Swiss viola player and conductor (d. 1966)*1892 – Reinhold Niebuhr, American theologian and academic (d. 1971)*1893 – Alois Hába, Czech composer and educator (d. 1973)*1894 – Milward Kennedy, English journalist and civil servant (d. 1968)* 1894 – Harry Schmidt, German mathematician and physicist (d. 1951)*1896 – Charles Momsen, American admiral, invented the Momsen lung (d. 1967)*1899 – Pavel Haas, Czech composer (d. 1944)*1900 – Georges-Henri Bousquet, French economist and Islamologist (d. 1978)===1901–present===*1903 – Hermann Engelhard, German runner and coach (d. 1984)* 1903 – Al Hirschfeld, American caricaturist, painter and illustrator (d. 2003)*1905 – Jacques Goddet, French journalist (d. 2000)* 1905 – Jean-Paul Sartre, French philosopher and author (d. 1980)*1906 – Grete Sultan, German-American pianist (d. 2005)*1908 – William Frankena, American philosopher and academic (d. 1994)*1910 – Aleksandr Tvardovsky, Russian poet and author (d. 1971)*1911 – Irving Fein, American producer and manager (d. 2012)*1912 – Kazimierz Leski, Polish pilot and engineer (d. 2000)* 1912 – Mary McCarthy, American novelist and critic (d. 1989)* 1912 – Vishnu Prabhakar, Indian author and playwright (d. 2009)*1913 – Madihe Pannaseeha Thero, Sri Lankan monk and scholar (d. 2003)* 1913 – Luis Taruc, Filipino political activist (d. 2005)*1914 – William Vickrey, Canadian-American economist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1996)*1915 – Wilhelm Gliese, German soldier and astronomer (d. 1993)*1916 – Joseph Cyril Bamford, English businessman, founded J. C. Bamford (d. 2001)* 1916 – Tchan Fou-li, Chinese photographer (d. 2018)* 1916 – Herbert Friedman, American physicist and astronomer (d. 2000)* 1916 – Buddy O'Connor, Canadian ice hockey player (d. 1977)*1918 – Robert A. Boyd, Canadian engineer (d. 2006)* 1918 – James Joll, English historian, author, and academic (d. 1994)* 1918 – Eddie Lopat, American baseball player, coach, and manager (d. 1992)* 1918 – J. Clyde Mitchell, British sociologist and anthropologist (d. 1995)* 1918 – Dee Molenaar, American mountaineer (d. 2020)* 1918 – Robert V. Roosa, American economist and banker (d. 1993)* 1918 – Tibor Szele, Hungarian mathematician and academic (d. 1955)* 1918 – Josephine Webb, American engineer *1919 – Antonia Mesina, Italian martyr and saint (d. 1935)* 1919 – Gérard Pelletier, Canadian journalist and politician (d. 1997)* 1919 – Vladimir Simagin, Russian chess player and coach (d. 1968)* 1919 – Paolo Soleri, Italian-American architect, designed the Cosanti (d. 2013)*1920 – Hans Gerschwiler, Swiss figure skater (d. 2017)*1921 – Judy Holliday, American actress and singer (d. 1965)* 1921 – Jane Russell, American actress and singer (d. 2011)* 1921 – William Edwin Self, American actor, producer, and production manager (d. 2010)*1922 – Joseph Ki-Zerbo, Burkinabé historian, politician and writer (d. 2006)*1923 – Jacques Hébert, Canadian journalist and politician (d. 2007)*1924 – Pontus Hultén, Swedish art collector and historian (d. 2006)* 1924 – Ezzatolah Entezami, Iranian actor (d. 2018)* 1924 – Wally Fawkes, British-Canadian jazz clarinetist and satirical cartoonist (d. 2023)* 1924 – Jean Laplanche, French psychoanalyst and academic (d. 2012)*1925 – Larisa Avdeyeva, Russian mezzo-soprano (d. 2013)* 1925 – Stanley Moss, American poet, publisher, and art dealer* 1925 – Giovanni Spadolini, Italian journalist and politician, 45th Prime Minister of Italy (d. 1994)* 1925 – Maureen Stapleton, American actress (d. 2006)*1926 – Fred Cone, American football player (d. 2021)* 1926 – Conrad Hall, French-American cinematographer (d. 2003)*1927 – Carl Stokes, American lawyer, politician, and diplomat, United States Ambassador to Seychelles (d. 1996)*1928 – Wolfgang Haken, German-American mathematician and academic (d. 2022)* 1928 – Fiorella Mari, Brazilian-Italian actress (d. 1983)* 1928 – Margit Bara, Hungarian actress (d. 2016)*1930 – Gerald Kaufman, English journalist and politician, Shadow Foreign Secretary (d. 2017)* 1930 – Mike McCormack, American football player and coach (d. 2013)*1931 – Zlatko Grgić, Croatian-Canadian animator, director, and screenwriter (d. 1988)* 1931 – Margaret Heckler, American journalist, lawyer, and politician, 15th United States Secretary of Health and Human Services (d. 2018)* 1931 – David Kushnir, Israeli Olympic long-jumper (d. 2020)*1932 – Bernard Ingham, English journalist and civil servant (d. 2023)* 1932 – Lalo Schifrin, Argentinian pianist, composer, and conductor* 1932 – O.C.", "Smith, American R&B/jazz singer (d. 2001)*1933 – Bernie Kopell, American actor and comedian*1935 – Françoise Sagan, French author and playwright (d. 2004)*1937 – John Edrich, English cricketer and coach (d. 2020)*1938 – Don Black, English songwriter* 1938 – John W. Dower, American historian and author* 1938 – Michael M. Richter, German mathematician and computer scientist (d. 2020)*1940 – Mariette Hartley, American actress and television personality* 1940 – Michael Ruse, Canadian philosopher and academic*1941 – Aloysius Paul D'Souza, Indian Catholic bishop* 1941 – Joe Flaherty, American-Canadian actor, producer, and screenwriter* 1941 – Lyman Ward, Canadian actor*1942 – Clive Brooke, Baron Brooke of Alverthorpe, English businessman and politician* 1942 – Norbert Brunner, Swiss Catholic bishop* 1942 – Marjorie Margolies, American journalist and politician* 1942 – Henry S. Taylor, American author and poet* 1942 – Flaviano Vicentini, Italian cyclist (d. 2002)* 1942 – Togo D. West Jr., American soldier, lawyer, and politician, 3rd United States Secretary of Veterans Affairs (d. 2018)*1943 – Eumir Deodato, Brazilian pianist, composer, and producer* 1943 – Diane Marleau, Canadian accountant and politician, Canadian Minister of Health (d. 2013)* 1943 – Brian Sternberg, American pole vaulter (d. 2013)*1944 – Ray Davies, English singer-songwriter and guitarist* 1944 – Jon Hiseman, English drummer (d. 2018)* 1944 – Tony Scott, English-American director and producer (d. 2012)*1945 – Robert Dewar, English-American computer scientist and academic (d. 2015)* 1945 – Adam Zagajewski, Polish author and poet (d. 2021)*1946 – Per Eklund, Swedish race car driver* 1946 – Kate Hoey, Northern Irish-British academic and politician, Minister for Sport and the Olympics* 1946 – Brenda Holloway, American singer-songwriter* 1946 – Trond Kirkvaag, Norwegian actor, director, and screenwriter (d. 2007)* 1946 – Malcolm Rifkind, Scottish lawyer and politician, Secretary of State for Scotland* 1946 – Maurice Saatchi, Baron Saatchi, Iraqi-British businessman, founded M&C Saatchi and Saatchi & Saatchi*1947 – Meredith Baxter, American actress * 1947 – Shirin Ebadi, Iranian lawyer, judge, and activist, Nobel Prize laureate* 1947 – Michael Gross, American actor* 1947 – Joey Molland, English singer-songwriter and guitarist* 1947 – Wade Phillips, American football coach* 1947 – Fernando Savater, Spanish philosopher and author*1948 – Jovan Aćimović, Serbian footballer and manager* 1948 – Ian McEwan, British novelist and screenwriter* 1948 – Andrzej Sapkowski, Polish author and translator* 1948 – Philippe Sarde, French composer and conductor*1949 – John Agard, Guyanese-English author, poet, and playwright* 1949 – Derek Emslie, Lord Kingarth, Scottish lawyer and judge*1950 – Anne Carson, Canadian poet and academic* 1950 – Joey Kramer, American rock drummer and songwriter* 1950 – Enn Reitel, Scottish actor and screenwriter* 1950 – Trygve Thue, Norwegian guitarist and record producer* 1950 – John Paul Young, Scottish-Australian singer-songwriter*1951 – Jim Douglas, American academic and politician, 80th Governor of Vermont* 1951 – Terence Etherton, English lawyer and judge* 1951 – Alan Hudson, English footballer* 1951 – Nils Lofgren, American singer-songwriter and guitarist * 1951 – Lenore Manderson, Australian anthropologist and academic* 1951 – Mona-Lisa Pursiainen, Finnish sprinter (d. 2000)*1952 – Judith Bingham, English singer-songwriter* 1952 – Jeremy Coney, New Zealand cricketer and sportscaster* 1952 – Patrick Dunleavy, English political scientist and academic* 1952 – Kōichi Mashimo, Japanese director and screenwriter*1953 – Benazir Bhutto, Pakistani politician, Prime Minister of Pakistan (d. 2007)* 1953 – Augustus Pablo, Jamaican producer and musician (d. 1999)*1954 – Már Guðmundsson, Icelandic economist, former Governor of Central Bank of Iceland* 1954 – Mark Kimmitt, American general and politician, 16th Assistant Secretary, Bureau of Political-Military Affairs* 1954 – Robert Menasse, Austrian author and academic*1955 – Tim Bray, Canadian software developer and businessman* 1955 – Michel Platini, French footballer and manager*1956 – Rick Sutcliffe, American baseball player and broadcaster*1957 – Berkeley Breathed, American author and illustrator* 1957 – Luis Antonio Tagle, Filipino cardinal*1958 – Víctor Montoya, Bolivian journalist and author* 1958 – Gennady Padalka, Russian colonel, pilot, and astronaut*1959 – John Baron, English captain and politician* 1959 – Tom Chambers, American basketball player and sportscaster* 1959 – Marcella Detroit, American singer-songwriter and guitarist * 1959 – Kathy Mattea, American singer-songwriter and guitarist*1960 – Kate Brown, American politician, 38th Governor of Oregon* 1960 – Karl Erjavec, Slovenian politician*1961 – Manu Chao, French singer-songwriter, guitarist, and producer * 1961 – Sascha Konietzko, German keyboard player and producer * 1961 – Joko Widodo, Indonesian businessman and politician, 7th President of Indonesia* 1961 – Kip Winger, American rock singer-songwriter and musician * 1961 – Iztok Mlakar, Slovenian actor and singer-songwriter *1962 – Shōhei Takada, Japanese shogi player and theoretician * 1962 – Viktor Tsoi, Russian singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 1990)*1963 – Dario Marianelli, Italian pianist and composer* 1963 – Mike Sherrard, American football player*1964 – David Morrissey, English actor and director* 1964 – Valeriy Neverov, Ukrainian chess player* 1964 – Dimitris Papaioannou, Greek director and choreographer* 1964 – Dean Saunders, Welsh footballer and manager* 1964 – Doug Savant, American actor*1965 – David Beerling, English biologist and academic* 1965 – Yang Liwei, Chinese general, pilot, and astronaut* 1965 – Ewen McKenzie, Australian rugby player and coach* 1965 – Lana Wachowski, American director, producer, and screenwriter*1966 – Gretchen Carlson, American model and TV journalist, Miss America 1989*1967 – Jim Breuer, American comedian, actor, and producer* 1967 – Derrick Coleman, American basketball player and sportscaster* 1967 – Pierre Omidyar, French-American businessman, founded eBay* 1967 – Carrie Preston, American actress, director, and producer* 1967 – Yingluck Shinawatra, Thai businesswoman and politician, 28th Prime Minister of Thailand*1968 – Sonique, English singer-songwriter and DJ*1970 – Eric Reed, American pianist and composer *1971 – Tyronne Drakeford, American football player*1972 – Nobuharu Asahara, Japanese sprinter and long jumper* 1972 – Neil Doak, Northern Irish cricketer and rugby player* 1972 – Irene van Dyk, South African-New Zealand netball player* 1972 – Tomáš Valášek, Slovak diplomat and politician*1973 – Juliette Lewis, American actress and singer-songwriter * 1973 – John Mitchell, English guitarist, vocalist and songwriter*1974 – Rob Kelly, American football player* 1974 – Craig Lowndes, Australian race car driver* 1974 – Flavio Roma, Italian footballer*1975 – Brian Simmons, American football player*1976 – Shelley Craft, Australian television host* 1976 – Mike Einziger, American guitarist and songwriter * 1976 – Nigel Lappin, Australian footballer and coach*1977 – Michael Gomez, Irish boxer* 1977 – Al Wilson, American football player*1978 – Thomas Blondeau, Flemish writer (d. 2013)* 1978 – Matt Kuchar, American golfer* 1978 – Cristiano Lupatelli, Italian footballer* 1978 – Dejan Ognjanović, Montenegrin footballer* 1978 – Rim'K, French rapper*1979 – Kostas Katsouranis, Greek footballer* 1979 – Chris Pratt, American actor*1980 – Michael Crocker, Australian rugby league player and sportscaster* 1980 – Łukasz Cyborowski, Polish chess player* 1980 – Richard Jefferson, American basketball player* 1980 – Sendy Rleal, Dominican baseball player*1981 – Yann Danis, Canadian ice hockey player* 1981 – Garrett Jones, American baseball player* 1981 – Brandon Flowers, American singer-songwriter* 1981 – Brad Walker, American pole vaulter*1982 – Lee Dae-ho, South Korean baseball player* 1982 – William, Prince of Wales, heir apparent to the British throne * 1982 – Jussie Smollett, American actor and singer*1983 – Edward Snowden, American activist and academic*1985 – Kris Allen, American musician, singer and songwriter* 1985 – Lana Del Rey, American singer-songwriter* 1985 – Sentayehu Ejigu, Ethiopian runner* 1985 – Byron Schammer, Australian footballer*1986 – Kathleen O'Kelly-Kennedy, Australian wheelchair basketball player* 1986 – Hideaki Wakui, Japanese baseball player*1987 – Pablo Barrera, Mexican footballer * 1987 – Sebastian Prödl, Austrian footballer* 1987 – Dale Thomas, Australian footballer*1988 – Allyssa DeHaan, American basketball and volleyball player* 1988 – Alejandro Ramírez, American chess player* 1988 – Paolo Tornaghi, Italian footballer* 1988 – Thaddeus Young, American basketball player*1989 – Abubaker Kaki, Sudanese runner*1990 – Ričardas Berankis, Lithuanian tennis player* 1990 – Sergei Matsenko, Russian chess player* 1990 – François Moubandje, Swiss footballer* 1990 – Håvard Nordtveit, Norwegian footballer*1991 – Gaël Kakuta, French footballer* 1991 – Lee Min-young, South Korean singer-songwriter, actress, and entertainer*1992 – MAX, American singer, songwriter, actor, dancer and model* 1992 – Hussein El Shahat, Egyptian professional footballer*1994 – Başak Eraydın, Turkish tennis player*1996 – Tyrone May, Australian rugby league player *1997 – Rebecca Black, American singer-songwriter* 1997 – Derrius Guice, American football player*1999 – Ky Rodwell, Australian rugby league player*2000 – Dylan Brown, New Zealand rugby league player*2001 – Alexandra Obolentseva, Russian chess player*2011 – Lil Bub, American celebrity cat (d. 2019)" ], [ "Deaths", "===Pre-1600===* 532 – Emperor Jiemin of Northern Wei, former Northern Wei emperor* 866 – Rodulf, Frankish archbishop* 868 – Ali al-Hadi, the tenth Imam of Shia Islam (b.", "829)* 870 – Al-Muhtadi, Muslim caliph* 947 – Zhang Li, official of the Liao Dynasty*1040 – Fulk III, Count of Anjou (b.", "972)*1171 – Walter de Luci, French-English monk (b.", "1103)*1208 – Philip of Swabia (b.", "1177)*1305 – Wenceslaus II of Bohemia (b.", "1271)*1359 – Erik Magnusson, king of Sweden (b.", "1339)*1377 – Edward III of England (b.", "1312)*1421 – Jean Le Maingre, French general (b.", "1366)*1527 – Niccolò Machiavelli, Italian historian and author (b.", "1469)*1529 – John Skelton, English poet and educator (b.", "1460)*1547 – Sebastiano del Piombo, Italian painter and educator (b.", "1485)*1558 – Piero Strozzi, Italian general (b.", "1510)*1582 – Oda Nobunaga, Japanese warlord (b.", "1534)*1585 – Henry Percy, 8th Earl of Northumberland (b.", "1532)*1591 – Aloysius Gonzaga, Italian saint (b.", "1568)*1596 – Jean Liebault, French agronomist and physician (b.", "1535)===1601–1900===*1621 – Louis III, Cardinal of Guise (b.", "1575)* 1621 – Kryštof Harant, Czech soldier and composer (b.", "1564)*1622 – Salomon Schweigger, German theologian (b.", "1551)*1631 – John Smith, English admiral and explorer (b.", "1580)*1652 – Inigo Jones, English architect, designed the Queen's House and Wilton House (b.", "1573)*1661 – Andrea Sacchi, Italian painter (b.", "1599)*1737 – Matthieu Marais, French author, critic, and jurist (b.", "1664)*1738 – Charles Townshend, 2nd Viscount Townshend, English politician, Lord Lieutenant of Ireland (b.", "1674)*1765 – Nachman of Horodenka, Hasidic rabbi*1796 – Richard Gridley, American soldier and engineer (b.", "1710)*1824 – Étienne Aignan, French playwright and translator (b.", "1773)*1865 – Frances Adeline Seward, American wife of William H. Seward (b.", "1824)*1874 – Anders Jonas Ångström, Swedish physicist and astronomer (b.", "1814)*1876 – Antonio López de Santa Anna, Mexican general and politician 8th President of Mexico (b.", "1794)*1880 – Theophilus H. Holmes, American general (b.", "1804)*1893 – Leland Stanford, American businessman and politician, 8th Governor of California (b.", "1824)===1901–present===*1908 – Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov, Russian composer and educator (b.", "1844)*1914 – Bertha von Suttner, Austrian journalist and author, Nobel Prize laureate (b.", "1843)*1929 – Leonard Trelawny Hobhouse, English sociologist, journalist, and academic (b.", "1864)*1934 – Thorne Smith, American author (b.", "1892)*1940 – Smedley Butler, American general, Medal of Honor recipient (b.", "1881)* 1940 – Édouard Vuillard, French painter (b.", "1868)*1951 – Charles Dillon Perrine, American astronomer (b.", "1867)* 1951 – Gustave Sandras, French gymnast (b.", "1872)* 1951 – Ville Kiviniemi, Finnish politician (b.", "1877)*1952 – Wop May, Canadian captain and pilot (b.", "1896)*1954 – Gideon Sundback, Swedish-American engineer, developed the zipper (b.", "1880)*1957 – Claude Farrère, French captain and author (b.", "1876)* 1957 – Johannes Stark, German physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (b.", "1874)*1964 – James Chaney, American civil rights activist (b.", "1943)* 1964 – Andrew Goodman, American civil rights activist (b.", "1943)* 1964 – Michael Schwerner, American civil rights activist (b.", "1939)*1967 – Theodore Sizer, American professor of the history of art (b.", "1892)*1968 – Constance Georgina Tardrew, South African botanist (b.", "1883)*1969 – Maureen Connolly, American tennis player (b.", "1934)*1970 – Sukarno, Indonesian engineer and politician, 1st President of Indonesia (b.", "1901)* 1970 – Piers Courage, English race car driver (b.", "1942)*1976 – Margaret Herrick, American librarian (b.", "1902)*1980 – Bert Kaempfert, German conductor and composer (b.", "1923)*1981 – Don Figlozzi, American illustrator and animator (b.", "1909)*1985 – Hector Boyardee, Italian-American chef and businessman, founded Chef Boyardee (b.", "1897)* 1985 – Tage Erlander, Swedish lieutenant and politician, 25th Prime Minister of Sweden (b.", "1901)*1986 – Assi Rahbani, Lebanese singer-songwriter and producer (b.", "1923)*1987 – Madman Muntz, American engineer and businessman, founded the Muntz Car Company (b.", "1914)*1988 – Bobby Dodd, American football coach (b.", "1908)*1990 – Cedric Belfrage, English journalist and author, co-founded the ''National Guardian'' (b.", "1904)* 1990 – June Christy, American singer (b.", "1925)*1992 – Ben Alexander, Australian rugby league player (b.", "1971)* 1992 – Arthur Gorrie, Australian hobby shop proprietor (b.", "1922)* 1992 – Rudra Mohammad Shahidullah, Bangladeshi poet, author, and playwright (b.", "1956)* 1992 – Li Xiannian, Chinese captain and politician, 3rd President of the People's Republic of China (b.", "1909)*1994 – William Wilson Morgan, American astronomer and astrophysicist (b.", "1906)*1997 – Shintaro Katsu, Japanese actor, singer, director, and producer (b.", "1931)* 1997 – Fidel Velázquez Sánchez, Mexican trade union leader (b.", "1900)*1998 – Harry Cranbrook Allen, English historian (b.", "1917)* 1998 – Anastasio Ballestrero, Italian cardinal (b.", "1913)* 1998 – Al Campanis, American baseball player and manager (b.", "1916)*1999 – Kami, Japanese drummer (b.", "1973)*2000 – Alan Hovhaness, Armenian-American pianist and composer (b.", "1911)*2001 – John Lee Hooker, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (b.", "1917)* 2001 – Soad Hosny, Egyptian actress and singer (b.", "1942)* 2001 – Carroll O'Connor, American actor and producer (b.", "1924)*2002 – Timothy Findley, Canadian author and playwright (b.", "1930)*2003 – Roger Neilson, Canadian ice hockey player and coach (b.", "1934)* 2003 – Leon Uris, American soldier and author (b.", "1924)*2004 – Leonel Brizola, Brazilian engineer and politician, Governor of Rio de Janeiro (b.", "1922)* 2004 – Ruth Leach Amonette, American businesswoman (b.", "1916)*2005 – Jaime Sin, Filipino cardinal (b.", "1928)*2006 – Jared C. Monti, American sergeant, Medal of Honor recipient (b.", "1975)*2007 – Bob Evans, American businessman, founded Bob Evans Restaurants (b.", "1918)*2008 – Scott Kalitta, American race car driver (b.", "1962)*2010 – Russell Ash, English author (b.", "1946)* 2010 – Irwin Barker, Canadian actor and screenwriter (b.", "1956)* 2010 – İlhan Selçuk, Turkish lawyer, journalist, and author (b.", "1925)*2011 – Robert Kroetsch, Canadian author and poet (b.", "1927)*2012 – Richard Adler, American composer and producer (b.", "1921)* 2012 – Abid Hussain, Indian economist and diplomat, Indian Ambassador to the United States (b.", "1926)* 2012 – Sunil Janah, Indian photographer and journalist (b.", "1918)* 2012 – Anna Schwartz, American economist and author (b.", "1915)*2013 – James P. Gordon, American physicist and academic (b.", "1928)* 2013 – Elliott Reid, American actor and screenwriter (b.", "1920)*2014 – Yozo Ishikawa, Japanese politician, Japanese Minister of Defense (b.", "1925)* 2014 – Walter Kieber, Austrian-Liechtenstein politician, 7th Prime Minister of Liechtenstein (b.", "1931)* 2014 – Wong Ho Leng, Malaysian lawyer and politician (b.", "1959)*2015 – Darryl Hamilton, American baseball player and sportscaster (b.", "1964)* 2015 – Veijo Meri, Finnish author and poet (b.", "1928)* 2015 – Remo Remotti, Italian actor, playwright, and poet (b.", "1924)* 2015 – Alexander Schalck-Golodkowski, German soldier and politician (b.", "1932)* 2015 – Gunther Schuller, American horn player, composer, and conductor (b.", "1925)*2016 – Pierre Lalonde, Canadian television host and singer (b.", "1941)*2018 – Charles Krauthammer, American columnist and conservative political commentator (b.", "1950)*2023 – Winnie Ewing, Scottish politician (b.", "1929)" ], [ "Holidays and observances", "*Christian feast day:**Alban of Mainz**Aloysius Gonzaga**Engelmund of Velsen**Martin of Tongres**Onesimos Nesib (Lutheran)**June 21 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)*Day of the Martyrs (Togo)*Father's Day (Egypt, Lebanon, Jordan, Syria, Uganda, Pakistan, United Arab Emirates)*Go Skateboarding Day*International Yoga Day (international)*National Aboriginal Day (Canada)*Solstice-related observances (''see also June 20''):**Day of Private Reflection (Northern Ireland)**International Surfing Day**National Day (Greenland)**We Tripantu, a winter solstice festival in the southern hemisphere.", "(Mapuche, southern Chile)**Willkakuti, an Andean-Amazonic New Year (Aymara)**Fête de la Musique*World Humanist Day (Humanism)*World Hydrography Day (international)" ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* * *" ] ]
wikipedia
[ [ "June 5" ], [ "Introduction" ], [ "Events", "===Pre-1600===*1086 – Tutush, brother of Seljuk sultan Malik Shah, defeats Suleiman ibn Qutalmish, the Turkish ruler of Anatolia in the battle of Ain Salm.", "*1257 – Kraków, in Poland, receives city rights.", "*1284 – Battle of the Gulf of Naples: Roger of Lauria, admiral to King Peter III of Aragon, destroys the Neapolitan fleet and captures Charles of Salerno.", "*1288 – The Battle of Worringen ends the War of the Limburg Succession, with John I, Duke of Brabant, being one of the more important victors.===1601–1900===*1610 – The masque Tethys' Festival is performed at Whitehall Palace to celebrate the investiture of Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales.", "*1644 – The Qing dynasty's Manchu forces led by the Shunzhi Emperor take Beijing during the collapse of the Ming dynasty.", "*1794 – Haitian Revolution: Battle of Port-Républicain: British troops capture the capital of Saint-Domingue.", "*1798 – Battle of New Ross: The attempt to spread the United Irish Rebellion into Munster is defeated.", "*1817 – The first Great Lakes steamer, the ''Frontenac'', is launched.", "*1829 – captures the armed slave ship ''Voladora'' off the coast of Cuba.", "*1832 – The June Rebellion breaks out in Paris in an attempt to overthrow the monarchy of Louis Philippe.", "*1837 – Houston is incorporated by the Republic of Texas.", "*1849 – Denmark becomes a constitutional monarchy by the signing of a new constitution.", "*1851 – Harriet Beecher Stowe's anti-slavery serial, ''Uncle Tom's Cabin'', or ''Life Among the Lowly'', starts a ten-month run in the ''National Era'' abolitionist newspaper.", "*1862 – As the Treaty of Saigon is signed, ceding parts of southern Vietnam to France, the guerrilla leader Trương Định decides to defy Emperor Tự Đức of Vietnam and fight on against the Europeans.", "*1864 – American Civil War: Battle of Piedmont: Union forces under General David Hunter defeat a Confederate army at Piedmont, Virginia, taking nearly 1,000 prisoners.", "*1873 – Sultan Barghash bin Said of Zanzibar closes the great slave market under the terms of a treaty with Great Britain.", "*1883 – The first regularly scheduled Orient Express departs Paris.", "*1888 – The Rio de la Plata earthquake takes place.", "*1893 – The trial of Lizzie Borden for the murder of her father and step-mother begins in New Bedford, Massachusetts.", "*1900 – Second Boer War: British soldiers take Pretoria.===1901–present===*1915 – Denmark amends its constitution to allow women's suffrage.", "*1916 – Louis Brandeis is sworn in as a Justice of the United States Supreme Court; he is the first American Jew to hold such a position.", "* 1916 – World War I: The Arab Revolt against the Ottoman Empire breaks out.", "*1917 – World War I: Conscription begins in the United States as \"Army registration day\".", "*1940 – World War II: After a brief lull in the Battle of France, the Germans renew the offensive against the remaining French divisions south of the River Somme in Operation ''Fall Rot'' (\"Case Red\").", "*1941 – World War II: Four thousand Chongqing residents are asphyxiated in a bomb shelter during the Bombing of Chongqing.", "*1942 – World War II: The United States declares war on Bulgaria, Hungary, and Romania.", "*1944 – World War II: More than 1,000 British bombers drop 5,000 tons of bombs on German gun batteries on the Normandy coast in preparation for D-Day.", "*1945 – The Allied Control Council, the military occupation governing body of Germany, formally takes power.", "*1946 – A fire in the La Salle Hotel in Chicago, Illinois, kills 61 people.", "*1947 – Cold War: Marshall Plan: In a speech at Harvard University, the United States Secretary of State George Marshall calls for economic aid to war-torn Europe.", "*1949 – Thailand elects Orapin Chaiyakan, the first female member of Thailand's Parliament.", "*1956 – Elvis Presley introduces his new single, \"Hound Dog\", on ''The Milton Berle Show'', scandalizing the audience with his suggestive hip movements.", "*1959 – The first government of Singapore is sworn in.", "*1960 – The Lake Bodom murders occur in Finland.", "*1963 – The British Secretary of State for War, John Profumo, resigns in a sex scandal known as the \"Profumo affair\".", "* 1963 – Movement of 15 Khordad: Protests against the arrest of Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini by the Shah of Iran, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi.", "In several cities, masses of angry demonstrators are confronted by tanks and paratroopers.", "*1964 – DSV ''Alvin'' is commissioned.", "*1967 – The Six-Day War begins: Israel launches surprise strikes against Egyptian air-fields in response to the mobilisation of Egyptian forces on the Israeli border.", "*1968 – Presidential candidate Robert F. Kennedy is assassinated by Sirhan Sirhan.", "*1975 – The Suez Canal opens for the first time since the Six-Day War.", "* 1975 – The United Kingdom holds its first country-wide referendum on membership of the European Economic Community (EEC).", "*1976 – The Teton Dam in Idaho, United States, collapses.", "Eleven people are killed as a result of flooding.", "*1981 – The ''Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report'' of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reports that five people in Los Angeles, California, have a rare form of pneumonia seen only in patients with weakened immune systems, in what turns out to be the first recognized cases of AIDS.", "*1983 – More than 100 people are killed when the Russian river cruise ship ''Aleksandr Suvorov'' collides with a girder of the Ulyanovsk Railway Bridge.", "The collision caused a freight train to derail, further damaging the vessel, yet the ship remained afloat and was eventually restored and returned to service.", "*1984 – Operation Blue Star: Under orders from India's prime minister, Indira Gandhi, the Indian Army begins an invasion of the Golden Temple, the holiest site of the Sikh religion.", "*1989 – The Tank Man halts the progress of a column of advancing tanks for over half an hour after the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989.", "*1993 – Portions of the Holbeck Hall Hotel in Scarborough, North Yorkshire, UK, fall into the sea following a landslide.", "*1995 – The Bose–Einstein condensate is first created.", "*1997 – The Second Republic of the Congo Civil War begins.", "*1998 – A strike begins at the General Motors parts factory in Flint, Michigan, that quickly spreads to five other assembly plants.", "The strike lasts seven weeks.", "*2000 – The Six-Day War in Kisangani begins in Kisangani, in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, between Ugandan and Rwandan forces.", "A large part of the city is destroyed.", "*2001 – Tropical Storm Allison makes landfall on the upper-Texas coastline as a strong tropical storm and dumps large amounts of rain over Houston.", "The storm causes $5.5 billion in damages, making Allison the second costliest tropical storm in U.S.", "history.", "*2003 – A severe heat wave across Pakistan and India reaches its peak, as temperatures exceed 50 °C (122 °F) in the region.", "*2004 – Noël Mamère, Mayor of Bègles, celebrates marriage for two men for the first time in France.", "*2006 – Serbia declares independence from the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro.", "*2009 – After 65 straight days of civil disobedience, at least 31 people are killed in clashes between security forces and indigenous people near Bagua, Peru.", "*2015 – An earthquake with a moment magnitude of 6.0 strikes Ranau, Sabah, Malaysia, killing 18 people, including hikers and mountain guides on Mount Kinabalu, after mass landslides that occurred during the earthquake.", "This is the strongest earthquake to strike Malaysia since 1975.", "*2017 – Montenegro becomes the 29th member of NATO.", "* 2017 – Six Arab countries—Bahrain, Egypt, Libya, Saudi Arabia, Yemen, and the United Arab Emirates—cut diplomatic ties with Qatar, accusing it of destabilising the region." ], [ "Births", "===Pre-1600===*1341 – Edmund of Langley, 1st Duke of York, son of King Edward III of England and Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports (d. 1402)*1412 – Ludovico III Gonzaga, Marquis of Mantua, Italian ruler (d. 1478)*1493 – Justus Jonas, German priest and academic (d. 1555)*1523 – Margaret of France, Duchess of Berry (d. 1573)*1554 – Benedetto Giustiniani, Italian clergyman (d. 1621)*1587 – Robert Rich, 2nd Earl of Warwick, English colonial administrator and admiral (d. 1658)*1596 – Peter Wtewael, Dutch Golden Age painter (d. 1660)===1601–1900===*1640 – Pu Songling, Chinese author (d. 1715)*1646 – Elena Cornaro Piscopia, Italian mathematician and philosopher (d. 1684)*1660 – Sarah Churchill, Duchess of Marlborough (d. 1744)*1757 – Pierre Jean George Cabanis, French physiologist and philosopher (d. 1808)*1760 – Johan Gadolin, Finnish chemist, physicist, and mineralogist (d. 1852)*1771 – Ernest Augustus, King of Hanover (d. 1851)*1781 – Christian Lobeck, German scholar and academic (d. 1860)*1801 – William Scamp, English architect and engineer (d. 1872)*1819 – John Couch Adams, English mathematician and astronomer (d. 1892)*1830 – Carmine Crocco, Italian soldier (d. 1905)*1850 – Pat Garrett, American sheriff (d. 1908)*1862 – Allvar Gullstrand, Swedish ophthalmologist and optician, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1930)*1868 – James Connolly, Scottish-born Irish rebel leader (d. 1916)*1870 – Bernard de Pourtalès, Swiss captain and sailor (d. 1935)*1876 – Isaac Heinemann, German-Israeli scholar and academic (d. 1957)*1877 – Willard Miller, Canadian-American sailor, Medal of Honor recipient (d. 1959)*1878 – Pancho Villa, Mexican general and politician, Governor of Chihuahua (d. 1923)*1879 – Robert Mayer, German-English businessman and philanthropist (d. 1985)*1883 – John Maynard Keynes, English economist, philosopher, and academic (d. 1946)* 1883 – Mary Helen Young, Scottish nurse and resistance fighter during World War II (d. 1945)*1884 – Ralph Benatzky, Czech-Swiss composer (d. 1957)* 1884 – Ivy Compton-Burnett, English author (d. 1969)* 1884 – Frederick Lorz, American runner (d. 1914)*1892 – Jaan Kikkas, Estonian weightlifter (d. 1944)*1894 – Roy Thomson, 1st Baron Thomson of Fleet, Canadian-English publisher and academic (d. 1976)*1895 – William Boyd, American actor and producer (d. 1972)* 1895 – William Roberts, English soldier and painter (d. 1980)*1898 – Salvatore Ferragamo, Italian shoe designer, founded Salvatore Ferragamo S.p.A. (d. 1960)* 1898 – Federico García Lorca, Spanish poet, playwright, and director (d. 1936)*1899 – Otis Barton, American diver, engineer, and actor, designed the bathysphere (d. 1992)* 1899 – Theippan Maung Wa, Burmese writer (d. 1942)*1900 – Dennis Gabor, Hungarian-English physicist and engineer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1979)===1901–present===*1912 – Dean Amadon, American ornithologist and author (d. 2003)* 1912 – Eric Hollies, English cricketer (d. 1981)*1913 – Conrad Marca-Relli, American-Italian painter and academic (d. 2000)*1914 – Beatrice de Cardi, English archaeologist and academic (d. 2016)*1915 – Lancelot Ware, English barrister and biochemist, co-founder of Mensa (d. 2000)*1916 – Sid Barnes, Australian cricketer (d. 1973)* 1916 – Eddie Joost, American baseball player and manager (d. 2011)*1919 – Richard Scarry, American-Swiss author and illustrator (d. 1994)*1920 – Marion Motley, American football player and coach (d. 1999)* 1920 – Cornelius Ryan, Irish-American journalist and author (d. 1974)*1922 – Paul Couvret, Dutch-Australian soldier, pilot, and politician (d. 2013)* 1922 – Sheila Sim, English actress (d. 2016)*1923 – Jorge Daponte, Argentinian racing driver (d. 1963)* 1923 – Daniel Pinkham, American organist and composer (d. 2006)*1924 – Art Donovan, American football player and radio host (d. 2013)*1926 – Paul Soros, Hungarian-American engineer and businessman (d. 2013)*1928 – Robert Lansing, American actor (d. 1994)* 1928 – Tony Richardson, English-American director and producer (d. 1991)*1930 – Alifa Rifaat, Egyptian author (d. 1996)*1931 – Yves Blais, Canadian businessman and politician (d. 1998)* 1931 – Jacques Demy, French actor, director, and screenwriter (d. 1990)* 1931 – Jerzy Prokopiuk, Polish anthropologist and philosopher (d. 2021)*1932 – Christy Brown, Irish painter and author (d. 1981)* 1932 – Dave Gold, American businessman, founded the 99 Cents Only Stores (d. 2013)*1933 – Bata Živojinović, Serbian actor and politician (d. 2016)*1934 – Vilhjálmur Einarsson, Icelandic triple jumper, painter, and educator (d. 2019)* 1934 – Bill Moyers, American journalist, 13th White House Press Secretary*1937 – Hélène Cixous, French author, poet, and critic*1938 – Moira Anderson, Scottish singer* 1938 – Karin Balzer, German hurdler (d. 2019)* 1938 – Roy Higgins, Australian jockey (d. 2014)*1939 – Joe Clark, Canadian journalist and politician, 16th Prime Minister of Canada* 1939 – Margaret Drabble, English novelist, biographer, and critic*1941 – Martha Argerich, Argentinian pianist* 1941 – Erasmo Carlos, Brazilian singer-songwriter* 1941 – Spalding Gray, American writer, actor, and monologist (d. 2004)* 1941 – Gudrun Sjödén, Swedish designer*1942 – Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo, Equatoguinean lieutenant and politician, 2nd President of Equatorial Guinea*1943 – Abraham Viruthakulangara, Roman Catholic Archbishop of Nagpur, Maharashtra, India (d. 2018)*1944 – Whitfield Diffie, American cryptographer and academic*1945 – John Carlos, American runner and football player* 1945 – André Lacroix, Canadian-American ice hockey player and coach*1946 – John Du Cann, English guitarist (d. 2001)* 1946 – Bob Grant, Australian rugby league player* 1946 – Patrick Head, English engineer and businessman, co-founded Williams F1* 1946 – Wanderléa, Brazilian singer and television host*1947 – Laurie Anderson, American singer-songwriter and violinist* 1947 – Tom Evans, English singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 1983)* 1947 – David Hare, English director, playwright, and screenwriter* 1947 – Freddie Stone, American singer, guitarist, and pastor *1949 – Ken Follett, Welsh author* 1949 – Elizabeth Gloster, English lawyer and judge* 1949 – Alexander Scrymgeour, 12th Earl of Dundee, Scottish politician*1950 – Ronnie Dyson, American singer and actor (d. 1990)* 1950 – Abraham Sarmiento, Jr., Filipino journalist and activist (d. 1977)*1951 – Suze Orman, American financial adviser, author, and television host*1952 – Pierre Bruneau, Canadian journalist and news anchor* 1952 – Carole Fredericks, American singer (d. 2001)* 1952 – Nicko McBrain, English drummer and songwriter*1953 – Kathleen Kennedy, American film producer, co-founded Amblin Entertainment*1954 – Alberto Malesani, Italian footballer and manager* 1954 – Phil Neale, English cricketer, coach, and manager* 1954 – Nancy Stafford, American model and actress*1955 – Edino Nazareth Filho, Brazilian footballer and manager*1956 – Kenny G, American saxophonist, songwriter, and producer*1958 – Avigdor Lieberman, Moldavian-Israeli soldier and politician, Deputy Prime Minister of Israel* 1958 – Ahmed Abdallah Mohamed Sambi, Comorian businessman and politician, President of Comoros*1959 – Mark Ella, Australian rugby player* 1959 – Werner Schildhauer, German runner* 1960 – Claire Fox, English author and academic*1961 – Anke Behmer, German heptathlete* 1961 – Mary Kay Bergman, American voice actress (d. 1999)* 1961 – Anthony Burger, American singer and pianist (d. 2006)* 1961 – Aldo Costa, Italian engineer* 1961 – Ramesh Krishnan, Indian tennis player and coach*1962 – Jeff Garlin, American actor, comedian, director, and screenwriter* 1962 – Tõnis Lukas, Estonian historian and politician, 34th Estonian Minister of Education*1964 – Lisa Cholodenko, American director and screenwriter* 1964 – Rick Riordan, American author*1965 – Michael E. Brown, American astronomer and author* 1965 – Sandrine Piau, French soprano* 1965 – Alfie Turcotte, American ice hockey player*1967 – Joe DeLoach, American sprinter* 1967 – Ron Livingston, American actor*1968 – Ed Vaizey, English lawyer and politician, Minister for Culture, Communications and Creative Industries*1969 – Brian McKnight, American singer-songwriter, producer, and actor*1970 – Martin Gélinas, Canadian ice hockey player and coach*1971 – Susan Lynch, Northern Irish actress* 1971 – Alex Mooney, American politician* 1971 – Mark Wahlberg, American model, actor, producer, and rapper *1972 – Yogi Adityanath, Indian priest and politician* 1972 – Paweł Kotla, Polish conductor and academic*1973 – Lamon Brewster, American boxer* 1973 – Gella Vandecaveye, Belgian martial artist*1974 – Mervyn Dillon, Trinidadian cricketer* 1974 – Scott Draper, Australian tennis player and golfer* 1974 – Russ Ortiz, American baseball player*1975 – Zydrunas Ilgauskas, Lithuanian-American basketball player* 1975 – Duncan Patterson, English drummer and keyboard player * 1975 – Sandra Stals, Belgian runner*1976 – Giannis Giannoulis, Canadian basketball player* 1976 – Torry Holt, American football player*1977 – Liza Weil, American actress*1978 – Nick Kroll, American actor and comedian* 1978 – Fernando Meira, Portuguese footballer*1979 – Stefanos Kotsolis, Greek footballer* 1979 – Matthew Scarlett, Australian footballer* 1979 – Pete Wentz, American singer-songwriter, bass player, actor, and fashion designer * 1979 – Jason White, American race car driver*1980 – Mike Fisher, Canadian ice hockey player* 1980 – Antonio García, Spanish racing driver*1981 – Serhat Akın, Turkish footballer* 1981 – Sébastien Lefebvre, Canadian singer and guitarist *1982 – Ryan Dallas Cook, American trombonist (d. 2005)*1983 – Marques Colston, American football player*1984 – Robert Barbieri, Canadian-Italian rugby player*1985 – Jeremy Abbott, American figure skater* 1985 – Ekaterina Bychkova, Russian tennis player*1986 – Dave Bolland, Canadian ice hockey player* 1986 – Vernon Gholston, American football player*1987 – Marcus Thornton, American basketball player*1988 – Alessandro Salvi, Italian footballer*1989 – Cam Atkinson, American ice hockey player* 1989 – Megumi Nakajima, Japanese voice actress and singer*1990 – Radko Gudas, Czech ice hockey defenceman*1991 – Sören Bertram, German footballer* 1991 – Ninja, American professional gamer*1992 – Joazhiño Arroe, Peruvian footballer* 1992 – Emily Seebohm, Australian swimmer*1993 – Roger Tuivasa-Sheck, Samoan-New Zealand rugby league player *1995 – Troye Sivan, South African–born Australian singer-songwriter, actor, and YouTuber* 1995 – Ross Wilson, English table tennis player*1997 – Sam Darnold, American football player*1998 – Jaqueline Cristian, Romanian tennis player* 1998 – Yulia Lipnitskaya, Russian figure skater" ], [ "Deaths", "===Pre-1600===* 301 – Sima Lun, Chinese emperor (b.", "249)* 535 – Epiphanius, patriarch of Constantinople* 567 – Theodosius I, patriarch of Alexandria* 708 – Jacob of Edessa, Syrian bishop (b.", "640)* 754 – Eoban, bishop of Utrecht* 754 – Boniface, English missionary and martyr (b.", "675)* 879 – Ya'qub ibn al-Layth, Persian emir (b.", "840)* 928 – Louis the Blind, king of Provence*1017 – Sanjō, emperor of Japan (b.", "976)*1118 – Robert de Beaumont, 1st Earl of Leicester, Norman nobleman and politician (b.", "1049)*1296 – Edmund Crouchback, English politician, Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports (b.", "1245)*1310 – Amalric, prince of Tyre*1316 – Louis X, king of France (b.", "1289)*1383 – Dmitry of Suzdal, Russian grand prince (b.", "1324)*1400 – Frederick I, duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg*1424 – Braccio da Montone, Italian nobleman (b.", "1368)*1434 – Yuri IV, Russian grand prince (b.", "1374)*1443 – Ferdinand, Portuguese prince (b.", "1402)*1445 – Leonel Power, English composer*1530 – Mercurino Gattinara, Italian statesman and jurist (b.", "1465)*1568 – Lamoral, Count of Egmont (b.", "1522)===1601–1900===*1625 – Orlando Gibbons, English organist and composer (b.", "1583)*1667 – Francesco Sforza Pallavicino, Italian cardinal and historian (b.", "1607)*1708 – Ignatius George II, Syriac Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch (b.", "1648)*1716 – Roger Cotes, English mathematician and academic (b.", "1682)*1722 – Johann Kuhnau, German organist and composer (b.", "1660)*1738 – Isaac de Beausobre, French pastor and theologian (b.", "1659)*1740 – Henry Grey, 1st Duke of Kent, English politician and courtier (b.", "1671)*1791 – Frederick Haldimand, Swiss-Canadian general and politician, 22nd Governor of Quebec (b.", "1718)*1816 – Giovanni Paisiello, Italian composer and educator (b.", "1741)*1825 – Odysseas Androutsos, Greek soldier (b.", "1788)*1826 – Carl Maria von Weber, German pianist, composer, and conductor (b.", "1786)*1866 – John McDouall Stuart, Scottish explorer and surveyor (b.", "1815)*1899 – Antonio Luna, Filipino general (b.", "1866)*1900 – Stephen Crane, American poet, novelist, and short story writer (b.", "1871)===1901–present===*1906 – Karl Robert Eduard von Hartmann, German philosopher and author (b.", "1842)*1910 – O. Henry, American short story writer (b.", "1862)*1913 – Chris von der Ahe, German-American businessman (b.", "1851)*1916 – Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener, Irish-born British field marshal and politician, Secretary of State for War (b.", "1850)*1920 – Rhoda Broughton, Welsh-English author (b.", "1840)*1921 – Will Crooks, English trade unionist and politician (b.", "1852)* 1921 – Georges Feydeau, French playwright (b.", "1862)*1930 – Eric Lemming, Swedish athlete (b.", "1880)* 1930 – Pascin, Bulgarian-French painter and illustrator (b.", "1885)*1934 – Emily Dobson, Australian philanthropist (b.", "1842)* 1934 – William Holman, English-Australian politician, 19th Premier of New South Wales (b.", "1871)*1947 – Nils Olaf Chrisander, Swedish-American actor and director (b.", "1884)*1965 – Eleanor Farjeon, English author, poet, and playwright (b.", "1881)*1967 – Arthur Biram, Israeli philologist, philosopher, and academic (b.", "1878)* 1967 – Harry Brown, Australian public servant (b.", "1878)*1993 – Conway Twitty, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (b.", "1933)*1996 – Acharya Kuber Nath Rai, Indian poet and scholar (b.", "1933)*1997 – J. Anthony Lukas, American journalist and author (b.", "1933)*1998 – Jeanette Nolan, American actress (b.", "1911)* 1998 – Sam Yorty, American soldier and politician, 37th Mayor of Los Angeles (b.", "1909)*1999 – Mel Tormé, American singer-songwriter (b.", "1925)*2000 – Don Liddle, American baseball player (b.", "1925)*2002 – Dee Dee Ramone, American singer-songwriter and bass player (b.", "1951)*2003 – Jürgen Möllemann, German soldier and politician, 10th Vice-Chancellor of Germany (b.", "1945)* 2003 – Manuel Rosenthal, French composer and conductor (b.", "1904)*2004 – Iona Brown, English violinist and conductor (b.", "1941)* 2004 – Ronald Reagan, American actor and politician, 40th President of the United States (b.", "1911)*2005 – Adolfo Aguilar Zínser, Mexican scholar and politician (b.", "1949)* 2005 – Wee Chong Jin, Singaporean judge (b.", "1917)*2006 – Frederick Franck, Dutch-American painter, sculptor, and author (b.", "1909)* 2006 – Edward L. Moyers, American businessman (b.", "1928)*2009 – Jeff Hanson, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (b.", "1978)*2011 – Azam Khan, Bangladeshi singer-songwriter (b.", "1950)*2012 – Ray Bradbury, American science fiction writer and screenwriter (b.", "1920)* 2012 – Hal Keller, American baseball player and manager (b.", "1928)* 2012 – Mihai Pătrașcu, Romanian-American computer scientist (b.", "1982)* 2012 – Charlie Sutton, Australian footballer and coach (b.", "1924)*2013 – Helen McElhone, Scottish politician (b.", "1933)* 2013 – Stanisław Nagy, Polish cardinal (b.", "1921)* 2013 – Ruairí Ó Brádaigh, Irish republican activist and politician (b.", "1932)* 2013 – Michel Ostyn, Belgian physiologist and physician (b.", "1924)*2014 – Abu Abdulrahman al-Bilawi, Iraqi commander (b.", "1971)* 2014 – Don Davis, American songwriter and producer (b.", "1938)* 2014 – Reiulf Steen, Norwegian journalist and politician, Norwegian Minister of Transport and Communications (b.", "1933)*2015 – Tariq Aziz, Iraqi journalist and politician, Iraqi Minister of Foreign Affairs (b.", "1936)* 2015 – Alan Bond, English-Australian businessman (b.", "1938)* 2015 – Richard Johnson, English actor (b.", "1927)* 2015 – Roger Vergé, French chef and author (b.", "1930)*2016 – Jerome Bruner, American psychologist (b.", "1915)*2017 – Andy Cunningham, English actor (b.", "1950)* 2017 – Cheick Tioté, Ivorian footballer (b.", "1986)*2018 – Kate Spade, American fashion designer (b.", "1962)*2021 – T. B. Joshua, Nigerian televangelist (b.", "1963)*2023 – Astrud Gilberto, Brazilian singer (b.", "1940)" ], [ "Holidays and observances", "*Arbor Day (New Zealand)*Christian feast day:**Boniface (Roman Catholic Church)**Dorotheus of Tyre**Genesius, Count of Clermont**Blessed Meinwerk**June 5 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)*Constitution Day (Denmark)*Father's Day (Denmark)*Indian Arrival Day (Suriname)*Liberation Day (Seychelles)*President's Day (Equatorial Guinea)*Reclamation Day (Azerbaijan)*World Day Against Speciesism (International)*World Environment Day (International)" ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* * *" ] ]
wikipedia
[ [ "Jack Lemmon" ], [ "Introduction", "'''John Uhler Lemmon III''' (February 8, 1925 – June 27, 2001) was an American actor.", "Considered equally proficient in both dramatic and comic roles, Lemmon was known for his anxious, middle-class everyman screen persona in dramedy pictures, leading ''The Guardian'' to label him as \"the most successful tragi-comedian of his age.", "\"He starred in over sixty films and was nominated for an Academy Award eight times, winning twice, and received many other accolades, including six Golden Globe Awards (counting the honorary Cecil B. DeMille Award), two Cannes Film Festival Awards, two Volpi Cups, one Silver Bear, three BAFTA Awards, and two Emmy Awards.", "In 1988, he was awarded the American Film Institute's Lifetime Achievement Award for his contributions to the American cinema.His best known films include ''Mister Roberts'' (1955, for which he won the year's Oscar for Best Supporting Actor), ''Some Like It Hot'' (1959), ''The Apartment'' (1960), ''Days of Wine and Roses'' (1962), ''Irma la Douce'' (1963), ''The Great Race'' (1965), ''Save the Tiger'' (1973, winning the Academy Award for Best Actor), ''The China Syndrome'' (1979), ''Missing'' (1982), and ''Glengarry Glen Ross'' (1992).", "He also acted in several Broadway plays, earning Tony Award nominations for ''Tribute'' (which earned him another Oscar nomination for its film adaptation) as well as the 1986 revival of ''Long Day's Journey into Night''.Lemmon had a long-running collaboration with actor and friend Walter Matthau, which ''The New York Times'' called \"one of Hollywood's most successful pairings,\" that spanned ten films between 1966 and 1998; ''The Fortune Cookie'' (1966), ''The Odd Couple'' (1968) and its sequel ''The Odd Couple II'' (1998), ''The Front Page'' (1974), ''Buddy Buddy'' (1981), ''JFK'' (1991), ''Grumpy Old Men'' (1993) and its sequel ''Grumpier Old Men'' (1995), ''The Grass Harp'' (1995), and ''Out to Sea'' (1997)." ], [ "Early life and education", "Lemmon was born on February 8, 1925, in an elevator at Newton-Wellesley Hospital in Newton, Massachusetts.", "He was the only child of Mildred Burgess (''née'' LaRue; 1896–1967) and John Uhler Lemmon II (1893–1962), who rose to Vice-President of Sales of the Doughnut Corporation of America.", "John Uhler Lemmon II was of Irish heritage, and Jack Lemmon was raised Catholic.", "His parents had a difficult marriage, and separated permanently when Lemmon was 18, but never divorced.", "He attended John Ward Elementary School in Newton and the Rivers School in Weston, Massachusetts.", "Often unwell as a child, Lemmon had three significant operations on his ears before he turned 10.He had spent two years in hospital by the time he turned 12.During his acceptance of his lifetime achievement award, he stated that he knew he wanted to be an actor from the age of eight.", "He began to act in school productions.", "Lemmon attended Rivers Country Day School and Phillips Andover Academy (Class of 1943), where he pursued track sports with success, and Harvard College (Class of 1947), where he lived in Eliot House.", "At Harvard, he was president of the Hasty Pudding Club and vice president of Dramatic and Delphic Clubs.", "Except for drama and music, however, he was an unexceptional student.Forbidden to act onstage due to academic probation, Lemmon broke Harvard rules to appear in roles using pseudonyms such as Timothy Orange.A member of the V-12 Navy College Training Program, Lemmon was commissioned by the United States Navy, serving briefly as an ensign on the aircraft carrier during World War II before returning to Harvard after completing his military service.", "After graduation with a degree in War Service Sciences in 1947, he studied acting under coach Uta Hagen at HB Studio in New York City.", "He was also a pianist, who became devoted to the instrument at age 14 and learned to play by ear.", "For about a year in New York City, he worked unpaid as a waiter and master of ceremonies at the Old Knick bar on Second Avenue.", "He also played the piano at the venue." ], [ "Career", "===1949–1965: early years===Lemmon became a professional actor, working on radio and Broadway.", "His film debut was a bit part as a plasterer in the film ''The Lady Takes a Sailor'' (1949), but he had already appeared in television shows, which numbered about 400 from 1948 to 1953.Lemmon believed his stage career was about to take off when he was appearing on Broadway for the first time in a 1953 revival of the comedy ''Room Service'', but the production closed after two weeks.", "Despite this setback, he was spotted by talent scout Max Arnow, who was then working for Columbia, and Lemmon's focus shifted to films and Hollywood.", "Columbia's head, Harry Cohn, wanted to change Lemmon's name, in case it was used to describe the quality of the actor's films, but he successfully resisted.His first role as a leading man was in the comedy ''It Should Happen to You'' (1954), which also featured the established Judy Holliday in the female lead.", "Bosley Crowther in his review for ''The New York Times'' described Lemmon as possessing \"a warm and appealing personality.", "The screen should see more of him.\"", "The two leads soon reunited in ''Phffft'' (also 1954).", "Kim Novak had a secondary role as a brief love interest for Lemmon's character.", "\"If it wasn't for Judy, I'm not sure I would have concentrated on films\", he told ''The Washington Post'' in 1986 saying early in his career he had a snobbish attitude towards films over the stage.", "He managed to negotiate a contract with Columbia allowing him leeway to pursue other projects, some of the terms of which he said \"nobody had gotten before\".", "He signed a seven-year contract, but ended up staying with Columbia for 10 years.", "Lemmon's appearance as Ensign Pulver in ''Mister Roberts'' (1955), with James Cagney, Henry Fonda, and William Powell for Warner Bros., gained Lemmon the Best Supporting Actor Oscar.", "Director John Ford decided to cast Lemmon after seeing his Columbia screen test, which had been directed by Richard Quine.", "At an impromptu meeting on the studio lot, Ford persuaded the actor to appear in the film, although Lemmon did not realize he was in conversation with Ford at the time.Tony Curtis and Lemmon in ''Some Like It Hot'' (1959)In the military farce ''Operation Mad Ball'' (1957) set in a U.S. Army base in France after World War II, Lemmon played a calculating private.", "He met comedian Ernie Kovacs, who co-starred, and they became close friends, appearing together in two subsequent films, as a warlock in ''Bell, Book and Candle'' (1958, a film he apparently disliked) and ''It Happened to Jane'' (1959), all three under the direction of Richard Quine.", "Lemmon starred in six films directed by Quine.", "The others were ''My Sister Eileen'' (1955), ''The Notorious Landlady'' (1962) and ''How to Murder Your Wife'' (1965).Lemmon and MacLaine in ''The Apartment'' (1960)Lemmon worked with director Billy Wilder on seven films.", "Their association began with the gender-bending comedy ''Some Like It Hot'' (1959), with Tony Curtis and Marilyn Monroe.", "His role required him to perform 80% of the role in drag.", "People who knew his mother, Millie Lemmon, said he had mimicked her personality and even her hairstyle.", "Critic Pauline Kael said he was \"demoniacally funny\" in the part.", "The sequence of films with Wilder continued with ''The Apartment'' (1960) alongside Shirley MacLaine.", "The film received mixed reviews from critics at the time, although it has been re-evaluated as a classic today.", "It received 11 nominations, winning five Academy Awards for Best Picture and Best Director.", "Lemmon received Oscar nominations for his performances in ''Some Like it Hot'' and ''The Apartment''.", "He reunited with MacLaine in ''Irma la Douce'' (1963).", "MacLaine, observing the director's relationship with his male lead, believed it amounted to \"professional infatuation\".Lemmon's first role in a film directed by Blake Edwards was in ''Days of Wine and Roses'' (1962) portraying Joe Clay, a young alcoholic businessman.", "The role, for which he was nominated for the Best Actor Oscar, was one of Lemmon's favorites.", "By this time, he had appeared in 15 comedies, a Western and an adventure film.", "\"The movie people put a label attached to your big toe — 'light comedy' — and that's the only way they think of you\", he commented in an interview during 1984.", "\"I knew damn well I could play drama.", "Things changed following ''Days of Wine and Roses''.", "That was as important a film as I've ever done.\"", "''Days of Wine and Roses'' was the first film where Lemmon was involved with production of the film via his Jalem production company.", "Lemmon's association with Edwards continued with ''The Great Race'' (1965), which reunited him with Tony Curtis.", "His salary this time was $1 million, but the film did not return its large budget at the box office.", "''Variety'', in its December 31, 1964, review, commented: \"never has there been a villain so dastardly as Jack Lemmon\".===1966–1978: mid-career===In 1966, Lemmon began the first of his many collaborations with actor Walter Matthau in ''The Fortune Cookie''.", "The film has been described by the British film critic Philip French as their \"one truly great film\".", "Matthau went on to win an Academy Award for his performance in the film.", "Another nine films with them co-starring eventually followed, including ''The Odd Couple'' (1968), ''The Front Page'' (1974), and ''Buddy Buddy'' (1981).In 1967, Lemmon's production company Jalem produced the film ''Cool Hand Luke'', which starred Paul Newman in the lead role.", "The film was a box-office and critical success.", "Newman, in gratitude, offered him the role of the Sundance Kid in ''Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid'', but Lemmon turned it down.The best-known Lemmon-Matthau film is ''The Odd Couple'' (1968), based on the Neil Simon play, with the lead characters being the mismatched Felix Unger (Lemmon) and Oscar Madison (Matthau), respectively neurotical and cynical.", "The much-admired comedy ''Kotch'' (1971), the only film Lemmon directed, starred Matthau, who was nominated for the Best Actor Oscar.", "''The Out-of-Towners'' (1970) was another Neil Simon-scripted film in which Lemmon appeared.Charlie Chaplin (right) receiving an Honorary Academy Award from Lemmon at the 44th Academy Awards in 1972In 1972, at the 44th Academy Awards, Jack Lemmon presented the Honorary Academy Award to silent screen legend Charlie Chaplin.", "Lemmon starred with Juliet Mills in ''Avanti!''", "(1972) and appeared with Matthau in ''The Front Page'' (1974).", "Both films were directed by Wilder.", "He felt Lemmon had a natural tendency toward overacting that had to be tempered; Wilder's biography ''Nobody's Perfect'' quotes the director as saying, \"Lemmon, I would describe him as a ham, a fine ham, and with ham you have to trim a little fat.\"", "Wilder, though, also once said: \"Happiness is working with Jack Lemmon\".Lemmon in ''Save the Tiger'' (1973) plays Harry Stoner, a businessman in the garment trade who finds someone to commit arson by burning down his warehouse to avoid bankruptcy.", "The project was rejected by multiple studios, but Paramount was prepared to make the film if it were budgeted for only $1 million.", "Lemmon was so keen to play the part that he worked for union scale, then $165 a week.", "The role was demanding; like the character, Lemmon came close to breaking point: \"I started to crack as the character did,\" he recalled.", "\"I just kept getting deeper and deeper into the character's despair.\"", "For this film, Lemmon won the Best Actor Oscar.", "Having won the Best Supporting Actor Academy Award for ''Mister Roberts'', he became the first actor to achieve that particular double, although Helen Hayes had achieved this feat three years earlier in the equivalent female categories.===1979–2001: final roles===Lemmon was nominated for a Best Actor Oscar for his role in ''The China Syndrome'' (1979), for which he was also awarded Best Actor at the Cannes Film Festival.", "In ''Tribute'', a stage drama first performed in 1979, he played a press agent who has cancer while trying to mend his relationship with his son.", "The Broadway production ran for 212 performances, but it gained mixed reviews.", "Nevertheless, Lemmon was nominated for the Tony Award for Best Actor in a Play.", "For his role in the 1980 film version, Lemmon gained another Oscar nomination.His final Oscar nomination was for ''Missing'' (1982), as a conservative father whose son has vanished in Chile during the period the country was under the rule of Augusto Pinochet; he won another Cannes award for his performance.", "A contemporary failure was his last film with Billy Wilder, ''Buddy Buddy'' (1981).", "Lemmon's character attempts suicide in a hotel while a hitman (Matthau) is in the next suite.", "Another flop at the box office was his final film with Blake Edwards, another of his friends; in ''That's Life!''", "(1986), he appeared in the director's self-autobiographical part with Edwards' wife, Julie Andrews.", "A seductress role was played by Lemmon's wife, Felicia Farr.", "His later career is said to have been affected by other bad choices, such as ''Mass Appeal'' (1984), about a conservative Catholic priest, ''Macaroni'' (1985), a tale about old Army friends with Marcello Mastroianni, and ''That's Life''.", "Lemmon received the AFI Life Achievement Award in 1988.Lemmon was nominated for a Tony Award the second and last time for a revival of Eugene O'Neill's ''Long Day's Journey into Night'' in 1986; Lemmon had taken the lead role of James Tyrone in a production directed by Jonathan Miller.", "It had a London run in 1987, Lemmon's first theatre work in the city, and a television version followed.", "A return to London in 1989 for the antiwar play ''Veterans' Day'', with Michael Gambon, was poorly received by critics, and following modest audiences, soon closed.", "Lemmon also worked with Kevin Spacey in the films ''The Murder of Mary Phagan'' (1987), ''Dad'' (1989), and ''Glengarry Glen Ross'' (1992), as well as the production of ''Long Day's Journey into Night''.Lemmon and Matthau had small parts in Oliver Stone's film ''JFK'' (1991), in which both men appeared without sharing screen time.", "The duo reunited in ''Grumpy Old Men'' (1993).", "The film was a surprise hit.", "Later in the decade, they starred together in ''The Grass Harp'' (1995), ''Grumpier Old Men'' (1995), ''Out to Sea'' (1997), and ''The Odd Couple II'' (1998).", "While ''Grumpier Old Men'' grossed slightly more than its predecessor, ''The Odd Couple II'' was a box-office disappointment.In 1996, Lemmon was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Or Nonmusical Album for his narration on \"Harry S Truman: A Journey To Independence\".", "Around the same time, Lemmon starred along with James Garner in the comedy ''My Fellow Americans'' (1996) as two feuding ex-presidents.", "The supporting cast included Dan Aykroyd and Lauren Bacall.For his role in the William Friedkin-directed version of ''Twelve Angry Men'' (1997), Lemmon was nominated for Best Actor in a Made-for-TV Movie in the 1998 Golden Globe Awards.The award ceremony was memorable because Ving Rhames, who won the Golden Globe for his portrayal of ''Don King: Only in America'', stunned the A-list crowd and television audience by calling Lemmon up to the stage and handing him the award.", "Lemmon tried not to accept but Rhames insisted.", "The emotional crowd gave Lemmon a standing ovation to which he replied that, \"This is one of the nicest, sweetest moments I have ever known in my life.", "\"The role was as the contentious juror, played in the original 1957 film version by Henry Fonda.", "Lemmon appeared in the remake with George C. Scott and reunited with him in another television film, this time ''Inherit the Wind'' (1999).Lemmon was a guest voice on ''The Simpsons'' episode \"The Twisted World of Marge Simpson\" (1997), as the owner of the pretzel business.", "For his role as Morrie Schwartz in his final television role, ''Tuesdays with Morrie'' (1999), Lemmon won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Miniseries or a Movie.", "His final film role was uncredited: the narrator in Robert Redford's film ''The Legend of Bagger Vance''." ], [ "Personal life", "Lemmon was married twice.", "He and first wife actress Cynthia Stone, with whom he had a son, Chris Lemmon (born 1954), divorced.", "Lemmon married actress Felicia Farr on August 17, 1962, while shooting ''Irma La Douce'' in Paris.", "The couple's daughter, Courtney, was born in 1966.Lemmon was the stepfather to Denise, from Farr's previous marriage to Lee Farr.", "He was close friends with actors Tony Curtis and Kevin Spacey, among others.His publicist Geraldine McInerney said, \"I remember Jack once telling me he lived in terror his whole life that he'd never get another job.", "Here was one of America's most established actors and yet he was without any confidence.", "It was like every job was going to be his last\".", "As the 1970s progressed, Lemmon increased his drinking to cope with stress.", "He was fined for driving under the influence in 1976, finally quitting alcohol in the early 1980s.", "On a 1998 episode of the television program ''Inside the Actors Studio'', he stated that he was a recovering alcoholic.Lemmon was known as the \"star\" of the celebrity-packed, third-round telecast of the annual AT&T Pebble Beach Pro-Am, held at Pebble Beach Golf Links each February.", "Lemmon's packed gallery was there not only for his humor, but also to root him on in his lifelong quest to \"make the cut\" to round four, something he was never able to achieve.", "The amateur who helps his team most in the Pro-Am portion is annually awarded the Jack Lemmon Award.", "During the 1980s and 1990s, Lemmon served on the advisory board of the National Student Film Institute.", "Lemmon was a registered Democrat." ], [ "Death", "Lemmon's headstone (inscription reads \"JACK LEMMON in\")Lemmon died of bladder cancer on June 27, 2001.He had suffered from the disease privately for two years before his death.", "His body was interred at Westwood Village Memorial Park Cemetery in Westwood, California.", "(The graves of Marilyn Monroe, Walter Matthau, George C. Scott, Rodney Dangerfield, and film director Billy Wilder lie in the same cemetery.)", "Lemmon's gravestone reads like a title screen from a film: \"JACK LEMMON in\".", "Guests who attended the private ceremony included Billy Wilder, Shirley MacLaine, Kevin Spacey, Gregory Peck, Sidney Poitier, Kirk Douglas, Michael Douglas, Catherine Zeta-Jones, Frank Sinatra's widow Barbara and Walter Matthau's son Charlie." ], [ "Acting credits and accolades", "Lemmon's star at the Hollywood Walk of Fame, Los Angeles, California July 19, 2012Lemmon received eight Academy Award nominations and won for ''Mister Roberts'' (1955) and ''Save the Tiger'' (1973).", "He was nominated for ''Some Like It Hot'' (1959), ''The Apartment'' (1960), ''Days of Wine and Roses'' (1962), ''The China Syndrome'' (1979), ''Tribute'' (1981), and ''Missing'' (1982).", "He received two Tony Award nominations for his performances in ''Tribute'' (1979), and ''Long Day's Journey into Night'' (1986).", "He received four Golden Globe Awards from 21 nominations, and received the Golden Globe Cecil B. DeMille Award for his lifetime achievement in 1991.The year before he won the Screen Actors Guild Life Achievement Award.", "He was given tribute at the Kennedy Center Honors in 1996.He received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 1960.In 1986, the U.S. National Board of Review of Motion Pictures gave Lemmon a \"Career Achievement\" Award; two years later, the American Film Institute gave him its Lifetime Achievement Award in March 1988.In 1995, Lemmon was awarded the inaugural Harvard Arts Medal.", "In 1996, Lemmon was awarded the Honorary Golden Bear award at the 46th Berlin International Film Festival." ], [ "See also", "*Jack Lemmon on screen and stage*List of actors with Academy Award nominations*List of actors with two or more Academy Award nominations in acting categories*List of actors with two or more Academy Awards in acting categories" ], [ "References" ], [ "Sources", "*****Wise, James.", "''Stars in Blue: Movie Actors in America's Sea Services''.", "Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1997." ], [ "External links", "* Jack Lemmon interview with Carolyn Jackson in 1979 about The China Syndrome from Texas Archive of the Moving Image***** Actor Jack Lemmon dead at 76 * Jack Lemmon at the Archive of American Television* Appearance on Desert Island Discs (8 October 1989)" ] ]
wikipedia
[ [ "Joseph Conrad" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Joseph Conrad''' (born '''Józef Teodor Konrad Korzeniowski''', ; 3 December 1857 – 3 August 1924) was a Polish-British novelist and short story writer.", "He is regarded as one of the greatest writers in the English language; though he did not speak English fluently until his twenties, he came to be regarded a master prose stylist who brought a non-English sensibility into English literature.", "He wrote novels and stories, many in nautical settings, that depict crises of human individuality in the midst of what he saw as an indifferent, inscrutable and amoral world.Conrad is considered a literary impressionist by some and an early modernist by others, though his works also contain elements of 19th-century realism.", "His narrative style and anti-heroic characters, as in ''Lord Jim'', for example, have influenced numerous authors.", "Many dramatic films have been adapted from and inspired by his works.", "Numerous writers and critics have commented that his fictional works, written largely in the first two decades of the 20th century, seem to have anticipated later world events.Writing near the peak of the British Empire, Conrad drew on the national experiences of his native Poland—during nearly all his life, parcelled out among three occupying empires—and on his own experiences in the French and British merchant navies, to create short stories and novels that reflect aspects of a European-dominated world—including imperialism and colonialism—and that profoundly explore the human psyche." ], [ "Life", "===Early years===Conrad's writer father, Apollo KorzeniowskiConrad was born on 3 December 1857 in Berdychiv (), Ukraine, then part of the Russian Empire; the region had once been part of the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland.", "He was the only child of Apollo Korzeniowski—a writer, translator, political activist, and would-be revolutionary—and his wife Ewa Bobrowska.", "He was christened ''Józef Teodor Konrad Korzeniowski'' after his maternal grandfather Józef, his paternal grandfather Teodor, and the heroes (both named \"Konrad\") of two poems by Adam Mickiewicz, ''Dziady'' and ''Konrad Wallenrod''.", "His family called him \"Konrad\", rather than \"Józef\".Though the vast majority of the surrounding area's inhabitants were Ukrainians, and the great majority of Berdychiv's residents were Jewish, almost all the countryside was owned by the Polish ''szlachta'' (nobility), to which Conrad's family belonged as bearers of the Nałęcz coat-of-arms.", "Polish literature, particularly patriotic literature, was held in high esteem by the area's Polish population.Poland had been divided among Prussia, Austria and Russia in 1795.The Korzeniowski family had played a significant role in Polish attempts to regain independence.", "Conrad's paternal grandfather Teodor had served under Prince Józef Poniatowski during Napoleon's Russian campaign and had formed his own cavalry squadron during the November 1830 Uprising of Poland-Lithuania against the Russian Empire.", "Conrad's fiercely patriotic father Apollo belonged to the \"Red\" political faction, whose goal was to re-establish the pre-partition boundaries of Poland and which also advocated land reform and the abolition of serfdom.", "Conrad's subsequent refusal to follow in Apollo's footsteps, and his choice of exile over resistance, were a source of lifelong guilt for Conrad.Nowy Świat 47, Warsaw, where three-year-old Conrad lived with his parents in 1861.Because of the father's attempts at farming and his political activism, the family moved repeatedly.", "In May 1861 they moved to Warsaw, where Apollo joined the resistance against the Russian Empire.", "He was arrested and imprisoned in Pavilion X of the Warsaw Citadel.", "Conrad would write: \"In the courtyard of this Citadel—characteristically for our nation—my childhood memories begin.\"", "On 9 May 1862 Apollo and his family were exiled to Vologda, north of Moscow and known for its bad climate.", "In January 1863 Apollo's sentence was commuted, and the family was sent to Chernihiv in northeast Ukraine, where conditions were much better.", "However, on 18 April 1865 Ewa died of tuberculosis.Apollo did his best to teach Conrad at home.", "The boy's early reading introduced him to the two elements that later dominated his life: in Victor Hugo's ''Toilers of the Sea'', he encountered the sphere of activity to which he would devote his youth; Shakespeare brought him into the orbit of English literature.", "Most of all, though, he read Polish Romantic poetry.", "Half a century later he explained that \"The Polishness in my works comes from Mickiewicz and Słowacki.", "My father read Mickiewicz's ''Pan Tadeusz'' aloud to me and made me read it aloud....", "I used to prefer Mickiewicz's ''Konrad Wallenrod'' and ''Grażyna''.", "Later I preferred Słowacki.", "You know why Słowacki?...", "He is the soul of all Poland\".In the autumn of 1866, young Conrad was sent for a year-long retreat for health reasons, to Kyiv and his mother's family estate at .In December 1867, Apollo took his son to the Austrian-held part of Poland, which for two years had been enjoying considerable internal freedom and a degree of self-government.", "After sojourns in Lwów and several smaller localities, on 20 February 1869 they moved to Kraków (until 1596 the capital of Poland), likewise in Austrian Poland.", "A few months later, on 23 May 1869, Apollo Korzeniowski died, leaving Conrad orphaned at the age of eleven.", "Like Conrad's mother, Apollo had been gravely ill with tuberculosis.", "Tadeusz Bobrowski, Conrad's maternal uncle, mentor, and benefactorThe young Conrad was placed in the care of Ewa's brother, Tadeusz Bobrowski.", "Conrad's poor health and his unsatisfactory schoolwork caused his uncle constant problems and no end of financial outlay.", "Conrad was not a good student; despite tutoring, he excelled only in geography.", "At that time he likely received private tutoring only, as there is no evidence he attended any school regularly.", "Since the boy's illness was clearly of nervous origin, the physicians supposed that fresh air and physical work would harden him; his uncle hoped that well-defined duties and the rigors of work would teach him discipline.", "Since he showed little inclination to study, it was essential that he learn a trade; his uncle thought he could work as a sailor-cum-businessman, who would combine maritime skills with commercial activities.", "In the autumn of 1871, thirteen-year-old Conrad announced his intention to become a sailor.", "He later recalled that as a child he had read (apparently in French translation) Leopold McClintock's book about his 1857–59 expeditions in the ''Fox'', in search of Sir John Franklin's lost ships '''' and ''''.", "Conrad also recalled having read books by the American James Fenimore Cooper and the English Captain Frederick Marryat.", "A playmate of his adolescence recalled that Conrad spun fantastic yarns, always set at sea, presented so realistically that listeners thought the action was happening before their eyes.In August 1873 Bobrowski sent fifteen-year-old Conrad to Lwów to a cousin who ran a small boarding house for boys orphaned by the 1863 Uprising; group conversation there was in French.", "The owner's daughter recalled:Conrad had been at the establishment for just over a year when in September 1874, for uncertain reasons, his uncle removed him from school in Lwów and took him back to Kraków.On 13 October 1874 Bobrowski sent the sixteen-year-old to Marseilles, France, for Conrad's planned merchant-marine career on French merchant ships.", "His uncle provided him with a monthly stipend as well (set at 150 francs).", "Though Conrad had not completed secondary school, his accomplishments included fluency in French (with a correct accent), some knowledge of Latin, German and Greek; probably a good knowledge of history, some geography, and probably already an interest in physics.", "He was well read, particularly in Polish Romantic literature.", "He belonged to the second generation in his family that had had to earn a living outside the family estates.", "They were born and reared partly in the milieu of the working intelligentsia, a social class that was starting to play an important role in Central and Eastern Europe.", "He had absorbed enough of the history, culture and literature of his native land to be able eventually to develop a distinctive world view and make unique contributions to the literature of his adoptive Britain.Tensions that originated in his childhood in Poland and increased in his adulthood abroad contributed to Conrad's greatest literary achievements.", "Zdzisław Najder, himself an emigrant from Poland, observed:Some critics have suggested that when Conrad left Poland, he wanted to break once and for all with his Polish past.", "In refutation of this, Najder quotes from Conrad's 14 August 1883 letter to family friend Stefan Buszczyński, written nine years after Conrad had left Poland:===Merchant marine===In Marseilles Conrad had an intense social life, often stretching his budget.", "A trace of these years can be found in the northern Corsica town of Luri, where there is a plaque to a Corsican merchant seaman, Dominique Cervoni, whom Conrad befriended.", "Cervoni became the inspiration for some of Conrad's characters, such as the title character of the 1904 novel ''Nostromo''.", "Conrad visited Corsica with his wife in 1921, partly in search of connections with his long-dead friend and fellow merchant seaman.", "''Otago'', the barque captained by Conrad in 1888 and first three months of 1889 In late 1877, Conrad's maritime career was interrupted by the refusal of the Russian consul to provide documents needed for him to continue his service.", "As a result, Conrad fell into debt and, in March 1878, he attempted suicide.", "He survived, and received further financial aid from his uncle, allowing him to resume his normal life.", "After nearly four years in France and on French ships, Conrad joined the British merchant marine, enlisting in April 1878 (he had most likely started learning English shortly before).For the next fifteen years, he served under the Red Ensign.", "He worked on a variety of ships as crew member (steward, apprentice, able seaman) and then as third, second and first mate, until eventually achieving captain's rank.", "During the 19 years from the time that Conrad had left Kraków, in October 1874, until he signed off the ''Adowa'', in January 1894, he had worked in ships, including long periods in port, for 10 years and almost 8 months.", "He had spent just over 8 years at sea—9 months of it as a passenger.", "His sole captaincy took place in 1888–89, when he commanded the barque ''Otago'' from Sydney to Mauritius.During a brief call in India in 1885–86, 28-year-old Conrad sent five letters to Joseph Spiridion, a Pole eight years his senior whom he had befriended at Cardiff in June 1885, just before sailing for Singapore in the clipper ship ''Tilkhurst''.", "These letters are Conrad's first preserved texts in English.", "His English is generally correct but stiff to the point of artificiality; many fragments suggest that his thoughts ran along the lines of Polish syntax and phraseology.More importantly, the letters show a marked change in views from those implied in his earlier correspondence of 1881–83.He had abandoned \"hope for the future\" and the conceit of \"sailing ever toward Poland\", and his Panslavic ideas.", "He was left with a painful sense of the hopelessness of the Polish question and an acceptance of England as a possible refuge.", "While he often adjusted his statements to accord to some extent with the views of his addressees, the theme of hopelessness concerning the prospects for Polish independence often occurs authentically in his correspondence and works before 1914.Conrad lived at 17 Gillingham Street, Pimlico, central London after returning from the CongoThe year 1890 marked Conrad's first return to Poland, where he would visit his uncle and other relatives and acquaintances.", "This visit took place while he was waiting to proceed to the Congo Free State, having been hired by Albert Thys, deputy director of the ''Société Anonyme Belge pour le Commerce du Haut-Congo''.", "Conrad's association with the Belgian company, on the Congo River, would inspire his novella, ''Heart of Darkness''.", "During this 1890 period in the Congo, Conrad befriended Roger Casement, who was also working for Thys, operating a trading and transport station in Matadi.", "In 1903, as British Consul to Boma, Casement was commissioned to investigate abuses in the Congo, and later in Amazonian Peru, and was knighted in 1911 for his advocacy of human rights.", "Casement later became active in Irish Republicanism after leaving the British consular service.Torrens'': Conrad made two round trips as first mate, London to Adelaide, between November 1891 and July 1893.Conrad left Africa at the end of December 1890, arriving in Brussels by late January of the following year.", "He rejoined the British merchant marines, as first mate, in November.", "When he left London on 25 October 1892 aboard the passenger clipper ship ''Torrens'', one of the passengers was William Henry Jacques, a consumptive Cambridge University graduate who died less than a year later on 19 September 1893.According to Conrad's ''A Personal Record'', Jacques was the first reader of the still-unfinished manuscript of Conrad's ''Almayer's Folly''.", "Jacques encouraged Conrad to continue writing the novel.John Galsworthy, whom Conrad met on ''Torrens''Conrad completed his last long-distance voyage as a seaman on 26 July 1893 when the ''Torrens'' docked at London and \"J. Conrad Korzemowin\"—per the certificate of discharge—debarked.", "When the ''Torrens'' had left Adelaide on 13 March 1893, the passengers had included two young Englishmen returning from Australia and New Zealand: 25-year-old lawyer and future novelist John Galsworthy; and Edward Lancelot Sanderson, who was going to help his father run a boys' preparatory school at Elstree.", "They were probably the first Englishmen and non-sailors with whom Conrad struck up a friendship and he would remain in touch with both.", "In one of Galsworthy's first literary attempts, ''The Doldrums'' (1895–96), the protagonist—first mate Armand—is modelled after Conrad.", "At Cape Town, where the ''Torrens'' remained from 17 to 19 May, Galsworthy left the ship to look at the local mines.", "Sanderson continued his voyage and seems to have been the first to develop closer ties with Conrad.", "Later that year, Conrad would visit his relatives in Poland and Ukraine once again.===Writer===Conrad, 1916(photogravure by Alvin Langdon Coburn)In the autumn of 1889, Conrad began writing his first novel, ''Almayer's Folly''.Conrad's later letters to literary friends show the attention that he devoted to analysis of style, to individual words and expressions, to the emotional tone of phrases, to the atmosphere created by language.", "In this, Conrad in his own way followed the example of Gustave Flaubert, notorious for searching days on end for ''le mot juste''—for the right word to render the \"essence of the matter.\"", "Najder opined:\"Writing in a foreign language admits a greater temerity in tackling personally sensitive problems, for it leaves uncommitted the most spontaneous, deeper reaches of the psyche, and allows a greater distance in treating matters we would hardly dare approach in the language of our childhood.", "As a rule it is easier both to swear and to analyze dispassionately in an acquired language.", "\"In 1894, aged 36, Conrad reluctantly gave up the sea, partly because of poor health, partly due to unavailability of ships, and partly because he had become so fascinated with writing that he had decided on a literary career.", "''Almayer's Folly'', set on the east coast of Borneo, was published in 1895.Its appearance marked his first use of the pen name \"Joseph Conrad\"; \"Konrad\" was, of course, the third of his Polish given names, but his use of it—in the anglicised version, \"Conrad\"—may also have been an homage to the Polish Romantic poet Adam Mickiewicz's patriotic narrative poem, ''Konrad Wallenrod''.Edward Garnett, a young publisher's reader and literary critic who would play one of the chief supporting roles in Conrad's literary career, had—like Unwin's first reader of ''Almayer's Folly'', Wilfrid Hugh Chesson—been impressed by the manuscript, but Garnett had been \"uncertain whether the English was good enough for publication.\"", "Garnett had shown the novel to his wife, Constance Garnett, later a translator of Russian literature.", "She had thought Conrad's foreignness a positive merit.While Conrad had only limited personal acquaintance with the peoples of Maritime Southeast Asia, the region looms large in his early work.", "According to Najder, Conrad, the exile and wanderer, was aware of a difficulty that he confessed more than once: the lack of a common cultural background with his Anglophone readers meant he could not compete with English-language authors writing about the English-speaking world.", "At the same time, the choice of a non-English colonial setting freed him from an embarrassing division of loyalty: ''Almayer's Folly'', and later \"An Outpost of Progress\" (1897, set in a Congo exploited by King Leopold II of Belgium) and ''Heart of Darkness'' (1899, likewise set in the Congo), contain bitter reflections on colonialism.", "The Malay states came theoretically under the suzerainty of the Dutch government; Conrad did not write about the area's British dependencies, which he never visited.", "He \"was apparently intrigued by... struggles aimed at preserving national independence.", "The prolific and destructive richness of tropical nature and the dreariness of human life within it accorded well with the pessimistic mood of his early works.", "\"''Almayer's Folly'', together with its successor, ''An Outcast of the Islands'' (1896), laid the foundation for Conrad's reputation as a romantic teller of exotic tales—a misunderstanding of his purpose that was to frustrate him for the rest of his career.Almost all of Conrad's writings were first published in newspapers and magazines: influential reviews like ''The Fortnightly Review'' and the ''North American Review''; avant-garde publications like the ''Savoy'', ''New Review'', and ''The English Review''; popular short-fiction magazines like ''The Saturday Evening Post'' and ''Harper's Magazine''; women's journals like the ''Pictorial Review'' and ''Romance''; mass-circulation dailies like the ''Daily Mail'' and the ''New York Herald''; and illustrated newspapers like ''The Illustrated London News'' and the ''Illustrated Buffalo Express''.", "He also wrote for ''The Outlook'', an imperialist weekly magazine, between 1898 and 1906.Financial success long eluded Conrad, who often requested advances from magazine and book publishers, and loans from acquaintances such as John Galsworthy.", "Eventually a government grant (\"civil list pension\") of £100 per annum, awarded on 9 August 1910, somewhat relieved his financial worries, and in time collectors began purchasing his manuscripts.", "Though his talent was early on recognised by English intellectuals, popular success eluded him until the 1913 publication of ''Chance'', which is often considered one of his weaker novels.===Personal life===Time'', 7 April 1923====Temperament and health====Conrad was a reserved man, wary of showing emotion.", "He scorned sentimentality; his manner of portraying emotion in his books was full of restraint, scepticism and irony.", "In the words of his uncle Bobrowski, as a young man Conrad was \"extremely sensitive, conceited, reserved, and in addition excitable.", "In short ... all the defects of the ''Nałęcz'' family.", "\"Conrad suffered throughout life from ill health, physical and mental.", "A newspaper review of a Conrad biography suggested that the book could have been subtitled ''Thirty Years of Debt, Gout, Depression and Angst''.", "In 1891 he was hospitalised for several months, suffering from gout, neuralgic pains in his right arm and recurrent attacks of malaria.", "He also complained of swollen hands \"which made writing difficult\".", "Taking his uncle Tadeusz Bobrowski's advice, he convalesced at a spa in Switzerland.", "Conrad had a phobia of dentistry, neglecting his teeth until they had to be extracted.", "In one letter he remarked that every novel he had written had cost him a tooth.", "Conrad's physical afflictions were, if anything, less vexatious than his mental ones.", "In his letters he often described symptoms of depression; \"the evidence\", writes Najder, \"is so strong that it is nearly impossible to doubt it.", "\"====Attempted suicide====In March 1878, at the end of his Marseilles period, 20-year-old Conrad attempted suicide, by shooting himself in the chest with a revolver.", "According to his uncle, who was summoned by a friend, Conrad had fallen into debt.", "Bobrowski described his subsequent \"study\" of his nephew in an extensive letter to Stefan Buszczyński, his own ideological opponent and a friend of Conrad's late father Apollo.", "To what extent the suicide attempt had been made in earnest likely will never be known, but it is suggestive of a situational depression.====Romance and marriage====In 1888 during a stop-over on Mauritius, in the Indian Ocean, Conrad developed a couple of romantic interests.", "One of these would be described in his 1910 story \"A Smile of Fortune\", which contains autobiographical elements (e.g., one of the characters is the same Chief Mate Burns who appears in ''The Shadow Line'').", "The narrator, a young captain, flirts ambiguously and surreptitiously with Alice Jacobus, daughter of a local merchant living in a house surrounded by a magnificent rose garden.", "Research has confirmed that in Port Louis at the time there was a 17-year-old Alice Shaw, whose father, a shipping agent, owned the only rose garden in town.More is known about Conrad's other, more open flirtation.", "An old friend, Captain Gabriel Renouf of the French merchant marine, introduced him to the family of his brother-in-law.", "Renouf's eldest sister was the wife of Louis Edward Schmidt, a senior official in the colony; with them lived two other sisters and two brothers.", "Though the island had been taken over in 1810 by Britain, many of the inhabitants were descendants of the original French colonists, and Conrad's excellent French and perfect manners opened all local salons to him.", "He became a frequent guest at the Schmidts', where he often met the Misses Renouf.", "A couple of days before leaving Port Louis, Conrad asked one of the Renouf brothers for the hand of his 26-year-old sister Eugenie.", "She was already, however, engaged to marry her pharmacist cousin.", "After the rebuff, Conrad did not pay a farewell visit but sent a polite letter to Gabriel Renouf, saying he would never return to Mauritius and adding that on the day of the wedding his thoughts would be with them.Westbere House, in Canterbury, Kent, was once owned by Conrad.", "It is listed Grade II on the National Heritage List for England.On 24 March 1896 Conrad married an Englishwoman, Jessie George.", "The couple had two sons, Borys and John.", "The elder, Borys, proved a disappointment in scholarship and integrity.", "Jessie was an unsophisticated, working-class girl, sixteen years younger than Conrad.", "To his friends, she was an inexplicable choice of wife, and the subject of some rather disparaging and unkind remarks.", "(See Lady Ottoline Morrell's opinion of Jessie in Impressions.)", "However, according to other biographers such as Frederick Karl, Jessie provided what Conrad needed, namely a \"straightforward, devoted, quite competent\" companion.", "Similarly, Jones remarks that, despite whatever difficulties the marriage endured, \"there can be no doubt that the relationship sustained Conrad's career as a writer\", which might have been much less successful without her.The couple rented a long series of successive homes, mostly in the English countryside.", "Conrad, who suffered frequent depressions, made great efforts to change his mood; the most important step was to move into another house.", "His frequent changes of home were usually signs of a search for psychological regeneration.", "Between 1910 and 1919 Conrad's home was Capel House in Orlestone, Kent, which was rented to him by Lord and Lady Oliver.", "It was here that he wrote ''The Rescue'', ''Victory'', and ''The Arrow of Gold''.Except for several vacations in France and Italy, a 1914 vacation in his native Poland, and a 1923 visit to the United States, Conrad lived the rest of his life in England.===Sojourn in Poland===In 1914 Conrad and family stayed at the Zakopane ''Willa Konstantynówka'', operated by his cousin Aniela Zagórska, mother of his future Polish translator of the same name.Aniela Zagórska, Conrad's future Polish translator, with Conrad, 1914 Conrad's nieces Aniela Zagórska (''left''), Karola Zagórska; ConradThe 1914 vacation with his wife and sons in Poland, at the urging of Józef Retinger, coincided with the outbreak of World War I.", "On 28 July 1914, the day war broke out between Austro-Hungary and Serbia, Conrad and the Retingers arrived in Kraków (then in the Austro-Hungarian Empire), where Conrad visited childhood haunts.", "As the city lay only a few miles from the Russian border, there was a risk of being stranded in a battle zone.", "With wife Jessie and younger son John ill, Conrad decided to take refuge in the mountain resort town of Zakopane.", "They left Kraków on 2 August.", "A few days after arrival in Zakopane, they moved to the Konstantynówka ''pension'' operated by Conrad's cousin Aniela Zagórska; it had been frequented by celebrities including the statesman Józef Piłsudski and Conrad's acquaintance, the young concert pianist Artur Rubinstein.Zagórska introduced Conrad to Polish writers, intellectuals, and artists who had also taken refuge in Zakopane, including novelist Stefan Żeromski and Tadeusz Nalepiński, a writer friend of anthropologist Bronisław Malinowski.", "Conrad aroused interest among the Poles as a famous writer and an exotic compatriot from abroad.", "He charmed new acquaintances, especially women.", "However, Marie Curie's physician sister, Bronisława Dłuska, wife of fellow physician and eminent socialist activist Kazimierz Dłuski, openly berated Conrad for having used his great talent for purposes other than bettering the future of his native land.", "But thirty-two-year-old Aniela Zagórska (daughter of the ''pension'' keeper), Conrad's niece who would translate his works into Polish in 1923–39, idolised him, kept him company, and provided him with books.", "He particularly delighted in the stories and novels of the ten-years-older, recently deceased Bolesław Prus (who also had visited Zakopane), read everything by his fellow victim of Poland's 1863 Uprising—\"my beloved Prus\"—that he could get his hands on, and pronounced him \"better than Dickens\"—a favourite English novelist of Conrad's.Conrad, who was noted by his Polish acquaintances to still be fluent in his native tongue, participated in their impassioned political discussions.", "He declared presciently, as Józef Piłsudski had earlier in 1914 in Paris, that in the war, for Poland to regain independence, Russia must be beaten by the Central Powers (the Austro-Hungarian and German Empires), and the Central Powers must in turn be beaten by France and Britain.After many travails and vicissitudes, at the beginning of November 1914 Conrad managed to bring his family back to England.", "On his return, he was determined to work on swaying British opinion in favour of restoring Poland's sovereignty.Jessie Conrad would later write in her memoirs: \"I understood my husband so much better after those months in Poland.", "So many characteristics that had been strange and unfathomable to me before, took, as it were, their right proportions.", "I understood that his temperament was that of his countrymen.", "\"===Politics===Biographer Zdzisław Najder wrote: The most extensive and ambitious political statement that Conrad ever made was his 1905 essay, \"Autocracy and War\", whose starting point was the Russo-Japanese War (he finished the article a month before the Battle of Tsushima Strait).", "The essay begins with a statement about Russia's incurable weakness and ends with warnings against Prussia, the dangerous aggressor in a future European war.", "For Russia he predicted a violent outburst in the near future, but Russia's lack of democratic traditions and the backwardness of her masses made it impossible for the revolution to have a salutary effect.", "Conrad regarded the formation of a representative government in Russia as unfeasible and foresaw a transition from autocracy to dictatorship.", "He saw western Europe as torn by antagonisms engendered by economic rivalry and commercial selfishness.", "In vain might a Russian revolution seek advice or help from a materialistic and egoistic western Europe that armed itself in preparation for wars far more brutal than those of the past.Bust of Joseph Conrad, by Jacob Epstein, 1924, at National Portrait Gallery, London.", "Epstein, wrote Conrad, \"has produced a wonderful piece of work of a somewhat monumental dignity, and yet—everybody agrees—the likeness is striking\"Conrad's distrust of democracy sprang from his doubts whether the propagation of democracy as an aim in itself could solve any problems.", "He thought that, in view of the weakness of human nature and of the \"criminal\" character of society, democracy offered boundless opportunities for demagogues and charlatans.", "Conrad kept his distance from partisan politics, and never voted in British national elections.He accused social democrats of his time of acting to weaken \"the national sentiment, the preservation of which was his concern\"—of attempting to dissolve national identities in an impersonal melting-pot.", "\"I look at the future from the depth of a very black past and I find that nothing is left for me except fidelity to a cause lost, to an idea without future.\"", "It was Conrad's hopeless fidelity to the memory of Poland that prevented him from believing in the idea of \"international fraternity\", which he considered, under the circumstances, just a verbal exercise.", "He resented some socialists' talk of freedom and world brotherhood while keeping silent about his own partitioned and oppressed Poland.Before that, in the early 1880s, letters to Conrad from his uncle Tadeusz show Conrad apparently having hoped for an improvement in Poland's situation not through a liberation movement but by establishing an alliance with neighbouring Slavic nations.", "This had been accompanied by a faith in the Panslavic ideology—\"surprising\", Najder writes, \"in a man who was later to emphasize his hostility towards Russia, a conviction that... Poland's superior civilization and... historic... traditions would let her play a leading role... in the Panslavic community, and his doubts about Poland's chances of becoming a fully sovereign nation-state.", "\"Conrad's alienation from ''partisan'' politics went together with an abiding sense of the thinking man's burden imposed by his personality, as described in an 1894 letter by Conrad to a relative-by-marriage and fellow author, Marguerite Poradowska (''née'' Gachet, and cousin of Vincent van Gogh's physician, Paul Gachet) of Brussels:Conrad wrote H. G. Wells that the latter's 1901 book, ''Anticipations'', an ambitious attempt to predict major social trends, \"seems to presuppose... a sort of select circle to which you address yourself, leaving the rest of the world outside the pale.", "In addition, you do not take sufficient account of human imbecility which is cunning and perfidious.", "\"In a 23 October 1922 letter to mathematician-philosopher Bertrand Russell, in response to the latter's book, ''The Problem of China'', which advocated socialist reforms and an oligarchy of sages who would reshape Chinese society, Conrad explained his own distrust of political panaceas:Leo Robson writes:But, writes Robson, Conrad is no moral nihilist:In an August 1901 letter to the editor of ''The New York Times Saturday Book Review'', Conrad wrote: \"Egoism, which is the moving force of the world, and altruism, which is its morality, these two contradictory instincts, of which one is so plain and the other so mysterious, cannot serve us unless in the incomprehensible alliance of their irreconcilable antagonism.", "\"===Death===Conrad's grave at Canterbury Cemetery, near Harbledown, KentOn 3 August 1924, Conrad died at his house, Oswalds, in Bishopsbourne, Kent, England, probably of a heart attack.", "He was interred at Canterbury Cemetery, Canterbury, under a misspelled version of his original Polish name, as \"Joseph Teador Conrad Korzeniowski\".", "Inscribed on his gravestone are the lines from Edmund Spenser's ''The Faerie Queene'' which he had chosen as the epigraph to his last complete novel, ''The Rover'':Conrad's modest funeral took place amid great crowds.", "His old friend Edward Garnett recalled bitterly:Another old friend of Conrad's, Cunninghame Graham, wrote Garnett: \"Aubry was saying to me... that had Anatole France died, all Paris would have been at his funeral.", "\"Conrad's wife Jessie died twelve years later, on 6 December 1936, and was interred with him.In 1996 his grave was designated a Grade II listed structure." ], [ "Writing style", "===Themes and style===Joseph Conrad, 1919 or afterDespite the opinions even of some who knew Conrad personally, such as fellow-novelist Henry James, Conrad—even when only writing elegantly crafted letters to his uncle and acquaintances—was always at heart a writer who sailed, rather than a sailor who wrote.", "He used his sailing experiences as a backdrop for many of his works, but he also produced works of similar world view, without the nautical motifs.", "The failure of many critics to appreciate this caused him much frustration.He wrote oftener about life at sea and in exotic parts than about life on British land because—unlike, for example, his friend John Galsworthy, author of ''The Forsyte Saga''—he knew little about everyday domestic relations in Britain.", "When Conrad's ''The Mirror of the Sea'' was published in 1906 to critical acclaim, he wrote to his French translator: \"The critics have been vigorously swinging the censer to me....", "Behind the concert of flattery, I can hear something like a whisper: 'Keep to the open sea!", "Don't land!'", "They want to banish me to the middle of the ocean.\"", "Writing to his friend Richard Curle, Conrad remarked that \"the public mind fastens on externals\" such as his \"sea life\", oblivious to how authors transform their material \"from particular to general, and appeal to universal emotions by the temperamental handling of personal experience\".Nevertheless, Conrad found much sympathetic readership, especially in the United States.", "H.L.", "Mencken was one of the earliest and most influential American readers to recognise how Conrad conjured up \"the general out of the particular\".", "F. Scott Fitzgerald, writing to Mencken, complained about having been omitted from a list of Conrad imitators.", "Since Fitzgerald, dozens of other American writers have acknowledged their debts to Conrad, including William Faulkner, William Burroughs, Saul Bellow, Philip Roth, Joan Didion, and Thomas Pynchon.An October 1923 visitor to Oswalds, Conrad's home at the time—Cyril Clemens, a cousin of Mark Twain—quoted Conrad as saying: \"In everything I have written there is always one invariable intention, and that is to capture the reader's attention.", "\"Conrad the artist famously aspired, in the words of his preface to ''The Nigger of the 'Narcissus''' (1897), \"by the power of the written word to make you hear, to make you feel... before all, to make you ''see''.", "That—and no more, and it is everything.", "If I succeed, you shall find there according to your deserts: encouragement, consolation, fear, charm—all you demand—and, perhaps, also that glimpse of truth for which you have forgotten to ask.", "\"Writing in what to the visual arts was the age of Impressionism, and what to music was the age of impressionist music, Conrad showed himself in many of his works a prose poet of the highest order: for instance, in the evocative ''Patna'' and courtroom scenes of ''Lord Jim''; in the scenes of the \"melancholy-mad elephant\" and the \"French gunboat firing into a continent\", in ''Heart of Darkness''; in the doubled protagonists of \"The Secret Sharer\"; and in the verbal and conceptual resonances of ''Nostromo'' and ''The Nigger of the 'Narcissus'''.Conrad used his own memories as literary material so often that readers are tempted to treat his life and work as a single whole.", "His \"view of the world\", or elements of it, is often described by citing at once both his private and public statements, passages from his letters, and citations from his books.", "Najder warns that this approach produces an incoherent and misleading picture.", "\"An... uncritical linking of the two spheres, literature and private life, distorts each.", "Conrad used his own experiences as raw material, but the finished product should not be confused with the experiences themselves.", "\"Many of Conrad's characters were inspired by actual persons he had met, including, in his first novel, ''Almayer's Folly'' (completed 1894), William Charles Olmeijer, the spelling of whose surname Conrad probably altered to \"Almayer\" inadvertently.", "The historic trader Olmeijer, whom Conrad encountered on his four short visits to Berau in Borneo, subsequently haunted Conrad's imagination.", "Conrad often borrowed the authentic names of actual individuals, e.g., Captain McWhirr (''Typhoon''), Captain Beard and Mr. Mahon (\"Youth\"), Captain Lingard (''Almayer's Folly'' and elsewhere), and Captain Ellis (''The Shadow Line'').", "\"Conrad\", writes J. I. M. Stewart, \"appears to have attached some mysterious significance to such links with actuality.\"", "Equally curious is \"a great deal of namelessness in Conrad, requiring some minor virtuosity to maintain.\"", "Thus we never learn the surname of the protagonist of ''Lord Jim''.", "Conrad also preserves, in ''The Nigger of the 'Narcissus''', the authentic name of the ship, the ''Narcissus'', in which he sailed in 1884.Apart from Conrad's own experiences, a number of episodes in his fiction were suggested by past or contemporary publicly known events or literary works.", "The first half of the 1900 novel ''Lord Jim'' (the ''Patna'' episode) was inspired by the real-life 1880 story of the ; the second part, to some extent by the life of James Brooke, the first White Rajah of Sarawak.", "The 1901 short story \"Amy Foster\" was inspired partly by an anecdote in Ford Madox Ford's ''The Cinque Ports'' (1900), wherein a shipwrecked sailor from a German merchant ship, unable to communicate in English, and driven away by the local country people, finally found shelter in a pigsty.In ''Nostromo'' (completed 1904), the theft of a massive consignment of silver was suggested to Conrad by a story he had heard in the Gulf of Mexico and later read about in a \"volume picked up outside a second-hand bookshop.\"", "The novel's political strand, according to Maya Jasanoff, is related to the creation of the Panama Canal.", "\"In January 1903\", she writes, \"just as Conrad started writing ''Nostromo'', the US and Colombian secretaries of state signed a treaty granting the United States a one-hundred-year renewable lease on a six-mile strip flanking the canal...", "While the newspapers murmured about revolution in Colombia, Conrad opened a fresh section of ''Nostromo'' with hints of dissent in Costaguana\", his fictional South American country.", "He plotted a revolution in the Costaguanan fictional port of Sulaco that mirrored the real-life secessionist movement brewing in Panama.", "When Conrad finished the novel on 1 September 1904, writes Jasanoff, \"he left Sulaco in the condition of Panama.", "As Panama had gotten its independence instantly recognized by the United States and its economy bolstered by American investment in the canal, so Sulaco had ''its'' independence instantly recognized by the United States, and its economy underwritten by investment in the fictional San Tomé silver mine.", "\"''The Secret Agent'' (completed 1906) was inspired by the French anarchist Martial Bourdin's 1894 death while apparently attempting to blow up the Greenwich Observatory.", "Conrad's story \"The Secret Sharer\" (completed 1909) was inspired by an 1880 incident when Sydney Smith, first mate of the ''Cutty Sark'', had killed a seaman and fled from justice, aided by the ship's captain.", "The plot of ''Under Western Eyes'' (completed 1910) is kicked off by the assassination of a brutal Russian government minister, modelled after the real-life 1904 assassination of Russian Minister of the Interior Vyacheslav von Plehve.", "The near-novella \"Freya of the Seven Isles\" (completed in March 1911) was inspired by a story told to Conrad by a Malaya old hand and fan of Conrad's, Captain Carlos M. Marris.For the natural surroundings of the high seas, the Malay Archipelago and South America, which Conrad described so vividly, he could rely on his own observations.", "What his brief landfalls could not provide was a thorough understanding of exotic cultures.", "For this he resorted, like other writers, to literary sources.", "When writing his Malayan stories, he consulted Alfred Russel Wallace's ''The Malay Archipelago'' (1869), James Brooke's journals, and books with titles like ''Perak and the Malays'', ''My Journal in Malayan Waters'', and ''Life in the Forests of the Far East''.", "When he set about writing his novel ''Nostromo'', set in the fictional South American country of Costaguana, he turned to ''The War between Peru and Chile''; Edward Eastwick, ''Venezuela: or, Sketches of Life in a South American Republic'' (1868); and George Frederick Masterman, ''Seven Eventful Years in Paraguay'' (1869).", "As a result of relying on literary sources, in ''Lord Jim'', as J. I. M. Stewart writes, Conrad's \"need to work to some extent from second-hand\" led to \"a certain thinness in Jim's relations with the... peoples... of Patusan...\" This prompted Conrad at some points to alter the nature of Charles Marlow's narrative to \"distance an uncertain command of the detail of Tuan Jim's empire.", "\"In keeping with his scepticism and melancholy, Conrad almost invariably gives lethal fates to the characters in his principal novels and stories.", "Almayer (''Almayer's Folly'', 1894), abandoned by his beloved daughter, takes to opium, and dies.", "Peter Willems (''An Outcast of the Islands'', 1895) is killed by his jealous lover Aïssa.", "The ineffectual \"Nigger\", James Wait (''The Nigger of the 'Narcissus''', 1897), dies aboard ship and is buried at sea.", "Mr. Kurtz (''Heart of Darkness'', 1899) expires, uttering the words, \"The horror!", "The horror!\"", "''Tuan'' Jim (''Lord Jim'', 1900), having inadvertently precipitated a massacre of his adoptive community, deliberately walks to his death at the hands of the community's leader.", "In Conrad's 1901 short story, \"Amy Foster\", a Pole transplanted to England, Yanko Goorall (an English transliteration of the Polish ''Janko Góral'', \"Johnny Highlander\"), falls ill and, suffering from a fever, raves in his native language, frightening his wife Amy, who flees; next morning Yanko dies of heart failure, and it transpires that he had simply been asking in Polish for water.", "Captain Whalley (''The End of the Tether'', 1902), betrayed by failing eyesight and an unscrupulous partner, drowns himself.", "Gian' Battista Fidanza, the eponymous respected Italian-immigrant ''Nostromo'' () of the novel ''Nostromo'' (1904), illicitly obtains a treasure of silver mined in the South American country of \"Costaguana\" and is shot dead due to mistaken identity.", "Mr. Verloc, ''The Secret Agent'' (1906) of divided loyalties, attempts a bombing, to be blamed on terrorists, that accidentally kills his mentally defective brother-in-law Stevie, and Verloc himself is killed by his distraught wife, who drowns herself by jumping overboard from a channel steamer.", "In ''Chance'' (1913), Roderick Anthony, a sailing-ship captain, and benefactor and husband of Flora de Barral, becomes the target of a poisoning attempt by her jealous disgraced financier father who, when detected, swallows the poison himself and dies (some years later, Captain Anthony drowns at sea).", "In ''Victory'' (1915), Lena is shot dead by Jones, who had meant to kill his accomplice Ricardo and later succeeds in doing so, then himself perishes along with another accomplice, after which Lena's protector Axel Heyst sets fire to his bungalow and dies beside Lena's body.When a principal character of Conrad's does escape with his life, he sometimes does not fare much better.", "In ''Under Western Eyes'' (1911), Razumov betrays a fellow University of St. Petersburg student, the revolutionist Victor Haldin, who has assassinated a savagely repressive Russian government minister.", "Haldin is tortured and hanged by the authorities.", "Later Razumov, sent as a government spy to Geneva, a centre of anti-tsarist intrigue, meets the mother and sister of Haldin, who share Haldin's liberal convictions.", "Razumov falls in love with the sister and confesses his betrayal of her brother; later, he makes the same avowal to assembled revolutionists, and their professional executioner bursts his eardrums, making him deaf for life.", "Razumov staggers away, is knocked down by a streetcar, and finally returns as a cripple to Russia.Conrad was keenly conscious of tragedy in the world and in his works.", "In 1898, at the start of his writing career, he had written to his Scottish writer-politician friend Cunninghame Graham: \"What makes mankind tragic is not that they are the victims of nature, it is that they are conscious of it.", "As soon as you know of your slavery the pain, the anger, the strife—the tragedy begins.\"", "But in 1922, near the end of his life and career, when another Scottish friend, Richard Curle, sent Conrad proofs of two articles he had written about Conrad, the latter objected to being characterised as a gloomy and tragic writer.", "\"That reputation... has deprived me of innumerable readers...", "I absolutely object to being called a ''tragedian''.", "\"Conrad claimed that he \"never kept a diary and never owned a notebook.\"", "John Galsworthy, who knew him well, described this as \"a statement which surprised no one who knew the resources of his memory and the brooding nature of his creative spirit.\"", "Nevertheless, after Conrad's death, Richard Curle published a heavily modified version of Conrad's diaries describing his experiences in the Congo; in 1978 a more complete version was published as ''The Congo Diary and Other Uncollected Pieces''.", "The first accurate transcription was published in Robert Hampson's Penguin edition of ''Heart of Darkness'' in 1995; Hampson's transcription and annotations were reprinted in the Penguin edition of 2007.Unlike many authors who make it a point not to discuss work in progress, Conrad often did discuss his current work and even showed it to select friends and fellow authors, such as Edward Garnett, and sometimes modified it in the light of their critiques and suggestions.Edward Said was struck by the sheer quantity of Conrad's correspondence with friends and fellow writers; by 1966, it \"amounted to eight published volumes\".", "Said comments: \"It seemed to me that if Conrad wrote of himself, of the problem of self-definition, with such sustained urgency, some of what he wrote must have had meaning for his fiction.", "It was difficult to believe that a man would be so uneconomical as to pour himself out in letter after letter and then not use and reformulate his insights and discoveries in his fiction.\"", "Said found especially close parallels between Conrad's letters and his shorter fiction.", "\"Conrad... believed... that artistic distinction was more tellingly demonstrated in a shorter rather than a longer work....", "He believed that his own life was like a series of short episodes... because he was himself so many different people...: he was a Pole and an Englishman, a sailor and a writer.\"", "Another scholar, Najder, wrote:Conrad borrowed from other, Polish- and French-language authors, to an extent sometimes skirting plagiarism.", "When the Polish translation of his 1915 novel ''Victory'' appeared in 1931, readers noted striking similarities to Stefan Żeromski's kitschy novel, ''The History of a Sin'' (''Dzieje grzechu'', 1908), including their endings.", "Comparative-literature scholar Yves Hervouet has demonstrated in the text of ''Victory'' a whole mosaic of influences, borrowings, similarities and allusions.", "He further lists hundreds of concrete borrowings from other, mostly French authors in nearly all of Conrad's works, from ''Almayer's Folly'' (1895) to his unfinished ''Suspense''.", "Conrad seems to have used eminent writers' texts as raw material of the same kind as the content of his own memory.", "Materials borrowed from other authors often functioned as allusions.", "Moreover, he had a phenomenal memory for texts and remembered details, \"but writes Najder it was not a memory strictly categorized according to sources, marshalled into homogeneous entities; it was, rather, an enormous receptacle of images and pieces from which he would draw.", "\"Continues Najder: \"He can never be accused of outright plagiarism.", "Even when lifting sentences and scenes, Conrad changed their character, inserted them within novel structures.", "He did not imitate, but (as Hervouet says) 'continued' his masters.", "He was right in saying: 'I don't resemble anybody.'", "Ian Watt put it succinctly: 'In a sense, Conrad is the least derivative of writers; he wrote very little that could possibly be mistaken for the work of anyone else.'", "Conrad's acquaintance George Bernard Shaw says it well: \"A man can no more be completely original ... than a tree can grow out of air.", "\"Conrad, like other artists, faced constraints arising from the need to propitiate his audience and confirm their own favourable self-regard.", "This may account for his describing the admirable crew of the ''Judea'' in his 1898 story \"Youth\" as \"Liverpool hard cases\", whereas the crew of the ''Judea'''s actual 1882 prototype, the ''Palestine'', had included not a single Liverpudlian, and half the crew had been non-Britons; and for Conrad's transforming the real-life 1880 criminally negligent British captain J. L. Clark, of the , in his 1900 novel ''Lord Jim'', into the captain of the fictitious ''Patna''—\"a sort of renegade New South Wales German\" so monstrous in physical appearance as to suggest \"a trained baby elephant\".", "Similarly, in his letters Conrad—during most of his literary career, struggling for sheer financial survival—often adjusted his views to the predilections of his correspondents.Historians have also noted that Conrad's works which were set in European colonies and intended to critique the effects of colonialism were set in Dutch and Belgian colonies, instead of the British Empire.The singularity of the universe depicted in Conrad's novels, especially compared to those of near-contemporaries like his friend and frequent benefactor John Galsworthy, is such as to open him to criticism similar to that later applied to Graham Greene.", "But where \"Greeneland\" has been characterised as a recurring and recognisable atmosphere independent of setting, Conrad is at pains to create a sense of place, be it aboard ship or in a remote village; often he chose to have his characters play out their destinies in isolated or confined circumstances.", "In the view of Evelyn Waugh and Kingsley Amis, it was not until the first volumes of Anthony Powell's sequence, ''A Dance to the Music of Time'', were published in the 1950s, that an English novelist achieved the same command of atmosphere and precision of language with consistency, a view supported by later critics like A. N. Wilson; Powell acknowledged his debt to Conrad.", "Leo Gurko, too, remarks, as \"one of Conrad's special qualities, his abnormal awareness of place, an awareness magnified to almost a new dimension in art, an ecological dimension defining the relationship between earth and man.\"T.", "E. Lawrence, one of many writers whom Conrad befriended, offered some perceptive observations about Conrad's writing:T. E. Lawrence, whom Conrad befriendedThe Irish novelist-poet-critic Colm Tóibín captures something similar:In a letter of 14 December 1897 to his Scottish friend, Robert Bontine Cunninghame Graham, Conrad wrote that science tells us, \"Understand that thou art nothing, less than a shadow, more insignificant than a drop of water in the ocean, more fleeting than the illusion of a dream.", "\"Cunninghame GrahamIn a letter of 20 December 1897 to Cunninghame Graham, Conrad metaphorically described the universe as a huge machine:Conrad wrote Cunninghame Graham on 31 January 1898:Leo Robson suggests thatAccording to Robson,===Language===Caricature of Conrad by David Low, 1923Conrad spoke his native Polish and the French language fluently from childhood and only acquired English in his twenties.", "He would probably have spoken some Ukrainian as a child; he certainly had to have some knowledge of German and Russian.", "His son Borys records that, though Conrad had insisted that he spoke only a few words of German, when they reached the Austrian frontier in the family's attempt to leave Poland in 1914, Conrad spoke German \"at considerable length and extreme fluency\".", "Russia, Prussia, and Austria had divided up Poland among them, and he was officially a Russian subject until his naturalization as a British subject.", "As a result, up to this point, his official documents were in Russian.", "His knowledge of Russian was good enough that his uncle Tadeusz Bobrowski wrote him (22 May 1893) advising that, when Conrad came to visit, he should \"telegraph for horses, but in Russian, for Oratów doesn't receive or accept messages in an 'alien' language.", "\"Conrad chose, however, to write his fiction in English.", "He says in his preface to ''A Personal Record'' that writing in English was for him \"natural\", and that the idea of his having made a deliberate choice between English and French, as some had suggested, was in error.", "He explained that, though he had been familiar with French from childhood, \"I would have been afraid to attempt expression in a language so perfectly 'crystallized'.\"", "In 1915, as Jo Davidson sculpted his bust, Conrad answered his question: \"Ah… to write French you have to know it.", "English is so plastic—if you haven't got a word you need you can make it, but to write French you have to be an artist like Anatole France.\"", "These statements, as so often in Conrad's \"autobiographical\" writings, are subtly disingenuous.", "In 1897 Conrad was visited by a fellow Pole, the philosopher Wincenty Lutosławski, who asked Conrad, \"Why don't you write in Polish?\"", "Lutosławski recalled Conrad explaining: \"I value our beautiful Polish literature too much to bring into it my clumsy efforts.", "But for the English my gifts are sufficient and secure my daily bread.", "\"Conrad wrote in ''A Personal Record'' that English was \"the speech of my secret choice, of my future, of long friendships, of the deepest affections, of hours of toil and hours of ease, and of solitary hours, too, of books read, of thoughts pursued, of remembered emotions—of my very dreams!\"", "In 1878 Conrad's four-year experience in the French merchant marine had been cut short when the French discovered he did not have a permit from the Imperial Russian consul to sail with the French.", "This, and some typically disastrous Conradian investments, had left him destitute and had precipitated a suicide attempt.", "With the concurrence of his mentor-uncle Tadeusz Bobrowski, who had been summoned to Marseilles, Conrad decided to seek employment with the British merchant marine, which did not require Russia's permission.", "Thus began Conrad's sixteen years' seafarer's acquaintance with the British and with the English language.Had Conrad remained in the Francophone sphere or had he returned to Poland, the son of the Polish poet, playwright, and translator Apollo Korzeniowski—from childhood exposed to Polish and foreign literature, and ambitious to himself become a writer—he might have ended up writing in French or Polish instead of English.", "Certainly his Uncle Tadeusz thought Conrad might write in Polish; in an 1881 letter he advised his 23-year-old nephew:In the opinion of some biographers, Conrad's third language, English, remained under the influence of his first two languages—Polish and French.", "This makes his English seem unusual.", "Najder writes that:Inevitably for a trilingual Polish–French–English-speaker, Conrad's writings occasionally show linguistic spillover: \"Franglais\" or \"Poglish\"—the inadvertent use of French or Polish vocabulary, grammar, or syntax in his English writings.", "In one instance, Najder used \"several slips in vocabulary, typical for Conrad (Gallicisms) and grammar (usually Polonisms)\" as part of internal evidence against Conrad's sometime literary collaborator Ford Madox Ford's claim to have written a certain instalment of Conrad's novel ''Nostromo'', for publication in ''T.", "P.'s Weekly'', on behalf of an ill Conrad.The impracticality of working with a language which has long ceased to be one's principal language of daily use is illustrated by Conrad's 1921 attempt at translating into English the Polish physicist, columnist, story-writer, and comedy-writer Bruno Winawer's short play, ''The Book of Job''.", "Najder writes:As a practical matter, by the time Conrad set about writing fiction, he had little choice but to write in English.", "Poles who accused Conrad of cultural apostasy because he wrote in English instead of Polish missed the point—as do Anglophones who see, in Conrad's default choice of English as his artistic medium, a testimonial to some sort of innate superiority of the English language.According to Conrad's close friend and literary assistant Richard Curle, the fact of Conrad writing in English was \"obviously misleading\" because Conrad \"is no more completely English in his art than he is in his nationality\".", "Conrad, according to Curle, \"could never have written in any other language save the English language....for he would have been dumb in any other language but the English.", "\"Conrad always retained a strong emotional attachment to his native language.", "He asked his visiting Polish niece Karola Zagórska, \"Will you forgive me that my sons don't speak Polish?\"", "In June 1924, shortly before his death, he apparently expressed a desire that his son John marry a Polish girl and learn Polish, and toyed with the idea of returning for good to now independent Poland.Conrad bridled at being referred to as a Russian or \"Slavonic\" writer.", "The only Russian writer he admired was Ivan Turgenev.", "\"The critics\", he wrote an acquaintance on 31 January 1924, six months before his death, \"detected in me a new note and as, just when I began to write, they had discovered the existence of Russian authors, they stuck that label on me under the name of Slavonism.", "What I venture to say is that it would have been more just to charge me at most with Polonism.\"", "However, though Conrad protested that Dostoyevsky was \"too Russian for me\" and that Russian literature generally was \"repugnant to me hereditarily and individually\", ''Under Western Eyes'' is viewed as Conrad's response to the themes explored in Dostoyevsky's ''Crime and Punishment''.Conrad had an awareness that, in any language, individual expressions – words, phrases, sentences – are fraught with connotations.", "He once wrote: \"No English word has clean edges.\"", "All expressions, he thought, carried so many connotations as to be little more than \"instruments for exciting blurred emotions.\"", "This might help elucidate the impressionistic quality of many passages in his writings.", "It also explains why he chose to write his literary works not in Polish or French but in English, with which for decades he had had the greatest contact.===Controversy===In 1975 the Nigerian writer Chinua Achebe published an essay, \"An Image of Africa: Racism in Conrad's 'Heart of Darkness'\", which provoked controversy by calling Conrad a \"thoroughgoing racist\".", "Achebe's view was that ''Heart of Darkness'' cannot be considered a great work of art because it is \"a novel which celebrates... dehumanisation, which depersonalises a portion of the human race.\"", "Referring to Conrad as a \"talented, tormented man\", Achebe notes that Conrad (via the protagonist, Charles Marlow) reduces and degrades Africans to \"limbs\", \"ankles\", \"glistening white eyeballs\", etc., while simultaneously (and fearfully) suspecting a common kinship between himself and these natives—leading Marlow to sneer the word \"ugly.\"", "Achebe also cited Conrad's description of an encounter with an African: \"A certain enormous buck nigger encountered in Haiti fixed my conception of blind, furious, unreasoning rage, as manifested in the human animal to the end of my days.\"", "Achebe's essay, a landmark in postcolonial discourse, provoked debate, and the questions it raised have been addressed in most subsequent literary criticism of Conrad.Achebe's critics argue that he fails to distinguish Marlow's view from Conrad's, which results in very clumsy interpretations of the novella.", "In their view, Conrad portrays Africans sympathetically and their plight tragically, and refers sarcastically to, and condemns outright, the supposedly noble aims of European colonists, thereby demonstrating his skepticism about the moral superiority of white men.", "Ending a passage that describes the condition of chained, emaciated slaves, the novelist remarks: \"After all, I also was a part of the great cause of these high and just proceedings.\"", "Some observers assert that Conrad, whose native country had been conquered by imperial powers, empathised by default with other subjugated peoples.", "Jeffrey Meyers notes that Conrad, like his acquaintance Roger Casement, \"was one of the first men to question the Western notion of progress, a dominant idea in Europe from the Renaissance to the Great War, to attack the hypocritical justification of colonialism and to reveal... the savage degradation of the white man in Africa.\"", "Likewise, E.D.", "Morel, who led international opposition to King Leopold II's rule in the Congo, saw Conrad's ''Heart of Darkness'' as a condemnation of colonial brutality and referred to the novella as \"the most powerful thing written on the subject.\"", "More recently, Nidesh Lawtoo complicated the race debate by showing that Conrad's images of \"frenzy\" depict rituals of \"possession trance\" that are equally central to Achebe's ''Things Fall Apart''.Conrad scholar Peter Firchow writes that \"nowhere in the novel does Conrad or any of his narrators, personified or otherwise, claim superiority on the part of Europeans on the grounds of alleged genetic or biological difference.\"", "If Conrad or his novel is racist, it is only in a weak sense, since ''Heart of Darkness'' acknowledges racial distinctions \"but does not suggest an essential superiority\" of any group.", "Achebe's reading of ''Heart of Darkness'' can be (and has been) challenged by a reading of Conrad's other African story, \"An Outpost of Progress\", which has an omniscient narrator, rather than the embodied narrator, Marlow.", "Some younger scholars, such as Masood Ashraf Raja, have also suggested that if we read Conrad beyond ''Heart of Darkness'', especially his Malay novels, racism can be further complicated by foregrounding Conrad's positive representation of Muslims.In 1998 H.S.", "Zins wrote in ''Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies'':Adam Hochschild makes a similar point:Conrad's experience in the Belgian-run Congo made him one of the fiercest critics of the \"white man's mission.\"", "It was also, writes Najder, Conrad's most daring and last \"attempt to become a ''homo socialis'', a cog in the mechanism of society.", "By accepting the job in the trading company, he joined, for once in his life, an organized, large-scale group activity on land....", "It is not accidental that the Congo expedition remained an isolated event in Conrad's life.", "Until his death he remained a recluse in the social sense and never became involved with any institution or clearly defined group of people.\"" ], [ "Citizenship", "Conrad was a Russian subject, having been born in the Russian part of what had once been the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.", "After his father's death, Conrad's uncle Bobrowski had attempted to secure Austrian citizenship for him—to no avail, probably because Conrad had not received permission from Russian authorities to remain abroad permanently and had not been released from being a Russian subject.", "Conrad could not return to Ukraine, in the Russian Empire—he would have been liable to many years' military service and, as the son of political exiles, to harassment.In a letter of 9 August 1877, Conrad's uncle Bobrowski broached two important subjects: the desirability of Conrad's naturalisation abroad (tantamount to release from being a Russian subject) and Conrad's plans to join the British merchant marine.", "\"Do you speak English?...", "I never wished you to become naturalized in France, mainly because of the compulsory military service...", "I thought, however, of your getting naturalized in Switzerland...\" In his next letter, Bobrowski supported Conrad's idea of seeking citizenship of the United States or of \"one of the more important Southern American Republics\".Eventually Conrad would make his home in England.", "On 2 July 1886 he applied for British nationality, which was granted on 19 August 1886.Yet, in spite of having become a subject of Queen Victoria, Conrad had not ceased to be a subject of Tsar Alexander III.", "To achieve his freedom from that subjection, he had to make many visits to the Russian Embassy in London and politely reiterate his request.", "He would later recall the Embassy's home at Belgrave Square in his novel ''The Secret Agent''.", "Finally, on 2 April 1889, the Russian Ministry of Home Affairs released \"the son of a Polish man of letters, captain of the British merchant marine\" from the status of Russian subject." ], [ "Memorials", "Anchor-shaped Conrad monument at Gdynia, on Poland's Baltic seacoastAn anchor-shaped monument to Conrad at Gdynia, on Poland's Baltic Seacoast, features a quotation from him in Polish: \"''Nic tak nie nęci, nie rozczarowuje i nie zniewala, jak życie na morzu''\" (\"There is nothing more enticing, disenchanting, and enslaving than the life at sea\" – ''Lord Jim'', chapter 2, paragraph 1).In Circular Quay, Sydney, Australia, a plaque in a \"writers walk\" commemorates Conrad's visits to Australia between 1879 and 1892.The plaque notes that \"Many of his works reflect his 'affection for that young continent.", "'\"Monument to Conrad in Vologda, Russia, to which Conrad and his parents were exiled in 1862In San Francisco in 1979, a small triangular square at Columbus Avenue and Beach Street, near Fisherman's Wharf, was dedicated as \"Joseph Conrad Square\" after Conrad.", "The square's dedication was timed to coincide with release of Francis Ford Coppola's ''Heart of Darkness''-inspired film, ''Apocalypse Now''.", "Conrad does not appear to have ever visited San Francisco.In the latter part of World War II, the Royal Navy cruiser ''HMS Danae'' was rechristened ORP ''Conrad'' and served as part of the Polish Navy.Plaque commemorating \"Joseph Conrad–Korzeniowski\", SingaporeNotwithstanding the undoubted sufferings that Conrad endured on many of his voyages, sentimentality and canny marketing place him at the best lodgings in several of his destinations.", "Hotels across the Far East still lay claim to him as an honoured guest, with, however, no evidence to back their claims: Singapore's Raffles Hotel continues to claim he stayed there though he lodged, in fact, at the Sailors' Home nearby.", "His visit to Bangkok also remains in that city's collective memory, and is recorded in the official history of The Oriental Hotel (where he never, in fact, stayed, lodging aboard his ship, the ''Otago'') along with that of a less well-behaved guest, Somerset Maugham, who pilloried the hotel in a short story in revenge for attempts to eject him.A plaque commemorating \"Joseph Conrad–Korzeniowski\" has been installed near Singapore's Fullerton Hotel.Conrad is also reported to have stayed at Hong Kong's Peninsula Hotel—at a port that, in fact, he never visited.", "Later literary admirers, notably Graham Greene, followed closely in his footsteps, sometimes requesting the same room and perpetuating myths that have no basis in fact.", "No Caribbean resort is yet known to have claimed Conrad's patronage, although he is believed to have stayed at a Fort-de-France ''pension'' upon arrival in Martinique on his first voyage, in 1875, when he travelled as a passenger on the ''Mont Blanc''.In April 2013, a monument to Conrad was unveiled in the Russian town of Vologda, where he and his parents lived in exile in 1862–63.The monument was removed, with unclear explanation, in June 2016." ], [ "Legacy", "After the publication of ''Chance'' in 1913, Conrad was the subject of more discussion and praise than any other English writer of the time.", "He had a genius for companionship, and his circle of friends, which he had begun assembling even prior to his first publications, included authors and other leading lights in the arts, such as Henry James, Robert Bontine Cunninghame Graham, John Galsworthy, Galsworthy's wife Ada Galsworthy (translator of French literature), Edward Garnett, Garnett's wife Constance Garnett (translator of Russian literature), Stephen Crane, Hugh Walpole, George Bernard Shaw, H. G. Wells (whom Conrad dubbed \"the historian of the ages to come\"), Arnold Bennett, Norman Douglas, Jacob Epstein, T. E. Lawrence, André Gide, Paul Valéry, Maurice Ravel, Valery Larbaud, Saint-John Perse, Edith Wharton, James Huneker, anthropologist Bronisław Malinowski, Józef Retinger (later a founder of the European Movement, which led to the European Union, and author of ''Conrad and His Contemporaries'').", "In the early 1900s Conrad composed a short series of novels in collaboration with Ford Madox Ford.In 1919 and 1922 Conrad's growing renown and prestige among writers and critics in continental Europe fostered his hopes for a Nobel Prize in Literature.", "It was apparently the French and Swedes—not the English—who favoured Conrad's candidacy.", "Nałęcz'' coat-of-armsIn April 1924 Conrad, who possessed a hereditary Polish status of nobility and coat-of-arms (''Nałęcz''), declined a (non-hereditary) British knighthood offered by Labour Party Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald.", "Conrad kept a distance from official structures—he never voted in British national elections—and seems to have been averse to public honours generally; he had already refused honorary degrees from Cambridge, Durham, Edinburgh, Liverpool, and Yale universities.In the Polish People's Republic, translations of Conrad's works were openly published, except for ''Under Western Eyes'', which in the 1980s was published as an underground \"''bibuła''\".Conrad's narrative style and anti-heroic characters have influenced many authors, including T. S. Eliot, Maria Dąbrowska, F. Scott Fitzgerald, William Faulkner, Gerald Basil Edwards, Ernest Hemingway, Antoine de Saint-Exupéry, André Malraux, George Orwell, Graham Greene, William Golding, William Burroughs, Saul Bellow, Gabriel García Márquez, Peter Matthiessen, John le Carré, V. S. Naipaul, Philip Roth, Joan Didion, Thomas Pynchon J. M. Coetzee, and Salman Rushdie.", "Many films have been adapted from, or inspired by, Conrad's works." ], [ "Impressions", "A striking portrait of Conrad, aged about 46, was drawn by the historian and poet Henry Newbolt, who met him about 1903:On 12 October 1912, American music critic James Huneker visited Conrad and later recalled being received by \"a man of the world, neither sailor nor novelist, just a simple-mannered gentleman, whose welcome was sincere, whose glance was veiled, at times far-away, whose ways were French, Polish, anything but 'literary,' bluff or English.", "\"Lady Ottoline MorrellAfter respective separate visits to Conrad in August and September 1913, two British aristocrats, the socialite Lady Ottoline Morrell and the mathematician and philosopher Bertrand Russell—who were lovers at the time—recorded their impressions of the novelist.", "In her diary, Morrell wrote:A month later, Bertrand Russell visited Conrad at Capel House in Orlestone, and the same day on the train wrote down his impressions:Bertrand RussellRussell's ''Autobiography'', published over half a century later in 1968, confirms his original experience:It was not only Anglophones who remarked Conrad's strong foreign accent when speaking English.", "After French poet Paul Valéry and French composer Maurice Ravel made Conrad's acquaintance in December 1922, Valéry wrote in 1924 of having been astonished at Conrad's \"horrible\" accent in English.The subsequent friendship and correspondence between Conrad and Russell lasted, with long intervals, to the end of Conrad's life.", "In one letter, Conrad avowed his \"deep admiring affection, which, if you were never to see me again and forget my existence tomorrow will be unalterably yours ''''.\"", "Conrad in his correspondence often used the Latin expression meaning \"to the very end\", which he seems to have adopted from his faithful guardian, mentor and benefactor, his maternal uncle Tadeusz Bobrowski.", "Conrad looked with less optimism than Russell on the possibilities of scientific and philosophic knowledge.", "In a 1913 letter to acquaintances who had invited Conrad to join their society, he reiterated his belief that it was impossible to understand the essence of either reality or life: both science and art penetrate no further than the outer shapes.Najder describes Conrad as \"an alienated émigré... haunted by a sense of the unreality of other people – a feeling natural to someone living outside the established structures of family, social milieu, and country\".Conrad's sense of loneliness throughout his life in exile found memorable expression in the 1901 short story \"Amy Foster\"." ], [ "Works", "===Novels===*''Almayer's Folly'' (1895)*''An Outcast of the Islands'' (1896)*''The Nigger of the 'Narcissus''' (1897)*''Heart of Darkness'' (1899)*''Lord Jim'' (1900)*''The Inheritors'' (with Ford Madox Ford) (1901)*''Typhoon'' (1902, begun 1899)*''The End of the Tether'' (written in 1902; collected in ''Youth, a Narrative and Two Other Stories'', 1902)*''Romance'' (with Ford Madox Ford, 1903)*''Nostromo'' (1904)*''The Secret Agent'' (1907)*''Under Western Eyes'' (1911)*''Chance'' (1913)*''Victory'' (1915)*''The Shadow Line'' (1917)*''The Arrow of Gold'' (1919)*''The Rescue'' (1920)*''The Nature of a Crime'' (1923, with Ford Madox Ford)*''The Rover'' (1923)*''Suspense'' (1925; unfinished, published posthumously)===Stories===* \"The Black Mate\": written, according to Conrad, in 1886; may be counted as his “opus double zero”; published 1908; posthumously collected in ''Tales of Hearsay'', 1925.", "* \"The Idiots\": Conrad's truly first short story, which may be counted as his opus zero, was written during his honeymoon (1896), published in ''The Savoy'' periodical, 1896, and collected in ''Tales of Unrest'', 1898.", "* \"The Lagoon\": composed 1896; published in ''Cornhill Magazine'', 1897; collected in ''Tales of Unrest'', 1898: \"It is the first short story I ever wrote.", "\"* \"An Outpost of Progress\": written 1896; published in ''Cosmopolis'', 1897, and collected in ''Tales of Unrest'', 1898: \"My next second effort in short-story writing\"; it shows numerous thematic affinities with ''Heart of Darkness''; in 1906, Conrad described it as his \"best story\".", "* \"The Return\": completed early 1897, while writing \"Karain\"; never published in magazine form; collected in ''Tales of Unrest'', 1898: \"Any kind word about 'The Return' (and there have been such words said at different times) awakens in me the liveliest gratitude, for I know how much the writing of that fantasy has cost me in sheer toil, in temper, and in disillusion.\"", "Conrad, who suffered while writing this psychological ''chef-d'oeuvre'' of introspection, once remarked: \"I hate it.", "\"* \"Karain: A Memory\": written February–April 1897; published November 1897 in ''Blackwood's Magazine'' and collected in ''Tales of Unrest'', 1898: \"my third short story in... order of time\".", "* \"Youth\": written 1898; collected in ''Youth, a Narrative, and Two Other Stories'', 1902* \"Falk\": novella / story, written early 1901; collected only in ''Typhoon and Other Stories'', 1903* \"Amy Foster\": composed 1901; published in the ''Illustrated London News'', December 1901, and collected in ''Typhoon and Other Stories'', 1903.", "* \"To-morrow\": written early 1902; serialised in ''The Pall Mall Magazine'', 1902, and collected in ''Typhoon and Other Stories'', 1903* \"Gaspar Ruiz\": written after ''Nostromo'' in 1904–5; published in ''The Strand Magazine'', 1906, and collected in ''A Set of Six'', 1908 (UK), 1915 (US).", "This story was the only piece of Conrad's fiction ever adapted by the author for cinema, as ''Gaspar the Strong Man'', 1920.", "* \"An Anarchist\": written late 1905; serialised in ''Harper's Magazine'', 1906; collected in ''A Set of Six'', 1908 (UK), 1915 (US)* \"The Informer\": written before January 1906; published, December 1906, in ''Harper's Magazine'', and collected in ''A Set of Six'', 1908 (UK), 1915 (US)* \"The Brute\": written early 1906; published in ''The Daily Chronicle'', December 1906; collected in ''A Set of Six'', 1908 (UK), 1915 (US)* \"The Duel: A Military Story\": serialised in the UK in ''The Pall Mall Magazine'', early 1908, and later that year in the US as \"The Point of Honor\", in the periodical ''Forum''; collected in ''A Set of Six'' in 1908 and published by Garden City Publishing in 1924.Joseph Fouché makes a cameo appearance.", "* \"Il Conde\" (i.e., \"''Conte''\" The Count): appeared in ''Cassell's Magazine'' (UK), 1908, and ''Hamptons'' (US), 1909; collected in ''A Set of Six'', 1908 (UK), 1915 (US)* \"The Secret Sharer\": written December 1909; published in ''Harper's Magazine'', 1910, and collected in ''Twixt Land and Sea'', 1912* \"Prince Roman\": written 1910, published 1911 in ''The Oxford and Cambridge Review''; posthumously collected in ''Tales of Hearsay'', 1925; based on the story of Prince Roman Sanguszko of Poland (1800–81)* \"A Smile of Fortune\": a long story, almost a novella, written in mid-1910; published in ''London Magazine'', February 1911; collected in '''Twixt Land and Sea'', 1912* \"Freya of the Seven Isles\": a near-novella, written late 1910–early 1911; published in ''The Metropolitan Magazine'' and ''London Magazine'', early 1912 and July 1912, respectively; collected in '''Twixt Land and Sea'', 1912* \"The Partner\": written 1911; published in ''Within the Tides'', 1915* \"The Inn of the Two Witches\": written 1913; published in ''Within the Tides'', 1915* \"Because of the Dollars\": written 1914; published in ''Within the Tides'', 1915* \"The Planter of Malata\": written 1914; published in ''Within the Tides'', 1915* \"The Warrior's Soul\": written late 1915–early 1916; published in ''Land and Water'', March 1917; collected in ''Tales of Hearsay'', 1925* \"The Tale\": Conrad's only story about World War I; written 1916, first published 1917 in ''The Strand Magazine''; posthumously collected in ''Tales of Hearsay'', 1925===Essays===* \"Autocracy and War\" (1905)* ''The Mirror of the Sea'' (collection of autobiographical essays first published in various magazines 1904–06), 1906* ''A Personal Record'' (also published as ''Some Reminiscences''), 1912* ''The First News'', 1918* ''The Lesson of the Collision: A monograph upon the loss of the \"Empress of Ireland\"'', 1919* ''The Polish Question'', 1919* ''The Shock of War'', 1919* ''Notes on Life and Letters'', 1921* ''Notes on My Books'', 1921* ''Last Essays'', edited by Richard Curle, 1926* ''The Congo Diary and Other Uncollected Pieces'', edited by Zdzisław Najder, 1978," ], [ "Adaptations", "A number of works in various genres and media have been based on, or inspired by, Conrad's writings, including:===Cinema===* ''Victory'' (1919), directed by Maurice Tourneur* ''Gaspar the Strong Man'' (1920), adapted by Conrad from \"Gaspar Ruiz\"* ''Lord Jim'' (1925), directed by Victor Fleming* ''Niebezpieczny raj'' (''Dangerous Paradise'', 1930), a Polish adaptation of ''Victory''* ''Dangerous Paradise'' (1930), an adaptation of ''Victory'' directed by William Wellman* ''Sabotage'' (1936), adapted from Conrad's ''The Secret Agent'', directed by Alfred Hitchcock* ''Under Western Eyes'' (1936), directed by Marc Allégret* ''Victory'' (1940), featuring Fredric March* ''An Outcast of the Islands'' (1952), directed by Carol Reed and featuring Trevor Howard* ''Laughing Anne'' (1953), based on Conrad's short story \"Because of the Dollars\" and his play ''Laughing Anne''.", "* ''Lord Jim'' (1965), directed by Richard Brooks and starring Peter O'Toole* ''The Rover'' (1967), adaptation of the novel ''The Rover'' (1923), directed by Terence Young, featuring Anthony Quinn* ''La ligne d'ombre'' (1973), a TV adaptation of ''The Shadow Line'' by Georges Franju* ''Smuga cienia'' (''The Shadow Line'', 1976), a Polish-British adaptation of ''The Shadow Line'', directed by Andrzej Wajda* ''The Duellists'' (1977), an adaptation by Ridley Scott of \"The Duel\"* ''Naufragio'' (1977), a Mexican adaptation of \"To-morrow\" directed by Jaime Humberto Hermosillo* ''Apocalypse Now'' (1979), by Francis Ford Coppola, adapted from ''Heart of Darkness''* ''Un reietto delle isole'' (1980), by Giorgio Moser, an Italian adaptation of ''An Outcast of the Islands'', starring Maria Carta* ''Victory'' (1995), adapted by director Mark Peploe from the novel* ''The Secret Agent'' (1996), starring Bob Hoskins, Patricia Arquette and Gérard Depardieu* ''Swept from the Sea'' (1997), an adaptation of \"Amy Foster\" directed by Beeban Kidron* ''Gabrielle'' (2005) directed by Patrice Chéreau.", "Adaptation of the short story \"The Return\", starring Isabelle Huppert and Pascal Greggory.", "* ''Hanyut'' (2011), a Malaysian adaptation of ''Almayer's Folly''* ''Almayer's Folly'' (2011), directed by Chantal Akerman* ''Secret Sharer'' (2014), inspired by \"The Secret Sharer\", directed by Peter Fudakowski* ''The Young One'' (2016), an adaptation of the short story \"Youth\", directed by Julien Samani* ''An Outpost of Progress'' (2016), an adaptation of the short story \"An Outpost of Progress\", directed by Hugo Vieira da Silva===Television===* ''Heart of Darkness'' (1958), a CBS 90-minute loose adaption on the anthology show ''Playhouse 90'', starring Roddy McDowall, Boris Karloff, and Eartha Kitt* ''The Secret Agent'' (1992 TV series) and ''The Secret Agent'' (2016 TV series), BBC TV series adapted from the novel ''The Secret Agent''* ''Heart of Darkness'' (1993) a TNT feature-length adaptation, directed by Nicolas Roeg, starring John Malkovich and Tim Roth; also released on VHS and DVD* ''Nostromo'' (1997), a BBC TV adaptation, co-produced with Italian and Spanish TV networks and WGBH Boston===Operas===*''Heart of Darkness'' (2011), a chamber opera in one act by Tarik O'Regan, with an English-language libretto by artist Tom Phillips.===Orchestral works===* ''Suite from Heart of Darkness'' (2013) for orchestra and narrator by Tarik O'Regan, extrapolated from the 2011 opera of the same name.===Video games===*''Spec Ops: The Line'' (2012) by Yager Development, inspired by ''Heart of Darkness''." ], [ "See also", "* Bolesław Prus* ''King Leopold's Ghost''* Alice Sarah Kinkead* List of Poles (prose literature)* List of covers of ''Time'' magazine (1920s) – 7 April 1923* ORP ''Conrad'' – a World War II Polish Navy cruiser named after Joseph Conrad* Politics in fiction* Stefan Bobrowski, one of Conrad's maternal uncles.", "Like Conrad's father, he was a \"Red\"-faction political leader." ], [ "Notes" ], [ "References" ], [ "Sources", "* * * * Firchow, Peter Edgerly, ''Envisioning Africa: Racism and Imperialism in Conrad's'' Heart of Darkness, University Press of Kentucky, 2000.", "* Gorra, Michael, \"Corrections of Taste\" (review of Terry Eagleton, ''Critical Revolutionaries: Five Critics Who Changed the Way We Read'', Yale University Press, 323 pp.", "), ''The New York Review of Books'', vol.", "LXIX, no.", "15 (October 6, 2022), pp. 16–18.", "* * * * * * * * * Pei, Mario, ''The Story of Language'', with an Introduction by Stuart Berg Flexner, revised ed., New York, New American Library, 1984, .", "* * Edward W. Said, ''Joseph Conrad and the Fiction of Autobiography'', 2008 ed., New York, Columbia University Press, .", "* * * *Taborski, Roman (1969), \"Korzeniowski, Apollo\", ''Polski słownik biograficzny'', vol.", "XIV, Wrocław, Polska Akademia Nauk, pp. 167–69.", "* *" ], [ "Further reading", "* Gérard Jean-Aubry, ''Vie de Conrad'' (Life of Conrad – the authorised biography), Gallimard, 1947, translated by Helen Sebba as ''The Sea Dreamer: A Definitive Biography of Joseph Conrad'', New York, Doubleday & Co., 1957.", "* Anna Gąsienica Byrcyn, review of G. W. Stephen Brodsky, ''Joseph Conrad's Polish Soul: Realms of Memory and Self'', edited with an introduction by George Z. Gasyna (Conrad: Eastern and Western Perspectives Series, vol.", "25, edited by Wiesław Krajka), Lublin, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University Press, 2016, , in ''The Polish Review'', vol.", "63, no.", "4, 2018, pp. 103–5.", "\"Brodsky reflects on the significance of Conrad's Polish mind and spirit that imbued his writings yet are often overlooked and hardly acknowledged by Western scholars....", "The author... belonged to the ethnic Polish minority and gentry class in a borderland society in Ukraine, making him an exile from his birth.\"", "(p. 104)* Robert Hampson, ''Conrad's Secrets'', Palgrave, 2012.", "* Robert Hampson, ''Joseph Conrad'', Reaktion Books, 2020.", "* Maya Jasanoff, ''The Dawn Watch: Joseph Conrad in a Global World'', Penguin, 2017.", "* Alex Kurczaba, ed., ''Conrad and Poland'', Boulder, East European Monographs, 1996, .", "* C. McCarthy, ''The Cambridge Introduction to Edward Said'', Cambridge University Press, 2010.", "* Joseph Retinger, ''Conrad and His Contemporaries'', London: Minerva, 1941; New York: Roy, 1942.", "* T. Scovel, ''A Time to Speak: a Psycholinguistic Inquiry into the Critical Period for Human Speech'', Cambridge, Massachusetts, Newbury House, 1988.", "* Krystyna Tokarzówna, Stanisław Fita (Zygmunt Szweykowski, ed.", "), ''Bolesław Prus, 1847–1912: Kalendarz życia i twórczości'' (Bolesław Prus, 1847–1912: a Calendar of His Life and Work), Warsaw, Państwowy Instytut Wydawniczy, 1969.", "* Ian Watt (1979 / 1981) ''Conrad in the Nineteenth Century''.", "University of California Press.", ", * Ian Watt (2000) ''Essays on Conrad''.", "Cambridge University Press.", ", * Olivier Weber, ''Conrad'', Arthaud-Flammarion, 2011.", "* Wise, T.J. (1920) ''A Bibliography of the Writings of Joseph Conrad (1895–1920)''.", "London: Printed for Private Circulation Only By Richard Clay & Sons, Ltd.* Morton Dauwen Zabel, \"Conrad, Joseph\", ''Encyclopedia Americana'', 1986 ed., , vol.", "7, pp.", "606–07." ], [ "External links", ";Sources* * * * * * Works by Joseph Conrad at Conrad First, an archive of every newspaper and magazine in which the work of Joseph Conrad was first published.", "* Works by Joseph Conrad at The Online Books Page* Josep Conrad reviewed by H.L.", "Mencken: ''The Smart Set'', July, 1921;Portals and biographies* The Joseph Conrad Society (UK)* Joseph Conrad Society of America* Biography of Joseph Conrad, at The Joseph Conrad Centre of Poland* Biography of Joseph Conrad, at ''The Literature Network'';Literary criticism* Conrad's page at Literary Journal.com, a number of research articles on Conrad's work* Chinua Achebe: The Lecture Heard Around The World* Edward Said, \"Between Worlds: Edward Said makes sense of his life\", ''London Review of Books'', vol.", "20, no.", "9, 7 May 1998, pp. 3–7.", ";Miscellanea* * Archival material at * *" ] ]
wikipedia
[ [ "John Updike" ], [ "Introduction", "'''John Hoyer Updike''' (March 18, 1932 – January 27, 2009) was an American novelist, poet, short-story writer, art critic, and literary critic.", "One of only four writers to win the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction more than once (the others being Booth Tarkington, William Faulkner, and Colson Whitehead), Updike published more than twenty novels, more than a dozen short-story collections, as well as poetry, art and literary criticism and children's books during his career.Hundreds of his stories, reviews, and poems appeared in ''The New Yorker'' starting in 1954.He also wrote regularly for ''The New York Review of Books''.", "His most famous work is his \"Rabbit\" series (the novels ''Rabbit, Run''; ''Rabbit Redux''; ''Rabbit Is Rich''; ''Rabbit at Rest''; and the novella ''Rabbit Remembered''), which chronicles the life of the middle-class everyman Harry \"Rabbit\" Angstrom over the course of several decades, from young adulthood to death.", "Both ''Rabbit Is Rich'' (1981) and ''Rabbit at Rest'' (1990) were awarded the Pulitzer Prize.Describing his subject as \"the American small town, Protestant middle class\", critics recognized his careful craftsmanship, his unique prose style, and his prolific outputa book a year on average.", "Updike populated his fiction with characters who \"frequently experience personal turmoil and must respond to crises relating to religion, family obligations, and marital infidelity\".His fiction is distinguished by its attention to the concerns, passions, and suffering of average Americans, its emphasis on Christian theology, and its preoccupation with sexuality and sensual detail.", "His work has attracted significant critical attention and praise, and he is widely considered one of the great American writers of his time.", "Updike's highly distinctive prose style features a rich, unusual, sometimes arcane vocabulary as conveyed through the eyes of \"a wry, intelligent authorial voice that describes the physical world extravagantly while remaining squarely in the realist tradition\".", "He described his style as an attempt \"to give the mundane its beautiful due\"." ], [ "Early life and education", "Updike's boyhood home in Shillington, PennsylvaniaUpdike was born in Reading, Pennsylvania, the only child of Linda Grace (née Hoyer) and Wesley Russell Updike, and was raised at his childhood home in the nearby small town of Shillington.", "The family later moved to the unincorporated village of Plowville.", "His mother's attempts to become a published writer impressed the young Updike.", "\"One of my earliest memories\", he later recalled, \"is of seeing her at her desk ...", "I admired the writer's equipment, the typewriter eraser, the boxes of clean paper.", "And I remember the brown envelopes that stories would go off in—and come back in.", "\"These early years in Berks County, Pennsylvania, would influence the environment of the Rabbit Angstrom tetralogy, as well as many of his early novels and short stories.", "Updike graduated from Shillington High School as co-valedictorian and class president in 1950 and received a full scholarship to Harvard College, where he was the roommate of Christopher Lasch during their first year.", "Updike had already received recognition for his writing as a teenager by winning a Scholastic Art & Writing Award, and at Harvard he soon became well known among his classmates as a talented and prolific contributor to ''The Harvard Lampoon'', of which he was president.", "He studied with dramatist Robert Chapman, the director of Harvard's Loeb Drama Center.", "He graduated ''summa cum laude'' in 1954 with a degree in English and was elected to Phi Beta Kappa.Upon graduation, Updike attended the Ruskin School of Art at the University of Oxford with the ambition of becoming a cartoonist.", "After returning to the United States, Updike and his family moved to New York, where he became a regular contributor to ''The New Yorker''.", "This was the beginning of his professional writing career." ], [ "Career as a writer", "===1950s===Updike stayed at ''The New Yorker'' as a full staff writer for only two years, writing \"Talk of the Town\" columns and submitting poetry and short stories to the magazine.", "In New York, Updike wrote the poems and stories that came to fill his early books like ''The Carpentered Hen'' (1958) and ''The Same Door'' (1959).", "These works were influenced by Updike's early engagement with ''The New Yorker''.", "This early work also featured the influence of J. D. Salinger (\"A&P\"); John Cheever (\"Snowing in Greenwich Village\"); and the Modernists Marcel Proust, Henry Green, James Joyce, and Vladimir Nabokov.During this time, Updike underwent a profound spiritual crisis.", "Suffering from a loss of religious faith, he began reading Søren Kierkegaard and the theologian Karl Barth.", "Both deeply influenced his own religious beliefs, which in turn figured prominently in his fiction.", "He believed in Christianity for the remainder of his life.", "Updike said, \"As to critics, it seems to be my fate to disappoint my theological friends by not being Christian enough, while I'm too Christian for Harold Bloom's blessing.", "So be it.", "\"===1960s–1970s===Later, Updike and his family relocated to Ipswich, Massachusetts.", "Many commentators, including a columnist in the local ''Ipswich Chronicle'', asserted that the fictional town of Tarbox in ''Couples'' was based on Ipswich.", "Updike denied the suggestion in a letter to the paper.", "Impressions of Updike's day-to-day life in Ipswich during the 1960s and 1970s are included in a letter to the same paper published soon after Updike's death and written by a friend and contemporary.", "In Ipswich, Updike wrote ''Rabbit, Run'' (1960), on a Guggenheim Fellowship, and ''The Centaur'' (1963), two of his most acclaimed and famous works; the latter won the National Book Award.", "''Rabbit, Run'' featured Harry \"Rabbit\" Angstrom, a former high school basketball star and middle-class paragon who would become Updike's most enduring and critically acclaimed character.", "Updike wrote three additional novels about him.", "''Rabbit, Run'' was featured in ''Time''s All-TIME 100 Greatest Novels.===Short stories===Updike's career and reputation were nurtured and expanded by his long association with ''The New Yorker'', which published him frequently throughout his career, despite the fact that he had departed the magazine's employment after only two years.", "Updike's memoir indicates that he stayed in his \"corner of New England to give its domestic news\" with a focus on the American home from the point of view of a male writer.", "Updike's contract with the magazine gave it right of first offer for his short-story manuscripts, but William Shawn, ''The New Yorker'''s editor from 1952 to 1987, rejected several as too explicit.The Maple short stories, collected in ''Too Far To Go'' (1979), reflected the ebb and flow of Updike's first marriage; \"Separating\" (1974) and \"Here Come the Maples\" (1976) related to his divorce.", "These stories also reflect the role of alcohol in 1970s America.", "They were the basis for the television movie also called ''Too Far To Go'', broadcast by NBC in 1979.Updike's short stories were collected in several volumes published by Alfred A. Knopf over five decades.", "In 2013, the Library of America issued a two-volume boxed edition of 186 stories under the title ''The Collected Stories''.===Novels===In 1971, Updike published a sequel to ''Rabbit, Run'' called ''Rabbit Redux'', his response to the 1960s; Rabbit reflected much of Updike's resentment and hostility towards the social and political changes that beset the United States during that time.Updike's early Olinger period was set in the Pennsylvania of his youth; it ended around 1965 with the lyrical ''Of the Farm''.After his early novels, Updike became most famous for his chronicling infidelity, adultery, and marital unrest, especially in suburban America; and for his controversial depiction of the confusion and freedom inherent in this breakdown of social mores.", "He once wrote that it was \"a subject which, if I have not exhausted, has exhausted me\".", "The most prominent of Updike's novels of this vein is ''Couples'' (1968), a novel about adultery in a small fictional Massachusetts town called Tarbox.", "It garnered Updike an appearance on the cover of ''Time'' magazine with the headline \"The Adulterous Society\".", "Both the magazine article and, to an extent, the novel struck a chord of national concern over whether American society was abandoning all social standards of conduct in sexual matters.", "''The Coup'' (1978), a lauded novel about an African dictatorship inspired by a visit he made to Africa, found Updike working in new territory.===1980s–2000s===Updike in 1989In 1980, he published another novel featuring Harry Angstrom, ''Rabbit Is Rich'', which won the National Book Award, the National Book Critics Circle Award, and the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction—all three major American literary prizes.", "The novel found \"Rabbit the fat and happy owner of a Toyota dealership\".", "Updike found it difficult to end the book, because he was \"having so much fun\" in the imaginary county Rabbit and his family inhabited.After writing ''Rabbit Is Rich'', Updike published ''The Witches of Eastwick'' (1984), a playful novel about witches living in Rhode Island.", "He described it as an attempt to \"make things right with my, what shall we call them, feminist detractors\".", "One of Updike's most popular novels, it was adapted as a film and included on Harold Bloom's list of canonical 20th-century literature (in ''The Western Canon'').", "In 2008 Updike published ''The Widows of Eastwick'', a return to the witches in their old age.", "It was his last published novel.In 1986, he published the unconventional novel ''Roger's Version'', the second volume of the so-called ''Scarlet Letter'' trilogy, about an attempt to prove God's existence using a computer program.", "Author and critic Martin Amis called it a \"near-masterpiece\".", "The novel ''S.''", "(1989), uncharacteristically featuring a female protagonist, concluded Updike's reworking of Hawthorne's ''Scarlet Letter''.Updike enjoyed working in series; in addition to the Rabbit novels and the Maples stories, a recurrent Updike alter ego is the moderately well-known, unprolific Jewish novelist and eventual Nobel laureate Henry Bech, chronicled in three comic short-story cycles: ''Bech, a Book'' (1970), ''Bech Is Back'' (1981) and ''Bech at Bay: A Quasi-Novel'' (1998).", "These stories were compiled as ''The Complete Henry Bech'' (2001) by Everyman's Library.", "Bech is a comical and self-conscious antithesis of Updike's own literary persona: Jewish, a World War II veteran, reclusive, and unprolific to a fault.In 1990, he published the last Rabbit novel, ''Rabbit at Rest'', which won the Pulitzer Prize and the National Book Critics Circle Award.", "Over 500 pages long, the novel is among Updike's most celebrated.", "In 2000, Updike included the novella ''Rabbit Remembered'' in his collection ''Licks of Love'', drawing the Rabbit saga to a close.", "His Pulitzers for the last two Rabbit novels make Updike one of only four writers to have won two Pulitzer Prizes for Fiction, the others being William Faulkner, Booth Tarkington, and Colson Whitehead.In 1995, Everyman's Library collected and canonized the four novels as the omnibus ''Rabbit Angstrom''; Updike wrote an introduction in which he described Rabbit as \"a ticket to the America all around me.", "What I saw through Rabbit's eyes was more worth telling than what I saw through my own, though the difference was often slight.\"", "Updike later called Rabbit \"a brother to me, and a good friend.", "He opened me up as a writer.", "\"After the publication of ''Rabbit at Rest'', Updike spent the rest of the 1990s and early 2000s publishing novels in a wide range of genres; the work of this period was frequently experimental in nature.", "These styles included the historical fiction of ''Memories of the Ford Administration'' (1992), the magical realism of ''Brazil'' (1994), the science fiction of ''Toward the End of Time'' (1997), the postmodernism of ''Gertrude and Claudius'' (2000), and the experimental fiction of ''Seek My Face'' (2002).In the midst of these, he wrote what was for him a more conventional novel, ''In the Beauty of the Lilies'' (1996), a historical saga spanning several generations and exploring themes of religion and cinema in America.", "It is considered the most successful novel of Updike's late career.", "Some critics have predicted that posterity may consider the novel a \"late masterpiece overlooked or praised by rote in its day, only to be rediscovered by another generation\", while others, though appreciating the English mastery in the book, thought it overly dense with minute detail and swamped by its scenic depictions and spiritual malaise.", "In ''Villages'' (2004), Updike returned to the familiar territory of infidelities in New England.", "His 22nd novel, ''Terrorist'' (2006), the story of a fervent young extremist Muslim in New Jersey, garnered media attention but little critical praise.In 2003, Updike published ''The Early Stories'', a large collection of his short fiction spanning the mid-1950s to the mid-1970s.", "More than 800 pages long, with over one hundred stories, it has been called \"a richly episodic and lyrical ''Bildungsroman'' ... in which Updike traces the trajectory from adolescence, college, married life, fatherhood, separation and divorce\".", "It won the PEN/Faulkner Award for Fiction in 2004.This lengthy volume nevertheless excluded several stories found in his short-story collections of the same period.Updike worked in a wide array of genres, including fiction, poetry (most of it compiled in ''Collected Poems: 1953–1993'', 1993), essays (collected in nine separate volumes), a play (''Buchanan Dying'', 1974), and a memoir (''Self-Consciousness'', 1989).Updike's array of awards includes two Pulitzer Prizes for Fiction, two National Book Awards, three National Book Critics Circle awards, the 1989 National Medal of Arts, the 2003 National Humanities Medal, and the Rea Award for the Short Story for outstanding achievement.", "The National Endowment for the Humanities selected Updike to present the 2008 Jefferson Lecture, the U.S. government's highest humanities honor; Updike's lecture was titled \"The Clarity of Things: What Is American about American Art\".At the end of his life, Updike was working on a novel about St. Paul and early Christianity.", "Upon his death, ''The New Yorker'' published an appreciation by Adam Gopnik of Updike's lifetime association with the magazine, calling him \"one of the greatest of all modern writers, the first American writer since Henry James to get himself fully expressed, the man who broke the curse of incompleteness that had haunted American writing\"." ], [ "Personal life and death", "Biographer Adam Begley wrote that Updike \"transmuted the minutiae of his life\" in prose, which enriched his readers at the cost of being \"willing to sacrifice the happiness of people around him for his art\".In 1953, while a student at Harvard, Updike married Mary Entwistle Pennington, an art student at Radcliffe College and daughter of a prominent Unitarian minister.", "She accompanied him to Oxford, England, where she attended art school and their first child, Elizabeth, was born in 1955.The couple had three more children together: David (born 1957), Michael (born 1959), and Miranda (born 1960).Updike was serially unfaithful, and eventually left the marriage in 1974 for Martha Ruggles Bernhard.", "In 1977, Updike and Bernhard married.", "In 1982, his first wife married an MIT academic.", "Updike and Bernhard lived for more than 30 years in Beverly Farms, Massachusetts.", "Updike had three stepsons through Bernhard.", "He died of lung cancer at a hospice in Danvers, Massachusetts, on January 27, 2009, at age 76.He was survived by seven grandchildren and seven step-grandchildren." ], [ "Poetry", "Updike published eight volumes of poetry over his career, including his first book ''The Carpentered Hen'' (1958), and one of his last, the posthumous ''Endpoint'' (2009).", "The ''New Yorker'' published excerpts of ''Endpoint'' in its March 16, 2009 issue.", "Much of Updike's poetical output was recollected in Knopf's ''Collected Poems'' (1993).", "He wrote that \"I began as a writer of light verse, and have tried to carry over into my serious or lyric verse something of the strictness and liveliness of the lesser form.\"", "The poet Thomas M. Disch noted that because Updike was such a well-known novelist, his poetry \"could be mistaken as a hobby or a foible\"; Disch saw Updike's light verse instead as a poetry of \"epigrammatical lucidity\".", "His poetry has been praised for its engagement with \"a variety of forms and topics\", its \"wit and precision\", and for its depiction of topics familiar to American readers.British poet Gavin Ewart praised Updike for the metaphysical quality of his poetry and for his ability \"to make the ordinary seem strange\", and called him one of the few modern novelists capable of writing good poetry.", "Reading ''Endpoint'' aloud, the critic Charles McGrath claimed that he found \"another, deeper music\" in Updike's poetry, finding that Updike's wordplay \"smooths and elides itself\" and has many subtle \"sound effects\".", "John Keenan, who praised the collection ''Endpoint'' as \"beautiful and poignant\", noted that his poetry's engagement with \"the everyday world in a technically accomplished manner seems to count against him\"." ], [ "Literary criticism and art criticism", "Updike was also a critic of literature and art, one frequently cited as one of the best American critics of his generation.", "In the introduction to ''Picked-Up Pieces,'' his 1975 collection of prose, he listed his personal rules for literary criticism:Updike delivering the 2008 Jefferson Lecture1.Try to understand what the author wished to do, and do not blame him for not achieving what he did not attempt.2.Give enough direct quotation—at least one extended passage—of the book's prose so the review's reader can form his own impression, can get his own taste.3.Confirm your description of the book with quotation from the book, if only phrase-long, rather than proceeding by fuzzy précis.4.Go easy on plot summary, and do not give away the ending.5.If the book is judged deficient, cite a successful example along the same lines, from the author's œuvre or elsewhere.", "Try to understand the failure.", "Sure it's his and not yours?To these concrete five might be added a vaguer sixth, having to do with maintaining a chemical purity in the reaction between product and appraiser.", "Do not accept for review a book you are predisposed to dislike, or committed by friendship to like.", "Do not imagine yourself a caretaker of any tradition, an enforcer of any party standards, a warrior in any ideological battle, a corrections officer of any kind.", "Never, never ... try to put the author \"in his place,\" making of him a pawn in a contest with other reviewers.", "Review the book, not the reputation.", "Submit to whatever spell, weak or strong, is being cast.", "Better to praise and share than blame and ban.", "The communion between reviewer and his public is based upon the presumption of certain possible joys of reading, and all our discriminations should curve toward that end.He reviewed \"nearly every major writer of the 20th century and some 19th-century authors\", typically in ''The New Yorker'', always trying to make his reviews \"animated\".", "He also championed young writers, comparing them to his own literary heroes including Vladimir Nabokov and Marcel Proust.", "Good reviews from Updike were often seen as a significant achievement in terms of literary reputation and even sales; some of his positive reviews helped jump-start the careers of such younger writers as Erica Jong, Thomas Mallon and Jonathan Safran Foer.Bad reviews by Updike sometimes caused controversy, as when in late 2008 he gave a \"damning\" review of Toni Morrison's novel ''A Mercy''.Updike was praised for his literary criticism's conventional simplicity and profundity, for being an aestheticist critic who saw literature on its own terms, and for his longtime commitment to the practice of literary criticism.Much of Updike's art criticism appeared in ''The New York Review of Books'', where he often wrote about American art.", "His art criticism involved an aestheticism like that of his literary criticism.Updike's 2008 Jefferson Lecture, \"The Clarity of Things: What's American About American Art?", "\", dealt with the uniqueness of American art from the 18th century to the 20th.", "In the lecture he argued that American art, until the expressionist movement of the 20th century in which America declared its artistic \"independence\", is characterized by an insecurity not found in the artistic tradition of Europe.In Updike's own words:Two centuries after Jonathan Edwards sought a link with the divine in the beautiful clarity of things, William Carlos Williams wrote in introducing his long poem ''Paterson'' that \"for the poet there are no ideas but in things.\"", "''No ideas but in things.''", "The American artist, first born into a continent without museums and art schools, took Nature as his only instructor, and things as his principal study.", "A bias toward the empirical, toward the evidential object in the numinous fullness of its being, leads to a certain lininess, as the artist intently maps the visible in a New World that feels surrounded by chaos and emptiness." ], [ "Critical reputation and style", "Updike is considered one of the greatest American fiction writers of his generation.", "He was widely praised as America's \"last true man of letters\", with an immense and far-reaching influence on many writers.", "The excellence of his prose style is acknowledged even by critics skeptical of other aspects of Updike's work.Several scholars have called attention to the importance of place, and especially of southeast Pennsylvania, in Updike's life and work.", "Bob Batchelor has described \"Updike's Pennsylvania sensibility\" as one with profound reaches that transcend time and place, such that in his writing, he used \"Pennsylvania as a character\" that went beyond geographic or political boundaries.", "SA Zylstra has compared Updike's Pennsylvania to Faulkner's Mississippi: \"As with the Mississippi of Faulkner's novels, the world of Updike's novels is fictional (as are such towns as Olinger and Brewer), while at the same time it is recognizable as a particular American region.\"", "Sanford Pinsker observes that \"Updike always felt a bit out of place\" in places like \"Ipswich, Massachusetts, where he lived for most of his life.", "In his heart—and, more important, in his imagination—Updike remained a staunchly Pennsylvania boy.\"", "Similarly, Sylvie Mathé maintains that \"Updike's most memorable legacy appears to be his homage to Pennsylvania.", "\"Critics emphasize his \"inimitable prose style\" and \"rich description and language\", often favorably compared to Proust and Nabokov.", "Some critics consider the fluency of his prose to be a fault, questioning the intellectual depth and thematic seriousness of his work given the polish of his language and the perceived lightness of his themes, while others criticized Updike for misogynistic depictions of women and sexual relationships.Other critics argue that Updike's \"dense vocabulary and syntax functions as a distancing technique to mediate the intellectual and emotional involvement of the reader\".", "On the whole, however, Updike is extremely well regarded as a writer who mastered many genres, wrote with intellectual vigor and a powerful prose style, with \"shrewd insight into the sorrows, frustrations, and banality of American life\".Updike's character Harry \"Rabbit\" Angstrom, the protagonist of the series of novels widely considered his ''magnum opus'', has been said to have \"entered the pantheon of signal American literary figures\", along with Huckleberry Finn, Jay Gatsby, Holden Caulfield and others.", "A 2002 list by ''Book'' magazine of the 100 Best Fictional Characters Since 1900 listed Rabbit in the top five.", "The Rabbit novels, the Henry Bech stories, and the Maples stories have been canonized by Everyman's Library.After Updike's death, Harvard's Houghton Library acquired his papers, manuscripts, and letters, naming the collection the John Updike Archive.", "2009 also saw the founding of the John Updike Society, a group of scholars dedicated to \"awakening and sustaining reader interest in the literature and life of John Updike, promoting literature written by Updike, and fostering and encouraging critical responses to Updike's literary works\".", "The Society will begin publishing ''The John Updike Review'', a journal of critical scholarship in the field of Updike studies.", "The John Updike Society First Biennial Conference took place in 2010 at Alvernia University.Eulogizing Updike in January 2009, the British novelist Ian McEwan wrote that Updike's \"literary schemes and pretty conceits touched at points on the Shakespearean\", and that Updike's death marked \"the end of the golden age of the American novel in the 20th century's second half\".McEwan said the Rabbit series is Updike's \"masterpiece and will surely be his monument\", and concluded:Jonathan Raban, highlighting many of the virtues that have been ascribed to Updike's prose, called ''Rabbit at Rest'' \"one of the very few modern novels in English ... that one can set beside the work of Dickens, Thackeray, George Eliot, Joyce, and not feel the draft ...", "It is a book that works by a steady accumulation of a mass of brilliant details, of shades and nuances, of the byplay between one sentence and the next, and no short review can properly honor its intricacy and richness.", "\"The novelist Philip Roth, considered one of Updike's chief literary rivals, wrote, \"John Updike is our time's greatest man of letters, as brilliant a literary critic and essayist as he was a novelist and short story writer.", "He is and always will be no less a national treasure than his 19th-century precursor, Nathaniel Hawthorne.", "\"The noted critic James Wood called Updike \"a prose writer of great beauty, but that prose confronts one with the question of whether beauty is enough, and whether beauty always conveys all that a novelist must convey\".", "In a review of ''Licks of Love'' (2001), Wood concluded that Updike's \"prose trusses things in very pretty ribbons\" but that there often exists in his work a \"hard, coarse, primitive, misogynistic worldview\".", "Wood both praised and criticized Updike's language for having \"an essayistic saunter; the language lifts itself up on pretty hydraulics, and hovers slightly above its subjects, generally a little too accomplished and a little too abstract\".", "According to Wood, Updike is capable of writing \"the perfect sentence\" and his style is characterized by a \"delicate deferral\" of the sentence.", "Of the beauty of Updike's language and his faith in the power of language that floats above reality, Wood wrote:For some time now Updike's language has seemed to encode an almost theological optimism about its capacity to refer.", "Updike is notably unmodern in his impermeability to silence and the interruptions of the abyss.", "For all his fabled Protestantism, both American Puritan and Lutheran-Barthian, with its cold glitter, its insistence on the aching gap between God and His creatures, Updike seems less like Hawthorne than Balzac, in his unstopping and limitless energy, and his cheerfully professional belief that stories can be continued; the very form of the Rabbit books—here extended a further instance—suggests continuance.", "Updike does not appear to believe that words ever fail us—'life's gallant, battered ongoingness ', indeed—and part of the difficulty he has run into, late in his career, is that he shows no willingness, verbally, to acknowledge silence, failure, interruption, loss of faith, despair and so on.", "Supremely, better than almost any other contemporary writer, he can always describe these feelings and states; but they are not inscribed in the language itself.", "Updike's language, for all that it gestures towards the usual range of human disappointment and collapse, testifies instead to its own uncanny success: to a belief that the world can always be brought out of its cloudiness and made clear in a fair season.In direct contrast to Wood's evaluation, the Oxford critic Thomas Karshan asserted that Updike is \"intensely intellectual\", with a style that constitutes his \"manner of thought\" not merely \"a set of dainty curlicues\".", "Karshan calls Updike an inheritor of the \"traditional role of the epic writer\".", "According to Karshan, \"Updike's writing picks up one voice, joins its cadence, and moves on to another, like Rabbit himself, driving south through radio zones on his flight away from his wife and child.", "\"Disagreeing with Wood's critique of Updike's alleged over-stylization, Karshan evaluates Updike's language as convincingly naturalistic:Updike's sentences at their frequent best are not a complacent expression of faith.", "Rather, like Proust's sentences in Updike's description, they \"seek an essence so fine the search itself is an act of faith.\"", "Updike aspires to \"this sense of self-qualification, the kind of timid reverence towards what exists that Cézanne shows when he grapples for the shape and shade of a fruit through a mist of delicate stabs.\"", "Their hesitancy and self-qualification arise as they meet obstacles, readjust and pass on.", "If life is bountiful in New England, it is also evasive and easily missed.", "In the stories Updike tells, marriages and homes are made only to be broken.", "His descriptiveness embodies a promiscuous love for everything in the world.", "But love is precarious, Updike is always saying, since it thrives on obstructions and makes them if it cannot find them.Harold Bloom once called Updike \"a minor novelist with a major style.", "A quite beautiful and very considerable stylist ...", "He specializes in the easier pleasures.\"", "Bloom also edited an important collection of critical essays on Updike in 1987, in which he concluded that Updike possessed a major style and was capable of writing beautiful sentences which are \"beyond praise\"; nevertheless, Bloom went on, \"the American sublime will never touch his pages\".On ''The Dick Cavett Show'' in 1981, the novelist and short-story writer John Cheever was asked why he did not write book reviews and what he would say if given the chance to review ''Rabbit Is Rich''.", "He replied:The reason I didn't review the book is that it perhaps would have taken me three weeks.", "My appreciation of it is that diverse and that complicated ... John is perhaps the only contemporary writer who I know now who gives me the sense of the fact that life is—the life that we perform is in an environment that enjoys a grandeur that escapes us.", "Rabbit is very much possessed of a paradise lost, of a paradise known fleetingly perhaps through erotic love and a paradise that he pursues through his children.", "It's the vastness of John's scope that I would have described if I could through a review.", "''The Fiction Circus'', an online and multimedia literary magazine, called Updike one of the \"four Great American Novelists\" of his time along with Philip Roth, Cormac McCarthy, and Don DeLillo, each jokingly represented as a sign of the Zodiac.", "Furthermore, Updike was seen as the \"best prose writer in the world\", like Nabokov before him.", "But in contrast to many literati and establishment obituaries, the ''Circus'' asserted that nobody \"thought of Updike as a ''vital'' writer\".Adam Gopnik of ''The New Yorker'' evaluated Updike as \"the first American writer since Henry James to get himself fully expressed, the man who broke the curse of incompleteness that had haunted American writing ...", "He sang like Henry James, but he saw like Sinclair Lewis.", "The two sides of American fiction—the precise, realist, encyclopedic appetite to get it all in, and the exquisite urge to make writing out of sensation rendered exactly—were both alive in him.", "\"The critic James Wolcott, in a review of Updike's last novel, ''The Widows of Eastwick'' (2008), noted that Updike's penchant for observing America's decline is coupled with an affirmation of America's ultimate merits: \"Updike elegises entropy American-style with a resigned, paternal, disappointed affection that distinguishes his fiction from that of grimmer declinists: Don DeLillo, Gore Vidal, Philip Roth.", "America may have lost its looks and stature, but it was a beauty once, and worth every golden dab of sperm.", "\"Gore Vidal, in a controversial essay in the ''Times Literary Supplement'', professed to have \"never taken Updike seriously as a writer\".", "He criticizes his political and aesthetic worldview for its \"blandness and acceptance of authority in any form\".", "He concludes that Updike \"describes to no purpose\".", "In reference to Updike's wide establishment acclaim, Vidal mockingly called him \"our good child\" and excoriated his alleged political conservatism.", "Vidal ultimately concluded, \"Updike's work is more and more representative of that polarizing within a state where Authority grows ever more brutal and malign while its hired hands in the media grow ever more excited as the holy war of the few against the many heats up.", "\"Robert B. Silvers, editor of ''The New York Review of Books'', called Updike \"one of the most elegant and coolly observant writers of his generation\".The short-story writer Lorrie Moore, who once described Updike as \"American literature's greatest short story writer ... and arguably our greatest writer\", reviewed Updike's body of short stories in ''The New York Review'', praising their intricate detail and rich imagery: \"his eye and his prose never falter, even when the world fails to send its more socially complicated revelations directly his story's way\".", "In her work on Updike, Biljana Dojčinović has argued that his short story collection ''The Afterlife and Other Stories'' is a pivotal work that demonstrates a change in his writing on feminism.In November 2008, the editors of the UK's ''Literary Review'' magazine awarded Updike their Bad Sex in Fiction Lifetime Achievement Award, which celebrates \"crude, tasteless or ridiculous sexual passages in modern literature\"." ], [ "Themes", "The principal themes in Updike's work are religion, sex, and America as well as death.", "Often he would combine them, frequently in his favored terrain of \"the American small town, Protestant middle class\", of which he once said, \"I like middles.", "It is in middles that extremes clash, where ambiguity restlessly rules.", "\"For example, the decline of religion in America is chronicled in ''In the Beauty of the Lilies'' (1996) alongside the history of cinema, and Rabbit Angstrom contemplates the merits of sex with the wife of his friend Reverend Jack Eccles while the latter is giving his sermon in ''Rabbit, Run'' (1960).Critics have often noted that Updike imbued language itself with a kind of faith in its efficacy, and that his tendency to construct narratives spanning many years and books—the Rabbit series, the Henry Bech series, Eastwick, the Maples stories—demonstrates a similar faith in the transcendent power of fiction and language.", "Updike's novels often act as dialectical theological debates between the book itself and the reader, the novel endowed with theological beliefs meant to challenge the reader as the plot runs its course.", "Rabbit Angstrom himself acts as a Kierkegaardian Knight of Faith.Describing his purpose in writing prose, Updike himself, in the introduction to his ''Early Stories: 1953–1975'' (2004), wrote that his aim was always \"to give the mundane its beautiful due\".", "Elsewhere he famously said, \"When I write, I aim my mind not towards New York City but towards a vague spot east of Kansas.\"", "Some have suggested that the \"best statement of Updike's aesthetic comes in his early memoir 'The Dogwood Tree'\" (1962): \"Blankness is not emptiness; we may skate upon an intense radiance we do not see because we see nothing else.", "And in fact there is a color, a quiet but tireless goodness that things at rest, like a brick wall or a small stone, seem to affirm.", "\"===Sex===Sex in Updike's work is noted for its ubiquity and the reverence with which he described it:The critic Edward Champion notes that Updike's prose heavily favors \"external sexual imagery\" rife with \"explicit anatomical detail\" rather than descriptions of \"internal emotion\" in descriptions of sex.", "In Champion's interview with Updike on ''The Bat Segundo Show'', Updike replied that he perhaps favored such imagery to concretize and make sex \"real\" in his prose.", "Another sexual theme commonly addressed in Updike is adultery, especially in a suburban, middle class setting, most famously in ''Couples'' (1968).", "The Updikean narrator is often \"a man guilty of infidelity and abandonment of his family\".===United States===Similarly, Updike wrote about America with a certain nostalgia, reverence, and recognition and celebration of America's broad diversity.", "ZZ Packer wrote that in Updike, \"there seemed a strange ability to harken both America the Beautiful as well as America the Plain Jane, and the lovely Protestant backbone in his fiction and essays, when he decided to show it off, was as progressive and enlightened as it was unapologetic.", "\"The Rabbit novels in particular can be viewed, according to Julian Barnes, as \"a distraction from, and a glittering confirmation of, the vast bustling ordinariness of American life\".", "But as Updike celebrated ordinary America, he also alluded to its decline: at times, he was \"so clearly disturbed by the downward spin of America\".", "Adam Gopnik concludes that \"Updike's great subject was the American attempt to fill the gap left by faith with the materials produced by mass culture.", "He documented how the death of a credible religious belief has been offset by sex and adultery and movies and sports and Toyotas and family love and family obligation.", "For Updike, this effort was blessed, and very nearly successful.", "\"Updike's novels about America almost always contain references to political events of the time.", "In this sense, they are artifacts of their historical eras, showing how national leaders shape and define their times.", "The lives of ordinary citizens take place against this wider background.===Death===Updike often wrote about death, his characters providing a \"mosaic of reactions\" to mortality, ranging from terror to attempts at insulation.", "In ''The Poorhouse Fair'' (1959), the elderly John Hook intones, \"There is no goodness without belief ... And if you have not believed, at the end of your life you shall know you have buried your talent in the ground of this world and have nothing saved, to take into the next\", demonstrating a religious, metaphysical faith present in much of Updike's work.For Rabbit Angstrom, with his constant musings on mortality, his near-witnessing of his daughter's death, and his often shaky faith, death is more frightening and less obvious in its ramifications.", "At the end of ''Rabbit at Rest'' (1990), though, Rabbit demonstrates a kind of certainty, telling his son Nelson on his deathbed, \"...", "But enough.", "Maybe.", "Enough.\"", "In ''The Centaur'' (1963), George Caldwell has no religious faith and is afraid of his cancer.", "Death can also be a sort of unseen terror; it \"occurs offstage but reverberates for survivors as an absent presence\".Updike himself also experienced a \"crisis over the afterlife\", and indeedmany of his heroes shared the same sort of existential fears the author acknowledged he had suffered as a young man: Henry Bech's concern that he was 'a fleck of dust condemned to know it is a fleck of dust,' or Colonel Ellelloû's lament that 'we will be forgotten, all of us forgotten.'", "Their fear of death threatens to make everything they do feel meaningless, and it also sends them running after God—looking for some reassurance that there is something beyond the familiar, everyday world with 'its signals and buildings and cars and bricks.", "'Updike demonstrated his own fear in some of his more personal writings, including the poem \"Perfection Wasted\" (1990):" ], [ "In popular culture", "* Updike was featured on the cover of ''Time'' twice, on April 26, 1968, and again on October 18, 1982.", "* Updike was the subject of a \"closed book examination\" by Nicholson Baker, titled ''U and I'' (1991).", "Baker discusses his wish to meet Updike and become his golf partner.", "* In 2000, Updike appeared as himself in ''The Simpsons'' episode \"Insane Clown Poppy\" at the Festival of Books.", "* The main character portrayed by Eminem in the film ''8 Mile'' (2002) is nicknamed \"Rabbit\" and has some similarities to Rabbit Angstrom.", "The film's soundtrack has a song titled \"Rabbit Run\".", "* Portraits of Updike drawn by the American caricaturist David Levine appeared several times in ''The New York Review of Books''.", "* In 2022 and 2023, Updike was portrayed by Bryce Pinkham in episodes of the TV show ''Julia''." ], [ "Bibliography", "===Rabbit novels===* ''Rabbit, Run'' (1960)* ''Rabbit Redux'' (1971)* ''Rabbit Is Rich'' (1981)* ''Rabbit at Rest'' (1990)* ''Rabbit Angstrom: The Four Novels'' (1995)* ''Rabbit Remembered'' (a novella in the collection ''Licks of Love'') (2001)===Bech books===* ''Bech, a Book'' (1970)* ''Bech Is Back'' (1982)* ''Bech at Bay'' (1998)* ''The Complete Henry Bech'' (2001)===Buchanan books===* ''Buchanan Dying'' (a play) (1974)* ''Memories of the Ford Administration'' (a novel) (1992)===Eastwick books===* ''The Witches of Eastwick'' (1984)* ''The Widows of Eastwick'' (2008)===''The Scarlet Letter'' trilogy===* ''A Month of Sundays'' (1975)* ''Roger's Version'' (1986)* ''S.''", "(1988)===Other novels===* ''The Poorhouse Fair'' (1959)* ''The Centaur'' (1963)* ''Of the Farm'' (1965)* ''Couples'' (1968)* ''Marry Me'' (1977)* ''The Coup'' (1978)* ''Brazil'' (1994)* ''In the Beauty of the Lilies'' (1996)* ''Toward the End of Time'' (1997)* ''Gertrude and Claudius'' (2000)* ''Seek My Face'' (2002)* ''Villages'' (2004)* ''Terrorist'' (2006)===Books edited by Updike===* ''The Best American Short Stories'' (1984)* ''The Binghamton Poems'' (2009)===Short story collections===* ''The Same Door'' (1959)* ''Pigeon Feathers'' (1962)* ''Olinger Stories'' (a selection) (1964)* ''Music School: Short Stories'' (1966)* ''Museums and Women and Other Stories'' (1972)* ''Problems and Other Stories'' (1979)* ''Too Far to Go'' (the Maples stories) (1979)* ''Your Lover Just Called'' (1980)* ''Trust Me'' (1987)* ''The Afterlife and Other Stories'' (1994)* ''The Best American Short Stories of the Century'' (editor) (2000)* ''Licks of Love: Short Stories and a Sequel'' (2001)* ''The Early Stories: 1953–1975'' (2003)* ''Three Trips'' (2003)* ''My Father's Tears and Other Stories'' (2009)* ''The Maples Stories'' (2009)* ''The Collected Stories, Volume 1: Collected Early Stories'' (2013)* ''The Collected Stories, Volume 2: Collected Later Stories'' (2013)===Poetry collections===* ''The Carpentered Hen'' (1958)* ''Telephone Poles'' (1963)* ''A Child's Calendar - Poems'' (1965)* ''Midpoint'' (1969)* ''Dance of the Solids'' (1969)* ''Tossing and Turning'' (1977)* ''Facing Nature'' (1985)* ''Collected Poems 1953–1993'' (1993)* ''Americana and Other Poems'' (2001)* ''Endpoint and Other Poems'' (2009)===Non-fiction, essays and criticism===* ''Assorted Prose'' (1965)* ''Picked-Up Pieces'' (1975)* ''Hugging The Shore'' (1983)* ''Self-Consciousness: Memoirs'' (1989)* ''Just Looking: Essays on Art'' (1989)* ''Odd Jobs'' (1991)* ''Golf Dreams: Writings on Golf'' (1996)* ''More Matter'' (1999)* ''Still Looking: Essays on American Art'' (2005)* ''In Love with a Wanton: Essays on Golf'' (2005)* ''Due Considerations: Essays and Criticism'' (2007)* ''Hub Fans Bid Kid Adieu: John Updike on Ted Williams'' (Library of America) (2010)* ''Higher Gossip'' (2011)* ''Always Looking: Essays on Art'' (2012)See also #External links for links to archives of his essays and reviews in ''The New Yorker'' and ''The New York Review of Books''." ], [ "Awards", "* 1959 Guggenheim Fellow* 1959 National Institute of Arts and Letters Rosenthal Award* 1964 National Book Award for Fiction* 1965 Prix du Meilleur Livre Étranger* 1966 O. Henry Prize* 1970 Honorary Doctor of Literature from Emerson College* 1981 National Book Critics Circle Award for Fiction* 1981 Edward MacDowell Medal* 1982 Pulitzer Prize for Fiction* 1982 National Book Award for Fiction (hardcover)From 1980 to 1983 in National Book Award history there were dual awards for hardcover and paperback books in many categories.", "Most of the paperback award-winners were reprints, including the 1982 Fiction.", "* 1982 Union League Club Abraham Lincoln Award* 1983 National Book Critics Circle Award for Criticism* 1984 National Arts Club Medal of Honor* 1987 St. Louis Literary Award from the Saint Louis University Library Associates* 1987 Ambassador Book Award* 1987 Peggy V. Helmerich Distinguished Author Award* 1988 PEN/Malamud Award* 1989 National Medal of Arts* 1990 National Book Critics Circle Award for Fiction* 1991 Pulitzer Prize for Fiction* 1991 O. Henry Prize* 1992 Honorary Doctor of Letters from Harvard University* 1995 William Dean Howells Medal* 1995 Commandeur de l'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres* 1997 Ambassador Book Award* 1998 Harvard Arts Medal* 1998 Medal for Distinguished Contribution to American Letters from the National Book Foundation* 2002 Fitzgerald Award for Achievement in American Literature * 2003 National Humanities Medal* 2004 PEN/Faulkner Award for Fiction* 2004 Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement* 2005 Man Booker International Prize nominee* 2006 Rea Award for the Short Story* 2007 American Academy of Arts and Letters Gold Medal for Fiction* 2008 ''Literary Review'' Bad Sex in Fiction Lifetime Achievement Award* 2008 Jefferson Lecture" ], [ "Notes" ], [ "References" ], [ "Further reading and literary criticism", "* Bailey, Peter J., ''Rabbit (Un)Redeemed: The Drama of Belief in John Updike's Fiction'', Farleigh Dickinson University Press, Madison, New Jersey, 2006.", "* Baker, Nicholson, ''U & I: A True Story'', Random House, New York, 1991.", "* Batchelor, Bob, ''John Updike: A Critical Biography'', Praeger, California, 2013..* Begley, Adam, ''Updike'', Harper-Collins Publishers, New York, NY, 2014.", "* Ben Hassat, Hedda, ''Prophets Without Vision: Subjectivity and the Sacred in Contemporary American Writing'', Bucknell University Press, Lewisburg, Pennsylvania, 2000.", "* Bloom, Harold, ed., ''Modern Critical Views of John Updike'', Chelsea House, New York, 1987.", "* Boswell, Marshall, ''John Updike's Rabbit Tetralogy: Mastered Irony in Motion'', University of Missouri Press, Columbia, Missouri, 2001.", "* Broer, Lawrence, ''Rabbit Tales: Poetry and Politics in John Updike's Rabbit Novels'', University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, 2000.", "* Burchard, Rachel C., ''John Updike: Yea Sayings'', Southern Illinois University Press, Carbondale, Illinois, 1971.", "* Campbell, Jeff H., ''Updike's Novels: Thorns Spell A Word'', Midwestern State University Press, Wichita Falls, Texas, 1988.", "* Clarke Taylor, C., ''John Updike: A Bibliography'', Kent State University, Kent, Ohio, 1968.", "* De Bellis, Jack, ''John Updike: A Bibliography, 1968–1993'', Greenwood Publishing Group, Westport, Connecticut, 1994.", "* De Bellis, Jack, ''John Updike: The Critical Responses to the Rabbit Saga'', Greenwood Publishing Group, Westport, Connecticut, 2005.", "* De Bellis, Jack, ed., ''The John Updike Encyclopedia'', Greenwood Press, Santa Barbara, California, 2001.", "* Detwiler, Robert, ''John Updike'', Twayne, Boston, 1984.", "* Findlay, Bill, ''Interview with John Updike'' in Hearn, Sheila G.", "(ed.", "), ''Cencrastus'' No.", "15, New Year 1984, pp.", "30 – 36, * Greiner, Donald, \" Don DeLillo, John Updike, and the Sustaining Power of Myth\", ''UnderWords: Perspectives on Don DeLillo's Underworld'', University of Delaware Press, Newark, Delaware, 2002.", "* Greiner, Donald, ''John Updike's Novels'', Ohio University Press, Athens, Ohio, 1984.", "* Greiner, Donald, ''The Other John Updike: Poems, Short Stories, Prose, Play'', Ohio University Press, Athens, Ohio, 1981.", "* Gullette, Margaret Morganroth, \"John Updike: Rabbit Angstrom Grows Up\", ''Safe at Last in the Middle Years : The Invention of the Midlife Progress Novel'', Backinprint.com, New York, 2001.", "* Hamilton, Alice and Kenneth, ''The Elements of John Updike'', William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., Grand Rapids, Michigan, 1970.", "* Hunt, George W., ''John Updike and the Three Great Secret Things: Sex, Religion, and Art'', William B. Eerdmans Pub.", "Co., Grand Rapids, Michigan, 1985.", "* Karshan, Thomas, \" Batsy\", ''London Review of Books'', March 31, 2005.", "* Luscher, Robert M., ''John Updike: A Study of the Short Fiction'', Twayne, New York, 1993.", "* Mazzeno, Laurence W. and Sue Norton, eds.,''European Perspectives on John Updike'', Camden House, 2018.", "* McNaughton, William R., ed., ''Critical Essays on John Updike'', GK Hall, Boston, 1982.", "* Markle, Joyce B., ''Fighters and Lovers: Themes in the Novels of John Updike'', New York University Press, 1973.", "* Mathé, Sylvie, ''John Updike : La nostalgie de l'Amérique'', Berlin, 2002.", "* Miller, D. Quentin, ''John Updike and the Cold War: Drawing the Iron Curtain'', University of Missouri Press, Columbia, Missouri, 2001.", "* Morley, Catherine, \"The Bard of Everyday Domesticity: John Updike's Song for America\", ''The Quest for Epic in Contemporary American Literature'', Routledge, New York, 2008.", "* Newman, Judie, ''John Updike'', Macmillan, London, 1988.", "* O'Connell, Mary, ''Updike and the Patriarchal Dilemma: Masculinity in the Rabbit Novels'', Southern Illinois University Press, Carbondale, Illinois, 1996.", "* Olster, Stanley, ''The Cambridge Companion to John Updike'', Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2006.", "* Plath, James, ed., ''Conversations with John Updike'', University Press of Mississippi Press, Jackson, Mississippi, 1994.", "* Porter, M. Gilbert, \" John Updike's 'A&P': The Establishment and an Emersonian Cashier\", ''English Journal'' 61 (8), pp.", "1155–1158, November 1972.", "* Pritchard, William, ''Updike: America's Man of Letters'', University of Massachusetts Press, Amherst, Massachusetts, 2005.", "* Ristoff, Dilvo I., ''John Updike's'' Rabbit at Rest: ''Appropriating History'', Peter Lang, New York, 1998.", "'* Roiphe, Anne, ''For Rabbit, with Love and Squalor'', Free Press, Washington, D.C., 2000.", "* Searles, George J., ''The Fiction of Philip Roth and John Updike'', Southern Illinois University Press, Carbondale, Illinois, 1984.", "* Schiff, James A., ''Updike's Version: Rewriting'' The Scarlet Letter, University of Missouri Press, Columbia, Missouri, 1992.", "* Schiff, James A., ''United States Author Series: John Updike Revisited'', Twayne Publishers, Woodbridge, Connecticut, 1998.", "* Tallent, Elizabeth, ''Married Men and Magic Tricks: John Updike's Erotic Heroes'', Creative Arts Book Company, Berkeley, California, 1982.", "* Tanner, Tony, \"A Compromised Environment\", ''City of Words: American Fiction, 1950–1970'', Jonathan Cape, London, 1971.", "* Thorburn, David and Eiland, Howard, eds., ''John Updike: A Collection of Critical Essays'', Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, 1979.", "* Trachtenberg, Stanley, ed., ''New Essays on'' Rabbit, Run, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1993.", "* Uphaus, Suzanne H., ''John Updike'', Ungar, New York, 1980.", "* Vidal, Gore, \"Rabbit's own burrow\", ''Times Literary Supplement'', April 26, 1996.", "* Wallace, David Foster, \"John Updike, Champion Literary Phallocrat, Drops One\", ''New York Observer'', October 12, 1997.", "* Wood, James, \"Gossip in Gilt\", ''London Review of Books'', April 19, 2001.", "* Wood, James, \"John Updike's Complacent God\", ''The Broken Estate: Essays on Literature and Belief'', Modern Library, New York, 2000.", "* Yerkes, James, ''John Updike and Religion: The Sense of the Sacred and the Motions of Grace'', William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co, Grand Rapids, Missouri, 1999." ], [ "External links", "* The John Updike Society* John Updike collection, Houghton Library, Harvard University* The Other John Updike Archive, a collection taken from Updike's rubbish and discussed in this article from ''The Guardian'', September 2014, and this article from ''The Atlantic''* Jack De Bellis collection of John Updike at the University of South Carolina* Column archive at ''The New York Review of Books''* Column archive at ''The New Yorker''* ** ''In Depth'' interview with Updike, 4 December 2005* * * * * * Reviews at the ''London Review of Books''* Stuart Wright Collection: John Updike Papers, 1946–2010 (#1169-023), East Carolina Manuscript Collection, J. Y. Joyner Library, East Carolina University* Authors and Poets collection at University of Maryland;Articles and interviews* John Updike, The Art of Fiction No.", "43, Charles Thomas Samuels, ''Paris Review'', Winter 1968* \"Picked-Up Pieces: A half century of John Updike\".", "''The New Yorker'', 2009* The ancestry of John Hoyer Updike, Rootsweb* * John Updike Life & Times, ''New York Times Books''* The Salon Interview: John Updike, \"As Close as You Can Get to the Stars\", Dwight Garner, ''Salon.com''" ] ]
wikipedia
[ [ "John Steinbeck" ], [ "Introduction", "'''John Ernst Steinbeck''' ( ; February 27, 1902 – December 20, 1968) was an American writer.", "He won the 1962 Nobel Prize in Literature \"for his realistic and imaginative writings, combining as they do sympathetic humor and keen social perception\".", "He has been called \"a giant of American letters.", "\"During his writing career, he authored 33 books, with one book coauthored alongside Edward Ricketts, including 16 novels, six non-fiction books, and two collections of short stories.", "He is widely known for the comic novels ''Tortilla Flat'' (1935) and ''Cannery Row'' (1945), the multi-generation epic ''East of Eden'' (1952), and the novellas ''The Red Pony'' (1933) and ''Of Mice and Men'' (1937).", "The Pulitzer Prize–winning ''The Grapes of Wrath'' (1939) is considered Steinbeck's masterpiece and part of the American literary canon.", "By the 75th anniversary of its publishing date, it had sold 14 million copies.Most of Steinbeck's work is set in central California, particularly in the Salinas Valley and the California Coast Ranges region.", "His works frequently explored the themes of fate and injustice, especially as applied to downtrodden or everyman protagonists." ], [ "Early life", "Steinbeck was born on February 27, 1902, in Salinas, California.", "He was of German, English, and Irish descent.", "Johann Adolf Großsteinbeck (1828–1913), Steinbeck's paternal grandfather, was a founder of Mount Hope, a short-lived messianic farming colony in Palestine that disbanded after Arab attackers killed his brother and raped his brother's wife and mother-in-law.", "He arrived in the United States in 1858, shortening the family name to Steinbeck.", "The family farm in Heiligenhaus, Mettmann, Germany, is still named \"Großsteinbeck\".His father, John Ernst Steinbeck (1862–1935), served as Monterey County treasurer.", "John's mother, Olive Hamilton (1867–1934), a former school teacher, shared Steinbeck's passion for reading and writing.", "The Steinbecks were members of the Episcopal Church, although Steinbeck later became agnostic.", "Steinbeck lived in a small rural valley (no more than a frontier settlement) set in some of the world's most fertile soil, about 25 miles from the Pacific Coast.", "Both valley and coast would serve as settings for some of his best fiction.", "He spent his summers working on nearby ranches including the Post Ranch in Big Sur.", "He later labored with migrant workers on Spreckels sugar beet farms.", "There he learned of the harsher aspects of the migrant life and the darker side of human nature, which supplied him with material expressed in ''Of Mice and Men''.", "He explored his surroundings, walking across local forests, fields, and farms.", "While working at Spreckels Sugar Company, he sometimes worked in their laboratory, which gave him time to write.", "He had considerable mechanical aptitude and fondness for repairing things he owned.Steinbeck House at 132 Central Avenue, Salinas, California, the Victorian home where Steinbeck spent his childhoodSteinbeck graduated from Salinas High School in 1919 and went on to study English literature at Stanford University near Palo Alto, leaving without a degree in 1925.He traveled to New York City where he took odd jobs while trying to write.", "When he failed to publish his work, he returned to California and worked in 1928 as a tour guide and caretaker at Lake Tahoe, where he met Carol Henning, his first wife.", "They married in January 1930 in Los Angeles, where, with friends, he attempted to make money by manufacturing plaster mannequins.When their money ran out six months later due to a slow market, Steinbeck and Carol moved back to Pacific Grove, California, to a cottage owned by his father, on the Monterey Peninsula a few blocks outside the Monterey city limits.", "The elder Steinbecks gave John free housing, paper for his manuscripts, and from 1928, loans that allowed him to write without looking for work.", "During the Great Depression, Steinbeck bought a small boat, and later claimed that he was able to live on the fish and crabs that he gathered from the sea, and fresh vegetables from his garden and local farms.", "When those sources failed, Steinbeck and his wife accepted welfare, and on rare occasions, stole bacon from the local produce market.", "Whatever food they had, they shared with their friends.", "Carol became the model for Mary Talbot in Steinbeck's novel ''Cannery Row''.In 1930, Steinbeck met the marine biologist Ed Ricketts, who became a close friend and mentor to Steinbeck during the following decade, teaching him a great deal about philosophy and biology.", "Ricketts, usually very quiet, yet likable, with an inner self-sufficiency and an encyclopedic knowledge of diverse subjects, became a focus of Steinbeck's attention.", "Ricketts had taken a college class from Warder Clyde Allee, a biologist and ecological theorist, who would go on to write a classic early textbook on ecology.", "Ricketts became a proponent of ecological thinking, in which man was only one part of a great chain of being, caught in a web of life too large for him to control or understand.", "Meanwhile, Ricketts operated a biological lab on the coast of Monterey, selling biological samples of small animals, fish, rays, starfish, turtles, and other marine forms to schools and colleges.Between 1930 and 1936, Steinbeck and Ricketts became close friends.", "Steinbeck's wife began working at the lab as secretary-bookkeeper.", "Steinbeck helped on an informal basis.", "They formed a common bond based on their love of music and art, and John learned biology and Ricketts's ecological philosophy.", "When Steinbeck became emotionally upset, Ricketts sometimes played music for him." ], [ "Career", "===Writing===Steinbeck's first novel, ''Cup of Gold'', published in 1929, is loosely based on the life and death of privateer Henry Morgan.", "It centers on Morgan's assault and sacking of Panamá Viejo, sometimes referred to as the \"Cup of Gold\", and on the women, brighter than the sun, who were said to be found there.", "In 1930, Steinbeck wrote a werewolf murder mystery, ''Murder at Full Moon'', that has never been published because Steinbeck considered it unworthy of publication.Between 1930 and 1933, Steinbeck produced three shorter works.", "''The Pastures of Heaven'', published in 1932, consists of twelve interconnected stories about a valley near Monterey, which was discovered by a Spanish corporal while chasing runaway Indian slaves.", "In 1933 Steinbeck published ''The Red Pony'', a 100-page, four-chapter story weaving in memories of Steinbeck's childhood.", "''To a God Unknown'', named after a Vedic hymn, follows the life of a homesteader and his family in California, depicting a character with a primal and pagan worship of the land he works.Before his novel ''Tortilla Flat'' (1935), Steinbeck was an obscure writer \"with little success\".", "Although he had not achieved the status of a well-known writer, he never doubted that he would achieve greatness.Steinbeck achieved his first critical success with ''Tortilla Flat'', a novel set in post-war Monterey, California, that won the California Commonwealth Club's Gold Medal.", "It portrays the adventures of a group of classless and usually homeless young men in Monterey after World War I, just before U.S. prohibition.", "They are portrayed in ironic comparison to mythic knights on a quest and reject nearly all the standard mores of American society in enjoyment of a dissolute life devoted to wine, lust, camaraderie and petty theft.", "In presenting the 1962 Nobel Prize to Steinbeck, the Swedish Academy cited \"spicy and comic tales about a gang of ''paisanos'', asocial individuals who, in their wild revels, are almost caricatures of King Arthur's Knights of the Round Table.", "It has been said that in the United States this book came as a welcome antidote to the gloom of the then prevailing depression.\"", "''Tortilla Flat'' was adapted as a 1942 film of the same name, starring Spencer Tracy, Hedy Lamarr and John Garfield, a friend of Steinbeck.", "With some of the proceeds, he built a summer ranch-home in Los Gatos.Steinbeck began to write a series of \"California novels\" and Dust Bowl fiction, set among common people during the Great Depression.", "These included ''In Dubious Battle'', ''Of Mice and Men'' and ''The Grapes of Wrath''.", "He also wrote an article series called ''The Harvest Gypsies'' for the ''San Francisco News'' about the plight of the migrant worker.", "''Of Mice and Men'' was a drama about the dreams of two migrant agricultural laborers in California.", "Steinbeck, on vacations to Mexico, witnessed sold-out theater troupes with often poor and illiterate workers consisting of the audience.", "As such, Steinbeck chose to write ''Of Mice and Men'' with a stage play in mind.", "It was critically acclaimed and Steinbeck's 1962 Nobel Prize citation called it a \"little masterpiece\".Its stage production was a hit, starring Wallace Ford as George and Broderick Crawford as George's companion, the mentally childlike, but physically powerful itinerant farmhand Lennie.", "Steinbeck refused to travel from his home in California to attend any performance of the play during its New York run, telling director George S. Kaufman that the play as it existed in his own mind was \"perfect\" and that anything presented on stage would only be a disappointment.", "Steinbeck wrote two more stage plays (''The Moon Is Down'' and ''Burning Bright'').", "''Of Mice and Men'' was also adapted as a 1939 Hollywood film, with Lon Chaney Jr. as Lennie (he had filled the role in the Los Angeles stage production) and Burgess Meredith as George.", "Meredith and Steinbeck became close friends for the next two decades.", "Another film based on the novella was made in 1992 starring Gary Sinise as George and John Malkovich as Lennie.", "Steinbeck followed this wave of success with ''The Grapes of Wrath'' (1939), based on newspaper articles about migrant agricultural workers that he had written in San Francisco.", "In August 1936, the San Francisco News asked Steinbeck to personally interview multiple families in the impoverished Hoovervilles of the San Joaquin Valley.", "As Steinbeck visited the slums that hugged the highways across the Central Valley, he was harrowed by what he saw.", "He talked with multiple families and vowed to make a book depicting their struggles.", "It is commonly considered his greatest work.", "According to ''The New York Times'', it was the best-selling book of 1939 and 430,000 copies had been printed by February 1940.In that month, it won the National Book Award, favorite fiction book of 1939, voted by members of the American Booksellers Association.", "Later that year, it won the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction and was adapted as a film directed by John Ford, starring Henry Fonda as Tom Joad; Fonda was nominated for the best actor Academy Award.", "''Grapes'' was controversial.", "Steinbeck's New Deal political views, negative portrayal of aspects of capitalism, and sympathy for the plight of workers, led to a backlash against the author for displaying communist views, especially in his hometown of Salinas.", "Steinbeck received so many threats that he purchased a handgun for his own safety.", "Claiming the book both was obscene and misrepresented conditions in the county, the Kern County Board of Supervisors banned the book from the county's publicly funded schools and libraries in August 1939.This ban lasted until January 1941.Of the controversy, Steinbeck wrote, \"The vilification of me out here from the large landowners and bankers is pretty bad.", "The latest is a rumor started by them that the Okies hate me and have threatened to kill me for lying about them.", "I'm frightened at the rolling might of this damned thing.", "It is completely out of hand; I mean a kind of hysteria about the book is growing that is not healthy.", "\"The then First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt, already a fan of Steinbeck's work from ''Of Mice and Men'', defended Steinbeck's work in her nationally syndicated newspaper column, “My Day\".", "She wrote: “Now I must tell you that I have just finished a book which is an unforgettable experience in reading.", "The Grapes of Wrath by John Steinbeck, both repels and attracts you.", "The horrors of the picture, so well drawn, make you dread sometimes to begin the next chapter, and yet you cannot lay the book down or even skip a page.” After visiting California labor camps in 1940, a reporter asked her if she believed that The Grapes of Wrath was exaggerated.", "Roosevelt responded, \"I have never believed that The Grapes of Wrath was exaggerated\".", "The film versions of ''The Grapes of Wrath'' and ''Of Mice and Men'' (by two different movie studios) were in production simultaneously, allowing Steinbeck to spend a full day on the set of ''The Grapes of Wrath'' and the next day on the set of ''Of Mice and Men.", "''===Ed Ricketts===In the 1930s and 1940s, Ed Ricketts strongly influenced Steinbeck's writing.", "Steinbeck frequently took small trips with Ricketts along the California coast to give himself time off from his writing and to collect biological specimens, which Ricketts sold for a living.", "Their coauthored book, ''Sea of Cortez'' (December 1941), about a collecting expedition to the Gulf of California in 1940, which was part travelogue and part natural history, published just as the U.S. entered World War II, never found an audience and did not sell well.", "However, in 1951, Steinbeck republished the narrative portion of the book as ''The Log from the Sea of Cortez'', under his name only (though Ricketts had written some of it).", "This work remains in print today.Although Carol accompanied Steinbeck on the trip, their marriage was beginning to suffer, and ended a year later, in 1941, even as Steinbeck worked on the manuscript for the book.", "In 1942, after his divorce from Carol he married Gwyndolyn \"Gwyn\" Conger.Ricketts was Steinbeck's model for the character of \"Doc\" in ''Cannery Row'' (1945) and ''Sweet Thursday'' (1954), \"Friend Ed\" in ''Burning Bright'', and characters in ''In Dubious Battle'' (1936) and ''The Grapes of Wrath'' (1939).", "Ecological themes recur in Steinbeck's novels of the period.Steinbeck's close relations with Ricketts ended in 1941 when Steinbeck moved away from Pacific Grove and divorced his wife Carol.", "Ricketts's biographer Eric Enno Tamm opined that, except for ''East of Eden'' (1952), Steinbeck's writing declined after Ricketts's untimely death in 1948.===World War II===Steinbeck's novel ''The Moon Is Down'' (1942), about the Socrates-inspired spirit of resistance in an occupied village in Northern Europe, was made into a film almost immediately.", "It was presumed that the unnamed country of the novel was Norway and the occupiers the Germans.", "In 1945, Steinbeck received the King Haakon VII Freedom Cross for his literary contributions to the Norwegian resistance movement.In 1943, Steinbeck served as a World War II war correspondent for the ''New York Herald Tribune'' and worked with the Office of Strategic Services (predecessor of the CIA).", "It was at that time he became friends with Will Lang Jr. of ''Time''/''Life'' magazine.", "During the war, Steinbeck accompanied the commando raids of Douglas Fairbanks Jr.'s Beach Jumpers program, which launched small-unit diversion operations against German-held islands in the Mediterranean.", "At one point, he accompanied Fairbanks on an invasion of an island off the coast of Italy and used a Thompson submachine gun to help capture Italian and German prisoners.", "Some of his writings from this period were incorporated in the documentary ''Once There Was a War'' (1958).Steinbeck returned from the war with a number of wounds from shrapnel and some psychological trauma.", "He treated himself, as ever, by writing.", "He wrote Alfred Hitchcock's movie, ''Lifeboat'' (1944), and with screenwriter Jack Wagner, ''A Medal for Benny'' (1945), about paisanos from ''Tortilla Flat'' going to war.", "He later requested that his name be removed from the credits of ''Lifeboat,'' because he believed the final version of the film had racist undertones.", "In 1944, bruised, battered, and homesick,Steinbeck wrote ''Cannery Row'' (1945), a love letter to the city of Monterey.", "In 1958, Ocean View Avenue in Monterey, the setting of the book, was renamed Cannery Row in his honor.", "John Steinbeck plaque in Sag Harbor, N.Y. (20180916 151050)After the war, he wrote ''The Pearl'' (1947), knowing it would be filmed eventually.", "Steinbeck's relationship with Hollywood had solidified to the point where his books were being green-lit as movies as they released.", "The story first appeared in the December 1945 issue of ''Woman's Home Companion'' magazine as \"The Pearl of the World\".", "It was illustrated by John Alan Maxwell.", "The novel is an imaginative telling of a story which Steinbeck had heard in La Paz in 1940, as related in ''The Log From the Sea of Cortez'', which he described in Chapter 11 as being \"so much like a parable that it almost can't be\".", "Steinbeck traveled to Cuernavaca, Mexico for the filming with Wagner who helped with the script; on this trip he would be inspired by the story of Emiliano Zapata, and subsequently wrote a film script (''Viva Zapata!'')", "directed by Elia Kazan and starring Marlon Brando and Anthony Quinn.In 1947, Steinbeck made his first trip to the Soviet Union with photographer Robert Capa.", "They visited Moscow, Kyiv, Tbilisi, Batumi and Stalingrad, some of the first Americans to visit many parts of the USSR since the communist revolution.", "Steinbeck's 1948 book about their experiences, ''A Russian Journal'', was illustrated with Capa's photos.", "In 1948, the year the book was published, Steinbeck was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Letters.===New York===Over the course of 276 days in 1952, Steinbeck wrote the first draft of ''East of Eden,'' a book he considered his ultimate test as a writer.", "He wrote a daily letter to his editor while writing the book.", "Through them, Steinbeck explored himself, his creative process, his love for writing, and his family life, for he had just married his third wife, Elaine Scott, the year prior.", "Steinbeck, according to Elaine Scott, considered ''East of Eden'' his ''magnum opus'', his greatest novel.", "As the book was released, he wrote to John Beskow, a Swedish artist and a confidant of his: \"I have put all the things I have wanted to write all my life.", "This is 'the book'... having done this, I can do anything I want\".", "Also in 1952, John Steinbeck appeared as the on-screen narrator of 20th Century Fox's film, ''O.", "Henry's Full House''.", "Although Steinbeck later admitted he was uncomfortable before the camera, he provided interesting introductions to several filmed adaptations of short stories by the legendary writer O. Henry.", "About the same time, Steinbeck recorded readings of several of his short stories for Columbia Records; the recordings provide a record of Steinbeck's deep, resonant voice.Following the success of ''Viva Zapata!", "'', Steinbeck collaborated with Kazan on the 1955 film ''East of Eden'', James Dean's movie debut.", "Jack Moffitt of The Hollywood Reporter, in a review that appeared after the March 1955 premiere, wrote \"Beautifully acted, and superbly directed by Elia Kazan, it is bound to be one of the year’s important contributions to screen literature.", "\"From March to October 1959, Steinbeck and his third wife Elaine rented a cottage in the hamlet of Discove, Redlynch, near Bruton in Somerset, England, while Steinbeck researched his retelling of the Arthurian legend of King Arthur and the Knights of the Round Table.", "Glastonbury Tor was visible from the cottage, and Steinbeck also visited the nearby hillfort of Cadbury Castle, the supposed site of King Arthur's court of Camelot.", "The unfinished manuscript was published after his death in 1976, as ''The Acts of King Arthur and His Noble Knights''.", "Stienbeck grew up enthralled by the stories of King Arthur, and the Steinbecks recounted the time spent in Somerset as the happiest of their life together.Rocinante, camper truck in which Steinbeck traveled across the United States in 1960''Travels with Charley: In Search of America'' is a travelogue of his 1960 road trip with his poodle Charley.", "Steinbeck bemoans his lost youth and roots, while dispensing both criticism and praise for the United States.", "According to Steinbeck's son Thom, Steinbeck made the journey because he knew he was dying and wanted to see the country one last time.Steinbeck's last novel, ''The Winter of Our Discontent'' (1961), examines moral decline in the United States.", "The protagonist Ethan grows discontented with his own moral decline and that of those around him.", "The book has a very different tone from Steinbeck's amoral and ecological stance in earlier works such as ''Tortilla Flat'' and ''Cannery Row''.", "It was not a critical success.", "Many reviewers recognized the importance of the novel, but were disappointed that it was not another ''Grapes of Wrath''.In the Nobel Prize presentation speech the next year, however, the Swedish Academy cited it most favorably: \"Here he attained the same standard which he set in The Grapes of Wrath.", "Again he holds his position as an independent expounder of the truth with an unbiased instinct for what is genuinely American, be it good or bad.", "\"Apparently taken aback by the critical reception of this novel, and the critical outcry when he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1962, Steinbeck published no more fiction in the remaining six years before his death.===Nobel Prize===Steinbeck in Sweden during his trip to accept the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1962In 1962, Steinbeck won the Nobel Prize for literature for his \"realistic and imaginative writing, combining as it does sympathetic humor and keen social perception\".", "The selection was heavily criticized, and described as \"one of the Academy's biggest mistakes\" in one Swedish newspaper.", "The reaction of American literary critics was also harsh.", "''The New York Times'' asked why the Nobel committee gave the award to an author whose \"limited talent is, in his best books, watered down by tenth-rate philosophising\", noting that \"The international character of the award and the weight attached to it raise questions about the mechanics of selection and how close the Nobel committee is to the main currents of American writing.", "... We think it interesting that the laurel was not awarded to a writer ... whose significance, influence and sheer body of work had already made a more profound impression on the literature of our age\".", "Steinbeck, when asked on the day of the announcement if he deserved the Nobel, replied: \"Frankly, no.\"", "Biographer Jackson Benson notes, \"This honor was one of the few in the world that one could not buy nor gain by political maneuver.", "It was precisely because the committee made its judgment ... on its own criteria, rather than plugging into 'the main currents of American writing' as defined by the critical establishment, that the award had value.\"", "In his acceptance speech later in the year in Stockholm, he said:Fifty years later, in 2012, the Nobel Prize opened its archives and it was revealed that Steinbeck was a \"compromise choice\" among a shortlist consisting of Steinbeck, British authors Robert Graves and Lawrence Durrell, French dramatist Jean Anouilh and Danish author Karen Blixen.", "The declassified documents showed that he was chosen as the best of a bad lot.", "\"There aren't any obvious candidates for the Nobel prize and the prize committee is in an unenviable situation,\" wrote committee member Henry Olsson.", "Although the committee believed Steinbeck's best work was behind him by 1962, committee member Anders Österling believed the release of his novel ''The Winter of Our Discontent'' showed that \"after some signs of slowing down in recent years, Steinbeck has regained his position as a social truth-teller and is an authentic realist fully equal to his predecessors Sinclair Lewis and Ernest Hemingway.", "\"Although modest about his own talent as a writer, Steinbeck talked openly of his own admiration of certain writers.", "In 1953, he wrote that he considered cartoonist Al Capp, creator of the satirical ''Li'l Abner'', \"possibly the best writer in the world today\".", "At his own first Nobel Prize press conference he was asked his favorite authors and works and replied: \"Hemingway's short stories and nearly everything Faulkner wrote.", "\"In September 1964, President Lyndon B. Johnson awarded Steinbeck the Presidential Medal of Freedom.In 1967, at the behest of ''Newsday'' magazine, Steinbeck went to Vietnam to report on the war.", "He thought of the Vietnam War as a heroic venture and was considered a hawk for his position on the war.", "His sons served in Vietnam before his death, and Steinbeck visited one son in the battlefield.", "At one point he was allowed to man a machine-gun watch position at night at a firebase while his son and other members of his platoon slept." ], [ "Personal life", "John and Elaine Steinbeck in 1950Steinbeck and his first wife, Carol Henning, married in January 1930 in Los Angeles.", "By 1940, their marriage was beginning to suffer, and it ended a year later.", "In 1942, after his divorce from Carol, Steinbeck married Gwyndolyn \"Gwyn\" Conger.", "With his second wife Steinbeck had two sons, Thomas (\"Thom\") Myles Steinbeck (1944–2016) and John Steinbeck IV (1946–1991).In May 1948, Steinbeck returned to California on an emergency trip to be with his friend Ed Ricketts, who had been seriously injured when a train struck his car.", "Ricketts died hours before Steinbeck arrived.", "Upon returning home, Steinbeck was confronted by Gwyn, who asked for a divorce, which became final in October.", "Steinbeck spent the year after Ricketts's death in deep depression.In June 1949, Steinbeck met stage manager Elaine Scott at a restaurant in Carmel, California.", "Steinbeck and Scott eventually began a relationship, and in December 1950 they married, within a week of Scott's finalizing her own divorce from actor Zachary Scott.", "This third marriage for Steinbeck lasted until his death in 1968.Steinbeck was an acquaintance of modernist poet Robinson Jeffers, a Californian neighbor.", "In a letter to Elizabeth Otis, Steinbeck wrote: \"Robinson Jeffers and his wife came in to call the other day.", "He looks a little older but that is all.", "And she is just the same.", "\"In 1962, Steinbeck began acting as friend and mentor to the young writer and naturalist Jack Rudloe, who was trying to establish his own biological supply company, now Gulf Specimen Marine Laboratory in Florida.", "Their correspondence continued until Steinbeck's death.In February 1966, Steinbeck and his wife traveled to Israel.", "He visited in Tel Aviv the site of Mount Hope, a farm community established by his grandfather, whose brother, Friedrich Großsteinbeck, had been murdered by Arab marauders in 1858 during the Outrages at Jaffa." ], [ "Death and legacy", "The Steinbeck family graves in the Hamilton plot at the Salinas CemeteryJohn Steinbeck died in New York City, where his writing career had begun, on December 20, 1968, during the 1968 flu pandemic of heart disease and congestive heart failure.", "He was 66, and had been a lifelong smoker.", "An autopsy showed nearly complete occlusion of the main coronary arteries.In accordance with his wishes, his body was cremated, and interred on March 4, 1969 at the Hamilton family gravesite in Salinas, with those of his parents and maternal grandparents.", "His third wife, Elaine, was buried in the plot in 2004.He had written to his doctor that he felt deeply \"in his flesh\" that he would not survive his physical death, and that the biological end of his life was the final end to it.Steinbeck's incomplete novel based on the King Arthur legends of Malory and others, ''The Acts of King Arthur and His Noble Knights'', was published in 1976.Many of Steinbeck's works are required reading in American high schools.", "In England, ''Of Mice and Men'' was one of the key texts used by the examining body AQA for its English Literature GCSE until its removal from the reformed specification that was first examined in June 2018.The text is still widely studied by GCSE students in Wales and Northern Ireland, although calls have been made for its removal in Northern Ireland due to concerns about the use of racial slurs in the text.", "A study by the Center for the Learning and Teaching of Literature in the United States found that ''Of Mice and Men'' was one of the ten most frequently read books in public high schools.", "Steinbeck's works have also been banned.", "''The Grapes of Wrath'' was banned in August 1939 by the Kern County Board of Supervisors from the county's publicly funded schools and libraries.", "It was burned in Salinas on two occasions.", "In 2003, a school board in Mississippi banned it on the grounds of profanity.", "According to the American Library Association Steinbeck was one of the ten most frequently banned authors from 1990 to 2004, with ''Of Mice and Men'' ranking sixth out of 100 such books in the United States.===Literary influences===Steinbeck grew up in California's Salinas Valley, a culturally diverse place with a rich migratory and immigrant history.", "This upbringing imparted a regionalistic flavor to his writing, giving many of his works a distinct sense of place.Salinas, Monterey and parts of the San Joaquin Valley were the setting for many of his stories.", "The area is now sometimes referred to as \"Steinbeck Country\".", "Most of his early work dealt with subjects familiar to him from his formative years.", "An exception was his first novel, ''Cup of Gold'', which concerns the pirate/privateer Henry Morgan, whose adventures had captured Steinbeck's imagination as a child.In his subsequent novels, Steinbeck found a more authentic voice by drawing upon direct memories of his life in California.", "His childhood friend, Max Wagner, a brother of Jack Wagner and who later became a film actor, served as inspiration for ''The Red Pony''.", "Later he used actual American conditions and events in the first half of the 20th century, which he had experienced first-hand as a reporter.", "Steinbeck often populated his stories with struggling characters; his works examined the lives of the working class and migrant workers during the Dust Bowl and the Great Depression.His later work reflected his wide range of interests, including marine biology, politics, religion, history and mythology.", "One of his last published works was ''Travels with Charley'', a travelogue of a road trip he took in 1960 to rediscover America.===Commemoration===Cannery Row in MontereyNational Steinbeck Center in Salinas, CaliforniaU.S.", "Route 101 is signed as the John Steinbeck Highway through SalinasSteinbeck's boyhood home, a turreted Victorian building in downtown Salinas, has been preserved and restored by the Valley Guild, a nonprofit organization.", "Fixed menu lunches are served Monday through Saturday, and the house is open for tours on Sunday afternoons during the summer.The National Steinbeck Center is two blocks away at 1 Main Street.", "Dana Gioia (chair of the National Endowment for the Arts) told an audience at the center, \"This is really the best modern literary shrine in the country, and I've seen them all.\"", "Its \"Steinbeckiana\" includes \"Rocinante\", the camper-truck in which Steinbeck made the cross-country trip described in ''Travels with Charley''.His father's cottage on Eleventh Street in Pacific Grove, where Steinbeck wrote some of his earliest books, also survives.In Monterey, Ed Ricketts's laboratory survives (though it is not yet open to the public), and at the corner which Steinbeck describes in ''Cannery Row'', also the store which once belonged to Lee Chong, and the adjacent vacant lot frequented by the hoboes of Cannery Row.", "The site of the Hovden Sardine Cannery next to Doc's laboratory is now occupied by the Monterey Bay Aquarium.", "In 1958 the street that Steinbeck described as \"Cannery Row\" in the novel, once named Ocean View Avenue, was renamed Cannery Row in honor of the novel.", "The town of Monterey has commemorated Steinbeck's work with an avenue of flags depicting characters from ''Cannery Row'', historical plaques, and sculptured busts depicting Steinbeck and Ricketts.On February 27, 1979 (the 77th anniversary of the writer's birth), the United States Postal Service issued a stamp featuring Steinbeck, starting the Postal Service's Literary Arts series honoring American writers.Steinbeck was inducted in to the DeMolay International Hall of Fame in 1995.On December 5, 2007, California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger and First Lady Maria Shriver inducted Steinbeck into the California Hall of Fame, located at the California Museum for History, Women and the Arts.", "His son, author Thomas Steinbeck, accepted the award on his behalf.Monterey Bay Roller Derby was founded in 2010.Their team names over the years have referenced Steinbeck, including Beasts of Eden, Cannery Rollers, Steinwreckers and Babes of Wrath.", "Their juniors league was known as the Dread Ponies.To commemorate the 112th anniversary of Steinbeck's birthday on February 27, 2014, Google displayed an interactive doodle utilizing animation which included illustrations portraying scenes and quotes from several novels by the author.Steinbeck and his friend Ed Ricketts appear as fictionalized characters in the 2016 novel, ''Monterey Bay'' about the founding of the Monterey Bay Aquarium, by Lindsay Hatton (Penguin Press).In February 2016, Caltrans installed signage to identify a five-mile segment of U.S. Route 101 in Salinas as the John Steinbeck Highway, in accordance with a 2014 state legislative resolution.John Steinbeck Waterfront ParkIn 2019 the Sag Harbor town board approved the creation of the John Steinbeck Waterfront Park across from the iconic town windmill.", "The structures on the parcel were demolished and park benches installed near the beach.", "The Beebe windmill replica already had a plaque memorializing the author who wrote from a small hut overlooking the cove during his sojourn in the literary haven." ], [ "Religious views", "Steinbeck was affiliated to the St. Paul's Episcopal Church and he stayed attached throughout his life to Episcopalianism.", "Especially in his works of fiction, Steinbeck was highly conscious of religion and incorporated it into his style and themes.", "The shaping of his characters often drew on the Bible and the theology of Anglicanism, combining elements of Roman Catholicism and Protestantism.Steinbeck distanced himself from religious views when he left Salinas for Stanford.", "However, the work he produced still reflected the language of his childhood at Salinas, and his beliefs remained a powerful influence within his fiction and non-fiction work.", "William Ray considered his Episcopal views are prominently displayed in ''The Grapes of Wrath'', in which themes of conversion and self-sacrifice play a major part in the characters Casy and Tom who achieve spiritual transcendence through conversion." ], [ "Political views", "President Lyndon B. Johnson, in the Oval Office, May 16, 1966.John Jr. is shortly to leave for active duty in Vietnam.Steinbeck's contacts with leftist authors, journalists, and labor union figures may have influenced his writing.", "He joined the League of American Writers, a Communist organization, in 1935.Steinbeck was mentored by radical writers Lincoln Steffens and his wife Ella Winter.", "Through Francis Whitaker, a member of the Communist Party USA's John Reed Club for writers, Steinbeck met with strike organizers from the Cannery and Agricultural Workers' Industrial Union.", "In 1939, he signed a letter with some other writers in support of the Soviet invasion of Finland and the Soviet-established puppet government.Documents released by the Central Intelligence Agency in 2012 indicate that Steinbeck offered his services to the Agency in 1952, while planning a European tour, and the Director of Central Intelligence, Walter Bedell Smith, was eager to take him up on the offer.", "What work, if any, Steinbeck may have performed for the CIA during the Cold War is unknown.", "Documents released by the Security Service of Ukraine following the Revolution of Dignity in 2014 indicate that the Soviet KGB suspected him of being an American agent when he visited locations within the USSR, including Kyiv, in 1947.Consequently, they watched Steinbeck closely and solicited information about him from their informers.Steinbeck was a close associate of playwright Arthur Miller.", "In June 1957, Steinbeck took a personal and professional risk by supporting him when Miller refused to name names in the House Un-American Activities Committee trials.", "Steinbeck called the period one of the \"strangest and most frightening times a government and people have ever faced\".In 1963, Steinbeck visited the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic at the behest of John Kennedy.", "During his visit he sat for a rare portrait by painter Martiros Saryan and visited Geghard Monastery.", "He also met with Armenian poet Hovhannes Shiraz in Yerevan.", "Steinbeck's letter of thanks for Shiraz's hospitality is now displayed at the Shiraz house museum in Gyumri.", "Footage of this visit filmed by Rafael Aramyan was sold in 2013 by his granddaughter.In 1967, when he was sent to Vietnam to report on the war, his sympathetic portrayal of the United States Army led the ''New York Post'' to denounce him for betraying his leftist past.", "Steinbeck's biographer, Jay Parini, says Steinbeck's friendship with President Lyndon B. Johnson influenced his views on Vietnam.", "Steinbeck may also have been concerned about the safety of his son serving in Vietnam.Along with Albert Einstein, Steinbeck was one of the sponsors of the Peoples' World Convention (PWC), also known as Peoples' World Constituent Assembly (PWCA), which took place in 1950-51 at Palais Electoral, Geneva, Switzerland.===Government harassment===Steinbeck complained publicly about government harassment.", "Thomas Steinbeck, the author's eldest son, said that J. Edgar Hoover, director of the FBI at the time, could find no basis for prosecuting Steinbeck and therefore used his power to encourage the U.S. Internal Revenue Service to audit Steinbeck's taxes every single year of his life, just to annoy him.", "According to Thomas, a true artist is one who \"without a thought for self, stands up against the stones of condemnation, and speaks for those who are given no real voice in the halls of justice, or the halls of government.", "By doing so, these people will naturally become the enemies of the political status quo.", "\"In a 1942 letter to United States Attorney General Francis Biddle, John Steinbeck wrote: \"Do you suppose you could ask Edgar's boys to stop stepping on my heels?", "They think I am an enemy alien.", "It is getting tiresome.\"", "The FBI denied that Steinbeck was under investigation." ], [ "Major works", "===Tortilla Flat===Steinbeck's first commercial success, published in 1935, is an episodic fiction recounting adventures of a loosely attached group of delinquent locals in a shabby coastal district of California.", "Like other books of Steinbeck's, Tortilla Flat was adapted into a feature film.===''In Dubious Battle''===Salinas migrant workers, photo by Dorothea LangeIn 1936, Steinbeck published the first of what came to be known as his Dust Bowl trilogy, which included ''Of Mice and Men'' and ''The Grapes of Wrath''.", "This first novel tells the story of a fruit pickers' strike in California which is both aided and damaged by the help of \"the Party\", generally taken to be the Communist Party, although this is never spelled out in the book.===''Of Mice and Men''===''Of Mice and Men'' is a 1937 tragic novel that Steinbeck rewrote as a play that same year.", "The story is about two traveling ranch workers, George and Lennie, trying to earn enough money to buy their own farm/ranch.", "As it is set in 1930s America, it provides an insight into The Great Depression, encompassing themes of racism, loneliness, prejudice against the mentally ill, and the struggle for personal independence.", "Along with ''The Grapes of Wrath'', ''East of Eden'', and ''The Pearl'', ''Of Mice and Men'' is one of Steinbeck's best known works.", "It was made into movies three times: in 1939, starring Burgess Meredith, Lon Chaney Jr., and Betty Field; in 1981, starring Randy Quaid, Robert Blake and Ted Neeley; and in 1992, starring Gary Sinise and John Malkovich.===''The Grapes of Wrath''===''The Grapes of Wrath'' was published in during the Great Depression and had a contemporary setting, describing a family of sharecroppers, the Joads, who were driven from their land by the dust storms of the Dust Bowl.", "The title is a reference to the Battle Hymn of the Republic.", "Some critics found it too sympathetic to the workers' plight and too critical of capitalism, but it found a large audience of its own.", "It won both the National Book Award and Pulitzer Prize for fiction (novels) and was adapted as a film starring Henry Fonda and Jane Darwell and directed by John Ford.===''Cannery Row''===The 1945 novel tells of a marine biologist in a seedy district dotted with sardine canneries in Monterey, California, who is feted by colorful neighbors in gratitude for his kindness to them.", "''Cannery Row'' and its sequel, ''Sweet Thursday'', were adapted into a movie in 1982.===''East of Eden''===Steinbeck deals with the nature of good and evil in this 1952 Salinas Valley saga.", "The story follows two families: the Hamiltons – based on Steinbeck's own maternal ancestry – and the Trasks, reprising stories about the Biblical Adam and his progeny.", "His paternal ancestry is also reflected in the story.", "The book was published in 1952.Portions of the novel were made into a 1955 movie directed by Elia Kazan and starring James Dean.===''Travels with Charley''===In 1960, Steinbeck bought a pickup truck and had it modified with a custom-built camper topwhich was rare at the timeand drove across the United States with his faithful \"blue\" standard poodle, Charley.", "Steinbeck nicknamed his truck ''Rocinante'' after Don Quixote's \"noble steed\".", "In this sometimes comical, sometimes melancholic book, Steinbeck describes what he sees as he travels from Maine to Montana to California, and from there to Texas and Louisiana and back to his home on Long Island.", "However, in 2011, after his death, a reporter who had followed ''Travels With Charley''s trail using the author's own diaries controverted the book's accuracy, casting Steinbeck's claimed reportage as largely fictionalized, allegations supported by scholars and Steinbeck's son John.The restored camper truck is on exhibit in the National Steinbeck Center in Salinas." ], [ "Bibliography" ], [ "See also", "* Pigasus – a personal stamp used by Steinbeck" ], [ "References", "=== Citations ====== General sources ===* Benson, Jackson J.", "''John Steinbeck, Writer'' (second ed.).", "Penguin Putnam Inc., New York, 1990, 0-14-01.4417X,* Benson, Jackson J.", "(ed.)", "''The Short Novels of John Steinbeck: Critical Essays with a Checklist to Steinbeck Criticism''.", "Durham: Duke UP, 1990 .", "* Benson, Jackson J.", "''Looking for Steinbeck's Ghost''.", "Reno: U of Nevada P, 2002 .", "* Davis, Robert C. ''The Grapes of Wrath: A Collection of Critical Essays.''", "Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1982.PS3537 .T3234 G734* DeMott, Robert and Steinbeck, Elaine A., eds.", "''John Steinbeck, Novels and Stories 1932–1937'' (Library of America, 1994) * DeMott, Robert and Steinbeck, Elaine A., eds.", "''John Steinbeck, The Grapes of Wrath and Other Writings 1936–1941'' (Library of America, 1996) * DeMott, Robert, ed.", "''John Steinbeck, Novels 1942–1952'' (Library of America, 2002) * DeMott, Robert and Railsback, Brian, eds.", "''John Steinbeck, Travels With Charley and Later Novels, 1947–1962'' (Library of America, 2007) * Ditsky, John.", "''John Steinbeck and the Critics''.", "Rochester, NY: Camden House, 2000 .", "* French, Warren.", "''John Steinbeck's Fiction Revisited''.", "NY: Twayne, 1994 .", "* Heavilin, Barbara A.", "''John Steinbeck's The Grapes of Wrath: A Reference Guide''.", "Westport, CT: Greenwood, 2002 .", "* Hughes, R. S. ''John Steinbeck: A Study of the Short Fiction''.", "R.S.", "Hughes.", "Boston : Twayne, 1989..* Li, Luchen.", "ed.", "''John Steinbeck: A Documentary Volume''.", "Detroit: Gale, 2005 .", "* Meyer, Michael J.", "''The Hayashi Steinbeck Bibliography'', 1982–1996.Lanham, MD: Scarecrow, 1998 .", "* Steigerwald, Bill.", "''Dogging Steinbeck: Discovering America and Exposing the Truth about 'Travels with Charley.'", "Kindle Edition.", "2013.", "* Steinbeck, John Steinbeck IV and Nancy (2001).", "''The Other Side of Eden: Life with John Steinbeck''.", "Prometheus Books.", "* Tamm, Eric Enno (2005).", "''Beyond the Outer Shores: The Untold Odyssey of Ed Ricketts, the Pioneering Ecologist who Inspired John Steinbeck and Joseph Campbell''.", "Thunder's Mouth Press.", "." ], [ "Further reading", "* * *" ], [ "External links", "* * National Steinbeck Center in Salinas, California* FBI file on John Steinbeck * The ''Steinbeck Quarterly'' journal* John Steinbeck Biography Early Years: Salinas to Stanford: 1902–1925 from National Steinbeck Center* ''Western American Literature Journal'': John Steinbeck* Cuernavaca, Mexico, 1945 – Mrs. Stanford Steinbeck, Gwyndolyn, Thom and John Steinbeck* ===Libraries===* John Steinbeck Collection, 1902–1979* Wells Fargo John Steinbeck Collection, 1870–1981* John Steinbeck and George Bernard Shaw legal files collection, 1926–1970s, held by the Henry W. and Albert A. Berg Collection of English and American Literature, New York Public Library.===Videos===* Nobel Laureate page* \"Writings of John Steinbeck\" from C-SPAN's ''American Writers: A Journey Through History''" ] ]
wikipedia
[ [ "Joshua Reynolds" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Sir Joshua Reynolds''' (16 July 1723 – 23 February 1792) was an English painter who specialised in portraits.", "John Russell said he was one of the major European painters of the 18th century.", "He promoted the \"Grand Style\" in painting, which depended on idealisation of the imperfect.", "He was a founder and first president of the Royal Academy of Arts and was knighted by George III in 1769." ], [ "Early life", "''Self-portrait'', aged about 24Old Grammar School, Plympton, founded 1658, built 1664, attended by Joshua Reynolds whose father was headmasterReynolds was born in Plympton, Devon, on 16 July 1723, as the third son of the Reverend Samuel Reynolds (1681–1745), master of the Plympton Free Grammar School in the town.", "His father had been a fellow of Balliol College, Oxford, but did not send any of his sons to the university.One of his sisters, seven years his senior, was Mary Palmer (1716–1794), author of ''Devonshire Dialogue'', whose fondness for drawing is said to have had much influence on Joshua as a boy.", "In 1740, she provided £60, half of the premium paid to Thomas Hudson the portrait-painter, for Joshua's pupillage, and nine years later advanced money for his expenses in Italy.", "His other siblings included Frances Reynolds and Elizabeth Johnson.As a boy, he also came under the influence of Zachariah Mudge, whose Platonistic philosophy stayed with him all his life.", "Reynolds made extracts in his commonplace book from Theophrastus, Plutarch, Seneca, Marcus Antonius, Ovid, William Shakespeare, John Milton, Alexander Pope, John Dryden, Joseph Addison, Richard Steele, and Aphra Behn and copied passages on art theory by Leonardo da Vinci, Charles Alphonse Du Fresnoy, and André Félibien.", "The work that came to have the most influence on Reynolds was Jonathan Richardson's ''An Essay on the Theory of Painting'' (1715).", "Reynolds' annotated copy was lost for nearly two hundred years until it appeared in a Cambridge bookshop, inscribed with the signature \"J. Reynolds Pictor\".", "It is now in the collection of the Royal Academy of Arts, London." ], [ "Career", "''Cupid Untying the Zone of Venus'' (1788)Having shown an early interest in art, Reynolds was apprenticed in 1740 to the fashionable London portrait painter Thomas Hudson, who like Reynolds had been born in Devon.", "Hudson had a collection of Old Master drawings, including some by Guercino, of which Reynolds made copies.", "Although apprenticed to Hudson for a period of four years, Reynolds remained with him only until the summer of 1743.Having left Hudson, Reynolds worked for some time as a portrait-painter in Plymouth Dock (now Devonport).", "He returned to London before the end of 1744, but following his father's death in late 1745 he shared a house in Plymouth Dock with his sisters.In 1749, Reynolds met Commodore Augustus Keppel, who invited him to join HMS ''Centurion'', of which he had command, on a voyage to the Mediterranean.", "While with the ship he visited Lisbon, Cadiz, Algiers and Minorca.", "From Minorca he travelled to Livorno in Italy, and then to Rome, where he spent two years, studying the Old Masters and acquiring a taste for the \"Grand Style\".", "Lord Edgcumbe, who had known Reynolds as a boy and introduced him to Keppel, suggested he should study with Pompeo Batoni, the leading painter in Rome, but Reynolds replied that he had nothing to learn from him.", "While in Rome he suffered a severe cold, which left him partially deaf, and, as a result, he began to carry the small ear trumpet with which he is often pictured.Reynolds travelled homeward overland via Florence, Bologna, Venice, and Paris.", "He was accompanied by Giuseppe Marchi, then aged about 17.Apart from a brief interlude in 1770, Marchi remained in Reynolds' employment as a studio assistant for the rest of the artist's career.", "Following his arrival in England in October 1752, Reynolds spent three months in Devon before establishing himself in London the following year and remaining there for the rest of his life.", "He took rooms in St Martin's Lane, before moving to Great Newport Street; his sister Frances acted as his housekeeper.", "He achieved success rapidly, and was extremely prolific.", "Lord Edgecumbe recommended the Duke of Devonshire and Duke of Grafton to sit for him, and other peers followed, including the Duke of Cumberland, third son of George II, in whose portrait, according to Nicholas Penny \"bulk is brilliantly converted into power\".", "In 1760, Reynolds moved into a large house, with space to show his works and accommodate his assistants, on the west side of Leicester Fields (now Leicester Square).", "''The Cottagers'' (1788)Alongside ambitious full-length portraits, Reynolds painted large numbers of smaller works.", "In the late 1750s, at the height of the social season, he received five or six sitters a day, each for an hour.", "By 1761, Reynolds could command a fee of 80 guineas for a full-length portrait; in 1764, he was paid 100 guineas for a portrait of Lord Burghersh.The clothing of Reynolds' sitters was usually painted by either one of his pupils, his studio assistant Giuseppe Marchi, or the specialist drapery painter Peter Toms.", "James Northcote, his pupil, wrote of this arrangement that \"the imitation of particular stuffs is not the work of genius, but is to be acquired easily by practice, and this was what his pupils could do by care and time more than he himself chose to bestow; but his own slight and masterly work was still the best.\"", "Lay figures were used to model the clothes.Reynolds often adapted the poses of his subjects from the works of earlier artists, a practice mocked by Nathaniel Hone in a painting called ''The Conjuror'' submitted to the Royal Academy exhibition of 1775, and now in the collection of the National Gallery of Ireland.", "It shows a figure representing, though not resembling, Reynolds, seated in front of a cascade of prints from which Reynolds had borrowed with varying degrees of subtlety.Although not known principally for his landscapes, Reynolds did paint in this genre.", "He had an excellent vantage from his house, Wick House, on Richmond Hill, and painted the view in about 1780.The Age of Innocence'' ().", "Reynolds emphasized the natural grace of children in his paintings.Reynolds also was recognised for his portraits of children.", "He emphasised the innocence and natural grace of children when depicting them.", "His 1788 portrait, ''Age of Innocence'', is his best known character study of a child.", "The subject of the painting is not known, although suggestions include Theophila Gwatkin, his great-niece, and Lady Anne Spencer, the youngest daughter of the fourth Duke of Marlborough.===The Club===Reynolds worked long hours in his studio, rarely taking a holiday.", "He was gregarious and keenly intellectual, with many friends from London's intelligentsia, numbered among whom were Dr Samuel Johnson, Oliver Goldsmith, Edmund Burke, Giuseppe Baretti, Henry Thrale, David Garrick, and artist Angelica Kauffman.", "Johnson said in 1778: \"Reynolds is too much under Charles James Fox and Burke at present.", "He is under the ''Fox star'' and the ''Irish constellation'' (meaning Burke).", "He is always under some planet\".Because of his popularity as a portrait painter, Reynolds enjoyed constant interaction with the wealthy and famous men and women of the day, and it was he who brought together the figures of \"The Club\".", "It was founded in 1764 and met in a suite of rooms on the first floor of the Turks Head at 9 Gerrard Street, now marked by a plaque.", "Original members included Burke, Bennet Langton, Topham Beauclerk, Goldsmith, Anthony Chamier, Thomas Hawkins, and Nugent, to be joined by Garrick, Boswell, and Sheridan.", "In ten years the membership had risen to 35.The Club met every Monday evening for supper and conversation and continued into the early hours of Tuesday morning.", "In later years, it met fortnightly during Parliamentary sessions.", "When in 1783 the landlord of the Turks Head died and the property was sold, The Club moved to Sackville Street.===Royal Academy===The hall at Loton Park, .", "Showing, in situ, on the far wall Reynolds' ''Frances Anne Crewe (Miss Greville), as St. Genevieve'' ()Reynolds was one of the earliest members of the Royal Society of Arts, helped found the Society of Artists of Great Britain, and in 1768 became the first president of the Royal Academy of Arts, a position he was to hold until his death.", "In 1769, he was knighted by George III, only the second English artist to be so honoured.", "His ''Discourses'', a series of lectures delivered at the academy between 1769 and 1790, are remembered for their sensitivity and perception.", "In one lecture, he expressed the opinion that \"invention, strictly speaking, is little more than a new combination of those images which have been previously gathered and deposited in the memory.\"", "William Jackson in his contemporary essays said of Reynolds 'there is much ingenuity and originality in all his academic discourses, replete with classical knowledge of his art, acute remarks on the works of others, and general taste and discernment'.Reynolds and the Royal Academy received a mixed reception.", "Critics included William Blake who published the vitriolic ''Annotations to Sir Joshua Reynolds' Discourses'' in 1808.J.", "M. W. Turner and James Northcote were fervent acolytes: Turner requested he be laid to rest at Reynolds' side, and Northcote, who spent four years as Reynolds' pupil, wrote to his family: \"I know him thoroughly, and all his faults, I am sure, and yet almost worship him.", "\"In 2018, the Royal Academy of Arts celebrated its 250th anniversary from its opening in 1768.This became an impetus for galleries and museums across the UK to celebrate \"the making, debating and exhibiting art at the Royal Academy\".", "Waddesdon manor was amongst the historic houses that supported Sir Joshua Reynolds's influence at the academy, acknowledging how:Reynolds's 'Mrs Sheridan in the character of St Cecilia' was considered by the artist's nephew as a 'sight worth coming to Devonshire to see, I cannot suppose that there was ever a greater Beauty in the world, nor even Helen or Cleopatra could have exceeded her', 1775, Waddesdon ManorHe transformed British painting with portraits and subject pictures that engaged their audience's knowledge, imagination, memory and emotions... As an eloquent teacher and art theorist, he used his role at the head of the Royal Academy to raise the status of art and artists of Britain.===''Lord Keppel''===Lord Keppel'' (1779)In the Battle of Ushant against the French in 1778, Lord Keppel commanded the Channel Fleet and the outcome resulted in no clear winner; Keppel ordered the attack be renewed and was obeyed except by Sir Hugh Palliser, who commanded the rear, and the French escaped bombardment.", "A dispute between Keppel and Palliser arose and Palliser brought charges of misconduct and neglect of duty against Keppel and the Admiralty decided to court-martial him.", "On 11 February 1779, Keppel was acquitted of all charges and became a national hero.", "One of Keppel's lawyers commissioned Sir Nathaniel Dance-Holland to paint a portrait of Keppel, but Keppel redirected it to Reynolds.", "Reynolds alluded to Keppel's trial in the portrait by painting his hand on his sword, reflecting the presiding officer's words at the court-martial: \"In delivering to you your sword, I am to congratulate you on its being restored to you with so much honour\".===Principal Painter in Ordinary to the King===On 10 August 1784, Allan Ramsay died and the office of Principal Painter in Ordinary to King George III became vacant.", "Thomas Gainsborough felt that he had a good chance of securing it, but Reynolds felt he deserved it and threatened to resign the presidency of the Royal Academy if he did not receive it.", "Reynolds noted in his pocket book: \"Sept. 1, 2½, to attend at the Lord Chancellor's Office to be sworn in painter to the King\".", "It did not make Reynolds happy, however, as he wrote to Boswell: \"If I had known what a shabby miserable place it is, I would not have asked for it; besides as things have turned out I think a certain person is not worth speaking to, nor speaking of\", presumably meaning the king.", "Reynolds wrote to Jonathan Shipley, Bishop of St Asaph, a few weeks later: \"Your Lordship congratulation on my succeeding Mr. Ramsay I take very kindly, but it is a most miserable office, it is reduced from two hundred to thirty-eight pounds per annum, the Kings Rat catcher I believe is a better place, and I am to be paid only a fourth part of what I have from other people, so that the Portraits of their Majesties are not likely to be better done now, than they used to be, I should be ruined if I was to paint them myself\".===''Lord Heathfield''===Lord Heathfield'' (1787)In 1787, Reynolds painted the portrait of Lord Heathfield, who became a national hero for the successful defence of Gibraltar in the Great Siege from 1779 to 1783 against the combined forces of France and Spain.", "Heathfield is depicted against a background of clouds and cannon smoke, wearing the uniform of the 15th Light Dragoons and clasping the key of the Rock, its chain wrapped twice around his right hand.", "John Constable said in the 1830s that it was \"almost a history of the defence of Gibraltar\".", "Desmond Shawe-Taylor has claimed that the portrait may have a religious meaning, Heathfield holding the key similar to St. Peter (Jesus' \"rock\") possessing the keys to Heaven, Heathfield \"the rock upon which Britannia builds her military interests\"." ], [ "Later life", "In 1789, Reynolds lost the sight of his left eye, which forced him into retirement.", "In 1791 James Boswell dedicated his ''Life of Samuel Johnson'' to Reynolds.", "Reynolds agreed with Burke's ''Reflections on the Revolution in France'' and, writing in early 1791, expressed his belief that the ''ancien régime'' of France had fallen due to spending too much time tending, as he puts it, to the splendor of the foliage, to the neglect of the stirring the earth about the roots.", "They cultivated only those arts which could add splendor to the nation, to the neglect of those which supported it – They neglected Trade & substantial Manufacture ... but does it follow that a total revolution is necessary that because we have given ourselves up too much to the ornaments of life, we will now have none at all.", "When attending a dinner at Holland House, Fox's niece Caroline was sat next to Reynolds and \"burst out into glorification of the Revolution – and was grievously chilled and checked by her neighbour's cautious and unsympathetic tone\".", "''The Ladies Waldegrave'' (1780)On 4 June 1791, at a dinner at the Freemasons' Tavern to mark the king's birthday, Reynolds drank to the toasts \"GOD ''save the'' KING!\"", "and \"May our glorious Constitution under which the arts flourish, be immortal!", "\", in what was reported by the ''Public Advertiser'' as \"a fervour truly patriotick\".", "Reynolds \"filled the chair with a most convivial glee\".", "He returned to town from Burke's house in Beaconsfield and Edmond Malone wrote that \"we left his carriage at the Inn at Hayes, and walked five miles on the road, in a warm day, without his complaining of any fatigue\".", "''The Thames from Richmond Hill'' (1788)Later that month Reynolds suffered from a swelling over his left eye and had to be purged by a surgeon.", "In October he was too ill to take the president's chair and in November, Frances Burney recorded that I had long languished to see that kindly zealous friend, but his ill health had intimidated me from making the attempt\": \"He had a bandage over one eye, and the other shaded with a green half-bonnet.", "He seemed serious even to sadness, though extremely kind.", "'I am very glad,' he said, in a meek voice and dejected accent, 'to see you again, and I wish I could see you better!", "but I have only one eye now, and hardly that.'", "I was really quite touched.", "On 5 November, Reynolds, fearing he might not have an opportunity to write a will, wrote a memorandum intended to be his last will and testament, with Edmund Burke, Edmond Malone, and Philip Metcalfe named as executors.", "On 10 November, Reynolds wrote to Benjamin West to resign the presidency, but the General Assembly agreed he should be re-elected, with Sir William Chambers and West to deputise for him.Doctors Richard Warren and Sir George Baker believed Reynolds' illness to be psychological and they bled his neck \"with a view of drawing the humour from his eyes\" but the effect, in the view of his niece, was that it seemed \"as if the 'principle of life' were gone\" from Reynolds.", "On New Year's Day 1792 Reynolds became \"seized with sickness\", and from that time onwards could not keep food down.Reynolds died on 23 February 1792 at his house at 47 Leicester Fields in London between eight and nine in the evening.Burke was present on the night Reynolds died, and was moved within hours to write a eulogy of Reynolds, starting with the following sentiments: \"Sir Joshua Reynolds was on very many accounts one of the most memorable men of his Time.", "He was the first Englishman who added the praise of the elegant Arts to the other Glories of his Country.", "In Taste, in grace, in facility, in happy invention, and in the richness and Harmony of colouring, he was equal to the great masters of the renowned Ages.\"", "Burke's tribute was well received and one journalist called it \"the eulogium of Apelles pronounced by Pericles\".Reynolds was buried at St Paul's Cathedral.", "In 1903, a statue, by Alfred Drury, was erected in his honour in the Annenberg Courtyard of Burlington House, home of the Royal Academy.", "Around the statue are fountains and lights, installed in 2000, arranged in the pattern of a star chart at midnight on the night of Reynolds' birth.", "The planets are marked by granite discs, and the Moon by a water recess." ], [ "Personal characteristics", "Huang Ya Dong 'Wang-Y-Tong''' (1776)In appearance Reynolds was not striking.", "Slightly built, he was about 5'6\" tall with dark brown curls, a florid complexion and features that James Boswell thought were \"rather too largely and strongly limned.\"", "He had a broad face and a cleft chin, and the bridge of his nose was slightly dented; his skin was scarred by smallpox and his upper lip disfigured as a result of falling from a horse as a young man.", "Edmond Malone asserted however that \"his appearance at first sight impressed the spectator with the idea of a well-born and well-bred English gentleman.", "\"In his mature years he suffered from deafness, as recorded by Frances Burney, although this did not impede his lively social life.Renowned for his placidity, Reynolds often claimed that he \"hated nobody\".", "This may be self-idealisation.", "It is well known that he disliked George Romney, whom he referred to only as \"the man in Cavendish Square\" and whom he successfully prevented from becoming a member of the Royal Academy.", "He did not like Gainsborough, yet appreciated his achievements in the obituary he wrote of his rival.", "(Rump; Kidson).", "It is said that when he taught in one of his \"discourses\" that a painter should not amass too much of the colour blue in the foreground of an image, Gainsborough was prompted to paint his famous \"Blue Boy\".Never quite losing his Devonshire accent, Reynolds was not only an amiable and original conversationalist, but a friendly and generous host, so that Frances Burney recorded in her diary that he had \"a suavity of disposition that set everybody at their ease in his society\", and William Makepeace Thackeray believed \"of all the polite men of that age, Joshua Reynolds was the finest gentleman\".", "Dr Johnson commented on the \"inoffensiveness\" of his nature; Edmund Burke noted his \"strong turn for humor\".", "Thomas Bernard, who later became Bishop of Killaloe, wrote in his closing verses on Reynolds stating:''Self-portrait'' (1788)Thou say'st not only skill is gainedBut genius too may be attainedBy studious imitation;Thy temper mild, thy genius fineI'll copy till I make them mineBy constant application.Some people, such as Hester Lynch Piozzi, construed Reynolds' equable calm as cool and unfeeling.It is to this lukewarm temperament that Frederick W. Hilles, Bodman Professor of English Literature at Yale attributes Reynolds' never having married.", "In the editorial notes of his compendium ''Portraits by Sir Joshua Reynolds'', Hilles theorises that \"as a corollary one might say that he Reynolds was somewhat lacking in a capacity for love\", and cites Boswell's notary papers: \"He said the reason he would never marry was that every woman whom he liked had grown indifferent to him, and he had been glad he did not marry her.\"", "Reynolds' own sister, Frances, who lived with him as housekeeper, took her own negative opinion further still, thinking him \"a gloomy tyrant\".", "The presence of family compensated Reynolds for the absence of a wife; he wrote on one occasion to his friend Bennet Langton, that both his sister and niece were away from home \"so that I am quite a bachelor\".", "Reynolds did not marry, and had no known children.Biographer Ian McIntyre discusses the possibility of Reynolds having enjoyed sexual relations with certain clients, such as Nelly O'Brien (or \"My Lady O'Brien\", as he playfully dubbed her) and Kitty Fisher, who visited his house for more sittings than were strictly necessary.", "Dan Cruickshank in his book ''London's Sinful Secret'' summarised Reynolds as having visited and re-visited various reputed red light districts in London after his return from Italy as a possible contributor to his medical condition and appearance due to commonly contracted disease in those areas of London." ], [ "The Reynolds Research Project", "In 2010, the Wallace Collection launched the Reynolds Research Project.", "With the support of the Paul Mellon Centre for Studies in British Art, and in partnership with the National Gallery and in collaboration with the Yale Center for British Art, work was undertaken to conserve the museum's portraits to improve their visual appreciation for future generations and to investigate the ways in which they were painted.The purpose of an exhibition and accompanying catalogue, ''Joshua Reynolds: Experiments in Paint'', 2015, was to share the discoveries of the project and to reveal Reynolds's complex and experimental engagement with painterly materials over the course of his long career.", "A series of thematic groupings of works from the collection with temporary loans allowed the curators to explore the development of Reynolds's images from both a technical and art historical viewpoint.As well as exploring his experimentation with materials, the project also revealed the innovative ways in which Reynolds collaborated with his patrons; played with the conventions of genre, composition and pose; engaged with the work of other artists; and organised the submission and display of his work at exhibitions.", "The commissioning and collecting of Reynolds's work, specifically in the context of the founders of the Wallace Collection (the Seymour-Conway family), was also examined." ], [ "Gallery", "File:Joshua Reynolds by Joshua Reynolds.jpg|Self Portrait, File:Augustus Keppel BHC2821.jpg|''Commodore the Honourable August Keppel'' (1749), Reynolds's first portrait of KeppelFile:Captain the Honourable Augustus Keppel 1725-86 by Sir Joshua Reynolds.jpg|''Captain the Honourable Augustus Keppel'' in the pose of the ''Apollo Belvedere'' (1753)File:EdwardCornwallisArtGalleryofNovaScotia1756.jpg|''Edward Cornwallis'' (1756)File:Sir Joshua Reynolds - Miss Elizabeth Ingram - Google Art Project.jpg|''Miss Elizabeth Ingram'' (1757), Walker Art Gallery, LiverpoolFile:Reynolds.jpg|''Portrait of Miss Mary Pelham'' (), Dallas Museum of ArtFile:Charles Lennox, 3rd Duke of Richmond.jpg|''Charles Lennox, 3rd Duke of Richmond'' (1758)File:Captain Francis Reynolds.jpg|''Francis Reynolds-Moreton (Royal Navy officer)'' (1758)File:Henry Yelverton, Third Earl of Essex.jpg|''Henry Yelverton, Third Earl of Essex'' (1758-1759), Museum of the Shenandoah ValleyFile:Sir Joshua Reynolds - James, 7th Earl of Lauderdale - Google Art Project.jpg|''James, 7th Earl of Lauderdale'' (1759–1760), Art Gallery of New South WalesFile:Ostenaco.gif|Cherokee Chief Ostenaco (1763)File:Kitty Fisher and parrot, by Joshua Reynolds.jpg|''Kitty Fisher and Parrott'' (1763–1764)File:Joshua Reynolds - Mrs Abington.jpg|''Mrs Abington as The Comic Muse'' (1764–1768), at Waddesdon ManorFile:2ndEarlofHalifaxByJoshuaReynoldsNSArtGallery.jpg|''George Montagu-Dunk, 2nd Earl of Halifax'' (1764)File:Richard Croftes of West Harling, Norfolk.jpg|''Richard Crofts of West Harling, Norfolk'' (1765)File:David Garrick; Eva Maria Garrick (née Veigel) by Sir Joshua Reynolds.jpg|David Garrick; Eva Maria Garrick (née Veigel)File:Joshua Reynolds - Tysoe Hancock and his Family with an Indian Maid - WGA19338.jpg|''Tysoe Hancock and his family with an Indian maid'' (1765)File:Joshua Reynolds - John Julius Angerstein.jpg|''John Julius Angerstein'' (1765)File:Elizabeth, Lady Amherst (1740-1830) by Joshua Reynolds.jpg|''Elizabeth, Lady Amherst'' (1767)File:Sir Joshua Reynolds - Colonel Acland and Lord Sydney- The Archers - Google Art Project.jpg|''Colonel Acland and Lord Sydney, The Archers'' (1769)File:Elizabeth Kerr of Lothian (1745-1780) by Joshua Reynolds.jpg|''Portrait of Elizabeth Kerr'' ()File:Reynolds123.jpg|''Frederick Howard, 5th Earl of Carlisle'' (1769)File:Lady Christian Henrietta Caroline Harriot Acland KNH 922317.jpg|''Lady Christian Acland'' (1771)File:'Boy with Grapes' by Joshua Reynolds, Cincinnati Art Museum.JPG|Boy with Grapes, 1773, Cincinnati MuseumFile:The Strawberry Girl by Joshua Reynolds.jpg|''A Strawberry Girl'', 1773File:Anne Seymour Damer, by Joshua Reynolds (1723-1792).jpg|''Anne Seymour Damer'' (1773)File:Sir Joshua Reynolds 004.jpg|''Lady Cockburn and Her Three Eldest Sons'' (1773–1775)File:Master Crewe by Joshua Reynolds.jpg|''Master Crewe as Henry VIII'', 1775File:Miss Crewe (Reynolds).jpg|Miss Crewe, , Tate BritainFile:Miss Bowles by Joshua Reynolds.jpg|Miss Bowles, Wallace Collection, 1775File:InfantSamuel.jpg|''The Infant Samuel'' (1776)File:Joshua Reynolds - Portrait of Omai.jpg|''Omai'' (1776)File:Sir Joshua Reynolds - Sarah Campbell - Google Art Project.jpg|''Sarah Campbell'' (1777)File:Portrait of Jane, Countess of Eglinton by Sir Joshua Reynolds.jpg|''Countess of Eglinton'' (1777)File:Reynolds Sir Joshua-Lady Caroline Howard.jpg|''Lady Caroline Howard'' (1778)File:Jane Fleming.jpg|''Jane, Countess of Harrington'' (1778)File:Reynolds - 4th Duke of Marlborough and Family.jpg|''The Family of the Duke of Marlborough'' (1778)File:Sir Joshua Reynolds - Lady Elizabeth Delmé and Her Children - Google Art Project.jpg|''Lady Elizabeth Delmé and Her Children'' (1779)File:Joshua reynolds, colonnello tarleton, 1782.jpg|Colonel Tarleton, 1782, National GalleryFile:Colonel George K. H. Coussmaker, Grenadier Guards by Joshua Reynolds 1782.jpeg|''Captain George K. H. Coussmaker'' (1782)File:Sir Joshua Reynolds - Charles Stanhope, 3rd Earl of Harrington - Google Art Project.jpg|Charles Stanhope, 3rd Earl of Harrington (1782)File:Lady Elizabeth Russell (Keppel) (1739-1768.jpg (1761 door Joshua Reynolds).jpg|Lady Elizabeth Keppel 1761File:Admiral Hood 1783.jpg|''Admiral Hood'' (1783)File:Heads of Angels - Miss Frances (Gordon) by Sir Joshua Reynolds, PRA.jpg|Heads of Angels''Miss Frances'' (Gordon), 1787File:Reynolds, Sir Joshua, The Infant Hercules, ca.", "1785-89.jpg|''The Infant Hercules'' (–1789), Princeton University Art MuseumFile:Reynolds, Sir Joshua - Mrs Siddons as the Tragic Muse - Google Art Project.jpg|''Sarah Siddons as the Tragic Muse'' (1789), The Huntington Library, San Marino, CaliforniaFile:Joshua Reynolds (1723-1792) - Mrs Elizabeth Carnac - P35 - The Wallace Collection.jpg|Mrs Elizabeth Carnac 1775File:Sir Joshua Reynolds, Lady Elizabeth Compton, 1780-1782, NGA 104.jpg|Lady Elizabeth Compton, Countess of Burlington 1780-1782File:Joshua Reynolds - Georgiana, Duchess of Devonshire.jpg|Georgiana, Duchess of Devonshire c.1775File:Reynolds - Jane Fleming, Countess of Harrington - Harewood House.jpg|Jane Fleming, Countess of Harrington c.1775File:Reynolds - Lady Worsley.jpg|Lady Worsley 1776File:Sir William Fawcett by Sir Joshua Reynolds.jpg|Sir William Fawcett 1784File:Sir Joshua Reynolds 008.jpg|John Hayes St. LegerFile:Sir Joshua Reynolds - John Murray, 4th Earl of Dunmore - PG 2895 - National Galleries of Scotland.jpgFile:Joshua Reynolds - Lady Frances Finch - Google Art Project.jpg|Lady Frances Finch, Countess of Dartmouth c.1781-1782File:3rd Earl of Bute by Sir Joshua Reynolds.jpg|3rd Earl of Bute 1773File:Sir Joshua Renyolds - Richard Peers Symons, M.P.", "(Later Sr Richard Peers Symons, Baronet) - Google Art Project.jpg|Sir Richard Peers Symons, Baronet 1770-1771File:Joshua Reynolds (1723-1792) - Sir Charles Davers (1737–1806), 6th Bt, MP - 851781 - National Trust.jpg|Sir Charles Davers, 6 bt 1773File:Joshua Reynolds - Mrs John Hale.jpg|Mrs John Hale 1762-1764" ], [ "See also", "*English art*Grand manner*Mary Nesbitt, 18th-century courtesan who began her career as Reynolds' model.", "*Martin Postle, an expert on Joshua Reynolds" ], [ "References", "===Referenced books===* James Boswell, ''Life of Johnson'' (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008).", "* Charles Robert Leslie and Tom Taylor, ''Life and Times of Sir Joshua Reynolds'' (London: John Murray, 1865, 2 volumes).", "* Ian McIntyre, ''Joshua Reynolds.", "The Life and Times of the First President of the Royal Academy'' (London: Allen Lane, 2003).", "* Martin Postle, \"Reynolds, Sir Joshua (1723–1792)\", ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'', Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, October 2009.Retrieved 24 September 2010.===Further reading===* J. Blanc, ''Les Écrits de Sir Joshua Reynolds'' (''Théorie de l'art (1400–1800) / Art Theory (1400–1800)'', 4), Turnhout, 2016, *John Barrell, ''The Political Theory of Painting from Reynolds to Hazlitt'' (1986).*A.", "Graves and W. V. Cronin, ''A History of the Works of Sir Joshua Reynolds'' (1899–1901, 4 volumes).*F.", "W. Hilles, ''The Literary Career of Sir Joshua Reynolds'' (1936).", "*Derek Hudson, ''Sir Joshua Reynolds: A Personal Study'' (1958).**J.", "Ingamells and J. Edgcumbe (eds), ''The Letters of Sir Joshua Reynolds'' (2000).", "*Alex Kidson, ''George Romney.", "1734–1802'' (2002)*E. Malone (ed.", "), ''The Works of Sir Joshua Reynolds'' (1798, 3 volumes).*D.", "Mannings, ''Sir Joshua Reynolds PRA, 1723–92'' (1992).*D.", "Mannings, ''Sir Joshua Reynolds: A Complete Catalogue of his Paintings: The Subject Pictures Catalogued by Martin Postle'' (New Haven and London, 2000)*H. Mount (ed.", "), ''Sir Joshua Reynolds, A Journey to Flanders and Holland'' (1996)*J. Northcote, ''Memoirs of Sir Joshua Reynolds, knt.''", "(1813–15).*J.", "Northcote, ''The Life of Sir Joshua Reynolds'' (1818, 2nd edition, 2 volumes).", "*Martin Postle (ed.", "), ''Joshua Reynolds: The Creation of Celebrity'' (London: Tate, 2005).", "*Martin Postle, ''Sir Joshua Reynolds: The Subject Pictures'' (1995).", "*Martin Postle, ''Drawings of Joshua Reynolds''.*R.", "Prochno, ''Joshua Reynolds'' (1990).", "*Gerhard Charles Rump, ''George Romney (1734–1802).", "Zur Bildform der bürgerlichen Mitte in der Englischen Neoklassik'' (1974)*S. Smiles (ed.", "), ''Sir Joshua Reynolds: The Acquisition of Genius'' (2009).", "* Uglow, Jenny, \"Big Talkers\" (review of Leo Damrosch, ''The Club: Johnson, Boswell, and the Friends Who Shaped an Age'', Yale University Press, 473 pp.", "), ''The New York Review of Books'', vol.", "LXVI, no.", "9 (23 May 2019), pp. 26–28.*E.", "K. Waterhouse, ''Reynolds'' (1941).*E.", "K. Waterhouse, ''Reynolds'' (1973).", "*''Joshua Reynolds, Discourses on Art'' (London, 1778); ed.", "R. R. Wark (New Haven and London, 1975)*N. Penny (ed.", "), Reynolds, exhibition catalogue, Paris Grand Palais, London, Royal Academy, 1986*Werner Busch, \"Hogarth's and Reynolds' Porträt des Schauspielers Garrick\", in: ''Englishness.", "Beiträge zur englischen Kunst des 18.Jahrhunderts von Hogath bis Romney'', Berlin and Munich: Deutscher Kunstverlag, 2010, pp.", "57–76" ], [ "External links", "* * * List of paintings by or after Reynolds in Wikidata* Port Eliot House, home of the Earl of St. Germans contains many fine works by Reynolds, including a rare view of Plymouth* 'Sir Joshua Reynolds: The Acquisition of Genius' exhibition at Plymouth City Museum and Art Gallery - 21 November 2009 to 20 February 2010* Frits Lugt, ''Les marques de collections de dessins & d'estampes'', 1921 and its Supplement 1956, online edition* Sir Joshua Reynolds at Waddesdon Manor* , engraved by Ambrose William Warren for The Easter Gift, 1832, with a poetical illustration by Letitia Elizabeth Landon===Collections===* The National Gallery: Sir Joshua Reynolds* Works in the National Galleries of Scotland* Liverpoolmuseums.org.uk* GAC.culture.gov.uk* Artcyclopedia: Sir Joshua Reynolds* National Portrait Gallery Collection* Sir Joshua Reynolds at Olga's Gallery* ''Sir Joshua Reynolds, A Complete Catalogue of His Paintings'' (book-bound)===Electronic editions===* * *" ] ]
wikipedia
[ [ "Joseph Schumpeter" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Joseph Alois Schumpeter''' (; February 8, 1883 – January 8, 1950) was an Austrian political economist.", "He served briefly as Finance Minister of Austria in 1919.In 1932, he emigrated to the United States to become a professor at Harvard University, where he remained until the end of his career, and in 1939 obtained American citizenship.Schumpeter was one of the most influential economists of the early 20th century, and popularized the term \"creative destruction\", coined by Werner Sombart." ], [ "Early life and education", "Schumpeter was born in 1883 in Triesch, Habsburg Moravia (now Třešť in the Czech Republic, then part of Austria-Hungary) to German-speaking Catholic parents.", "Both of his grandmothers were Czech.", "Schumpeter did not acknowledge his Czech ancestry; he considered himself an ethnic German.", "His father, who owned a factory, died when Joseph was only four years old.", "In 1893, Joseph and his mother moved to Vienna.", "Schumpeter was a loyal supporter of Franz Joseph I of Austria.Schumpeter was educated at the Theresianum, and began his career studying law at the University of Vienna under Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk, an economic theorist of the Austrian School.", "In 1906, he received his doctoral degree from the University of Vienna's faculty of law, with a specialisation in economics.", "In 1909, after some study trips, he became a professor of economics and government at the University of Czernowitz in modern-day Ukraine.", "In 1911, he joined the University of Graz, where he remained until World War I.", "In 1913–1914, Schumpeter taught at Columbia University as an invited professor.", "This invitation marked, according to Wolfgang Stolper, the \"high point of his worldly success\".", "He taught economic theory and met Irving Fisher and Wesley Clair Mitchell.", "Columbia awarded him an honorary doctorate.In 1918, Schumpeter was a member of the Socialisation Commission established by the Council of the People's Deputies in Germany.", "In March 1919, he was invited to take office as Minister of Finance in the Republic of German-Austria.", "He proposed a capital levy as a way to tackle the war debt and opposed the socialization of the Alpine Mountain plant.", "In 1921, he became president of the private Biedermann Bank.", "He was also a board member at the Kaufmann Bank.", "Problems at those banks left Schumpeter in debt.", "His resignation was a condition of the takeover of the Biedermann Bank in September 1924.From 1925 until 1932, Schumpeter held a chair at the University of Bonn, Germany.", "He lectured at Harvard in 1927–1928 and 1930.In 1931, he was a visiting professor at the Tokyo College of Commerce.", "In 1932, Schumpeter moved to the United States, and soon began what would become extensive efforts to help fellow central European economists displaced by Nazism.", "Schumpeter also became known for his opposition to Marxism and socialism, which he thought would lead to dictatorship, and even criticized Franklin Roosevelt's New Deal.", "In 1939, Schumpeter became a US citizen.", "At the beginning of World War II, the FBI investigated him and his wife, Elizabeth Boody (a prominent scholar of Japanese economics) for Nazi sympathies, but found no evidence of such leanings.At Harvard, Schumpeter was considered a memorable character, erudite, and even showy in the classroom.", "He became known for his heavy teaching load and his personal and painstaking interest in his students.", "He served as the faculty advisor of the Graduate Economics Club and organized private seminars and discussion groups.", "Some colleagues thought his views were outdated by Keynesianism, which was fashionable; others resented his criticisms, particularly of their failure to offer an assistant professorship to Paul Samuelson, but recanted when they thought him likely to accept a position at Yale University.", "This period of his life was characterized by hard work and comparatively little recognition of his massive 2-volume book ''Business Cycles.''", "However, Schumpeter persevered, and in 1942 published what became the most popular of all his works, ''Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy'', reprinted many times and in many languages in the following decades, as well as cited thousands of times." ], [ "Career", "===Influences===The source of Schumpeter's dynamic, change-oriented, and innovation-based economics was the historical school of economics.", "Although his writings could be critical of that perspective, Schumpeter's work on the role of innovation and entrepreneurship can be seen as a continuation of ideas originated by the historical school, especially the work of Gustav von Schmoller and Werner Sombart.", "Despite being born in Austria and having trained with many of the same economists, some argue he cannot be categorized with the Austrian School of economics without major qualifications while others maintain the opposite.The Austrian sociologist Rudolf Goldscheid's concept of fiscal sociology influenced Schumpeter's analysis of the tax state.", "A 2012 paper showed that Schumpeter's writings displayed the influence of Francis Galton's work.===Evolutionary economics===According to Christopher Freeman (2009), \"the central point of his whole life work is: that capitalism can only be understood as an evolutionary process of continuous innovation and 'creative destruction'\".===''History of Economic Analysis''===Schumpeter's scholarship is apparent in his posthumous ''History of Economic Analysis'', Schumpeter thought that the greatest 18th-century economist was Turgot rather than Adam Smith, and he considered Léon Walras to be the \"greatest of all economists\", beside whom other economists' theories were \"like inadequate attempts to catch some particular aspects of Walrasian truth\".", "Schumpeter criticized John Maynard Keynes and David Ricardo for the \"Ricardian vice\".", "According to Schumpeter, both Ricardo and Keynes reasoned in terms of abstract models, where they would freeze all but a few variables.", "Then they could argue that one caused the other in a simple monotonic fashion.", "This led to the belief that one could easily deduce policy conclusions directly from a highly abstract theoretical model.In this book, Joseph Schumpeter recognized the implication of a gold monetary standard compared to a fiat monetary standard.", "In ''History of Economic Analysis'', Schumpeter stated the following: \"An 'automatic' gold currency is part and parcel of a laissez-faire and free-trade economy.", "It links every nation's money rates and price levels with the money rates and price levels of all the other nations that are 'on gold.'", "However, gold is extremely sensitive to government expenditure and even to attitudes or policies that do not involve expenditure directly, for example, in foreign policy, certain policies of taxation, and, in general, precisely all those policies that violate the principles of classical liberalism.", "''This'' is the reason why gold is so unpopular now and also why it was so popular in a bourgeois era.", "\"===Business cycles===Schumpeter's relationships with the ideas of other economists were quite complex in his most important contributions to economic analysis – the theory of business cycles and development.", "Following neither Walras nor Keynes, Schumpeter starts in ''The Theory of Economic Development'' with a treatise of circular flow which, excluding any innovations and innovative activities, leads to a stationary state.", "The stationary state is, according to Schumpeter, described by Walrasian equilibrium.", "The hero of his story is the entrepreneur.The entrepreneur disturbs this equilibrium and is the prime cause of economic development, which proceeds cyclically along with several time scales.", "In fashioning this theory connecting innovations, cycles, and development, Schumpeter kept alive the Russian Nikolai Kondratiev's ideas on 50-year cycles, Kondratiev waves.Schumpeter suggested a model in which the four main cycles, Kondratiev (54 years), Kuznets (18 years), Juglar (9 years), and Kitchin (about 4 years) can be added together to form a composite waveform.", "A Kondratiev wave could consist of three lower-degree Kuznets waves.", "Each Kuznets wave could, itself, be made up of two Juglar waves.", "Similarly two (or three) Kitchin waves could form a higher degree Juglar wave.", "If each of these were in phase; more importantly, if the downward arc of each was simultaneous so that the nadir of each was coincident, it would explain disastrous slumps and consequent depressions.", "As far as the segmentation of the Kondratiev Wave, Schumpeter never proposed such a fixed model.", "He saw these cycles varying in time – although in a tight time frame by coincidence – and for each to serve a specific purpose.===Keynesianism===In Schumpeter's theory, Walrasian equilibrium is not adequate to capture the key mechanisms of economic development.", "Schumpeter also thought that the institution enabling the entrepreneur to buy the resources needed to realize his vision was a well-developed capitalist financial system, including a whole range of institutions for granting credit.", "One could divide economists among (1) those who emphasized \"real\" analysis and regarded money as merely a \"veil\" and (2) those who thought monetary institutions were important and money could be a separate driving force.", "Both Schumpeter and Keynes were among the latter.===Demise of capitalism===Schumpeter's most popular book in English is probably ''Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy''.", "While he agrees with Karl Marx that capitalism will collapse and be replaced by socialism, Schumpeter predicts a different way this will come about.", "While Marx predicted that capitalism would be overthrown by a violent proletarian revolution, which occurred in the least capitalist countries, Schumpeter believed that capitalism would gradually weaken itself and eventually collapse.", "Specifically, the success of capitalism would lead to corporatism and to values hostile to capitalism, especially among intellectuals.", "\"Intellectuals\" are a social class in a position to critique societal matters for which they are not directly responsible and to stand up for the interests of other classes.", "Intellectuals tend to have a negative outlook on capitalism, even while relying on it for prestige because their professions rely on antagonism toward it.", "The growing number of people with higher education is a great advantage of capitalism, according to Schumpeter.", "Yet, unemployment and a lack of fulfilling work will lead to intellectual critique, discontent, and protests.Parliaments will increasingly elect social democratic parties, and democratic majorities will vote for restrictions on entrepreneurship.", "Increasing workers' self-management, industrial democracy and regulatory institutions would evolve non-politically into \"liberal capitalism\".", "Thus, the intellectual and social climate needed for thriving entrepreneurship will be replaced by some form of \"laborism\".", "This will exacerbate \"creative destruction\" (a borrowed phrase to denote an endogenous replacement of old ways of doing things by new ways), which will ultimately undermine and destroy the capitalist structure.Schumpeter emphasizes throughout this book that he is analyzing trends, not engaging in political advocacy.William Fellner, in the book ''Schumpeter's Vision: Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy After 40 Years'', noted that Schumpeter saw any political system in which the power was fully monopolized as fascist.===Democratic theory===In the same book, Schumpeter expounded on a theory of democracy that sought to challenge what he called the \"classical doctrine\".", "He disputed the idea that democracy was a process by which the electorate identified the common good, and politicians carried this out for them.", "He argued this was unrealistic, and that people's ignorance and superficiality meant that they were largely manipulated by politicians, who set the agenda.", "Furthermore, he claimed that even if the common good was possible to find, it would still not make clear the means needed to reach its end, since citizens do not have the requisite knowledge to design government policy.", "This made a 'rule by the people' concept both unlikely and undesirable.", "Instead, he advocated a minimalist model, much influenced by Max Weber, whereby democracy is the mechanism for competition between leaders, much like a market structure.", "Although periodic votes by the general public legitimize governments and keep them accountable, the policy program is very much seen as their own and not that of the people, and the participatory role of individuals is usually severely limited.Schumpeter defined democracy as the method by which people elect representatives in competitive elections to carry out their will.", "This definition has been described as simple, elegant and parsimonious, making it clearer to distinguish political systems that either fulfill or fail these characteristics.", "This minimalist definition stands in contrast to broader definitions of democracy, which may emphasize aspects such as \"representation, accountability, equality, participation, justice, dignity, rationality, security, freedom\".", "Within such a minimalist definition, states which other scholars say have experienced democratic backsliding and which lack civil liberties, a free press, the rule of law and a constrained executive, would still be considered democracies.", "For Schumpeter, the formation of a government is the endpoint of the democratic process, which means that for the purposes of his democratic theory, he has no comment on what kinds of decisions that the government can take to be a democracy.", "Schumpeter faced pushback on his theory from other democratic theorists, such as Robert Dahl, who argued that there is more to democracy than simply the formation of government through competitive elections.Schumpeter's view of democracy has been described as \"elitist\", as he criticizes the rationality and knowledge of voters, and expresses a preference for politicians making decisions.", "Democracy is therefore in a sense a means to ensure circulation among elites.", "However, studies by Natasha Piano (of the University of Chicago) emphasize that Schumpeter had substantial disdain for elites as well.===Entrepreneurship===The field of entrepreneurship theory owed much to Schumpeter's contributions.", "His fundamental theories are often referred to as Mark I and Mark II.", "In Mark I, Schumpeter argued that the innovation and technological change of a nation come from entrepreneurs or wild spirits.", "He coined the word ''Unternehmergeist'', German for \"entrepreneur-spirit\", and asserted that \"... the doing of new things or the doing of things that are already being done in a new way\" stemmed directly from the efforts of entrepreneurs.Schumpeter developed Mark II while a professor at Harvard.", "Many social economists and popular authors of the day argued that large businesses had a negative effect on the standard of living of ordinary people.", "Contrary to this prevailing opinion, Schumpeter argued that the agents that drive innovation and the economy are large companies that have the capital to invest in research and development of new products and services and to deliver them to customers more cheaply, thus raising their standard of living.", "In one of his seminal works, ''Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy'', Schumpeter wrote: Mark I and Mark II arguments are considered complementary.===Cycles and long wave theory===Schumpeter was the most influential thinker to argue that long cycles are caused by innovation and are an incident of it.", "His treatise on how business cycles developed was based on Kondratiev's ideas which attributed the causes very differently.", "Schumpeter's treatise brought Kondratiev's ideas to the attention of English-speaking economists.", "Kondratiev fused important elements that Schumpeter missed.", "Yet, the Schumpeterian variant of the long-cycles hypothesis, stressing the initiating role of innovations, commands the widest attention today.In Schumpeter's view, technological innovation is the cause of both cyclical instability and economic growth.", "Fluctuations in innovation cause fluctuations in investment and those cause cycles in economic growth.", "Schumpeter sees innovations as clustering around certain points in time that he refers to as \"neighborhoods of equilibrium\" when entrepreneurs perceive that risk and returns warrant innovative commitments.", "These clusters lead to long cycles by generating periods of acceleration in aggregate growth.The technological view of change needs to demonstrate that changes in the rate of innovation govern changes in the rate of new investments and that the combined impact of innovation clusters takes the form of fluctuation in aggregate output or employment.", "The process of technological innovation involves extremely complex relations among a set of key variables: inventions, innovations, diffusion paths, and investment activities.", "The impact of technological innovation on aggregate output is mediated through a succession of relationships that have yet to be explored systematically in the context of the long wave.", "New inventions are typically primitive, their performance is usually poorer than existing technologies and the cost of their production is high.", "A production technology may not yet exist, as is often the case in major chemical and pharmaceutical inventions.", "The speed with which inventions are transformed into innovations and diffused depends on the actual and expected trajectory of performance improvement and cost reduction.===Innovation===Schumpeter identified innovation as the critical dimension of economic change.", "He argued that economic change revolves around innovation, entrepreneurial activities, and market power.", "He sought to prove that innovation-originated market power can provide better results than the invisible hand and price competition.", "He argued that technological innovation often creates temporary monopolies, allowing abnormal profits that would soon be competed away by rivals and imitators.", "These temporary monopolies were necessary to provide the incentive for firms to develop new products and processes.===Doing Business===The World Bank's \"Doing Business\" report was influenced by Schumpeter's focus on removing impediments to creative destruction.", "The creation of the report is credited in part to his work." ], [ "Personal life", "Schumpeter was married three times.", "His first wife was Gladys Ricarde Seaver, an Englishwoman nearly 12 years his senior (married 1907, separated 1913, divorced 1925).", "His best man at his wedding was his friend and Austrian jurist Hans Kelsen.", "His second was Anna Reisinger, 20 years his junior and daughter of the concierge of the apartment where he grew up.", "As a divorced man, he and his bride converted to Lutheranism to marry.", "They married in 1925, but within a year, she died in childbirth.", "The loss of his wife and newborn son came only weeks after Schumpeter's mother had died.", "Five years after arriving in the US, in 1937, at the age of 54, Schumpeter married the American economic historian Dr. Elizabeth Boody (1898–1953), who helped him popularize his work and edited what became their magnum opus, the posthumously published ''History of Economic Analysis''.", "Elizabeth assisted him with his research and English writing until his death.Schumpeter claimed that he had set himself three goals in life: to be the greatest economist in the world, to be the best horseman in all of Austria, and the greatest lover in all of Vienna.", "He said he had reached two of his goals, but he never said which two, although he is reported to have said that there were too many fine horsemen in Austria for him to succeed in all his aspirations." ], [ "Later life and death", "Schumpeter died in his home in Taconic, Connecticut, at the age of 66, on the night of January 7, 1950." ], [ "Legacy", "For some time after his death, Schumpeter's views were most influential among various heterodox economists, especially Europeans, who were interested in industrial organization, evolutionary theory, and economic development, and who tended to be on the other end of the political spectrum from Schumpeter and were also often influenced by Keynes, Karl Marx, and Thorstein Veblen.", "Robert Heilbroner was one of Schumpeter's most renowned pupils, who wrote extensively about him in ''The Worldly Philosophers''.", "In the journal ''Monthly Review'', John Bellamy Foster wrote of that journal's founder Paul Sweezy, one of the leading Marxist economists in the United States and a graduate assistant of Schumpeter's at Harvard, that Schumpeter \"played a formative role in his development as a thinker\".", "Other outstanding students of Schumpeter's include the economists Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen and Hyman Minsky and John Kenneth Galbraith and former chairman of the Federal Reserve, Alan Greenspan.", "Future Nobel Laureate Robert Solow was his student at Harvard, and he expanded on Schumpeter's theory.Today, Schumpeter has a following outside standard textbook economics, in areas such as economic policy, management studies, industrial policy, and the study of innovation.", "Schumpeter was probably the first scholar to develop theories about entrepreneurship.", "For instance, the European Union's innovation program, and its main development plan, the Lisbon Strategy, are influenced by Schumpeter.", "The International Joseph A. Schumpeter Society awards the Schumpeter Prize.The Schumpeter School of Business and Economics opened in October 2008 at the University of Wuppertal, Germany.", "According to University President Professor Lambert T. Koch, \"Schumpeter will not only be the name of the Faculty of Management and Economics, but this is also a research and teaching programme related to Joseph A.", "Schumpeter.", "\"On September 17, 2009, ''The Economist'' inaugurated a column on business and management named \"Schumpeter\".", "The publication has a history of naming columns after significant figures or symbols in the covered field, including naming its British affairs column after former editor Walter Bagehot and its European affairs column after Charlemagne.", "The initial Schumpeter column praised him as a \"champion of innovation and entrepreneurship\" whose writing showed an understanding of the benefits and dangers of business that proved to be far ahead of its time.Schumpeter's thoughts inspired the economic theory of Adam Przeworski." ], [ "Major works", "=== Books ===* * * ::Translated as: Translated by: Bruce A. McDaniel* Pdf of preface by F.A.", "Hayek and first eight pages.", "* * * * * Translated from the 1911 original German, ''Theorie der wirtschaftlichen Entwicklung''.", "* Translated from the 1912 original German, ''Epochen der dogmen – und Methodengeschichte''.", "Pdf version.", "** Reprinted in hardback as: ** Reprinted in paperback as: * * Reprinted by the University of Michigan Library* ** Reprinted as: * ** Reprinted as * ** Reprinted as: * * ** Reprinted as: * * * * * * * * ** See also the English translation: * * * ** Originally printed as: * * * ** Reprinted as: ** Reprinted as: ** Reprinted as: * * Edited from a manuscript by Elizabeth Boody Schumpeter.", "* * ** Originally printed as: Reprinted in 2008.", "* === Journal articles ===* * * * * * * * * * * * Continued on pp. 88–91.", "** Reprinted as: * * * * * * * * * * The first 2 chapters of A Treatise on Money* Translated from a speech given in German by Schumpeter, ''Wie studiert man Sozialwissenschaft''.=== Memoriams ===* * * * * === Reviews ===* * * * * * *" ], [ "See also", "* List of Austrians* Historical school of economics* Lausanne School* List of Austrian scientists* The Gods of the Copybook Headings* Social innovation* Creative destruction* Schumpeterian rent" ], [ "References" ], [ "Further reading", "* * * * * * * * * * * *" ], [ "External links", "* * * * * * * * * * *" ] ]
wikipedia
[ [ "John Lee Hooker" ], [ "Introduction", "'''John Lee Hooker''' (August 22, 1912 or 1917 – June 21, 2001) was an American blues singer, songwriter, and guitarist.", "The son of a sharecropper, he rose to prominence performing an electric guitar-style adaptation of Delta blues that he developed in Detroit.", "Hooker often incorporated other elements, including talking blues and early North Mississippi hill country blues.", "He developed his own driving-rhythm boogie style, distinct from the 1930s–1940s piano-derived boogie-woogie.", "Hooker was ranked 35 in ''Rolling Stone''s 2015 list of 100 greatest guitarists.Some of his best known songs include \"Boogie Chillen'\" (1948), \"Crawling King Snake\" (1949), \"Dimples\" (1956), \"Boom Boom\" (1962), and \"One Bourbon, One Scotch, One Beer\" (1966).", "Several of his later albums, including ''The Healer'' (1989), ''Mr.", "Lucky'' (1991), ''Chill Out'' (1995), and ''Don't Look Back'' (1997), were album chart successes in the U.S. and UK.", "''The Healer'' (for the song \"I'm in the Mood\") and ''Chill Out'' (for the album) both earned him Grammy wins, as well as ''Don't Look Back'', which went on to earn him a double-Grammy win for Best Traditional Blues Recording and Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals (with Van Morrison)." ], [ "Early life", "Hooker's date of birth is a subject of debate; the years 1912, 1915, 1917, 1920, and 1923 have all been suggested.", "Most official sources list 1917, though at times Hooker stated he was born in 1920.Information found in the 1920 and 1930 censuses indicates that he was actually born in 1912.In 2017, a series of events took place to celebrate the purported centenary of his birth.", "In the 1920 federal census, John Hooker is seven years old and one of nine children living with William and Minnie Hooker in Tutwiler, Mississippi.It is believed that he was born in Tutwiler, in Tallahatchie County, although some sources say his birthplace was near Clarksdale, in Coahoma County.", "He was the youngest of the 11 children of William Hooker (born 1871, died after 1923), a sharecropper and Baptist preacher, and Minnie Ramsey (born c. 1880, date of death unknown).", "In the 1920 federal census, William and Minnie were recorded as being 48 and 39 years old, respectively, which implies that Minnie was born about 1880, not 1875.She was said to have been a \"decade or so younger\" than her husband, which gives additional credibility to this census record as evidence of Hooker's origins.The Hooker children were homeschooled.", "They were permitted to listen only to religious songs; the spirituals sung in church were their earliest exposure to music.", "In 1921, their parents separated.", "The next year, their mother married William Moore, a blues singer, who provided John Lee with an introduction to the guitar (and whom he would later credit for his distinctive playing style).Moore was his first significant blues influence.", "He was a local blues guitarist who, in Shreveport, Louisiana, learned to play a droning, one-chord blues that was strikingly different from the Delta blues of the time.Another influence was Tony Hollins, who dated Hooker's sister Alice, helped teach Hooker to play, and gave him his first guitar.", "For the rest of his life, Hooker regarded Hollins as a formative influence on his style of playing and his career as a musician.", "Among the songs that Hollins reputedly taught Hooker were versions of \"Crawlin' King Snake\" and \"Catfish Blues\".At the age of 14, Hooker ran away from home, reportedly never seeing his mother or stepfather again.", "In the mid-1930s, he lived in Memphis, Tennessee, where he performed on Beale Street, at the New Daisy Theatre and occasionally at house parties.He worked in factories in various cities during World War II, eventually getting a job with the Ford Motor Company in Detroit in 1943.He frequented the blues clubs and bars on Hastings Street, the heart of the black entertainment district, on Detroit's east side.", "In a city noted for its pianists, guitar players were scarce.", "Hooker's popularity grew quickly as he performed in Detroit clubs, and, seeking an instrument louder than his acoustic guitar, he bought his first electric guitar." ], [ "Earlier career", "Hooker was working as janitor in a Detroit steel mill when his recording career began in 1948, when Modern Records, based in Los Angeles, released a demo he had recorded for Bernie Besman in Detroit.", "The single, \"Boogie Chillen', became a hit and the best-selling race record of 1949.Though illiterate, Hooker was a prolific lyricist.", "In addition to adapting traditional blues lyrics, he composed original songs.", "In the 1950s, like many black musicians, Hooker earned little from record sales, and so he often recorded variations of his songs for different studios for an up-front fee.", "To evade his recording contract, he used various pseudonyms, including John Lee Booker (for Chess Records and Chance Records in 1951–1952), Johnny Lee (for De Luxe Records in 1953–1954), John Lee, John Lee Cooker, Texas Slim, Delta John, Birmingham Sam and his Magic Guitar, Johnny Williams, and the Boogie Man.His early solo songs were recorded by Bernie Besman.", "Hooker rarely played with a standard beat, but instead he changed tempo to fit the needs of the song.", "This often made it difficult to use backing musicians, who were not accustomed to Hooker's musical vagaries.", "As a result, Besman recorded Hooker playing guitar, singing and stomping on a wooden pallet in time with the music.For much of this period he recorded and toured with Eddie Kirkland.", "In Hooker's later sessions for Vee-Jay Records in Chicago, studio musicians accompanied him on most of his recordings, including Eddie Taylor, who could handle his musical idiosyncrasies.", "\"Boom Boom\" (1962) and \"Dimples\", two popular songs by Hooker, were originally released by Vee-Jay." ], [ "Later career", "Hooker performing at the Long Beach Blues Festival, Long Beach, California, August 31, 1997Beginning in 1962, Hooker gained greater exposure when he toured Europe in the annual American Folk Blues Festival.", "His \"Dimples\" became a successful single on the UK Singles Charts in 1964, eight years after its first US release.", "Hooker began to perform and record with rock musicians.", "One of his earliest collaborations was with British blues rock band the Groundhogs.", "In 1970, he recorded the joint album ''Hooker 'n Heat'', with the American blues and boogie rock group Canned Heat, whose repertoire included adaptations of Hooker songs.", "It became the first of Hooker's albums to reach the ''Billboard'' charts, peaking at number 78 on the Billboard 200.Other collaboration albums soon followed, including ''Endless Boogie'' (1971) and ''Never Get Out of These Blues Alive'' (1972), which included Steve Miller, Elvin Bishop, Van Morrison, and others.Hooker appeared in the 1980 film ''The Blues Brothers'' as a street musician playing \"Boom Boom\".", "In 1989, he recorded the album ''The Healer'' with Carlos Santana, Bonnie Raitt, and others.", "The 1990s saw additional collaboration albums: ''Mr.", "Lucky'' (1991), ''Chill Out'' (1995), and ''Don't Look Back'' (1997) with Morrison, Santana, Los Lobos, and additional guest musicians.", "His re-recording of \"Boom Boom\" (the title track for his 1992 album) with guitarist Jimmie Vaughan became Hooker's highest charting single (number 16) in the UK.", "''Come See About Me'', a 2004 DVD, includes performances filmed between 1960 and 1994 and interviews with several of the musicians.Hooker owned five houses in his later life, including ones in the California cities of Los Altos, Redwood City, and Long Beach.", "On June 21, 2001, Hooker died in his sleep at home in Los Altos." ], [ "Awards and recognition", "Among his many awards, Hooker was inducted into the Blues Hall of Fame in 1980, and the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1991.He was a recipient of a 1983 National Heritage Fellowship awarded by the National Endowment for the Arts, which is the United States government's highest honor in the folk and traditional arts.", "He was awarded the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award in 2000 and has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.", "He is also inducted into the Mississippi Musicians Hall of Fame.Two of his songs, \"Boogie Chillen\" and \"Boom Boom\", are included in the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame's list of the 500 Songs That Shaped Rock and Roll.", "\"Boogie Chillen\" is also included in the Recording Industry Association of America's list of the \"Songs of the Century\".===Grammy Awards===* Best Traditional Blues Recording, 1990, for ''I'm in the Mood'', with Bonnie Raitt* Best Traditional Blues Album, 1995, for ''Chill Out''* Best Traditional Blues Recording, 1998, for ''Don't Look Back''* Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals, 1998, \"Don't Look Back\", with Van Morrison* Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award, 2000* National Rhythm & Blues Hall of Fame, 2021-22" ], [ "Discography", "*''House of the Blues'' (1959)*''Hooker 'n Heat'' (1971)*''Endless Boogie'' (1971)*''Never Get Out of These Blues Alive'' (1972)*''The Healer'' (1989)*''Mr.", "Lucky'' (1991)*''Boom Boom'' (1992)*''Chill Out'' (1995)*''Don't Look Back'' (1997)*''The Best of Friends'' (1998)" ], [ "Film", "* ''The Blues Brothers'' on Maxwell Street (Chicago) outside Aretha Franklin's restaurant (1980)* ''John Lee Hooker & Furry Lewis'' DVD (1995)* ''John Lee Hooker: That's My Story'' DVD (2001)* ''John Lee Hooker Rare Performances 1960–1984'' DVD (2002)* ''Come See About Me'' DVD (2004)* ''John Lee Hooker: Bits and Pieces About …'' DVD and CD (2006)" ], [ "References" ], [ "Bibliography", "*******" ], [ "External links", "*** 1960 interview with Paul Oliver" ] ]
wikipedia
[ [ "June 23" ], [ "Introduction" ], [ "Events", "===Pre-1600===* 229 – Sun Quan proclaims himself emperor of Eastern Wu.", "*1266 – War of Saint Sabas: In the Battle of Trapani, the Venetians defeat a larger Genoese fleet, capturing all its ships.", "*1280 – The Spanish Reconquista: In the Battle of Moclín the Emirate of Granada ambush a superior pursuing force, killing most of them in a military disaster for the Kingdom of Castile.", "*1305 – A peace treaty between the Flemish and the French is signed at Athis-sur-Orge.", "*1314 – First War of Scottish Independence: The Battle of Bannockburn (south of Stirling) begins.", "*1532 – Henry VIII of England and Francis I of France sign the \"Treaty of Closer Amity With France\" (also known as the Pommeraye treaty), pledging mutual aid against Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor.", "*1565 – Dragut, commander of the Ottoman navy, dies during the Great Siege of Malta.", "*1594 – The Action of Faial, Azores.", "The Portuguese carrack ''Cinco Chagas'', loaded with slaves and treasure, is attacked and sunk by English ships with only 13 survivors out of over 700 on board.===1601–1900===*1611 – The mutinous crew of Henry Hudson's fourth voyage sets Henry, his son and seven loyal crew members adrift in an open boat in what is now Hudson Bay; they are never heard from again.", "*1683 – William Penn signs a friendship treaty with Lenape Indians in Pennsylvania.", "*1713 – The French residents of Acadia are given one year to declare allegiance to Britain or leave Nova Scotia, Canada.", "*1757 – Battle of Plassey: Three thousand British troops under Robert Clive defeat a 50,000-strong Indian army under Siraj ud-Daulah at Plassey.", "*1758 – Seven Years' War: Battle of Krefeld: British, Hanoverian, and Prussian forces defeat French troops at Krefeld in Germany.", "*1760 – Seven Years' War: Battle of Landeshut: Austria defeats Prussia.", "*1780 – American Revolution: Battle of Springfield fought in and around Springfield, New Jersey (including Short Hills, formerly of Springfield, now of Millburn Township).", "*1794 – Empress Catherine II of Russia grants Jews permission to settle in Kyiv.", "*1810 – John Jacob Astor forms the Pacific Fur Company.", "*1812 – War of 1812: Great Britain revokes the restrictions on American commerce, thus eliminating one of the chief reasons for going to war.", "*1860 – The United States Congress establishes the Government Printing Office.", "*1865 – American Civil War: At Fort Towson in the Oklahoma Territory, Confederate Brigadier General Stand Watie surrenders the last significant Confederate army.", "*1868 – Christopher Latham Sholes received a patent for an invention he called the \"Type-Writer\".", "*1887 – The Rocky Mountains Park Act becomes law in Canada creating the nation's first national park, Banff National Park.", "*1894 – The International Olympic Committee is founded at the Sorbonne in Paris, at the initiative of Baron Pierre de Coubertin.===1901–present===*1913 – Second Balkan War: The Greeks defeat the Bulgarians in the Battle of Doiran.", "*1914 – Mexican Revolution: Pancho Villa takes Zacatecas from Victoriano Huerta.", "*1917 – In a game against the Washington Senators, Boston Red Sox pitcher Ernie Shore retires 26 batters in a row after replacing Babe Ruth, who had been ejected for punching the umpire.", "*1919 – Estonian War of Independence: The decisive defeat of the ''Baltische Landeswehr'' in the Battle of Cēsis; this date is celebrated as Victory Day in Estonia.", "*1926 – The College Board administers the first SAT exam.", "*1931 – Wiley Post and Harold Gatty take off from Roosevelt Field, Long Island in an attempt to circumnavigate the world in a single-engine plane.", "*1938 – The Civil Aeronautics Act is signed into law, forming the Civil Aeronautics Authority in the United States.", "*1940 – Adolf Hitler goes on a three-hour tour of the architecture of Paris with architect Albert Speer and sculptor Arno Breker in his only visit to the city.", "* 1940 – Henry Larsen begins the first successful west-to-east navigation of Northwest Passage from Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.", "*1941 – The Lithuanian Activist Front declares independence from the Soviet Union and forms the Provisional Government of Lithuania; it lasts only briefly as the Nazis will occupy Lithuania a few weeks later.", "*1942 – World War II: Germany's latest fighter aircraft, a Focke-Wulf Fw 190, is captured intact when it mistakenly lands at RAF Pembrey in Wales.", "*1946 – The 1946 Vancouver Island earthquake strikes Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada.", "*1947 – The United States Senate follows the United States House of Representatives in overriding U.S. President Harry S. Truman's veto of the Taft–Hartley Act.", "*1951 – The ocean liner SS ''United States'' is christened and launched.", "*1956 – The French National Assembly takes the first step in creating the French Community by passing the Loi Cadre, transferring a number of powers from Paris to elected territorial governments in French West Africa.", "*1959 – Convicted Manhattan Project spy Klaus Fuchs is released after only nine years in prison and allowed to emigrate to Dresden, East Germany where he resumes a scientific career.", "*1960 – The United States Food and Drug Administration declares Enovid to be the first officially approved combined oral contraceptive pill in the world.", "*1961 – The Antarctic Treaty System, which sets aside Antarctica as a scientific preserve and limits military activity on the continent, its islands and ice shelves, comes into force.", "*1967 – Cold War: U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson meets with Soviet Premier Alexei Kosygin in Glassboro, New Jersey for the three-day Glassboro Summit Conference.", "*1969 – Warren E. Burger is sworn in as Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court by retiring Chief Justice Earl Warren.", "* 1969 – IBM announces that effective January 1970 it will price its software and services separately from hardware thus creating the modern software industry.", "*1972 – Watergate scandal: U.S. President Richard M. Nixon and White House Chief of Staff H. R. Haldeman are taped talking about illegally using the Central Intelligence Agency to obstruct the Federal Bureau of Investigation's investigation into the Watergate break-ins.", "* 1972 – Title IX of the United States Civil Rights Act of 1964 is amended to prohibit sexual discrimination to any educational program receiving federal funds.", "*1973 – A fire at a house in Hull, England, which kills a six-year-old boy is passed off as an accident; it later emerges as the first of 26 deaths by fire caused over the next seven years by serial arsonist Peter Dinsdale.", "*1985 – A terrorist bomb explodes at Narita International Airport near Tokyo, killing two and injuring four.", "An hour later, the same group detonates a second bomb aboard Air India Flight 182, bringing the Boeing 747 down off the coast of Ireland killing all 329 aboard.", "*1991 – ''Sonic the Hedgehog'' is released in North America on the Sega Genesis platform, beginning the popular video game franchise.", "*1994 – NASA's Space Station Processing Facility, a new state-of-the-art manufacturing building for the International Space Station, officially opens at Kennedy Space Center.", "*2001 – The 8.4 southern Peru earthquake shakes coastal Peru with a maximum Mercalli intensity of VIII (''Severe'').", "A destructive tsunami followed, leaving at least 74 people dead, and 2,687 injured.", "*2012 – Ashton Eaton breaks the decathlon world record at the United States Olympic Trials.", "*2013 – Nik Wallenda becomes the first man to successfully walk across the Grand Canyon on a tight rope.", "* 2013 – Militants storm a high-altitude mountaineering base camp near Nanga Parbat in Gilgit–Baltistan, Pakistan, killing ten climbers and a local guide.", "*2014 – The last of Syria's declared chemical weapons are shipped out for destruction.", "*2016 – The United Kingdom votes in a referendum to leave the European Union, by 52% to 48%.", "*2017 – A series of terrorist attacks take place in Pakistan, resulting in 96 deaths and wounding 200 others.", "*2018 – Twelve boys and an assistant coach from a soccer team in Thailand are trapped in a flooding cave, leading to an 18-day rescue operation." ], [ "Births", "===Pre-1600===*47 BC – Caesarion, Egyptian king (d. 30 BC)*1385 – Stephen, Count Palatine of Simmern-Zweibrücken (d. 1459)*1433 – Francis II, Duke of Brittany (d. 1488)*1456 – Margaret of Denmark, Queen of Scotland (d. 1486)*1489 – Charles II, Duke of Savoy, Italian nobleman (d. 1496)*1534 – Oda Nobunaga, Japanese warlord (d. 1582)*1596 – Johan Banér, Swedish field marshal (d. 1641)===1601–1900===*1616 – Shah Shuja, Mughal prince (d. 1661)*1625 – John Fell, English churchman and influential academic (d. 1686)*1668 – Giambattista Vico, Italian jurist, historian, and philosopher (d. 1744)*1683 – Étienne Fourmont, French orientalist and sinologist (d. 1745)*1711 – Giovanni Battista Guadagnini, Italian instrument maker (d. 1786)*1716 – Fletcher Norton, 1st Baron Grantley, English lawyer and politician, Solicitor General for England and Wales (d. 1789)*1750 – Déodat Gratet de Dolomieu, French geologist and academic (d. 1801)*1763 – Joséphine de Beauharnais, French wife of Napoleon I (d. 1814)*1799 – John Milton Bernhisel, American physician and politician (d. 1881)*1800 – Karol Marcinkowski, Polish physician and activist (d. 1846)*1824 – Carl Reinecke, German pianist, composer, and conductor (d. 1910)*1843 – Paul Heinrich von Groth, German scientist (d. 1927)*1860 – Albert Giraud, Belgian poet and librarian (d. 1929)*1863 – Sándor Bródy, Hungarian author and journalist (d. 1924)*1877 – Norman Pritchard, Indian-English hurdler and actor (d. 1929)*1879 – Huda Sha'arawi, Egyptian feminist and journalist (d. 1947)*1884 – Cyclone Taylor, Canadian ice hockey player and politician (d. 1979)*1888 – Bronson M. Cutting, American publisher and politician (d. 1935)*1889 – Anna Akhmatova, Ukrainian-Russian poet and author (d. 1966)* 1889 – Verena Holmes, English engineer (d. 1964)*1894 – Harold Barrowclough, New Zealand military leader, lawyer and Chief Justice (d. 1972)* 1894 – Alfred Kinsey, American entomologist and sexologist (d. 1956)* 1894 – Edward VIII, King of the United Kingdom (d. 1972)*1899 – Amédée Gordini, Italian-born French race car driver and sports car manufacturer (d. 1979)*1900 – Blanche Noyes, American aviator, winner of the 1936 Bendix Trophy Race (d. 1981) ===1901–present===*1901 – Ahmet Hamdi Tanpınar, Turkish author, poet, and scholar (d. 1962)*1903 – Paul Martin Sr., Canadian lawyer and politician (d. 1992)*1904 – Quintin McMillan, South African cricketer (d. 1938)*1905 – Jack Pickersgill, Canadian civil servant and politician, 35th Secretary of State for Canada (d. 1997)*1906 – Tribhuvan of Nepal (d. 1955)*1907 – Dercy Gonçalves, Brazilian actress and singer (d. 2008)* 1907 – James Meade, English economist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1995)*1909 – David Lewis, Russian-Canadian lawyer and politician (d. 1981)* 1909 – Georges Rouquier, French actor, director, and screenwriter (d. 1989)*1910 – Jean Anouilh, French playwright and screenwriter (d. 1987)* 1910 – Gordon B. Hinckley, American religious leader, 15th President of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (d. 2008)* 1910 – Milt Hinton, American bassist and photographer (d. 2000)* 1910 – Bill King, English yachtsman, naval commander and author (d. 2012)* 1910 – Lawson Little, American golfer (d. 1968)*1912 – Alan Turing, English mathematician and computer scientist (d. 1954)*1913 – William P. Rogers, American commander, lawyer, and politician, 55th United States Secretary of State (d. 2001)*1915 – Frances Gabe, American artist and inventor (d. 2016)*1916 – Len Hutton, English cricketer and soldier (d. 1990)* 1916 – Irene Worth, American actress (d. 2002) * 1916 – Al G. Wright, American bandleader and conductor (d. 2020)*1919 – Mohamed Boudiaf, Algerian politician, President of Algeria (d. 1992)*1920 – Saleh Ajeery, Kuwaiti astronomer (d. 2022)*1921 – Paul Findley, American politician (d. 2019)*1922 – Morris R. Jeppson, American lieutenant and physicist (d. 2010)* 1922 – Hal Laycoe, Canadian ice hockey player and coach (d. 1998)*1923 – Peter Corr, Irish-English footballer and manager (d. 2001)* 1923 – Elroy Schwartz, American screenwriter and producer (d. 2013)* 1923 – Doris Johnson, American politician (d. 2021)* 1923 – Jerry Rullo, American professional basketball player (d. 2016)* 1923 – Giuseppina Tuissi, Italian communist and Partisan (d. 1945)*1924 – Frank Bolle, American comic-strip artist, comic-book artist and illustrator (d. 2020)*1925 – Miriam Karlin, English actress (d. 2011)* 1925 – Art Modell, American businessman (d. 2012)* 1925 – Anna Chennault, Chinese widow of Lieutenant General Claire Lee Chennault (d. 2018)*1926 – Lawson Soulsby, Baron Soulsby of Swaffham Prior, English microbiologist and parasitologist (d. 2017)* 1926 – Magda Herzberger, Romanian author, poet and composer, survivor of the Holocaust (d. 2021)* 1926 – Annette Mbaye d'Erneville, Senegalese writer* 1926 – Arnaldo Pomodoro, Italian sculptor*1927 – Bob Fosse, American actor, dancer, choreographer, and director (d. 1987)* 1927 – John Habgood, Baron Habgood, English archbishop (d. 2019)*1928 – Jean Cione, American baseball player (d. 2010)* 1928 – Klaus von Dohnányi, German politician* 1928 – Michael Shaara, American author and academic (d. 1988)*1929 – June Carter Cash, American singer-songwriter, musician, and actress (d. 2003)* 1929 – Mario Ghella, Italian racing cyclist*1930 – Donn F. Eisele, American colonel, pilot, and astronaut (d. 1987)* 1930 – John Elliott, English historian and academic (d. 2022) * 1930 – Francis Newall, 2nd Baron Newall, English businessman and politician* 1930 – Anthony Thwaite, English poet, critic, and academic (d. 2021)* 1930 – Marie-Thérèse Houphouët-Boigny, former First Lady of Ivory Coast*1931 – Gunnar Uusi, Estonian chess player (d. 1981)* 1931 – Ola Ullsten, Swedish politician and diplomat (d. 2018)*1932 – Peter Millett, Baron Millett, English lawyer and judge (d. 2021)*1934 – Keith Sutton, English bishop (d. 2017)* 1934 – Bill Torrey, Canadian businessman (d. 2018)* 1934 – Virbhadra Singh, Indian politician (d. 2021)*1935 – Maurice Ferré, Puerto Rican-American politician, 32nd Mayor of Miami (d. 2019)* 1935 – Keith Burkinshaw, English footballer and manager*1936 – Richard Bach, American novelist and essayist* 1936 – Costas Simitis, Greek economist, lawyer, and politician, 180th Prime Minister of Greece*1937 – Martti Ahtisaari, Finnish captain and politician, 10th President of Finland, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2023)* 1937 – Alan Haselhurst, English academic and politician* 1937 – Niki Sullivan, American guitarist and songwriter (d. 2004)*1939 – Scott Burton, American sculptor (d. 1989)*1940 – Adam Faith, English singer (d. 2003)* 1940 – George Feigley, American sex cult leader and two-time prison escapee (d. 2009)* 1940 – Derry Irvine, Baron Irvine of Lairg, Scottish lawyer, judge, and politician, Lord High Chancellor of Great Britain* 1940 – Wilma Rudolph, American runner (d. 1994)* 1940 – Mike Shrimpton, New Zealand cricketer and coach (d. 2015)* 1940 – Stuart Sutcliffe, Scottish painter and musician (d. 1962)* 1940 – Diana Trask, Australian singer-songwriter*1941 – Robert Hunter, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 2019)* 1941 – Roger McDonald, Australian author and screenwriter* 1941 – Keith Newton, English footballer (d. 1998)*1942 – Martin Rees, Baron Rees of Ludlow, English cosmologist and astrophysicist*1943 – Patrick Bokanowski, French filmmaker* 1943 – Ellyn Kaschak, American psychologist and academic* 1943 – James Levine, American pianist and conductor (d. 2021)*1945 – Kjell Albin Abrahamson, Swedish journalist and author (d. 2016)* 1945 – John Garang, Sudanese colonel and politician, President of Southern Sudan (d. 2005)*1946 – Julian Hipwood, English polo player and coach* 1946 – Ted Shackelford, American actor*1947 – Bryan Brown, Australian actor and producer*1948 – Clarence Thomas, American lawyer and jurist, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States*1949 – Gordon Bray, Australian journalist and sportscaster* 1949 – Sheila Noakes, Baroness Noakes, English accountant and politician*1951 – Angelo Falcón, Puerto Rican-American political scientist, activist, and academic, founded the National Institute for Latino Policy (d. 2018)* 1951 – Michèle Mouton, French race car driver and manager*1952 – Raj Babbar, Indian actor and politician*1953 – Armen Sarkissian, Armenian physicist, politician and President of Armenia*1955 – Pierre Corbeil, Canadian dentist and politician* 1955 – Glenn Danzig, American singer-songwriter and producer * 1955 – Jean Tigana, French footballer and manager*1956 – Daniel J. Drucker, Canadian academic and educator * 1956 – Tony Hill, American football player and sportscaster* 1956 – Randy Jackson, American bass player and producer *1957 – Dave Houghton, Zimbabwean cricketer and coach* 1957 – Frances McDormand, American actress, winner of the Triple Crown of Acting*1958 – John Hayes, English politician, Minister of State at the Department of Energy and Climate Change*1960 – Donald Harrison, American saxophonist, composer, and producer* 1960 – Tatsuya Uemura, Japanese composer and programmer*1961 – Richard Arnold, English lawyer and judge* 1961 – Zoran Janjetov, Serbian singer and illustrator * 1961 – LaSalle Thompson, American basketball player, coach, and manager*1962 – Chuck Billy, American singer-songwriter and guitarist*1963 – Colin Montgomerie, Scottish golfer*1964 – Nicolas Marceau, Canadian economist and politician* 1964 – Tara Morice, Australian actress and singer* 1964 – Joss Whedon, American director, producer, and screenwriter* 1964 – Lou Yun, Chinese gymnast*1965 – Paul Arthurs, English guitarist * 1965 – Sylvia Mathews Burwell, American government and non-profit executive* 1965 – Peter O'Malley, Australian golfer *1966 – Chico DeBarge, American singer and pianist *1969 – Martin Klebba, American actor, producer, and stuntman*1970 – Robert Brooks, American football player* 1970 – Martin Deschamps, Canadian singer-songwriter * 1970 – Yann Tiersen, French singer-songwriter and guitarist*1971 – Fred Ewanuick, Canadian actor and producer* 1971 – Félix Potvin, Canadian ice hockey player and coach*1972 – Selma Blair, American actress* 1972 – Louis Van Amstel, Dutch dancer and choreographer* 1972 – Zinedine Zidane, French footballer and manager*1974 – Joel Edgerton, Australian actor* 1974 – Mark Hendrickson, American basketball and baseball player*1975 – Kevin Dyson, American football player and coach* 1975 – David Howell, English golfer* 1975 – Mike James, American basketball player* 1975 – KT Tunstall, Scottish singer-songwriter and musician*1976 – Wade Barrett, American soccer player and manager* 1976 – Joe Becker, American guitarist and composer* 1976 – Savvas Poursaitidis, Greek-Cypriot footballer and scout* 1976 – Brandon Stokley, American football player* 1976 – Paola Suárez, Argentinian tennis player* 1976 – Emmanuelle Vaugier, Canadian actress and singer* 1976 – Patrick Vieira, French footballer and manager*1977 – Miguel Ángel Angulo, Spanish footballer* 1977 – Hayden Foxe, Australian footballer and manager* 1977 – Jaan Jüris, Estonian ski jumper* 1977 – Jason Mraz, American singer-songwriter and guitarist* 1977 – Shaun O'Hara, American football player and sportscaster*1978 – Memphis Bleek, American rapper, producer, and actor* 1978 – Frederic Leclercq, French heavy metal musician* 1978 – Matt Light, American football player and sportscaster*1979 – LaDainian Tomlinson, American football player *1980 – Becky Cloonan, American author and illustrator* 1980 – Melissa Rauch, American actress* 1980 – Francesca Schiavone, Italian tennis player*1981 – Antony Costa, English singer-songwriter * 1981 – Rolf Wacha, German rugby player*1982 – Derek Boogaard, Canadian-American ice hockey player (d. 2011)*1983 – Brooks Laich, Canadian ice hockey player* 1983 – José Manuel Rojas, Chilean footballer*1984 – Duffy, Welsh singer-songwriter and actress* 1984 – Takeshi Matsuda, Japanese swimmer* 1984 – Levern Spencer, Saint Lucian high jumper*1985 – Marcel Reece, American football player*1986 – Christy Altomare, American actress and singer-songwriter *1987 – Alessia Filippi, Italian swimmer*1988 – Chet Faker, Australian singer-songwriter* 1988 – Chellsie Memmel, American gymnast*1989 – Lisa Carrington, New Zealand flatwater canoeist* 1989 – Jordan Nolan, Canadian ice hockey player*1990 – Clevid Dikamona, French footballer* 1990 – Vasek Pospisil, Canadian tennis player* 1990 – Laura Ràfols, Spanish footballer*1991 – Katie Armiger, American singer-songwriter and guitarist*1992 – Luiza Galiulina, Uzbekistani gymnast* 1992 – Nampalys Mendy, French footballer*1993 – Tim Anderson, American baseball player* 1993 – Marvin Grumann, German footballer*1994 – Ben Dwarshuis, Australian cricketer*2000 – Starford To'a, New Zealand rugby league player*2007 – Elliana Walmsley, American dancer*2008 – Lilliana Ketchman, American dancer and YouTuber" ], [ "Deaths", "===Pre-1600===*79 – Vespasian, Roman emperor (b.", "AD 9) * 679 – Æthelthryth, English saint (b.", "636)* 947 – Li Congyi, prince of Later Tang (b.", "931)* 947 – Wang, imperial consort of Later Tang* 960 – Feng Yanji, chancellor of Southern Tang (b.", "903)* 994 – Lothair Udo I, count of Stade (b.", "950)*1018 – Henry I, margrave of Austria*1137 – Adalbert of Mainz, German archbishop*1222 – Constance of Aragon, Hungarian queen (b.", "1179)*1290 – Henryk IV Probus, duke of Wrocław and high duke of Kraków (b. c. 1258)*1314 – Henry de Bohun, English knight*1324 – Aymer de Valence, 2nd Earl of Pembroke (b.", "1270)*1343 – Giacomo Gaetani Stefaneschi, Italian cardinal (b. c. 1270)*1356 – Margaret II, Holy Roman Empress (b.", "1311)*1537 – Pedro de Mendoza, Spanish conquistador (b.", "1487)*1565 – Dragut, Ottoman admiral (b.", "1485)*1582 – Shimizu Muneharu, Japanese commander (b.", "1537)===1601–1900===*1615 – Mashita Nagamori, Japanese daimyō (b.", "1545)*1677 – William Louis, duke of Württemberg (b.", "1647)*1686 – William Coventry, English politician (b.", "1628)*1707 – John Mill, English theologian and author (b.", "1645)*1733 – Johann Jakob Scheuchzer, Swiss paleontologist and scholar (b.", "1672)*1770 – Mark Akenside, English poet and physician (b.", "1721)*1775 – Karl Ludwig von Pöllnitz, German adventurer and author (b.", "1692)*1779 – Mikael Sehul, Ethiopian warlord (b.", "1691)*1806 – Mathurin Jacques Brisson, French zoologist and philosopher (b.", "1723)*1811 – Nicolau Tolentino de Almeida, Portuguese poet and author (b.", "1740)*1832 – Sir James Hall, 4th Baronet, Scottish geologist and geophysicist (b.", "1761)*1836 – James Mill, Scottish economist, historian, and philosopher (b.", "1773)*1848 – Maria Leopoldine of Austria-Este, Electress of Bavaria (b.", "1776)*1856 – Ivan Kireyevsky, Russian philosopher and critic (b.", "1806)*1881 – Matthias Jakob Schleiden, German botanist and academic (b.", "1804)*1891 – Wilhelm Eduard Weber, German physicist and academic (b.", "1804)* 1891 – Samuel Newitt Wood, American lawyer and politician (b.", "1825)*1893 – William Fox, English-New Zealand lawyer and politician, 2nd Prime Minister of New Zealand (b.", "1812)* 1893 – Theophilus Shepstone, English-South African politician (b.", "1817)===1901–present===*1914 – Bhaktivinoda Thakur, Indian guru and philosopher (b.", "1838) *1945 – Giuseppina Tuissi, Italian journalist and activist (b.", "1923)*1953 – Albert Gleizes, French painter (b.", "1881)*1954 – Salih Omurtak, Turkish general (b.", "1889)*1956 – Reinhold Glière, Russian composer and educator (b.", "1875)*1959 – Boris Vian, French author, poet, and playwright (b.", "1920)* 1959 – Hidir Lutfi, Iraqi poet.", "(b.", "1880)*1969 – Volmari Iso-Hollo, Finnish runner (b.", "1907)*1970 – Roscoe Turner, American soldier and pilot (b.", "1895)*1973 – Gerry Birrell, Scottish race car driver (b.", "1944)*1980 – Sanjay Gandhi, Indian engineer and politician (b.", "1946)* 1980 – Clyfford Still, American painter and academic (b.", "1904)*1989 – Werner Best, German police officer and jurist (b.", "1903)*1990 – Harindranath Chattopadhyay, Indian poet, actor, and politician (b.", "1898)*1992 – Eric Andolsek, American football player (b.", "1966)*1995 – Roger Grimsby, American journalist (b.", "1928)* 1995 – Jonas Salk, American biologist and physician (b.", "1914)* 1995 – Anatoli Tarasov, Russian ice hockey player and coach (b.", "1918)*1996 – Andreas Papandreou, Greek economist and politician, 174th Prime Minister of Greece (b.", "1919)* 1996 – Ray Lindwall, Australian cricketer and rugby player (b.", "1921)*1997 – Betty Shabazz, American educator and activist (b.", "1936)*1998 – Maureen O'Sullivan, Irish-American actress (b.", "1911)*2000 – Peter Dubovský, Slovak footballer (b.", "1972)*2002 – Pedro Alcázar, Panamanian boxer (b.", "1975)*2005 – Shana Alexander, American journalist and author (b.", "1926)* 2005 – Manolis Anagnostakis, Greek poet and critic (b.", "1925)*2006 – Aaron Spelling, American actor, producer, and screenwriter, founded Spelling Television (b.", "1923)*2007 – Rod Beck, American baseball player (b.", "1968)*2008 – Claudio Capone, Italian-Scottish actor (b.", "1952)* 2008 – Arthur Chung, Guyanese surveyor and politician, 1st President of Guyana (b.", "1918)* 2008 – Marian Glinka, Polish actor and bodybuilder (b.", "1943)*2009 – Raymond Berthiaume, Canadian singer-songwriter and producer (b.", "1931)* 2009 – Ed McMahon, American game show host and announcer (b.", "1923)* 2009 – Jerri Nielsen, American physician and explorer (b.", "1952)*2010 – John Burton, Australian public servant and diplomat (b.", "1915)*2011 – Peter Falk, American actor (b.", "1927)* 2011 – Dennis Marshall, Costa Rican footballer (b.", "1985)* 2011 – Fred Steiner, American composer and conductor (b.", "1923)*2012 – James Durbin, English economist and statistician (b.", "1923)* 2012 – Brigitte Engerer, French pianist and educator (b.", "1952)* 2012 – Alan McDonald, Northern Ireland footballer and manager (b.", "1963)* 2012 – Frank Chee Willeto, American soldier and politician, 4th Vice President of the Navajo Nation (b.", "1925)* 2012 – Walter J. Zable, American football player and businessman, founded the Cubic Corporation (b.", "1915)*2013 – Bobby Bland, American singer-songwriter (b.", "1930)* 2013 – Gary David Goldberg, American screenwriter and producer (b.", "1944)* 2013 – Frank Kelso, American admiral and politician, United States Secretary of the Navy (b.", "1933)* 2013 – Kurt Leichtweiss, German mathematician and academic (b.", "1927)* 2013 – Richard Matheson, American author and screenwriter (b.", "1926)* 2013 – Darryl Read, English singer-songwriter, drummer, and actor (b.", "1951)* 2013 – Sharon Stouder, American swimmer (b.", "1948)*2014 – Nancy Garden, American author (b.", "1938)* 2014 – Euros Lewis, Welsh cricketer (b.", "1942)* 2014 – Paula Kent Meehan, American businesswoman, co-founded Redken (b.", "1931)*2015 – Miguel Facussé Barjum, Honduran businessman (b.", "1924)* 2015 – Nirmala Joshi, Indian nun, lawyer, and social worker (b.", "1934)* 2015 – Dick Van Patten, American actor (b.", "1928)*2016 – Ralph Stanley, American singer and banjo player (b.", "1927)*2021 – John McAfee, British-American computer programmer and businessman, founded McAfee (b.", "1945)" ], [ "Holidays and observances", "* Christian feast day:** Æthelthryth** Marie of Oignies** Joseph Cafasso** June 23 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)* Father's Day (Nicaragua, Poland)* Grand Duke's Official Birthday (Luxembourg)* International Women in Engineering Day * International Widows Day (international)* National Day of Remembrance for Victims of Terrorism (Canada)* Okinawa Memorial Day (Okinawa Prefecture)* Saint John's Eve and the first day of the Midsummer celebrations although this is not the real summer solstice; see June 20 (Roman Catholic Church, Europe):**Bonfires of Saint John (Spain)** First night of Festa de São João do Porto (Porto)** First day of Golowan Festival (Cornwall)** Jaaniõhtu (Estonia)** Jāņi (Latvia)** Kupala Night (Belarus, Lithuania, Poland, Russia, Ukraine)** Last day of Drăgaica fair (Buzău, Romania)* United Nations Public Service Day (International)* Victory Day (Estonia)" ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* * *" ] ]
wikipedia
[ [ "Satires (Juvenal)" ], [ "Introduction", "The '''''Satires''''' () are a collection of satirical poems by the Latin author Juvenal written between the end of the first and the early second centuries A.D.Frontispiece depicting Juvenal and Persius, from a volume translated by John Dryden in 1711Juvenal is credited with sixteen known poems divided among five books; all are in the Roman genre of satire, which, at its most basic in the time of the author, comprised a wide-ranging discussion of society and social in dactylic hexameter.", "The sixth and tenth satires are some of the most renowned works in the collection.", "The poems are not individually titled, but translators have often added titles for the convenience of readers.", "*Book I: Satires 1–5*Book II: Satire 6*Book III: Satires 7–9*Book IV: Satires 10–12*Book V: Satires 13–16 (Satire 16 is incompletely preserved)Roman was a formal literary genre rather than being simply clever, humorous critique in no particular format.", "Juvenal wrote in this tradition, which originated with Lucilius and included the Sermones of Horace and the Satires of Persius.", "In a tone and manner ranging from irony to apparent rage, Juvenal criticizes the actions and beliefs of many of his contemporaries, providing insight more into value systems and questions of morality and less into the realities of Roman life.", "The author employs outright obscenity less frequently than Martial or Catullus, but the scenes painted in his text are no less vivid or lurid for that discretion.The author makes constant allusion to history and myth as a source of object lessons or exemplars of particular vices and virtues.", "Coupled with his dense and elliptical Latin, these tangential references indicate that the intended reader of the ''Satires'' was highly educated.", "The ''Satires'' are concerned with perceived threats to the social continuity of the Roman citizens: social-climbing foreigners, unfaithfulness, and other more extreme excesses of their own class.", "The intended audience of the ''Satires'' constituted a subset of the Roman elite, primarily adult males of a more conservative social stance.Scholarly estimates for the dating of the individual books have varied.", "It is generally accepted that the fifth book must date to a point after 127, because of a reference to the Roman consul Lucius Aemilius Juncus in Satire 15.A recent scholar has argued that the first book should be dated to 100 or 101.Juvenal's works are contemporary with those of Martial, Tacitus and Pliny the Younger." ], [ "Manuscript tradition", "The controversies concerning the surviving texts of the Satires have been extensive and heated.", "Many manuscripts survive, but only P (the Codex Pithoeanus Montepessulanus), a 9th-century manuscript based on an edition prepared in the 4th century by a pupil of Servius Honoratus, the grammarian, is reasonably reliable.", "At the same time as the Servian text was produced, however, other and lesser scholars also created their editions of Juvenal: it is these on which most medieval manuscripts of Juvenal are based.", "It did not help matters that P disappeared sometime during the Renaissance and was only rediscovered around 1840.It is not, however, uncommon for the generally inferior manuscripts to supply a better reading in cases when P is imperfect.", "In addition, modern scholarly debate has also raged around the authenticity of the text which has survived, as various editors have argued that considerable portions are not, in fact, authentically Juvenalian and represent interpolations from early editors of the text.", "Jachmann (1943) argued that up to one-third of what survives is non-authentic: Ulrick Knoche (1950) deleted about hundred lines, Clausen about forty, Courtney (1975) a similar number.", "Willis (1997) italicizes 297 lines as being potentially suspect.", "On the other hand, Vahlen, Housman, Duff, Griffith, Ferguson and Green believe the surviving text to be largely authentic: indeed Green regards the main problem as being not interpolations but lacunae.In recent times debate has focused on the authenticity of the \"O Passage\" of Satire VI, 36 lines (34 of which are continuous) discovered by E. O. Winstedt in an 11th-century manuscript in Oxford's Bodleian Library.", "These lines occur in no other manuscript of Juvenal, and when discovered were considerably corrupted.", "Ever since Housman translated and emended the \"O Passage\" there has been considerable controversy over whether the fragment is in fact a forgery: the field is currently split between those (Green, Ferguson, Courtney) who believe it is not, and those (Willis, Anderson), who believe it is." ], [ "Synopsis of the ''Satires''", "===Book I=======Satire I: It is Hard not to Write Satire====This so-called \"Programmatic Satire\" lays out for the reader a catalogue of ills and annoyances that prompt the narrator to write satire.", "Some examples cited by Juvenal include eunuchs getting married, elite women performing in a beast hunt, and the dregs of society suddenly becoming wealthy by gross acts of sycophancy.", "To the extent that it is programmatic, this satire concerns the first book rather than the satires of the other four known books.", "The narrator explicitly marks the writings of Lucilius as the model for his book of poems (lines 19–20), although he claims that to attack the living as his model did incur great risk (lines 165–167).", "The narrator contends that traditional Roman virtues, such as fides and virtus, had disappeared from society, to the extent that \"Rome was no longer Roman\":*lines 1.1–19 – Since there are so many poets wasting paper and everyone's time anyway – why not write?", "*lines 1.20–80 – The narrator recites a catalogue of social deviants and criminals that demand Satire be written.", "*lines 1.81–126 – Since the dawn of history, greed and fiscal corruption have never been worse.", "*lines 1.127–146 – The narrator contrasts a typical day in the life of poor clients with that of their self-indulgent patron.", "*lines 1.147–171 – The past cannot be worse than the present – yet one should only satirize the dead if they wish to live in safety.====Satire II: Hypocrites are Intolerable====170 lines.", "The narrator claims to want to flee civilization (i.e.", "''Roma'') to beyond the world's end when confronted by moral hypocrisy.", "Although the broad theme of this poem is the process of gender inversion, it would be an error to take it as simple invective against pathic men.", "Juvenal is concerned with gender deviance.", "*lines 2.1–35 – Pathic men that pretend to be moral exemplars are much worse than those who are open about their proclivities.", "*lines 2.36–65 – When criticized for her morals, Laronia turns on one of these hypocrites and mocks their open effeminacy.", "*lines 2.65–81 – Criticism of the effeminate dress of Creticus as he practices law.", "This moral plague (''contagiō'') spreads like disease passes through an entire herd of livestock or a bunch of grapes.", "*lines 2.82–116 – Effeminate dress is the gateway to complete gender inversion.", "*lines 2.117–148 – A noble man, Gracchus, marries another man – but such brides are infertile no matter what drugs they try or how much they are whipped in the Lupercalia.", "*lines 2.149–170 – The ghosts of great Romans of the past would feel themselves contaminated when such Romans descend to the underworld.====Satire III: There is no Room in Rome for a Roman====322 lines.", "In the place where Numa Pompilius (the legendary second king of Rome) received a nymph's advice on creating Roman law, the narrator has a final conversation with his Roman friend Umbricius, who is emigrating to Cumae.", "Umbricius claims that slick and immoral foreigners have shut a real Roman out of all opportunity to prosper.", "Only the first 20 lines are in the voice of the narrator; the remainder of the poem is cast as the words of Umbricius.In 1738, Samuel Johnson was inspired by this text to write his ''London: A Poem in Imitation of the Third Satire of Juvenal''.", "The archetypal question of whether an urban life of hectic ambition is to be preferred to a pastoral fantasy retreat to the country is posed by the narrator:*lines 3.1–20 – The narrator's old friend Umbricius is about to depart Roma for Cumae.", "The narrator says he would himself prefer Prochyta to the Suburra, and he describes the ancient shrine of Egeria being put up for rent to Jews and polluted by marble.", "*lines 3.21–57 – Umbricius: There is no opportunity in Roma for an honest man.", "*lines 3.58–125 – Umbricius: The Greeks and their ways are flowing like pollution into ''Roma'', and they are so adept at lying flattery that they are achieving more social advancement than real Romans.", "*lines 3.126–163 – Umbricius: The dregs of society so long as they are wealthy lord it over real Romans; there is no hope for an honest man in court if he is poor.", "*lines 3.164–189 – Umbricius: Virtue and lack of pretension is only to be found outside the City; at ''Roma'' everything is expensive, pretentious, and bought on credit.", "*lines 3.190–231 – Umbricius contrasts the perils and degradation of living in ''Roma'' with the easy and cheap life outside the City.", "*lines 3.232–267 – Umbricius: The streets of ''Roma'' are annoying and dangerous if you are not rich enough to ride in a litter.", "*lines 3.268–314 – Umbricius: Travel by night in ''Roma'' is fraught with danger from falling tiles, thugs, and robbers.", "*lines 3.315–322 – Umbricius takes his leave of the narrator, and promises to visit him in his native Aquinum.====Satire IV: The Emperor's Fish====154 lines.", "The narrator makes the emperor Domitian and his court the objects of his ridicule in this mock-epic tale of a fish so prodigious that it was fit for the emperor alone.", "The council of state is called to deal with the crisis of how to cook it, where the fish can neither be cooked by conventional means due to its size, nor can it be cut into pieces.", "The main themes of this poem are the corruption and incompetence of sycophantic courtiers and the inability or unwillingness to speak truth to power.Jean-Jacques Rousseau's motto, ''vitam impendere vero'' (to pay his life for the truth), is taken from the passage below, a description of the qualifications of an imperial courtier in the reign of Domitian:*lines 4.1–10 – Criticism of the courtier Crispinus.", "*lines 4.11–33 – Crispinus bought a mullet for six thousand sesterces – more expensive than the fisherman that caught him.", "*lines 4.34–56 – Mock-epic narrative of the crisis of state caused by a giant turbot begins with the catch.", "*lines 4.56–72 – The fisherman rushes to get the fish to the emperor.", "*lines 4.72–93 – Crispinus and other councilors begin to arrive.", "*lines 4.94–143 – More councilors arrive and one prophesizes that the fish is an omen of a future victory.", "The question of what to do with it is raised, and Montanus advises that a vessel be manufactured at once suitable for its size.", "*lines 4.144–154 – The council break up, and the narrator voices his wish that all the actions of Domitian had been so meaningless.====Satire V: Patronizing Patronage====173 lines.", "The narrative frame of this poem is a dinner party where many potential dysfunctions in the ideal of the patron-client relationship are put on display.", "Rather than being a performance of faux-equality, the patron (Virro as in 9.35) emphasizes the superiority of himself and his peers () over his clients () by offering food and drink of unequal quality to each.", "Juvenal concludes with the observation that the clients who put up with this treatment deserve it.", "*lines 5.1–11 – Begging is better than being treated disrespectfully at a patron's dinner.", "*lines 5.12–23 – An invitation to dinner is a social exchange for your services as a client.", "*lines 5.24–48 – Different wines and goblets for different social ranks.", "*lines 5.49–106 – Different water is served by different grades of slaves – and different breads served by arrogant slaves.", "The patron gets a lobster, and you get a crayfish; he gets a Corsican mullet, and you get a sewer-fish.", "*lines 5.107–113 – Seneca and others were known for their generosity.", "The elite should dine as equals with their friends – clients.", "*lines 5.114–124 – The patron gets a goose liver and boar meat, but you get to watch the meat carver perform.", "*lines 5.125–155 – If you had a fortune the patron would respect you; it is the cash that he really respects.", "Different mushrooms and apples.", "*lines 5.156–173 – Clients who will not resist this kind of treatment deserve it and worse.===Book II=======Satire VI: The Decay of Feminine Virtue====c.", "695 lines.", "For the discussion and synopsis, see Satire VI.===Book III=======Satire VII: ''Fortuna'' (or the Emperor) is the Best Patron====243 lines.", "Juvenal returns to his theme of distorted economic values among the Roman elite – in this instance centered on their unwillingness to provide appropriate support for poets, lawyers, and teachers.", "It is the capricious whims of fate that determine the variables of a human life.", "*lines 7.1–21 – The emperor is the only remaining patron of letters.", "*lines 7.22–35 – Other patrons have learned to offer their admiration only.", "*lines 7.36–52 – The urge to write is an addictive disease.", "*lines 7.53–97 – Money and leisure are required to be a really great poet (); hunger and discomfort would have hobbled even Virgil.", "*lines 7.98–105 – Historians () do not have it any better.", "*lines 7.106–149 – Lawyers () get only as much respect as the quality of their dress can buy.", "*lines 7.150–177 – No one is willing to pay teachers of rhetoric (''magistri'') appropriately.", "*lines 7.178–214 – Rich men restrain only their spending on a teacher of rhetoric () for their sons.", "Quintilian was rich, he was the lucky exception to the rule.", "*lines 7.215–243 – The qualifications and efforts required of a teacher () are totally out of proportion to their pay.====Satire VIII: True Nobility====275 lines.", "The narrator takes issue with the idea that pedigree ought to be taken as evidence of a person's worth.", "*lines 8.1–38 – What is the value of a pedigree, if you are inferior to your ancestors?", "*lines 8.39–55 – Many nobles have done nothing to make themselves noble.", "*lines 8.56–70 – Racehorses are valued for their speed not their ancestors; if they are slow they will end up pulling a cart.", "*lines 8.71–86 – It is vile to rely on the reputations of others; one should be noble even in the face of danger.", "*lines 8.87–126 – Govern your province honestly.", "When everything else is stolen from those you rule, weapons and desperation remain.", "*lines 8.127–162 – If you live wickedly, your good ancestors are a reproach to you.", "*lines 8.163–182 – Bad behavior should be ceased in youth.", "The nobles make excuses for behavior that would not be tolerated in slaves.", "*lines 8.183–210 – When they bankrupt themselves, the nobles may sink to the level of the stage or the arena.", "*lines 8.211–230 – The emperor Nero utterly debased himself in these ways.", "*lines 8.231–275 – Many people without famous ancestors have served Rome with great distinction.", "Indeed, everyone is descended from peasants or worse if you go back far enough.====Satire IX: Flattering your Patron is Hard Work====150 lines.", "This satire is in the form of a dialogue between the narrator and Naevolus – a male prostitute, the disgruntled client of a pathic patron.", "*lines 9.1–26 – Narrator: Why do you look so haggard, Naevolus?", "*lines 9.27–46 – Naevolus: The life of serving the needs of pathic rich men is not paying off.", "*lines 9.46–47 – Nar: But you used to think you were really sexy to men.", "*lines 9.48–69 – Nae: Rich pathics are not willing to spend on their sickness, but I have bills to pay.", "*lines 9.70–90 – Nae: I saved his marriage by doing his job for him with a wife that was about to get a divorce.", "*lines 9.90–91 – Nar: You are justified in complaining, Naevolus.", "What did he say?", "*lines 9.92–101 – Nae: He is looking for another two-legged donkey, but don't repeat any of this, he might try to kill me.", "*lines 9.102–123 – Nar: Rich men have no secrets.", "*lines 9.124–129 – Nae: But what should I do now; youth is fleeting.", "*lines 9.130–134 – Nar: You will never lack a pathic patron, don't worry.", "*lines 9.134–150 – Nae: But I want so little.", "Fortuna must have her ears plugged when I pray.===Book IV=======Satire X: Wrong Desire is the Source of Suffering====366 lines.", "The theme of this poem encompasses the myriad objects of prayer unwisely sought from the gods: wealth, power, beauty, children, long life, et cetera.", "The narrator argues that each of these is a false Good; each desired thing is shown to be not good in itself, but only good so long as other factors do not intervene.", "This satire is the source of the well-known phrase (a healthy mind in a healthy body), which appears in the passage above.", "It is also the source of the phrase (bread and circuses) – the only remaining cares of a Roman populace which has given up its birthright of political freedom (10.81).", "*lines 10.1–27 – Few know what is really Good.", "Wealth often destroys.", "*lines 10.28–55 – One can either cry like Heraclitus or laugh like Democritus at the state of things.", "But what should men pray for?", "*lines 10.56–89 – It is all too easy to fall from power – like Sejanus.", "The mob follows Fortuna and cares for nothing but bread and circuses.", "*lines 10.90–113 – By seeking ever more honors and power, Sejanus just made his eventual fall that much more terrible.", "*lines 10.114–132 – Being a great orator like Demosthenes or Cicero may get one killed.", "*lines 10.133–146 – Lust for military glory has ruined countries, and time will destroy even the graves of famous generals.", "*lines 10.147–167 – What did Hannibal ultimately accomplish?", "He dies of poison in exile.", "*lines 10.168–187 – The world was not big enough for Alexander the Great, but a coffin was.", "Xerxes I crawled back to Persia after his misadventure in Greece.", "*lines 10.188–209 – Long life just means ugliness, helplessness, impotence, and the loss of all pleasure.", "*lines 10.209–239 – Old people are deaf and full of diseases.", "Dementia is the worst affliction of all.", "*lines 10.240–272 – Old people just live to see the funerals of their children and loved ones, like Nestor or Priam.", "*lines 10.273–288 – Many men would have been thought fortunate if they had died before a late disaster overtook them: e.g.", "Croesus, Marius, and Pompey.", "*lines 10.289–309 – Beauty is inimical to a person's virtue.", "Even if they remain untouched by corruption, it makes them objects of lust for perverts.", "*lines 10.310–345 – Beautiful men tend to become noted adulterers, risking their lives.", "Even if they are unwilling like Hippolytus, the wrath of scorned women may destroy them.", "*lines 10.346–366—Is there nothing to pray for then?", "Trust the gods to choose what is best; they love humans more than we do ourselves, but if you must pray for something, \"it is to be prayed that the mind be sound in a sound body...\" (the excerpt above).====Satire XI: Dinner and a Moral====Illustration by William Blake alluding to ''Satire XI'': ''e caelo descendit γνῶθι σεαντόν'' (\"The maxim \"Know thyself\" comes down to us from the skies\")208 lines.", "The main themes of this poem are self-awareness and moderation.", "The poem explicitly mentions one apothegm (know thyself) from the temple of Apollo at Delphi, while its theme calls to mind another (nothing in excess).", "The subject, in this instance, is the role of food and the (formal dinner) in Roman society.", "The narrator contrasts the ruinous spending habits of gourmands with the moderation of a simple meal of home-grown foods in the manner of the mythical ancient Romans.", "*lines 11.1–55 – People that refuse to limit their gourmet habits, even in the face of having to do so on credit, soon endure poverty and consequently inferior food.", "The advice of Apollo to know oneself should be heeded – not just for ambitions and endeavors, but also for what should be spent on a fish.", "*lines 11.56–89 – The narrator invites a Persicus to come to his house for dinner to see whether his actions match his rhetoric.", "The dinner will include only home-grown foods from the narrator's Tiburtine land.", "Long ago, the noble Curius cooked things for himself that a slave on a chain-gang would reject now.", "*lines 11.90–119 – The ancient Romans did not care for luxuries and Greek art.", "A Jupiter made of terracotta saved the city from the Gauls.", "*lines 11.120–135 – Now rich people get no enjoyment from delicacies unless they eat from tables decorated with ivory.", "The narrator claims that his food is unharmed, despite owning no ivory.", "*lines 11.136–161 – The narrator promises no professional meat carver or exotic slave servers, nor are his slave boys destined for emasculation and use as sexual toys.", "*lines 11.162–182 – In place of a pornographic Spanish dance show, there will be poetry.", "*lines 11.183–208 – Rather than endure the annoyance of all Roma at the Circus Maximus during the Megalensian Games, the narrator invites his addressee to shake off his cares and come to a simple dinner.====Satire XII: True Friendship====130 lines.", "The narrator describes to his addressee Corvinus the sacrificial vows that he has made for the salvation of his friend Catullus from shipwreck.", "These vows are to the primary Roman gods – Jupiter, Juno, and Minerva (the Capitoline Triad) – but other shipwrecked sailors are said to make offerings to Isis.", "In the passage quoted above, the narrator asserts that his sacrifices are not to curry favor or gain an inheritance, common reasons for making vows among those who would not hesitate to sacrifice their slaves or even children if it would bring them an inheritance.", "*lines 12.1–29 – Description of the sacrificial preparations.", "*lines 12.30–51 – Description of a storm: this friend had been willing to cast overboard items of great value to save his own life – who else would prefer his life to his treasures.", "*lines 12.52–82 – They had to cut the mast due to the ferocity of the storm, but then the weather calmed and they limped their ship into the port at Ostia.", "*lines 12.83–92 – The narrator orders that the altar and sacrifice be made ready.", "He says that he will propitiate his ''Lares'' (family gods) as well.", "*lines 12.93–130 – Catullus has heirs, so the narrator is acting as a friend not a legacy-hunter ().", "Legacy hunters would sacrifice one hundred cattle, elephants, slaves, or even their own child if it secured an inheritance for them.===Book V (incomplete)=======Satire XIII: Don't Obsess over Liars and Crooks====249 lines.", "This poem is a dissuasion from excessive rage and the desire for revenge when one is defrauded.", "The narrator recommends a philosophical moderation and the perspective that comes from realizing that there are many things worse than financial loss.", "*lines 13.1–18 – Guilt is its own punishment.", "One should not overreact to ill-use.", "*lines 13.19–70 – Philosophy and life-experience offer a defense against Fortuna.", "There are hardly as many good people as the gates of Egyptian Thebes (100) or even as the mouths of the Nile (9).", "The Golden Age was infinitely superior to the present age, an age so corrupt there is not even an appropriate metal to name it.", "*lines 13.71–85 – Perjurers will swear on the arms of all the gods to deny their debts.", "*lines 13.86–119 – Some believe that everything is a product of chance, and so do not fear to perjure themselves on the altars of the gods.", "Others rationalize that the wrath of the gods, though great, is very slow in coming.", "*lines 13.120–134 – It takes no philosopher to realize that there are many worse wrongs than being defrauded.", "A financial loss is mourned more than a death, and it is mourned with real tears.", "*lines 13.135–173 – It is silly to be surprised by the number and magnitude of the crimes put to trial at Rome, as silly as to be surprised by a German having blue eyes.", "*lines 13.174–209 – Even execution of a criminal would not undo their crime; only the uneducated think that revenge is a Good.", "That is not what the philosophers Chrysippos, Thales, or Socrates would say.", "The narrator makes an extended reference to the story of a corrupt Spartan's consultation of the Oracle of Apollo at Delphi from Herodotus (6.86).", "The mere intention to do evil is guilt.", "*lines 13.210–249 – Consciousness of one's guilt is its own punishment, with anxiety and fear of divine retribution.", "The (nature) of criminals is (stuck) and (unable to be changed), and it rushes back to ways they have admitted are wrong (239–240).", "Thus, criminals tend to repeat their crimes, and eventually end up facing execution or exile.====Satire XIV: Avarice is not a Family Value====331 lines.", "The narrator stresses that children most readily learn all forms of vice from their parents.", "Avarice must actually be taught since it runs counter to nature.", "This vice is particularly pernicious, since it has the appearance of a virtue and is the source of a myriad of crimes and cruelties.", "*lines 14.1–37 – The greatest danger to the morals of children comes from the vices of their parents.", "*lines 14.38–58 – People should restrain themselves from vice for the sake of their children.", "It is unjust for a father to criticize and punish a son who takes after himself.", "*lines 14.59–85 – People are more concerned to present a clean atrium to outsiders than to keep their house free of vice for their children.", "The tastes acquired in childhood persist into adulthood.", "*lines 14.86–95 – Caetronius squandered much of his wealth by building many fine houses; his son squandered the rest by doing the same.", "*lines 14.96–106 – People learn to be Jewish from their parents.", "*lines 14.107–134 – Avarice has the appearance of a virtue, but it leads to cruel deprivation of one's slaves and one's own self.", "*lines 14.135–188 – It is madness to live like an indigent just to die rich.", "There is no amount of money or land that will satisfy greed, but ancient Romans veterans of the Punic wars or of the war against Pyrrhus were content with only two (acres) of land in return for all their wounds.", "Impatient greed leads to crime.", "*lines 14.189–209 – Become a lawyer, join the army, or become a merchant.", "Profit smells good, wherever it is from.", "Nobody inquires into where you got it, but you have to have it.", "*lines 14.210–255 – The greedy son will surpass his father as much as Achilles did Peleus.", "Instilling avarice is the same as teaching a child every form of crime.", "A son whom you have taught to have no mercy will have no mercy on you either.", "*lines 14.256–283 – Those who take risks to increase their fortunes are like tightrope walkers.", "Fleets sail wherever there is hope of profit.", "*lines 14.284–302 – Avaricious men are willing to risk their lives and fortunes just to have a few more pieces of silver with someone's face and inscription on them.", "*lines 14.303–316 – The anxiety of protecting wealth and possessions is a misery.", "Alexander the Great realized that the cynic Diogenes was happier than himself while living in his pottery home, since Alexander's anxieties and dangers matched his ambitions, while Diogenes was content with what he had and could easily replace.", "*lines 14.316–331 – How much is enough then?", "As much as Epicurus or Socrates was content to possess is best, or – in the Roman manner – a fortune equal to the equestrian order.", "If twice or three times that does not suffice, then not even the wealth of Croesus or of Persia will suffice.====Satire XV: People without Compassion are Worse than Animals====174 lines.", "The narrator discusses the centrality of compassion for other people to the preservation of civilization.", "While severe circumstances have at times called for desperate measures to preserve life, even the most savage tribes have refrained from cannibalism.", "We were given minds to allow us to live together in mutual assistance and security.", "Without limits on rage against our enemies, we are worse than animals.", "*lines 15.1–26 – In Egypt they worship bizarre animal-headed gods, but not the familiar Roman ones.", "Similarly, they will not eat normal things, but do practice cannibalism.", "Ulysses must have been thought a liar for his tale of the Laestrygonians or the Cyclopes.", "*lines 15.27–32 – Recently in upper Egypt, an entire people was guilty of this crime.", "*lines 15.33–92 – Two neighboring cities hated each other.", "One attacked while the other held a feast.", "Fists gave way to stones and then to arrows; as one side fled, one man slipped and was caught.", "He was ripped to pieces and eaten raw.", "*lines 15.93–131 – The Vascones, however, were blameless, because they were compelled to cannibalism by the siege of Pompey the Great.", "Even at the altar of Artemis in Taurus, humans are only sacrificed, not eaten.", "*lines 15.131–158 – Compassion is what separates humans from animals.", "The creator gave humans mind () as well as life (), so that people could live together in a civil society.====Satire XVI: Soldiers are above the Law====60 lines preserved.", "The primary theme of the preserved lines is the advantages of soldiers over mere citizens.", "*lines 16.1–6 – The narrator wishes that he could join the legions, since soldiers have many advantages over civilians.", "*lines 16.7–34 – Soldiers are immune to justice since they have to be tried in the camp among other soldiers, where a plaintiff will get no help prosecuting them, and may get a beating in addition for their trouble.", "*lines 16.35–50 – Soldiers do not have to wait for legal action like civilians*lines 16.51–60 – Only soldiers have the right to make a will while their father lives – leading to an inversion of power with the soldier son being above his father." ], [ "Notes" ], [ "References", "*Anderson, William S.. 1982.Essays on Roman Satire.", "Princeton: Princeton University Press.", "*Adams, J. N.. 1982.The Latin Sexual Vocabulary.", "Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.", "*Braund, Susanna M.. 1988.Beyond Anger: A Study of Juvenal's Third Book of Satires.", "Cambridge: Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge.", "*Braund, Susanna.", "1996.Juvenal Satires Book I. Cambridge: Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge.", "*Braund, Susanna.", "1996.The Roman Satirists and their Masks.", "London: Bristol Classical Press.", "*Courtney, E.. 1980.A Commentary of the Satires of Juvenal.", "London: Athlone Press.", "*Edwards, Catherine.", "1993.The Politics of Immorality in Ancient Rome.", "Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.", "*Edwards, Catherine.", "1996.Writing Rome: Textual Approached to the City.", "Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.", "*Freudenburg, Kirk.", "1993.The Walking Muse: Horace on the Theory of Satire.", "Princeton: Princeton University Press.", "*Gleason, Maud.", "W. 1995.Making Men: Sophists and Self-Presentation in Ancient Rome.", "Princeton: Princeton University Press.", "*Gowers, Emily.", "1993.The Loaded Table: Representations of Food in Roman Literature.", "Oxford: Oxford University Press.", "*Highet, Gilbert.", "1961.Juvenal the Satirist.", "New York: Oxford University Press.", "*Hutchinson, G. O.. 1993.Latin Literature from Seneca to Juvenal.", "Oxford: Oxford University Press.", "* Juvenal.", "1992.The Satires.", "Trans.", "Niall Rudd.", "Oxford: Oxford University Press.*Juvenal.", "1992.Persi et Juvenalis Saturae.", "ed.", "W. V. Clausen.", "London: Oxford University Press.", "*The Oxford Classical Dictionary.", "1996.3rd ed.", "New York: Oxford University Press.", "*Richlin, Amy.", "1992.The Garden of Priapus.", "New York: Oxford University Press.", "*Rudd, Niall.", "1982.Themes in Roman Satire.", "Los Angeles: University of California Press.", "*Syme, Ronald.", "1939.The Roman Revolution.", "Oxford: Oxford University Press.", "*Uden, James.", "2015.The Invisible Satirist: Juvenal and Second-Century Rome.", "Oxford: Oxford University Press.", "*Walters, Jonathan.", "1997.Invading the Roman Body: Manliness and Impenetrability in Roman Thought.", "in J. Hallet and M. Skinner, eds., Roman Sexualities, Princeton: Princeton University Press.", "* Juvenal.", "1998.The Sixteen Satires.", "Trans.", "Peter Green.", "London: Penguin Books." ], [ "External links", "* Juvenal's 16 \"Satires\" in Latin, at The Latin Library* Juvenal's Satires 1, 2, and 3 in Latin and English (translation G. G. Ramsay) at the Internet Ancient History Sourcebook* Juvenal's Satire 3 in Latin and English, at Vroma* Juvenal's Satires 1, 10, and 16, English translation by Lamberto Bozzi (2016-2017)* Juvenal's ''Satires'' in English verse, through Google Books* ''The Satires of Juvenal, Persius, Sulpicia, and Lucilius'' in English prose, through Google Books* Commentary on the ''Satires'' by Edward Courtney*" ] ]
wikipedia
[ [ "Jean Cocteau" ], [ "Introduction", " '''Jean Maurice Eugène Clément Cocteau''' ( , , ; 5 July 1889 – 11 October 1963) was a French poet, playwright, novelist, designer, film director, visual artist and critic.", "He was one of the foremost artists of the surrealist, avant-garde, and Dadaist movements and an influential figure in early 20th century art.", "The ''National Observer'' suggested that, \"of the artistic generation whose daring gave birth to Twentieth Century Art, Cocteau came closest to being a Renaissance man.", "\".He is best known for his novels ''Le Grand Écart'' (1923), ''Le Livre blanc'' (1928), and ''Les Enfants Terribles'' (1929); the stage plays ''La Voix Humaine'' (1930), ''La Machine Infernale'' (1934), ''Les Parents terribles'' (1938), ''La Machine à écrire'' (1941), and ''L'Aigle à deux têtes'' (1946); and the films ''The Blood of a Poet'' (1930), ''Les Parents Terribles'' (1948), ''Beauty and the Beast'' (1946), ''Orpheus'' (1950), and ''Testament of Orpheus'' (1960), which alongside ''Blood of a Poet'' and ''Orpheus'' constitute the so-called Orphic Trilogy.", "He was described as \"one of the avant-garde's most successful and influential filmmakers\" by AllMovie.", "Cocteau, according to Annette Insdorf, \"left behind a body of work unequalled for its variety of artistic expression.", "\"Though his body of work encompassed many different mediums, Cocteau insisted on calling himself a poet, classifying the great variety of his works – poems, novels, plays, essays, drawings, films – as \"poésie\", \"poésie de roman\", \"poésie de thêatre\", \"poésie critique\", \"poésie graphique\" and \"poésie cinématographique\"." ], [ "Biography", "===Early life===Cocteau was born in Maisons-Laffitte, Yvelines, to Georges Cocteau and his wife, Eugénie Lecomte, a socially prominent Parisian family.", "His father, a lawyer and amateur painter, committed suicide when Cocteau was nine.", "From 1900 to 1904, Cocteau attended the Lycée Condorcet where he met and began a relationship with schoolmate Pierre Dargelos, who reappeared throughout Cocteau's work, \"John Cocteau: Erotic Drawings.\"", "He left home at fifteen.", "He published his first volume of poems, ''Aladdin's Lamp'', at nineteen.", "Cocteau soon became known in Bohemian artistic circles as ''The Frivolous Prince'', the title of a volume he published at twenty-two.", "Edith Wharton described him as a man \"to whom every great line of poetry was a sunrise, every sunset the foundation of the Heavenly City...\"===Early career===Amedeo Modigliani, ''Jean Cocteau'', 1916, Henry and Rose Pearlman Collection, on long-term loan to the Princeton University Art Museum''Le combattant'' by Jean Cocteau, , ink and ink wash on paper, 26.5 x 21 cm.", "Private collectionPortrait of Jean Cocteau by Federico de Madrazo y Ochoa, 150pxIn his early twenties, Cocteau became associated with the writers Marcel Proust, André Gide, and Maurice Barrès.", "In 1912, he collaborated with Léon Bakst on ''Le Dieu bleu'' for the Ballets Russes; the principal dancers being Tamara Karsavina and Vaslav Nijinsky.", "During World War I, Cocteau served in the Red Cross as an ambulance driver.", "This was the period in which he met the poet Guillaume Apollinaire, artists Pablo Picasso and Amedeo Modigliani, and numerous other writers and artists with whom he later collaborated.", "Russian impresario Sergei Diaghilev persuaded Cocteau to write a scenario for a ballet, which resulted in ''Parade'' in 1917.It was produced by Diaghilev, with sets by Picasso, the libretto by Apollinaire and the music by Erik Satie.", "\"If it had not been for Apollinaire in uniform,\" wrote Cocteau, \"with his skull shaved, the scar on his temple and the bandage around his head, women would have gouged our eyes out with hairpins.", "\"An important exponent of avant-garde art, Cocteau had great influence on the work of others, including a group of composers known as Les six.", "In the early twenties, he and other members of Les six frequented a wildly popular bar named Le Boeuf sur le Toit, a name that Cocteau himself had a hand in picking.", "The popularity was due in no small measure to the presence of Cocteau and his friends.===Friendship with Raymond Radiguet===Marie Laurencin, ''Portrait de Jean Cocteau'', 1921In 1918 he met the French poet Raymond Radiguet.", "They collaborated extensively, socialized, and undertook many journeys and vacations together.", "Cocteau also got Radiguet exempted from military service.", "Admiring of Radiguet's great literary talent, Cocteau promoted his friend's works in his artistic circle and arranged for the publication by Grasset of ''Le Diable au corps'' (a largely autobiographical story of an adulterous relationship between a married woman and a younger man), exerting his influence to have the novel awarded the \"Nouveau Monde\" literary prize.", "Some contemporaries and later commentators thought there might have been a romantic component to their friendship.", "Cocteau himself was aware of this perception, and worked earnestly to dispel the notion that their relationship was sexual in nature.There is disagreement over Cocteau's reaction to Radiguet's sudden death in 1923, with some claiming that it left him stunned, despondent and prey to opium addiction.", "Opponents of that interpretation point out that he did not attend the funeral (he generally did not attend funerals) and immediately left Paris with Diaghilev for a performance of ''Les noces'' (''The Wedding'') by the Ballets Russes at Monte Carlo.", "Cocteau himself much later characterised his reaction as one of \"stupor and disgust.\"", "His opium addiction at the time, Cocteau said, was only coincidental, due to a chance meeting with Louis Laloy, the administrator of the Monte Carlo Opera.", "Cocteau's opium use and his efforts to stop profoundly changed his literary style.", "His most notable book, ''Les Enfants Terribles'', was written in a week during a strenuous opium weaning.", "In '''', he recounts the experience of his recovery from opium addiction in 1929.His account, which includes vivid pen-and-ink illustrations, alternates between his moment-to-moment experiences of drug withdrawal and his current thoughts about people and events in his world.", "Cocteau was supported throughout his recovery by his friend and correspondent, Catholic philosopher Jacques Maritain.", "Under Maritain's influence Cocteau made a temporary return to the sacraments of the Catholic Church.", "He again returned to the Church later in life and undertook a number of religious art projects.===Further works===On 15 June 1926 Cocteau's play ''Orphée'' was staged in Paris.", "It was quickly followed by an exhibition of drawings and \"constructions\" called ''Poésie plastique–objets, dessins''.", "Cocteau wrote the libretto for Igor Stravinsky's opera-oratorio ''Oedipus rex'', which had its original performance in the Théâtre Sarah Bernhardt in Paris on 30 May 1927.In 1929 one of his most celebrated and well known works, the novel ''Les Enfants terribles'' was published.In 1930 Cocteau made his first film ''The Blood of a Poet'', publicly shown in 1932.Though now generally accepted as a surrealist film, the surrealists themselves did not accept it as a truly surrealist work.", "Although this is one of Cocteau's best known works, his 1930s are notable rather for a number of stage plays, above all ''La Voix humaine'' and ''Les Parents terribles'', which was a popular success.", "His 1934 play ''La Machine infernale'' was Cocteau's stage version of the Oedipus legend and is considered to be his greatest work for the theater.", "During this period Cocteau also published two volumes of journalism, including ''Mon Premier Voyage: Tour du Monde en 80 jours'', a neo-Jules Verne around the world travel reportage he made for the newspaper Paris-Soir.===1940–1944===''Tribute to René Clair: I Married a Witch'', Jean Cocteau (1945), a set design for the Théâtre de la Mode.Throughout his life, Cocteau tried to maintain a distance from political movements, confessing to a friend that \"my politics are non-existent.\"", "According to Claude Arnaud, from the 1920s on, Cocteau's only deeply held political convictions were a marked pacifism and antiracism.", "He praised the French republic for serving as a haven for the persecuted, and applauded Picasso's anti-war painting ''Guernica'' as a cross that \"Franco would always carry on his shoulder.\"", "In 1940, Cocteau signed a petition circulated by the Ligue internationale contre l'antisémitisme which protested the rise of racism and antisemitism in France, and declared himself \"ashamed of his white skin\" after witnessing the plight of colonized peoples during his travels.Although in 1938 Cocteau had compared Adolf Hitler to an evil demiurge who wished to perpetrate a Saint Bartholomew's Day massacre against Jews, his friend Arno Breker convinced him that Hitler was a pacifist and patron of the arts with France's best interests in mind.", "During the Nazi occupation of France, he was in a ''\"round-table\"'' of French and German intellectuals who met at the Georges V Hotel in Paris, including Cocteau, the writers Ernst Jünger, Paul Morand and Henry Millon de Montherlant, the publisher Gaston Gallimard and the Nazi legal scholar Carl Schmitt.", "In his diary, Cocteau accused France of disrespect towards Hitler and speculated on the Führer's sexuality.", "Cocteau effusively praised Breker's sculptures in an article entitled 'Salut à Breker' published in 1942.This piece caused him to be arraigned on charges of collaboration after the war, though he was cleared of any wrongdoing and had used his contacts for his failed attempt to save friends such as Max Jacob.", "Later, after growing closer with communists such as Louis Aragon, Cocteau would name Joseph Stalin as \"the only great politician of the era.", "\"In 1940, ''Le Bel Indifférent'', Cocteau's play written for and starring Édith Piaf (who died the day before Cocteau), was enormously successful.===Later years===Cocteau's later years are mostly associated with his films.", "Cocteau's films, most of which he both wrote and directed, were particularly important in introducing the avant-garde into French cinema and influenced to a certain degree the upcoming French New Wave genre.Following ''The Blood of a Poet'' (1930), his best known films include ''Beauty and the Beast'' (1946), ''Les Parents terribles'' (1948), and ''Orpheus'' (1949).", "His final film, ''Le Testament d'Orphée'' (''The Testament of Orpheus'') (1960), featured appearances by Picasso and matador Luis Miguel Dominguín, along with Yul Brynner, who also helped finance the film.In 1945 Cocteau was one of several designers who created sets for the Théâtre de la Mode.", "He drew inspiration from filmmaker René Clair while making ''Tribute to René Clair: I Married a Witch''.", "The maquette is described in his \"Journal 1942–1945,\" in his entry for 12 February 1945: In 1956 Cocteau decorated the ''Chapelle Saint-Pierre'' in Villefranche-sur-Mer with mural paintings.", "The following year he also decorated the marriage hall at the Hôtel de Ville in Menton.===Private life===Jean Cocteau never hid his homosexuality.", "He was the author of the mildly homoerotic and semi-autobiographical ''Le Livre blanc'' (translated as ''The White Paper'' or ''The White Book''), published anonymously in 1928.He never repudiated its authorship and a later edition of the novel features his foreword and drawings.", "The novel begins:Frequently his work, either literary (''Les enfants terribles''), graphic (erotic drawings, book illustration, paintings) or cinematographic (''The Blood of a Poet'', ''Orpheus'', ''Beauty and the Beast''), is pervaded with homosexual undertones, homoerotic imagery/symbolism or camp.", "In 1947 Paul Morihien published a clandestine edition of ''Querelle de Brest'' by Jean Genet, featuring 29 very explicit erotic drawings by Cocteau.", "In recent years several albums of Cocteau's homoerotica have been available to the general public.In the 1930s, Cocteau is rumoured to have had a very brief affair with Princess Natalie Paley, the daughter of a Romanov Grand Duke and herself a sometime actress, model, and former wife of couturier Lucien Lelong.Cocteau's longest-lasting relationships were with French actors Jean Marais and Édouard Dermit, whom Cocteau formally adopted.", "Cocteau cast Marais in ''The Eternal Return'' (1943), ''Beauty and the Beast'' (1946), ''Ruy Blas'' (1947), and ''Orpheus'' (1949).===Death===Cocteau died of a heart attack at his château in Milly-la-Forêt, Essonne, France, on 11 October 1963 at the age of 74.His friend, French singer Édith Piaf, died the day before but that was announced on the morning of Cocteau's day of death; it has been said, in a story which is almost certainly apocryphal, that his heart failed upon hearing of Piaf's death.", "Cocteau's health had already been in decline for several months, and he had previously had a severe heart attack on 22 April 1963.A more plausible suggestion for the reason behind this decline in health has been proposed by author Roger Peyrefitte, who notes that Cocteau had been devastated by a breach with his longtime friend, socialite and notable patron Francine Weisweiller, as a result of an affair she had been having with a minor writer.", "Weisweiller and Cocteau did not reconcile until shortly before Cocteau's death.According to his wishes Cocteau is buried beneath the floor of the Chapelle Saint-Blaise des Simples in Milly-la-Forêt.", "The epitaph on his gravestone set in the floor of the chapel reads: \"I stay with you\" (\"Je reste avec vous\")." ], [ "Honours and awards", "In 1955, Cocteau was made a member of the Académie Française and The Royal Academy of Belgium.During his life, Cocteau was commander of the Legion of Honor, Member of the Mallarmé Academy, German Academy (Berlin), American Academy, Mark Twain (U.S.A) Academy, Honorary President of the Cannes Film Festival, Honorary President of the France-Hungary Association and President of the Jazz Academy and of the Academy of the Disc." ], [ "Filmography", "YearOriginal titleEnglish title1932''Le Sang d'un poète''''The Blood of a Poet''1946''La Belle et la Bête''''The Beauty and the Beast''1948''L'Aigle à deux têtes''''The Eagle with Two Heads''''Les Parents terribles''''The Terrible Parents'', a.k.a.", "''The Storm Within''1950''Orphée''''Orpheus''1960''Le Testament d'Orphée''''The Testament of Orpheus''" ], [ "Works", "===Literature=======Poetry========Novels========Theatre========Poetry and criticism========Journalistic poetry=======Film=======Director========Scriptwriter========Dialogue writer========Director of Photography======= Artworks ======Recordings===* ''Colette par Jean Cocteau'', discours de réception à l'Académie Royale de Belgique'', Ducretet-Thomson 300 V 078 St.* ''Les Mariés de la Tour Eiffel'' and ''Portraits-Souvenir'', La Voix de l'Auteur LVA 13* ''Plain-chant'' by Jean Marais, extracts from the piece ''Orphée'' by Jean-Pierre Aumont, Michel Bouquet, Monique Mélinand, ''Les Parents terribles'' by Yvonne de Bray and Jean Marais, ''L'Aigle à deux têtes'' par Edwige Feuillère and Jean Marais, L'Encyclopédie Sonore 320 E 874, 1971* Collection of three vinyl recordings of ''Jean Cocteau'' including ''La Voix humaine'' by Simone Signoret, 18 songs composed by Louis Bessières, Bee Michelin and Renaud Marx, on double-piano Paul Castanier, ''Le Discours de réception à l'Académie française'', Jacques Canetti JC1, 1984* ''Derniers propos à bâtons rompus avec Jean Cocteau'', 16 September 1963 à Milly-la-Forêt, Bel Air 311035* ''Les Enfants terribles'', radio version with Jean Marais, Josette Day, Silvia Monfort and Jean Cocteau, CD Phonurgia Nova , 1992* Anthology, 4 CD containing numerous poems and texts read by the author, ''Anna la bonne'', ''La Dame de Monte-Carlo'' and ''Mes sœurs, n'aimez pas les marins'' by Marianne Oswald, ''Le Bel Indifférent'' by Edith Piaf, ''La Voix humaine'' by Berthe Bovy, ''Les Mariés de la Tour Eiffel'' with Jean Le Poulain, Jacques Charon and Jean Cocteau, discourse on the reception at the Académie française, with extracts from ''Les Parents terribles'', ''La Machine infernale'', pieces from ''Parade'' on piano with two hands by Georges Auric and Francis Poulenc, Frémeaux & Associés FA 064, 1997* Poems by Jean Cocteau read by the author, CD EMI 8551082, 1997* ''Hommage à Jean Cocteau'', mélodies d'Henri Sauguet, Arthur Honegger, Louis Durey, Darius Milhaud, Erik Satie, Jean Wiener, Max Jacob, Francis Poulenc, Maurice Delage, Georges Auric, Guy Sacre, by Jean-François Gardeil (baritone) and Billy Eidi (piano), CD Adda 581177, 1989* ''Le Testament d'Orphée'', journal sonore, by Roger Pillaudin, 2 CD INA / Radio France 211788, 1998===Journals======Stamps===*1960: Marianne de Cocteau" ], [ "See also", "*Jean Cocteau Museum*Jean Cocteau Repertory*List of ambulance drivers during World War I" ], [ "Footnotes" ], [ "References", "*Breton, André (1953).", "''La Clé des champs'', p. 77.Paris: Éditions du Sagittaire.", "*''Crucifixion'' translated into Bengali by Malay Roy Choudhury*Steegmuller, Francis (1970).", "''Cocteau: A Biography''.", "Boston: Atlantic-Little Brown & Company.", ".", "*" ], [ "Further reading", "*Evans, Arthur B.", "(1977).", "''Jean Cocteau and his Films of Orphic Identity''.", "Philadelphia: Art Alliance Press.", ".", "*Peters, Arthur King.", "(1986) ''Jean Cocteau and His World''.", "New York: Vendôme Press.", "*Tsakiridou, Cornelia A., ed.", "(1997).", "''Reviewing Orpheus: Essays on the Cinema and Art of Jean Cocteau''.", "Lewisburg, Pa.: Bucknell University Press.", ".", "* ''Album Cocteau''.", "Biographie et iconographie de Pierre Bergé.", "Bibliothèque de la Pléiade.", "Éditions Gallimard, 2006.." ], [ "External links", "* Jean Cocteau Papers at the Harry Ransom Center* * * * * * Jean Cocteau short Biography* Cocteau/cinema Bibliography (via UC Berkeley)* * Cocteau CMEF Cap d'Ail* Cocteau et La chapelle Saint-Blaise-des-Simples* Raquel Bitton: ''The Sparrow and the Birdman'', a drama focusing on the relationship of Cocteau to Edith Piaf* * Maison Jean Cocteau – Cocteau's former home" ] ]
wikipedia
[ [ "John Donne" ], [ "Introduction", "'''John Donne''' ( ) (1571 or 1572 – 31 March 1631) was an English poet, scholar, soldier and secretary born into a recusant family, who later became a cleric in the Church of England.", "Under royal patronage, he was made Dean of St Paul's Cathedral in London (1621–1631).", "He is considered the preeminent representative of the metaphysical poets.", "His poetical works are noted for their metaphorical and sensual style and include sonnets, love poems, religious poems, Latin translations, epigrams, elegies, songs and satires.", "He is also known for his sermons.Donne's style is characterised by abrupt openings and various paradoxes, ironies and dislocations.", "These features, along with his frequent dramatic or everyday speech rhythms, his tense syntax and his tough eloquence, were both a reaction against the smoothness of conventional Elizabethan poetry and an adaptation into English of European baroque and mannerist techniques.", "His early career was marked by poetry that bore immense knowledge of English society.", "Another important theme in Donne's poetry is the idea of true religion, something that he spent much time considering and about which he often theorised.", "He wrote secular poems as well as erotic and love poems.", "He is particularly famous for his mastery of metaphysical conceits.Despite his great education and poetic talents, Donne lived in poverty for several years, relying heavily on wealthy friends.", "He spent much of the money he inherited during and after his education on womanising, literature, pastimes and travel.", "In 1601, Donne secretly married Anne More, with whom he had twelve children.", "In 1615 he was ordained Anglican deacon and then priest, although he did not want to take holy orders and only did so because the king ordered it.", "He served as a member of Parliament in 1601 and in 1614." ], [ "Biography", "===Early life===National Portrait Gallery, LondonDonne was born in London in 1571 or 1572, into a recusant Roman Catholic family when practice of that religion was illegal in England.", "Donne was the third of six children.", "His father, also named John Donne, was married to Elizabeth Heywood.", "He was of Welsh descent and a warden of the Ironmongers Company in the City of London.", "He avoided unwelcome government attention out of fear of religious persecution.His father died in 1576, when Donne was four years old, leaving his mother, Elizabeth, with the responsibility of raising the children alone.", "Heywood was also from a recusant Roman Catholic family, the daughter of John Heywood, the playwright, and sister of the Reverend Jasper Heywood, a Jesuit priest and translator.", "She was a great-niece of Thomas More.", "A few months after her husband died, Donne's mother married Dr. John Syminges, a wealthy widower with three children of his own.Donne was educated privately.", "There is no evidence to support the popular claim that he was taught by Jesuits.", "In 1583, at the age of 11, he began studies at Hart Hall, now Hertford College, Oxford.", "After three years of studies there, Donne was admitted to the University of Cambridge, where he studied for another three years.", "Donne could not obtain a degree from either institution because of his Catholicism, since he refused to take the Oath of Supremacy required to graduate.", "In 1591 he was accepted as a student at the Thavies Inn legal school, one of the Inns of Chancery in London.", "On 6 May 1592, he was admitted to Lincoln's Inn, one of the Inns of Court.In 1593, five years after the defeat of the Spanish Armada and during the intermittent Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604), Queen Elizabeth issued the first English statute against sectarian dissent from the Church of England, titled \"An Act for restraining Popish recusants\".", "It defined \"Popish recusants\" as those \"convicted for not repairing to some Church, Chapel, or usual place of Common Prayer to hear Divine Service there, but forbearing the same contrary to the tenor of the laws and statutes heretofore made and provided in that behalf\".", "Donne's brother Henry was also a university student prior to his arrest in 1593 for harbouring a Catholic priest, William Harrington, and died in Newgate Prison of bubonic plague, leading Donne to begin questioning his Catholic faith.During and after his education, Donne spent much of his considerable inheritance on women, literature, pastimes and travel.", "Although no record details precisely where Donne travelled, he crossed Europe.", "He later fought alongside the Earl of Essex and Sir Walter Raleigh against the Spanish at Cadiz (1596) and the Azores (1597), and witnessed the loss of the Spanish flagship, the ''San Felipe''.", "According to Izaak Walton, his earliest biographer, By the age of 25 he was well prepared for the diplomatic career he appeared to be seeking.", "He was appointed chief secretary to the Lord Keeper of the Great Seal, Sir Thomas Egerton, and was established at Egerton's London home, York House, Strand, close to the Palace of Whitehall, then the most influential social centre in England.===Marriage to Anne More===During the next four years, Donne fell in love with Egerton's niece Anne More.", "They were secretly married just before Christmas in 1601, against the wishes of both Egerton and Anne's father George More, who was Lieutenant of the Tower.", "Upon discovery, this wedding ruined Donne's career, getting him dismissed and put in Fleet Prison, along with the Church of England priest Samuel Brooke, who married them, and his brother Christopher, who stood in, in the absence of George More, to give Anne away.", "Donne was released shortly thereafter when the marriage was proved to be valid, and he soon secured the release of the other two.", "Walton tells us that when Donne wrote to his wife to tell her about losing his post, he wrote after his name: ''John Donne, Anne Donne, Un-done.''", "It was not until 1609 that Donne was reconciled with his father-in-law and received his wife's dowry.Part of the house where Donne lived in PyrfordAfter his release, Donne had to accept a retired country life in a small house in Pyrford, Surrey, owned by Anne's cousin, Sir Francis Wooley, where they lived until the end of 1604.In spring 1605 they moved to another small house in Mitcham, Surrey, where he scraped a meagre living as a lawyer, while Anne Donne bore a new baby almost every year.", "Though he also worked as an assistant pamphleteer to Thomas Morton writing anti-Catholic pamphlets, Donne was in a constant state of financial insecurity.Anne gave birth to twelve children in sixteen years of marriage, including two stillbirths—their eighth and then, in 1617, their last child.", "The ten surviving children were Constance, John, George, Francis, Lucy (named after Donne's patron Lucy, Countess of Bedford, her godmother), Bridget, Mary, Nicholas, Margaret and Elizabeth.", "Three, Francis, Nicholas and Mary, died before they were ten.", "In a state of despair that almost drove him to kill himself, Donne noted that the death of a child would mean one mouth fewer to feed, but he could not afford the burial expenses.", "During this time, Donne wrote but did not publish ''Biathanatos'', his defence of suicide.", "His wife died on 15 August 1617, five days after giving birth to their twelfth child, a still-born baby.", "Donne mourned her deeply, and wrote of his love and loss in his 17th Holy Sonnet.===Career and later life===In 1602, Donne was elected as a member of parliament (MP) for the constituency of Brackley, but the post was not a paid position.", "Queen Elizabeth I died in 1603, being succeeded by King James VI of Scotland as King James I of England.", "The fashion for coterie poetry of the period gave Donne a means to seek patronage.", "Many of his poems were written for wealthy friends or patrons, especially for MP Sir Robert Drury of Hawsted (1575–1615), whom he met in 1610 and who became his chief patron, furnishing him and his family an apartment in his large house in Drury Lane.In 1610 and 1611, Donne wrote two anti-Catholic polemics: ''Pseudo-Martyr'' and ''Ignatius His Conclave'' for Morton.", "He then wrote two Anniversaries, ''An Anatomy of the World'' (1611) and ''Of the Progress of the Soul'' (1612) for Drury.Donne sat as an MP again, this time for Taunton, in the Addled Parliament of 1614.Though he attracted five appointments within its business he made no recorded speech.", "Although King James was pleased with Donne's work, he refused to reinstate him at court and instead urged him to take holy orders.", "At length, Donne acceded to the king's wishes, and in 1615 was an ordained priest in the Church of England.In 1615, Donne was awarded an honorary doctorate in divinity from Cambridge University.", "He became a Royal Chaplain in the same year.", "He became a reader of divinity at Lincoln's Inn in 1616, where he served in the chapel as minister until 1622.In 1618, he became chaplain to Viscount Doncaster, who was an ambassador to the princes of Germany.", "Donne did not return to England until 1620.In 1621, Donne was made Dean of St Paul's, a leading and well-paid position in the Church of England, which he held until his death in 1631.In 1616 he was granted the living as rector of two parishes, Keyston in Huntingdonshire and Sevenoaks in Kent, and in 1621 of Blunham, in Bedfordshire, all held until his death.", "Blunham Parish Church has an imposing stained glass window commemorating Donne, designed by Derek Hunt.", "During Donne's period as dean his daughter Lucy died, aged eighteen.", "In late November and early December 1623 he suffered a nearly fatal illness, thought to be either typhus or a combination of a cold followed by a period of fever.During his convalescence he wrote a series of meditations and prayers on health, pain and sickness that were published as a book in 1624 under the title of ''Devotions upon Emergent Occasions''.", "One of these meditations, Meditation XVII, contains the well-known phrases \"No man is an ''Iland''\" (often modernised as \"No man is an island\") and \"...for whom the ''bell'' tolls\".", "In 1624, he became vicar of St Dunstan-in-the-West, and in 1625 a prolocutor to Charles I.", "He earned a reputation as an eloquent preacher.", "160 of his sermons have survived, including Death's Duel, his famous sermon delivered at the Palace of Whitehall before King Charles I in February 1631.===Death===The memorial to John Donne, St Paul's CathedralDonne died on 31 March 1631.He was buried in old St Paul's Cathedral, where a memorial statue of him by Nicholas Stone was erected with a Latin epigraph probably composed by himself.", "The memorial was one of the few to survive the Great Fire of London in 1666 and is now in St Paul's Cathedral.", "The statue was said by Izaac Walton in his biography, to have been modelled from the life by Donne to suggest his appearance at the resurrection.", "It started a vogue of such monuments during the 17th century.", "In 2012, a bust of the poet by Nigel Boonham was unveiled outside in the cathedral churchyard." ], [ "Writings", "Donne's earliest poems showed a developed knowledge of English society coupled with sharp criticism of its problems.", "His satires dealt with common Elizabethan topics, such as corruption in the legal system, mediocre poets and pompous courtiers.", "His images of sickness, vomit, manure and plague reflected his strongly satiric view of a society populated by fools and knaves.", "His third satire, however, deals with the problem of true religion, a matter of great importance to Donne.", "He argued that it was better to examine carefully one's religious convictions than blindly to follow any established tradition, for none would be saved at the Final Judgment, by claiming \"A Harry, or a Martin taught them this.", "\"Donne's early career was also notable for his erotic poetry, especially his elegies, in which he employed unconventional metaphors, such as a flea biting two lovers being compared to sex.", "Donne did not publish these poems, although they circulated widely in manuscript form.", "One such, a previously unknown manuscript that is believed to be one of the largest contemporary collections of Donne's work (among that of others), was found at Melford Hall in November 2018.Some have speculated that Donne's numerous illnesses, financial strain and the deaths of his friends all contributed to the development of a more sombre and pious tone in his later poems.", "The change can be clearly seen in \"An Anatomy of the World\" (1611), a poem that Donne wrote in memory of Elizabeth Drury, daughter of his patron, Sir Robert Drury of Hawstead, Suffolk.", "This poem treats Elizabeth's demise with extreme gloominess, using it as a symbol for the fall of man and the destruction of the universe.The increasing gloominess of Donne's tone may also be observed in the religious works that he began writing during the same period.", "Having converted to the Anglican Church, Donne quickly became noted for his sermons and religious poems.", "Towards the end of his life Donne wrote works that challenged death, and the fear that it inspired in many, on the grounds of his belief that those who die are sent to Heaven to live eternally.", "One example of this challenge is his Holy Sonnet X, \"Death Be Not Proud\".Even as he lay dying during Lent in 1631, he rose from his sickbed and delivered the Death's Duel sermon, which was later described as his own funeral sermon.", "Death's Duel portrays life as a steady descent to suffering and death; death becomes merely another process of life, in which the 'winding sheet' of the womb is the same as that of the grave.", "Hope is seen in salvation and immortality through an embrace of God, Christ and the Resurrection." ], [ "Style", "His work has received much criticism over the years, especially concerning his metaphysical form.", "Donne is generally considered the most prominent member of the metaphysical poets, a phrase coined in 1781 by Samuel Johnson, following a comment on Donne by John Dryden.", "Dryden had written of Donne in 1693: \"He affects the metaphysics, not only in his satires, but in his amorous verses, where nature only should reign; and perplexes the minds of the fair sex with nice speculations of philosophy, when he should engage their hearts, and entertain them with the softnesses of love.", "\"In ''Life of Cowley'' (from Samuel Johnson's 1781 work of biography and criticism ''Lives of the Most Eminent English Poets''), Johnson refers to the beginning of the 17th century in which there \"appeared a race of writers that may be termed the metaphysical poets\".", "Donne's immediate successors in poetry therefore tended to regard his works with ambivalence, with the Neoclassical poets regarding his conceits as abuse of the metaphor.", "However, he was revived by Romantic poets such as Coleridge and Browning, though his more recent revival in the early 20th century by poets such as T. S. Eliot and critics like F. R. Leavis tended to portray him, with approval, as an anti-Romantic.Donne is considered a master of the metaphysical conceit, an extended metaphor that combines two vastly different ideas into a single idea, often using imagery.", "An example of this is his equation of lovers with saints in \"The Canonization\".", "Unlike the conceits found in other Elizabethan poetry, most notably Petrarchan conceits, which formed clichéd comparisons between more closely related objects (such as a rose and love), metaphysical conceits go to a greater depth in comparing two completely unlike objects.", "One of the most famous of Donne's conceits is found in \"A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning\" where he compares the apartness of two separated lovers to the working of the legs of a compass.Donne's works are also witty, employing paradoxes, puns and subtle yet remarkable analogies.", "His pieces are often ironic and cynical, especially regarding love and human motives.", "Common subjects of Donne's poems are love (especially in his early life), death (especially after his wife's death) and religion.John Donne's poetry represented a shift from classical forms to more personal poetry.", "Donne is noted for his poetic metre, which was structured with changing and jagged rhythms that closely resemble casual speech (it was for this that the more classical-minded Ben Jonson commented that \"Donne, for not keeping of accent, deserved hanging\").Some scholars believe that Donne's literary works reflect the changing trends of his life, with love poetry and satires from his youth and religious sermons during his later years.", "Other scholars, such as Helen Gardner, question the validity of this dating—most of his poems were published posthumously (1633).", "The exception to these is his ''Anniversaries'', which were published in 1612 and ''Devotions upon Emergent Occasions'' published in 1624.His sermons are also dated, sometimes specifically by date and year." ], [ "Legacy", "John Donne Memorial by Nigel Boonham, 2012, St Paul's Cathedral ChurchyardDonne is remembered in the Calendar of Saints of the Church of England, the Episcopal Church liturgical calendar and the Calendar of Saints of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America for his life as both poet and priest.", "His commemoration is on 31 March.During his lifetime several likenesses were made of the poet.", "The earliest was the anonymous portrait of 1594 now in the National Portrait Gallery, London, which was restored in 2012.One of the earliest Elizabethan portraits of an author, the fashionably dressed poet is shown darkly brooding on his love.", "The portrait was described in Donne's will as \"that picture of myne wych is taken in the shaddowes\", and bequeathed by him to Robert Kerr, 1st Earl of Ancram.", "Other paintings include a 1616 head and shoulders after Isaac Oliver, also in the National Portrait Gallery, and a 1622 head and shoulders in the Victoria and Albert Museum.", "In 1911, the young Stanley Spencer devoted a visionary painting to ''John Donne arriving in heaven'' (1911) which is now in the Fitzwilliam Museum.Donne's reception until the 20th century was influenced by the publication of his writings in the 17th century.", "Because Donne avoided publication during his life, the majority of his works were brought to the press by others in the decades after his death.", "These publications present what Erin McCarthy calls a \"teleological narrative of Donne's growth\" from young rake \"Jack Donne\" to reverend divine \"Dr. Donne\".", "For example, while the first edition of ''Poems, by J. D.'' (1633) mingled amorous and pious verse indiscriminately, all editions after 1635 separated poems into \"Songs and Sonnets\" and \"Divine Poems\".", "This organization \"promulgated the tale of Jack Donne's transformation into Doctor Donne and made it the dominant way of understanding Donne's life and work.", "\"A similar effort to justify Donne's early writings appeared in the publication of his prose.", "This pattern can be seen in a 1652 volume that combines texts from throughout Donne's career, including flippant works like ''Ignatius His Conclave'' and more pious writings like ''Essays in Divinity.''", "In the preface, Donne's son \"unifies the otherwise disparate texts around an impression of Donne's divinity\" by comparing his father's varied writing to Jesus' miracles.", "Christ \"''began his first'' Miracle ''here'', ''by turning'' Water ''into'' Wine, ''and made it his last to ascend from'' Earth ''to'' Heaven.", "\"Donne first wrote \"''things conducing to cheerfulness & entertainment of'' Mankind,\" and later \"''changed his conversation from'' Men ''to'' Angels.\"", "Another figure who contributed to Donne's legacy as a rake-turned-preacher was Donne's first biographer Izaak Walton.", "Walton's biography separated Donne's life into two stages, comparing Donne's life to the transformation of St. Paul.", "Walton writes, \"where Donne had been a Saul… in his irregular youth,\" he became \"a Paul, and preached salvation to his brethren.", "\"The idea that Donne's writings reflect two distinct stages of his life remains common; however, many scholars have challenged this understanding.", "In 1948, Evelyn Simpson wrote, \"a close study of his works... makes it clear that his was no case of dual personality.", "He was not a Jekyll-Hyde in Jacobean dress...", "There is an essential unity underlying the flagrant and manifold contradictions of his temperament.", "\"===In literature===After Donne's death, a number of poetical tributes were paid to him, of which one of the principal (and most difficult to follow) was his friend Lord Herbert of Cherbury's \"Elegy for Doctor Donne\".", "Posthumous editions of Donne's poems were accompanied by several \"Elegies upon the Author\" over the course of the next two centuries.", "Six of these were written by fellow churchmen, others by such courtly writers as Thomas Carew, Sidney Godolphin and Endymion Porter.", "In 1963 came Joseph Brodsky's \"The Great Elegy for John Donne\".Beginning in the 20th century, several historical novels appeared taking as their subject various episodes in Donne's life.", "His courtship of Anne More is the subject of Elizabeth Gray Vining's ''Take Heed of Loving Me: A novel about John Donne'' (1963) and Maeve Haran's ''The Lady and the Poet'' (2010).", "Both characters also make interspersed appearances in Mary Novik's ''Conceit'' (2007), where the main focus is on their rebellious daughter Pegge.", "English treatments include Garry O'Connor's ''Death's Duel: a novel of John Donne'' (2015), which deals with the poet as a young man.He also plays a significant role in Christie Dickason's ''The Noble Assassin'' (2012), a novel based on the life of Donne's patron and (the author claims) his lover, Lucy Russell, Countess of Bedford.", "Finally there is Bryan Crockett's ''Love's Alchemy: a John Donne Mystery'' (2015), in which the poet, blackmailed into service in Robert Cecil's network of spies, attempts to avert political disaster and at the same time outwit Cecil.===Musical settings===There were musical settings of Donne's lyrics even during his lifetime and in the century following his death.", "These included Alfonso Ferrabosco the younger's (\"So, so, leave off this last lamenting kisse\" in his 1609 Ayres); John Cooper's (\"The Message\"); Henry Lawes' (\"Break of Day\"); John Dowland's (\"Break of Day\" and \"To ask for all thy love\"); and settings of \"A Hymn to God the Father\" by John Hilton the younger and Pelham Humfrey (published 1688).After the 17th century, there were no more until the start of the 20th century with Havergal Brian (\"A nocturnal on St Lucy's Day\", first performed in 1905), Eleanor Everest Freer (\"Break of Day, published in 1905) and Walford Davies (\"The Cross\", 1909) among the earliest.", "In 1916–18, the composer Hubert Parry set Donne's \"Holy Sonnet 7\" (\"At the round earth's imagined corners\") to music in his choral work, ''Songs of Farewell''.", "Regina Hansen Willman (1914-1965) set Donne's \"First Holy Sonnet\" for voice and string trio.", "In 1945, Benjamin Britten set nine of Donne's Holy Sonnets in his song cycle for voice and piano ''The Holy Sonnets of John Donne''.", "in 1968, Williametta Spencer used Donne's text for her choral work \"At the Round Earth's Imagined Corners.\"", "Among them is also the choral setting of \"Negative Love\" that opens ''Harmonium'' (1981), as well as the aria setting of \"Holy Sonnet XIV\" at the end of the 1st act of ''Doctor Atomic'', both by John Adams.There have been settings in popular music as well.", "One is the version of the song \"Go and Catch a Falling Star\" on John Renbourn's debut album ''John Renbourn'' (1966), in which the last line is altered to \"False, ere I count one, two, three\".", "On their 1992 album ''Duality'', the English Neoclassical dark wave band In the Nursery used a recitation of the entirety of Donne's \"A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning\" for the track \"Mecciano\" and an augmented version of \"A Fever\" for the track \"Corruption.", "\"Prose texts by Donne have also been set to music.", "In 1954, Priaulx Rainier set some in her ''Cycle for Declamation'' for solo voice.", "In 2009, the American Jennifer Higdon composed the choral piece ''On the Death of the Righteous'', based on Donne's sermons.", "Still more recent is the Russian minimalist Anton Batagov's \" I Fear No More, selected songs and meditations of John Donne\" (2015)." ], [ "Works", "* ''The Flea'' (1590s)* ''Biathanatos'' (1608)* ''Pseudo-Martyr'' (1610)* ''Ignatius His Conclave'' (1611)* ''A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning'' (1611)* '' The Courtier's Library'' (1611, published 1651)* ''The First Anniversary: An Anatomy of the World'' (1611)* ''The Second Anniversary: Of the Progress of the Soul'' (1612)* ''Devotions upon Emergent Occasions'' (1624)* ''The Good-Morrow'' (1633)* ''The Canonization'' (1633)* ''Holy Sonnets'' (1633)* ''As Due By Many Titles'' (1633)* ''Death Be Not Proud'' (1633)* ''The Sun Rising'' (1633)* ''The Dream'' (1633)* ''Elegy XIX: To His Mistress Going to Bed'' (1633)* ''Batter my heart, three-person'd God'' (1633)* ''Poems'' (1633)*''Juvenilia: or Certain Paradoxes and Problems'' (1633)*''LXXX Sermons'' (1640)*''Fifty Sermons'' (1649)*''Essays in Divinity'' (1651)*''Letters to severall persons of honour'' (1651)*''XXVI Sermons'' (1661)* ''A Hymn to God the Father'' (unknown)* Song: Go and Catch a Falling Star (1633)" ], [ "References", "===Notes======Citations======Sources===************************===Further reading===* Bald, R. C.: ''Donne's Influence in English Literature.''", "Peter Smith, Gloucester, Massachusetts USA, 1965* * * * Revised and republished 1990.", "* * * Grant, Patrick.", "1974.", "''The Transformation of Sin: Studies in Donne, Herbert, Vaughan, and Traherne''.", "Montreal:McGill-Queen's University Press.", "* In two volumes** * * * ** * * * *" ], [ "External links", "* John Donne on ''Britannica.com''** * * Poems by John Donne at PoetryFoundation.org* John Donne's Monument, St Paul's Cathedral* John Donne: Sparknotes* Digital Donne (digital images of early Donne editions and manuscripts)* * Poems by John Donne at English Poetry" ] ]
wikipedia
[ [ "Joey Ramone" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Jeffrey Ross Hyman''' (May 19, 1951 – April 15, 2001), known professionally as '''Joey Ramone''', was an American singer, best known as the lead vocalist and a founding member of the punk rock band Ramones.", "His image, voice, and his tenure with the Ramones made him a countercultural icon.", "He, along with the guitarist Johnny Ramone, are the only two original members who stayed in the band until the disbandment in 1996." ], [ "Early life", "Ramone 2nd grade class photo 1959 PS196 Queens, NY (back row center)Jeffrey Ross Hyman was born on May 19, 1951, in Queens, New York City, to a Jewish family.", "His parents were Charlotte (''née'' Mandell) and Noel Hyman.", "He was born with a parasitic twin growing out of his back, which was incompletely formed and surgically removed.", "The family resided in Forest Hills, Queens, where Hyman and his future Ramones bandmates attended Forest Hills High School.", "He grew up with his brother Mickey Leigh.", "Though generally a happy person, Hyman was something of an outcast, diagnosed at 18 with obsessive–compulsive disorder and schizophrenia.", "His mother, Charlotte Lesher, divorced her first husband, Noel Hyman.", "She married a second time but was widowed when her second husband died in a car accident while she was on vacation.Hyman was a fan of the Beatles, the Who, David Bowie, and the Stooges among other bands, particularly oldies and the Phil Spector-produced girl groups.", "His idol was Keith Moon of the Who.", "Hyman took up the drums at 13, and played them throughout his teen years before picking up an acoustic guitar at age 17." ], [ "Career", "=== Sniper ===In 1972 Hyman joined the glam punk band Sniper.", "Sniper played at the Mercer Arts Center, Max's Kansas City and the Coventry, alongside New York Dolls, Suicide, and Queen Elizabeth III.", "Hyman played with Sniper under the name Jeff Starship.Hyman continued playing with Sniper until early 1974, when he was replaced by Alan Turner.=== Ramones ===Ramone in concert, c. 1980In 1974, Jeffrey Hyman co-founded the punk rock band the Ramones with friends John Cummings and Douglas Colvin.", "Colvin was already using the pseudonym \"Dee Dee Ramone\" and the others also adopted stage names using \"Ramone\" as their surname: Cummings became Johnny Ramone and Hyman became Joey Ramone.", "The name \"Ramone\" stems from Paul McCartney: he briefly used the stage name \"Paul Ramon\" during 1960–61, when the Beatles, still an unknown five-piece band called the Silver Beetles, did a tour of Scotland and all took up pseudonyms; and again on the 1969 Steve Miller album ''Brave New World'', where he played the drums on one song using that name.Ramone initially served as the group's drummer while Dee Dee Ramone was the original vocalist.", "However, when Dee Dee's vocal cords proved unable to sustain the demands of constant live performances, Ramone's manager Thomas Erdelyi suggested Ramone switch to vocals.", "Mickey Leigh: I was shocked when the band came out.", "Joey was the lead singer and I couldn't believe how good he was.", "Because he'd been sitting in my house with my acoustic guitar, writing these songs like 'I Don't Care', fucking up my guitar, and suddenly he's this guy on stage who you can't take your eyes off of.", "After a series of unsuccessful auditions in search of a new drummer, Erdelyi took over on drums, assuming the name Tommy Ramone.The Ramones were a major influence on the punk rock movement in the United States, though they achieved only minor commercial success.", "Their only record with enough U.S. sales to be certified gold in Ramone's lifetime was the compilation album ''Ramones Mania''.", "Recognition of the band's importance built over the years, and they are now represented in many assessments of all-time great rock music, such as the ''Rolling Stone'' lists of the 50 Greatest Artists of All Time and 25 Greatest Live Albums of All Time, VH1's 100 Greatest Artists of Hard Rock, and Mojo's 100 Greatest Albums.", "In 2002, the Ramones were voted the second greatest rock and roll band ever in ''Spin'', behind the Beatles.In 1996, after a tour with the Lollapalooza music festival, the band played its final show and then disbanded.=== Other projects ===Ramone was honored with the creation of \"Joey Ramone Place\" outside the address of CBGB in New York City.One of Ramone's earliest side projects was with a band called The Seclusions in 1983.Ramone sung vocals alongside his brother Leigh on a cover of the song \"Nothing Can Change the Shape of Things to Come\" from the album ''Isolation For Creation''.", "Also appearing on the track were Jimmy Destri, Holly Beth Vincent, Jimmy Ripp, Busta Jones, and Jay Dee Daugherty.In 1985, Ramone joined Steven Van Zandt's music industry activist group Artists United Against Apartheid, which campaigned against the Sun City resort in South Africa.", "Ramone and 49 other recording artists – including Bob Dylan, Bruce Springsteen, Keith Richards, Lou Reed and Run DMC — collaborated on the song \"Sun City\", in which they pledged they would never perform at the resort.In 1994, Ramone appeared on the Helen Love album ''Love and Glitter, Hot Days and Music'', singing the track \"Punk Boy\".", "Helen Love returned the favor, singing on Ramone's song \"Mr. Punchy\".In October 1996, Ramone headlined the \"Rock the Reservation\" alternative rock festival in Tuba City, Arizona.", "\"Joey Ramone & the Resistance\" (Daniel Rey on guitar, John Connor on bass guitar and Roger Murdock on drums) debuted Ramone's interpretation of Louis Armstrong's \"Wonderful World\" live, as well as Ramone's choice of Ramones classics and some of his other favorite songs, such as The Dave Clark Five's \"Any Way You Want It\", The Who's \"The Kids are Alright\" and The Stooges' \"No Fun\".Ramone co-wrote and recorded the song \"Meatball Sandwich\" with Youth Gone Mad.", "For a short time before his death, he took the role of manager and producer for the punk rock band the Independents.His last recording as a vocalist was backup vocals on the CD ''One Nation Under'' by the Dine Navajo rock group Blackfire.", "He appeared on two tracks, \"What Do You See\" and \"Lying to Myself\".Ramone produced the Ronnie Spector EP ''She Talks to Rainbows'' in 1999.It was critically acclaimed but was not very commercially successful.", "The title track was previously on the Ramones' final studio album, ''¡Adios Amigos!", "''." ], [ "Vocal style", "Ramone's signature cracks, hiccups, snarls, crooning, and youthful voice made him one of punk rock's most recognizable voices.", "Allmusic.com wrote that \"Joey Ramone's signature bleat was the voice of punk rock in America.\"", "As his vocals matured and deepened through his career, so did the Ramones' songwriting, leaving a notable difference from his initial melodic and callow style – two notable tracks serving as examples are \"Somebody Put Something in My Drink\" and \"Mama's Boy\".", "Dee Dee Ramone was quoted as saying, \"All the other singers in New York were copying David Johansen (of the New York Dolls), who was copying Mick Jagger...", "But Joey was unique, totally unique.\"" ], [ "Illness and death", "Headstone for Ramone with fan tributesIn 1995, Ramone was diagnosed with lymphoma.", "He kept his condition private until it was revealed on March 19, 2001, that he was battling the disease.", "He died of the illness at New York-Presbyterian Hospital on April 15, 2001, a month before he would have turned 50.He was reportedly listening to the song \"In a Little While\" by U2 when he died.", "In an interview in 2014 for Radio 538, U2 lead singer Bono confirmed that Joey Ramone's family told him that Ramone listened to the song before he died, which Andy Shernoff (The Dictators) also confirmed.", "Joey's funeral was attended by former bandmates Tommy, Richie and C. J. Ramone, along with Debbie Harry and Chris Stein of Blondie, and Joan Jett.", "Ramone is interred at New Mount Zion Cemetery in Lyndhurst, New Jersey.His solo album ''Don't Worry About Me'' was released posthumously in 2002, and features the single \"What a Wonderful World\", a cover of the Louis Armstrong standard.", "MTV News said: \"With his trademark rose-colored shades, black leather jacket, shoulder-length hair, ripped jeans and alternately snarling and crooning vocals, Joey was the iconic godfather of punk.\"" ], [ "Legacy", "On November 30, 2003, a block of East 2nd Street in New York City was officially renamed Joey Ramone Place.", "It is the block where Hyman once lived with bandmate Dee Dee Ramone and is near the former site of the music club CBGB, where the Ramones began their career.", "Hyman's birthday is celebrated annually during the \"Joey Ramone Birthday Bash\", hosted in New York City by his brother and, until 2007, his mother, Charlotte.The Ramones were named as inductees to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as part of the class of 2002.Several songs have been written in tribute to Ramone.", "Tommy, C. J., and Marky Ramone and Daniel Rey came together in 2002 to record Jed Davis' Joey Ramone tribute album, ''The Bowery Electric''.", "Other tributes include \"Hello Joe\" by Blondie from the album ''The Curse of Blondie'', \"You Can't Kill Joey Ramone\" by Sloppy Seconds, ''Joey'' by Raimundos, \"I Wanna Be Your Joey Ramone\" by Sleater-Kinney, \"Red and White Stripes\" by Moler and \"Joey\" by the Corin Tucker Band, \"I Heard Ramona Sing\" by Frank Black, Amy Rigby's \"Dancin' with Joey Ramone\" and \"The Miracle (of Joey Ramone)\" by U2.In September 2010, the Associated Press reported that \"Joey Ramone Place,\" a sign at the corner of Bowery and East Second Street, was New York City's most stolen sign.", "Later, the sign was moved to above ground level.", "Drummer Marky Ramone thought Joey would appreciate that his sign would be the most stolen, adding \"Now you have to be an NBA player to see it.", "\"After several years in development, Ramone's second posthumous album was released on May 22, 2012.Titled ''...Ya Know?", "'', it was preceded on Record Store Day by a 7\" single re-release of \"Blitzkrieg Bop\"/\"Havana Affair\".On April 15, 2021, the 20th anniversary of Ramone's death, it was announced that Pete Davidson would portray Ramone in the upcoming Netflix biopic, ''I Slept with Joey Ramone'' which is based on the memoir of the same name written by Ramone's brother Mickey Leigh.", "Leigh will serve as an executive producer.", "The film is being made with the full cooperation and support of Ramone's estate, with a treatment written by Davidson and director Jason Orley.In 2022, Brookfield Asset Management acquired a majority stake in the music-publishing rights of Ramone for around US$10 million." ], [ "Discography", "=== Solo ==='''Album'''* ''Don't Worry About Me'' (2002)'''EP'''* ''Christmas Spirit...In My House'' (2002)** Compilation featuring new track \"Christmas (Baby Please Come Home)\"'''Singles'''* \"I Got You Babe\" (1982) (Duet with Holly Beth Vincent) (standalone single)* \"Merry Christmas (I Don't Want to Fight Tonight) (Revised)\" / \"I Couldn't Sleep at All\" (2001) (standalone single)* \"What a Wonderful World\" (2002)* \"Rock and Roll Is the Answer\" / \"There's Got to Be More to Life\" (2012)'''Other appearances'''* \"The Wonderful Widow of Eighteen Springs\" for ''Caged/Uncaged'''''Posthumous demo album'''* ''...Ya Know?''", "(2012)=== With Sibling Rivalry ==='''EP'''* ''In a Family Way'' (1994)" ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* * *" ] ]
wikipedia
[ [ "June 29" ], [ "Introduction" ], [ "Events", "===Pre-1600===* 226 – Cao Rui succeeds his father as emperor of Wei.", "*1149 – Raymond of Poitiers is defeated and killed at the Battle of Inab by Nur ad-Din Zangi.", "*1194 – Sverre is crowned King of Norway, leading to his excommunication by the Catholic Church and civil war.", "*1444 – Skanderbeg defeats an Ottoman invasion force at Torvioll.", "*1457 – The Dutch city of Dordrecht is devastated by fire*1534 – Jacques Cartier is the first European to reach Prince Edward Island.===1601–1900===*1613 – The Globe Theatre in London, built by William Shakespeare playing company, the Lord Chamberlain's Men, burns to the ground.", "*1620 – English crown bans tobacco growing in England, giving the Virginia Company a monopoly in exchange for tax of one shilling per pound.", "*1644 – Charles I of England defeats a Parliamentarian detachment at the Battle of Cropredy Bridge.", "*1659 – At the Battle of Konotop the Ukrainian armies of Ivan Vyhovsky defeat the Russians led by Prince Trubetskoy.", "*1764 – One of the strongest tornadoes in history strikes Woldegk, Germany, killing one person while leveling numerous mansions with winds estimated greater than .", "*1786 – Alexander Macdonell and over five hundred Roman Catholic highlanders leave Scotland to settle in Glengarry County, Ontario.", "*1807 – Russo-Turkish War: Admiral Dmitry Senyavin destroys the Ottoman fleet in the Battle of Athos.", "*1850 – Autocephaly officially granted by the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople to the Church of Greece.", "*1864 – At least 99 people, mostly German and Polish immigrants, are killed in Canada's worst railway disaster after a train fails to stop for an open drawbridge and plunges into the Rivière Richelieu near St-Hilaire, Quebec.", "*1874 – Greek politician Charilaos Trikoupis publishes a manifesto in the Athens daily ''Kairoi'' entitled \"Who's to Blame?\"", "leveling complaints against King George.", "Trikoupis is elected Prime Minister of Greece the next year.", "*1880 – France annexes Tahiti, renaming the independent Kingdom of Tahiti as \"Etablissements de français de l'Océanie\".", "*1881 – In Sudan, Muhammad Ahmad declares himself to be the Mahdi, the messianic redeemer of Islam.", "*1888 – George Edward Gouraud records Handel's ''Israel in Egypt'' onto a phonograph cylinder, thought for many years to be the oldest known recording of music.", "*1889 – Hyde Park and several other Illinois townships vote to be annexed by Chicago, forming the largest United States city in area and second largest in population at the time.===1901–present===*1915 – The North Saskatchewan River flood of 1915 is the worst flood in Edmonton history.", "*1916 – British diplomat turned Irish nationalist Roger Casement is sentenced to death for his part in the Easter Rising.", "*1922 – France grants \"one square kilometer\" at Vimy Ridge \"freely, and for all time, to the Government of Canada, the free use of the land exempt from all taxes\".", "*1927 – The ''Bird of Paradise'', a U.S. Army Air Corps Fokker tri-motor, completes the first transpacific flight, from the mainland United States to Hawaii.", "*1945 – The Soviet Union annexes the Czechoslovak province of Carpathian Ruthenia.", "*1950 – Korean War: U.S. President Harry S. Truman authorizes a sea blockade of Korea.", "*1952 – The first Miss Universe pageant is held.", "Armi Kuusela from Finland wins the title of Miss Universe 1952.", "*1956 – The Federal Aid Highway Act of 1956 is signed by U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower, officially creating the United States Interstate Highway System.", "*1971 – Prior to re-entry (following a record-setting stay aboard the Soviet Union’s Salyut 1 space station), the crew capsule of the Soyuz 11 spacecraft depressurizes, killing the three cosmonauts on board.", "Georgy Dobrovolsky, Vladislav Volkov and Viktor Patsayev are the first humans to die in space.", "*1972 – The United States Supreme Court rules in the case ''Furman v. Georgia'' that arbitrary and inconsistent imposition of the death penalty violates the Eighth and Fourteenth Amendments and constitutes cruel and unusual punishment.", "* 1972 – A Convair CV-580 and De Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter collide above Lake Winnebago near Appleton, Wisconsin, killing 13.", "*1974 – Vice President Isabel Perón assumes powers and duties as Acting President of Argentina, while her husband President Juan Perón is terminally ill. * 1974 – Mikhail Baryshnikov defects from the Soviet Union to Canada while on tour with the Kirov Ballet.", "*1976 – The Seychelles become independent from the United Kingdom.", "* 1976 – The Conference of Communist and Workers Parties of Europe convenes in East Berlin.", "*1987 – Vincent van Gogh's painting, the ''Le Pont de Trinquetaille'', is bought for $20.4 million at an auction in London, England.", "*1995 – Space Shuttle program: STS-71 Mission (''Atlantis'') docks with the Russian space station ''Mir'' for the first time.", "* 1995 – The Sampoong Department Store collapses in the Seocho District of Seoul, South Korea, killing 502 and injuring 937.", "*2002 – Naval clashes between South Korea and North Korea lead to the death of six South Korean sailors and sinking of a North Korean vessel.", "*2006 – ''Hamdan v. Rumsfeld'': The U.S. Supreme Court rules that President George W. Bush's plan to try Guantanamo Bay detainees in military tribunals violates U.S. and international law.", "*2007 – Apple Inc. releases its first mobile phone, the iPhone.", "*2012 – A derecho sweeps across the eastern United States, leaving at least 22 people dead and millions without power.", "*2014 – The Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant self-declares its caliphate in Syria and northern Iraq." ], [ "Births", "===Pre-1600===*1136 – Petronilla of Aragon (d. 1173)*1326 – Murad I, Ottoman Sultan (d. 1389)*1398 – John II of Aragon and Navarre (d. 1479)*1443 – Anthony Browne, English knight (d. 1506)*1482 – Maria of Aragon, Queen of Portugal (d. 1517)*1488 – Pedro Pacheco de Villena, Catholic cardinal (d. 1560)*1517 – Rembert Dodoens, Flemish physician and botanist (d. 1585)*1525 – Peter Agricola, German humanist, theologian, diplomat and statesman (d. 1585)*1528 – Julius, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg (d. 1589)*1543 – Christine of Hesse, Duchess consort of Holstein-Gottorp (d. 1604)*1596 – Emperor Go-Mizunoo of Japan (d. 1680)===1601–1900===*1621 – Willem van der Zaan, Dutch Admiral (d. 1669)*1686 – Pietro Paolo Troisi, Maltese artist (d. 1743)*1746 – Joachim Heinrich Campe, German linguist, author, and educator (d. 1818)*1768 – Vincenzo Dimech, Maltese sculptor (d. 1831)*1787 – Lavinia Stoddard, American poet, school founder (d. 1820)*1793 – Josef Ressel, Czech-Austrian inventor, invented the propeller (d. 1857)*1798 – Willibald Alexis, German author and poet (d. 1871)* 1798 – Giacomo Leopardi, Italian poet and philosopher (d. 1837)*1801 – Frédéric Bastiat, French economist and theorist (d. 1850)*1803 – John Newton Brown, American minister and author (d. 1868)*1818 – Angelo Secchi, Italian astronomer and academic (d. 1878)*1819 – Thomas Dunn English, American poet, playwright, and politician (d. 1902)*1833 – Peter Waage, Norwegian chemist and academic (d. 1900)*1835 – Celia Thaxter, American poet and story writer (d. 1894)*1844 – Peter I of Serbia (d. 1921)*1849 – Pedro Montt, Chilean lawyer and politician, 15th President of Chile (d. 1910)* 1849 – Sergei Witte, Russian politician, 1st Chairmen of Council of Ministers of the Russian Empire (d. 1915)* 1849 – John Hunn, American businessman and politician, 51st Governor of Delaware (d. 1926)*1858 – George Washington Goethals, American general and engineer, co-designed the Panama Canal (d. 1928)* 1858 – Julia Lathrop, American activist and politician (d. 1932)*1861 – William James Mayo, American physician and surgeon, co-founded the Mayo Clinic (d. 1939)*1863 – Wilbert Robinson, American baseball player, coach, and manager (d. 1934)*1866 – Bartholomeus Roodenburch, Dutch swimmer (d. 1939)*1868 – George Ellery Hale, American astronomer and journalist (d. 1938)*1870 – Joseph Carl Breil, American tenor, composer, and director (d. 1926)*1873 – Leo Frobenius, German ethnologist and archaeologist (d. 1938)*1879 – Benedetto Aloisi Masella, Italian cardinal (d. 1970)*1880 – Ludwig Beck, German general (d. 1944)*1881 – Harry Frazee, American director, producer, and agent (d. 1929)* 1881 – Curt Sachs, German-American composer and musicologist (d. 1959)*1882 – Henry Hawtrey, English runner (d. 1961)* 1882 – Franz Seldte, German captain and politician, Reich Minister for Labour (d. 1947)*1885 – Izidor Kürschner, Hungarian football player and coach (d. 1941)*1886 – Robert Schuman, Luxembourgian-French lawyer and politician, Prime Minister of France (d. 1963)*1888 – Squizzy Taylor, Australian gangster (d. 1927)*1889 – Willie Macfarlane, Scottish-American golfer (d. 1961)*1890 – Robert Laurent, American sculptor and academic (d. 1970)* 1890 – Hendrikje van Andel-Schipper, Dutch supercentenarian (d. 2005)*1893 – Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis, Indian economist and statistician (d. 1972)* 1893 – Aarre Merikanto, Finnish composer and educator (d. 1958)*1897 – Fulgence Charpentier, Canadian journalist and publisher (d. 2001)*1898 – Yvonne Lefébure, French pianist and educator (d. 1986)*1900 – Antoine de Saint-Exupéry, French poet and pilot (d. 1944)===1901–present===*1901 – Nelson Eddy, American singer and actor (d. 1967)*1903 – Alan Blumlein, English engineer, developed the H2S radar (d. 1942)*1904 – Witold Hurewicz, Polish mathematician (d. 1956)*1906 – Ivan Chernyakhovsky, Ukrainian general (d. 1945)* 1906 – Heinz Harmel, German general (d. 2000)*1908 – Leroy Anderson, American composer and conductor (d. 1975)* 1908 – Erik Lundqvist, Swedish javelin thrower (d. 1963)*1910 – Frank Loesser, American composer and conductor (d. 1969)* 1910 – Burgess Whitehead, American baseball player (d. 1993)*1911 – Prince Bernhard of Lippe-Biesterfeld (d. 2004)* 1911 – Katherine DeMille, Canadian-American actress (d. 1995)* 1911 – Bernard Herrmann, American composer and conductor (d. 1975)*1912 – José Pablo Moncayo, Mexican pianist, composer, and conductor (d. 1958)* 1912 – Émile Peynaud, French oenologist and academic (d. 2004)* 1912 – John Toland, American historian and author (d. 2004)*1913 – Earle Meadows, American pole vaulter (d. 1992)*1914 – Rafael Kubelík, Czech-American conductor and composer (d. 1996)* 1914 – Christos Papakyriakopoulos, Greek-American mathematician and academic (d. 1976)*1916 – Ruth Warrick, American actress and activist (d. 2005)*1917 – Ling Yun, Chinese politician (d. 2018)*1918 – Heini Lohrer, Swiss ice hockey player (d. 2011)* 1918 – Gene La Rocque, U.S admiral (d. 2016)* 1918 – Francis W. Nye, United States Air Force major general (d. 2019)*1919 – Ernesto Corripio y Ahumada, Mexican cardinal (d. 2008)* 1919 – Walter Babington Thomas, Commander of British Far East Land Forces (d. 2017)* 1919 – Juan Blanco, Cuban composer (d. 2008)* 1919 – Slim Pickens, American actor and rodeo performer (d. 1983)* 1919 – Lloyd Richards, Canadian-American theatre director, actor, and dean (d. 2006)*1920 – César Rodríguez Álvarez, Spanish footballer and manager (d. 1995)* 1920 – Ray Harryhausen, American animator and producer (d. 2013)* 1920 – Nicole Russell, Duchess of Bedford (d. 2012)* 1920 – David Snellgrove, British tibetologist (d. 2016)*1921 – Frédéric Dard, French author and screenwriter (d. 2000)* 1921 – Jean Kent, English actress (d. 2013)* 1921 – Reinhard Mohn, German businessman (d. 2009)* 1921 – Harry Schell, French-American race car driver (d. 1960)*1922 – Ralph Burns, American songwriter, bandleader, composer, conductor, arranger and pianist (d. 2001)* 1922 – Vasko Popa, Serbian poet and academic (d. 1991)* 1922 – John William Vessey, Jr., American general (d. 2016)*1923 – Chou Wen-chung, Chinese-American composer and educator (d. 2019)*1924 – Ezra Laderman, American composer and educator (d. 2015)* 1924 – Roy Walford, American pathologist and gerontologist (d. 2004)* 1924 – Philip H. Hoff, American politician (d. 2018)*1925 – Francis S. Currey, American World War II Medal of Honor recipient (d. 2019)* 1925 – Giorgio Napolitano, Italian journalist and politician, 11th President of Italy (d. 2023)* 1925 – Chan Parker, American dancer and author (d. 1999)* 1925 – Jackie Lynn Taylor, American actress (d. 2014)* 1925 – Cara Williams, American actress (d. 2021)*1926 – Jaber Al-Ahmad Al-Sabah, Kuwaiti ruler, 3rd Emir of Kuwait (d. 2006)* 1926 – Julius W. Becton, Jr., U.S lieutenant general (d. 2023)* 1926 – Roger Stuart Bacon, Nova Scotia politician (d. 2021)* 1926 – Bobby Morgan, American professional baseball player (d. 2023)*1927 – Pierre Perrault, Canadian director and screenwriter (d. 1999)* 1927 – Marie Thérèse Killens, Canadian politician*1928 – Ian Bannen, Scottish actor (d. 1999)* 1928 – Jean-Louis Pesch, French author and illustrator (d. 2023)* 1928 – Radius Prawiro, Indonesian economist and politician (d. 2005)*1929 – Pat Crawford Brown, American actress (d. 2019)* 1929 – Pete George, American weightlifter (d. 2021)* 1929 – Oriana Fallaci, Italian journalist and author (d. 2006)*1930 – Ernst Albrecht, German economist and politician, 6th Prime Minister of Lower Saxony (d. 2014)* 1930 – Robert Evans, American actor and producer (d. 2019)* 1930 – Viola Léger, American-Canadian actress and politician* 1930 – Sławomir Mrożek, Polish-French author and playwright (d. 2013)*1931 – Sevim Burak, Turkish author (d. 1983)*1932 – Brian Hutton, Baron Hutton, British jurist; Lord Chief Justice of Northern Ireland*1933 – Bob Shaw, American baseball player and manager (d. 2010)* 1933 – John Bradshaw, American theologian and author (d. 2016)*1934 – Corey Allen, American actor, director, and producer (d. 2010)*1935 – Vassilis C. Constantakopoulos, Greek captain and businessman (d. 2011)* 1935 – Katsuya Nomura, Japanese baseball player and manager*1936 – Harmon Killebrew, American baseball player (d. 2011)*1939 – Alan Connolly, Australian cricketer* 1939 – Amarildo Tavares da Silveira, Brazilian footballer and coach*1940 – Vyacheslav Artyomov, Russian composer* 1940 – John Dawes, Welsh rugby player and coach (d. 2021)*1941 – John Boccabella, American baseball player* 1941 – Stokely Carmichael, Trinidadian-American activist (d. 1998)*1942 – Charlotte Bingham, English author and screenwriter* 1942 – Mike Willesee, Australian journalist and producer (d. 2019)*1943 – Little Eva, American singer (d. 2003)* 1943 – Louis Nicollin, French entrepreneur and chairman of Montpellier HSC (d. 2017)*1944 – Gary Busey, American actor * 1944 – Claude Humphrey, American football player (d. 2021)* 1944 – Andreu Mas-Colell, Spanish economist, academic, and politician* 1944 – Seán Patrick O'Malley, American cardinal*1945 – Chandrika Kumaratunga, Sri Lankan journalist and politician, 5th President of Sri Lanka*1946 – Ernesto Pérez Balladares, Panamanian politician, 33rd President of Panama* 1946 – Egon von Fürstenberg, Swiss fashion designer (d. 2004)*1947 – Richard Lewis, American actor and screenwriter*1948 – Sean Bergin, South African-Dutch saxophonist and flute player (d. 2012)* 1948 – Fred Grandy, American actor and politician* 1948 – Ian Paice, English drummer, songwriter, and producer * 1948 – Usha Prashar, Baroness Prashar, Kenyan-English politician*1949 – Dan Dierdorf, American football player and sportscaster* 1949 – Joan Clos, Spanish anesthesiologist and politician, 116th Mayor of Barcelona* 1949 – Ann Veneman, American lawyer and politician, 27th United States Secretary of Agriculture*1950 – Bobby London, American illustrator* 1950 – Don Moen, American singer and songwriter* 1950 – Michael Whelan, American artist *1951 – Craig Sager, American sportscaster (d. 2016)*1953 – Don Dokken, American singer-songwriter and guitarist* 1953 – Colin Hay, Scottish-Australian singer and guitarist*1954 – Rick Honeycutt, American baseball player and coach* 1954 – Léo Júnior, Brazilian footballer, coach, and manager*1955 – Charles J. Precourt, American colonel, pilot, and astronaut*1956 – Nick Fry, English economist and businessman* 1956 – David Burroughs Mattingly, American illustrator and painter* 1956 – Pedro Guerrero, Dominican baseball player and manager* 1956 – Pedro Santana Lopes, Portuguese lawyer and politician, 118th Prime Minister of Portugal* 1956 – Pyotr Vasilevsky, Belarusian footballer and manager (d. 2012)*1957 – Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow, Turkmen dentist and politician, 2nd President of Turkmenistan* 1957 – María Conchita Alonso, Cuban-Venezuelan singer and actress* 1957 – Robert Forster, Australian singer-songwriter and guitarist * 1957 – Michael Nutter, American politician, 98th Mayor of Philadelphia* 1957 – Terry Wyatt, English physicist and academic*1958 – Dieter Althaus, German politician* 1958 – Rosa Mota, Portuguese runner*1961 – Sharon Lawrence, American actress, singer, and dancer*1962 – Amanda Donohoe, English actress* 1962 – Joan Laporta, Spanish lawyer and politician* 1962 – George D. Zamka, American colonel, pilot, and astronaut*1963 – Anne-Sophie Mutter, German violinist* 1963 – Judith Hoag, American actress and educator*1964 – Stedman Pearson, English singer-songwriter and dancer *1965 – Tripp Eisen, American guitarist * 1965 – Paul Jarvis, English cricketer*1966 – Yoko Kamio, Japanese author and comic artist*1967 – Jeff Burton, American race car driver* 1967 – Melora Hardin, American actress and singer* 1967 – Seamus McGarvey, Northern Irish cinematographer*1968 – Brian d'Arcy James, American actor and musician* 1968 – Theoren Fleury, Canadian ice hockey player*1969 – Claude Béchard, Canadian politician (d. 2010)* 1969 – Pavlos Dermitzakis, Greek footballer and manager* 1969 – Tōru Hashimoto, Japanese lawyer and politician*1970 – Melanie Paschke, German sprinter* 1970 – Emily Skinner, American actress and singer*1971 – Matthew Good, Canadian singer-songwriter and guitarist *1973 – George Hincapie, American cyclist*1976 – Daniel Carlsson, Swedish race car driver* 1976 – Bret McKenzie, New Zealand comedian, actor, musician, songwriter, and producer*1977 – Sotiris Liberopoulos, Greek footballer* 1977 – Zuleikha Robinson, English actress*1978 – Nicole Scherzinger, American singer-songwriter, dancer, and actress *1979 – Matthew Bode, Australian footballer* 1979 – Andy O'Brien, English footballer* 1979 – Marleen Veldhuis, Dutch swimmer*1980 – Katherine Jenkins, Welsh soprano and actress*1981 – Luke Branighan, Australian rugby league player* 1981 – Joe Johnson, American basketball player* 1981 – Nicolás Vuyovich, Argentinian race car driver (d. 2005)* 1981 – Shmuly Yanklowitz, American rabbi, author, and educator*1982 – Colin Jost, American comedian* 1982 – Dusty Hughes, American baseball player* 1982 – Lily Rabe, American actress*1983 – Aundrea Fimbres, American singer-songwriter and dancer * 1983 – Jeremy Powers, American cyclist* 1984 – Aleksandr Shustov, Russian high jumper*1985 – Quintin Demps, American football player*1986 – José Manuel Jurado, Spanish footballer* 1986 – Edward Maya, Romanian singer-songwriter and producer *1988 – Éver Banega, Argentinian footballer*1990 – Kim Little, Scottish footballer* 1990 – Yann M'Vila, French footballer*1991 – Suk Hyun-jun, South Korean footballer* 1991 – Kawhi Leonard, American basketball player* 1991 – Addison Timlin, American actress*1993 – Harrison Gilbertson, Australian actor*1994 – Camila Mendes, American actress and model*1996 – Joseph Manu, New Zealand rugby league player*1998 – Michael Porter Jr., American basketball player*2001 – Aaron Schoupp, Australian rugby league player*2003 – Jude Bellingham, English footballer*2006 – Sam Lavagnino, American child voice actor" ], [ "Deaths", "===Pre-1600===* 226 – Cao Pi, Chinese emperor (b.", "187)* 884 – Yang Shili, general of the Tang Dynasty* 976 – Gero, archbishop of Cologne*1059 – Bernard II, Duke of Saxony (b.", "995)*1149 – Raymond of Poitiers, Prince of Antioch (b.", "1115)*1153 – Óláfr Guðrøðarson, King of the Isles*1252 – Abel, King of Denmark (b.", "1218)*1293 – Henry of Ghent, philosopher (b. c.1217)*1315 – Ramon Llull, Spanish philosopher (b.", "1235)*1344 – Joan of Savoy, duchess consort of Brittany, throne claimant of Savoy (b.", "1310)*1374 – Jan Milíč of Kroměříž, Czech priest and reformer*1432 – Janus of Cyprus (b.", "1375)*1509 – Margaret Beaufort, Countess of Richmond and Derby (b.", "1443)*1520 – Moctezuma II, Aztec ruler (b.", "1466)*1575 – Baba Nobuharu, Japanese samurai (b.", "1515)*1594 – Niels Kaas, Danish politician, Chancellor of Denmark (b.", "1535)===1601–1900===*1626 – Scipione Cobelluzzi, Italian cardinal and archivist (b.", "1564)*1646 – Laughlin Ó Cellaigh, Gaelic-Irish Lord*1725 – Arai Hakuseki, Japanese philosopher, academic, and politician (b.", "1657)*1729 – Edward Taylor, American-English poet, pastor, and physician (b. circa 1642)*1744 – André Campra, French composer and conductor (b.", "1660)*1764 – Ralph Allen, English businessman and philanthropist (b.", "1693)*1779 – Anton Raphael Mengs, German painter (b.", "1728)*1831 – Heinrich Friedrich Karl vom und zum Stein, Prussian minister and politician (b.", "1757)*1840 – Lucien Bonaparte, French prince (b.", "1775)*1852 – Henry Clay, American lawyer and politician, 9th United States Secretary of State (b.", "1777)*1853 – Adrien-Henri de Jussieu, French botanist and academic (b.", "1797)*1855 – John Gorrie, American physician and humanitarian (b.", "1803)*1860 – Thomas Addison, English physician and endocrinologist (b.", "1793)*1861 – Elizabeth Barrett Browning, English poet and translator (b.", "1806)*1873 – Michael Madhusudan Dutt, Indian poet and playwright (b.", "1824)*1875 – Ferdinand I of Austria (b.", "1793)*1895 – Thomas Henry Huxley, English biologist (b.", "1825)*1900 – Ivan Mikheevich Pervushin, Russian mathematician and academic (b.", "1827)===1901–present===*1907 – Konstantinos Volanakis, Greek painter and academic (b.", "1837)*1919 – José Gregorio Hernández Venezuelan physician and educator (b.", "1864)*1931 – Nérée Beauchemin, Canadian poet and physician (b.", "1850)*1933 – Roscoe Arbuckle, American actor, director, and screenwriter (b.", "1887)*1935 – Jack O'Neill, Irish-American baseball player and manager (b.", "1873)*1936 – János Szlepecz, Slovene priest and missionary (b.", "1872)*1940 – Paul Klee, Swiss painter and illustrator (b.", "1879)*1941 – Ignacy Jan Paderewski, Polish pianist, composer, and politician, 2nd Prime Minister of Poland (b.", "1860)*1942 – Paul Troje, German politician, Mayor of Marburg (b.", "1864)*1949 – Themistoklis Sofoulis, Greek politician, 115th Prime Minister of Greece (b.", "1860)*1955 – Max Pechstein, German painter and academic (b.", "1881)*1960 – Frank Patrick, Canadian ice hockey player and coach (b.", "1885)*1962 – Charles Lyon Chandler, American historian (b.", "1883)*1964 – Eric Dolphy, American saxophonist, composer, and bandleader (b.", "1928)*1967 – Primo Carnera, Italian boxer and actor (b.", "1906)* 1967 – Jayne Mansfield, American actress (b.", "1933)*1969 – Moise Tshombe, Congolese accountant and politician, Prime Minister of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (b.", "1919)*1971 – Nestor Mesta Chayres, Mexican operatic tenor and bolero vocalist (b.", "1908)*1975 – Tim Buckley, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (b.", "1947)*1978 – Bob Crane, American actor (b.", "1928)*1979 – Lowell George, American singer-songwriter, guitarist, and producer (b.", "1945)*1980 – Jorge Basadre, Peruvian historian (b.", "1903)*1981 – Russell Drysdale, English-Australian painter (b.", "1912)*1982 – Pierre Balmain, French fashion designer, founded Balmain (b.", "1914)* 1982 – Henry King, American actor, director, producer, and screenwriter (b.", "1886)*1986 – Frank Wise, Australian politician, 16th Premier of Western Australia (b.", "1897)*1990 – Irving Wallace, American author and screenwriter (b.", "1916)*1992 – Mohamed Boudiaf, Algerian soldier and politician, President of Algeria (b.", "1919)*1993 – Héctor Lavoe, Puerto Rican-American singer-songwriter (b.", "1946)*1994 – Kurt Eichhorn, German conductor and educator (b.", "1908)*1995 – Lana Turner, American actress (b.", "1921)*1997 – William Hickey, American actor (b.", "1927)* 1997 – Marjorie Linklater, Scottish campaigner for the arts and environment of Orkney (b.", "1909)*1998 – Horst Jankowski, German pianist and composer (b.", "1936)*1999 – Karekin I, Syrian-Armenian patriarch (b.", "1950)* 1999 – Allan Carr, American screenwriter and producer (b.", "1937)*2000 – Vittorio Gassman, Italian actor and director (b.", "1922)* 2000 – Jane Birdwood, Baroness Birdwood, Canadian-English publisher and politician (b.", "1913)*2002 – Rosemary Clooney, American singer and actress (b.", "1928)*2003 – Katharine Hepburn, American actress (b.", "1907)*2004 – Bernard Babior, American physician and biochemist (b.", "1935)* 2004 – Alvin Hamilton, Canadian lieutenant and politician, 18th Canadian Minister of Agriculture (b.", "1912)*2006 – Fabián Bielinsky, Argentinian director and screenwriter (b.", "1959)* 2006 – Lloyd Richards, Canadian-American theatre director, actor, and dean (b.", "1919)* 2006 – Randy Walker, American football player and coach (b.", "1954)*2007 – Fred Saberhagen, American soldier and author (b.", "1930)* 2007 – Joel Siegel, American journalist and critic (b.", "1943)*2009 – Joe Bowman, American, target shooter and boot-maker (b.", "1925)*2011 – K. D. Sethna, Indian poet, scholar, writer, philosopher, and cultural critic (b.", "1904) *2012 – Yong Nyuk Lin, Singaporean politician, Singaporean Minister of Health (b.", "1918) * 2012 – Vincent Ostrom, American political scientist and academic (b.", "1919)* 2012 – Juan Reccius, Chilean triple jumper (b.", "1911)* 2012 – Floyd Temple, American baseball player, coach, and manager (b.", "1926)*2013 – Peter Fitzgerald, Irish footballer and manager (b.", "1937)* 2013 – Jack Gotta, American-Canadian football player, coach, and manager (b.", "1929)* 2013 – Margherita Hack, Italian astrophysicist and author (b.", "1922)* 2013 – Gilma Jiménez, Colombian politician (b.", "1956)*2014 – Damian D'Oliveira, South African cricketer (b.", "1960)* 2014 – Dermot Healy, Irish author, poet, and playwright (b.", "1947)*2015 – Hisham Barakat, Egyptian lawyer and judge (b.", "1950)* 2015 – Josef Masopust, Czech footballer and coach (b.", "1931)* 2015 – Charles Pasqua, French businessman and politician, French Minister of the Interior (b.", "1927)*2016 – Jan Hettema, Springbok cyclist and five times South African National Rally Champion (b.", "1933)*2017 – Louis Nicollin, French entrepreneur and chairman of Montpellier HSC from 1974 to his death (b.", "1943)* 2017 – Dave Semenko, Canadian ice hockey player (b.", "1957)*2018 – Steve Ditko, American comic writer and illustrator (b.", "1927)*2020 – Carl Reiner, American actor, director, producer, and screenwriter (b.", "1922)* 2020 – Stepa J. Groggs, American rap artist (b.", "1988)* 2020 – Hachalu Hundessa, Ethiopian singer, songwriter (b.", "1986)*2021 – Donald Rumsfeld, American captain and politician, 13th United States Secretary of Defense (b.", "1932)*2022 – Hershel W. Williams, American Marine Corps warrant officer, last living Medal of Honor recipient from World War II (b.", "1923)*2023 – Alan Arkin, American actor (b.", "1934)" ], [ "Holidays and observances", "*Christian feast day:**Cassius of Narni**Feast of Saints Peter and Paul (Western Christianity), and its related observances:***Haro Wine Festival (Haro, La Rioja)***l-Imnarja (Malta)**June 29 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)*Engineer's Day (Ecuador)*Independence Day (Seychelles), celebrates the independence of Seychelles from the United Kingdom in 1976.", "*Veterans' Day (Netherlands)*National Statistics Day (India)" ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* * *" ] ]
wikipedia
[ [ "June 30" ], [ "Introduction" ], [ "Events", "===Pre-1600===* 296 – Pope Marcellinus begins his papacy.", "* 763 – The Byzantine army of emperor Constantine V defeats the Bulgarian forces in the Battle of Anchialus.", "*1422 – Battle of Arbedo between the duke of Milan and the Swiss cantons.", "*1521 – Spanish forces defeat a combined French and Navarrese army at the Battle of Noáin during the Spanish conquest of Iberian Navarre.", "*1559 – King Henry II of France is mortally wounded in a jousting match against Gabriel, comte de Montgomery.", "*1598 – The Spanish-held Castillo San Felipe del Morro in San Juan, Puerto Rico having been besieged for fifteen days, surrenders to an English force under Sir George Clifford, Earl of Cumberland.===1601–1900===*1632 – The University of Tartu is founded.", "*1651 – The Deluge: Khmelnytsky Uprising: The Battle of Berestechko ends with a Polish victory.", "*1688 – The Immortal Seven issue the Invitation to William, which would culminate in the Glorious Revolution.", "*1703 – The Battle of Ekeren between a Dutch force and a French force.", "*1758 – Seven Years' War: Habsburg Austrian forces destroy a Prussian reinforcement and supply convoy in the Battle of Domstadtl, helping to expel Prussian King Frederick the Great from Moravia.", "*1794 – Northwest Indian War: Native American forces under Blue Jacket attack Fort Recovery.", "*1805 – Under ''An act to divide the Indiana Territory into two separate governments'', adopted by the U.S. Congress on January 11, 1805, the Michigan Territory is organized.", "*1859 – French acrobat Charles Blondin crosses Niagara Falls on a tightrope.", "*1860 – The 1860 Oxford evolution debate at the Oxford University Museum of Natural History takes place.", "*1864 – U.S. President Abraham Lincoln grants Yosemite Valley to California for \"public use, resort and recreation\".", "*1882 – Charles J. Guiteau is hanged in Washington, D.C. for the assassination of U.S. President James Garfield.", "*1886 – The first transcontinental train trip across Canada departs from Montreal, Quebec.", "It arrives in Port Moody, British Columbia on July 4.", "*1892 – The Homestead Strike begins near Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.", "*1900 – A savage fire wrecked three steamships docked at a pier in Hoboken, New Jersey.", "Over 200 crew members and passengers are killed, and hundreds injured.===1901–present===*1905 – Albert Einstein sends the article ''On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies'', in which he introduces special relativity, for publication in ''Annalen der Physik''.", "*1906 – The United States Congress passes the Meat Inspection Act and Pure Food and Drug Act.", "*1908 – The Tunguska Event, the largest impact event on Earth in human recorded history, resulting in a massive explosion over Eastern Siberia.", "*1912 – The Regina Cyclone, Canada's deadliest tornado event, kills 28 people in Regina, Saskatchewan.", "*1916 – World War I: In \"the day Sussex died\", elements of the Royal Sussex Regiment take heavy casualties in the Battle of the Boar's Head at Richebourg-l'Avoué in France.", "*1921 – U.S. President Warren G. Harding appoints former President William Howard Taft as Chief Justice of the United States.", "*1922 – In Washington D.C., U.S. Secretary of State Charles Evans Hughes and Dominican Ambassador Francisco J. Peynado sign the Hughes–Peynado agreement, which ends the United States occupation of the Dominican Republic.", "*1934 – The Night of the Long Knives, Adolf Hitler's violent purge of his political rivals in Germany, takes place.", "*1936 – Emperor Haile Selassie of Abyssinia appeals for aid to the League of Nations against Italy's invasion of his country.", "*1937 – The world's first emergency telephone number, 999, is introduced in London.", "*1944 – World War II: The Battle of Cherbourg ends with the fall of the strategically valuable port to American forces.", "*1953 – The first Chevrolet Corvette rolls off the assembly line in Flint, Michigan.", "*1956 – A TWA Super Constellation and a United Airlines DC-7 collide above the Grand Canyon in Arizona and crash, killing all 128 on board both airliners.", "*1959 – A United States Air Force F-100 Super Sabre from Kadena Air Base, Okinawa, crashes into a nearby elementary school, killing 11 students plus six residents from the local neighborhood.", "*1960 – Belgian Congo gains independence as Republic of the Congo (Léopoldville).", "*1963 – Ciaculli bombing: a car bomb, intended for Mafia boss Salvatore Greco, kills seven police officers and military personnel near Palermo.", "*1966 – The National Organization for Women, the United States' largest feminist organization, is founded.", "*1968 – Pope Paul VI issues the ''Credo of the People of God''.", "*1971 – The crew of the Soviet ''Soyuz 11'' spacecraft are killed when their air supply escapes through a faulty valve.", "*1972 – The first leap second is added to the UTC time system.", "*1974 – The Baltimore municipal strike of 1974 begins.", "*1977 – The Southeast Asia Treaty Organization disbands.", "*1985 – Thirty-nine American hostages from the hijacked TWA Flight 847 are freed in Beirut after being held for 17 days.", "*1986 – The U.S. Supreme Court rules in ''Bowers v. Hardwick'' that states can outlaw homosexual acts between consenting adults.", "*1989 – A coup d'état in Sudan deposes the democratically elected government of Prime Minister Sadiq al-Mahdi and President Ahmed al-Mirghani.", "*1990 – East and West Germany merge their economies.", "*1994 – During a test flight of an Airbus A330-300 at Toulouse–Blagnac Airport, the aircraft crashes killing all seven people on board.", "*2007 – A Jeep Cherokee filled with propane canisters drives into the entrance of Glasgow Airport, Scotland in a failed terrorist attack.", "This was linked to the 2007 London car bombs that had taken place the day before.", "*2009 – Yemenia Flight 626, an Airbus A310-300, crashes into the Indian Ocean near Comoros, killing 152 of the 153 people on board.", "A 14-year-old girl named Bahia Bakari survives the crash.", "*2013 – Nineteen firefighters die controlling a wildfire near Yarnell, Arizona.", "* 2013 – Protests begin around Egypt against President Mohamed Morsi and the ruling Freedom and Justice Party, leading to their overthrow during the 2013 Egyptian coup d'état.", "*2015 – A Hercules C-130 military aircraft with 113 people on board crashes in a residential area in Medan, Indonesia, resulting in at least 116 deaths.", "*2019 – Donald Trump becomes the first sitting US President to visit the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea).", "*2021 – The Tiger Fire ignites near Black Canyon City, Arizona, and goes on to burn of land before being fully contained on July 30.", "*2023 – A Tajik citizen with ISIS connections, wanted in Tajikistan for murder and kidnapping, kills two people at Chișinău International Airport in Moldova, after being denied entry to the country." ], [ "Births", "===Pre-1600===*1286 – John de Warenne, 7th Earl of Surrey, English magnate (d. 1347)*1468 – John, Elector of Saxony (d. 1532)*1470 – Charles VIII of France (d. 1498)*1478 – John, Prince of Asturias, Son of Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile (d. 1497)*1503 – John Frederick I, Elector of Saxony (d. 1554)*1533 – Martín de Rada, Spanish missionary (d. 1578)*1588 – Giovanni Maria Sabino, Italian organist, composer, and educator (d. 1649)===1601–1900===*1641 – Meinhardt Schomberg, 3rd Duke of Schomberg, German-English general (d. 1719)*1685 – John Gay, English poet and playwright (d. 1732)*1688 – Abu l-Hasan Ali I, ruler of Tunisia (d. 1756)*1722 – Jiří Antonín Benda, Czech composer, violinist and Kapellmeister (d. 1795)*1755 – Paul Barras, French soldier and politician (d. 1829)*1789 – Horace Vernet, French painter and academic (d. 1863)*1791 – Félix Savart, French physicist and psychologist (d. 1841) *1803 – Thomas Lovell Beddoes, English poet, playwright, and physician (d. 1849)*1807 – Friedrich Theodor Vischer, German author, poet, and playwright (d. 1887)*1817 – Joseph Dalton Hooker, English botanist and explorer (d. 1911)*1843 – Ernest Mason Satow, English orientalist and diplomat (d. 1929)*1864 – Frederick Bligh Bond, English architect and archaeologist (d. 1945)*1884 – Georges Duhamel, French author and critic (d. 1966)*1889 – Archibald Frazer-Nash, English motor car designer, engineer and founder of Frazer Nash (d. 1965) *1890 – Paul Boffa, Maltese physician and politician, 5th Prime Minister of Malta (d. 1962)*1891 – Man Mountain Dean, American wrestler and sergeant (d. 1953)* 1891 – Ed Lewis, American wrestler and manager (d. 1966)* 1891 – Stanley Spencer, English painter (d. 1959)*1892 – Pierre Blanchar, Algerian-French actor and director (d. 1963)*1893 – Nellah Massey Bailey, American politician and librarian (d. 1956)* 1893 – Walter Ulbricht, German soldier and politician (d. 1973)*1895 – Heinz Warneke, German-American sculptor and educator (d. 1983)*1899 – Madge Bellamy, American actress (d. 1990)===1901–present===*1905 – John Van Ryn, American tennis player (d. 1999)*1906 – Anthony Mann, American actor and director (d. 1967)*1907 – Roman Shukhevych, Ukrainian general and politician (d. 1950)*1908 – Winston Graham, English author (d. 2003)* 1908 – Luigi Rovere, Italian film producer (d. 1996)* 1908 – Rob Nieuwenhuys, Dutch writer (d. 1999)*1909 – Juan Bosch, 43rd President of the Dominican Republic (d. 2001)*1911 – Czesław Miłosz, Polish novelist, essayist, and poet, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2004)* 1911 – Nagarjun, Indian poet (d. 1998)*1912 – Ludwig Bölkow, German engineer (d. 2003)* 1912 – Dan Reeves, American businessman and philanthropist (d. 1971)* 1912 – María Luisa Dehesa Gómez Farías, Mexican architect (d. 2009)*1913 – Alfonso López Michelsen, Colombian lawyer and politician, 24th President of Colombia (d. 2007)* 1913 – Harry Wismer, American sportscaster (d. 1967)*1914 – Francisco da Costa Gomes, Portuguese general and politician, 15th President of Portugal (d. 2001)* 1914 – Allan Houser, American sculptor and painter (d. 1994)*1917 – Susan Hayward, American actress (d. 1975)* 1917 – Lena Horne, American actress, singer, and activist (d. 2010)* 1917 – Willa Kim, American costume designer (d. 2016)*1919 – Ed Yost, American inventor of the modern hot air balloon (d. 2007)*1920 – Eleanor Ross Taylor, American poet and educator (d. 2011)*1921 – Washington SyCip, American-Filipino accountant (d. 2017)*1924 – Max Trepp, Swiss sprinter (d. 1990)*1925 – Fred Schaus, American basketball player and coach (d. 2010)* 1925 – Ebrahim Amini, Iranian politician (d. 2020)*1926 – Paul Berg, American biochemist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2023)*1927 – Shirley Fry Irvin, American tennis player (d. 2021)* 1927 – James Goldman, American screenwriter and playwright (d. 1998)* 1927 – Mario Lanfranchi, Italian director, screenwriter, producer, collector and actor (d. 2022)* 1927 – Frank McCabe, American basketball player (d. 2021)*1928 – Hassan Hassanzadeh Amoli, Islamic philosopher, theologian, mathematician and mystic (d. 2021)* 1928 – Nathaniel Tarn, American poet, essayist, anthropologist, and translator*1929 – Yang Ti-liang, Chinese judge (d. 2023)*1930 – Ben Atchley, American politician (d. 2018)* 1930 – Ahmed Zaki Yamani, Saudi Arabian politician (d. 2021)* 1930 – Ignatius Peter VIII Abdalahad, Syrian bishop (d. 2018)*1931 – Yo-Yo Davalillo, Venezuelan baseball player and manager (d. 2013)* 1931 – Andrew Hill, American pianist and composer (d. 2007)* 1931 – Ronald Rene Lagueux, American judge* 1931 – Kaye Vaughan, American football player*1933 – Tomislav Ivić, Croatian football coach and manager (d. 2011)* 1933 – Joan Murrell Owens, American educator and marine biologist (d. 2011)* 1933 – M. J. K. Smith, English cricketer and rugby player* 1933 – Orval Tessier, Canadian ice hockey player and coach (d. 2022)* 1933 – Cookie, Australian Major Mitchell's cockatoo, oldest recorded parrot (d. 2016)*1934 – Harry Blackstone Jr., American magician and author (d. 1997)*1935 – John Harlin, American pilot and mountaineer (d. 1966)*1936 – Assia Djebar, Algerian-French author and translator (d. 2015)* 1936 – Nancy Dussault, American actress and singer * 1936 – Tony Musante, American actor and screenwriter (d. 2013)* 1936 – Dave Van Ronk, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 2002)*1937 – Larry Henley, American singer-songwriter (d. 2014)*1938 – Billy Mills, American sprinter*1939 – Tony Hatch, English pianist, composer, and producer* 1939 – Barry Hines, English author and screenwriter (d. 2016)* 1939 – José Emilio Pacheco, Mexican poet and author (d. 2014)*1940 – Mark Spoelstra, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 2007)*1941 – Peter Pollock, South African cricketer and author*1942 – Robert Ballard, American lieutenant and oceanographer* 1942 – Ron Harris, Canadian ice hockey player and coach*1943 – Florence Ballard, American pop/soul singer (d. 1976) * 1943 – Saeed Akhtar Mirza, Indian director and screenwriter*1944 – Terry Funk, American wrestler (d. 2023)* 1944 – Raymond Moody, American parapsychologist and author* 1944 – Glenn Shorrock, English-Australian singer-songwriter * 1944 – Ron Swoboda, American baseball player and sportscaster*1949 – Uwe Kliemann, German footballer, coach, and manager* 1949 – Andy Scott, Welsh singer-songwriter, guitarist, and producer* 1949 – Bùi Thanh Liêm, Vietnamese cosmonaut (d. 1981)*1951 – Stanley Clarke, American bass player and composer *1952 – Athanassios S. Fokas, Greek mathematician and academic* 1952 – David Garrison, American actor and singer*1953 – Hal Lindes, American-English guitarist and film score composer*1954 – Stephen Barlow, English organist, composer, and conductor* 1954 – Pierre Charles, Dominican educator and politician, 5th Prime Minister of Dominica (d. 2004)* 1954 – Serzh Sargsyan, Armenian politician, 3rd President of Armenia* 1954 – Wayne Swan, Australian academic and politician, 14th Deputy Prime Minister of Australia*1955 – Brian Vollmer, Canadian singer* 1955 – Egils Levits, Latvian judge, jurist, 10th President of Latvia*1956 – Volker Beck, German hurdler and coach* 1956 – David Lidington, English historian, academic, and politician, Minister of State for Europe* 1956 – David Alan Grier, American actor, singer, and comedian*1957 – Bud Black, American baseball player and manager* 1957 – Sterling Marlin, American race car driver*1958 – Pam Royle, British television presenter, journalist and voice coach* 1958 – Esa-Pekka Salonen, Finnish conductor and composer*1959 – Vincent D'Onofrio, American actor* 1959 – Daniel Goldhagen, American political scientist, author, and academic* 1959 – Brendan Perry, English singer-songwriter, guitarist, and producer * 1959 – Sakis Tsiolis, Greek footballer and manager* 1959 – Sandip Verma, Baroness Verma, Indian-English businesswoman and politician*1960 – Jack McConnell, Scottish educator and politician, 3rd First Minister of Scotland* 1960 – Murray Cook, Australian musician, actor, songwriter and producer*1961 – Lynne Jolitz, American computer scientist and programmer* 1961 – Clive Nolan, English musician, composer and producer *1962 – Tony Fernández, Dominican baseball player (d. 2020)* 1962 – Julianne Regan, English singer-songwriter and guitarist*1963 – Olha Bryzhina, Ukrainian sprinter* 1963 – Rupert Graves, English actor, director, and screenwriter* 1963 – Yngwie Malmsteen, Swedish guitarist and songwriter *1964 – Alexandra, Countess of Frederiksborg* 1964 – Mark Waters, American director and producer*1965 – Steve Duchesne, Canadian-American ice hockey player and coach* 1965 – Cho Jae-hyun, South Korean actor* 1965 – Anna Levandi, Russian figure skater and coach* 1965 – Gary Pallister, English footballer and sportscaster* 1965 – Mitch Richmond, American basketball player*1966 – Mike Tyson, American boxer and actor*1967 – Patrik Bodén, Swedish javelin thrower* 1967 – David Busst, English footballer and manager* 1967 – Victoria Kaspi, American-Canadian astrophysicist and academic*1968 – Phil Anselmo, American singer-songwriter and producer *1969 – Sanath Jayasuriya, Sri Lankan cricketer and politician* 1969 – Uta Rohländer, German sprinter* 1969 – Sébastien Rose, Canadian director and screenwriter*1970 – Brian Bloom, American actor and screenwriter* 1970 – Antonio Chimenti, Italian footballer and manager* 1970 – Mark Grudzielanek, American baseball player and manager*1971 – Monica Potter, American actress*1972 – Sandra Cam, Belgian swimmer* 1972 – Molly Parker, Canadian actress*1973 – Chan Ho Park, South Korean baseball player* 1973 – Frank Rost, German footballer and manager*1974 – Hezekiél Sepeng, South African runner*1975 – James Bannatyne, New Zealand footballer* 1975 – Ralf Schumacher, German race car driver*1978 – Ben Cousins, Australian footballer* 1978 – Patrick Ivuti, Kenyan runner* 1978 – Claudio Rivalta, Italian footballer*1979 – Sylvain Chavanel, French cyclist*1980 – Rade Prica, Swedish footballer* 1980 – Seyi Olofinjana, Nigerian footballer* 1980 – Ryan ten Doeschate, Dutch cricketer*1981 – Can Artam, Turkish race car driver* 1981 – Matt Kirk, Canadian football player* 1981 – Barbora Špotáková, Czech javelin thrower* 1981 – Ben Utecht, American football player*1982 – Lizzy Caplan, American actress* 1982 – Ignacio Carrasco, Mexican footballer *1983 – Marcus Burghardt, German cyclist* 1983 – Katherine Ryan, UK-based Canadian comedian and presenter* 1983 – Cheryl, English singer and TV personality*1984 – Fantasia Barrino, American singer-songwriter and actress* 1984 – Dax Harwood, American wrestler* 1984 – Tunku Ismail Idris, Crown Prince of Johor, Malaysia*1985 – Trevor Ariza, American basketball player* 1985 – Michael Phelps, American swimmer* 1985 – Cody Rhodes, American wrestler * 1985 – Fabiana Vallejos, Argentinian footballer*1986 – Alicia Fox, American wrestler, model, and actress* 1986 – Fredy Guarín, Colombian footballer* 1986 – Nicola Pozzi, Italian footballer* 1986 – Allegra Versace, Italian-American businesswoman*1987 – Ryan Cook, American baseball player* 1987 – Andrew Hedgman, New Zealand runner*1989 – Asbel Kiprop, Kenyan runner* 1989 – Steffen Liebig, German rugby player* 1989 – David Myers, Australian footballer*1993 – Trea Turner, American baseball player*1997 – A.J.", "Brown, American football player* 1997 – Reuben Garrick, Australian rugby league player*1998 – Tom Davies, English footballer" ], [ "Deaths", "===Pre-1600===* 350 – Nepotianus, Roman ruler * 710 – Erentrude, Frankish abbess*888 – Æthelred, archbishop of Canterbury*1181 – Hugh de Kevelioc, 5th Earl of Chester, Welsh politician (b.", "1147)*1224 – Adolf of Osnabrück, German monk and bishop (b.", "1185)*1278 – Pierre de la Broce, French courtier*1337 – Eleanor de Clare, English noblewoman (b.", "1290)*1364 – Arnošt of Pardubice, Czech archbishop (b.", "1297)*1538 – Charles II, Duke of Guelders (b.", "1467)*1522 – Johann Reuchlin, German humanist and Hebrew scholar (b.", "1455)===1601–1900===*1607 – Caesar Baronius, Italian cardinal and historian (b.", "1538)*1649 – Simon Vouet, French painter (b.", "1590)*1660 – William Oughtred, English minister and mathematician (b.", "1575)*1666 – Alexander Brome, English poet and playwright (b.", "1620)*1670 – Henrietta of England (b.", "1644)*1704 – John Quelch, English pirate (b.", "1665)*1708 – Tekle Haymanot I of Ethiopia (b.", "1684)*1709 – Edward Lhuyd, Welsh botanist, linguist, and geographer (b.", "1660)*1785 – James Oglethorpe, English general and politician, 1st Colonial Governor of Georgia (b.", "1696)*1796 – Abraham Yates Jr., American lawyer and politician (b.", "1724)*1857 – Alcide d'Orbigny, French zoologist and paleontologist (b.", "1802)*1882 – Charles J. Guiteau, American preacher and lawyer, assassin of James A. Garfield (b.", "1841)* 1882 – Alberto Henschel, German-Brazilian photographer and businessman (b.", "1827)*1890 – Samuel Parkman Tuckerman, American organist and composer (b.", "1819)===1901–present===*1908 – Thomas Hill, American painter (b.", "1829)*1913 – Alphonse Kirchhoffer, French fencer (b.", "1873)*1916 – Eunice Eloisae Gibbs Allyn, American correspondent, author, and poet (b.", "1847) *1917 – Antonio de La Gándara, French painter and illustrator (b.", "1861)* 1917 – Dadabhai Naoroji, Parsi intellectual, educator, cotton trader, and an early Indian political and social leader (b.", "1825)*1919 – John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh, English physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (b.", "1842)*1932 – Bruno Kastner, German actor, producer, and screenwriter (b.", "1890)*1934 – Karl Ernst, German soldier (b.", "1904)* 1934 – Erich Klausener, German soldier and politician (b.", "1885)* 1934 – Gustav Ritter von Kahr, German lawyer and politician, Minister-President of Bavaria (b.", "1862)* 1934 – Gregor Strasser, German lieutenant and politician (b.", "1892)* 1934 – Kurt von Schleicher, German general and politician, 23rd Chancellor of Germany (b.", "1882)*1941 – Yefim Fomin, Belarusian politician (b.", "1909)* 1941 – Aleksander Tõnisson, Estonian general and politician, 5th Estonian Minister of War (b.", "1875)*1948 – Prince Sabahaddin, Turkish-Swiss sociologist and academic (b.", "1879)*1949 – Édouard Alphonse James de Rothschild, French financier and polo player (b.", "1868)*1951 – Yrjö Saarela, Finnish wrestler and coach (b.", "1884)*1953 – Elsa Beskow, Swedish author and illustrator (b.", "1874)* 1953 – Charles William Miller, Brazilian footballer and civil servant (b.", "1874)*1954 – Andrass Samuelsen, Faroese politician, 1st Prime Minister of the Faroe Islands (b.", "1873)*1956 – Thorleif Lund, Norwegian actor (b.", "1880) *1959 – José Vasconcelos, Mexican philosopher and politician (b.", "1882)*1961 – Lee de Forest, American inventor, invented the audion tube (b.", "1873)*1966 – Giuseppe Farina, Italian race car driver (b.", "1906)* 1966 – Margery Allingham, English author of detective fiction (b.", "1904)*1968 – Ernst Marcus, German zoologist (b.", "1893)*1971 – Georgi Asparuhov, Bulgarian footballer (b.", "1943)* 1971 – Herbert Biberman, American director and screenwriter (b.", "1900)* 1971 – Georgy Dobrovolsky Ukrainian pilot and astronaut (b.", "1928)* 1971 – Nikola Kotkov, Bulgarian footballer (b.", "1938)* 1971 – Viktor Patsayev, Kazakh engineer and astronaut (b.", "1933)* 1971 – Vladislav Volkov, Russian engineer and astronaut (b.", "1935)*1973 – Nancy Mitford, English journalist and author (b.", "1904)* 1973 – Vasyl Velychkovsky, Ukrainian-Canadian bishop and martyr (b.", "1903)*1974 – Alberta Williams King, Civil rights activist (b.", "1904)*1976 – Firpo Marberry, American baseball player and umpire (b.", "1898)*1984 – Lillian Hellman, American author and playwright (b.", "1905)*1985 – Haruo Remeliik, Palauan politician, 1st President of Palau (b.", "1933)*1995 – Georgy Beregovoy, Ukrainian general and astronaut (b.", "1921)* 1995 – Gale Gordon, American actor and voice artist (b.", "1906)*1996 – Lakis Petropoulos, Greek footballer and manager (b.", "1932)*2001 – Chet Atkins, American singer-songwriter, guitarist, and producer (b.", "1924)* 2001 – Joe Henderson, American saxophonist and composer (b.", "1937)*2002 – Chico Xavier, Brazilian medium and author (b.", "1910)*2003 – Buddy Hackett, American actor and comedian (b.", "1924)* 2003 – Robert McCloskey, American author and illustrator (b.", "1915)*2004 – Eddie Burns, Australian rugby league player (b.", "1916)*2007 – Sahib Singh Verma, Indian librarian and politician, 4th Chief Minister of Delhi (b.", "1943)*2009 – Pina Bausch, German dancer, choreographer, and director (b.", "1940)* 2009 – Harve Presnell, American actor and singer (b.", "1933)*2012 – Michael Abney-Hastings, 14th Earl of Loudoun, English-Australian politician (b.", "1942)* 2012 – Yitzhak Shamir, Israeli politician, 7th Prime Minister of Israel (b.", "1915)* 2012 – Michael J. Ybarra, American journalist and author (b.", "1966)*2013 – Alan Campbell, Baron Campbell of Alloway, English lawyer and judge (b.", "1917)* 2013 – Akpor Pius Ewherido, Nigerian politician (b.", "1963)* 2013 – Kathryn Morrison, American educator and politician (b.", "1942)* 2013 – Thompson Oliha, Nigerian footballer (b.", "1968)* 2013 – Keith Seaman, Australian politician, 29th Governor of South Australia (b.", "1920)*2014 – Frank Cashen, American businessman (b.", "1925)* 2014 – Paul Mazursky, American actor, director, producer, and screenwriter (b.", "1930)* 2014 – Željko Šturanović, Montenegrin lawyer and politician, 31st Prime Minister of Montenegro (b.", "1960)*2015 – Charles W. Bagnal, American general (b.", "1934)* 2015 – Robert Dewar, English-American computer scientist and academic (b.", "1945)* 2015 – Arthur Porter, Canadian physician and academic (b.", "1956)* 2015 – Leonard Starr, American author and illustrator (b.", "1925)*2017 – Barry Norman, English television presenter (b.", "1933) * 2017 – Simone Veil, French lawyer and politician (b.", "1927)*2018 – Smoke Dawg, Canadian rapper (b.", "1996)*2021 – Raj Kaushal, Indian Film Director and Producer (b.", "1971)*2022 – Technoblade, American YouTuber and streamer (b.", "1999)" ], [ "Holidays and observances", "* Christian feast day:** Martial** Theobald of Provins** First Martyrs of the Church of Rome** June 30 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)* Armed Forces Day (Guatemala)* Asteroid Day (International observance)* General Prayer Day (Central African Republic)* Independence Day (Democratic Republic of the Congo), celebrates the independence of Democratic Republic of the Congo from Belgium in 1960.", "* Navy Day (Israel)* Philippine–Spanish Friendship Day (Philippines)* Revolution Day (Sudan)* Teachers' Day (Dominican Republic)" ], [ "Notes" ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* * *" ] ]
wikipedia
[ [ "July 1" ], [ "Introduction" ], [ "Events", "===Pre-1600===*69 – Tiberius Julius Alexander orders his Roman legions in Alexandria to swear allegiance to Vespasian as Emperor.", "* 552 – Battle of Taginae: Byzantine forces under Narses defeat the Ostrogoths in Italy, and the Ostrogoth king, Totila, is mortally wounded.", "*1097 – Battle of Dorylaeum: Crusaders led by prince Bohemond of Taranto defeat a Seljuk army led by sultan Kilij Arslan I.", "*1431 – The Battle of La Higueruela takes place in Granada, leading to a modest advance of the Kingdom of Castile during the Reconquista.", "*1520 – Spanish conquistadors led by Hernán Cortés fight their way out of Tenochtitlan after nightfall.", "*1523 – Jan van Essen and Hendrik Vos become the first Lutheran martyrs, burned at the stake by Roman Catholic authorities in Brussels.", "*1569 – Union of Lublin: The Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania confirm a real union; the united country is called the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth or the Republic of Both Nations.===1601–1900===*1643 – First meeting of the Westminster Assembly, a council of theologians (\"divines\") and members of the Parliament of England appointed to restructure the Church of England, at Westminster Abbey in London.", "*1690 – War of the Grand Alliance: Marshal de Luxembourg triumphs over an Anglo-Dutch army at the battle of Fleurus.", "*1690 – Glorious Revolution: Battle of the Boyne in Ireland (as reckoned under the Julian calendar).", "*1766 – François-Jean de la Barre, a young French nobleman, is tortured and beheaded before his body is burnt on a pyre along with a copy of Voltaire's ''Dictionnaire philosophique'' nailed to his torso for the crime of not saluting a Roman Catholic religious procession in Abbeville, France.", "*1770 – Lexell's Comet is seen closer to the Earth than any other comet in recorded history, approaching to a distance of .", "*1782 – Raid on Lunenburg: American privateers attack the British settlement of Lunenburg, Nova Scotia.", "*1819 – Johann Georg Tralles discovers the Great Comet of 1819, (C/1819 N1).", "It is the first comet analyzed using polarimetry, by François Arago.", "*1823 – The five Central American nations of Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica declare independence from the First Mexican Empire after being annexed the year prior.", "*1837 – A system of civil registration of births, marriages and deaths is established in England and Wales.", "*1855 – Signing of the Quinault Treaty: The Quinault and the Quileute cede their land to the United States.", "*1858 – Joint reading of Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace's papers on evolution to the Linnean Society of London.", "*1862 – The Russian State Library is founded as the Library of the Moscow Public Museum.", "* 1862 – Princess Alice of the United Kingdom, second daughter of Queen Victoria, marries Prince Louis of Hesse, the future Louis IV, Grand Duke of Hesse.", "* 1862 – American Civil War: The Battle of Malvern Hill takes place.", "It is the last of the Seven Days Battles, part of George B. McClellan's Peninsula Campaign.", "*1863 – Keti Koti (Emancipation Day) in Suriname, marking the abolition of slavery by the Netherlands.", "* 1863 – American Civil War: The Battle of Gettysburg begins.", "*1867 – The ''British North America Act'' takes effect as the Province of Canada, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia join into confederation to create the modern nation of Canada.", "John A. Macdonald is sworn in as the first Prime Minister of Canada.", "This date is commemorated annually in Canada as Canada Day, a national holiday.", "*1870 – The United States Department of Justice formally comes into existence.", "*1873 – Prince Edward Island joins into Canadian Confederation.", "*1874 – The Sholes and Glidden typewriter, the first commercially successful typewriter, goes on sale.", "*1878 – Canada joins the Universal Postal Union.", "*1879 – Charles Taze Russell publishes the first edition of the religious magazine ''The Watchtower''.", "*1881 – The world's first international telephone call is made between St. Stephen, New Brunswick, Canada, and Calais, Maine, United States.", "* 1881 – General Order 70, the culmination of the Cardwell and Childers reforms of the British Army, comes into effect.", "*1885 – The United States terminates reciprocity and fishery agreement with Canada.", "* 1885 – The Congo Free State is established by King Leopold II of Belgium.", "*1890 – Canada and Bermuda are linked by telegraph cable.", "*1898 – Spanish–American War: The Battle of San Juan Hill is fought in Santiago de Cuba, Cuba.===1901–present===*1901 – French government enacts its anti-clerical legislation ''Law of Association'' prohibiting the formation of new monastic orders without governmental approval.", "*1903 – Start of first Tour de France bicycle race.", "*1908 – SOS is adopted as the international distress signal.", "*1911 – Germany despatches the gunship to Morocco, sparking the Agadir Crisis.", "*1915 – ''Leutnant'' Kurt Wintgens of the then-named German ''Deutsches Heer's'' ''Fliegertruppe'' army air service achieves the first known aerial victory with a synchronized machine-gun armed fighter plane, the Fokker M.5K/MG ''Eindecker''.", "*1916 – World War I: First day on the Somme: On the first day of the Battle of the Somme 19,000 soldiers of the British Army are killed and 40,000 wounded.", "*1917 – Chinese General Zhang Xun seizes control of Beijing and restores the monarchy, installing Puyi, last emperor of the Qing dynasty, to the throne.", "The restoration is reversed just shy of two weeks later, when Republican troops regain control of the capital.", "*1921 – The Chinese Communist Party is founded by Chen Duxiu and Li Dazhao, with the help of the Far Eastern Bureau of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (Bolsheviks), who seized power in Russia after the 1917 October Revolution, and the Far Eastern Secretariat of the Communist International.", "*1922 – The Great Railroad Strike of 1922 begins in the United States.", "*1923 – The Parliament of Canada suspends all Chinese immigration.", "*1931 – United Airlines begins service (as Boeing Air Transport).", "* 1931 – Wiley Post and Harold Gatty become the first people to circumnavigate the globe in a single-engined monoplane aircraft.", "*1932 – Australia's national broadcaster, the Australian Broadcasting Corporation, was formed.", "*1935 – Regina, Saskatchewan, police and Royal Canadian Mounted Police ambush strikers participating in the On-to-Ottawa Trek.", "*1942 – World War II: First Battle of El Alamein.", "* 1942 – The Australian Federal Government becomes the sole collector of income tax in Australia as State Income Tax is abolished.", "*1943 – The City of Tokyo and the Prefecture of Tokyo are both replaced by the Tokyo Metropolis.", "*1946 – Crossroads Able is the first postwar nuclear weapon test.", "*1947 – The Philippine Air Force is established.", "*1948 – Muhammad Ali Jinnah (Quaid-i-Azam) inaugurates Pakistan's central bank, the State Bank of Pakistan.", "*1949 – The merger of two princely states of India, Cochin and Travancore, into the state of Thiru-Kochi (later re-organized as Kerala) in the Indian Union ends more than 1,000 years of princely rule by the Cochin royal family.", "*1957 – The International Geophysical Year begins.", "*1958 – The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation links television broadcasting across Canada via microwave.", "* 1958 – Flooding of Canada's Saint Lawrence Seaway begins.", "*1959 – Specific values for the international yard, avoirdupois pound and derived units (e.g.", "inch, mile and ounce) are adopted after agreement between the US, the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth countries.", "*1960 – The Trust Territory of Somaliland (the former Italian Somaliland) gains its independence from Italy.", "Concurrently, it unites as scheduled with the five-day-old State of Somaliland (the former British Somaliland) to form the Somali Republic.", "* 1960 – Ghana becomes a republic and Kwame Nkrumah becomes its first President as Queen Elizabeth II ceases to be its head of state.", "*1962 – Independence of Rwanda and Burundi.", "*1963 – ZIP codes are introduced for United States mail.", "* 1963 – The British Government admits that former diplomat Kim Philby had worked as a Soviet agent.", "*1966 – The first color television transmission in Canada takes place from Toronto.", "*1967 – Merger Treaty: The European Community is formally created out of a merger between the Common Market, the European Coal and Steel Community, and the European Atomic Energy Commission.", "*1968 – The United States Central Intelligence Agency's Phoenix Program is officially established.", "* 1968 – The Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons is signed in Washington, D.C., London and Moscow by sixty-two countries.", "* 1968 – Formal separation of the United Auto Workers from the AFL–CIO in the United States.", "*1972 – The first Gay pride march in England takes place.", "*1976 – Portugal grants autonomy to Madeira.", "*1978 – The Northern Territory in Australia is granted self-government.", "*1979 – Sony introduces the Walkman.", "*1980 – \"O Canada\" officially becomes the national anthem of Canada.", "*1983 – A North Korean Ilyushin Il-62M jet en route to Conakry Airport in Guinea crashes into the Fouta Djallon mountains in Guinea-Bissau, killing all 23 people on board.", "*1983 – The Ministry of State Security is established as China's principal intelligence agency*1984 – The PG-13 rating is introduced by the MPAA.", "*1987 – The American radio station WFAN in New York City is launched as the world's first all-sports radio station.", "*1990 – German reunification: East Germany accepts the Deutsche Mark as its currency, thus uniting the economies of East and West Germany.", "*1991 – Cold War: The Warsaw Pact is officially dissolved at a meeting in Prague.", "* 1991 – The Finnish operator Radiolinja is launched as the world's first GSM network.", "*1997 – China resumes sovereignty over the city-state of Hong Kong, ending 156 years of British colonial rule.", "The handover ceremony is attended by British Prime Minister Tony Blair, Charles, Prince of Wales, Chinese President Jiang Zemin and U.S. Secretary of State Madeleine Albright.", "*1999 – The Scottish Parliament is officially opened by Elizabeth II on the day that legislative powers are officially transferred from the old Scottish Office in London to the new devolved Scottish Executive in Edinburgh.", "In Wales, the powers of the Welsh Secretary are transferred to the National Assembly.", "*2002 – The International Criminal Court is established to prosecute individuals for genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes and the crime of aggression.", "* 2002 – Bashkirian Airlines Flight 2937, a Tupolev Tu-154, and DHL Flight 611, a Boeing 757, collide in mid-air over Überlingen, southern Germany, killing all 71 on board both planes.", "*2003 – Over 500,000 people protest against efforts to pass anti-sedition legislation in Hong Kong.", "*2004 – Saturn orbit insertion of Cassini–Huygens begins at 01:12 UTC and ends at 02:48 UTC.", "*2006 – The first operation of Qinghai–Tibet Railway is conducted in China.", "*2007 – Smoking in England is banned in all public indoor spaces.", "*2008 – Riots erupt in Mongolia in response to allegations of fraud surrounding the 2008 legislative elections.", "*2013 – Croatia becomes the 28th member of the European Union.", "*2020 – The United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement replaces NAFTA." ], [ "Births", "===Pre-1600===*1311 – Liu Bowen, Chinese military strategist, statesman and poet (d. 1375)*1464 – Clara Gonzaga, Italian noble (d. 1503)*1481 – Christian II of Denmark (d. 1559)*1506 – Louis II of Hungary (d. 1526)*1534 – Frederick II of Denmark (d. 1588)*1553 – Peter Street, English carpenter and builder (d. 1609)*1574 – Joseph Hall, English bishop and mystic (d. 1656)*1586 – Claudio Saracini, Italian lute player and composer (d. 1630)===1601–1900===*1633 – Johann Heinrich Heidegger, Swiss theologian and author (d. 1698)*1646 – Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, German mathematician and philosopher (d. 1716)*1663 – Franz Xaver Murschhauser, German composer and theorist (d. 1738)*1725 – Rhoda Delaval, English painter and aristocrat (d. 1757)* 1725 – Jean-Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur, comte de Rochambeau, French general (d. 1807)*1726 – Acharya Bhikshu, Jain saint (d. 1803)*1731 – Adam Duncan, 1st Viscount Duncan, Scottish-English admiral (d. 1804)*1742 – Georg Christoph Lichtenberg, German physicist and academic (d. 1799)*1771 – Ferdinando Paer, Italian composer and conductor (d. 1839)*1788 – Jean-Victor Poncelet, French mathematician and engineer (d. 1867)*1804 – Charles Gordon Greene, American journalist and politician (d. 1886)* 1804 – George Sand, French author and playwright (d. 1876)*1807 – Thomas Green Clemson, American politician and educator, founder of Clemson University (d. 1888)*1808 – Ygnacio del Valle, Mexican-American landowner (d. 1880)*1814 – Robert Richard Torrens, Irish-Australian politician, 3rd Premier of South Australia (d. 1884)*1818 – Ignaz Semmelweis, Hungarian-Austrian physician and obstetrician (d. 1865)* 1818 – Karl von Vierordt, German physician, psychologist and academic (d. 1884)*1822 – Nguyễn Đình Chiểu, Vietnamese poet and activist (d. 1888)*1834 – Jadwiga Łuszczewska, Polish poet and author (d. 1908)*1850 – Florence Earle Coates, American poet (d. 1927)*1858 – Willard Metcalf, American painter (d. 1925)* 1858 – Velma Caldwell Melville, American editor and writer of prose and poetry (d. 1924)*1859 – DeLancey W. Gill, American painter (d. 1940)*1863 – William Grant Stairs, Canadian-English captain and explorer (d. 1892)*1869 – William Strunk Jr., American author and educator (d. 1946)*1872 – Louis Blériot, French pilot and engineer (d. 1936)* 1872 – William Duddell, English physicist and engineer (d. 1917)*1873 – Alice Guy-Blaché, French-American film director, producer and screenwriter (d. 1968)* 1873 – Andrass Samuelsen, Faroese politician, 1st Prime Minister of the Faroe Islands (d. 1954)*1875 – Joseph Weil, American con man (d. 1976)*1876 – T. J. Ryan, Australian politician, 19th Premier of Queensland (d. 1921)*1878 – Jacques Rosenbaum, Estonian-German architect (d. 1944)*1879 – Léon Jouhaux, French union leader, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1954)*1881 – Edward Battersby Bailey, English geologist (d. 1965)*1882 – Bidhan Chandra Roy, Indian physician and politician, 2nd Chief Minister of West Bengal (d. 1962)*1883 – Arthur Borton, English colonel, Victoria Cross recipient (d. 1933)*1885 – Dorothea Mackellar, Australian author and poet (d. 1968)*1887 – Amber Reeves, New Zealand-English author and scholar (d. 1981)*1892 – James M. Cain, American author and journalist (d. 1977)* 1892 – László Lajtha, Hungarian composer and conductor (d. 1963)*1899 – Thomas A. Dorsey, American pianist and composer (d. 1993)* 1899 – Charles Laughton, English-American actor and director (d. 1962)* 1899 – Konstantinos Tsatsos, Greek scholar and politician, President of Greece (d. 1987)===1901–present===*1901 – Irna Phillips, American screenwriter (d. 1973)*1902 – William Wyler, French-American film director, producer and screenwriter (d. 1981)*1903 – Amy Johnson, English pilot (d. 1941)* 1903 – Beatrix Lehmann, English actress (d. 1979)*1906 – Jean Dieudonné, French mathematician and academic (d. 1992)* 1906 – Estée Lauder, American businesswoman, co-founder of Estée Lauder Companies (d. 2004)*1907 – Norman Pirie, Scottish-English biochemist and virologist (d. 1997)*1909 – Emmett Toppino, American sprinter (d. 1971)*1910 – Glenn Hardin, American hurdler (d. 1975)*1911 – Arnold Alas, Estonian landscape architect and artist (d. 1990) * 1911 – Sergey Sokolov, Russian marshal and politician, Soviet Minister of Defence (d. 2012)*1912 – David Brower, American environmentalist, founder of the Sierra Club Foundation (d. 2000)* 1912 – Sally Kirkland, American journalist (d. 1989)*1913 – Frank Barrett, American baseball player (d. 1998)* 1913 – Lee Guttero, American basketball player (d. 2004)* 1913 – Vasantrao Naik, Indian politician, 3rd Chief Minister of Maharashtra (d. 1979)*1914 – Thomas Pearson, British Army officer (d. 2019)* 1914 – Christl Cranz, German alpine skier (d. 2004)* 1914 – Bernard B. Wolfe, American politician (d. 2016)*1915 – Willie Dixon, American blues singer-songwriter, bass player, guitarist and producer (d. 1992)* 1915 – Philip Lever, 3rd Viscount Leverhulme, British peer (d. 2000)* 1915 – Boots Poffenberger, American baseball pitcher (d. 1999)* 1915 – Joseph Ransohoff, American soldier and neurosurgeon (d. 2001)* 1915 – Nguyễn Văn Linh, Vietnamese politician (d. 1998)*1916 – Olivia de Havilland, British-American actress (d. 2020) * 1916 – Iosif Shklovsky, Ukrainian astronomer and astrophysicist (d. 1985)* 1916 – George C. Stoney, American director and producer (d. 2012)*1917 – Humphry Osmond, English-American lieutenant and psychiatrist (d. 2004)* 1917 – Álvaro Domecq y Díez, Spanish aristocrat (d. 2005)*1918 – Ralph Young, American singer and actor (d. 2008)* 1918 – Ahmed Deedat, South African writer and public speaker (d. 2005)* 1918 – Pedro Yap, Filipino lawyer (d. 2003)*1919 – Arnold Meri, Estonian colonel (d. 2009)* 1919 – Malik Dohan al-Hassan, Iraqi politician (d. 2021)* 1919 – Gerald E. Miller, American vice admiral (d. 2014)*1920 – Henri Amouroux, French historian and journalist (d. 2007)* 1920 – Harold Sakata, Japanese-American wrestler and actor (d. 1982)* 1920 – George I. Fujimoto, American-Japanese chemist (d. 2023)*1921 – Seretse Khama, Batswana lawyer and politician, 1st President of Botswana (d. 1980)* 1921 – Michalina Wisłocka, Polish gynecologist and sexologist (d. 2005)* 1921 – Arthur Johnson, Canadian canoeist (d. 2003)*1922 – Toshi Seeger, German-American activist, co-founder of the Clearwater Festival (d. 2013)* 1922 – Mordechai Bibi, Israeli politician (d. 2023)*1923 – Scotty Bowers, American marine, author and pimp (d. 2019)*1924 – Antoni Ramallets, Spanish footballer and manager (d. 2013)* 1924 – Florence Stanley, American actress (d. 2003)* 1924 – Georges Rivière, French actor (d. 2011)*1925 – Farley Granger, American actor (d. 2011)* 1925 – Art McNally, American football referee (d. 2023)*1926 – Robert Fogel, American economist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2013)* 1926 – Carl Hahn, German businessman (d. 2023)* 1926 – Mohamed Abshir Muse, Somali general (d. 2017)* 1926 – Hans Werner Henze, German composer and educator (d. 2012)*1927 – Alan J. Charig, English paleontologist and author (d. 1997)* 1927 – Winfield Dunn, American politician, 43rd Governor of Tennessee* 1927 – Joseph Martin Sartoris, American bishop* 1927 – Chandra Shekhar, 8th Prime Minister of India (d. 2007)*1929 – Gerald Edelman, American biologist and immunologist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2014)*1930 – Moustapha Akkad, Syrian-American director and producer (d. 2005)* 1930 – Carol Chomsky, American linguist and academic (d. 2008)*1931 – Leslie Caron, French actress and dancer*1932 – Ze'ev Schiff, French-Israeli journalist and author (d. 2007)*1933 – C. Scott Littleton, American anthropologist and academic (d. 2010)*1934 – Claude Berri, French actor, director and screenwriter (d. 2009)* 1934 – Jamie Farr, American actor * 1934 – Jean Marsh, English actress and screenwriter* 1934 – Sydney Pollack, American actor, director and producer (d. 2008)*1935 – James Cotton, American singer-songwriter and harmonica player (d. 2017)* 1935 – David Prowse, English actor (d. 2020)*1936 – Wally Amos, American entrepreneur, founder of Famous Amos*1938 – Craig Anderson, American baseball player and coach* 1938 – Hariprasad Chaurasia, Indian flute player and composer*1939 – Karen Black, American actress (d. 2013)* 1939 – Delaney Bramlett, American singer-songwriter, guitarist and producer (d. 2008)*1940 – Craig Brown, Scottish footballer and manager (d. 2023)* 1940 – Ela Gandhi, South African activist and politician* 1940 – Cahit Zarifoğlu, Turkish poet and author (d. 1987)*1941 – Rod Gilbert, Canadian-American ice hockey player (d. 2021)* 1941 – Alfred G. Gilman, American pharmacologist and biochemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2015)* 1941 – Nicolae Saramandu, Romanian linguist and philologist* 1941 – Myron Scholes, Canadian-American economist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate* 1941 – Twyla Tharp, American dancer and choreographer*1942 – Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri, Iraqi field marshal and politician (d. 2020)* 1942 – Geneviève Bujold, Canadian actress* 1942 – Andraé Crouch, American singer-songwriter, producer and pastor (d. 2015)* 1942 – Julia Higgins, English chemist and academic*1943 – Philip Brunelle, American conductor and organist* 1943 – Peeter Lepp, Estonian politician, 37th Mayor of Tallinn* 1943 – Jeff Wayne, American composer, musician and lyricist*1944 – Nurul Haque Miah, Bangladeshi professor and writer (d. 2021)*1945 – Mike Burstyn, American actor and singer* 1945 – Debbie Harry, American singer-songwriter and actress *1946 – Mick Aston, English archaeologist and academic (d. 2013)* 1946 – Erkki Tuomioja, Finnish sergeant and politician, Finnish Minister for Foreign Affairs* 1946 – Kojo Laing, Ghanaian novelist and poet (d. 2017)*1947 – Kazuyoshi Hoshino, Japanese race car driver* 1947 – Malcolm Wicks, English academic and politician (d. 2012)*1948 – John Ford, English-American singer-songwriter and guitarist *1949 – Néjia Ben Mabrouk, Tunisian-Belgian director and screenwriter* 1949 – John Farnham, English-Australian singer-songwriter * 1949 – David Hogan, American composer and educator (d. 1996)* 1949 – Venkaiah Naidu, Indian lawyer and politician *1950 – David Duke, American white supremacist, politician and Ku Klux Klan Grand Wizard*1951 – Trevor Eve, English actor and producer* 1951 – Anne Feeney, American singer-songwriter and activist (d. 2021)* 1951 – Julia Goodfellow, English physicist and academic* 1951 – Klaus-Peter Justus, German runner* 1951 – Tom Kozelko, American basketball player* 1951 – Terrence Mann, American actor, singer and dancer* 1951 – Fred Schneider, American singer-songwriter and keyboard player * 1951 – Victor Willis, American singer-songwriter, pianist and actor *1952 – Dan Aykroyd, Canadian actor, producer and screenwriter* 1952 – David Arkenstone, American composer and performer* 1952 – David Lane, English oncologist and academic* 1952 – Steve Shutt, Canadian ice hockey player and sportscaster* 1952 – Timothy J. Tobias, American pianist and composer (d. 2006)*1953 – Lawrence Gonzi, Maltese lawyer and politician, 12th Prime Minister of Malta* 1953 – Mike Haynes, American football player* 1953 – Jadranka Kosor, Croatian journalist and politician, 9th Prime Minister of Croatia*1954 – Keith Whitley, American singer and guitarist (d. 1989)*1954 – Hossein Nuri, Iranian artist and director*1955 – Nikolai Demidenko, Russian pianist and educator* 1955 – Li Keqiang, Chinese economist and politician, 7th Premier of the People's Republic of China (d. 2023)* 1955 – Lisa Scottoline, American lawyer and author* 1955 – Maʻafu Tukuiʻaulahi, Tongan politician and military officer, Deputy Prime Minister (d. 2021)*1956 – Alan Ruck, American actor*1957 – Lisa Blount, American actress and producer (d. 2010)* 1957 – Hannu Kamppuri, Finnish ice hockey player* 1957 – Sean O'Driscoll, English footballer and manager*1958 – Jack Dyer Crouch II, American diplomat, United States Deputy National Security Advisor*1960 – Michael Beattie, Australian rugby league player and coach* 1960 – Lynn Jennings, American runner* 1960 – Evelyn \"Champagne\" King, American soul/disco singer * 1960 – Kevin Swords, American rugby player*1961 – Malcolm Elliott, English cyclist* 1961 – Ivan Kaye, English actor* 1961 – Carl Lewis, American long jumper and runner* 1961 – Diana, Princess of Wales (d. 1997)* 1961 – Michelle Wright, Canadian singer-songwriter and guitarist*1962 – Andre Braugher, American actor (d. 2023)* 1962 – Mokhzani Mahathir, Malaysian businessman*1963 – Roddy Bottum, American singer and keyboard player * 1963 – Nick Giannopoulos, Australian actor* 1963 – David Wood, American lawyer and environmentalist (d. 2006)*1964 – Bernard Laporte, French rugby player and coach*1965 – Carl Fogarty, English motorcycle racer* 1965 – Garry Schofield, English rugby player and coach* 1965 – Harald Zwart, Norwegian director and producer*1966 – Enrico Annoni, Italian footballer and coach* 1966 – Shawn Burr, Canadian-American ice hockey player (d. 2013)*1967 – Pamela Anderson, Canadian-American model and actress*1969 – Séamus Egan, American-Irish singer-songwriter and guitarist *1971 – Missy Elliott, American rapper, producer, dancer and actress* 1971 – Julianne Nicholson, American actress*1974 – Jefferson Pérez, Ecuadorian race walker*1975 – Sean Colson, American basketball player and coach* 1975 – Sufjan Stevens, American singer-songwriter and guitarist *1976 – Patrick Kluivert, Dutch footballer and coach* 1976 – Hannu Tihinen, Finnish footballer* 1976 – Albert Torrens, Australian rugby league player* 1976 – Ruud van Nistelrooy, Dutch footballer and manager* 1976 – Szymon Ziółkowski, Polish hammer thrower*1977 – Tom Frager, Senegalese-French singer-songwriter and guitarist* 1977 – Keigo Hayashi, Japanese musician* 1977 – Jarome Iginla, Canadian ice hockey player* 1977 – Liv Tyler, American actress*1979 – Forrest Griffin, American mixed martial artist and actor*1980 – Nelson Cruz, Dominican-American baseball player*1981 – Carlo Del Fava, South African-Italian rugby player* 1981 – Tadhg Kennelly, Irish-Australian footballer*1982 – Justin Huber, Australian baseball player* 1982 – Joachim Johansson, Swedish tennis player* 1982 – Adrian Ward, American football player* 1982 – Fedi Nuril, Indonesian actor, model, and musician* 1982 – Hilarie Burton, American actress*1983 – Leeteuk, South Korean singer and entertainer*1984 – Donald Thomas, Bahamian high jumper*1985 – Chris Perez, American baseball player* 1985 – Léa Seydoux, French actor*1986 – Charlie Blackmon, American baseball player* 1986 – Andrew Lee, Australian footballer* 1986 – Julian Prochnow, German footballer*1987 – Michael Schrader, German decathlete*1988 – Dedé, Brazilian footballer* 1988 – Aleksander Lesun, Russian modern pentathlete*1989 – Kent Bazemore, American basketball player* 1989 – Hannah Murray, English actress* 1989 – Daniel Ricciardo, Australian race car driver*1990 – Ben Coker, English footballer*1991 – Lucas Vázquez, Spanish footballer* 1991 – Michael Wacha, American baseball player*1992 – Aaron Sanchez, American baseball player*1994 – Chloé Paquet, French tennis player*1995 – Boli Bolingoli-Mbombo, Belgian footballer* 1995 – Savvy Shields, Miss America 2017*1996 – Adelina Sotnikova, Russian figure skater*1998 – Chloe Bailey, American singer-songwriter and actress* 1998 – Susan Bandecchi, Swiss tennis player* 1998 – Aleksandra Golovkina, Lithuanian figure skater*2000 – Lalu Muhammad Zohri, Indonesian sprinter*2001 – Chosen Jacobs, American actor and singer*2003 – Tate McRae, Canadian singer-songwriter and dancer* 2003 – Storm Reid, American actress" ], [ "Deaths", "===Pre-1600===* 552 – Totila, Ostrogoth king* 992 – Heonjeong, Korean queen (b.", "966)*1109 – Alfonso VI, king of León and Castile (b.", "1040)*1224 – Hōjō Yoshitoki, regent of the Kamakura shogunate of Japan (b.", "1163)*1242 – Chagatai Khan, Mongol ruler (b.", "1183)*1277 – Baibars, Egyptian sultan (b.", "1223)*1287 – Narathihapate, Burmese king (b.", "1238)*1321 – María de Molina, queen of Castile and León*1348 – Joan, English princess*1555 – John Bradford, English reformer, prebendary of St. Paul's (b.", "1510)*1589 – Lady Saigō, Japanese concubine (b.", "1552)*1592 – Marc'Antonio Ingegneri, Italian composer and educator (b.", "1535)===1601–1900===*1614 – Isaac Casaubon, French philologist and scholar (b.", "1559)*1622 – William Parker, 4th Baron Monteagle, English politician (b.", "1575)*1681 – Oliver Plunkett, Irish archbishop and saint (b.", "1629)*1736 – Ahmed III, Ottoman sultan (b.", "1673)*1749 – William Jones, Welsh mathematician and academic (b.", "1675)*1774 – Henry Fox, 1st Baron Holland, English politician, Secretary of State for the Southern Department (b.", "1705)*1782 – Charles Watson-Wentworth, 2nd Marquess of Rockingham, English politician, Prime Minister of Great Britain (b.", "1730)*1784 – Wilhelm Friedemann Bach, German composer (b.", "1710)*1787 – Charles de Rohan, French marshal (b.", "1715)*1819 – The Public Universal Friend, American evangelist (b.", "1752)*1839 – Mahmud II, Ottoman sultan (b.", "1785)*1860 – Charles Goodyear, American chemist and engineer (b.", "1800)*1863 – John F. Reynolds, American general (b.", "1820)*1884 – Allan Pinkerton, Scottish-American detective and spy (b.", "1819)*1896 – Harriet Beecher Stowe, American author and activist (b.", "1811)===1901–present===*1905 – John Hay, American journalist and politician, 37th United States Secretary of State (b.", "1838)*1912 – Harriet Quimby, American pilot and screenwriter (b.", "1875) *1925 – Erik Satie, French pianist and composer (b.", "1866)*1934 – Ernst Röhm, German paramilitary commander (b.", "1887)*1942 – Peadar Toner Mac Fhionnlaoich, Irish writer (b.", "1857)*1943 – Willem Arondeus, Dutch artist, author and anti-Nazi resistance fighter (b.", "1894)*1944 – Carl Mayer, Austrian-English screenwriter (b.", "1894)* 1944 – Tanya Savicheva, Russian author (b.", "1930)*1948 – Achille Varzi, Italian race car driver (b.", "1904)*1950 – Émile Jaques-Dalcroze, Swiss composer and educator (b.", "1865)* 1950 – Eliel Saarinen, Finnish-American architect, co-designed the National Museum of Finland (b.", "1873)*1951 – Tadeusz Borowski, Polish poet, novelist and journalist (b.", "1922)*1961 – Louis-Ferdinand Céline, French physician and author (b.", "1894)*1962 – Purushottam Das Tandon, Indian lawyer and politician (b.", "1882)* 1962 – Bidhan Chandra Roy, Indian physician and politician, 2nd Chief Minister of West Bengal (b.", "1882)*1964 – Pierre Monteux, French-American viola player and conductor (b.", "1875)*1965 – Wally Hammond, English cricketer (b.", "1903)* 1965 – Robert Ruark, American journalist and author (b.", "1915)*1966 – Frank Verner, American runner (b.", "1883)*1967 – Gerhard Ritter, German historian and academic (b.", "1888)*1968 – Fritz Bauer, German judge and politician (b.", "1903)*1971 – William Lawrence Bragg, Australian-English physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (b.", "1890)* 1971 – Learie Constantine, Trinidadian-English cricketer, lawyer and politician (b.", "1901)*1974 – Juan Perón, Argentinian general and politician, President of Argentina (b.", "1895)*1978 – Kurt Student, German general and pilot (b.", "1890)*1981 – Carlos de Oliveira, Portuguese author and poet (b.", "1921)*1983 – Buckminster Fuller, American architect, designed the Montreal Biosphère (b.", "1895)*1984 – Moshé Feldenkrais, Ukrainian-Israeli physicist and academic (b.", "1904)*1990 – Jurriaan Schrofer, Dutch sculptor, designer and educator (b.", "1926)*1991 – Michael Landon, American actor, director and producer (b.", "1936)*1992 – Franco Cristaldi, Italian screenwriter and producer (b.", "1924)*1994 – Merriam Modell, American author (b.", "1908)*1995 – Wolfman Jack, American radio host (b.", "1938)* 1995 – Ian Parkin, English guitarist (Be-Bop Deluxe) (b.", "1950)*1996 – William T. Cahill, American lawyer and politician, 46th Governor of New Jersey (b.", "1904)* 1996 – Margaux Hemingway, American model and actress (b.", "1954)* 1996 – Steve Tesich, Serbian-American author and screenwriter (b.", "1942)*1997 – Robert Mitchum, American actor (b.", "1917)* 1997 – Charles Werner, American cartoonist (b.", "1909)*1999 – Edward Dmytryk, Canadian-American director and producer (b.", "1908)* 1999 – Forrest Mars Sr., American businessman, creator of M&M's and the Mars chocolate bar (b.", "1904)* 1999 – Sylvia Sidney, American actress (b.", "1910)* 1999 – Sola Sierra, Chilean human rights activist (b.", "1935)*2000 – Walter Matthau, American actor (b.", "1920)*2001 – Nikolay Basov, Russian physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (b.", "1922)* 2001 – Jean-Louis Rosier, French race car driver (b.", "1925)*2003 – Herbie Mann, American flute player and saxophonist (b.", "1930)*2004 – Peter Barnes, English playwright and screenwriter (b.", "1931)* 2004 – Marlon Brando, American actor and director (b.", "1924)* 2004 – Todor Skalovski, Macedonian composer and conductor (b.", "1909)*2005 – Renaldo Benson, American singer-songwriter (Four Tops) (b.", "1936)* 2005 – Gus Bodnar, Canadian ice hockey player and coach (b.", "1923)* 2005 – Luther Vandross, American singer-songwriter and producer (Change) (b.", "1951)*2006 – Ryutaro Hashimoto, Japanese politician, 53rd Prime Minister of Japan (b.", "1937)* 2006 – Robert Lepikson, Estonian race car driver and politician, Estonian Minister of the Interior (b.", "1952)* 2006 – Fred Trueman, English cricketer and sportscaster (b.", "1931)*2008 – Mel Galley, English guitarist (b.", "1948)*2009 – Karl Malden, American actor (b.", "1912)* 2009 – Onni Palaste, Finnish soldier and author (b.", "1917)* 2009 – Mollie Sugden, English actress (b.", "1922)*2010 – Don Coryell, American football player and coach (b.", "1924)* 2010 – Arnold Friberg, American painter and illustrator (b.", "1913)* 2010 – Ilene Woods, American actress and singer (b.", "1929)*2012 – Peter E. Gillquist, American priest and author (b.", "1938)* 2012 – Ossie Hibbert, Jamaican-American keyboard player and producer (b.", "1950)* 2012 – Evelyn Lear, American operatic soprano (b.", "1926)* 2012 – Alan G. Poindexter, American captain, pilot and astronaut (b.", "1961)* 2012 – Jack Richardson, American author and playwright (b.", "1934)*2013 – Sidney Bryan Berry, American general (b.", "1926)* 2013 – Charles Foley, American game designer, co-creator of Twister (b.", "1930)* 2013 – William H. Gray, American minister and politician (b.", "1941)*2014 – Jean Garon, Canadian economist, lawyer and politician (b.", "1938)* 2014 – Stephen Gaskin, American activist, co-founder of The Farm (b.", "1935)* 2014 – Bob Jones, English lawyer and politician (b.", "1955)* 2014 – Anatoly Kornukov, Ukrainian-Russian general (b.", "1942)* 2014 – Walter Dean Myers, American author and poet (b.", "1937)*2015 – Val Doonican, Irish singer and television host (b.", "1927)* 2015 – Czesław Olech, Polish mathematician and academic (b.", "1931)* 2015 – Nicholas Winton, English lieutenant and humanitarian (b.", "1909)*2016 – Robin Hardy, English author and film director (b.", "1929)*2019 – Bogusław Schaeffer, Polish composer (b.", "1929)*2021 – Louis Andriessen, Dutch composer (b.", "1939)*2023 – Dilano van 't Hoff, Dutch racing driver (b.", "2004)" ], [ "Holidays and observances", "*Christian feast day:**Aaron (Syriac Christianity)**Blessed Antonio Rosmini-Serbati**Felix of Como**Junípero Serra**Julius and Aaron**Leontius of Autun**Servanus**Veep**July 1 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)**Feast of the Most Precious Blood of Our Lord Jesus Christ (removed from official Roman Catholic calendar since 1969)*Armed Forces Day (Singapore) *Bobby Bonilla Day (United States) *Canada Day, formerly Dominion Day (Canada)*Children's Day (Pakistan)*Chinese Communist Party Founding Day (China)*Day of Officials and Civil Servants (Hungary)*Doctors' Day (India)*Emancipation Day (Sint Maarten and Sint Eustatius)*Engineer's Day (Bahrain, Mexico)*Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Establishment Day (Hong Kong, China)*Independence Day (Burundi), celebrates the independence of Burundi from Belgium in 1962.", "*Independence Day (Rwanda)*Independence Day (Somalia)*International Tartan Day *July Morning (Bulgaria)*Keti Koti (Emancipation Day) (Suriname)*Madeira Day (Madeira, Portugal)*Moving Day (Quebec) (Canada)*Newfoundland and Labrador Memorial Day*Republic Day (Ghana)*RONPhos Handover Day (Nauru)*Sir Seretse Khama Day (Botswana)*Territory Day (British Virgin Islands)*Territory Day (Northern Territory, Australia)*The first day of Van Mahotsav, celebrated until July 7.", "(India)" ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* * *" ] ]
wikipedia
[ [ "January 25" ], [ "Introduction" ], [ "Events", "===Pre-1600===*41 – After a night of negotiation, Claudius is accepted as Roman emperor by the Senate.", "* 750 – In the Battle of the Zab, the Abbasid rebels defeat the Umayyad Caliphate, leading to the overthrow of the dynasty.", "*1327 – Fourteen-year-old Edward III ascends the throne of England after his father the king is forced to abdicate by Queen Isabella and her lover, Roger Mortimer.", "*1348 – A strong earthquake strikes the South Alpine region of Friuli in modern Italy, causing considerable damage to buildings as far away as Rome.", "*1494 – Alfonso II becomes King of Naples.", "*1515 – Coronation of Francis I of France takes place at Reims Cathedral, where the new monarch is anointed with the oil of Clovis and girt with the sword of Charlemagne.", "*1533 – Henry VIII of England secretly marries his second wife Anne Boleyn.", "*1554 – São Paulo, Brazil, is founded by Jesuit priests.", "*1573 – Battle of Mikatagahara: In Japan, Takeda Shingen defeats Tokugawa Ieyasu.", "*1576 – Luanda, the capital of Angola, is founded by the Portuguese navigator Paulo Dias de Novais.", "*1585 – Walter Raleigh is knighted, shortly after renaming North America region \"Virginia\", in honor of Elizabeth I, Queen of England, sometimes referred to as the \"Virgin Queen\".===1601–1900===*1704 – The Battle of Ayubale results in the destruction of most of the Spanish missions in Florida.", "*1755 – Moscow University is established on Tatiana Day.", "*1765 – Port Egmont, the first British settlement in the Falkland Islands near the southern tip of South America, is founded.", "*1787 – Shays' Rebellion: The rebellion's largest confrontation, outside the Springfield Armory, results in the killing of four rebels and the wounding of twenty.", "*1791 – The British Parliament passes the Constitutional Act of 1791 and splits the old Province of Quebec into Upper Canada and Lower Canada.", "*1792 – The London Corresponding Society is founded.", "*1819 – University of Virginia chartered by Commonwealth of Virginia, with Thomas Jefferson one of its founders.", "*1858 – The ''Wedding March'' by Felix Mendelssohn is played at the marriage of Queen Victoria's daughter, Victoria, and Friedrich of Prussia, and becomes a popular wedding processional.", "*1879 – The Bulgarian National Bank is founded.", "*1881 – Thomas Edison and Alexander Graham Bell form the Oriental Telephone Company.", "*1890 – Nellie Bly completes her round-the-world journey in 72 days.===1901–present===*1909 – Richard Strauss's opera ''Elektra'' receives its debut performance at the Dresden State Opera.", "*1915 – Alexander Graham Bell inaugurates U.S. transcontinental telephone service, speaking from New York to Thomas Watson in San Francisco.", "*1917 – Sinking of the SS ''Laurentic'' after hitting two German mines off the coast of northwest Ireland.", "*1918 – The Ukrainian People's Republic declares independence from Soviet Russia.", "* 1918 – The Finnish Defence Forces (The White Guards) are established as the official army of independent Finland, and Baron C. G. E. Mannerheim is appointed its Commander-in-Chief.", "*1924 – The 1924 Winter Olympics opens in Chamonix, in the French Alps, inaugurating the Winter Olympic Games.", "*1932 – Second Sino-Japanese War: The Chinese National Revolutionary Army begins the defense of Harbin.", "*1937 – ''The Guiding Light'' debuts on NBC radio from Chicago.", "In 1952 it moves to CBS television, where it remains until September 18, 2009.", "*1941 – Pope Pius XII elevates the Apostolic Vicariate of the Hawaiian Islands to the dignity of a diocese.", "It becomes the Roman Catholic Diocese of Honolulu.", "*1942 – World War II: Thailand declares war on the United States and United Kingdom.", "*1945 – World War II: The Battle of the Bulge ends.", "*1946 – The United Mine Workers rejoins the American Federation of Labor.", "* 1946 – United Nations Security Council Resolution 1 relating to Military Staff Committee is adopted.", "*1947 – Thomas Goldsmith Jr. files a patent for a \"Cathode Ray Tube Amusement Device\", the first ever electronic game.", "*1949 – The first Emmy Awards are presented in the United States; the venue is the Hollywood Athletic Club.", "*1960 – The National Association of Broadcasters in the United States reacts to the \"payola\" scandal by threatening fines for any disc jockeys who accept money for playing particular records.", "*1961 – In Washington, D.C., US President John F. Kennedy delivers the first live presidential television news conference.", "*1964 – Blue Ribbon Sports, which would later become Nike, is founded by University of Oregon track and field athletes.", "*1967 – South Vietnamese junta leader and Prime Minister Nguyen Cao Ky fires rival, Deputy Prime Minister and Defence Minister Nguyen Huu Co, while the latter is overseas on a diplomatic visit.", "*1969 – Brazilian Army captain Carlos Lamarca deserts in order to fight against the military dictatorship, taking with him ten machine guns and 63 rifles.", "*1971 – Charles Manson and four \"Family\" members (three of them female) are found guilty of the 1969 Tate–LaBianca murders.", "* 1971 – Idi Amin leads a coup deposing Milton Obote and becomes Uganda's president.", "*1979 – Pope John Paul II starts his first official papal visits outside Italy to The Bahamas, Dominican Republic, and Mexico.", "*1980 – Mother Teresa is honored with India's highest civilian award, the Bharat Ratna.", "*1986 – The National Resistance Movement topples the government of Tito Okello in Uganda.", "*1990 – Avianca Flight 052 crashes in Cove Neck, New York, killing 73.", "*1993 – Five people are shot outside the CIA Headquarters in Langley, Virginia.", "Two are killed and three wounded.", "*1994 – The spacecraft ''Clementine'' by BMDO and NASA is launched.", "*1995 – The Norwegian rocket incident: Russia almost launches a nuclear attack after it mistakes Black Brant XII, a Norwegian research rocket, for a US Trident missile.", "*1996 – Billy Bailey becomes the last person to be hanged in the United States.", "*1998 – During a historic visit to Cuba, Pope John Paul II demands political reforms and the release of political prisoners while condemning US attempts to isolate the country.", "* 1998 – A suicide attack by the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam on Sri Lanka's Temple of the Tooth kills eight and injures 25 others.", "*1999 – A 6.0 magnitude earthquake hits western Colombia killing at least 1,000.", "*2003 – Invasion of Iraq: A group of people leave London, England, for Baghdad, Iraq, to serve as human shields, intending to prevent the U.S.-led coalition troops from bombing certain locations.", "*2005 – A stampede at the Mandhradevi temple in Maharashtra, India kills at least 258.", "*2006 – Mexican professional wrestler Juana Barraza is arrested in connection with the serial killing of at least ten elderly women.", "*2010 – Ethiopian Airlines Flight 409 crashes into the Mediterranean Sea off the coast of Na'ameh, Lebanon, killing 90.", "*2011 – The first wave of the Egyptian revolution begins throughout the country, marked by street demonstrations, rallies, acts of civil disobedience, riots, labour strikes, and violent clashes.", "*2013 – At least 50 people are killed and 120 people are injured in a prison riot in Barquisimeto, Venezuela.", "*2015 – A clash in Mamasapano, Maguindanao in the Philippines kills 44 members of Special Action Force (SAF), at least 18 from the Moro Islamic Liberation Front and five from the Bangsamoro Islamic Freedom Fighters.", "*2019 – A mining company's dam collapses in Brumadinho, Brazil, a south-eastern city, killing 270 people." ], [ "Births", "===Pre-1600===* 750 – Leo IV the Khazar, Byzantine emperor (d. 780)*1408 – Katharina of Hanau, German countess regent (d. 1460)*1459 – Paul Hofhaimer, Austrian organist and composer (d. 1537)*1477 – Anne of Brittany (probable; d. 1514)*1509 – Giovanni Morone, Italian cardinal (d. 1580)*1526 – Adolf, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp (d. 1586)===1601–1900===*1615 – Govert Flinck, Dutch painter (d. 1660)*1627 – Robert Boyle, Anglo-Irish chemist and physicist (d. 1691)*1634 – Gaspar Fagel, Dutch politician and diplomat (d. 1688)*1635 – Daniel Casper von Lohenstein, German writer, diplomat and lawyer (d. 1683)*1640 – William Cavendish, 1st Duke of Devonshire, English soldier and politician, Lord Steward of the Household (d. 1707)*1736 – Joseph-Louis Lagrange, Italian-French mathematician and astronomer (d. 1813)*1739 – Charles François Dumouriez, French general and politician, French Minister of Defence (d. 1823)*1743 – Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi, German philosopher and author (d. 1819)*1750 – Johann Gottfried Vierling, German organist and composer (d. 1813)*1755 – Paolo Mascagni, Italian physician and anatomist (probable; d. 1815)*1759 – Robert Burns, Scottish poet and songwriter (d. 1796)*1783 – William Colgate, English-American businessman and philanthropist, founded Colgate-Palmolive (d. 1857)*1794 – François-Vincent Raspail, French chemist, physician, physiologist, and lawyer (d. 1878)*1796 – William MacGillivray, Scottish ornithologist and biologist (d. 1852)*1813 – J. Marion Sims, American gynecologist and physician (d. 1883)*1816 – Anna Gardner, American abolitionist and teacher (d. 1901)*1822 – Charles Reed Bishop, American businessman, philanthropist, and politician, founded the Bishop Museum (d. 1915)* 1822 – William McDougall, Canadian lawyer and politician, Lieutenant Governor of the Northwest Territories (d. 1905)*1823 – José María Iglesias, Mexican politician and interim President (d. 1891)*1824 – Michael Madhusudan Dutt, Indian poet and playwright (d. 1873)*1841 – John Fisher, 1st Baron Fisher, English admiral (d. 1920)*1858 – Mikimoto Kōkichi, Japanese businessman (d. 1954)*1860 – Charles Curtis, American lawyer and politician, 31st Vice President of the United States (d. 1936)*1864 – Julije Kempf, Croatian historian and author (d. 1934)*1868 – Juventino Rosas, Mexican violinist and composer (d. 1894)*1874 – W. Somerset Maugham, British playwright, novelist, and short story writer (d. 1965)*1878 – Ernst Alexanderson, Swedish-American engineer (d. 1975)*1882 – Virginia Woolf, English novelist, essayist, short story writer, and critic (d. 1941)*1885 – Kitahara Hakushū, Japanese poet and author (d. 1942)*1886 – Wilhelm Furtwängler, German conductor and composer (d. 1954)*1894 – Aino Aalto, Finnish architect and designer (d. 1949)*1895 – Florence Mills, American singer, dancer, and actress (d. 1927)*1899 – Sleepy John Estes, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 1977)* 1899 – Paul-Henri Spaak, Belgian lawyer and politician, 46th Prime Minister of Belgium (d. 1972)*1900 – István Fekete, Hungarian author (d. 1970)* 1900 – Yōjirō Ishizaka, Japanese author and educator (d. 1986)* 1900 – Theodosius Dobzhansky, Russian-American geneticist and pioneer of evolutionary biology (d. 1975)===1901–present===*1901 – Mildred Dunnock, American actress (d. 1991)*1905 – Maurice Roy, Canadian cardinal (d. 1985)* 1905 – Margery Sharp, English author and educator (d. 1991)*1906 – Toni Ulmen, German racing driver and motorcycle racer (d. 1976)*1908 – Hsieh Tung-min, Taiwanese politicians and Vice President of the Republic of China (d. 2001)*1910 – Edgar V. Saks, Estonian historian, author, and politician, Estonian Minister of Education (d. 1984)*1913 – Huang Hua, Chinese translator and politician, 5th Foreign Minister of the People's Republic of China (d. 2010)* 1913 – Witold Lutosławski, Polish composer and conductor (d. 1994)* 1913 – Luis Marden, American photographer and journalist (d. 2003)*1914 – William Strickland, American conductor and organist (d. 1991)*1915 – Ewan MacColl, English singer-songwriter, actor and producer (d. 1989)*1916 – Pop Ivy, American football player and coach (d. 2003)*1917 – Ilya Prigogine, Russian-Belgian chemist and physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2003)* 1917 – Jânio Quadros, Brazilian lawyer and politician, 22nd President of Brazil (d. 1992)*1919 – Edwin Newman, American journalist and author (d. 2010)*1921 – Samuel T. Cohen, American physicist and academic (d. 2010)* 1921 – Josef Holeček, Czechoslovakian canoeist (d. 2005)*1922 – Raymond Baxter, English television host and pilot (d. 2006)*1923 – Arvid Carlsson, Swedish pharmacologist and physician, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2018)* 1923 – Shirley Ardell Mason, American psychiatric patient (d. 1998)* 1923 – Sally Starr, American actress and television host (d. 2013)* 1923 – Jean Taittinger, French politician, French Minister of Justice (d. 2012)*1924 – Lou Groza, American football player and coach (d. 2000)* 1924 – Husein Mehmedov, Bulgarian-Turkish wrestler and coach (d. 2014)* 1924 – Speedy West, American guitarist and producer (d. 2003)*1925 – Gordy Soltau, American football player and sportscaster (d. 2014)* 1925 – Giorgos Zampetas, Greek bouzouki player and songwriter (d. 1992)*1926 – Dick McGuire, American basketball player and coach (d. 2010)*1927 – Antônio Carlos Jobim, Brazilian singer-songwriter and pianist (d. 1994)*1928 – Jérôme Choquette, Canadian lawyer and politician (d. 2017)* 1928 – Eduard Shevardnadze, Georgian general and politician, 2nd President of Georgia (d. 2014)* 1928 – Cor van der Hart, Dutch footballer and manager (d. 2006)*1929 – Elizabeth Allen, American actress and singer (d. 2006)* 1929 – Robert Faurisson, English-French author and academic (d. 2018)* 1929 – Benny Golson, American saxophonist and composer*1930 – Tanya Savicheva, Russian child diarist (d. 1944)*1931 – Dean Jones, American actor and singer (d. 2015)*1933 – Corazon Aquino, Filipino politician, 11th President of the Philippines (d. 2009)*1935 – Conrad Burns, American journalist, and politician (d. 2016)* 1935 – António Ramalho Eanes, Portuguese general and politician, 16th President of Portugal* 1935 – Don Maynard, American football player (d. 2022)*1936 – Diana Hyland, American actress (d. 1977)* 1936 – Onat Kutlar, Turkish author and poet (d. 1995)*1937 – Ange-Félix Patassé, Central African engineer and politician, 5th President of the Central African Republic (d. 2011)*1938 – Shotaro Ishinomori, Japanese author and illustrator (d. 1998)* 1938 – Etta James, American singer (d. 2012)* 1938 – Leiji Matsumoto, Japanese author, illustrator, and animator (d. 2023)* 1938 – Vladimir Vysotsky, Russian singer-songwriter, actor, and poet (d. 1980)*1941 – Buddy Baker, American race car driver and sportscaster (d. 2015)*1942 – Carl Eller, American football player and sportscaster* 1942 – Eusébio, Mozambican-Portuguese footballer (d. 2014)*1943 – Tobe Hooper, American director, producer, and screenwriter (d. 2017)*1945 – Byron Beck, American basketball player* 1945 – Leigh Taylor-Young, American actress*1947 – Ángel Nieto, Spanish motorcycle racer (d. 2017)* 1947 – Tostão, Brazilian footballer, journalist, and physician*1948 – Ros Kelly, Australian educator and politician, 1st Australian Minister for Defence Science and Personnel* 1948 – Georgy Shishkin, Russian painter and illustrator*1949 – John Cooper Clarke, English poet and critic* 1949 – Paul Nurse, English geneticist and biologist, Nobel Prize laureate*1950 – Gloria Naylor, American novelist (d. 2016)*1951 – Steve Prefontaine, American runner (d. 1975)*1952 – Peter Tatchell, Australian-English journalist and activist* 1952 – Timothy White, American journalist, author, and critic (d. 2002)*1953 – The Honky Tonk Man, American wrestler*1954 – Ricardo Bochini, Argentinian footballer and manager* 1954 – Kay Cottee, Australian sailor* 1954 – Renate Dorrestein, Dutch journalist and author (d. 2018)*1956 – Andy Cox, English guitarist * 1956 – Dinah Manoff, American actress*1957 – Eskil Erlandsson, Swedish technologist and politician, Swedish Minister for Rural Affairs* 1957 – Andrew Harris, American politician* 1957 – Jenifer Lewis, American actress and singer*1958 – Franco Pancheri, Italian footballer and manager*1961 – Vivian Balakrishnan, Singaporean ophthalmologist and politician, Singaporean Ministry of National Development* 1961 – Tim Dorsey, American novelist (d. 2023)*1962 – Chris Chelios, American ice hockey player and manager*1963 – Fernando Haddad, Brazilian academic and politician, 61st Mayor of São Paulo* 1963 – Molly Holzschlag, American computer scientist and author (d. 2023)*1964 – Stephen Pate, Australian cyclist*1965 – Esa Tikkanen, Finnish ice hockey player and coach*1966 – Chet Culver, American educator and politician, 41st Governor of Iowa* 1966 – Yiannos Ioannou, Cypriot footballer and manager* 1966 – Mark Schlereth, American football player and sportscaster*1967 – Nelson Asaytono, Filipino basketball player* 1967 – David Ginola, French footballer* 1967 – Randy McKay, Canadian ice hockey player and coach*1968 – Eric Orie, Dutch footballer and manager*1969 – Sergei Ovchinnikov, Russian volleyball player and coach (d. 2012)*1970 – Stephen Chbosky, American author, screenwriter, and director* 1970 – Chris Mills, American basketball player* 1970 – Milt Stegall, American football player and sportscaster*1971 – Luca Badoer, Italian racing driver* 1971 – Philip Coppens, Belgian journalist and author (d. 2012)* 1971 – Ana Ortiz, American actress*1972 – Shinji Takehara, Japanese boxer*1973 – Geoff Johns, American author, screenwriter, and producer*1974 – Robert Budreau, Canadian director, producer, and screenwriter* 1974 – Emily Haines, Canadian singer-songwriter and keyboard player* 1974 – Attilio Nicodemo, Italian footballer*1975 – Duncan Jupp, Anglo-Scottish footballer * 1975 – Mia Kirshner, Canadian actress*1976 – Stephanie Bellars, American wrestler and manager* 1976 – Mário Haberfeld, Brazilian racing driver* 1976 – Dimitris Nalitzis, Greek footballer*1977 – Michael Brown, English footballer, manager and pundit *1978 – Charlene, Princess of Monaco* 1978 – Ahmet Dursun, Turkish footballer* 1978 – Denis Menchov, Russian cyclist* 1978 – Derrick Turnbow, American baseball player* 1978 – Volodymyr Zelenskyy, Ukrainian actor, comedian, and politician, 6th President of Ukraine*1979 – Christine Lakin, American actress and director* 1979 – David Mutendera, Zimbabwean cricketer* 1979 – Rodrigo Ribeiro, Brazilian racing driver*1980 – Alayna Burns, Australian track cyclist* 1980 – Michelle McCool, American wrestler* 1980 – Xavi, Spanish footballer*1981 – Francis Jeffers, English footballer* 1981 – Alicia Keys, American singer-songwriter, pianist, and actress* 1981 – Toše Proeski, Macedonian singer (d. 2007)*1983 – Josh Powell, American basketball player*1984 – Jay Briscoe, American wrestler (d. 2023)* 1984 – Stefan Kießling, German footballer* 1984 – Robinho, Brazilian footballer* 1984 – Fara Williams, English footballer*1985 – Brent Celek, American football player* 1985 – Hwang Jung-eum, South Korean actress* 1985 – Acie Law, American basketball player* 1985 – Hartley Sawyer, American actor* 1985 – Michael Trevino, American actor* 1985 – Patrick Willis, American football player*1986 – Chris O'Grady, English footballer*1987 – Maria Kirilenko, Russian tennis player*1988 – Tatiana Golovin, French tennis player* 1988 – Ryota Ozawa, Japanese actor*1990 – Apostolos Giannou, Greek-Australian footballer* 1990 – Lee Jun-ho, South Korean singer and actor*1991 – Ariana DeBose, American actress, singer, and dancer* 1991 – Ahmed Hegazi, Egyptian footballer*1996 – Mohamed Hany, Egyptian footballer* 1996 – Seunghee, South Korean singer and television personality*1997 – Noah Hanifin, American ice hockey player*2001 – Elisabetta Cocciaretto, Italian tennis player*2002 – Lil Mosey, American rapper" ], [ "Deaths", "===Pre-1600===* 390 – Gregory Nazianzus, theologian and Patriarch of Constantinople (b.", "329)* 477 – Gaiseric, king of the Vandals (b.", "389)* 750 – Ibrahim ibn al-Walid, Umayyad caliph* 844 – Pope Gregory IV (b.", "795)* 863 – Charles of Provence, Frankish king (b.", "845)* 951 – Ma Xiguang, ruler of Chu (Ten Kingdoms)*1003 – Lothair I, Margrave of the Nordmark*1067 – Emperor Yingzong of Song (b.", "1032)*1138 – Antipope Anacletus II*1139 – Godfrey I, Count of Louvain and Duke of Lower Lorraine (as Godfrey VI)*1366 – Henry Suso, German priest and mystic (b.", "1300)*1413 – Maud de Ufford, Countess of Oxford (b.", "1345)*1431 – Charles II, Duke of Lorraine (b.", "1364)*1492 – Ygo Gales Galama, Frisian warlord and rebel (b.", "1443)*1494 – Ferdinand I of Naples (b.", "1423)*1559 – Christian II of Denmark (b.", "1481)*1578 – Mihrimah Sultan of the Ottoman Empire (b.", "1522)*1586 – Lucas Cranach the Younger, German painter (b.", "1515)===1601–1900===*1640 – Robert Burton, English physician and scholar (b.", "1577)*1670 – Nicholas Francis, Duke of Lorraine (b.", "1612)*1726 – Guillaume Delisle, French cartographer (b.", "1675)*1733 – Sir Gilbert Heathcote, 1st Baronet, English banker and politician, Lord Mayor of London (b.", "1652)*1742 – Edmond Halley, English astronomer (b.", "1656)*1751 – Paul Dudley, American lawyer, jurist, and politician (b.", "1675)*1852 – Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen, Russian admiral, cartographer, and explorer (b.", "1778)*1856 – John Doubleday, British craftsperson, restorer, and dealer*1872 – Richard S. Ewell, American general (b.", "1817)*1881 – Konstantin Thon, Russian architect, designed the Grand Kremlin Palace and Cathedral of Christ the Saviour (b.", "1794)*1884 – Périclès Pantazis, Greek-Belgian painter (b.", "1849)*1891 – Theo van Gogh, Art dealer, the brother of Vincent van Gogh (b.", "1857)*1900 – Princess Adelheid of Hohenlohe-Langenburg, German Duchess of Schleswig-Holstein (b.", "1835)===1901–present===*1907 – René Pottier, French cyclist (b.", "1879)*1908 – Ouida, English-Italian author (b.", "1839)* 1908 – Mikhail Chigorin, Russian chess player and theoretician (b.", "1850)*1910 – W. G. Read Mullan, American Jesuit and academic (1860)*1914 – Frank Avery Hutchins, American librarian and educator (b.", "1851)*1912 – Dmitry Milyutin, Russian field marshal and politician (b.", "1816)*1925 – Juan Vucetich, Croatian-Argentinian anthropologist and police officer (b.", "1858)*1939 – Charles Davidson Dunbar, Scottish soldier and bagpipe player (b.", "1870)*1947 – Al Capone, American gangster and mob boss (b.", "1899)*1949 – Makino Nobuaki, Japanese politician, 15th Japanese Minister for Foreign Affairs (b.", "1861)*1957 – Ichizō Kobayashi, Japanese businessman, founded Hankyu Hanshin Holdings (b.", "1873)* 1957 – Kiyoshi Shiga, Japanese physician and bacteriologist (b.", "1871)*1958 – Cemil Topuzlu, Turkish surgeon and politician, Mayor of Istanbul (b.", "1866)* 1958 – Robert R. Young, American businessman and financier (b.", "1897)*1960 – Diana Barrymore, American actress (b.", "1921)*1966 – Saul Adler, Belarusian-English microbiologist and parasitologist (b.", "1895)*1968 – Louie Myfanwy Thomas, Welsh writer (b.", "1908)* 1968 – Yvor Winters, American poet and literary critic (b.", "1900) *1970 – Jane Bathori, French soprano (b.", "1877)* 1970 – Eiji Tsuburaya, Japanese director and producer (b.", "1901)*1971 – Barry III, Guinean lawyer and politician (b.", "1923)*1972 – Erhard Milch, German field marshal (b.", "1892)*1975 – Charlotte Whitton, Canadian journalist and politician, 46th Mayor of Ottawa (b.", "1896)*1978 – Skender Kulenović, Bosnian author, poet, and playwright (b.", "1910)*1981 – Adele Astaire, American actress, singer, and dancer (b.", "1896)*1982 – Mikhail Suslov, Russian economist and politician (b.", "1902)*1985 – Ilias Iliou, Greek jurist and politician (b.", "1904)*1987 – Frank J. Lynch, American lawyer, judge, and politician (b.", "1922)*1988 – Colleen Moore, American actress (b.", "1899)*1990 – Ava Gardner, American actress (b.", "1922)*1991 – Frank Soo, English footballer and manager (b.", "1914)*1992 – Mir Khalil ur Rehman, Founder and editor of the Jang Group of Newspapers (b.", "1927)*1994 – Stephen Cole Kleene, American mathematician, computer scientist, and academic (b.", "1909)*1996 – Jonathan Larson, American playwright and composer (b.", "1960)*1997 – Dan Barry, American author and illustrator (b.", "1923)*1999 – Sarah Louise Delany, American author and educator (b.", "1889)* 1999 – Robert Shaw, American conductor (b.", "1916)*2001 – Alice Ambrose, American philosopher and logician (b.", "1906)*2002 – Cliff Baxter, employee at Enron (b.", "1958)*2003 – Sheldon Reynolds, American director, producer, and screenwriter (b.", "1923)* 2003 – Samuel Weems, American lawyer and author (b.", "1936)*2004 – Fanny Blankers-Koen, Dutch runner and hurdler (b.", "1918)* 2004 – Miklós Fehér, Hungarian footballer (b.", "1979)*2005 – Stanisław Albinowski, Polish economist and journalist (b.", "1923)* 2005 – William Augustus Bootle, American lawyer and judge (b.", "1902)* 2005 – Philip Johnson, American architect, designed the PPG Place and Crystal Cathedral (b.", "1906)* 2005 – Manuel Lopes, Cape Verdean author and poet (b.", "1907)* 2005 – Netti Witziers-Timmer, Dutch runner (b.", "1923)*2009 – Eleanor F. Helin, American astronomer (b.", "1932)* 2009 – Ewald Kooiman, Dutch organist and educator (b.", "1938)* 2009 – Kim Manners, American director and producer (b.", "1951)*2010 – Ali Hassan al-Majid, Iraqi general and politician, Iraqi Minister of Defence (b.", "1941)*2011 – Vassilis C. Constantakopoulos Greek captain and businessman (b.", "1935)* 2011 – Vincent Cronin, Welsh historian and author (b.", "1924)*2012 – Paavo Berglund, Finnish violinist and conductor (b.", "1929)* 2012 – Jacques Maisonrouge, French businessman (b.", "1924)* 2012 – Franco Pacini, Italian astrophysicist and academic (b.", "1939)* 2012 – Robert Sheran, American lawyer, judge, and politician (b.", "1916)*2013 – Martial Asselin, Canadian lawyer and politician, 25th Lieutenant Governor of Quebec (b.", "1924)* 2013 – Kevin Heffernan, Irish footballer and manager (b.", "1929)* 2013 – Aase Nordmo Løvberg, Norwegian soprano and actress (b.", "1923)*2014 – Arthur Doyle, American singer-songwriter, saxophonist, and flute player (b.", "1944)* 2014 – Heini Halberstam, Czech-English mathematician and academic (b.", "1926)* 2014 – Dave Strack, American basketball player and coach (b.", "1923)*2015 – John Leggett, American author and academic (b.", "1917)* 2015 – Richard McBrien, American priest, theologian, and academic (b.", "1936)* 2015 – Bill Monbouquette, American baseball player and coach (b.", "1936)* 2015 – Demis Roussos, Egyptian-Greek singer (b.", "1946)*2017 – Stephen P. Cohen, Canadian academic (b.", "1945)* 2017 – Robert Garcia, American politician (b.", "1933)* 2017 – John Hurt, English actor (b.", "1940)* 2017 – Harry Mathews, American novelist and poet (b.", "1930)* 2017 – Marcel Prud'homme, Canadian politician (b.", "1934)* 2017 – Mary Tyler Moore, American actress and producer (b.", "1936)*2018 – Neagu Djuvara, Romanian historian, essayist, philosopher, journalist, novelist and diplomat (b.", "1916)*2024 – Sanath Nishantha, Sri Lankan politician (b.", "1975)" ], [ "Holidays and observances", "*Betico Day (Aruba)*Burns Night (Scotland)*Christian feast day:**Dydd Santes Dwynwen (Wales)**Feast of the Conversion of Saint Paul (Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox, Roman Catholic, Anglican and Lutheran churches, which concludes the Week of Prayer for Christian Unity)**Gregory the Theologian (Eastern (Byzantine) Catholic Church)**The last day of the Week of Prayer for Christian Unity (Christian ecumenism)**January 25 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)*National Nutrition Day (Indonesia)*National Police Day (Egypt)*National Voters' Day (India)*Revolution Day 2011 (Egypt)*Tatiana Day or Russian Students Day (Russia, Eastern Orthodox)" ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* BBC: On This Day* * Historical Events on January 25" ] ]
wikipedia
[ [ "July 2" ], [ "Introduction" ], [ "Events", "===Pre-1600===* 437 – Emperor Valentinian III begins his reign over the Western Roman Empire.", "His mother Galla Placidia ends her regency, but continues to exercise political influence at the court in Rome.", "* 626 – Li Shimin, the future Emperor Taizong of Tang, ambushes and kills his rival brothers Li Yuanji and Li Jiancheng in the Xuanwu Gate Incident.", "* 706 – In China, Emperor Zhongzong of Tang inters the bodies of relatives in the Qianling Mausoleum, located on Mount Liang outside Chang'an.", "* 866 – Battle of Brissarthe: The Franks led by Robert the Strong are defeated by a joint Breton-Viking army.", "* 936 – King Henry the Fowler dies in his royal palace in Memleben.", "He is succeeded by his son Otto I, who becomes the ruler of East Francia.", "* 963 – The Byzantine army proclaims Nikephoros II Phokas Emperor of the Romans on the plains outside Cappadocian Caesarea.", "*1298 – The Battle of Göllheim is fought between Albert I of Habsburg and Adolf of Nassau-Weilburg.", "*1494 – The Treaty of Tordesillas is ratified by Spain.", "*1504 – Bogdan III the One-Eyed becomes Voivode of Moldavia.", "*1555 – Ottoman Admiral Turgut Reis sacks the Italian city of Paola.", "*1561 – Menas, emperor of Ethiopia, defeats a revolt in Emfraz.", "*1582 – Battle of Yamazaki: Toyotomi Hideyoshi defeats Akechi Mitsuhide.===1601–1900===*1613 – The first English expedition (from Virginia) against Acadia led by Samuel Argall takes place.", "*1644 – English Civil War: Battle of Marston Moor.", "*1645 – Battle of Alford: Wars of the Three Kingdoms.", "*1698 – Thomas Savery patents the first steam engine.", "*1723 – Bach's Magnificat is first performed.", "*1776 – American Revolution: The Continental Congress adopts a resolution severing ties with the Kingdom of Great Britain although the wording of the formal Declaration of Independence is not adopted until July 4.", "*1816 – The strikes the Bank of Arguin and 151 people on board have to be evacuated on an improvised raft, a case immortalised by Géricault's painting ''The Raft of the Medusa''.", "*1822 – Thirty-five slaves, including Denmark Vesey, are hanged in South Carolina after being accused of organizing a slave rebellion.", "*1823 – Bahia Independence Day: The end of Portuguese rule in Brazil, with the final defeat of the Portuguese crown loyalists in the province of Bahia.", "*1839 – Twenty miles off the coast of Cuba, 53 kidnapped Africans led by Joseph Cinqué mutiny and take over the slave ship ''Amistad''.", "*1840 – A 7.4 earthquake strikes present-day Turkey and Armenia; combined with the effects of an eruption on Mount Ararat, kills 10,000 people.", "*1853 – The Russian Army crosses the Prut river into the Danubian Principalities (Moldavia and Wallachia), providing the spark that will set off the Crimean War.", "*1864 – Dimitri Atanasescu founds the first Romanian school in the Balkans for the Aromanians in Trnovo, in the Ottoman Empire (now in North Macedonia).", "*1871 – Victor Emmanuel II of Italy enters Rome after having conquered it from the Papal States.", "*1881 – Charles J. Guiteau shoots and fatally wounds U.S. President James A. Garfield (who will die of complications from his wounds on September 19).", "*1890 – The U.S. Congress passes the Sherman Antitrust Act.", "*1897 – British-Italian engineer Guglielmo Marconi obtains a patent for radio in London.", "*1900 – An airship designed and constructed by Count Ferdinand von Zeppelin of Germany made its first flight on Lake Constance near Friedrichshafen.", "* 1900 – Jean Sibelius' ''Finlandia'' receives its première performance in Helsinki with the Helsinki Philharmonic Society conducted by Robert Kajanus.===1901–present===*1921 – World War I: U.S. President Warren G. Harding signs the Knox–Porter Resolution formally ending the war between the United States and Germany.", "*1934 – The Night of the Long Knives ends after three days of killings.", "*1937 – Amelia Earhart and navigator Fred Noonan are last heard from over the Pacific Ocean while attempting to make the first equatorial round-the-world flight.", "*1940 – Indian independence leader Subhas Chandra Bose is arrested and detained in Calcutta.", "* 1940 – The SS ''Arandora Star'' is sunk by U-47 in the North Atlantic with the loss of over 800 lives, mostly civilians.", "*1962 – The first Walmart store, then known as Wal-Mart, opens for business in Rogers, Arkansas.", "*1964 – Civil rights movement: U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson signs the Civil Rights Act of 1964 meant to prohibit segregation in public places.", "*1966 – France conducts its first nuclear weapon test in the Pacific, on Moruroa Atoll.", "*1976 – End of South Vietnam; Communist North Vietnam annexes the former South Vietnam to form the unified Socialist Republic of Vietnam.", "*1986 – Rodrigo Rojas and Carmen Gloria Quintana are burnt alive during a street demonstration against the dictatorship of General Augusto Pinochet in Chile.", "* 1986 – Aeroflot Flight 2306 crashes while attempting an emergency landing at Syktyvkar Airport in Syktyvkar, in present-day Komi Republic, Russia, killing 54 people.", "*1988 – Marcel Lefebvre and the four bishops he consecrated were excommunicated by the Holy See.", "*1990 – In the 1990 Mecca tunnel tragedy, 1,400 Muslim pilgrims are suffocated to death and trampled upon in a pedestrian tunnel leading to the holy city of Mecca.", "*1994 – USAir Flight 1016 crashes near Charlotte Douglas International Airport, killing 37 of the 57 people on board.", "*1997 – The Bank of Thailand floats the baht, triggering the Asian financial crisis.", "*2000 – Vicente Fox Quesada is elected the first President of México from an opposition party, the Partido Acción Nacional, after more than 70 years of continuous rule by the Partido Revolucionario Institucional.", "*2001 – The AbioCor self-contained artificial heart is first implanted.", "*2002 – Steve Fossett becomes the first person to fly solo around the world nonstop in a balloon.", "*2005 – The Live 8 benefit concerts takes place in the G8 states and in South Africa.", "More than 1,000 musicians perform and are broadcast on 182 television networks and 2,000 radio networks.", "*2008 – Colombian conflict: Íngrid Betancourt, a member of the Chamber of Representatives of Colombia, is released from captivity after being held for six and a half years by FARC.", "*2010 – The South Kivu tank truck explosion in the Democratic Republic of the Congo kills at least 230 people.", "*2013 – The International Astronomical Union names Pluto's fourth and fifth moons, Kerberos and Styx.", "* 2013 – A magnitude 6.1 earthquake strikes Aceh, Indonesia, killing at least 42 people and injuring 420 others." ], [ "Births", "===Pre-1600===* 419 – Valentinian III, Roman emperor (d. 455)*1363 – Maria, Queen of Sicily (d. 1401)*1478 – Louis V, Elector Palatine (d. 1544)*1486 – Jacopo Sansovino, Italian sculptor and architect (d. 1570)*1489 – Thomas Cranmer, English archbishop, theologian, and saint (d. 1556)*1492 – Elizabeth Tudor, English daughter of Henry VII of England (d. 1495)*1500 – Federico Cesi (cardinal), Italian cardinal (d. 1565)*1575 – Elizabeth de Vere, Countess of Derby, English noblewoman and head of state of the Isle of Man (d. 1627)*1597 – Theodoor Rombouts, Flemish painter (d. 1637)===1601–1900===*1647 – Daniel Finch, 2nd Earl of Nottingham, English politician, Lord President of the Council (d. 1730)*1648 – Arp Schnitger, German organ builder (d. 1719)*1665 – Samuel Penhallow, English-American soldier and historian (d. 1726)*1667 – Pietro Ottoboni, Italian cardinal and art collector (d. 1740)*1714 – Christoph Willibald Gluck, German composer (d. 1787)*1724 – Friedrich Gottlieb Klopstock, German poet and author (d. 1803)*1797 – Francisco Javier Echeverría, Mexican businessman and politician.", "President of Mexico (1841) (d. 1852) *1819 – Charles-Louis Hanon, French pianist and composer (d. 1900)*1820 – George Law Curry, American publisher and politician, 5th Governor of the Oregon Territory (d. 1878)* 1820 – Juan N. Méndez, Mexican general and interim president, 1876-1877 (d. 1894)*1821 – Charles Tupper, Canadian physician and politician, 6th Prime Minister of Canada (d. 1915)*1825 – Émile Ollivier, French statesman (d. 1913)*1834 – Hendrick Peter Godfried Quack, Dutch economist and historian (d. 1917)*1849 – Maria Theresa of Austria-Este (d. 1919)*1862 – William Henry Bragg, English physicist, chemist, and mathematician, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1942)*1865 – Lily Braun, German author and publicist (d. 1916)*1869 – Liane de Pougy, French-Swiss dancer and author (d. 1950)*1876 – Harriet Brooks, Canadian physicist and academic (d. 1933)* 1876 – Wilhelm Cuno, German businessman and politician, Chancellor of Germany (d. 1933)*1877 – Hermann Hesse, German-born Swiss poet, novelist, and painter, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1962)* 1877 – Rinaldo Cuneo, American artist (\"the painter of San Francisco\") (d. 1939)*1881 – Royal Hurlburt Weller, American lawyer and politician (d. 1929)*1884 – Alfons Maria Jakob, German neurologist and author (d. 1931)*1893 – Ralph Hancock, Welsh gardener and author (d. 1950)*1900 – Tyrone Guthrie, English actor and director (d. 1971)* 1900 – Sophie Harris, English costume and scenic designer for theatre and opera (d. 1966)===1901–present===*1902 – K. Kanapathypillai, Sri Lankan author and academic (d. 1968)*1903 – Alec Douglas-Home, English cricketer and politician, 66th Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1995)* 1903 – Olav V of Norway (d. 1991)*1904 – René Lacoste, French tennis player and businessman, created the polo shirt (d. 1996)*1906 – Hans Bethe, German-American physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2005)* 1906 – Károly Kárpáti, Hungarian Jewish wrestler (d. 1996)* 1906 – Séra Martin, French middle-distance runner (d. 1993)*1908 – Thurgood Marshall, American lawyer and civil rights activist, 32nd Solicitor General of the United States, and former Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 1993)*1911 – Reg Parnell, English race car driver and manager (d. 1964)*1913 – Max Beloff, Baron Beloff, English historian and academic (d. 1999)*1914 – Frederick Fennell, American conductor and educator (d. 2004)* 1914 – Ethelreda Leopold, American actress (d. 1988)* 1914 – Mário Schenberg, Brazilian physicist and engineer (d. 1990)* 1914 – Erich Topp, German admiral (d. 2005)*1915 – Valerian Wellesley, 8th Duke of Wellington, British peer, politician and soldier (d. 2014)*1916 – Ken Curtis, American actor and singer (d. 1991)* 1916 – Hans-Ulrich Rudel, German colonel and pilot (d. 1982)* 1916 – Reino Kangasmäki, Finnish wrestler (d. 2010)* 1916 – Zélia Gattai, Brazilian author and photographer (d. 2008)*1917 – Leonard J. Arrington, American author and academic, founded the Mormon History Association (d. 1999)*1918 – Athos Bulcão, Brazilian painter and sculptor (d. 2008)* 1918 – Indumati Bhattacharya, Indian politician (d. 1990)*1919 – Jean Craighead George, American author (d. 2012)*1920 – John Kneubuhl, Samoan-American historian, screenwriter, and playwright (d. 1992)*1922 – Pierre Cardin, Italian-French fashion designer (d. 2020)* 1922 – Paula Valenska, Czech actress (d. 1994)*1923 – Cyril M. Kornbluth, American soldier and author (d. 1958)* 1923 – Wisława Szymborska, Polish poet and translator, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2012)*1925 – Medgar Evers, American soldier and activist (d. 1963)* 1925 – Patrice Lumumba, Congolese politician, 1st Prime Minister of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (d. 1961)* 1925 – Marvin Rainwater, American singer-songwriter (d. 2013)*1926 – Octavian Paler, Romanian journalist and politician (d. 2007)*1927 – Lee Allen, American saxophone player (d. 1994)* 1927 – James Mackay, Baron Mackay of Clashfern, Scottish lawyer and politician, Lord High Chancellor of Great Britain* 1927 – Brock Peters, American actor (d. 2005)*1929 – Imelda Marcos, Filipino politician; 10th First Lady of the Philippines*1930 – Ahmad Jamal, American jazz musician (d. 2023)* 1930 – Carlos Menem, Argentinian lawyer and politician, 50th President of Argentina (d. 2021)*1931 – Mohammad Yazdi, Iranian cleric (d. 2020)*1932 – Dave Thomas, American businessman and philanthropist, founded Wendy's (d. 2002)*1933 – Peter Desbarats, Canadian journalist, author, and playwright (d. 2014)* 1933 – Kenny Wharram, Canadian ice hockey player (d. 2017)*1934 – Tom Springfield, English musician (d. 2022)*1935 – Gilbert Kalish, American pianist and educator*1936 – Omar Suleiman, Egyptian general and politician, 16th Vice President of Egypt (d. 2012)*1937 – Polly Holliday, American actress* 1937 – Richard Petty, American race car driver and sportscaster*1938 – David Owen, English physician and politician, Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs*1939 – Alexandros Panagoulis, Greek poet and politician (d. 1976)* 1939 – John H. Sununu, American engineer and politician, 14th White House Chief of Staff* 1939 – Paul Williams, American singer and choreographer (d. 1973)*1940 – Kenneth Clarke, English politician, Lord High Chancellor of Great Britain* 1940 – Georgi Ivanov, Bulgarian military officer, cosmonaut and politician*1941 – William Guest, American singer-songwriter and producer (d. 2015) * 1941 – Wendell Mottley, Trinidadian sprinter, economist, and politician*1942 – John Eekelaar, South African-English lawyer and scholar* 1942 – Vicente Fox, Mexican businessman and politician, 35th President of Mexico*1943 – Ivi Eenmaa, Estonian politician, 36th Mayor of Tallinn* 1943 – Larry Lake, American-Canadian trumpet player and composer (d. 2013)*1946 – Richard Axel, American neuroscientist and biologist, Nobel Prize laureate* 1946 – Ron Silver, American actor, director, and political activist (d. 2009)*1947 – Larry David, American actor, comedian, producer, and screenwriter* 1947 – Ann Taylor, Baroness Taylor of Bolton, English politician, Minister for International Security Strategy*1948 – Mutula Kilonzo, Kenyan lawyer and politician (d. 2013)*1949 – Greg Brown, American musician* 1949 – Robert Paquette, Canadian singer-songwriter and guitarist*1950 – Lynne Brindley, English librarian and academic* 1950 – Jon Trickett, English politician*1952 – Sylvia Rivera, American transgender rights activist (d. 2002) * 1952 – Anatoliy Solomin, Ukrainian race walker and coach*1954 – Chris Huhne, English journalist and politician, Secretary of State for Energy and Climate Change* 1954 – Wendy Schaal, American actress*1955 – Kim Carr, Australian educator and politician, 31st Australian Minister for Human Services*1956 – Jerry Hall, American model and actress*1957 – Bret Hart, Canadian wrestler* 1957 – Jüri Raidla, Estonian lawyer and politician, Estonian Minister of Justice* 1957 – Purvis Short, American basketball player*1958 – Pavan Malhotra, Indian actor*1960 – Maria Lourdes Sereno, Filipino lawyer and jurist, 24th Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines*1961 – Clark Kellogg, American basketball player and sportscaster*1962 – Neil Williams, English cricketer (d. 2006)*1964 – Jose Canseco, Cuban-American baseball player and mixed martial artist* 1964 – Ozzie Canseco, Cuban-American baseball player, coach, and manager* 1964 – Joe Magrane, American baseball player and sportscaster* 1964 – Alan Tait, English-Scottish rugby player and coach*1965 – Norbert Röttgen, German lawyer and politician*1969 – Tim Rodber, English rugby player*1970 – Derrick Adkins, American hurdler* 1970 – Steve Morrow, Northern Irish footballer and manager*1971 – Troy Brown, American football player and actor* 1971 – Bryan Redpath, Scottish rugby player and coach*1972 – Darren Shan, Irish author*1974 – Sean Casey, American baseball player and sportscaster*1975 – Éric Dazé, Canadian ice hockey player* 1975 – Kristen Michal, Estonian lawyer and politician* 1975 – Erik Ohlsson, Swedish singer and guitarist * 1975 – Elizabeth Reaser, American actress * 1975 – Stefan Terblanche, South African rugby player*1976 – Krisztián Lisztes, Hungarian footballer* 1976 – Tomáš Vokoun, Czech-American ice hockey player* 1976 – Ľudovít Ódor, Prime minister of Slovakia*1977 – Deniz Barış, Turkish footballer*1978 – Jüri Ratas, Estonian politician, 42nd Mayor of Tallinn*1979 – Walter Davis, American triple jumper* 1979 – Ahmed al-Ghamdi, Saudi Arabian terrorist, hijacker of United Airlines Flight 175 (d. 2001)* 1979 – Sam Hornish Jr., American race car driver* 1979 – Joe Thornton, Canadian ice hockey player*1980 – Nyjer Morgan, American baseball player*1981 – Nathan Ellington, English footballer * 1981 – Carlos Rogers, American football player*1983 – Michelle Branch, American singer-songwriter and guitarist* 1983 – Kyle Hogg, English cricketer*1984 – Thomas Kortegaard, Danish footballer* 1984 – Johnny Weir, American figure skater*1985 – Rhett Bomar, American football player* 1985 – Chad Henne, American football player* 1985 – Ashley Tisdale, American actress, singer, and producer*1986 – Brett Cecil, American baseball player* 1986 – Lindsay Lohan, American actress and singer*1987 – Esteban Granero, Spanish footballer*1988 – Lee Chung-yong, South Korean footballer*1989 – Nadezhda Grishaeva, Russian basketball player* 1989 – Alex Morgan, American soccer player*1990 – Kayla Harrison, American judoka* 1990 – Merritt Mathias, American soccer player* 1990 – Morag McLellan, Scottish field hockey player* 1990 – Margot Robbie, Australian actress and producer* 1990 – Danny Rose, English footballer* 1990 – Bill Tupou, New Zealand rugby league player*1992 – Madison Chock, American ice dancer *1993 – Vince Staples, American rapper and actor* 1993 – Saweetie, American rapper*1994 – Henrik Kristoffersen, Norwegian skier*1995 – Ryan Murphy, American swimmer*1996 – Julia Grabher, Austrian tennis player" ], [ "Deaths", "===Pre-1600===* 626 – Li Jiancheng, Chinese prince (b.", "589)* 626 – Li Yuanji, Chinese prince (b.", "603)* 649 – Li Jing, Chinese general (b.", "571)* 862 – Swithun, English bishop and saint (b.", "789)* 866 – Robert the Strong, Frankish nobleman* 936 – Henry the Fowler, German king (b.", "876)*1298 – Adolf, King of the Romans (b.", "1220)*1504 – Stephen III of Moldavia (b.", "1434)*1566 – Nostradamus, French astrologer and author (b.", "1503)*1578 – Thomas Doughty, English explorer *1582 – Akechi Mitsuhide, Japanese samurai and warlord (b.", "1528)*1591 – Vincenzo Galilei, Italian lute player and composer (b.", "1520)===1601–1900===*1619 – Francis II, Duke of Saxe-Lauenburg (b.", "1547)*1621 – Thomas Harriot, English astronomer, mathematician, and ethnographer (b.", "1560)*1656 – François-Marie, comte de Broglie, Italian-French general (b.", "1611)*1674 – Eberhard III, Duke of Württemberg (b.", "1614)*1743 – Spencer Compton, 1st Earl of Wilmington, English politician, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (b.", "1673)*1746 – Thomas Baker, English antiquarian and author (b.", "1656)*1778 – Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Swiss philosopher and composer (b.", "1712)*1833 – Gervasio Antonio de Posadas, Argentinian lawyer and politician, 1st Supreme Director of the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata (b.", "1757)*1843 – Samuel Hahnemann, German physician and academic (b.", "1755)*1850 – Robert Peel, English lieutenant and politician, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (b.", "1788)*1857 – Carlo Pisacane, Italian soldier and philosopher (b.", "1818)===1901–present===*1903 – Ed Delahanty, American baseball player (b.", "1867)*1912 – Tom Richardson, English cricketer (b.", "1870)*1914 – Joseph Chamberlain, English businessman and politician, Secretary of State for the Colonies (b.", "1836)*1915 – Porfirio Díaz, Mexican general and politician, 29th President of Mexico (b.", "1830)*1920 – William Louis Marshall, American general and engineer (b.", "1846)*1926 – Émile Coué, French psychologist and pharmacist (b.", "1857)*1929 – Gladys Brockwell, American actress (b.", "1894)*1932 – Manuel II of Portugal (b.", "1889)*1950 – Thomas William Burgess, English swimmer and water polo player (b.", "1872)*1955 – Edward Lawson, English soldier, Victoria Cross recipient (b.", "1873)*1961 – Ernest Hemingway, American novelist, short story writer, and journalist, Nobel Prize laureate (b.", "1899)*1963 – Alicia Patterson, American publisher, co-founded ''Newsday'' (b.", "1906)*1964 – Fireball Roberts, American race car driver (b.", "1929)*1966 – Jan Brzechwa, Polish poet and author (b.", "1900)*1970 – Jessie Street, Australian suffragette and feminist (b.", "1889)*1972 – Joseph Fielding Smith, American religious leader, 10th President of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (b.", "1876)*1973 – Betty Grable, American actress, singer, and dancer (b.", "1916)* 1973 – George McBride, American baseball player and manager (b.", "1880)* 1973 – Ferdinand Schörner, German field marshal (b.", "1892)*1975 – James Robertson Justice, English actor (b.", "1907)*1977 – Vladimir Nabokov, Russian-born novelist and critic (b.", "1899)*1978 – Aris Alexandrou, Greek author and poet (b.", "1922)*1986 – Peanuts Lowrey, American baseball player and manager (b.", "1917)*1988 – Vibert Douglas, Canadian astronomer and astrophysicist (b.", "1894)*1989 – Andrei Gromyko, Soviet economist and politician, Soviet Minister of Foreign Affairs (b.", "1909)*1990 – Snooky Lanson, American singer (b.", "1914)*1991 – Lee Remick, American actress (b.", "1935)*1993 – Fred Gwynne, American actor (b.", "1926)*1994 – Andrés Escobar, Colombian footballer (b.", "1967)*1995 – Lloyd MacPhail, Canadian businessman and politician, 23rd Lieutenant Governor of Prince Edward Island (b.", "1920)*1997 – James Stewart, American actor (b.", "1908)*1999 – Mario Puzo, American author and screenwriter (b.", "1920)*2000 – Joey Dunlop, Northern Irish motorcycle racer (b.", "1952)*2002 – Ray Brown, American bassist and composer (b.", "1926)*2003 – Briggs Cunningham, American race car driver and businessman (b.", "1907)*2004 – Mochtar Lubis, Indonesian journalist and author (b.", "1922)*2005 – Ernest Lehman, American director, producer, and screenwriter (b.", "1915)* 2005 – Norm Prescott, American actor, composer, and producer, co-founded Filmation Studios (b.", "1927)*2006 – Jan Murray, American comedian, actor, and game show host (b.", "1916)*2007 – Beverly Sills, American operatic soprano and television personality (b.", "1929)*2008 – Natasha Shneider, Russian-American singer, keyboard player, and actress (b.", "1956)* 2008 – Elizabeth Spriggs, English actress and screenwriter (b.", "1929)*2010 – Beryl Bainbridge, English screenwriter and author (b.", "1932)*2011 – Itamar Franco, Brazilian engineer and politician, 33rd President of Brazil (b.", "1930)*2012 – Maurice Chevit, French actor and screenwriter (b.", "1923)* 2012 – Julian Goodman, American journalist (b.", "1922)* 2012 – Angelo Mangiarotti, Italian architect and academic (b.", "1921)* 2012 – Betty Meggers, American archaeologist and academic (b.", "1921)* 2012 – Ed Stroud, American baseball player (b.", "1939)*2013 – Anthony G. Bosco, American bishop (b.", "1927)* 2013 – Douglas Engelbart, American computer scientist, invented the computer mouse (b.", "1925)* 2013 – Armand Gaudreault, Canadian ice hockey player (b.", "1921)* 2013 – Anthony Llewellyn, Welsh-American chemist, academic, and astronaut (b.", "1933)*2014 – Emilio Álvarez Montalván, Nicaraguan ophthalmologist and politician (b.", "1919)* 2014 – Manuel Cardona, Spanish physicist and academic (b.", "1934)* 2014 – Mary Innes-Ker, Duchess of Roxburghe (b.", "1915)* 2014 – Harold W. Kuhn, American mathematician and academic (b.", "1925)* 2014 – Louis Zamperini, American runner and World War II US Army Air Forces captain (b.", "1917)*2015 – Ronald Davison, New Zealand lawyer and judge, 10th Chief Justice of New Zealand (b.", "1920) * 2015 – Charlie Sanders, American football player and sportscaster (b.", "1946)* 2015 – Jim Weaver, American football player and coach (b.", "1945)* 2015 – Jacobo Zabludovsky, Mexican journalist (b.", "1928)*2016 – Caroline Aherne, English actress and comedian (b.", "1963)* 2016 – Michael Cimino, American director, producer, and screenwriter (b.", "1939)* 2016 – Patrick Manning, 4th & 6th Prime Minister of Trinidad and Tobago (b.", "1946)* 2016 – Elie Wiesel, Holocaust survivor, activist, and author (b.", "1928)*2017 – Vladislav Rastorotsky, a Russian (and former Soviet) artistic gymnastics coach, (b.", "1933)* 2017 – Smith Hart, American-born Canadian professional wrestler (b.", "1948)*2018 – Alan Longmuir, Scottish musician (b.", "1948)*2019 – Lee Iacocca, American automotive executive (b.", "1924)*2020 – Ángela Jeria, Chilean archaeologist (b.", "1926)* 2020 – Byron Bernstein, American Twitch streamer (b.", "1989)" ], [ "Holidays and observances", "*Christian feast day:**Aberoh and Atom (Coptic Church)**Bernardino Realino**Feast of the Visitation (Anglicanism; Levoča at Mariánska hora)**Monegundis**Otto of Bamberg**Oudoceus**Martinian and Processus**Pishoy (Coptic Church)**Stephen III of Moldavia**July 2 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)*Flag Day (Curaçao) *Palio di Provenzano (Siena, Italy)*Police Day (Azerbaijan)" ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* * *" ] ]
wikipedia
[ [ "January 11" ], [ "Introduction" ], [ "Events", "===Pre-1600===* 532 – Nika riots in Constantinople: A quarrel between supporters of different chariot teams—the Blues and the Greens—in the Hippodrome escalates into violence.", "* 630 – Conquest of Mecca: The prophet Muhammad and his followers conquer the city, and the Quraysh association of clans surrenders.", "* 930 – Sack of Mecca by the Qarmatians.", "*1055 – Theodora is crowned empress of the Byzantine Empire.", "*1158 – Vladislaus II, Duke of Bohemia becomes King of Bohemia.", "*1569 – First recorded lottery in England.===1601–1900===*1654 – Arauco War: A Spanish army is defeated by local Mapuche-Huilliches as it tries to cross Bueno River in Southern Chile.", "*1759 – The first American life insurance company, the Corporation for Relief of Poor and Distressed Presbyterian Ministers and of the Poor and Distressed Widows and Children of the Presbyterian Ministers (now part of Unum Group), is incorporated in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.", "*1779 – Ching-Thang Khomba is crowned King of Manipur.", "*1787 – William Herschel discovers Titania and Oberon, two moons of Uranus.", "*1805 – The Michigan Territory is created.", "*1861 – American Civil War: Alabama secedes from the United States.", "*1863 – American Civil War: The three-day Battle of Arkansas Post concludes as General John McClernand and Admiral David Dixon Porter capture Fort Hindman and secure control over the Arkansas River for the Union.", "* 1863 – American Civil War: encounters and sinks the off Galveston Lighthouse in Texas.", "*1879 – The Anglo-Zulu War begins.===1901–present===*1908 – Grand Canyon National Monument is created.", "*1912 – Immigrant textile workers in Lawrence, Massachusetts, go on strike when wages are reduced in response to a mandated shortening of the work week.", "*1914 – The ''Karluk'', flagship of the Canadian Arctic Expedition, sank after being crushed by ice.", "*1917 – The Kingsland munitions factory explosion occurs as a result of sabotage.", "*1922 – Leonard Thompson becomes the first person to be injected with insulin.", "*1923 – Occupation of the Ruhr: Troops from France and Belgium occupy the Ruhr area to force Germany to make its World War I reparation payments.", "*1927 – Louis B. Mayer, head of film studio Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM), announces the creation of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, at a banquet in Los Angeles, California.", "*1935 – Amelia Earhart becomes the first person to fly solo from Hawaii to California.", "*1942 – World War II: Japanese forces capture Kuala Lumpur, the capital of the Federated Malay States.", "* 1942 – World War II: Japanese forces attack Tarakan in Borneo, Netherlands Indies (Battle of Tarakan)*1943 – The Republic of China agrees to the Sino-British New Equal Treaty and the Sino-American New Equal Treaty.", "* 1943 – Italian-American anarchist Carlo Tresca is assassinated in New York City.", "*1946 – Enver Hoxha, Secretary General of the Communist Party of Albania, declares the People's Republic of Albania with himself as head of state.", "*1949 – The first \"networked\" television broadcasts took place as KDKA-TV in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania goes on the air connecting the east coast and mid-west programming.", "*1957 – The African Convention is founded in Dakar, Senegal.", "*1959 – 36 people are killed when Lufthansa Flight 502 crashes on approach to Rio de Janeiro/Galeão International Airport in Brazil.", "*1961 – Throgs Neck Bridge over the East River, linking New York City's boroughs of The Bronx and Queens, opens to road traffic.", "*1962 – Cold War: While tied to its pier in Polyarny, the Soviet submarine B-37 is destroyed when fire breaks out in its torpedo compartment.", "* 1962 – An avalanche on Huascarán in Peru causes around 4,000 deaths.", "*1964 – Surgeon General of the United States Dr. Luther Terry, M.D., publishes the landmark report ''Smoking and Health: Report of the Advisory Committee to the Surgeon General of the United States'' saying that smoking may be hazardous to health, sparking national and worldwide anti-smoking efforts.", "*1966 – The Tbilisi Metro is opened.", "*1972 – East Pakistan renames itself Bangladesh.", "*1973 – Major League Baseball owners vote in approval of the American League adopting the designated hitter position.", "*1983 – United Airlines Flight 2885 crashes after takeoff from Detroit Metropolitan Airport, killing three.", "*1986 – The Gateway Bridge, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia is officially opened.", "*1994 – The Irish Government announces the end of a 15-year broadcasting ban on the IRA and its political arm Sinn Féin.", "*1995 – 51 people are killed in a plane crash in María La Baja, Colombia.", "*1996 – The Space Shuttle ''Endeavour'' is launched on mission STS-72 to retrieve the Japanese Space Flyer Unit.", "*1998 – Over 100 people are killed in the Sidi-Hamed massacre in Algeria.", "*2003 – Illinois Governor George Ryan commutes the death sentences of 167 prisoners on Illinois's death row based on the Jon Burge scandal.", "*2013 – One French soldier and 17 militants are killed in a failed attempt to free a French hostage in Bulo Marer, Somalia.", "*2020 – COVID-19 pandemic in Hubei: Municipal health officials in Wuhan announce the first recorded death from COVID-19." ], [ "Births", "===Pre-1600===* 347 – Theodosius I, Roman emperor (d. 395)* 889 – Abd-ar-Rahman III, first Caliph of Córdoba (d. 961)*1113 – Wang Chongyang, Chinese religious leader and poet (d. 1170)*1209 – Möngke Khan, Mongolian emperor (d. 1259) *1322 – Emperor Kōmyō of Japan (d. 1380)*1359 – Emperor Go-En'yū of Japan (d. 1393)*1395 – Michele of Valois, daughter of Charles VI of France (d. 1422)*1503 – Parmigianino, Italian artist (d. 1540)*1589 – William Strode, English politician (d. 1666)*1591 – Robert Devereux, 3rd Earl of Essex, English general and politician, Lord Lieutenant of Staffordshire (d. 1646)===1601–1900===*1624 – Bastiaan Govertsz van der Leeuw, Dutch painter (d. 1680)*1630 – John Rogers, English-American minister, physician, and academic (d. 1684)*1638 – Nicolas Steno, Danish bishop and anatomist (d. 1686)*1642 – Johann Friedrich Alberti, German organist and composer (d. 1710)*1650 – Diana Glauber, Dutch-German painter (d. 1721)*1671 – François-Marie, 1st duc de Broglie, French general and diplomat (d. 1745)*1755 – Alexander Hamilton, Nevisian-American general, economist and politician, 1st United States Secretary of the Treasury (d. 1804)*1757 – Samuel Bentham, English engineer and architect (d. 1831)*1760 – Oliver Wolcott Jr., American lawyer and politician, 2nd United States Secretary of the Treasury, 24th Governor of Connecticut (d. 1833)*1777 – Vincenzo Borg, Maltese merchant and rebel leader (d. 1837)*1786 – Joseph Jackson Lister, English physicist (d. 1869)*1788 – William Thomas Brande, English chemist and academic (d. 1866)*1800 – Ányos Jedlik, Hungarian physicist and engineer (d. 1895)*1807 – Ezra Cornell, American businessman and philanthropist, founded Western Union and Cornell University (d. 1874)*1814 – James Paget, English surgeon and pathologist (d. 1899)* 1814 – Socrates Nelson, American businessman and politician (d. 1867)*1815 – John A. Macdonald, Scottish-Canadian lawyer and politician, 1st Prime Minister of Canada (d. 1891)*1825 – Bayard Taylor, American poet, author, and critic (d. 1878)*1839 – Eugenio María de Hostos, Puerto Rican lawyer, philosopher, and sociologist (d. 1903)*1842 – William James, American psychologist and philosopher (d. 1910)*1843 – Adolf Eberle, German painter (d. 1914)*1845 – Albert Victor Bäcklund, Swedish mathematician and physicist (d. 1912)*1850 – Joseph Charles Arthur, American pathologist and mycologist (d. 1942)*1852 – Constantin Fehrenbach, German lawyer and politician, 4th Chancellor of Weimar Germany (d. 1926)*1853 – Georgios Jakobides, Greek painter and sculptor (d. 1932)*1856 – Christian Sinding, Norwegian pianist and composer (d. 1941)*1857 – Fred Archer, English jockey (d. 1886)*1858 – Harry Gordon Selfridge, American-English businessman, founded Selfridges (d. 1947)*1859 – George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston, English politician, 35th Governor-General of India (d. 1925)*1864 – Thomas Dixon, Jr., American minister, lawyer, and politician (d. 1946)*1867 – Edward B. Titchener, English psychologist and academic (d. 1927)*1868 – Cai Yuanpei, Chinese philosopher, academic, and politician (d. 1940)*1870 – Alexander Stirling Calder, American sculptor and educator (d. 1945)*1872 – G. W. Pierce, American physicist and academic (d. 1956)*1873 – John Callan O'Laughlin, American soldier and journalist (d. 1949)*1875 – Reinhold Glière, Russian composer and academic (d. 1956)*1876 – Elmer Flick, American baseball player (d. 1971)* 1876 – Thomas Hicks, American runner (d. 1952)*1878 – Theodoros Pangalos, Greek general and politician, President of Greece (d. 1952)*1885 – Alice Paul, American activist and suffragist (d. 1977)*1886 – George Zucco, British actor (d. 1960)*1887 – Aldo Leopold, American ecologist and author (d. 1948)*1888 – Joseph B. Keenan, American jurist and politician (d. 1954)*1889 – Calvin Bridges, American geneticist and academic (d. 1938)*1890 – Max Carey, American baseball player and manager (d. 1976)* 1890 – Oswald de Andrade, Brazilian poet and critic (d. 1954)*1891 – Andrew Sockalexis, American runner (d. 1919)*1893 – Ellinor Aiki, Estonian painter (d. 1969)* 1893 – Charles Fraser, Australian rugby league player and coach (d. 1981)* 1893 – Anthony M. Rud, American journalist and author (d. 1942)*1895 – Laurens Hammond, American engineer and businessman, founded the Hammond Clock Company (d. 1973)*1897 – Bernard DeVoto, American historian and author (d. 1955)* 1897 – August Heissmeyer, German SS officer (d. 1979)*1899 – Eva Le Gallienne, English-American actress, director, and producer (d. 1991)===1901–present===*1901 – Kwon Ki-ok, Korean pilot (d. 1988)*1902 – Maurice Duruflé, French organist and composer (d. 1986)*1903 – Alan Paton, South African author and activist (d. 1988)*1905 – Clyde Kluckhohn, American anthropologist and theorist (d. 1960)*1906 – Albert Hofmann, Swiss chemist and academic, discoverer of LSD (d. 2008)*1907 – Pierre Mendès France, French lawyer and politician, 142nd Prime Minister of France (d. 1982)* 1907 – Abraham Joshua Heschel, Polish-American rabbi, theologian, and philosopher (d. 1972)*1908 – Lionel Stander, American actor and activist (d. 1994)*1910 – Arthur Lambourn, New Zealand rugby player (d. 1999)* 1910 – Shane Paltridge, Australian soldier and politician (d. 1966)*1911 – Tommy Duncan, American singer-songwriter (d. 1967) * 1911 – Nora Heysen, Australian painter (d. 2003)* 1911 – Zenkō Suzuki, Japanese politician, 70th Prime Minister of Japan (d. 2004)*1912 – Don \"Red\" Barry, American actor, producer, and screenwriter (d. 1980)*1913 – Karl Stegger, Danish actor (d. 1980)*1915 – Luise Krüger, German javelin thrower (d. 2001)* 1915 – Paddy Mayne, British colonel and lawyer (d. 1955)*1916 – Bernard Blier, Argentinian-French actor (d. 1989)*1917 – John Robarts, Canadian lawyer and politician, 17th Premier of Ontario (d. 1982)*1918 – Robert C. O'Brien, American author and journalist (d. 1973)* 1918 – Spencer Walklate, Australian rugby league player and soldier (d. 1945)*1920 – Mick McManus, English wrestler (d. 2013)*1921 – Gory Guerrero, American wrestler and trainer (d. 1990)* 1921 – Juanita M. Kreps, American economist and politician, 24th United States Secretary of Commerce (d. 2010)*1923 – Jerome Bixby, American author and screenwriter (d. 1998)* 1923 – Ernst Nolte, German historian and philosopher (d. 2016)* 1923 – Carroll Shelby, American race car driver, engineer, and businessman, founded Carroll Shelby International (d. 2012)*1924 – Roger Guillemin, French-American physician and endocrinologist, Nobel Prize laureate* 1924 – Sam B.", "Hall, Jr., American lawyer, judge, and politician (d. 1994)* 1924 – Slim Harpo, American blues singer-songwriter and musician (d. 1970)*1925 – Grant Tinker, American television producer, co-founded MTM Enterprises (d. 2016)*1926 – Lev Dyomin, Russian colonel, pilot, and astronaut (d. 1998)*1928 – David L. Wolper, American director and producer (d. 2010)*1929 – Dmitri Bruns, Estonian architect and theorist (d. 2020)*1930 – Ron Mulock, Australian lawyer and politician, 10th Deputy Premier of New South Wales (d. 2014)* 1930 – Rod Taylor, Australian-American actor and screenwriter (d. 2015)*1931 – Betty Churcher, Australian painter, historian, and curator (d. 2015)* 1931 – Mary Rodgers, American composer and author (d. 2014)*1932 – Alfonso Arau, Mexican actor and director*1933 – Goldie Hill, American country singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 2005)*1934 – Jean Chrétien, Canadian lawyer and politician, 20th Prime Minister of Canada* 1934 – Mitchell Ryan, American actor (d. 2022)*1936 – Eva Hesse, German-American sculptor and educator (d. 1970)*1937 – Felix Silla, Italian character actor, circus performer, voice artist, and stuntman (d. 2021)*1938 – Arthur Scargill, English miner, activist, and politician*1939 – Anne Heggtveit, Canadian alpine skier*1940 – Andres Tarand, Estonian geographer and politician, 10th Prime Minister of Estonia*1941 – Gérson, Brazilian footballer*1942 – Bud Acton, American basketball player* 1942 – Clarence Clemons, American saxophonist and actor (d. 2011)*1944 – Mohammed Abdul-Hayy, Sudanese poet and academic (d. 1989)* 1944 – Shibu Soren, Indian politician, 3rd Chief Minister of Jharkhand*1945 – Christine Kaufmann, German actress, author, and businesswoman (d. 2017)*1946 – Naomi Judd, American singer-songwriter and actress (d. 2022)* 1946 – Tony Kaye, English progressive rock keyboard player and songwriter* 1946 – John Piper, American theologian and author*1947 – Hamish Macdonald, New Zealand rugby player*1948 – Fritz Bohla, German footballer and manager* 1948 – Joe Harper, Scottish footballer and manager* 1948 – Wajima Hiroshi, Japanese sumo wrestler, the 54th Yokozuna (d. 2018)* 1948 – Madeline Manning, American runner and coach* 1948 – Terry Williams, Welsh drummer*1949 – Daryl Braithwaite, Australian singer-songwriter* 1949 – Chris Ford, American basketball player and coach (d. 2023)* 1949 – Mohammad Reza Rahimi, Iranian lawyer and politician, 2nd Vice President of Iran*1951 – Charlie Huhn, American rock singer and guitarist * 1951 – Willie Maddren, English footballer and manager (d. 2000)* 1951 – Philip Tartaglia, Scottish archbishop (d. 2021)*1952 – Bille Brown, Australian actor and playwright (d. 2013)* 1952 – Ben Crenshaw, American golfer and architect* 1952 – Michael Forshaw, Australian lawyer and politician* 1952 – Diana Gabaldon, American author* 1952 – Lee Ritenour, American guitarist, composer, and producer*1953 – Graham Allen, English politician, Vice-Chamberlain of the Household* 1953 – Kostas Skandalidis, Greek engineer and politician, Greek Minister of Agricultural Development and Food*1954 – Jaak Aaviksoo, Estonian physicist and politician, 26th Estonian Minister of Defence* 1954 – Kailash Satyarthi, Indian engineer, academic, and activist, Nobel Prize laureate*1956 – David Grant, Australian rugby league player (d. 1994)* 1956 – Big Bank Hank, American rapper (d. 2014)* 1956 – Robert Earl Keen, American singer-songwriter* 1956 – Phyllis Logan, Scottish actress*1957 – Darryl Dawkins, American basketball player and coach (d. 2015)* 1957 – Peter Moore, Australian rules footballer and coach* 1957 – Bryan Robson, English footballer and manager*1958 – Vicki Peterson, American singer-songwriter and guitarist*1959 – Brett Bodine, American NASCAR driver* 1959 – Rob Ramage, Canadian ice hockey player and coach*1961 – Jasper Fforde, English author* 1961 – Lars-Erik Torph, Swedish racing driver (d. 1989)* 1961 – Karl von Habsburg, Austrian politician, Head of the House of Habsburg-Lorraine*1962 – Chris Bryant, Welsh politician, Minister of State for Europe* 1962 – Kim Coles, American actress and comedian* 1962 – Susan Lindauer, American journalist and activist* 1962 – Brian Moore, English rugby player*1963 – Tracy Caulkins, American-Australian swimmer* 1963 – Jason Connery, Italian-born British actor and director* 1963 – Petra Schneider, German swimmer*1964 – Albert Dupontel, French actor and director* 1964 – Ralph Recto, Filipino lawyer and politician*1965 – Mascarita Sagrada, Mexican wrestler* 1965 – Aleksey Zhukov, Russian footballer and coach*1966 – Marc Acito, American author and screenwriter*1967 – Michael Healy-Rae, Irish politician*1968 – Anders Borg, Swedish economist and politician, Swedish Minister for Finance* 1968 – Tom Dumont, American guitarist and producer* 1968 – Steve Mavin, Australian rugby league player*1969 – Manny Acta, Dominican-American baseball player, coach, manager, and sportscaster*1970 – Manfredi Beninati, Italian painter and sculptor* 1970 – Chris Jent, American basketball player and coach* 1970 – Malcolm D. Lee, American director, producer, screenwriter, and actor* 1970 – Ken Ueno, American composer*1971 – Mary J. Blige, American singer-songwriter, producer, and actress* 1971 – Jeff Orford, Australian rugby league player*1972 – Christian Jacobs, American singer-songwriter, producer, and actor * 1972 – Anthony Lledo, Danish composer* 1972 – Amanda Peet, American actress and playwright*1973 – Rahul Dravid, Indian cricketer and captain* 1973 – Rockmond Dunbar, American actor*1974 – Roman Görtz, German footballer* 1974 – Cody McKay, Canadian baseball player* 1974 – Jens Nowotny, German footballer*1975 – Rory Fitzpatrick, American ice hockey player* 1975 – Dan Luger, English rugby player and coach* 1975 – Matteo Renzi, Italian politician, 56th Prime Minister of Italy*1976 – Efthimios Rentzias, Greek basketball player*1977 – Shamari Buchanan, American football player* 1977 – Anni Friesinger-Postma, German speed skater* 1977 – Shane Kelly, Australian rugby league player* 1977 – Olexiy Lukashevych, Ukrainian long jumper*1978 – Vallo Allingu, Estonian basketball player* 1978 – Holly Brisley, Australian actress* 1978 – Michael Duff, Irish footballer* 1978 – Emile Heskey, English footballer*1979 – Darren Lynn Bousman, American director and screenwriter* 1979 – Michael Lorenz, German footballer* 1979 – Terence Morris, American basketball player* 1979 – Siti Nurhaliza, Malaysian singer-songwriter and businesswoman* 1979 – Henry Shefflin, Irish hurler*1980 – Josh Hannay, Australian rugby league player and coach* 1980 – Damien Wilkins, American basketball player*1982 – Tony Allen, American basketball player* 1982 – Clint Greenshields, Australian-French rugby league player* 1982 – Blake Heron, American actor (d. 2017)* 1982 – Son Ye-jin, South Korean actress*1983 – André Myhrer, Swedish skier* 1983 – Ted Richards, Australian rules footballer* 1983 – Adrian Sutil, German racing driver*1984 – Kevin Boss, American football player* 1984 – Dario Krešić, Croatian footballer* 1984 – Matt Mullenweg, American web developer and businessman, co-created WordPress* 1984 – Stijn Schaars, Dutch footballer* 1984 – Glenn Stewart, Australian rugby league player*1985 – Dennis Dixon, American football player* 1985 – Newton Faulkner, English singer-songwriter and guitarist* 1985 – Aja Naomi King, American actress*1987 – Scotty Cranmer, American BMX rider* 1987 – Danuta Kozák, Hungarian sprint canoer* 1987 – Daniel Semenzato, Italian footballer* 1987 – Jamie Vardy, English footballer* 1987 – Kim Young-kwang, South Korean actor and model*1988 – Epiphanny Prince, American-Russian basketball player*1989 – Demario Davis, American football player* 1989 – Kane Linnett, Australian rugby league player*1990 – Malik Jackson, American football player*1991 – Andrea Bertolacci, Italian footballer*1992 – Dani Carvajal, Spanish footballer* 1992 – Lee Seung-hoon, South Korean rapper and dancer*1993 – Chris Boucher, Saint Lucian-Canadian basketball player* 1993 – Park Junghwan, South Korean Go player* 1993 – Michael Keane, English footballer* 1993 – Will Keane, Irish footballer*1995 – Nick Solak, American baseball player*1996 – Leroy Sané, German footballer*1997 – Cody Simpson, Australian singer-songwriter, guitarist, and actor*1998 – Thomas Mikaele, New Zealand rugby league player*1999 – Brandon Wakeham, Australian-Fijian rugby league player*2000 – Chaeyeon, South Korean singer-songwriter" ], [ "Deaths", "===Pre-1600===*140 – Pope Hyginus, Bishop of Rome (b.", "74) * 705 – Pope John VI (b.", "655)* 782 – Emperor Kōnin of Japan (b.", "709) * 812 – Staurakios, Byzantine emperor* 844 – Michael I Rangabe, Byzantine emperor (b.", "770)* 887 – Boso of Provence, Frankish nobleman* 937 – Cao, empress of Later Tang* 937 – Li Chongmei, prince of Later Tang* 937 – Li Congke, emperor of Later Tang (b.", "885)* 937 – Liu, empress of Later Tang*1055 – Constantine IX Monomachos, Byzantine emperor (b.", "1000)*1068 – Egbert I, Margrave of Meissen*1083 – Otto of Nordheim (b.", "1020)*1266 – Swietopelk II, Duke of Pomerania*1344 – Thomas Charlton, Bishop of Hereford and Lord Chancellor of Ireland*1372 – Eleanor of Lancaster, English noblewoman (b.", "1318)*1396 – Isidore Glabas, Metropolitan bishop of Thessalonica (b.c.", "1341)*1397 – Skirgaila, Grand Duke of Lithuania*1494 – Domenico Ghirlandaio, Italian painter (b.", "1449)*1495 – Pedro González de Mendoza, Spanish cardinal (b.", "1428)*1546 – Gaudenzio Ferrari, Italian painter and sculptor (b. c. 1471)*1554 – Min Bin, king of Arakan (b.", "1493)===1601–1900===*1641 – Juan Martínez de Jáuregui y Aguilar, Spanish poet and painter (b.", "1583)*1696 – Charles Albanel, French priest, missionary, and explorer (b.", "1616)*1703 – Johann Georg Graevius, German scholar and critic (b.", "1632)*1713 – Pierre Jurieu, French priest and theologian (b.", "1637)*1735 – Danilo I, Metropolitan of Cetinje (b.", "1670)*1753 – Hans Sloane, Irish-English physician and academic (b.", "1660)*1757 – Louis Bertrand Castel, French mathematician and philosopher (b.", "1688)*1762 – Louis-François Roubiliac, French-English sculptor (b.", "1695)*1763 – Caspar Abel, German poet, historian, and theologian (b.", "1676)*1771 – Jean-Baptiste de Boyer, Marquis d'Argens, French philosopher and author (b.", "1704)*1788 – François Joseph Paul de Grasse, French admiral (b.", "1722)*1791 – William Williams Pantycelyn, Welsh composer and poet (b.", "1717)*1798 – Heraclius II of Georgia (b.", "1720)*1801 – Domenico Cimarosa, Italian composer and educator (b.", "1749)*1824 – Thomas Mullins, 1st Baron Ventry, Anglo-Irish politician and peer (b.", "1736)*1836 – John Molson, Canadian businessman, founded the Molson Brewing Company (b.", "1763)*1843 – Francis Scott Key, American lawyer, author, and songwriter (b.", "1779)*1866 – Gustavus Vaughan Brooke, Irish actor (b.", "1818)* 1866 – John Woolley, English minister and academic (b.", "1816)*1867 – Stuart Donaldson, English-Australian businessman and politician, 1st Premier of New South Wales (b.", "1812)*1882 – Theodor Schwann, German physiologist and biologist (b.", "1810)*1891 – Georges-Eugène Haussmann, French urban planner (b.", "1809)===1901–present===*1902 – Johnny Briggs, English cricketer and rugby player (b.", "1862)*1904 – William Sawyer, Canadian merchant and politician (b.", "1815)*1914 – Carl Jacobsen, Danish brewer and philanthropist (b.", "1842)*1920 – Steinar Schjøtt, Norwegian philologist and lexicographer (b.", "1844)*1923 – Constantine I of Greece (b.", "1868)*1928 – Thomas Hardy, English novelist and poet (b.", "1840)*1929 – Elfrida Andrée, Swedish organist, composer, and conductor (b.", "1841)*1931 – James Milton Carroll, American pastor, historian, and author (b.", "1852)*1937 – Nuri Conker, Turkish colonel and politician (b.", "1882)*1941 – Emanuel Lasker, German mathematician, philosopher, and chess player (b.", "1868)*1944 – Galeazzo Ciano, Italian politician, Italian Minister of Foreign Affairs (b.", "1903)*1947 – Eva Tanguay, Canadian singer (b.", "1879)*1952 – Jean de Lattre de Tassigny, French general (b.", "1889)* 1952 – Aureliano Pertile, Italian tenor and educator (b.", "1885)*1953 – Noe Zhordania, Georgian journalist and politician, Prime Minister of Georgia (b.", "1868)* 1953 – Roberta Fulbright, American businesswoman (b.1874)*1954 – Oscar Straus, Austrian composer (b.", "1870)*1957 – Robert Garran, Australian lawyer and politician, Solicitor-General of Australia (b.", "1867)*1961 – Elena Gerhardt, German soprano and actress (b.", "1883)*1963 – Arthur Nock, English-American scholar, theologian, and academic (b.", "1902)*1965 – Wally Pipp, American baseball player (b.", "1893)*1966 – Alberto Giacometti, Swiss sculptor and painter (b.", "1901)* 1966 – Lal Bahadur Shastri, Indian academic and politician, 2nd Prime Minister of India (b.", "1904)*1968 – Moshe Zvi Segal, Israeli linguist and scholar (b.", "1876)*1969 – Richmal Crompton, English author and educator (b.", "1890)*1972 – Padraic Colum, Irish poet and playwright (b.", "1881)*1975 – Max Lorenz, German tenor and actor (b.", "1901)*1980 – Barbara Pym, English author (b.", "1913)*1981 – Beulah Bondi, American actress (b.", "1889)*1985 – Edward Buzzell, American actor, director, and screenwriter (b.", "1895)* 1985 – William McKell, Australian lawyer and politician, 12th Governor-General of Australia (b.", "1891)*1986 – Sid Chaplin, English author and screenwriter (b.", "1916)* 1986 – Andrzej Czok, Polish mountaineer (b.", "1948)*1987 – Albert Ferber, Swiss-English pianist, composer, and conductor (b.", "1911)*1988 – Pappy Boyington, American colonel and pilot, Medal of Honor recipient (b.", "1912)* 1988 – Isidor Isaac Rabi, Polish-American physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (b.", "1898)*1989 – Ray Moore, English radio host (b.", "1942)*1990 – Carolyn Haywood, American author and illustrator (b.", "1898)*1991 – Carl David Anderson, American physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (b.", "1905)*1994 – Helmut Poppendick, German physician (b.", "1902)*1995 – Josef Gingold, Belarusian-American violinist and educator (b.", "1909)* 1995 – Onat Kutlar, Turkish author and poet (b.", "1936)* 1995 – Lewis Nixon, U.S. Army captain (b.", "1918)* 1995 – Theodor Wisch, German general (b.", "1907)*1996 – Roger Crozier, Canadian-American ice hockey player (b.", "1942)*1999 – Fabrizio De André, Italian singer-songwriter and guitarist (b.", "1940)* 1999 – Naomi Mitchison, Scottish author and poet (b.", "1897)* 1999 – Brian Moore, Irish-Canadian author and screenwriter (b.", "1921)*2000 – Ivan Combe, American businessman, invented Clearasil (b.", "1911)* 2000 – Bob Lemon, American baseball player and manager (b.", "1920)* 2000 – Betty Archdale, English-Australian cricketer and educator (b.", "1907)*2001 – Denys Lasdun, English architect, co-designed the Royal National Theatre (b.", "1914)*2002 – Henri Verneuil, French-Armenian director and playwright (b.", "1920)*2003 – Jože Pučnik, Slovenian sociologist and politician (b.", "1932)*2004 – Spalding Gray, American actor, writer, and performance artist (b.", "1941)*2007 – Solveig Dommartin, French-German actress (b.", "1961)* 2007 – Robert Anton Wilson, American psychologist, author, poet, and playwright (b.", "1932)*2008 – Edmund Hillary, New Zealand mountaineer and explorer (b.", "1919)* 2008 – Carl Karcher, American businessman, co-founded Carl's Jr. (b.", "1917)*2010 – Miep Gies, Austrian-Dutch humanitarian (b.", "1909)* 2010 – Éric Rohmer, French director, screenwriter, and critic (b.", "1920)*2011 – David Nelson, American actor, director, and producer (b.", "1936)*2012 – Mostafa Ahmadi-Roshan, Iranian physicist and academic (b.", "1980)* 2012 – Gilles Jacquier, French journalist and photographer (b.", "1968)* 2012 – Edgar Kaiser, Jr, American-Canadian businessman and philanthropist (b.", "1942)* 2012 – Wally Osterkorn, American basketball player (b.", "1928)* 2012 – Steven Rawlings, English astrophysicist, astronomer, and academic (b.", "1961)* 2012 – David Whitaker, English composer and conductor (b.", "1931)*2013 – Guido Forti, Italian businessman, founded the Forti Racing Team (b.", "1940)* 2013 – Nguyễn Khánh, Vietnamese general and politician, 3rd President of South Vietnam (b.", "1927)* 2013 – Mariangela Melato, Italian actress (b.", "1941)* 2013 – Tom Parry Jones, Welsh chemist, invented the breathalyzer (b.", "1935)* 2013 – Alemayehu Shumye, Ethiopian runner (b.", "1988)* 2013 – Aaron Swartz, American programmer and activist (b.", "1986)*2014 – Keiko Awaji, Japanese actress (b.", "1933)* 2014 – Muhammad Habibur Rahman, Indian-Bangladeshi jurist and politician, Prime Minister of Bangladesh (b.", "1928)* 2014 – Chai Trong-rong, Taiwanese educator and politician (b.", "1935)* 2014 – Ariel Sharon, Israeli general and politician, 11th Prime Minister of Israel (b.", "1928)*2015 – Jenő Buzánszky, Hungarian footballer and coach (b.", "1925) * 2015 – Anita Ekberg, Swedish-Italian model and actress (b.", "1931)* 2015 – Chashi Nazrul Islam, Bangladeshi director and producer (b.", "1941)* 2015 – Vernon Benjamin Mountcastle, American neuroscientist and academic (b.", "1918)*2016 – Monte Irvin, American baseball player (b.", "1919)* 2016 – David Margulies, American actor (b.", "1937)*2017 – Adenan Satem, Malaysian politician and Chief Minister of Sarawak, Malaysia (b.", "1944)*2018 – Edgar Ray Killen, American murderer (b.", "1925)*2019 – Michael Atiyah, British-Lebanese mathematician (b.", "1929)*2023 – Carole Cook, American actress and singer (b.", "1924)" ], [ "Holidays and observances", "* Children's Day (Tunisia) * Christian feast day:** Anastasius of Suppentonia (Roman Catholic)** Leucius of Brindisi (Roman Catholic)** Paulinus II of Aquileia** Pope Hyginus** Theodosius the Cenobiarch** Thomas of Cori** Vitalis of Gaza (Roman Catholic)** January 11 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)* Eugenio María de Hostos Day (Puerto Rico)* Independence Resistance Day (Morocco)* Kagami biraki (Japan)* National Human Trafficking Awareness Day (United States)* Republic Day (Albania)* Carmentalia (January 11th and January 15th) (Rome)* Prithvi Jayanti (Nepal)" ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* BBC: On This Day* * Historical Events on January 11" ] ]
wikipedia
[ [ "July 3" ], [ "Introduction" ], [ "Events", "===Pre-1600===* 324 – Battle of Adrianople: Constantine I defeats Licinius, who flees to Byzantium.", "* 987 – Hugh Capet is crowned King of France, the first of the Capetian dynasty that would rule France until the French Revolution in 1792.", "*1035 – William the Conqueror becomes the Duke of Normandy, reigning until 1087.===1601–1900===*1608 – Québec City is founded by Samuel de Champlain.", "*1754 – French and Indian War: George Washington surrenders Fort Necessity to French forces.", "*1767 – Pitcairn Island is discovered by Midshipman Robert Pitcairn on an expeditionary voyage commanded by Philip Carteret.", "* 1767 – Norway's oldest newspaper still in print, ''Adresseavisen'', is founded and the first edition is published.", "*1775 – American Revolutionary War: George Washington takes command of the Continental Army at Cambridge, Massachusetts.", "*1778 – American Revolutionary War: Iroquois allied to Britain kill 360 people in the Wyoming Valley massacre.", "*1819 – The Bank for Savings in the City of New-York, the first savings bank in the United States, opens.", "*1839 – The first state normal school in the United States, the forerunner to today's Framingham State University, opens in Lexington, Massachusetts with three students.", "*1848 – Governor-General Peter von Scholten emancipates all remaining slaves in the Danish West Indies.", "*1849 – France invades the Roman Republic and restores the Papal States.", "*1852 – Congress establishes the United States' 2nd mint in San Francisco.", "*1863 – American Civil War: The final day of the Battle of Gettysburg culminates with Pickett's Charge.", "*1866 – Austro-Prussian War is decided at the Battle of Königgrätz, enabling Prussia to exclude Austria from German affairs.", "*1884 – Dow Jones & Company publishes its first stock average.", "*1886 – Karl Benz officially unveils the Benz Patent-Motorwagen, the first purpose-built automobile.", "* 1886 – The ''New-York Tribune'' becomes the first newspaper to use a linotype machine, eliminating typesetting by hand.", "*1890 – Idaho is admitted as the 43rd U.S.", "state.", "*1898 – A Spanish squadron, led by Pascual Cervera y Topete, is defeated by an American squadron under William T. Sampson in the Battle of Santiago de Cuba.===1901–present===*1913 – Confederate veterans at the Great Reunion of 1913 reenact Pickett's Charge; upon reaching the high-water mark of the Confederacy they are met by the outstretched hands of friendship from Union survivors.", "*1938 – World speed record for a steam locomotive is set in England, by the ''Mallard'', which reaches a speed of .", "* 1938 – United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt dedicates the Eternal Light Peace Memorial and lights the eternal flame at Gettysburg Battlefield.", "*1940 – World War II: The Royal Navy attacks the French naval squadron in Algeria, to ensure that it will not fall under German control.", "Of the four French battleships present, one is sunk, two are damaged, and one escapes back to France.", "*1944 – World War II: The Minsk Offensive clears German troops from the city.", "*1952 – The Constitution of Puerto Rico is approved by the United States Congress.", "* 1952 – The sets sail on her maiden voyage to Southampton.", "During the voyage, the ship takes the Blue Riband away from the .", "*1967 – The Aden Emergency: The Battle of the Crater in which the British Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders retake the Crater district following the Arab Police mutiny.", "*1970 – The Troubles: The \"Falls Curfew\" begins in Belfast, Northern Ireland.", "* 1970 – Dan-Air Flight 1903 crashes into the Les Agudes mountain in the Montseny Massif near the village of Arbúcies in Catalonia, Spain, killing all 112 people aboard.", "*1973 – David Bowie retires his stage persona Ziggy Stardust with the surprise announcement that it is \"the last show that we'll ever do\" on the last day of the Ziggy Stardust Tour.", "*1979 – U.S. President Jimmy Carter signs the first directive for secret aid to the opponents of the pro-Soviet regime in Kabul.", "*1988 – United States Navy warship shoots down Iran Air Flight 655 over the Persian Gulf, killing all 290 people aboard.", "* 1988 – The Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge in Istanbul, Turkey is completed, providing the second connection between the continents of Europe and Asia over the Bosphorus.", "*1996 – British Prime Minister John Major announced the Stone of Scone would be returned to Scotland.", "*2013 – President of Egypt Mohamed Morsi is removed from office by the military after four days of protests all over the country calling for his resignation, to which he did not respond.", "The president of the Supreme Constitutional Court of Egypt, Adly Mansour, is declared acting president until further elections are held." ], [ "Births", "===Pre-1600===* 321 – Valentinian I, Roman emperor (d. 375)*1423 – Louis XI of France (d. 1483)*1442 – Emperor Go-Tsuchimikado of Japan (d. 1500)*1518 – Li Shizhen, Chinese physician and mineralogist (d. 1593)*1530 – Claude Fauchet, French historian and author (d. 1601)*1534 – Myeongjong of Joseon, Ruler of Korea (d. 1567)*1550 – Jacobus Gallus, Slovenian composer (d. 1591)*1569 – Thomas Richardson, English politician and judge (d. 1635)===1601–1900===*1683 – Edward Young, English poet, dramatist and literary critic (''Night-Thoughts'') (d. 1765)*1685 – Sir Robert Rich, 4th Baronet, English field marshal and politician (d. 1768)*1728 – Robert Adam, Scottish-English architect, designed Culzean Castle (d. 1792)*1738 – John Singleton Copley, American painter (d. 1815)*1778 – Carl Ludvig Engel, German architect (d. 1840)*1789 – Johann Friedrich Overbeck, German-Italian painter and engraver (d. 1869)*1814 – Ferdinand Didrichsen, Danish botanist and physicist (d. 1887)*1823 – Ahmed Vefik Pasha, Greek-Ottoman statesman, diplomat, playwright, and translator (d. 1891)*1844 – Dankmar Adler, German-born American architect and engineer (d. 1900)*1846 – Achilles Alferaki, Russian composer and politician, Governor of Taganrog (d. 1919)*1851 – Charles Bannerman, English-Australian cricketer and umpire (d. 1930)*1854 – Leoš Janáček, Czech composer and theorist (d. 1928)*1860 – Charlotte Perkins Gilman, American sociologist and author (d. 1935)*1866 – Albert Gottschalk, Danish painter (d. 1906)*1869 – Svend Kornbeck, Danish actor (d. 1933)*1870 – R. B. Bennett, Canadian lawyer and politician, 11th Prime Minister of Canada (d. 1947)*1871 – William Henry Davies, Welsh poet and writer (d. 1940)*1874 – Jean Collas, French rugby player and tug of war competitor (d. 1928)*1875 – Ferdinand Sauerbruch, German surgeon and academic (d. 1951)*1876 – Ralph Barton Perry, American philosopher and academic (d. 1957)*1878 – George M. Cohan, American songwriter, actor, singer, and dancer (d. 1942)*1879 – Alfred Korzybski, Polish-American mathematician, linguist, and philosopher (d. 1950)*1880 – Carl Schuricht, Polish-German conductor (d. 1967)*1883 – Franz Kafka, Czech-Austrian author (d. 1924)*1885 – Anna Dickie Olesen, American politician (d. 1971)*1886 – Raymond A. Spruance, American admiral and diplomat, United States Ambassador to the Philippines (d. 1969)*1888 – Ramón Gómez de la Serna, Spanish author and playwright (d. 1963)*1889 – Richard Cramer, American actor (d. 1960)*1893 – Sándor Bortnyik, Hungarian painter and graphic designer (d. 1976)*1896 – Doris Lloyd, English actress (d. 1968)*1897 – Jesse Douglas, American mathematician and academic (d. 1965)*1898 – Stefanos Stefanopoulos, Greek politician, Prime Minister of Greece (d. 1982)*1900 – Alessandro Blasetti, Italian director and screenwriter (d. 1987)===1901–present===*1901 – Ruth Crawford Seeger, American composer (d. 1953)*1903 – Ace Bailey, Canadian ice hockey player and coach (d. 1992)*1905 – Johnny Gibson, American hurdler and coach (d. 2006)*1906 – George Sanders, Russian-born British actor (d. 1972)*1908 – M. F. K. Fisher, American author (d. 1992)* 1908 – Robert B. Meyner, American lawyer and politician, 44th Governor of New Jersey (d. 1990)*1909 – Stavros Niarchos, Greek shipping magnate (d. 1996)*1910 – Fritz Kasparek, Austrian mountaineer (d. 1954)*1911 – Joe Hardstaff Jr., English cricketer (d. 1990)*1913 – Dorothy Kilgallen, American journalist, actress, and author (d. 1965)*1916 – John Kundla, American basketball player and coach (d. 2017)*1917 – João Saldanha, Brazilian footballer, manager, and journalist (d. 1990)*1918 – S. V. Ranga Rao, Indian actor, director, and producer (d. 1974)* 1918 – Johnny Palmer, American golfer (d. 2006)*1919 – Cecil FitzMaurice, 8th Earl of Orkney (d. 1998)* 1919 – Gerald W. Thomas, American soldier and academic (d. 2013)*1920 – Eddy Paape, Belgian illustrator (d. 2012)* 1920 – Paul O'Dea, American baseball player and manager (d. 1978)* 1920 – Lennart Bladh, Swedish politician (d. 2006) *1921 – Flor María Chalbaud, First Lady of Venezuela (d. 2013)* 1921 – Susan Peters, American actress (d. 1952)* 1921 – François Reichenbach, French director, producer, and screenwriter (d. 1993)*1922 – Guillaume Cornelis van Beverloo, Belgian painter and sculptor (d. 2010) * 1922 – Theo Brokmann Jr., Dutch football player (d. 2003)*1924 – Amalia Aguilar, Cuban-Mexican film actress and dancer (d. 2021)* 1924 – S. R. Nathan, 6th President of Singapore (d. 2016)*1925 – Terry Moriarty, Australian rules footballer (d. 2011)* 1925 – Danny Nardico, American professional boxer (d. 2010)* 1925 – Philip Jamison, American artist (d. 2021)*1926 – Johnny Coles, American trumpet player (d. 1997)* 1926 – Rae Allen, American actress, singer, and director (d. 2022)* 1926 – Laurence Street, Australian jurist and former Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of New South Wales (d. 2018)*1927 – Ken Russell, English actor, director, and producer (d. 2011)* 1927 – Tim O'Connor, American actor (d. 2018)*1928 – Evelyn Anthony, English author (d. 2018)*1929 – Clément Perron, Canadian director, producer, and screenwriter (d. 1999)* 1929 – Joanne Herring, American socialite, businesswoman, political activist, philanthropist, diplomat, and television talk show host*1930 – Pete Fountain, American clarinet player (d. 2016)* 1930 – Carlos Kleiber, German-Austrian conductor (d. 2004)* 1930 – Tommy Tedesco, American guitarist (d. 1997)*1932 – Richard Mellon Scaife, American businessman (d. 2014)*1933 – Edward Brandt, Jr., American physician and mathematician (d. 2007)*1935 – Cheo Feliciano, Puerto Rican-American singer-songwriter (d. 2014)* 1935 – Harrison Schmitt, American geologist, astronaut, and politician*1936 – Anthony Lester, Baron Lester of Herne Hill, English lawyer and politician (d. 2020)* 1936 – Baard Owe, Norwegian-Danish actor (d. 2017)*1937 – Nicholas Maxwell, English philosopher and academic* 1937 – Tom Stoppard, Czech-English playwright and screenwriter*1938 – Jean Aitchison, English linguist and academic* 1938 – Sjaak Swart, Dutch footballer*1939 – Brigitte Fassbaender, German soprano and director* 1939 – László Kovács, Hungarian politician and diplomat, Hungarian Minister of Foreign Affairs* 1939 – Coco Laboy, Puerto Rican baseball player*1940 – Lamar Alexander, American lawyer and politician, 5th United States Secretary of Education* 1940 – Jerzy Buzek, Polish engineer and politician, 9th Prime Minister of Poland* 1940 – Lance Larson, American swimmer* 1940 – César Tovar, Venezuelan baseball player (d. 1994)*1941 – Gloria Allred, American lawyer and activist* 1941 – Liamine Zéroual, Algerian politician, 4th President of Algeria*1942 – Eddy Mitchell, French singer-songwriter *1943 – Gary Waldhorn, British actor (d. 2022)* 1943 – Judith Durham, Australian folk-pop singer-songwriter and musician (d. 2022)* 1943 – Kurtwood Smith, American actor* 1943 – Norman E. Thagard, American astronaut*1945 – Michael Cole, American actor* 1945 – Michael Martin, Baron Martin of Springburn, Scottish politician, Speaker of the House of Commons (d. 2018)* 1946 – Johnny Lee, American singer and guitarist* 1946 – Leszek Miller, Polish political scientist and politician, 10th Prime Minister of Poland* 1946 – Michael Shea, American author (d. 2014)*1947 – Dave Barry, American journalist and author* 1947 – Betty Buckley, American actress and singer* 1947 – Mike Burton, American swimmer*1948 – Paul Barrere, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 2019)* 1948 – Tarmo Koivisto, Finnish author and illustrator*1949 – Susan Penhaligon, English actress* 1949 – John Verity, English guitarist * 1949 – Johnnie Wilder, Jr., American singer (d. 2006)* 1949 – Bo Xilai, Chinese politician, Chinese Minister of Commerce*1950 – Ewen Chatfield, New Zealand cricketer* 1950 – James Hahn, American judge and politician, 40th Mayor of Los Angeles*1951 – Jean-Claude Duvalier, Haitian politician, 41st President of Haiti (d. 2014)* 1951 – Richard Hadlee, New Zealand cricketer and footballer*1952 – Laura Branigan, American singer-songwriter (d. 2004)* 1952 – Lu Colombo, Italian singer* 1952 – Andy Fraser, English singer-songwriter and bass player (d. 2015)* 1952 – Carla Olson, American singer-songwriter and music producer* 1952 – Wasim Raja, Pakistani cricketer (d. 2006)* 1952 – Amit Kumar, Indian film playback singer, actor, director, music director and musician*1953 – Lotta Sollander, Swedish alpine skier*1954 – Les Cusworth, English rugby player*1955 – Claude Rajotte, Canadian radio and television host*1956 – Montel Williams, American talk show host and television personality*1957 – Poly Styrene, British musician (d. 2011)*1958 – Matthew Fraser, Canadian-English journalist and academic* 1958 – Charlie Higson, English actor, singer, and author * 1958 – Siân Lloyd, Welsh meteorologist and journalist* 1958 – Didier Mouron, Swiss-Canadian painter* 1958 – Aaron Tippin, American singer-songwriter, guitarist, and producer*1959 – Julie Burchill, English journalist and author* 1959 – Ian Maxtone-Graham, American screenwriter and producer* 1959 – Stephen Pearcy, American singer-songwriter and guitarist * 1959 – David Shore, Canadian screenwriter and producer*1960 – Vince Clarke, English singer-songwriter, keyboard player, and producer *1962 – Scott Borchetta, American record executive and entrepreneur* 1962 – Tom Cruise, American actor and producer* 1962 – Thomas Gibson, American actor and director*1964 – Yeardley Smith, American actress, voice actress, comedian and writer*1965 – Shinya Hashimoto, Japanese wrestler (d. 2005)* 1965 – Connie Nielsen, Danish-American actress* 1965 – Komsan Pohkong, Thai lawyer and academic* 1965 – Christophe Ruer, French pentathlete (d. 2007)*1966 – Moisés Alou, American baseball player*1967 – Katy Clark, Scottish lawyer and politician*1968 – Ramush Haradinaj, Kosovo-Albanian soldier and politician, 4th Prime Minister of Kosovo*1970 – Serhiy Honchar, Ukrainian cyclist* 1970 – Audra McDonald, American actress and singer* 1970 – Teemu Selänne, Finnish ice hockey player*1971 – Julian Assange, Australian journalist, publisher, and activist, founded WikiLeaks* 1971 – Benedict Wong, English actor*1973 – Paul Rauhihi, New Zealand rugby league player* 1973 – Ólafur Stefánsson, Icelandic handball player* 1973 – Fyodor Tuvin, Russian footballer (d. 2013)* 1973 – Patrick Wilson, American actor*1976 – Wade Belak, Canadian ice hockey player (d. 2011)* 1976 – Henry Olonga, Zimbabwean cricketer and sportscaster* 1976 – Wanderlei Silva, Brazilian-American mixed martial artist* 1976 – Bobby Skinstad, Zimbabwean-South African rugby union player*1977 – David Bowens, American football player*1978 – Mizuki Noguchi, Japanese runner*1979 – Jamie Grove, English cricketer*1980 – Mazharul Haque, Bangladeshi cricketer (d. 2013)* 1980 – Olivia Munn, American actress and television host* 1980 – Roland Schoeman, South African swimmer* 1980 – Harbhajan Singh, Indian cricketer*1983 – Edinson Vólquez, Dominican baseball player*1984 – Manny Lawson, American football player* 1984 – Churandy Martina, Dutch sprinter* 1984 – Corey Sevier, Canadian actor and producer*1986 – Marco Antônio de Mattos Filho, Brazilian footballer* 1986 – Kisenosato Yutaka, Japanese sumo wrestler*1987 – Sebastian Vettel, German race car driver*1988 – Winston Reid, New Zealand-Danish footballer* 1988 – Vladislav Sesganov, Russian figure skater* 1988 – James Troisi, Australian footballer *1989 – Danilo Cavalcante, Brazilian convicted murderer* 1989 – Mitchell Dodds, Australian rugby league player* 1989 – Elle King, American singer, songwriter, and actress*1990 – Nathan Gardner, Australian rugby league player* 1990 – Bobby Hopkinson, English footballer* 1990 – Lucas Mendes, Brazilian footballer* 1990 – Alison Riske-Amritraj, American tennis player*1991 – Alison Howie, Scottish field hockey player* 1991 – Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova, Russian tennis player*1992 – Crystal Dunn, American soccer player*1999 – Nefisa Berberović, Bosnian tennis player" ], [ "Deaths", "===Pre-1600===* 458 – Anatolius of Constantinople, Byzantine patriarch and saint (b.", "449)* 710 – Emperor Zhongzong of Tang (b.", "656)* 896 – Dong Chang, Chinese warlord* 964 – Henry I, Frankish nobleman and archbishop*1090 – Egbert II, Margrave of Meissen (b. c. 1060)*1288 – Stephen de Fulbourn, English-born Irish cleric and politician*1503 – Pierre d'Aubusson, Grand Master of the Knights of Rhodes (b.", "1423)*1570 – Aonio Paleario, Italian academic and reformer (b.", "1500)===1601–1900===*1642 – Marie de' Medici, French queen consort and regent (b.", "1573)*1672 – Francis Willughby, English ornithologist and ichthyologist (b.", "1635)*1790 – Jean-Baptiste L. Romé de l'Isle, French geologist and mineralogist (b.", "1736)*1795 – Louis-Georges de Bréquigny, French scholar and author (b.", "1714)* 1795 – Antonio de Ulloa, Spanish general, astronomer, and politician, 1st Colonial Governor of Louisiana (b.", "1716)*1809 – Joseph Quesnel, French-Canadian composer and playwright (b.", "1746)*1863 – George Hull Ward, American general (b.", "1826)* 1863 – Little Crow, American tribal leader (b.", "1810)*1881 – Hasan Tahsini, Albanian astronomer, mathematician, and philosopher (b.", "1811)*1887 – Clay Allison, American rancher (b.", "1841)*1888 – Nguyễn Đình Chiểu, Vietnamese poet and author (b.", "1822)===1901–present===*1904 – Édouard Beaupré, Canadian giant and strongman (b.", "1881)* 1904 – Theodor Herzl, Austrian journalist, playwright, and father of modern political Zionism (b.", "1860)*1908 – Joel Chandler Harris, American journalist and author (b.", "1845)*1916 – Hetty Green, American businesswoman and financier (b.", "1834)*1918 – Mehmed V, Ottoman sultan (b.", "1844)*1921 – James Mitchel, Irish-American weight thrower (b.", "1864)*1927 – Gérard de Courcelles, French race car driver*1933 – Hipólito Yrigoyen, Argentinian educator and politician, 19th President of Argentina (b.", "1852)*1935 – André Citroën, French engineer and businessman, founded the Citroën Company (b.", "1878)*1937 – Jacob Schick, American-Canadian captain and businessman, invented the electric razor (b.", "1877)*1941 – Friedrich Akel, Estonian physician and politician, Head of State of Estonia (b.", "1871)*1954 – Siegfried Handloser, German physician and general (b.", "1895)* 1954 – Reginald Marsh, French-American painter, illustrator, and academic (b.", "1898)*1957 – Dolf Luque, Cuban baseball player and manager (b.", "1890)* 1957 – Richard Mohaupt, German composer and Kapellmeister (b.", "1904)*1958 – Charles Bathurst, 1st Viscount Bledisloe, English politician, 4th Governor-General of New Zealand (b.", "1867)*1969 – Brian Jones, English guitarist, songwriter, and producer (b.", "1942)*1971 – Jim Morrison, American singer-songwriter (b.", "1943)*1974 – John Crowe Ransom, American poet and critic (b.", "1888)*1977 – Alexander Volkov, Russian mathematician and author (b.", "1891)*1978 – James Daly, American actor (b.", "1918)*1979 – Louis Durey, French pianist and composer (b.", "1888)*1981 – Ross Martin, American actor and director (b.", "1920)*1985 – Frank J. Selke, Canadian ice hockey player and manager (b.", "1893)*1986 – Rudy Vallée, American singer, saxophonist, and actor (b.", "1901)*1989 – Jim Backus, American actor and voice artist (b.", "1913)*1993 – Don Drysdale, American baseball player and sportscaster (b.", "1936)*1994 – Lew Hoad, Australian tennis player and coach (b.", "1934)*1995 – Pancho Gonzales, American tennis player (b.", "1928)* 1995 – Eddie Mazur, Canadian ice hockey player (b.", "1929)*1998 – Danielle Bunten Berry, American game designer and programmer (b.", "1949)*1999 – Mark Sandman, American singer-songwriter, guitarist, and producer (b.", "1952)* 1999 – Pelageya Polubarinova-Kochina, Russian mathematician (b.", "1899)*2001 – Mordecai Richler, Canadian author and screenwriter (b.", "1931)* 2001 – Johnny Russell, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (b.", "1940)*2004 – Andriyan Nikolayev, Russian general, pilot, and astronaut (b.", "1929)*2005 – Alberto Lattuada, Italian actor, director, and screenwriter (b.", "1914)* 2005 – Gaylord Nelson, American lawyer and politician, 35th Governor of Wisconsin (b.", "1916)*2006 – Joseph Goguen, American computer scientist, developed the OBJ programming language (b.", "1941)*2007 – Boots Randolph, American saxophonist (b.", "1927)*2008 – Clive Hornby, English actor and drummer (b.", "1944)* 2008 – Oliver Schroer, Canadian fiddler, composer, and producer (b.", "1956)*2009 – Alauddin Al-Azad, Bangladeshi author and poet (b.", "1932)* 2009 – John Keel, American journalist and author (b.", "1930)*2010 – Abu Daoud, Palestinian terrorist, planned the Munich massacre (b.", "1937)*2011 – Ali Bahar, Bahraini singer and guitarist (b.", "1960) *2012 – Nguyễn Hữu Có, Vietnamese general and politician (b.", "1925)* 2012 – Andy Griffith, American actor, singer, and producer (b.", "1926)* 2012 – Yvonne B. Miller, American educator and politician (b.", "1934)* 2012 – Sergio Pininfarina, Italian engineer and politician (b.", "1926)* 2012 – Richard Alvin Tonry, American lawyer and politician (b.", "1935)*2013 – Roman Bengez, Slovenian footballer and manager (b.", "1964)* 2013 – Francis Ray, American author (b.", "1944)* 2013 – PJ Torokvei, Canadian actress and screenwriter (b.", "1951)* 2013 – Radu Vasile, Romanian historian and politician, 57th Prime Minister of Romania (b.", "1942)* 2013 – Bernard Vitet, French trumpet player and composer (b.", "1934)* 2013 – Snoo Wilson, English playwright and screenwriter (b.", "1948)*2014 – Jini Dellaccio, American photographer (b.", "1917)* 2014 – Tim Flood, Irish hurler and coach (b.", "1927)* 2014 – Volkmar Groß, German footballer (b.", "1948)* 2014 – Ira Ruskin, American politician (b.", "1943)* 2014 – Zalman Schachter-Shalomi, Ukrainian-American rabbi and author (b.", "1924)*2015 – Diana Douglas, British-American actress (b.", "1923)* 2015 – Boyd K. Packer, American religious leader and educator (b.", "1924)* 2015 – Wayne Townsend, American farmer and politician (b.", "1926) * 2015 – Phil Walsh, Australian footballer and coach (b.", "1960)*2020 – Saroj Khan, Indian dance choreographer (b.", "1948)" ], [ "Holidays and observances", "* Christian feast day:**Anatolius of Constantinople**Anatolius of Laodicea**Dathus**Germanus of Man**Gurthiern**Heliodorus of Altino**Mucian**Peregrina Mogas Fontcuberta**Pope Leo II**Thomas the Apostle**July 3 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)*Emancipation Day (United States Virgin Islands)*Independence Day, celebrates the liberation of Minsk from Nazi occupation by Soviet troops in 1944 (Belarus)* The start of the Dog Days according to the ''Old Farmer's Almanac'' but not according to established meaning in most European cultures* Women's Day (Myanmar)" ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* * *" ] ]
wikipedia
[ [ "July 4" ], [ "Introduction" ], [ "Events", "===Pre-1600===*362 BC – Battle of Mantinea: The Thebans, led by Epaminondas, defeated the Spartans.", "* 414 – Emperor Theodosius II, age 13, yields power to his older sister Aelia Pulcheria, who reigned as regent and proclaimed herself empress (''Augusta'') of the Eastern Roman Empire.", "* 836 – ''Pactum Sicardi'', a peace treaty between the Principality of Benevento and the Duchy of Naples, is signed.", "* 993 – Ulrich of Augsburg is canonized as a saint.", "*1054 – A supernova, called SN 1054, is seen by Chinese Song dynasty, Arab, and possibly Amerindian observers near the star Zeta Tauri.", "For several months it remains bright enough to be seen during the day.", "Its remnants form the Crab Nebula.", "*1120 – Jordan II of Capua is anointed as prince after his infant nephew's death.", "*1187 – The Crusades: Battle of Hattin: Saladin defeats Guy of Lusignan, King of Jerusalem.", "*1253 – Battle of West-Capelle: John I of Avesnes defeats Guy of Dampierre.", "*1333 – Genkō War: Forces loyal to Emperor Go-Daigo seize Tōshō-ji during the Siege of Kamakura.", "Hōjō Takatoki and other members of the Hōjō clan commit suicide, ending the rule of the Kamakura shogunate.", "*1359 – Francesco II Ordelaffi of Forlì surrenders to the Papal commander Gil de Albornoz.", "*1456 – Ottoman–Hungarian wars: The Siege of Nándorfehérvár (Belgrade) begins.", "*1534 – Christian III is elected King of Denmark and Norway in the town of Rye.", "*1584 – Philip Amadas and Arthur Barlowe arrive at Roanoke Island.===1601–1900===*1610 – The Battle of Klushino is fought between forces of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and Russia during the Polish–Muscovite War.", "*1634 – The city of Trois-Rivières is founded in New France (now Quebec, Canada).", "*1744 – The Treaty of Lancaster, in which the Iroquois cede lands between the Allegheny Mountains and the Ohio River to the British colonies, was signed in Lancaster, Pennsylvania.", "*1774 – Orangetown Resolutions are adopted in the Province of New York, one of many protests against the British Parliament's Coercive Acts.", "*1776 – American Revolution: The United States Declaration of Independence is adopted by the Second Continental Congress.", "*1778 – American Revolutionary War: U.S. forces under George Clark capture Kaskaskia during the Illinois campaign.", "*1802 – The United States Military Academy opens at West Point, New York.", "*1803 – The Louisiana Purchase is announced to the American people.", "*1817 – In Rome, New York, construction on the Erie Canal begins.", "*1818 – US Flag Act of 1818 goes into effect creating a 13 stripe flag with a star for each state.", "New stars would be added on July 4 after a new state had been admitted.", "*1827 – Slavery is abolished in the State of New York.", "*1831 – Samuel Francis Smith writes \"My Country, 'Tis of Thee\" for the Boston, Massachusetts July 4 festivities.", "*1832 – John Neal delivers the first public lecture in the US to advocate the rights of women.", "*1832 – Durham University established by Act of Parliament; the first recognized university to be founded in England since Cambridge over 600 years earlier.", "*1837 – Grand Junction Railway, the world's first long-distance railway, opens between Birmingham and Liverpool.", "*1838 – The Iowa Territory is organized.", "*1845 – Henry David Thoreau moves into a small cabin on Walden Pond in Concord, Massachusetts.", "Thoreau's account of his two years there, ''Walden'', will become a touchstone of the environmental movement.", "*1855 – The first edition of Walt Whitman's book of poems, ''Leaves of Grass'', is published in Brooklyn.", "*1862 – Lewis Carroll tells Alice Liddell a story that would grow into ''Alice's Adventures in Wonderland'' and its sequels.", "*1863 – American Civil War: Siege of Vicksburg: Vicksburg, Mississippi surrenders to U.S. forces under Ulysses S. Grant after 47 days of siege.", "* 1863 – American Civil War: Union forces repulse a Confederate army at the Battle of Helena in Arkansas.", "The Confederate loss fails to relieve pressure on the besieged city of Vicksburg, and paves the way for the Union to capture Little Rock.", "* 1863 – American Civil War: The Army of Northern Virginia withdraws from the battlefield after losing the Battle of Gettysburg, signalling an end to the Confederate invasion of U.S.", "territory.", "*1879 – Anglo-Zulu War: The Zululand capital of Ulundi is captured by British troops and burned to the ground, ending the war and forcing King Cetshwayo to flee.", "*1881 – In Alabama, the Tuskegee Institute opens.", "*1886 – The Canadian Pacific Railway's first scheduled train from Montreal arrives in Port Moody on the Pacific coast, after six days of travel.", "*1887 – The founder of Pakistan, Quaid-i-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah, joins Sindh-Madrasa-tul-Islam, Karachi.", "*1892 – Western Samoa changes the International Date Line, causing Monday (July 4) to occur twice, resulting in a leap year with 367 days.", "*1894 – The short-lived Republic of Hawaii is proclaimed by Sanford B.", "Dole.", "*1898 – En route from New York to Le Havre, the SS ''La Bourgogne'' collides with another ship and sinks off the coast of Sable Island, with the loss of 549 lives.===1901–present===*1901 – William Howard Taft becomes American governor of the Philippines.", "*1903 – The Philippine–American War is officially concluded.", "*1910 – The Johnson–Jeffries riots occur after African-American boxer Jack Johnson knocks out white boxer Jim Jeffries in the 15th round.", "Between 11 and 26 people are killed and hundreds more injured.", "*1911 – A massive heat wave strikes the northeastern United States, killing 380 people in eleven days and breaking temperature records in several cities.", "*1913 – President Woodrow Wilson addresses American Civil War veterans at the Great Reunion of 1913.", "*1914 – The funeral of Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife Sophie takes place in Vienna, six days after their assassinations in Sarajevo.", "*1918 – Mehmed V died at the age of 73 and Ottoman sultan Mehmed VI ascends to the throne.", "* 1918 – World War I: The Battle of Hamel, a successful attack by the Australian Corps against German positions near the town of Le Hamel on the Western Front.", "*1927 – First flight of the Lockheed Vega.", "*1939 – Lou Gehrig, recently diagnosed with Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, informs a crowd at Yankee Stadium that he considers himself \"The luckiest man on the face of the earth\", then announces his retirement from major league baseball.", "*1941 – Nazi crimes against the Polish nation: Nazi troops massacre Polish scientists and writers in the captured Ukrainian city of Lviv.", "* 1941 – World War II: The Burning of the Riga synagogues: The Great Choral Synagogue in German-occupied Riga is burnt with 300 Jews locked in the basement.", "*1942 – World War II: The 250-day Siege of Sevastopol in the Crimea ends when the city falls to Axis forces.", "*1943 – World War II: The Battle of Kursk, the largest full-scale battle in history and the world's largest tank battle, begins in the village of Prokhorovka.", "* 1943 – World War II: In Gibraltar, a Royal Air Force B-24 Liberator bomber crashes into the sea in an apparent accident moments after takeoff, killing sixteen passengers on board, including general Władysław Sikorski, the commander-in-chief of the Polish Army and the Prime Minister of the Polish government-in-exile; only the pilot survives.", "*1946 – The Kielce pogrom against Jewish Holocaust survivors in Poland.", "* 1946 – After 381 years of near-continuous colonial rule by various powers, the Philippines attains full independence from the United States.", "*1947 – The \"Indian Independence Bill\" is presented before the British House of Commons, proposing the independence of the Provinces of British India into two sovereign countries: India and Pakistan.", "*1950 – Cold War: Radio Free Europe first broadcasts.", "*1951 – Cold War: A court in Czechoslovakia sentences American journalist William N. Oatis to ten years in prison on charges of espionage.", "* 1951 – William Shockley announces the invention of the junction transistor.", "*1954 – Rationing ends in the United Kingdom.", "*1960 – Due to the post-Independence Day admission of Hawaii as the 50th U.S. state on August 21, 1959, the 50-star flag of the United States debuts in Philadelphia, almost ten and a half months later (see Flag Acts (United States)).", "*1961 – On its maiden voyage, the Soviet nuclear-powered submarine ''K-19'' suffers a complete loss of coolant to its reactor.", "The crew are able to effect repairs, but 22 of them die of radiation poisoning over the following two years.", "*1966 – U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson signs the Freedom of Information Act into United States law.", "The act went into effect the next year.", "*1976 – Israeli commandos raid Entebbe airport in Uganda, rescuing all but four of the passengers and crew of an Air France jetliner seized by Palestinian terrorists.", "*1977 – The George Jackson Brigade plants a bomb at the main power substation for the Washington state capitol in Olympia, in solidarity with a prison strike at the Walla Walla State Penitentiary Intensive Security Unit.", "*1982 – Three Iranian diplomats and a journalist are kidnapped in Lebanon by Phalange forces, and their fate remains unknown.", "*1987 – In France, former Gestapo chief Klaus Barbie (a.k.a.", "the \"Butcher of Lyon\") is convicted of crimes against humanity and sentenced to life imprisonment.", "*1994 – Rwandan genocide: Kigali, the Rwandan capital, is captured by the Rwandan Patriotic Front, ending the genocide in the city.", "*1997 – NASA's Pathfinder space probe lands on the surface of Mars.", "*1998 – Japan launches the Nozomi probe to Mars, joining the United States and Russia as a space exploring nation.", "*2001 – Vladivostock Air Flight 352 crashes on approach to Irkutsk Airport killing all 145 people on board.", "*2002 – A Boeing 707 crashes near Bangui M'Poko International Airport in Bangui, Central African Republic, killing 28.", "*2004 – The cornerstone of the Freedom Tower is laid on the World Trade Center site in New York City.", "* 2004 – Greece beats Portugal in the UEFA Euro 2004 Final and becomes European Champion for first time in its history.", "*2005 – The Deep Impact collider hits the comet Tempel 1.", "*2006 – Space Shuttle program: ''Discovery'' launches STS-121 to the International Space Station.", "The event gained wide media attention as it was the only shuttle launch in the program's history to occur on the United States' Independence Day.", "*2008 – A bomb explodes at a concert in Minsk's Independence Square, injuring 50 people.", "*2009 – The Statue of Liberty's crown reopens to the public after eight years of closure due to security concerns following the September 11 attacks.", "* 2009 – The first of four days of bombings begins on the southern Philippine island group of Mindanao.", "*2012 – The discovery of particles consistent with the Higgs boson at the Large Hadron Collider is announced at CERN.", "*2015 – Chile claims its first title in international football by defeating Argentina in the 2015 Copa América Final." ], [ "Births", "===Pre-1600===*68 – Salonia Matidia, Roman daughter of Ulpia Marciana (d. 119)*1095 – Usama ibn Munqidh, Muslim poet, author and faris (Knight) (d. 1188)*1330 – Ashikaga Yoshiakira, Japanese shōgun (d. 1367)*1477 – Johannes Aventinus, Bavarian historian and philologist (d. 1534)*1546 – Murad III, Ottoman sultan (d. 1595)===1601–1900===*1656 – John Leake, Royal Navy admiral (d. 1720)*1694 – Louis-Claude Daquin, French organist and composer (d. 1772)*1715 – Christian Fürchtegott Gellert, German poet and academic (d. 1769)*1719 – Michel-Jean Sedaine, French playwright (d. 1797) *1729 – George Leonard, American lawyer, jurist and politician (d. 1819)*1753 – Jean-Pierre Blanchard, French inventor, best known as a pioneer in balloon flight (d. 1809)*1790 – George Everest, Welsh geographer and surveyor (d. 1866)*1799 – Oscar I of Sweden (d. 1859)*1804 – Nathaniel Hawthorne, American novelist and short story writer (d. 1864)*1807 – Giuseppe Garibaldi, Italian general and politician (d. 1882)*1816 – Hiram Walker, American businessman, founded Canadian Club whisky (d. 1899)*1826 – Stephen Foster, American songwriter and composer (d. 1864)*1842 – Hermann Cohen, German philosopher (d. 1918)*1845 – Thomas John Barnardo, Irish philanthropist and humanitarian (d. 1905)*1847 – James Anthony Bailey, American circus ringmaster, co-founded Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus (d. 1906)*1854 – Victor Babeș, Romanian physician and biologist (d. 1926)*1868 – Henrietta Swan Leavitt, American astronomer and academic (d. 1921)*1886 – Tom Longboat, Canadian runner and soldier (d. 1949)*1871 – Hubert Cecil Booth, English engineer (d. 1955)*1872 – Calvin Coolidge, American lawyer and politician, 30th President of the United States (d. 1933)*1874 – John McPhee, Australian journalist and politician, 27th Premier of Tasmania (d. 1952)*1880 – Victor Kraft, Austrian philosopher from the Vienna Circle (d. 1975)*1881 – Ulysses S. Grant III, American general (d. 1968)*1883 – Rube Goldberg, American sculptor, cartoonist, and engineer (d. 1970)*1887 – Pio Pion, Italian engineer and businessman (d. 1965)*1888 – Henry Armetta, Italian-American actor and singer (d. 1945)*1895 – Irving Caesar, American songwriter and composer (d. 1996)*1896 – Mao Dun, Chinese journalist, author, and critic (d. 1981)*1897 – Alluri Sitarama Raju, Indian activist (d. 1924)*1898 – Pilar Barbosa, Puerto Rican-American historian and activist (d. 1997)* 1898 – Gertrude Lawrence, British actress, singer, and dancer (d. 1952)* 1898 – Gulzarilal Nanda, Indian politician (d. 1998)* 1898 – Gertrude Weaver, American supercentenarian (d. 2015)*1900 – Belinda Dann, Indigenous Australian who was one of the Stolen Generation, reunited with family aged 107 (d. 2007)* 1900 – Nellie Mae Rowe, American folk artist (d. 1982)===1901–present===*1902 – Meyer Lansky, American gangster (d. 1983)* 1902 – George Murphy, American actor and politician (d. 1992)*1903 – Flor Peeters, Belgian organist, composer, and educator (d. 1986)*1904 – Angela Baddeley, English actress (d. 1976)*1905 – Irving Johnson, American sailor and author (d. 1991)* 1905 – Robert Hankey, 2nd Baron Hankey, British diplomat and public servant (d. 1996)* 1905 – Lionel Trilling, American critic, essayist, short story writer, and educator (d. 1975)*1906 – Vincent Schaefer, American chemist and meteorologist (d. 1993)*1907 – John Anderson, American discus thrower (d. 1948)* 1907 – Howard Taubman, American author and critic (d. 1996)*1909 – Alec Templeton, Welsh composer, pianist and satirist (d. 1963) *1910 – Robert K. Merton, American sociologist and scholar (d. 2003)* 1910 – Gloria Stuart, American actress (d. 2010)*1911 – Bruce Hamilton, Australian public servant (d. 1989)* 1911 – Mitch Miller, American singer and producer (d. 2010)* 1911 – Elizabeth Peratrovich, Alaskan-American civil rights activist (d. 1958)*1914 – Nuccio Bertone, Italian automobile designer (d. 1997)*1915 – Timmie Rogers, American actor and singer-songwriter (d. 2006)*1916 – Iva Toguri D'Aquino, American typist and broadcaster (d. 2006)*1918 – Eppie Lederer, American journalist and radio host (d. 2002)* 1918 – Johnnie Parsons, American race car driver (d. 1984)* 1918 – King Taufa'ahau Tupou IV of Tonga, (d. 2006)* 1918 – Alec Bedser, English cricketer (d. 2010)* 1918 – Eric Bedser, English cricketer (d. 2006)* 1918 – Pauline Phillips, American journalist and radio host, created Dear Abby (d. 2013)*1920 – Norm Drucker, American basketball player and referee (d. 2015)* 1920 – Leona Helmsley, American businesswoman (d. 2007)* 1920 – Fritz Wilde, German footballer and manager (d. 1977)* 1920 – Paul Bannai, American politician (d. 2019)*1921 – Gérard Debreu, French economist and mathematician, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2004)* 1921 – Nasser Sharifi, Iranian sports shooter* 1921 – Metropolitan Mikhail of Asyut (d. 2014)* 1921 – Philip Rose, American actor, playwright, and producer (d. 2011)* 1921 – Tibor Varga, Hungarian violinist and conductor (d. 2003)*1922 – R. James Harvey, American politician (d. 2019)*1923 – Rudolf Friedrich, Swiss lawyer and politician (d. 2013)*1924 – Eva Marie Saint, American actress * 1924 – Delia Fiallo, Cuban author and screenwriter (d. 2021)* 1924 – Harry Stewart Jr., American military officer and fighter pilot*1925 – Ciril Zlobec, Slovene poet, writer, translator, journalist and politician (d. 2018)* 1925 – Dorothy Head Knode, American tennis player (d. 2015)*1926 – Alfredo Di Stéfano, Argentinian-Spanish footballer and coach (d. 2014)* 1926 – Lake Underwood, American race car driver and businessman (d. 2008)*1927 – Gina Lollobrigida, Italian actress and photographer (d. 2023)* 1927 – Neil Simon, American playwright and screenwriter (d. 2018)*1928 – Giampiero Boniperti, Italian footballer and politician (d. 2021)* 1928 – Teofisto Guingona Jr., Filipino politician; 11th Vice President of the Philippines* 1928 – Jassem Alwan, Syrian Army Officer (d. 2018)* 1928 – Shan Ratnam, Sri Lankan physician and academic (d. 2001)* 1928 – Chuck Tanner, American baseball player and manager (d. 2011)*1929 – Al Davis, American football player, coach, and manager (d. 2011)* 1929 – Bill Tuttle, American baseball player (d. 1998)*1930 – George Steinbrenner, American businessman (d. 2010)*1931 – Stephen Boyd, Northern Ireland-born American actor (d. 1977)* 1931 – Rick Casares, American football player and soldier (d. 2013)* 1931 – Sébastien Japrisot, French author, director, and screenwriter (d. 2003)* 1931 – Peter Richardson, English cricketer (d. 2017)*1932 – Aurèle Vandendriessche, Belgian runner*1934 – Yvonne B. Miller, American academic and politician (d. 2012)* 1934 – Colin Welland, English actor and screenwriter (d. 2015)*1935 – Paul Scoon, Grenadian politician, 2nd Governor-General of Grenada (d. 2013)*1936 – Zdzisława Donat, Polish soprano and actress*1937 – Thomas Nagel, American philosopher and academic* 1937 – Queen Sonja of Norway* 1937 – Richard Rhodes, American journalist and historian* 1937 – Eric Walters, Australian journalist (d. 2010)*1938 – Steven Rose, English biologist and academic* 1938 – Bill Withers, American singer-songwriter and producer (d. 2020)*1940 – Pat Stapleton, Canadian ice hockey player (d. 2020)*1941 – Sam Farr, American politician* 1941 – Tomaž Šalamun, Croatian-Slovenian poet and academic (d. 2014)* 1941 – Pavel Sedláček, Czech singer-songwriter and guitarist* 1941 – Brian Willson, American soldier, lawyer, and activist*1942 – Hal Lanier, American baseball player, coach, and manager* 1942 – Floyd Little, American football player and coach (d. 2021)* 1942 – Stefan Meller, French-Polish academic and politician, Polish Minister of Foreign Affairs (d. 2008)* 1942 – Prince Michael of Kent* 1942 – Peter Rowan, American singer-songwriter and guitarist*1943 – Conny Bauer, German trombonist* 1943 – Emerson Boozer, American football player and sportscaster* 1943 – Adam Hart-Davis, English historian, author, and photographer* 1943 – Geraldo Rivera, American lawyer, journalist, and author* 1943 – Fred Wesley, American jazz and funk trombonist* 1943 – Alan Wilson, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 1970)*1945 – Andre Spitzer, Romanian-Israeli fencer and coach (d. 1972)*1946 – Ron Kovic, American author and activist* 1946 – Michael Milken, American businessman and philanthropist*1947 – Lembit Ulfsak, Estonian actor and director (d. 2017)*1948 – René Arnoux, French race car driver* 1948 – Tommy Körberg, Swedish singer and actor* 1948 – Jeremy Spencer, English singer-songwriter and guitarist *1950 – Philip Craven, English basketball player and swimmer* 1950 – David Jensen, Canadian-English radio and television host*1951 – John Alexander, Australian tennis player and politician * 1951 – Ralph Johnson, American R&B drummer and percussionist * 1951 – Vladimir Tismăneanu, Romanian-American political scientist, sociologist, and academic* 1951 – Kathleen Kennedy Townsend, American lawyer and politician, 6th Lieutenant Governor of Maryland*1952 – Álvaro Uribe, Colombian lawyer and politician, 39th President of Colombia* 1952 – Carol MacReady, English actress* 1952 – John Waite, English singer-songwriter and guitarist* 1952 – Paul Rogat Loeb, American author and activist *1953 – Francis Maude, English lawyer and politician, Minister for the Cabinet Office*1954 – Jim Beattie, American baseball player, coach, and manager* 1954 – Morganna, American model, actress, and dancer* 1954 – Devendra Kumar Joshi, 21st Chief of Naval Staff of the Indian Navy*1955 – Eero Heinäluoma, Finnish politician* 1955 – Kevin Nichols, Australian cyclist*1956 – Robert Sinclair MacKay, British academic and educator*1957 – Rein Lang, Estonian politician and diplomat, 25th Estonian Minister of Foreign Affairs*1958 – Vera Leth, Greenlandic Ombudsman* 1958 – Kirk Pengilly, Australian guitarist, saxophonist, and songwriter * 1958 – Carl Valentine, Canadian soccer player, coach, and manager*1959 – Victoria Abril, Spanish actress and singer*1960 – Roland Ratzenberger, Austrian race car driver (d. 1994)*1961 – Richard Garriott, English-American video game designer, created the Ultima series*1962 – Pam Shriver, American tennis player and sportscaster*1963 – Henri Leconte, French tennis player and sportscaster* 1963 – Laureano Márquez, Spanish-Venezuelan political scientist and journalist* 1963 – José Oquendo, Puerto Rican-American baseball player and coach* 1963 – Sonia Pierre, Haitian-Dominican human rights activist (d. 2011)*1964 – Cle Kooiman, American soccer player and manager* 1964 – Elie Saab, Lebanese fashion designer* 1964 – Edi Rama, Albanian politician* 1964 – Mark Slaughter, American singer-songwriter and producer * 1964 – Mark Whiting, American actor, director, and screenwriter*1965 – Harvey Grant, American basketball player and coach* 1965 – Horace Grant, American basketball player and coach* 1965 – Kiriakos Karataidis, Greek footballer and manager* 1965 – Gérard Watkins, English actor and playwright*1966 – Ronni Ancona, Scottish actress and screenwriter* 1966 – Minas Hantzidis, German-Greek footballer* 1966 – Lee Reherman, American actor (d. 2016)*1967 – Vinny Castilla, Mexican baseball player and manager* 1967 – Sébastien Deleigne, French athlete*1969 – Al Golden, American football player and coach* 1969 – Todd Marinovich, American football player and coach* 1969 – Wilfred Mugeyi, Zimbabwean footballer and coach*1972 – Stephen Giles, Canadian canoe racer and engineer * 1972 – Mike Knuble, Canadian-American ice hockey player and coach*1973 – Keiko Ihara, Japanese race car driver* 1973 – Gackt, Japanese musician, singer, songwriter, record producer and actor* 1973 – Michael Johnson, English-Jamaican footballer and manager* 1973 – Anjelika Krylova, Russian ice dancer and coach* 1973 – Jan Magnussen, Danish race car driver* 1973 – Tony Popovic, Australian footballer and manager*1974 – Jill Craybas, American tennis player* 1974 – La'Roi Glover, American football player and sportscaster* 1974 – Adrian Griffin, American basketball player and coach*1976 – Daijiro Kato, Japanese motorcycle racer (d. 2003)* 1976 – Yevgeniya Medvedeva, Russian skier*1978 – Marcos Daniel, Brazilian tennis player* 1978 – Émile Mpenza, Belgian footballer*1979 – Siim Kabrits, Estonian politician* 1979 – Josh McCown, American football player* 1979 – Renny Vega, Venezuelan footballer*1980 – Kwame Steede, Bermudan footballer*1981 – Dedé, Angolan footballer* 1981 – Brock Berlin, American football player* 1981 – Christoph Preuß, German footballer* 1981 – Francisco Cruceta, Dominican baseball player* 1981 – Will Smith, American football player (d. 2016)*1982 – Vladimir Boisa, Georgian basketball player* 1982 – Vladimir Gusev, Russian cyclist* 1982 – Jeff Lima, New Zealand rugby league player* 1982 – Michael \"The Situation\" Sorrentino, American model, author and television personality*1983 – Melanie Fiona, Canadian singer-songwriter* 1983 – Amantle Montsho, Botswanan sprinter* 1983 – Miguel Pinto, Chilean footballer* 1983 – Amol Rajan, Indian-English journalist* 1983 – Mattia Serafini, Italian footballer *1984 – Jin Akanishi, Japanese singer-songwriter * 1984 – Miguel Santos Soares, Timorese footballer* 1985 – Kane Tenace, Australian footballer* 1985 – Dimitrios Mavroeidis, Greek basketball player* 1985 – Wason Rentería, Colombian footballer*1986 – Ömer Aşık, Turkish basketball player* 1986 – Nguyen Ngoc Duy, Vietnamese footballer* 1986 – Rafael Arévalo, Salvadoran tennis player* 1986 – Willem Janssen, Dutch footballer* 1986 – Terrance Knighton, American football player* 1986 – Marte Elden, Norwegian skier*1987 – Wude Ayalew, Ethiopian runner* 1987 – Guram Kashia, Georgian footballer*1988 – Angelique Boyer, French-Mexican actress*1989 – Benjamin Büchel, Liechtensteiner footballer*1990 – Jake Gardiner, American ice hockey player* 1990 – Richard Mpong, Ghanaian footballer* 1990 – Naoki Yamada, Japanese footballer* 1990 – Ihar Yasinski, Belarusian footballer*1992 – Ángel Romero, Paraguayan footballer* 1992 – Óscar Romero, Paraguayan footballer*1993 – Tom Barkhuizen, English footballer*1995 – Post Malone, American rapper, singer, songwriter and record producer *1999 – Moa Kikuchi, Japanese musician *2003 – Polina Bogusevich, Russian singer" ], [ "Deaths", "===Pre-1600===* 673 – Ecgberht, king of Kent * 907 – Luitpold, margrave of Bavaria* 907 – Dietmar I, archbishop of Salzburg* 910 – Luo Shaowei, Chinese warlord (b.", "877)* 940 – Wang Jianli, Chinese general (b.", "871)* 943 – Taejo of Goryeo, Korean king (b.", "877)* 945 – Zhuo Yanming, Chinese Buddhist monk and emperor* 965 – Benedict V, pope of the Catholic Church* 973 – Ulrich of Augsburg, German bishop and saint (b.", "890)* 975 – Gwangjong of Goryeo, Korean king (b.", "925)*1187 – Raynald of Châtillon, French knight (b.", "1125)*1307 – Rudolf I of Bohemia (b.", "1281)*1336 – Saint Elizabeth of Portugal (b.", "1271)*1429 – Carlo I Tocco, ruler of Epirus (b.", "1372)*1533 – John Frith, English priest, writer, and martyr (b.", "1503) *1541 – Pedro de Alvarado, Spanish general and explorer (b.", "1495)*1546 – Hayreddin Barbarossa, Ottoman admiral (b.", "1478)*1551 – Gregory Cromwell, 1st Baron Cromwell, English politician (b.", "1514)===1601–1900===*1603 – Philippe de Monte, Flemish composer and educator (b.", "1521)*1623 – William Byrd, English composer (b. c. 1540)*1644 – Brian Twyne, English academic, antiquarian and archivist (b.", "1581)*1648 – Antoine Daniel, French missionary and saint, one of the eight Canadian Martyrs (b.", "1601)*1742 – Luigi Guido Grandi, Italian monk, mathematician, and engineer (b.", "1671)*1754 – Philippe Néricault Destouches, French playwright and author (b.", "1680)*1761 – Samuel Richardson, English author and painter (b.", "1689)*1780 – Prince Charles Alexander of Lorraine (b.", "1712)*1787 – Charles, Prince of Soubise, Marshal of France (b.", "1715)*1821 – Richard Cosway, English painter and academic (b.", "1742)*1826 – John Adams, American lawyer and politician, 2nd President of the United States (b.", "1735)* 1826 – Thomas Jefferson, American architect, lawyer, and politician, 3rd President of the United States (b.", "1743)*1831 – James Monroe, American soldier, lawyer, and politician, 5th President of the United States (b.", "1758)*1848 – François-René de Chateaubriand, French historian and politician (b.", "1768)*1850 – William Kirby, English entomologist and author (b.", "1759)*1854 – Karl Friedrich Eichhorn, German academic and jurist (b.", "1781)*1857 – William L. Marcy, American lawyer, judge, and politician, 21st United States Secretary of State (b.", "1786)*1881 – Johan Vilhelm Snellman, Finnish philosopher and politician (b.", "1806)*1882 – Joseph Brackett, American composer and author (b.", "1797)*1886 – Poundmaker, Canadian tribal chief (b.", "1797)*1891 – Hannibal Hamlin, American lawyer and politician, 15th Vice President of the United States (b.", "1809)===1901–present===*1901 – Johannes Schmidt, German linguist and academic (b.", "1843)*1902 – Vivekananda, Indian monk and saint (b.", "1863)*1905 – Élisée Reclus, French geographer and author (b.", "1830)*1910 – Melville Fuller, American lawyer and jurist, Chief Justice of the United States (b.", "1833)* 1910 – Kabua the Great, Marshallese iroijlaplap (b.", ")* 1910 – Giovanni Schiaparelli, Italian astronomer and historian (b.", "1835)*1916 – Alan Seeger, American soldier and poet (b.", "1888)*1922 – Lothar von Richthofen, German lieutenant and pilot (b.", "1894)*1926 – Pier Giorgio Frassati, Italian activist and saint (b.", "1901)*1934 – Marie Curie, French-Polish physicist and chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b.", "1867)*1938 – Otto Bauer, Austrian philosopher and politician, Austrian Minister of Foreign Affairs (b.", "1881)* 1938 – Suzanne Lenglen, French tennis player (b.", "1899)*1941 – Antoni Łomnicki, Polish mathematician and academic (b.", "1881)*1943 – Władysław Sikorski, Polish general and politician, 9th Prime Minister of the Second Republic of Poland (b.", "1881)*1946 – Taffy O'Callaghan, Welsh footballer and coach (b.", "1906)*1948 – Monteiro Lobato, Brazilian journalist and author (b.", "1882)*1949 – François Brandt, Dutch rower and engineer (b.", "1874)*1963 – Bernard Freyberg, 1st Baron Freyberg, New Zealand general and politician, 7th Governor-General of New Zealand (b.", "1889)* 1963 – Clyde Kennard, American activist and martyr (b.", "1927)* 1963 – Pingali Venkayya, Indian activist, designed the Flag of India (b.", "1876) *1964 – Gaby Morlay, French actress and singer (b.", "1893)*1969 – Henri Decoin, French director and screenwriter (b.", "1890)*1970 – Barnett Newman, American painter and illustrator (b.", "1905)* 1970 – Harold Stirling Vanderbilt, American sailor and businessman (b.", "1884)*1971 – August Derleth, American anthologist and author (b.", "1909)* 1971 – Thomas C. Hart, American admiral and politician (b.", "1877)*1974 – Georgette Heyer, English author (b.", "1902)* 1974 – André Randall, French actor (b.", "1892)*1976 – Yonatan Netanyahu, Israeli colonel (b.", "1946)* 1976 – Antoni Słonimski, Polish poet and playwright (b.", "1895)*1977 – Gersh Budker, Ukrainian physicist and academic (b.", "1918)*1979 – Lee Wai Tong, Chinese footballer and manager (b.", "1905)*1980 – Maurice Grevisse, Belgian linguist and author (b.", "1895)*1984 – Jimmie Spheeris, American singer-songwriter (b.", "1949)*1986 – Paul-Gilbert Langevin, French musicologist, critique musical and physicist (b.", "1933)* 1986 – Flor Peeters, Belgian organist and composer (b.", "1903)* 1986 – Oscar Zariski, Belarusian-American mathematician and academic (b.", "1899)*1988 – Adrian Adonis, American wrestler (b.", "1954)*1990 – Olive Ann Burns, American journalist and author (b.", "1924)*1991 – Victor Chang, Chinese-Australian surgeon and physician (b.", "1936)* 1991 – Art Sansom, American cartoonist (b.", "1920)*1992 – Astor Piazzolla, Argentinian bandoneon player and composer (b.", "1921)*1993 – Bona Arsenault, Canadian historian, genealogist, and politician (b.", "1903)*1994 – Joey Marella, American wrestling referee (b.", "1964)*1995 – Eva Gabor, Hungarian-American actress and singer (b.", "1919)* 1995 – Bob Ross, American painter and television host (b.", "1942)*1997 – Charles Kuralt, American journalist (b.", "1934)* 1997 – John Zachary Young, English zoologist and neurophysiologist (b.", "1907)*1999 – Leo Garel, American illustrator and educator (b.", "1917)*2000 – Gustaw Herling-Grudziński, Polish journalist and author (b.", "1919)*2002 – Gerald Bales, Canadian organist and composer (b.", "1919)* 2002 – Benjamin O. Davis, Jr., American general (b.", "1912)*2003 – Larry Burkett, American author and radio host (b.", "1939)* 2003 – André Claveau, French singer (b.", "1915)* 2003 – Barry White, American singer-songwriter, pianist, and producer (b.", "1944)*2004 – Jean-Marie Auberson, Swiss violinist and conductor (b.", "1920)*2005 – Cliff Goupille, Canadian ice hockey player (b.", "1915)* 2005 – Hank Stram, American football player and coach (b.", "1923)*2007 – Bill Pinkney, American singer (b.", "1925)*2008 – Thomas M. Disch, American author and poet (b.", "1940)* 2008 – Jesse Helms, American politician (b.", "1921)* 2008 – Evelyn Keyes, American actress (b.", "1916)* 2008 – Terrence Kiel, American football player (b.", "1980)* 2008 – Charles Wheeler, German-English soldier and journalist (b.", "1923)*2009 – Brenda Joyce, American actress (b.", "1917)* 2009 – Allen Klein, American businessman and talent agent, founded ABKCO Records (b.", "1931)* 2009 – Drake Levin, American guitarist (b.", "1946)* 2009 – Steve McNair, American football player (b.", "1973)* 2009 – Lasse Strömstedt, Swedish author and actor (b.", "1935)* 2009 – Jean-Baptiste Tati Loutard, Congolese poet and politician (b.", "1938)*2010 – Robert Neil Butler, American physician and author (b.", "1927)*2012 – Hiren Bhattacharyya, Indian poet and author (b.", "1932)* 2012 – Jimmy Bivins, American boxer (b.", "1919)* 2012 – Jeong Min-hyeong, South Korean footballer (b.", "1987)* 2012 – Eric Sykes, English actor, director, and screenwriter (b.", "1923)*2013 – Onllwyn Brace, Welsh rugby player and sportscaster (b.", "1932)* 2013 – Jack Crompton, English footballer and manager (b.", "1921)* 2013 – James Fulton, American dermatologist and academic (b.", "1940)* 2013 – Charles A. Hines, American general (b.", "1935)* 2013 – Bernie Nolan, Irish singer (b.", "1960)*2014 – Giorgio Faletti, Italian author, screenwriter, and actor (b.", "1950)* 2014 – C. J. 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wikipedia
[ [ "John Lennon" ], [ "Introduction", "'''John Winston Ono Lennon''' (born '''John Winston Lennon'''; 9 October 19408 December 1980) was an English singer, songwriter and musician who gained worldwide fame as the founder, co-songwriter, co-lead vocalist and rhythm guitarist of the Beatles.", "His work included music, writing, drawings and film.", "His songwriting partnership with Paul McCartney remains the most successful in history.Born in Liverpool, Lennon became involved in the skiffle craze as a teenager.", "In 1956, he formed the Quarrymen, which evolved into the Beatles in 1960.Sometimes called \"the smart Beatle\", Lennon initially was the group's ''de facto'' leader, a role he gradually ceded to McCartney.", "Through his songwriting in the Beatles, he embraced myriad musical influences, initially writing and co-writing rock and pop-oriented hit songs in the band's early years, then later incorporating experimental elements into his compositions in the latter half of the Beatles' career as his songs became known for their increasing innovation.", "Lennon soon expanded his work into other media by participating in numerous films, including ''How I Won the War'', and authoring ''In His Own Write'' and ''A Spaniard in the Works'', both collections of nonsense writings and line drawings.", "Starting with \"All You Need Is Love\", his songs were adopted as anthems by the anti-war movement and the larger counterculture of the 1960s.", "In 1969, he started the Plastic Ono Band with his second wife, multimedia artist Yoko Ono, held the two-week-long anti-war demonstration Bed-ins for Peace and left the Beatles to embark on a solo career.Between 1968 and 1972, Lennon and Ono collaborated on many works, including a trilogy of avant-garde albums, several more films, his solo debut ''John Lennon/Plastic Ono Band'' and the international top-10 singles \"Give Peace a Chance\", \"Instant Karma!", "\", \"Imagine\", and \"Happy Xmas (War Is Over)\".", "Moving to New York City in 1971, his criticism of the Vietnam War resulted in a three-year deportation attempt by the Nixon administration.", "Lennon and Ono separated from 1973 to 1975, during which time he produced Harry Nilsson's album ''Pussy Cats''.", "He also had chart-topping collaborations with Elton John (\"Whatever Gets You thru the Night\") and David Bowie (\"Fame\").", "Following a five-year hiatus, Lennon returned to music in 1980 with the Ono collaboration ''Double Fantasy''.", "He was murdered by a Beatles fan, Mark David Chapman, three weeks after the album's release.As a performer, writer or co-writer, Lennon had 25 number-one singles in the ''Billboard'' Hot 100 chart.", "''Double Fantasy'', his best-selling album, won the 1981 Grammy Award for Album of the Year.", "That year, he won the Brit Award for Outstanding Contribution to Music.", "In 2002, Lennon was voted eighth in a BBC history poll of the ''100 Greatest Britons''.", "''Rolling Stone'' ranked him the fifth-greatest singer and 38th greatest artist of all time.", "He was inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame (in 1997) and the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame (twice, as a member of the Beatles in 1988 and as a solo artist in 1994)." ], [ "Early years: 1940–1956", "Lennon's home at 251 Menlove AvenueJohn Lennon was born on 9 October 1940 at Liverpool Maternity Hospital to Julia (née Stanley) (1914–1958) and Alfred Lennon (1912–1976).", "Alfred was a merchant seaman of Irish descent who was away at the time of his son's birth.", "His parents named him John Winston Lennon after his paternal grandfather, John \"Jack\" Lennon, and Prime Minister Winston Churchill.", "His father was often away from home but sent regular pay cheques to 9Newcastle Road, Liverpool, where Lennon lived with his mother; the cheques stopped when he went absent without leave in February 1944.When he eventually came home six months later, he offered to look after the family, but Julia, by then pregnant with another man's child, rejected the idea.", "After her sister Mimi complained to Liverpool's Social Services twice, Julia gave her custody of Lennon.In July 1946, Lennon's father visited her and took his son to Blackpool, secretly intending to emigrate to New Zealand with him.", "Julia followed them – with her partner at the time, Bobby Dykins – and after a heated argument, his father forced the five-year-old to choose between them.", "In one account of this incident, Lennon twice chose his father, but as his mother walked away, he began to cry and followed her.", "According to author Mark Lewisohn, however, Lennon's parents agreed that Julia should take him and give him a home.", "Billy Hall, who witnessed the incident, has said that the dramatic portrayal of a young John Lennon being forced to make a decision between his parents is inaccurate.", "Lennon had no further contact with Alf for close to 20 years.Throughout the rest of his childhood and adolescence, Lennon lived at Mendips, 251Menlove Avenue, Woolton, with Mimi and her husband George Toogood Smith, who had no children of their own.", "His aunt purchased volumes of short stories for him, and his uncle, a dairyman at his family's farm, bought him a mouth organ and engaged him in solving puzzles.", "Julia visited Mendips on a regular basis, and John often visited her at 1 Blomfield Road, Liverpool, where she played him Elvis Presley records, taught him the banjo, and showed him how to play \"Ain't That a Shame\" by Fats Domino.", "In September 1980, Lennon commented about his family and his rebellious nature:He regularly visited his cousin Stanley Parkes, who lived in Fleetwood and took him on trips to local cinemas.", "During the school holidays Parkes often visited Lennon with Leila Harvey, another cousin, and the three often travelled to Blackpool two or three times a week to watch shows.", "They would visit the Blackpool Tower Circus and see artists such as Dickie Valentine, Arthur Askey, Max Bygraves and Joe Loss, with Parkes recalling that Lennon particularly liked George Formby.", "After Parkes's family moved to Scotland, the three cousins often spent their school holidays together there.", "Parkes recalled, \"John, cousin Leila and I were very close.", "From Edinburgh we would drive up to the family croft at Durness, which was from about the time John was nine years old until he was about 16.\"", "Lennon's uncle George died of a liver haemorrhage on 5 June 1955, aged 52.Lennon was raised as an Anglican and attended Dovedale Primary School.", "After passing his eleven-plus exam, he attended Quarry Bank High School in Liverpool from September 1952 to 1957, and was described by Harvey at the time as a \"happy-go-lucky, good-humoured, easy going, lively lad\".", "However, he was also known to frequently engage in fights, bully and disrupt classes.", "Despite this, he quickly built a reputation as the class clown and often drew comical cartoons that appeared in his self-made school magazine, the ''Daily Howl''.In 1956, Julia bought John his first guitar.", "The instrument was an inexpensive Gallotone Champion acoustic for which she lent her son five pounds and ten shillings on the condition that the guitar be delivered to her own house and not Mimi's, knowing well that her sister was not supportive of her son's musical aspirations.", "Mimi was sceptical of his claim that he would be famous one day, and she hoped that he would grow bored with music, often telling him, \"The guitar's all very well, John, but you'll never make a living out of it.", "\"Lennon's senior school years were marked by a shift in his behaviour.", "Teachers at Quarry Bank High School described him thus: \"He has too many wrong ambitions and his energy is often misplaced\", and \"His work always lacks effort.", "He is content to 'drift' instead of using his abilities.\"", "Lennon's misbehaviour created a rift in his relationship with his aunt.On 15 July 1958, at the age of 44, Julia Lennon was struck and killed by a car while she was walking home after visiting the Smiths' house.", "His mother's death traumatised the teenage Lennon, who, for the next two years, drank heavily and frequently got into fights, consumed by a \"blind rage\".", "Julia's memory would later serve as a major creative inspiration for Lennon, inspiring songs such as the 1968 Beatles song \"Julia\".Lennon failed his O-level examinations, and was accepted into the Liverpool College of Art after his aunt and headmaster intervened.", "At the college he began to wear Teddy Boy clothes and was threatened with expulsion for his behaviour.", "In the description of Cynthia Powell, Lennon's fellow student and subsequently his wife, he was \"thrown out of the college before his final year\"." ], [ "The Quarrymen to the Beatles: 1956–1970", "===Formation, fame and touring: 1956–1966===Ringo Starr, George Harrison, Lennon and Paul McCartney in 1963At the age of 15, Lennon formed a skiffle group, the Quarrymen.", "Named after Quarry Bank High School, the group was established by Lennon in September 1956.By the summer of 1957, the Quarrymen played a \"spirited set of songs\" made up of half skiffle and half rock and roll.", "Lennon first met Paul McCartney at the Quarrymen's second performance, which was held in Woolton on 6 July at the St Peter's Church garden fête.", "Lennon then asked McCartney to join the band.McCartney said that Aunt Mimi \"was very aware that John's friends were lower class\", and would often patronise him when he arrived to visit Lennon.", "According to McCartney's brother Mike, their father similarly disapproved of Lennon, declaring that Lennon would get his son \"into trouble\".", "McCartney's father nevertheless allowed the fledgling band to rehearse in the family's front room at 20Forthlin Road.", "During this time Lennon wrote his first song, \"Hello Little Girl\", which became a UK top 10 hit for the Fourmost in 1963.McCartney recommended that his friend George Harrison become the lead guitarist.", "Lennon thought that Harrison, then 14 years old, was too young.", "McCartney engineered an audition on the upper deck of a Liverpool bus, where Harrison played \"Raunchy\" for Lennon and was asked to join.", "Stuart Sutcliffe, Lennon's friend from art school, later joined as bassist.", "Lennon, McCartney, Harrison and Sutcliffe became \"The Beatles\" in early 1960.In August that year, the Beatles were engaged for a 48-night residency in Hamburg, in West Germany, and were desperately in need of a drummer.", "They asked Pete Best to join them.", "Lennon's aunt, horrified when he told her about the trip, pleaded with Lennon to continue his art studies instead.", "After the first Hamburg residency, the band accepted another in April 1961, and a third in April 1962.As with the other band members, Lennon was introduced to Preludin while in Hamburg, and regularly took the drug as a stimulant during their long, overnight performances.Lennon in 1964Brian Epstein managed the Beatles from 1962 until his death in 1967.He had no previous experience managing artists, but he had a strong influence on the group's dress code and attitude on stage.", "Lennon initially resisted his attempts to encourage the band to present a professional appearance, but eventually complied, saying \"I'll wear a bloody balloon if somebody's going to pay me.\"", "McCartney took over on bass after Sutcliffe decided to stay in Hamburg, and Best was replaced with drummer Ringo Starr; this completed the four-piece line-up that would remain until the group's break-up in 1970.The band's first single, \"Love Me Do\", was released in October 1962 and reached No.", "17 on the British charts.", "They recorded their debut album, ''Please Please Me'', in under 10 hours on 11 February 1963, a day when Lennon was suffering the effects of a cold, which is evident in the vocal on the last song to be recorded that day, \"Twist and Shout\".", "The Lennon–McCartney songwriting partnership yielded eight of its fourteen tracks.", "With a few exceptions, one being the album title itself, Lennon had yet to bring his love of wordplay to bear on his song lyrics, saying: \"We were just writing songs... pop songs with no more thought of them than that – to create a sound.", "And the words were almost irrelevant\".", "In a 1987 interview, McCartney said that the other Beatles idolised Lennon: \"He was like our own little Elvis... We all looked up to John.", "He was older and he was very much the leader; he was the quickest wit and the smartest.", "\"McCartney, Harrison and Lennon, 1964The Beatles achieved mainstream success in the UK early in 1963.Lennon was on tour when his first son, Julian, was born in April.", "During their Royal Variety Show performance, which was attended by the Queen Mother and other British royalty, Lennon poked fun at the audience: \"For our next song, I'd like to ask for your help.", "For the people in the cheaper seats, clap your hands... and the rest of you, if you'll just rattle your jewellery.\"", "After a year of Beatlemania in the UK, the group's historic February 1964 US debut appearance on ''The Ed Sullivan Show'' marked their breakthrough to international stardom.", "A two-year period of constant touring, filmmaking, and songwriting followed, during which Lennon wrote two books, ''In His Own Write'' and ''A Spaniard in the Works''.", "The Beatles received recognition from the British establishment when they were appointed Members of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the 1965 Queen's Birthday Honours.Lennon grew concerned that fans who attended Beatles concerts were unable to hear the music above the screaming of fans, and that the band's musicianship was beginning to suffer as a result.", "Lennon's \"Help!\"", "expressed his own feelings in 1965: \"I ''meant'' it...", "It was me singing 'help.", "He had put on weight (he would later refer to this as his \"Fat Elvis\" period), and felt he was subconsciously seeking change.", "In March that year he and Harrison were unknowingly introduced to LSD when a dentist, hosting a dinner party attended by the two musicians and their wives, spiked the guests' coffee with the drug.", "When they wanted to leave, their host revealed what they had taken, and strongly advised them not to leave the house because of the likely effects.", "Later, in a lift at a nightclub, they all believed it was on fire; Lennon recalled: \"We were all screaming... hot and hysterical.\"", "In March 1966, during an interview with ''Evening Standard'' reporter Maureen Cleave, Lennon remarked, \"Christianity will go.", "It will vanish and shrink... We're more popular than Jesus now – I don't know which will go first, rock and roll or Christianity.\"", "The comment went virtually unnoticed in England but caused great offence in the US when quoted by a magazine there five months later.", "The furore that followed, which included the burning of Beatles records, Ku Klux Klan activity and threats against Lennon, contributed to the band's decision to stop touring.===Studio years, break-up and solo work: 1966–1970===Lennon in 1967After the band's final concert on 29 August 1966, Lennon filmed the anti-war black comedy ''How I Won the War'' – his only appearance in a non-Beatles feature film – before rejoining his bandmates for an extended period of recording, beginning in November.", "Lennon had increased his use of LSD and, according to author Ian MacDonald, his continuous use of the drug in 1967 brought him \"close to erasing his identity\".", "The year 1967 saw the release of \"Strawberry Fields Forever\", hailed by ''Time'' magazine for its \"astonishing inventiveness\", and the group's landmark album ''Sgt.", "Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band'', which revealed lyrics by Lennon that contrasted strongly with the simple love songs of the group's early years.In late June, the Beatles performed Lennon's \"All You Need Is Love\" as Britain's contribution to the ''Our World'' satellite broadcast, before an international audience estimated at up to 400 million.", "Intentionally simplistic in its message, the song formalised his pacifist stance and provided an anthem for the Summer of Love.", "After the Beatles were introduced to the Maharishi Mahesh Yogi, the group attended an August weekend of personal instruction at his Transcendental Meditation seminar in Bangor, Wales.", "During the seminar, they were informed of Epstein's death.", "\"I knew we were in trouble then\", Lennon said later.", "\"I didn't have any misconceptions about our ability to do anything other than play music.", "I was scared – I thought, 'We've fucking had it now.", "McCartney organised the group's first post-Epstein project, the self-written, -produced and -directed television film ''Magical Mystery Tour'', which was released in December that year.", "While the film itself proved to be their first critical flop, its soundtrack release, featuring Lennon's Lewis Carroll-inspired \"I Am the Walrus\", was a success.Led by Harrison and Lennon's interest, the Beatles travelled to the Maharishi's ashram in India in February 1968 for further guidance.", "While there, they composed most of the songs for their double album ''The Beatles'', but the band members' mixed experience with Transcendental Meditation signalled a sharp divergence in the group's camaraderie.", "On their return to London, they became increasingly involved in business activities with the formation of Apple Corps, a multimedia corporation composed of Apple Records and several other subsidiary companies.", "Lennon described the venture as an attempt to achieve \"artistic freedom within a business structure\".", "Released amid the Protests of 1968, the band's debut single for the Apple label included Lennon's B-side \"Revolution\", in which he called for a \"plan\" rather than committing to Maoist revolution.", "The song's pacifist message led to ridicule from political radicals in the New Left press.", "Adding to the tensions at the Beatles' recording sessions that year, Lennon insisted on having his new girlfriend, the Japanese artist Yoko Ono, beside him, thereby contravening the band's policy regarding wives and girlfriends in the studio.", "He was especially pleased with his songwriting contributions to the double album and identified it as a superior work to ''Sgt.", "Pepper''.", "At the end of 1968, Lennon participated in ''The Rolling Stones Rock and Roll Circus'', a television special that was not broadcast.", "Lennon performed with the Dirty Mac, a supergroup composed of Lennon, Eric Clapton, Keith Richards and Mitch Mitchell.", "The group also backed a vocal performance by Ono.", "A film version was released in 1996.Yoko Ono and Lennon in March 1969By late 1968, Lennon's increased drug use and growing preoccupation with Ono, combined with the Beatles' inability to agree on how the company should be run, left Apple in need of professional management.", "Lennon asked Lord Beeching to take on the role but he declined, advising Lennon to go back to making records.", "Lennon was approached by Allen Klein, who had managed the Rolling Stones and other bands during the British Invasion.", "In early 1969, Klein was appointed as Apple's chief executive by Lennon, Harrison and Starr but McCartney never signed the management contract.Lennon and Ono were married on 20 March 1969 and soon released a series of 14 lithographs called \"Bag One\" depicting scenes from their honeymoon, eight of which were deemed indecent and most of which were banned and confiscated.", "Lennon's creative focus continued to move beyond the Beatles, and between 1968 and 1969 he and Ono recorded three albums of experimental music together: ''Unfinished Music No.", "1: Two Virgins'' (known more for its cover than for its music), ''Unfinished Music No.", "2: Life with the Lions'' and ''Wedding Album''.", "In 1969, they formed the Plastic Ono Band, releasing ''Live Peace in Toronto 1969''.", "Between 1969 and 1970, Lennon released the singles \"Give Peace a Chance\", which was widely adopted as an anti-Vietnam War anthem, \"Cold Turkey\", which documented his withdrawal symptoms after he became addicted to heroin, and \"Instant Karma!", "\".In protest at Britain's involvement in \"the Nigeria-Biafra thing\" (namely, the Nigerian Civil War), its support of America in the Vietnam War and (perhaps jokingly) against \"Cold Turkey\" slipping down the charts, Lennon returned his MBE medal to the Queen.", "This gesture had no effect on his MBE status, which could be renounced but ultimately only the Sovereign has the power to annul the original award.", "The medal, together with Lennon's letter, is held at the Central Chancery of the Orders of Knighthood.Lennon left the Beatles on 20 September 1969, but agreed not to inform the media while the group renegotiated their recording contract.", "He was outraged that McCartney publicised his own departure on releasing his debut solo album in April 1970.Lennon's reaction was, \"Jesus Christ!", "He gets all the credit for it!\"", "He later wrote, \"I started the band.", "I disbanded it.", "It's as simple as that.\"", "In a December 1970 interview with Jann Wenner of ''Rolling Stone'' magazine, he revealed his bitterness towards McCartney, saying, \"I was a fool not to do what Paul did, which was use it to sell a record.\"", "Lennon also spoke of the hostility he perceived the other members had towards Ono, and of how he, Harrison and Starr \"got fed up with being sidemen for Paul ... After Brian Epstein died we collapsed.", "Paul took over and supposedly led us.", "But what is leading us when we went round in circles?\"" ], [ "Solo career: 1970–1980", "===Initial solo success and activism: 1970–1972===Imagine\" from ''Billboard'', 18 September 1971Between 1 April and 15 September 1970, Lennon and Ono went through primal therapy with Arthur Janov at Tittenhurst, in London and at Janov's clinic in Los Angeles, California.", "Designed to release emotional pain from early childhood, the therapy entailed two half-days a week with Janov for six months; he had wanted to treat the couple for longer, but their American visa ran out and they had to return to the UK.", "Lennon's debut solo album, ''John Lennon/Plastic Ono Band'' (1970), was received with praise by many music critics, but its highly personal lyrics and stark sound limited its commercial performance.", "The album featured the song \"Mother\", in which Lennon confronted his feelings of childhood rejection, and the Dylanesque \"Working Class Hero\", a bitter attack against the bourgeois social system which, due to the lyric \"you're still fucking peasants\", fell foul of broadcasters.In January 1971, Tariq Ali expressed his revolutionary political views when he interviewed Lennon, who immediately responded by writing \"Power to the People\".", "In his lyrics to the song, Lennon reversed the non-confrontational approach he had espoused in \"Revolution\", although he later disowned \"Power to the People\", saying that it was borne out of guilt and a desire for approval from radicals such as Ali.", "Lennon became involved in a protest against the prosecution of ''Oz'' magazine for alleged obscenity.", "Lennon denounced the proceedings as \"disgusting fascism\", and he and Ono (as Elastic Oz Band) released the single \"God Save Us/Do the Oz\" and joined marches in support of the magazine.Eager for a major commercial success, Lennon adopted a more accessible sound for his next album, ''Imagine'' (1971).", "''Rolling Stone'' reported that \"it contains a substantial portion of good music\" but warned of the possibility that \"his posturings will soon seem not merely dull but irrelevant\".", "The album's title track later became an anthem for anti-war movements, while the song \"How Do You Sleep?\"", "was a musical attack on McCartney in response to lyrics on ''Ram'' that Lennon felt, and McCartney later confirmed, were directed at him and Ono.", "In \"Jealous Guy\", Lennon addressed his demeaning treatment of women, acknowledging that his past behaviour was the result of long-held insecurity.In gratitude for his guitar contributions to ''Imagine'', Lennon initially agreed to perform at Harrison's Concert for Bangladesh benefit shows in New York.", "Harrison refused to allow Ono to participate at the concerts, however, which resulted in the couple having a heated argument and Lennon pulling out of the event.Lennon and Ono moved to New York in August 1971 and immediately embraced US radical left politics.", "The couple released their \"Happy Xmas (War Is Over)\" single in December.", "During the new year, the Nixon administration took what it called a \"strategic counter-measure\" against Lennon's anti-war and anti-Nixon propaganda.", "The administration embarked on what would be a four-year attempt to deport him.", "Lennon was embroiled in a continuing legal battle with the immigration authorities, and he was denied permanent residency in the US; the issue would not be resolved until 1976.", "''Some Time in New York City'' was recorded as a collaboration with Ono and was released in 1972 with backing from the New York band Elephant's Memory.", "A double LP, it contained songs about women's rights, race relations, Britain's role in Northern Ireland and Lennon's difficulties in obtaining a green card.", "The album was a commercial failure and was maligned by critics, who found its political sloganeering heavy-handed and relentless.", "The ''NME''s review took the form of an open letter in which Tony Tyler derided Lennon as a \"pathetic, ageing revolutionary\".", "In the US, \"Woman Is the Nigger of the World\" was released as a single from the album and was televised on 11 May, on ''The Dick Cavett Show''.", "Many radio stations refused to broadcast the song because of the word \"nigger\".Lennon and Ono gave two benefit concerts with Elephant's Memory and guests in New York in aid of patients at the Willowbrook State School mental facility.", "Staged at Madison Square Garden on 30 August 1972, they were his last full-length concert appearances.", "After George McGovern lost the 1972 presidential election to Richard Nixon, Lennon and Ono attended a post-election wake held in the New York home of activist Jerry Rubin.", "Lennon was depressed and got intoxicated; he left Ono embarrassed after he had sex with a female guest.", "Ono's song \"Death of Samantha\" was inspired by the incident.=== \"Lost weekend\": 1973–1975===Publicity photo of Lennon and host Tom Snyder from the television programme ''Tomorrow''.", "Aired in 1975, this was the last television interview Lennon gave before his death in 1980.As Lennon was about to record ''Mind Games'' in 1973, he and Ono decided to separate.", "The ensuing 18-month period apart, which he later called his \"lost weekend\" in reference to the film of the same name, was spent in Los Angeles and New York City in the company of May Pang.", "''Mind Games'', credited to the \"Plastic U.F.Ono Band\", was released in November 1973.Lennon also contributed \"I'm the Greatest\" to Starr's album ''Ringo'' (1973), released the same month.", "With Harrison joining Starr and Lennon at the recording session for the song, it marked the only occasion when three former Beatles recorded together between the band's break-up and Lennon's death.In early 1974, Lennon was drinking heavily and his alcohol-fuelled antics with Harry Nilsson made headlines.", "In March, two widely publicised incidents occurred at The Troubadour club.", "In the first incident, Lennon stuck an unused menstrual pad on his forehead and scuffled with a waitress.", "The second incident occurred two weeks later, when Lennon and Nilsson were ejected from the same club after heckling the Smothers Brothers.", "Lennon decided to produce Nilsson's album ''Pussy Cats'', and Pang rented a Los Angeles beach house for all the musicians.", "After a month of further debauchery, the recording sessions were in chaos, and Lennon returned to New York with Pang to finish work on the album.", "In April, Lennon had produced the Mick Jagger song \"Too Many Cooks (Spoil the Soup)\" which was, for contractual reasons, to remain unreleased for more than 30 years.", "Pang supplied the recording for its eventual inclusion on ''The Very Best of Mick Jagger'' (2007).Lennon had settled back in New York when he recorded the album ''Walls and Bridges''.", "Released in October 1974, it included \"Whatever Gets You thru the Night\", which featured Elton John on backing vocals and piano, and became Lennon's only single as a solo artist to top the US ''Billboard'' Hot 100 chart during his lifetime.", "A second single from the album, \"#9 Dream\", followed before the end of the year.", "Starr's ''Goodnight Vienna'' (1974) again saw assistance from Lennon, who wrote the title track and played piano.", "On 28 November, Lennon made a surprise guest appearance at Elton John's Thanksgiving concert at Madison Square Garden, in fulfilment of his promise to join the singer in a live show if \"Whatever Gets You thru the Night\", a song whose commercial potential Lennon had doubted, reached number one.", "Lennon performed the song along with \"Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds\" and \"I Saw Her Standing There\", which he introduced as \"a song by an old estranged fiancé of mine called Paul\".In the first two weeks of January 1975, Elton John topped the US ''Billboard'' Hot 100 singles chart with his cover of \"Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds\", featuring Lennon on guitar and backing vocals - Lennon is credited on the single under the moniker of \"Dr. Winston O'Boogie\".", "As January became February, Lennon and Ono reunited as Lennon and Bowie completed recording of their co-composition \"Fame\", which became David Bowie's first US number one, featuring guitar and backing vocals by Lennon.", "In February, Lennon released ''Rock 'n' Roll'' (1975), an album of cover songs.", "\"Stand by Me\", taken from the album and a US and UK hit, became his last single for five years.", "He made what would be his final stage appearance in the ATV special ''A Salute to Lew Grade'', recorded on 18 April and televised in June.", "Playing acoustic guitar and backed by an eight-piece band, Lennon performed two songs from ''Rock 'n' Roll'' (\"Stand by Me\", which was not broadcast, and \"Slippin' and Slidin) followed by \"Imagine\".", "The band, known as Etc., wore masks behind their heads, a dig by Lennon, who thought Grade was two-faced.===Hiatus and return: 1975–1980===Lennon's green card, which allowed him to live and work in the United StatesSean was Lennon's only child with Ono.", "Sean was born on 9 October 1975 (Lennon's thirty-fifth birthday), and John took on the role of househusband.", "Lennon began what would be a five-year hiatus from the music industry, during which time, he later said, he \"baked bread\" and \"looked after the baby\".", "He devoted himself to Sean, rising at 6am daily to plan and prepare his meals and to spend time with him.", "He wrote \"Cookin' (In the Kitchen of Love)\" for Starr's ''Ringo's Rotogravure'' (1976), performing on the track in June in what would be his last recording session until 1980.He formally announced his break from music in Tokyo in 1977, saying, \"we have basically decided, without any great decision, to be with our baby as much as we can until we feel we can take time off to indulge ourselves in creating things outside of the family.\"", "During his career break he created several series of drawings, and drafted a book containing a mix of autobiographical material and what he termed \"mad stuff\", all of which would be published posthumously.Lennon emerged from his hiatus in October 1980, when he released the single \"(Just Like) Starting Over\".", "In November, he and Ono released the album ''Double Fantasy'', which included songs Lennon had written in Bermuda.", "In June, Lennon chartered a 43-foot sailboat and embarked on a sailing trip to Bermuda.", "En route, he and the crew encountered a storm, rendering everyone on board seasick, except Lennon, who took control and sailed the boat through the storm.", "This experience re-invigorated him and his creative muse.", "He spent three weeks in Bermuda in a home called Fairylands writing and refining the tracks for the upcoming album.The music reflected Lennon's fulfilment in his new-found stable family life.", "Sufficient additional material was recorded for a planned follow-up album ''Milk and Honey'', which was issued posthumously, in 1984.", "''Double Fantasy'' was not well received initially and drew comments such as ''Melody Maker'''s \"indulgent sterility... a godawful yawn\"." ], [ "Murder: 8 December 1980", "Wintertime at Strawberry Fields in Central Park with the Dakota in the backgroundIn New York, at approximately 5:00 p.m. on 8 December 1980, Lennon autographed a copy of ''Double Fantasy'' for Mark David Chapman before leaving The Dakota with Ono for a recording session at the Record Plant.", "After the session, Lennon and Ono returned to the Dakota in a limousine at around 10:50p.m.", "(EST).", "They left the vehicle and walked through the archway of the building.", "Chapman then shot Lennon twice in the back and twice in the shoulder at close range.", "Lennon was rushed in a police cruiser to the emergency room of Roosevelt Hospital, where he was pronounced dead on arrival at 11:15p.m.", "(EST).Ono issued a statement the next day, saying \"There is no funeral for John\", ending it with the words, \"John loved and prayed for the human race.", "Please do the same for him.\"", "His remains were cremated at Ferncliff Cemetery in Hartsdale, New York.", "Ono scattered his ashes in New York's Central Park, where the Strawberry Fields memorial was later created.", "Chapman avoided going to trial when he ignored his lawyer's advice and pleaded guilty to second-degree murder and was sentenced to 20-years-to-life.In the weeks following the murder, \"(Just Like) Starting Over\" and ''Double Fantasy'' topped the charts in the UK and the US.", "\"Imagine\" hit number one in the UK in January 1981 and \"Happy Xmas\" peaked at number two.", "\"Imagine\" was succeeded at the top of the UK chart by \"Woman\", the second single from ''Double Fantasy''.", "Later that year, Roxy Music's cover version of \"Jealous Guy\", recorded as a tribute to Lennon, was also a UK number-one." ], [ "Personal relationships", "===Cynthia Lennon===Cynthia Lennon at the unveiling of the John Lennon Peace Monument in Liverpool in October 2010Lennon met Cynthia Powell (1939–2015) in 1957, when they were fellow students at the Liverpool College of Art.", "Although Powell was intimidated by Lennon's attitude and appearance, she heard that he was obsessed with the French actress Brigitte Bardot, so she dyed her hair blonde.", "Lennon asked her out, but when she said that she was engaged, he shouted, \"I didn't ask you to fuckin' marry me, did I?\"", "She often accompanied him to Quarrymen gigs and travelled to Hamburg with McCartney's girlfriend to visit him.Lennon was jealous by nature and eventually grew possessive, often terrifying Powell with his anger.", "In her 2005 memoir ''John'', Powell recalled that, when they were dating, Lennon once struck her after he observed her dancing with Stuart Sutcliffe.", "She ended their relationship as a result, until three months later, when Lennon apologised and asked to reunite.", "She took him back and later noted that he was never again physically abusive towards her, although he could still be \"verbally cutting and unkind\".", "Lennon later said that until he met Ono, he had never questioned his chauvinistic attitude towards women.", "He said that the Beatles song \"Getting Better\" told his (or his peers') own story.", "\"I used to be cruel to my woman, and physically – any woman.", "I was a hitter.", "I couldn't express myself and I hit.", "I fought men and I hit women.", "That is why I am always on about peace\".Recalling his July 1962 reaction when he learned that Cynthia was pregnant, Lennon said, \"There's only one thing for it Cyn.", "We'll have to get married.\"", "The couple wed on 23 August at the Mount Pleasant Register Office in Liverpool, with Brian Epstein serving as best man.", "His marriage began just as Beatlemania was taking off across the UK.", "He performed on the evening of his wedding day and would continue to do so almost daily from then on.", "Epstein feared that fans would be alienated by the idea of a married Beatle, and he asked the Lennons to keep their marriage secret.", "Julian was born on 8 April 1963; Lennon was on tour at the time and did not see his infant son until three days later.Cynthia attributed the start of the marriage breakdown to Lennon's use of LSD, and she felt that he slowly lost interest in her as a result of his use of the drug.", "When the group travelled by train to Bangor, Wales in 1967 for the Maharishi Yogi's Transcendental Meditation seminar, a policeman did not recognise her and stopped her from boarding.", "She later recalled how the incident seemed to symbolise the end of their marriage.", "After spending a holiday in Greece, Cynthia arrived home at Kenwood to find Lennon sitting on the floor with Ono in terrycloth robes and left the house to stay with friends, feeling shocked and humiliated,.", "A few weeks later, Alexis Mardas informed Powell that Lennon was seeking a divorce and custody of Julian.", "She received a letter stating that Lennon was doing so on the grounds of her adultery with Italian hotelier Roberto Bassanini, an accusation which Powell denied.", "After negotiations, Lennon capitulated and agreed to let her divorce him on the same grounds.", "The case was settled out of court in November 1968, with Lennon giving her £100,000, a small annual payment, and custody of Julian.===Brian Epstein===Brian Epstein in 1965The Beatles were performing at Liverpool's Cavern Club in November 1961 when they were introduced to Brian Epstein after a midday concert.", "Epstein was homosexual and closeted, and according to biographer Philip Norman, one of Epstein's reasons for wanting to manage the group was that he was attracted to Lennon.", "Almost as soon as Julian was born, Lennon went on holiday to Spain with Epstein, which led to speculation about their relationship.", "When he was later questioned about it, Lennon said, \"Well, it was almost a love affair, but not quite.", "It was never consummated.", "But it was a pretty intense relationship.", "It was my first experience with a homosexual that I was conscious was homosexual.", "We used to sit in a café in Torremolinos looking at all the boys and I'd say, 'Do you like that one?", "Do you like this one?'", "I was rather enjoying the experience, thinking like a writer all the time: I am experiencing this.\"", "Soon after their return from Spain, at McCartney's twenty-first birthday party in June 1963, Lennon physically attacked Cavern Club master of ceremonies Bob Wooler for saying \"How was your honeymoon, John?\"", "The MC, known for his wordplay and affectionate but cutting remarks, was making a joke, but ten months had passed since Lennon's marriage, and the deferred honeymoon was still two months in the future.", "Lennon was drunk at the time and the matter was simple: \"He called me a queer so I battered his bloody ribs in.", "\"Lennon delighted in mocking Epstein for his homosexuality and for the fact that he was Jewish.", "When Epstein invited suggestions for the title of his autobiography, Lennon offered ''Queer Jew''; on learning of the eventual title, ''A Cellarful of Noise'', he parodied, \"More like ''A Cellarful of Boys''\".", "He demanded of a visitor to Epstein's flat, \"Have you come to blackmail him?", "If not, you're the only bugger in London who hasn't.\"", "During the recording of \"Baby, You're a Rich Man\", he sang altered choruses of \"Baby, you're a rich fag Jew\".===Julian Lennon===Julian Lennon at the unveiling of the John Lennon Peace MonumentDuring his marriage to Cynthia, Lennon's first son Julian was born at the same time that his commitments with the Beatles were intensifying at the height of Beatlemania.", "Lennon was touring with the Beatles when Julian was born on 8 April 1963.Julian's birth, like his mother Cynthia's marriage to Lennon, was kept secret because Epstein was convinced that public knowledge of such things would threaten the Beatles' commercial success.", "Julian recalled that as a small child in Weybridge some four years later, \"I was trundled home from school and came walking up with one of my watercolour paintings.", "It was just a bunch of stars and this blonde girl I knew at school.", "And Dad said, 'What's this?'", "I said, 'It's Lucy in the sky with diamonds.", "Lennon used it as the title of a Beatles song, and though it was later reported to have been derived from the initials LSD, Lennon insisted, \"It's not an acid song.\"", "Lennon was distant from Julian, who felt closer to McCartney than to his father.", "During a car journey to visit Cynthia and Julian during Lennon's divorce, McCartney composed a song, \"Hey Jules\", to comfort him.", "It would evolve into the Beatles song \"Hey Jude\".", "Lennon later said, \"That's his best song.", "It started off as a song about my son Julian ... he turned it into 'Hey Jude'.", "I always thought it was about me and Yoko but he said it wasn't.", "\"Lennon's relationship with Julian was already strained, and after Lennon and Ono moved to New York in 1971, Julian did not see his father again until 1973.With Pang's encouragement, arrangements were made for Julian and his mother to visit Lennon in Los Angeles, where they went to Disneyland.", "Julian started to see his father regularly, and Lennon gave him a drumming part on a ''Walls and Bridges'' track.", "He bought Julian a Gibson Les Paul guitar and other instruments, and encouraged his interest in music by demonstrating guitar chord techniques.", "Julian recalls that he and his father \"got on a great deal better\" during the time he spent in New York: \"We had a lot of fun, laughed a lot and had a great time in general.", "\"In a ''Playboy'' interview with David Sheff shortly before his death, Lennon said, \"Sean is a planned child, and therein lies the difference.", "I don't love Julian any less as a child.", "He's still my son, whether he came from a bottle of whiskey or because they didn't have pills in those days.", "He's here, he belongs to me, and he always will.\"", "He said he was trying to reestablish a connection with the then 17-year-old, and confidently predicted, \"Julian and I will have a relationship in the future.\"", "After his death it was revealed that he had left Julian very little in his will.===Yoko Ono===Jack MitchellLennon first met Yoko Ono on 9 November 1966 at the Indica Gallery in London, where Ono was preparing her conceptual art exhibit.", "They were introduced by gallery owner John Dunbar.", "Lennon was intrigued by Ono's \"Hammer A Nail\": patrons hammered a nail into a wooden board, creating the art piece.", "Although the exhibition had not yet begun, Lennon wanted to hammer a nail into the clean board, but Ono stopped him.", "Dunbar asked her, \"Don't you know who this is?", "He's a millionaire!", "He might buy it.\"", "According to Lennon's recollection in 1980, Ono had not heard of the Beatles, but she relented on condition that Lennon pay her five shillings, to which Lennon said he replied, \"I'll give you an imaginary five shillings and hammer an imaginary nail in.\"", "Ono subsequently related that Lennon had taken a bite out of the apple on display in her work ''Apple'', much to her fury.Ono began to telephone and visit Lennon at his home.", "When Cynthia asked him for an explanation, Lennon explained that Ono was only trying to obtain money for her \"avant-garde bullshit\".", "While his wife was on holiday in Greece in May 1968, Lennon invited Ono to visit.", "They spent the night recording what would become the ''Two Virgins'' album, after which, he said, they \"made love at dawn\".", "When Lennon's wife returned home she found Ono wearing her bathrobe and drinking tea with Lennon who simply said, \"Oh, hi.\"", "Ono became pregnant in 1968 and miscarried a male child on 21 November 1968, a few weeks after Lennon's divorce from Cynthia was granted.Two years before the Beatles disbanded, Lennon and Ono began public protests against the Vietnam War.", "They were married in Gibraltar on 20 March 1969, and spent their honeymoon at the Hilton Amsterdam, campaigning with a week-long Bed-In for Peace.", "They planned another Bed-In in the United States, but were denied entry, so held one instead at the Queen Elizabeth Hotel in Montreal, where they recorded \"Give Peace a Chance\".", "They often combined advocacy with performance art, as in their \"Bagism\", first introduced during a Vienna press conference.", "Lennon detailed this period in the Beatles song \"The Ballad of John and Yoko\".", "Lennon changed his name by deed poll on 22 April 1969, adding \"Ono\" as a middle name.", "The brief ceremony took place on the roof of the Apple Corps building, where the Beatles had performed their rooftop concert three months earlier.", "Although he used the name John Ono Lennon thereafter, some official documents referred to him as John Winston Ono Lennon.", "The couple settled at Tittenhurst Park at Sunninghill in Berkshire.", "After Ono was injured in a car accident, Lennon arranged for a king-size bed to be brought to the recording studio as he worked on the Beatles' album, ''Abbey Road''.Ono and Lennon moved to New York, to a flat on Bank Street, Greenwich Village.", "Looking for somewhere with better security, they relocated in 1973 to the more secure Dakota overlooking Central Park at 1West72nd Street.===May Pang===May Pang in 1983ABKCO Industries was formed in 1968 by Allen Klein as an umbrella company to ABKCO Records.", "Klein hired May Pang as a receptionist in 1969.Through involvement in a project with ABKCO, Lennon and Ono met her the following year.", "She became their personal assistant.", "In 1973, after she had been working with the couple for three years, Ono confided that she and Lennon were becoming estranged.", "She went on to suggest that Pang should begin a physical relationship with Lennon, telling her, \"He likes you a lot.\"", "Astounded by Ono's proposition, Pang nevertheless agreed to become Lennon's companion.", "The pair soon left for Los Angeles, beginning an 18-month period he later called his \"lost weekend\".", "In Los Angeles, Pang encouraged Lennon to develop regular contact with Julian, whom he had not seen for two years.", "He also rekindled friendships with Starr, McCartney, Beatles roadie Mal Evans, and Harry Nilsson.In June, Lennon and Pang returned to Manhattan in their newly rented penthouse apartment where they prepared a spare room for Julian when he visited them.", "Lennon, who had been inhibited by Ono in this regard, began to reestablish contact with other relatives and friends.", "By December, he and Pang were considering a house purchase, and he refused to accept Ono's telephone calls.", "In January 1975, he agreed to meet Ono, who claimed to have found a cure for smoking.", "After the meeting, he failed to return home or call Pang.", "When Pang telephoned the next day, Ono told her that Lennon was unavailable because he was exhausted after a hypnotherapy session.", "Two days later, Lennon reappeared at a joint dental appointment; he was stupefied and confused to such an extent that Pang believed he had been brainwashed.", "Lennon told Pang that his separation from Ono was now over, although Ono would allow him to continue seeing her as his mistress.===Sean Lennon===Sean Lennon at a Free Tibet event in 1998Ono had previously suffered three miscarriages in her attempt to have a child with Lennon.", "When Ono and Lennon were reunited, she became pregnant again.", "She initially said that she wanted to have an abortion but changed her mind and agreed to allow the pregnancy to continue on the condition that Lennon adopt the role of househusband, which he agreed to do.Following Sean's birth, Lennon's subsequent hiatus from the music industry would span five years.", "He had a photographer take pictures of Sean every day of his first year and created numerous drawings for him, which were posthumously published as ''Real Love: The Drawings for Sean''.", "Lennon later proudly declared, \"He didn't come out of my belly but, by God, I made his bones, because I've attended to every meal, and to how he sleeps, and to the fact that he swims like a fish.", "\"===Former Beatles===arriving in New York City in 1964While Lennon remained consistently friendly with Starr during the years that followed the Beatles' break-up in 1970, his relationships with McCartney and Harrison varied.", "He was initially close to Harrison, but the two drifted apart after Lennon moved to the US in 1971.When Harrison was in New York for his December 1974 ''Dark Horse'' tour, Lennon agreed to join him on stage but failed to appear after an argument over Lennon's refusal to sign an agreement that would finally dissolve the Beatles' legal partnership.", "Harrison later said that when he visited Lennon during his five years away from music, he sensed that Lennon was trying to communicate, but his bond with Ono prevented him.", "Harrison offended Lennon in 1980 when he published ''I, Me, Mine'', an autobiography that Lennon felt made little mention of him.", "Lennon told ''Playboy'', \"I was hurt by it.", "By glaring omission... my influence on his life is absolutely zilch... he remembers every two-bit sax player or guitarist he met in subsequent years.", "I'm not in the book.", "\"Lennon's most intense feelings were reserved for McCartney.", "In addition to attacking him with the lyrics of \"How Do You Sleep?", "\", Lennon argued with him through the press for three years after the group split.", "The two later began to reestablish something of the close friendship they had once known, and in 1974, they even played music together again before eventually growing apart once more.", "During McCartney's final visit in April 1976, Lennon said that they watched the episode of ''Saturday Night Live'' in which Lorne Michaels made a $3,000 offer to get the Beatles to reunite on the show.", "According to Lennon, the pair considered going to the studio to make a joke appearance, attempting to claim their share of the money, but they were too tired.", "Lennon summarised his feelings towards McCartney in an interview three days before his death: \"Throughout my career, I've selected to work with... only two people: Paul McCartney and Yoko Ono... That ain't bad picking.", "\"Along with his estrangement from McCartney, Lennon always felt a musical competitiveness with him and kept an ear on his music.", "During his career break from 1975 until shortly before his death, according to Fred Seaman, Lennon and Ono's assistant at the time, Lennon was content to sit back as long as McCartney was producing what Lennon saw as mediocre material.", "Lennon took notice when McCartney released \"Coming Up\" in 1980, which was the year Lennon returned to the studio.", "\"It's driving me crackers!\"", "he jokingly complained, because he could not get the tune out of his head.", "That same year, Lennon was asked whether the group were dreaded enemies or the best of friends, and he replied that they were neither, and that he had not seen any of them in a long time.", "But he also said, \"I still love those guys.", "The Beatles are over, but John, Paul, George and Ringo go on.\"" ], [ "Political activism", "Recording \"Give Peace a Chance\" during the Bed-In for Peace at the Queen Elizabeth Hotel, MontrealLennon and Ono used their honeymoon as a Bed-In for Peace at the Amsterdam Hilton Hotel; the March 1969 event attracted worldwide media ridicule.", "During a second Bed-In three months later at the Queen Elizabeth Hotel in Montreal, Lennon wrote and recorded \"Give Peace a Chance\".", "Released as a single, the song was quickly interpreted as an anti-war anthem and sung by a quarter of a million demonstrators against the Vietnam War in Washington, DC, on 15 November, the second Vietnam Moratorium Day.", "In December, they paid for billboards in 10 cities around the world which declared, in the national language, \"War Is Over!", "If You Want It\".During the year, Lennon and Ono began to support efforts by the family of James Hanratty to prove his innocence.", "Hanratty had been hanged in 1962.According to Lennon, those who had condemned Hanratty were \"the same people who are running guns to South Africa and killing blacks in the streets ...", "The same bastards are in control, the same people are running everything, it's the whole bullshit bourgeois scene.\"", "In London, Lennon and Ono staged a \"Britain Murdered Hanratty\" banner march and a \"Silent Protest For James Hanratty\", and produced a 40-minute documentary on the case.", "At an appeal hearing more than thirty years later, Hanratty's conviction was upheld after DNA evidence was found to match, validating those who condemned him.Lennon and Ono performing at the John Sinclair Freedom Rally in December 1971Lennon and Ono showed their solidarity with the Clydeside UCS workers' work-in of 1971 by sending a bouquet of red roses and a cheque for £5,000.On moving to New York City in August that year, they befriended two of the Chicago Seven, Yippie peace activists Jerry Rubin and Abbie Hoffman.", "Another political activist, John Sinclair, poet and co-founder of the White Panther Party, was serving ten years in prison for selling two joints of marijuana after previous convictions for possession of the drug.", "In December 1971 at Ann Arbor, Michigan, 15,000 people attended the \"John Sinclair Freedom Rally\", a protest and benefit concert with contributions from Lennon, Stevie Wonder, Bob Seger, Bobby Seale of the Black Panther Party, and others.", "Lennon and Ono, backed by David Peel and Jerry Rubin, performed an acoustic set of four songs from their forthcoming ''Some Time in New York City'' album including \"John Sinclair\", whose lyrics called for his release.", "The day before the rally, the Michigan Senate passed a bill that significantly reduced the penalties for possession of marijuana and four days later Sinclair was released on an appeal bond.", "The performance was recorded and two of the tracks later appeared on ''John Lennon Anthology'' (1998).Following the Bloody Sunday incident in Northern Ireland in 1972, Lennon said that given the choice between the British army and the IRA he would side with the latter.", "Lennon and Ono wrote two songs protesting British presence and actions in Ireland for their ''Some Time in New York City'' album: \"The Luck of the Irish\" and \"Sunday Bloody Sunday\".", "In 2000, David Shayler, a former member of Britain's domestic security service MI5, suggested that Lennon had given money to the IRA, though this was swiftly denied by Ono.", "Biographer Bill Harry records that following Bloody Sunday, Lennon and Ono financially supported the production of the film ''The Irish Tapes'', a political documentary with an Irish Republican slant.", "In February 2000 Lennon's cousin Stanley Parkes stated that the singer had given money to the IRA during the 1970s.", "After the events of Bloody Sunday Lennon and Ono attended a protest in London while displaying a ''Red Mole'' newspaper with the headline \"For the IRA, Against British Imperialism\".According to FBI surveillance reports, and confirmed by Tariq Ali in 2006, Lennon was sympathetic to the International Marxist Group, a Trotskyist group formed in Britain in 1968.However, the FBI considered Lennon to have limited effectiveness as a revolutionary, as he was \"constantly under the influence of narcotics\".In 1972, Lennon contributed a drawing and limerick titled \"Why Make It Sad to Be Gay?\"", "to Len Richmond and Gary Noguera's ''The Gay Liberation Book''.", "Lennon's last act of political activism was a statement in support of the striking minority sanitation workers in San Francisco on 5 December 1980.He and Ono planned to join the workers' protest on 14 December.===Deportation attempt===Lennon and Ono at the press conference where they announced the formation of NutopiaFollowing the impact of \"Give Peace a Chance\" and \"Happy Xmas (War Is Over)\" on the anti-war movement, the Nixon administration heard rumours of Lennon's involvement in a concert to be held in San Diego at the same time as the Republican National Convention and tried to have him deported.", "Nixon believed that Lennon's anti-war activities could cost him his reelection; Republican Senator Strom Thurmond suggested in a February 1972 memo that \"deportation would be a strategic counter-measure\" against Lennon.", "The next month the United States Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) began deportation proceedings, arguing that his 1968 misdemeanour conviction for cannabis possession in London had made him ineligible for admission to the United States.", "Lennon spent the next three-and-a-half years in and out of deportation hearings until 8 October 1975, when a court of appeals barred the deportation attempt, stating \"the courts will not condone selective deportation based upon secret political grounds\".", "While the legal battle continued, Lennon attended rallies and made television appearances.", "He and Ono co-hosted ''The Mike Douglas Show'' for a week in February 1972, introducing guests such as Jerry Rubin and Bobby Seale to mid-America.", "In 1972, Bob Dylan wrote a letter to the INS defending Lennon, stating:John and Yoko add a great voice and drive to the country's so-called art institution.", "They inspire and transcend and stimulate and by doing so, only help others to see pure light and in doing that, put an end to this dull taste of petty commercialism which is being passed off as Artist Art by the overpowering mass media.", "Hurray for John and Yoko.", "Let them stay and live here and breathe.", "The country's got plenty of room and space.", "Let John and Yoko stay!On 23 March 1973, Lennon was ordered to leave the US within 60 days.", "Ono, meanwhile, was granted permanent residence.", "In response, Lennon and Ono held a press conference on 1 April 1973 at the New York City Bar Association, where they announced the formation of the state of Nutopia; a place with \"no land, no boundaries, no passports, only people\".", "Waving the white flag of Nutopia (two handkerchiefs), they asked for political asylum in the US.", "The press conference was filmed, and appeared in a 2006 documentary, ''The U.S. vs. John Lennon''.", "Soon after the press conference, Nixon's involvement in a political scandal came to light, and in June the Watergate hearings began in Washington, DC.", "They led to the president's resignation 14 months later.", "In December 1974, when he and members of his tour entourage visited the White House, Harrison asked Gerald Ford, Nixon's successor, to intercede in the matter.", "Ford's administration showed little interest in continuing the battle against Lennon, and the deportation order was overturned in 1975.The following year, Lennon received his green card certifying his permanent residency, and when Jimmy Carter was inaugurated as president in January 1977, Lennon and Ono attended the Inaugural Ball.===FBI surveillance and declassified documents===Confidential (here declassified and censored) letter by J. Edgar Hoover about FBI surveillance of John LennonAfter Lennon's death, historian Jon Wiener filed a Freedom of Information Act request for FBI files that documented the Bureau's role in the deportation attempt.", "The FBI admitted it had 281 pages of files on Lennon, but refused to release most of them on the grounds that they contained national security information.", "In 1983, Wiener sued the FBI with the help of the American Civil Liberties Union of Southern California.", "It took 14 years of litigation to force the FBI to release the withheld pages.", "The ACLU, representing Wiener, won a favourable decision in their suit against the FBI in the Ninth Circuit in 1991.The Justice Department appealed the decision to the Supreme Court in April 1992, but the court declined to review the case.", "In 1997, respecting President Bill Clinton's newly instigated rule that documents should be withheld only if releasing them would involve \"foreseeable harm\", the Justice Department settled most of the outstanding issues outside court by releasing all but 10 of the contested documents.Wiener published the results of his 14-year campaign in January 2000.", "''Gimme Some Truth: The John Lennon FBI Files'' contained facsimiles of the documents, including \"lengthy reports by confidential informants detailing the daily lives of anti-war activists, memos to the White House, transcripts of TV shows on which Lennon appeared, and a proposal that Lennon be arrested by local police on drug charges\".", "The story is told in the documentary ''The US vs. John Lennon''.", "The final 10 documents in Lennon's FBI file, which reported on his ties with London anti-war activists in 1971 and had been withheld as containing \"national security information provided by a foreign government under an explicit promise of confidentiality\", were released in December 2006.They contained no indication that the British government had regarded Lennon as a serious threat; one example of the released material was a report that two prominent British leftists had hoped Lennon would finance a left-wing bookshop and reading room." ], [ "Writing", "Beatles biographer Bill Harry wrote that Lennon began drawing and writing creatively at an early age with the encouragement of his uncle.", "He collected his stories, poetry, cartoons and caricatures in a Quarry Bank High School exercise book that he called the ''Daily Howl''.", "The drawings were often of crippled people, and the writings satirical, and throughout the book was an abundance of wordplay.", "According to classmate Bill Turner, Lennon created the ''Daily Howl'' to amuse his best friend and later Quarrymen bandmate Pete Shotton, to whom he would show his work before he let anyone else see it.", "Turner said that Lennon \"had an obsession for Wigan Pier.", "It kept cropping up\", and in Lennon's story ''A Carrot in a Potato Mine'', \"the mine was at the end of Wigan Pier.\"", "Turner described how one of Lennon's cartoons depicted a bus stop sign annotated with the question, \"Why?\"", "Above was a flying pancake, and below, \"a blind man wearing glasses leading along a blind dog – also wearing glasses\".Lennon's love of wordplay and nonsense with a twist found a wider audience when he was 24.Harry writes that ''In His Own Write'' (1964) was published after \"Some journalist who was hanging around the Beatles came to me and I ended up showing him the stuff.", "They said, 'Write a book' and that's how the first one came about\".", "Like the ''Daily Howl'' it contained a mix of formats including short stories, poetry, plays and drawings.", "One story, \"Good Dog Nigel\", tells the tale of \"a happy dog, urinating on a lamp post, barking, wagging his tail – until he suddenly hears a message that he will be killed at three o'clock\".", "''The Times Literary Supplement'' considered the poems and stories \"remarkable ... also very funny ... the nonsense runs on, words and images prompting one another in a chain of pure fantasy\".", "''Book Week'' reported, \"This is nonsense writing, but one has only to review the literature of nonsense to see how well Lennon has brought it off.", "While some of his homonyms are gratuitous word play, many others have not only double meaning but a double edge.\"", "Lennon was not only surprised by the positive reception, but that the book was reviewed at all, and suggested that readers \"took the book more seriously than I did myself.", "It just began as a laugh for me\".In combination with ''A Spaniard in the Works'' (1965), ''In His Own Write'' formed the basis of the stage play ''The Lennon Play: In His Own Write'', co-adapted by Victor Spinetti and Adrienne Kennedy.", "After negotiations between Lennon, Spinetti and the artistic director of the National Theatre, Sir Laurence Olivier, the play opened at The Old Vic in 1968.Lennon and Ono attended the opening night performance, their second public appearance together.", "In 1969, Lennon wrote \"Four in Hand\", a skit based on his teenage experiences of group masturbation, for Kenneth Tynan's play ''Oh!", "Calcutta!''", "After Lennon's death, further works were published, including ''Skywriting by Word of Mouth'' (1986), ''Ai: Japan Through John Lennon's Eyes: A Personal Sketchbook'' (1992), with Lennon's illustrations of the definitions of Japanese words, and ''Real Love: The Drawings for Sean'' (1999).", "''The Beatles Anthology'' (2000) also presented examples of his writings and drawings." ], [ "Art", "In 1967, Lennon, who had attended art school, funded and anonymously participated in Ono's art exhibition Half-A-Room that was held at Lisson Gallery.", "Following his collaborating with Ono in the form of The Plastic Ono Band that began in 1968, Lennon became involved with the Fluxus art movement.", "In the summer of 1968, Lennon began showing his painting and conceptual art at his You Are Here art exhibition held at Robert Fraser Gallery in London.", "The show, that was dedicated to Ono, included a six foot in diameter round white monochrome painting called ''You Are Here'' (1968).", "Besides the white monochrome paint, its surface contained only the tiny hand written inscription \"you are here\".", "This painting, and the show in general, was conceived as a response to Ono's conceptual art piece ''This is Not Here'' (1966) that was part of her Fluxus installation of wall text pieces called ''Blue Room Event'' (1966).", "''Blue Room Event'' consisted of sentences that Ono wrote directly on her white New York apartment walls and ceiling.", "Lennon's You Are Here show also included sixty charity collection boxes, a pair of Lennon's shoes with a sign that read \"I take my shoes off to you\", a ready made black bike (an apparent homage to Marcel Duchamp and his 1917 Bicycle Wheel), an overturned white hat labeled ''For The Artist'', and a large glass jar full of free-to-take ''you are here'' white pin badges.", "A hidden camera secretly filmed the public reaction to the show.", "For the 1 July opening, Lennon, dressed all in white (as was Ono), released 365 white balloons into the city sky.", "Each ballon had attached to it a small paper card to be mailed back to Lennon at the Robert Fraser Gallery at 69 Duke Street, with the finder's comments.After moving to New York City, from 18 April to 12 June 1970, Lennon and Ono presented a series of Fluxus conceptual art events and concerts at Joe Jones's Tone Deaf Music Store called ''GRAPEFRUIT FLUXBANQUET''.", "Performances included ''Come Impersonating John Lennon & Yoko Ono, Grapefruit Banquet'' and ''Portrait of John Lennon as a Young Cloud by Yoko + Everybody''.", "That same year, Lennon also made ''The Complete Yoko Ono Word Poem Game'' (1970): a conceptual art poem collage that utilized the cut-up (or ''découpé'') aleatory technique typical of the work of John Cage and many Fluxus artists.", "The cut-up technique can be traced to at least the Dadaists of the 1920s, but was popularized in the early 1960s by writer William S. Burroughs.", "For ''The Complete Yoko Ono Word Poem Game'', Lennon took the portrait photo of himself that was included in the packaging of the 1968 ''The Beatles'' LP (aka ''The White Album'') and cut it into 134 small rectangles.", "A single word was written on the back of each fragment, to be read in any order.", "The portrait image was meant to be reassembled in any order.", "''The Complete Yoko Ono Word Poem Game'' was presented by Lennon to Ono on 28 July in an inscribed envelope for her to randomly assemble and reassemble at will.Lennon made whimsical drawings and fine art prints on occasion until the end of his life.", "For example, Lennon exhibited at Eugene Schuster's London Arts Gallery his ''Bag One'' lithographs in an exhibition that included several depicting erotic imagery.", "The show opened on 15 January 1970 and 24 hours later it was raided by police officers who confiscated 8 of the 14 lithos on the grounds of indecency.", "The lithographs had been drawn by Lennon in 1969 chronicling his wedding and honeymoon with Yoko Ono and one of their bed-ins staged in the interests of world peace.In 1969, Lennon appeared in the Yoko Ono Fluxus art film ''Self-Portrait'', which consisted of a single forty-minute shot of Lennon's penis.", "The film was premiered at the Institute of Contemporary Arts.", "In 1971, Lennon made an experimental art film called ''Erection'' that was edited on 16 mm film by George Maciunas, founder of the Fluxus art movement and avant-garde contemporary of Ono.", "The film uses the songs \"Airmale\" and \"You\" from Ono's 1971 album ''Fly'', as its soundtrack." ], [ "Musicianship", "===Instruments played===Les Paul Jr.Lennon played a mouth organ during a bus journey to visit his cousin in Scotland; the music caught the driver's ear.", "Impressed, the driver told Lennon of a harmonica he could have if he came to Edinburgh the following day, where one had been stored in the bus depot since a passenger had left it on a bus.", "The professional instrument quickly replaced Lennon's toy.", "He would continue to play the harmonica, often using the instrument during the Beatles' Hamburg years, and it became a signature sound in the group's early recordings.", "His mother taught him how to play the banjo, later buying him an acoustic guitar.", "At 16, he played rhythm guitar with the Quarrymen.As his career progressed, he played a variety of electric guitars, predominantly the Rickenbacker 325, Epiphone Casino and Gibson J-160E, and, from the start of his solo career, the Gibson Les Paul Junior.", "''Double Fantasy'' producer Jack Douglas claimed that since his Beatle days Lennon habitually tuned his D-string slightly flat, so his Aunt Mimi could tell which guitar was his on recordings.", "Occasionally he played a six-string bass guitar, the Fender Bass VI, providing bass on some Beatles numbers (\"Back in the U.S.S.R.\", \"The Long and Winding Road\", \"Helter Skelter\") that occupied McCartney with another instrument.", "His other instrument of choice was the piano, on which he composed many songs, including \"Imagine\", described as his best-known solo work.", "His jamming on a piano with McCartney in 1963 led to the creation of the Beatles' first US number one, \"I Want to Hold Your Hand\".", "In 1964, he became one of the first British musicians to acquire a Mellotron keyboard, though it was not heard on a Beatles recording until \"Strawberry Fields Forever\" in 1967.===Vocal style===The British critic Nik Cohn observed of Lennon, \"He owned one of the best pop voices ever, rasped and smashed and brooding, always fierce.\"", "Cohn wrote that Lennon, performing \"Twist and Shout\", would \"rant his way into total incoherence, half rupture himself.\"", "When the Beatles recorded the song, the final track during the mammoth one-day session that produced the band's 1963 debut album, ''Please Please Me'', Lennon's voice, already compromised by a cold, came close to giving out.", "Lennon said, \"I couldn't sing the damn thing, I was just screaming.\"", "In the words of biographer Barry Miles, \"Lennon simply shredded his vocal cords in the interests of rock 'n' roll.\"", "The Beatles' producer, George Martin, tells how Lennon \"had an inborn dislike of his own voice which I could never understand.", "He was always saying to me: 'DO something with my voice!", "... put something on it... Make it ''different''.", "Martin obliged, often using double-tracking and other techniques.As his Beatles era segued into his solo career, his singing voice found a widening range of expression.", "Biographer Chris Gregory writes of Lennon \"tentatively beginning to expose his insecurities in a number of acoustic-led 'confessional' ballads, so beginning the process of 'public therapy' that will eventually culminate in the primal screams of 'Cold Turkey' and the cathartic ''John Lennon/Plastic Ono Band''.\"", "Music critic Robert Christgau called this Lennon's \"greatest vocal performance... from scream to whine, is modulated electronically... echoed, filtered, and double tracked.\"", "David Stuart Ryan described Lennon's vocal delivery as ranging from \"extreme vulnerability, sensitivity and even naivety\" to a hard \"rasping\" style.", "Wiener too described contrasts, saying the singer's voice can be \"at first subdued; soon it almost cracks with despair\".", "Music historian Ben Urish recalled hearing the Beatles' ''Ed Sullivan Show'' performance of \"This Boy\" played on the radio a few days after Lennon's murder: \"As Lennon's vocals reached their peak... it hurt too much to hear him scream with such anguish and emotion.", "But it was my emotions I heard in his voice.", "Just like I always had.\"" ], [ "Legacy", "Statue of Lennon outside The Cavern Club, LiverpoolMusic historians Schinder and Schwartz wrote of the transformation in popular music styles that took place between the 1950s and the 1960s.", "They said that the Beatles' influence cannot be overstated: having \"revolutionised the sound, style, and attitude of popular music and opened rock and roll's doors to a tidal wave of British rock acts\", the group then \"spent the rest of the 1960s expanding rock's stylistic frontiers\".", "On National Poetry Day in 1999, the BBC conducted a poll to identify the UK's favourite song lyric and announced \"Imagine\" as the winner.Two home recording demos by Lennon, \"Free as a Bird\" and \"Real Love\", were finished by the three surviving members of the Beatles when they reunited in 1994 and 1995.Both songs were released as Beatles singles in conjunction with the ''The Beatles Anthology'' compilations.", "A third song, \"Now and Then\", was also worked on but not released until 2023 whereupon it was dubbed \"the last Beatles song\", topping the UK charts.In 1997, Yoko Ono and the BMI Foundation established an annual music competition programme for songwriters of contemporary musical genres to honour John Lennon's memory and his large creative legacy.", "Over $400,000 have been given through BMI Foundation's ''John Lennon Scholarships'' to talented young musicians in the United States.In a 2006 ''Guardian'' article, Jon Wiener wrote: \"For young people in 1972, it was thrilling to see Lennon's courage in standing up to US President Nixon.", "That willingness to take risks with his career, and his life, is one reason why people still admire him today.\"", "For music historians Urish and Bielen, Lennon's most significant effort was \"the self-portraits ... in his songs which spoke to, for, and about, the human condition.", "\"In 2013, Downtown Music Publishing signed a publishing administration agreement for the US with Lenono Music and Ono Music, home to the song catalogues of John Lennon and Yoko Ono, respectively.", "Under the terms of the agreement, Downtown represents Lennon's solo works, including \"Imagine\", \"Instant Karma (We All Shine On)\", \"Power to the People\", \"Happy Xmas (War Is Over)\", \"Jealous Guy\", \"(Just Like) Starting Over\" and others.", "\"John Lennon\" Star at the Hollywood Walk of Fame, Los Angeles, CaliforniaLennon has been the subject of numerous memorials and tributes.", "In 2002, the airport in Lennon's home town was renamed the Liverpool John Lennon Airport.", "On what would have been Lennon's 70th birthday in 2010, Cynthia and Julian Lennon unveiled the John Lennon Peace Monument in Chavasse Park, Liverpool.", "The sculpture, entitled ''Peace & Harmony'', exhibits peace symbols and carries the inscription \"Peace on Earth for the Conservation of Life · In Honour of John Lennon 1940–1980\".", "In December 2013, the International Astronomical Union named one of the craters on Mercury after Lennon.There is a John Lennon Park in Havana, Cuba which features a statue in his likeness sitting on a bench.===Accolades===Street art image of Lennon on the Lennon Wall in PragueThe Lennon–McCartney songwriting partnership is regarded as one of the most influential and successful of the 20th century.", "As performer, writer or co-writer, Lennon had 25 number one singles in the US Hot 100 chart.", "His album sales in the US stand at 14 million units.", "''Double Fantasy'' was his best-selling album, at three million shipments in the US.", "Released shortly before his death, it won the 1981 Grammy Award for Album of the Year.", "That year, the BRIT Award for Outstanding Contribution to Music was given to Lennon.Participants in a 2002 BBC poll voted him eighth of \"100 Greatest Britons\".", "Between 2003 and 2008, ''Rolling Stone'' recognised Lennon in several reviews of artists and music, ranking him fifth of \"100 Greatest Singers of All Time\" and 38th of \"100 Greatest Artists of All Time\", and his albums ''John Lennon/Plastic Ono Band'' and ''Imagine'', 22nd and 76th respectively of \"Rolling Stone's 500 Greatest Albums of All Time\".", "He was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) with the other Beatles in 1965, but returned his medal in 1969 because of \"Britain's involvement in the Nigeria-Biafra thing, against our support of America in Vietnam, and against Cold Turkey slipping down the charts\".", "Lennon was posthumously inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame in 1987 and into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1994." ], [ "Discography", "===Studio albums===* ''John Lennon/Plastic Ono Band'' (Apple, 1970)* ''Imagine'' (Apple, 1971)* ''Some Time in New York City'' (with Yoko Ono, Apple, 1972)* ''Mind Games'' (Apple, 1973)* ''Walls and Bridges'' (Apple, 1974)* ''Rock 'n' Roll'' (Apple, 1975)* ''Double Fantasy'' (with Yoko Ono, Geffen, 1980)* ''Milk and Honey'' (Posthumous with Yoko Ono, Polydor, 1984)===Experimental studio albums with Yoko Ono===* ''Unfinished Music No.", "1: Two Virgins'' (Apple, 1968)* ''Unfinished Music No.", "2: Life with the Lions'' (Zapple, 1969)* ''Wedding Album'' (Apple, 1969)" ], [ "Filmography", "All releases after his death in 1980 use archival footage.===Film===YearTitleRole Notes 1964 '''' Himself 1965 ''Help!''", "Himself 1967 ''Bottoms'' Himself Documentary 1967 ''How I Won the War'' Gripweed 1967 ''Magical Mystery Tour'' Himself / Ticket Salesman / Magician with Coffee Also narrator, writer and director (producer uncredited) 1967 ''Pink Floyd: London '66-'67'' Himself (uncredited) Documentary short 1968 ''Yellow Submarine'' Himself Cameo at the end 1968 ''Two Virgins'' Himself Short film, writer, producer, director 1968 ''No.", "5'' Himself Short film, writer, producer, director 1969 ''Bed Peace'' Himself Writer, producer, director 1969 ''Honeymoon'' Himself Writer, producer, director 1969 ''Self-Portrait'' Himself Short film, writer, producer, director 1969 ''Walden (Diaries, Notes, and Sketches)'' Himself Documentary 1969 ''Muhammad Ali, the Greatest'' Himself Documentary 1970 ''Apotheosis'' Himself Short film, writer, producer, director 1970 ''Let It Be'' Himself Documentary (executive producer – as The Beatles) 1970 ''Fly'' Short film, writer, producer, director 1970 ''Freedom'' Short film, music, writer, producer, director 1970 ''3 Days in the Life'' Himself Documentary 1971 ''Breathing Together: Revolution of the Electric Family'' Himself Documentary 1971 ''Up Your Legs Forever'' Producer, director 1971 ''Erection'' Short film, producer, director 1971 ''Clock'' Himself / Singer Music, writer, producer, director 1971 ''Sweet Toronto'' Himself Concert film 1971 ''The Museum of Modern Art Show'' Himself Documentary short 1972 ''Ten for Two: The John Sinclair Freedom Rally'' Himself Documentary 1972 ''Eat the Document'' Himself Documentary 1976 ''Chelsea Girls with Andy Warhol'' Himself Documentary 1977 ''The Day the Music Died'' Himself Documentary 1982 ''The Compleat Beatles'' Himself Documentary 1988 ''Imagine: John Lennon'' Himself Documentary1990 ''The Beatles: The First U.S. Visit'' Himself Documentary 1996 ''The Rolling Stones Rock and Roll Circus'' Himself Concert film from 1968 2003 ''Lennon Legend: The Very Best of John Lennon'' Himself Remastered music video collection 2006 ''The U.S. vs. John Lennon'' Himself Documentary2006 ''John & Yoko: Give Peace a Song'' Himself Documentary 2007 ''I Met the Walrus'' Himself (voice) Short film, recorded 19692008 ''All Together Now'' Himself Documentary 2010 ''LennoNYC'' Himself Documentary2016 ''The Beatles: Eight Days a Week'' Himself Documentary2021 ''The Beatles: Get Back'' Himself Documentary===Television===YearTitleRole Notes1963–64 ''Ready Steady Go!''", "Himself Music program, 4 episodes1964 ''Around the Beatles'' Himself Concert special1964 ''What's Happening!", "The Beatles in the U.S.A.'' Himself Documentary1964–65 ''The Ed Sullivan Show'' Himself Variety show, 4 episodes1965 ''The Music of Lennon & McCartney'' Himself Variety tribute special1965–66 ''Not Only...", "But Also'' Lavatory Attendant / Guest Episodes: \"Episode #1.1\" (1965) and \"Christmas Special\" (1966)1966 ''The Beatles at Shea Stadium'' Himself Concert special1966 ''The Beatles in Japan'' Himself Concert special1969 ''Rape'' Himself Drama/thriller, sound, editor, writer, producer, director1971–72 ''The Dick Cavett Show'' Himself Talk show, 3 episodes 1972 ''John Lennon and Yoko Ono Present the One-to-One Concert'' Himself Concert special1972 ''Imagine'' Himself Music film special1975 ''A Salute to the Beatles: Once upon a Time'' Himself Documentary1977 ''All You Need Is Love: The Story of Popular Music'' Himself Documentary mini-series1987 ''It Was Twenty Years Ago Today'' Himself Documentary1995 ''The Beatles Anthology'' Himself Documentary mini-series2000 ''Gimme Some Truth: The Making of John Lennon's Imagine Album'' Himself Documentary2000 ''John & Yoko's Year of Peace'' Himself Documentary2008 ''Classic Albums: John Lennon/Plastic Ono Band'' Himself Documentary2018 ''John & Yoko: Above Us Only Sky'' Himself Documentary" ], [ "Bibliography", "* ''In His Own Write'' (1964)* ''A Spaniard in the Works'' (1965)* ''Skywriting by Word of Mouth'' (1986)* ''Lyrics of John Lennon'' (1997) * ''The John Lennon Letters'' (2012)" ], [ "See also", "* Outline of the Beatles* The Beatles timeline* List of peace activists" ], [ "Notes" ], [ "References", "===Citations======Sources===* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * http://www.grammy.com/nominees/search * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *" ], [ "Further reading", "* Kane, Larry (2007). ''", "Lennon Revealed''.", "Running Press.", "* * Pang, May; Edwards, Henry (1983).", "''Loving John: The Untold Story''.", "Warner Books.", ".", "* Prato, Greg (2020).", "''John Winston Ono Lennon''.", "Kindle Direct.", "* Riley, Tim (2011). ''", "Lennon: Man, Myth, Music''.", "Hyperion.", "* Wiener, Jon.", "The John Lennon FBI Files * Yorke, Richard (1969).", "\"John Lennon: Ringo's Right, We Can't Tour Again\", ''New Musical Express'', 7 June 1969, reproduced by ''Crawdaddy!", "'', 2007.", "* Burger, Jeff, ed: ''Lennon on Lennon: Conversations With John Lennon'' (2017) Chicago Review Press," ], [ "External links", "* * * * * * BBC Archive on John Lennon* NPR Archive on John Lennon* FBI file on John Lennon* John Lennon hosted by EMI Group Limited" ] ]
wikipedia
[ [ "June 3" ], [ "Introduction" ], [ "Events", "===Pre-1600===* 350 – The Roman usurper Nepotianus, of the Constantinian dynasty, proclaims himself Roman emperor, entering Rome at the head of a group of gladiators.", "* 713 – The Byzantine emperor Philippicus is blinded, deposed and sent into exile by conspirators of the Opsikion army in Thrace.", "He is succeeded by Anastasios II, who begins the reorganization of the Byzantine army.", "*1098 – After a five-month siege during the First Crusade, the Crusaders seize Antioch (today's Turkey).", "*1140 – The French scholar Peter Abelard is found guilty of heresy.", "*1326 – The Treaty of Novgorod delineates borders between Russia and Norway in Finnmark.", "*1539 – Hernando de Soto claims Florida for Spain.===1601–1900===*1602 – An English naval force defeats a fleet of Spanish galleys, and captures a large Portuguese carrack at the Battle of Sesimbra Bay*1608 – Samuel de Champlain lands at Tadoussac, Quebec, in the course of his third voyage to New France, and begins erecting fortifications.", "*1621 – The Dutch West India Company receives a charter for New Netherland.", "*1658 – Pope Alexander VII appoints François de Laval vicar apostolic in New France.", "*1665 – James Stuart, Duke of York (later to become King James II of England), defeats the Dutch fleet off the coast of Lowestoft.", "*1781 – Jack Jouett begins his midnight ride to warn Thomas Jefferson and the Virginia legislature of an impending British raid.", "*1839 – In Humen, China, Lin Zexu destroys 1.2 million kilograms of opium confiscated from British merchants, providing Britain with a ''casus belli'' to open hostilities, resulting in the First Opium War.", "*1844 – The last pair of great auks is killed.", "*1861 – American Civil War: Battle of Philippi (also called the Philippi Races): Union forces rout Confederate troops in Barbour County, Virginia, now West Virginia.", "*1864 – American Civil War: Battle of Cold Harbor: Union forces attack Confederate troops in Hanover County, Virginia.", "*1866 – The Fenians are driven out of Fort Erie, Ontario back into the United States.", "*1885 – In the last military engagement fought on Canadian soil, the Cree leader, Big Bear, escapes the North-West Mounted Police.", "*1889 – The first long-distance electric power transmission line in the United States is completed, running between a generator at Willamette Falls and downtown Portland, Oregon.===1901–present===*1916 – The National Defense Act is signed into law, increasing the size of the United States National Guard by 450,000 men.", "*1935 – One thousand unemployed Canadian workers board freight cars in Vancouver, beginning a protest trek to Ottawa.", "*1937 – The Duke of Windsor marries Wallis Simpson.", "*1940 – World War II: The Luftwaffe bombs Paris.", "* 1940 – Franz Rademacher proposes plans to make Madagascar the \"Jewish homeland\", an idea that had first been considered by 19th century journalist Theodor Herzl.", "*1941 – World War II: The Wehrmacht razes the Greek village of Kandanos to the ground and murders 180 of its inhabitants.", "*1942 – World War II: Japan begins the Aleutian Islands Campaign by bombing Unalaska Island.", "*1943 – In Los Angeles, California, white U.S. Navy sailors and Marines attack Latino youths in the five-day Zoot Suit Riots.", "*1950 – Herzog and Lachenal of the French Annapurna expedition become the first climbers to reach the summit of an 8,000-metre peak.", "*1962 – At Paris Orly Airport, Air France Flight 007 overruns the runway and explodes when the crew attempts to abort takeoff, killing 130.", "*1963 – Soldiers of the South Vietnamese Army attack protesting Buddhists in Huế with liquid chemicals from tear-gas grenades, causing 67 people to be hospitalized for blistering of the skin and respiratory ailments.", "*1965 – The launch of Gemini 4, the first multi-day space mission by a NASA crew.", "Ed White, a crew member, performs the first American spacewalk.", "*1969 – Melbourne–Evans collision: off the coast of South Vietnam, the Australian aircraft carrier cuts the U.S. Navy destroyer in half; resulting in 74 deaths.", "*1973 – A Soviet supersonic Tupolev Tu-144 crashes near Goussainville, France, killing 14, the first crash of a supersonic passenger aircraft.", "*1979 – A blowout at the Ixtoc I oil well in the southern Gulf of Mexico causes at least of oil to be spilled into the waters, the second-worst accidental oil spill ever recorded.", "*1980 – An explosive device is detonated at the Statue of Liberty.", "The FBI suspects Croatian nationalists.", "* 1980 – The 1980 Grand Island tornado outbreak hits Nebraska, causing five deaths and $300 million (equivalent to $ million in ) worth of damage.", "*1982 – The Israeli ambassador to the United Kingdom, Shlomo Argov, is shot on a London street; he survives but is left paralysed.", "*1984 – Operation Blue Star, a military offensive, is launched by the Indian government at Harmandir Sahib, also known as the Golden Temple, the holiest shrine for Sikhs, in Amritsar.", "The operation continues until June 6, with casualties, most of them civilians, in excess of 5,000.", "*1989 – The government of China sends troops to force protesters out of Tiananmen Square after seven weeks of occupation.", "*1991 – Mount Unzen erupts in Kyūshū, Japan, killing 43 people, all of them either researchers or journalists.", "*1992 – Australian Aboriginal land rights are recognised in ''Mabo v Queensland (No 2)'', a case brought by Torres Strait Islander Eddie Mabo which led to the ''Native Title Act 1993'' overturning the long-held colonial assumption of ''terra nullius''.", "*1998 – After suffering a mechanical failure, a high speed train derails at Eschede, Germany, killing 101 people.", "*2006 – The union of Serbia and Montenegro comes to an end with Montenegro's formal declaration of independence.", "*2012 – A plane carrying 153 people on board crashes in a residential neighborhood in Lagos, Nigeria, killing everyone on board and six people on the ground.", "* 2012 – The pageant for the Diamond Jubilee of Elizabeth II takes place on the River Thames.", "*2013 – The trial of United States Army private Chelsea Manning for leaking classified material to WikiLeaks begins in Fort Meade, Maryland.", "* 2013 – At least 119 people are killed in a fire at a poultry farm in Jilin Province in northeastern China.", "*2015 – An explosion at a gasoline station in Accra, Ghana, kills more than 200 people.", "*2017 – London Bridge attack: Eight people are murdered and dozens of civilians are wounded by Islamist terrorists.", "Three of the attackers are shot dead by the police.", "*2019 – Khartoum massacre: In Sudan, over 100 people are killed when security forces accompanied by Janjaweed militiamen storm and open fire on a sit-in protest." ], [ "Births", "===Pre-1600===*1139 – Conon of Naso, Basilian abbot (d. 1236)*1421 – Giovanni di Cosimo de' Medici, Italian noble (d. 1463)*1454 – Bogislaw X, Duke of Pomerania (1474–1523) (d. 1523)*1537 – João Manuel, Prince of Portugal (d. 1554)*1540 – Charles II, Archduke of Austria (d. 1590)*1554 – Pietro de' Medici, Italian noble (d. 1604)*1576 – Giovanni Diodati, Swiss-Italian minister, theologian, and academic (d. 1649)*1594 – César, Duke of Vendôme, French nobleman (d. 1665)===1601–1900===*1603 – Pietro Paolini, Italian painter (d. 1681)*1635 – Philippe Quinault, French playwright and composer (d. 1688)*1636 – John Hale, American minister (d. 1700)*1659 – David Gregory, Scottish-English mathematician and astronomer (d. 1708)*1662 – Willem van Mieris, Dutch painter (d. 1747)*1723 – Giovanni Antonio Scopoli, Italian physician, geologist, and botanist (d. 1788)*1726 – James Hutton, Scottish geologist and physician (d. 1797)*1736 – Ignaz Fränzl, German violinist and composer (d. 1811)*1770 – Manuel Belgrano, Argentinian economist, lawyer, and politician (d. 1820)*1808 – Jefferson Davis, American colonel and politician, President of the Confederate States of America from 1861 - 1865 (d. 1889)*1817 – Princess Clémentine of Orléans*1818 – Louis Faidherbe, French general and politician, Governor of Senegal (d. 1889)*1819 – Anton Anderledy, Swiss religious leader, 23rd Superior General of the Society of Jesus (d. 1892)* 1819 – Johan Jongkind, Dutch painter (d. 1891)*1832 – Charles Lecocq, French pianist and composer (d. 1918)*1843 – Frederik VIII of Denmark (d. 1912)*1844 – Garret Hobart, American lawyer and politician, 24th Vice President of the United States (d. 1899)* 1844 – Detlev von Liliencron, German poet and author (d. 1909)*1852 – Theodore Robinson, American painter and academic (d. 1896)*1853 – Flinders Petrie, English archaeologist and academic (d. 1942)*1864 – Otto Erich Hartleben, German poet and playwright (d. 1905)* 1864 – Ransom E. Olds, American businessman, founded Oldsmobile and REO Motor Car Company (d. 1950)*1865 – George V of the United Kingdom (d. 1936)*1866 – George Howells Broadhurst, English-American director and manager (d. 1952)*1873 – Otto Loewi, German-American pharmacologist and psychobiologist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1961)*1877 – Raoul Dufy, French painter and illustrator (d. 1953)*1879 – Alla Nazimova, Ukrainian-American actress, producer, and screenwriter (d. 1945)* 1879 – Raymond Pearl, American biologist and botanist (d. 1940)* 1879 – Vivian Woodward, English footballer and soldier (d. 1954)*1881 – Mikhail Larionov, Russian painter and set designer (d. 1964)*1890 – Baburao Painter, Indian actor, director, producer, and screenwriter (d. 1954)*1897 – Memphis Minnie, American singer-songwriter (d. 1973)*1899 – Georg von Békésy, Hungarian-American biophysicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1972)*1900 – Adelaide Ames, American astronomer and academic (d. 1932) * 1900 – Leo Picard, German-Israeli geologist and academic (d. 1997)===1901–present===*1901 – Maurice Evans, English actor (d. 1989)* 1901 – Zhang Xueliang, Chinese general and warlord (d. 2001)*1903 – Eddie Acuff, American actor (d. 1956)*1904 – Charles R. Drew, American physician and surgeon (d. 1950)* 1904 – Jan Peerce, American tenor and actor (d. 1984)*1905 – Martin Gottfried Weiss, German SS officer (d. 1946)*1906 – R. G. D. Allen, English economist, mathematician, and statistician (d. 1983)* 1906 – Josephine Baker, French actress, singer, and dancer; French Resistance operative (d. 1975)* 1906 – Walter Robins, English cricketer and footballer (d. 1968)*1907 – Paul Rotha, English director and producer (d. 1984)*1910 – Paulette Goddard, American actress and model (d. 1990)*1911 – Ellen Corby, American actress and screenwriter (d. 1999)*1913 – Pedro Mir, Dominican poet and author (d. 2000)*1914 – Ignacio Ponseti, Spanish physician and orthopedist (d. 2009)*1917 – Leo Gorcey, American actor (d. 1969)*1918 – Patrick Cargill, English actor and producer (d. 1996)* 1918 – Lili St. Cyr, American burlesque dancer (d. 1999)*1921 – Forbes Carlile, Australian pentathlete and coach (d. 2016)* 1921 – Jean Dréjac, French singer and composer (d. 2003)*1922 – Alain Resnais, French director, cinematographer, and screenwriter (d. 2014)*1923 – Igor Shafarevich, Russian mathematician and theorist (d. 2017)*1924 – Karunanidhi, Indian screenwriter and politician, 3rd Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu (d. 2018)* 1924 – Colleen Dewhurst, Canadian-American actress (d. 1991)* 1924 – Jimmy Rogers, American singer and guitarist (d. 1997)* 1924 – Torsten Wiesel, Swedish neurophysiologist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate*1925 – Tony Curtis, American actor (d. 2010)*1926 – Allen Ginsberg, American poet (d. 1997)* 1926 – Flora MacDonald, Canadian banker and politician, 10th Canadian Minister of Communications (d. 2015)*1927 – Boots Randolph, American saxophonist and composer (d. 2007)*1928 – Donald Judd, American sculptor and painter (d. 1994)* 1928 – John Richard Reid, New Zealand cricketer (d. 2020)*1929 – Werner Arber, Swiss microbiologist and geneticist, Nobel Prize laureate* 1929 – Chuck Barris, American game show host and producer (d. 2017)*1930 – Marion Zimmer Bradley, American author and poet (d. 1999)* 1930 – George Fernandes, Indian journalist and politician, Minister of Defence for India (d. 2019)* 1930 – Dakota Staton, American singer (d. 2007)* 1930 – Abbas Zandi, Iranian wrestler (d. 2017)* 1930 – Ben Wada, Japanese director and producer (d. 2011)* 1930 – Joe Coulombe, founder of Trader Joe's (d. 2020)*1931 – Françoise Arnoul, Algerian-French actress (d. 2021)* 1931 – Raúl Castro, Cuban commander and politician, 18th President of Cuba* 1931 – John Norman, American philosopher and author* 1931 – Lindy Remigino, American runner and coach (d. 2018)* 1931 – Isa bin Salman Al Khalifa, Bahranian king (d. 1999)*1936 – Larry McMurtry, American novelist and screenwriter (d. 2021)* 1936 – Colin Meads, New Zealand rugby player and coach (d. 2017)*1937 – Jean-Pierre Jaussaud, French racing driver (d. 2021)*1939 – Frank Blevins, English-Australian lawyer and politician, 7th Deputy Premier of South Australia (d. 2013)* 1939 – Steve Dalkowski, American baseball player (d. 2020)* 1939 – Ian Hunter, English singer-songwriter and guitarist *1942 – Curtis Mayfield, American singer-songwriter and producer (d. 1999)*1943 – Billy Cunningham, American basketball player and coach* 1943 – Noel Thornton, Australian rugby league player (d. 2018)*1944 – Thomas Burns, British bishop* 1944 – Edith McGuire, American sprinter and educator* 1944 – Eddy Ottoz, Italian hurdler and coach*1945 – Hale Irwin, American golfer and architect* 1945 – Ramon Jacinto, Filipino singer, guitarist, and businessman, founded the Rajah Broadcasting Network* 1945 – Bill Paterson, Scottish actor *1946 – Michael Clarke, American drummer (d. 1993)* 1946 – Eddie Holman, American pop/R&B/gospel singer* 1946 – Penelope Wilton, English actress*1948 – Jan Reker, Dutch footballer and manager*1950 – Frédéric François, Belgian-Italian singer-songwriter* 1950 – Melissa Mathison, American screenwriter and producer (d. 2015)* 1950 – Juan José Muñoz, Argentinian businessman (d. 2013)* 1950 – Larry Probst, American businessman* 1950 – Suzi Quatro, American-English singer-songwriter and guitarist * 1950 – Christos Verelis, Greek politician, Greek Minister of Transport and Communications*1951 – Jill Biden, American educator, First Lady of the United States* 1951 – Deniece Williams, American singer-songwriter*1954 – Dan Hill, Canadian singer-songwriter* 1954 – Susan Landau, American mathematician and engineer*1956 – George Burley, Scottish footballer and manager* 1956 – Danny Wilde, American singer-songwriter and guitarist *1957 – Horst-Ulrich Hänel, German field hockey player*1959 – Sam Mills, American football player (d. 2005)* 1959 – Imbi Paju, Estonian-Finnish journalist and author*1960 – Jeff Colyer, American politician, 47th Governor of Kansas* 1960 – Catherine Davani, first female Papua New Guinean judge (d. 2016)* 1960 – Tracy Grimshaw, Australian television host* 1960 – Carl Rackemann, Australian cricketer and sportscaster*1961 – Lawrence Lessig, American lawyer, academic, and author, founded the Creative Commons* 1961 – Peter Vidmar, American gymnast* 1961 – Ed Wynne, English guitarist, songwriter, and producer *1962 – Susannah Constantine, English fashion designer, journalist, and author * 1962 – Dagmar Neubauer, German sprinter*1963 – Rudy Demotte, Belgian politician, 8th Minister-President of Wallonia* 1963 – Toshiaki Karasawa, Japanese actor*1964 – André Bellavance, Canadian politician* 1964 – Kerry King, American guitarist and songwriter * 1964 – James Purefoy, English actor*1965 – Hans Kroes, Dutch swimmer* 1965 – Michael Moore, British accountant and politician, Secretary of State for Scotland*1966 – Wasim Akram, Pakistani cricketer, coach, and sportscaster*1967 – Anderson Cooper, American journalist and author* 1967 – Tamás Darnyi, Hungarian swimmer* 1967 – Newton, English singer-songwriter *1969 – Takako Minekawa, Japanese singer-songwriter* 1969 – Dean Pay, Australian rugby league player and coach*1971 – Luigi Di Biagio, Italian footballer and manager* 1971 – Mary Grigson, Australian cross-country mountain biker*1972 – Julie Gayet, French actress*1974 – Kelly Jones, Welsh singer-songwriter and guitarist * 1974 – Serhii Rebrov, Ukrainian international footballer and manager *1975 – Jose Molina, Puerto Rican-American baseball player*1976 – Nikos Chatzis, Greek basketball player* 1976 – Jamie McMurray, American race car driver*1977 – Cris, Brazilian footballer*1978 – Lyfe Jennings, American singer-songwriter and producer*1979 – Luis Fernando López, Colombian race walker* 1979 – Christian Malcolm, Welsh sprinter* 1979 – Pierre Poilievre, Canadian politician, Leader of the Opposition*1980 – Amauri, Brazilian-Italian footballer*1981 – Sosene Anesi, New Zealand rugby player* 1981 – Sam Murphy, Australian rugby league player *1982 – Yelena Isinbayeva, Russian pole vaulter* 1982 – Manfred Mölgg, Italian skier*1983 – Pasquale Foggia, Italian footballer*1985 – Papiss Cissé, Senegalese footballer* 1985 – Łukasz Piszczek, Polish footballer*1986 – Al Horford, Dominican basketball player* 1986 – Micah Kogo, Kenyan runner* 1986 – Rafael Nadal, Spanish tennis player* 1986 – Tomáš Verner, Czech ice skater*1987 – Masami Nagasawa, Japanese actress*1989 – Katie Hoff, American swimmer* 1989 – Imogen Poots, English actress and model*1991 – Yordano Ventura, Dominican baseball player (d. 2017)*1992 – Mario Götze, German footballer*1997 – Mutiara Baswedan, Indonesian lawyer, educator, and model*1998 – Hwang Eun-bi, South Korean singer and actress*1999 – Cameron Green, Australian cricketer" ], [ "Deaths", "===Pre-1600===* 628 – Liang Shidu, Chinese rebel leader* 800 – Staurakios, Byzantine general*1052 – Prince Guaimar IV of Salerno*1397 – William de Montagu, 2nd Earl of Salisbury, English commander (b.", "1328)*1411 – Leopold IV, Duke of Austria (b.", "1371)*1453 – Loukas Notaras, last megas doux of the Byzantine Empire*1511 – Ahmad ibn Abi Jum'ah, Islamic scholar, author of the Oran fatwa*1548 – Juan de Zumárraga, Spanish-Mexican archbishop (b.", "1468)*1553 – Wolf Huber, Austrian painter, printmaker and architect (b.", "1485)*1594 – John Aylmer, English bishop and scholar (b.", "1521)===1601–1900===*1605 – Jan Zamoyski, Polish nobleman (b.", "1542)*1615 – Sanada Yukimura, Japanese samurai (b.", "1567)*1640 – Theophilus Howard, 2nd Earl of Suffolk, English politician, Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports (b.", "1584)*1649 – Manuel de Faria e Sousa, Portuguese historian and poet (b.", "1590)*1657 – William Harvey, English physician and academic (b.", "1578)*1659 – Morgan Llwyd, Welsh minister and poet (b.", "1619)*1665 – Charles Weston, 3rd Earl of Portland, English noble (b.", "1639)*1780 – Thomas Hutchinson, American businessman and politician, Governor of the Province of Massachusetts Bay (b.", "1711)*1826 – Nikolay Karamzin, Russian historian and poet (b.", "1766)*1858 – Julius Reubke, German pianist and composer (b.", "1834)*1861 – Stephen A. Douglas, American lawyer and politician, 7th Secretary of State of Illinois (b.", "1813)*1865 – Okada Izō, Japanese samurai (b.", "1838)*1875 – Georges Bizet, French pianist and composer (b.", "1838)*1877 – Ludwig Ritter von Köchel, Austrian botanist, composer, and publisher (b.", "1800)*1882 – Christian Wilberg, German painter and illustrator (b.", "1839)*1894 – Karl Eduard Zachariae von Lingenthal, German lawyer and jurist (b.", "1812)*1899 – Johann Strauss II, Austrian composer and educator (b.", "1825)*1900 – Mary Kingsley, English explorer and author (b.", "1862)===1901–present===*1902 – Vital-Justin Grandin, French-Canadian bishop and missionary (b.", "1829)*1906 – John Maxwell, American golfer (b.", "1871)*1921 – Coenraad Hiebendaal, Dutch rower and physician (b.", "1879)*1924 – Franz Kafka, Czech-Austrian lawyer and author (b.", "1883)*1928 – Li Yuanhong, Chinese general and politician, 2nd President of the Republic of China (b.", "1864)*1933 – William Muldoon, American wrestler (b.", "1852)*1938 – John Flanagan, Irish-American hammer thrower and tug of war competitor (b.", "1873) *1946 – Mikhail Kalinin, Russian civil servant and politician (b.", "1875)*1963 – Edmond Decottignies, French weightlifter (b.", "1893)* 1963 – Pope John XXIII (b.", "1881)* 1963 – Nâzım Hikmet, Turkish poet, author, and playwright (b.", "1902)* 1963 – Samuel Rocke, Australian politician who served as an independent member of the Legislative Assembly of Western Australia (b.", "1874) *1964 – Kâzım Orbay, Turkish general and politician, 9th Turkish Speaker of the Parliament (b.", "1887)* 1964 – Frans Eemil Sillanpää, Finnish author and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (b.", "1888)*1969 – George Edwin Cooke, American soccer player (b.", "1883)*1970 – Hjalmar Schacht, Danish-German economist, banker, and politician (b.", "1877)*1971 – Heinz Hopf, German-Swiss mathematician and academic (b.", "1894)*1973 – Jean Batmale, French footballer and manager (b.", "1895)* 1974 – Michael Gaughan (Irish republican), Irish Republican died on hunger strike (b.", "1949)*1975 – Ozzie Nelson, American actor and bandleader (b.", "1906)* 1975 – Eisaku Satō, Japanese and politician, Prime Minister of Japan (b.", "1901)*1977 – Archibald Hill, English physiologist and politician, Nobel Prize laureate (b.", "1886)* 1977 – Roberto Rossellini, Italian director and screenwriter (b.", "1906)*1981 – Carleton S. Coon, American anthropologist and academic (b.", "1904)*1986 – Anna Neagle, English actress and singer (b.", "1904)*1987 – Will Sampson, American actor and painter (b.", "1933)*1989 – Ruhollah Khomeini, Iranian religious leader and politician, 1st Supreme Leader of Iran (b.", "1900)*1990 – Robert Noyce, American physicist and businessman, co-founded the Intel Corporation (b.", "1927)*1991 – Brian Bevan, Australian rugby league player (b.", "1924)* 1991 – Katia Krafft, French volcanologist and geologist (b.", "1942)* 1991 – Maurice Krafft, French volcanologist and geologist (b.", "1946)* 1991 – Lê Văn Thiêm, Vietnamese mathematician and academic (b.", "1918)*1992 – Robert Morley, English actor and screenwriter (b.", "1908)*1993 – Yeoh Ghim Seng, Singaporean politician, acting President of Singapore (b.", "1918)*1994 – Puig Aubert, German-French rugby player and coach (b.", "1925)*1997 – Dennis James, American actor and game show host (b.", "1917)*2001 – Anthony Quinn, Mexican-American actor and producer (b.", "1915)*2002 – Lew Wasserman, American talent agent and manager (b.", "1913)*2003 – Felix de Weldon, Austrian-American sculptor, designed the Marine Corps War Memorial (b.", "1907)*2005 – Harold Cardinal, Canadian lawyer and politician (b.", "1945)*2006 – Clinton Jones, American Episcopal priest and gay rights activist (b.", "1916) *2009 – David Carradine, American actor (b.", "1936)* 2009 – Koko Taylor, American singer (b.", "1928)*2010 – Rue McClanahan, American actress (b.", "1934)*2011 – James Arness, American actor and producer (b.", "1923)* 2011 – Andrew Gold, American singer, songwriter, musician and arranger (b.", "1951)* 2011 – Bhajan Lal, Indian politician, 6th Chief Minister of Haryana (b.", "1930)* 2011 – Jack Kevorkian, American pathologist, author, and activist (b.", "1928)* 2011 – Jan van Roessel, Dutch footballer (b.", "1925)*2012 – Carol Ann Abrams, American producer, author, and academic (b.", "1942)* 2012 – Roy Salvadori, English racing driver and manager (b.", "1922)* 2012 – Brian Talboys, New Zealand journalist and politician, 7th Deputy Prime Minister of New Zealand (b.", "1921)*2013 – Atul Chitnis, German-Indian technologist and journalist (b.", "1962)* 2013 – Józef Czyrek, Polish economist and politician, Polish Minister of Foreign Affairs (b.", "1928)* 2013 – Frank Lautenberg, American soldier and politician (b.", "1924)*2014 – Svyatoslav Belza, Russian journalist, author, and critic (b.", "1942)* 2014 – Gopinath Munde, Indian politician, 3rd Deputy Chief Minister of Maharashtra (b.", "1949)*2015 – Avi Beker, Israeli political scientist and academic (b.", "1951)*2016 – Muhammad Ali, American boxer (b.", "1942)*2021 – F. Lee Bailey, American attorney (b.", "1933)" ], [ "Holidays and observances", "* Roman Empire: Festival for the goddess Bellona.", "* Christian feast day:** Charles Lwanga and Companions (Roman Catholic Church), and its related observances:*** Martyrs' Day (Uganda) ** Clotilde** Kevin of Glendalough** Ovidius** Vladimirskaya (Russian Orthodox)** June 3 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)* Confederate Memorial Day (Kentucky, and Tennessee, United States)* Economist day (Buenos Aires, Argentina)* Mabo Day (Australia)* Opium Suppression Movement Day (Taiwan)* World Bicycle Day" ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* * *" ] ]
wikipedia
[ [ "June 2" ], [ "Introduction" ], [ "Events", "===Pre-1600===* 455 – Sack of Rome: Vandals enter Rome, and plunder the city for two weeks.", "*1098 – First Crusade: The first Siege of Antioch ends as Crusader forces take the city; the second siege began five days later.===1601–1900===*1608 – The Colony of Virginia gets a charter, extending borders from \"sea to sea\".", "*1615 – The first Récollet missionaries arrive at Quebec City, from Rouen, France.", "*1676 – Franco-Dutch War: France ensured the supremacy of its naval fleet for the remainder of the war with its victory in the Battle of Palermo.", "*1692 – Bridget Bishop is the first person to be tried for witchcraft in Salem, Massachusetts; she was found guilty and later hanged.", "*1763 – Pontiac's Rebellion: At what is now Mackinaw City, Michigan, Chippewas capture Fort Michilimackinac by diverting the garrison's attention with a game of lacrosse, then chasing a ball into the fort.", "*1774 – Intolerable Acts: The Quartering Act is enacted, allowing a governor in colonial America to house British soldiers in uninhabited houses, outhouses, barns, or other buildings if suitable quarters are not provided.", "*1780 – The anti-Catholic Gordon Riots in London leave an estimated 300 to 700 people dead.", "*1793 – French Revolution: François Hanriot, leader of the Parisian National Guard, arrests 22 Girondists selected by Jean-Paul Marat, setting the stage for the Reign of Terror.", "*1805 – Napoleonic Wars: A Franco-Spanish fleet recaptures Diamond Rock, an uninhabited island at the entrance to the bay leading to Fort-de-France, from the British.", "*1835 – P. T. Barnum and his circus start their first tour of the United States.", "*1848 – The Slavic congress in Prague begins.", "*1866 – The Fenians defeat Canadian forces at Ridgeway and Fort Erie, but the raids end soon after.", "*1896 – Guglielmo Marconi applies for a patent for his wireless telegraph.===1901–present===*1909 – Alfred Deakin becomes Prime Minister of Australia for the third time.", "*1910 – Charles Rolls, a co-founder of Rolls-Royce Limited, becomes the first man to make a non-stop double crossing of the English Channel by plane.", "*1919 – Anarchists simultaneously set off bombs in eight separate U.S.", "cities.", "*1924 – U.S. President Calvin Coolidge signs the Indian Citizenship Act into law, granting citizenship to all Native Americans born within the territorial limits of the United States.", "*1941 – World War II: German paratroopers murder Greek civilians in the villages of Kondomari and Alikianos.", "*1946 – Birth of the Italian Republic: In a referendum, Italians vote to turn Italy from a monarchy into a Republic.", "After the referendum, King Umberto II of Italy is exiled.", "*1953 – The coronation of Queen Elizabeth II at Westminster Abbey becomes the first British coronation and one of the first major international events to be televised.", "*1955 – The USSR and Yugoslavia sign the Belgrade declaration and thus normalize relations between the two countries, discontinued since 1948.", "*1962 – During the FIFA World Cup, police had to intervene multiple times in fights between Chilean and Italian players in one of the most violent games in football history.", "*1964 – The Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) is formed.", "*1966 – Surveyor program: ''Surveyor 1'' lands in Oceanus Procellarum on the Moon, becoming the first U.S. spacecraft to soft-land on another world.", "*1967 – Luis Monge is executed in Colorado's gas chamber, in the last pre-''Furman'' execution in the United States.", "* 1967 – Protests in West Berlin against the arrival of the Shah of Iran are brutally suppressed, during which Benno Ohnesorg is killed by a police officer.", "His death results in the founding of the terrorist group Movement 2 June.", "*1979 – Pope John Paul II starts his first official visit to his native Poland, becoming the first Pope to visit a Communist country.", "*1983 – After an emergency landing because of an in-flight fire, twenty-three passengers aboard Air Canada Flight 797 are killed when a flashover occurs as the plane's doors open.", "Because of this incident, numerous new safety regulations are put in place.", "*1990 – The Lower Ohio Valley tornado outbreak spawns 66 confirmed tornadoes in Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, and Ohio, killing 12.", "*1997 – In Denver, Timothy McVeigh is convicted on 15 counts of murder and conspiracy for his role in the 1995 bombing of the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City, in which 168 people died.", "He was executed four years later.", "*2003 – Europe launches its first voyage to another planet, Mars.", "The European Space Agency's ''Mars Express'' probe launches from the Baikonur space center in Kazakhstan.", "*2012 – Former Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak is sentenced to life imprisonment for his role in the killing of demonstrators during the 2011 Egyptian revolution.", "*2014 – Telangana officially becomes the 29th state of India, formed from ten districts of northwestern Andhra Pradesh.", "*2022 – Following a request from Ankara, the United Nations officially changed the name of the Republic of Turkey in the organization from what was previously known as \"Turkey\" to \"Türkiye.", "\"*2023 – A collision between two passenger trains and a parked freight train near the city of Balasor, Odisha in eastern India, results in 296 deaths and more than 1,200 people injured." ], [ "Births", "===Pre-1600===*1305 – Abu Sa'id Bahadur Khan, ruler of Ilkhanate (d. 1335) *1423 – Ferdinand I of Naples (d. 1494)*1489 – Charles, Duke of Vendôme (d. 1537) *1535 – Pope Leo XI (d. 1605)===1601–1900===*1602 – Rudolf Christian, Count of East Frisia, Ruler of East Frisia (d. 1628)*1621 – Rutger von Ascheberg, Courland-born soldier in Swedish service (d. 1693)* 1621 – (baptized) Isaac van Ostade, Dutch painter (d. 1649)*1638 – Henry Hyde, 2nd Earl of Clarendon (d. 1709)*1644 – William Salmon, English medical writer (d. 1713)*1731 – Martha Washington, First Lady of the United States (d. 1802)*1739 – Jabez Bowen, American colonel and politician, 45th Deputy Governor of Rhode Island (d. 1815)*1740 – Marquis de Sade, French philosopher and politician (d. 1814)*1743 – Alessandro Cagliostro, Italian occultist and explorer (d. 1795)*1773 – John Randolph of Roanoke, American planter and politician, 8th United States Ambassador to Russia (d. 1833)*1774 – William Lawson, English-Australian explorer and politician (d. 1850)*1813 – Daniel Pollen, Irish-New Zealand politician, 9th Prime Minister of New Zealand (d. 1896)*1823 – Gédéon Ouimet, Canadian lawyer and politician, 2nd Premier of Quebec (d. 1905)*1835 – Pope Pius X (d. 1914)*1838 – Duchess Alexandra Petrovna of Oldenburg (d. 1900)*1840 – Thomas Hardy, English novelist and poet (d. 1928)* 1840 – Émile Munier, French artist (d. 1895)*1857 – Edward Elgar, English composer and educator (d. 1934)* 1857 – Karl Adolph Gjellerup, Danish author and poet, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1919)*1861 – Concordia Selander, Swedish actress and manager (d. 1935)*1863 – Felix Weingartner, Croatian-Austrian pianist, composer, and conductor (d. 1942)*1865 – George Lohmann, English cricketer (d. 1901)* 1865 – Adelaide Casely-Hayford, Sierra Leone Creole advocate and activist for cultural nationalism (d. 1960)*1866 – Jack O'Connor, American baseball player and manager (d. 1937)*1875 – Charles Stewart Mott, American businessman and politician, 50th Mayor of Flint, Michigan (d. 1973)*1878 – Wallace Hartley, English violinist and bandleader (d. 1912)*1881 – Walter Egan, American golfer (d. 1971)*1891 – Thurman Arnold, American lawyer and judge (d. 1969)* 1891 – Takijirō Ōnishi, Japanese admiral and pilot (d. 1945)*1899 – Lotte Reiniger, German animator and director (d. 1981)* 1899 – Edwin Way Teale, American environmentalist and photographer (d. 1980)===1901–present===*1904 – Frank Runacres, English painter and educator (d. 1974)* 1904 – Johnny Weissmuller, Hungarian-American swimmer and actor (d. 1984)*1907 – Dorothy West, American journalist and author (d. 1998)* 1907 – John Lehmann, English poet and publisher (d. 1987)*1910 – Hector Dyer, American sprinter (d. 1990)*1911 – Joe McCluskey, American runner (d. 2002)*1913 – Barbara Pym, English author (d. 1980)* 1913 – Elsie Tu, English-Hong Kong educator and politician (d. 2015)*1915 – Alexandru Nicolschi, Romanian spy (d. 1992)*1917 – Heinz Sielmann, German photographer and director (d. 2006)*1918 – Ruth Atkinson, Canadian-American illustrator (d. 1997)* 1918 – Kathryn Tucker Windham, American journalist and author (d. 2011)*1920 – Frank G. Clement, American lawyer and politician, 41st Governor of Tennessee (d. 1969)* 1920 – Yolande Donlan, American-English actress (d. 2014)* 1920 – Marcel Reich-Ranicki, Polish-German author and critic (d. 2013)* 1920 – Tex Schramm, American businessman (d. 2003)* 1920 – Johnny Speight, English screenwriter and producer (d. 1998)*1921 – Betty Freeman, American photographer and philanthropist (d. 2009)* 1921 – Ernie Royal, American trumpet player (d. 1983)* 1921 – Sigmund Sternberg, Hungarian-English businessman and philanthropist (d. 2016)* 1921 – András Szennay, Hungarian priest (d. 2012)*1922 – Juan Antonio Bardem, Spanish director and screenwriter (d. 2002)* 1922 – Carmen Silvera, Canadian-English actress (d. 2002)*1923 – Lloyd Shapley, American mathematician and economist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2016)*1924 – June Callwood, Canadian journalist, author, and activist (d. 2007)*1926 – Chiyonoyama Masanobu, Japanese sumo wrestler, the 41st Yokozuna (d. 1977)* 1926 – Milo O'Shea, Irish-American actor (d. 2013)*1927 – W. Watts Biggers, American author, screenwriter, and animator (d. 2013)* 1927 – Colin Brittan, English footballer (d. 2013)*1928 – Erzsi Kovács, Hungarian singer (d. 2014)* 1928 – Ron Reynolds, English footballer (d. 1999)*1929 – Norton Juster, American architect, author, and academic (d. 2021)* 1929 – Ken McGregor, Australian tennis player (d. 2007)*1930 – Pete Conrad, American captain, pilot, and astronaut (d. 1999)*1933 – Sasao Gouland, governor of Chuuk State, Micronesia (d. 2011)* 1933 – Jerry Lumpe, American baseball player and coach (d. 2014)* 1933 – Lew \"Sneaky Pete\" Robinson, drag racer (d. 1971)*1934 – Johnny Carter, American singer (d. 2009)*1935 – Carol Shields, American-Canadian novelist and short story writer (d. 2003)* 1935 – Dimitri Kitsikis, Greek poet and educator (d. 2021)*1936 – Volodymyr Holubnychy, Ukrainian race walker (d. 2021)*1937 – Rosalyn Higgins, English lawyer and judge* 1937 – Sally Kellerman, American actress (d. 2022) * 1937 – Jimmy Jones, American singer-songwriter (d. 2012)* 1937 – Robert Paul, Canadian figure skater and choreographer* 1937 – Deric Washburn, American screenwriter and playwright*1938 – Kevin Brownlow, English historian and author* 1938 – George William Penrose, Lord Penrose, Scottish lawyer and judge*1939 – Charles Miller, American musician (d. 1980)* 1939 – John Schlee, American golfer (d. 2000)*1940 – Constantine II of Greece (d. 2023)*1941 – Ünal Aysal, Turkish businessman* 1941 – Stacy Keach, American actor * 1941 – Lou Nanne, Canadian-American ice hockey player and manager* 1941 – Charlie Watts, English drummer, songwriter, and producer (d. 2021)*1942 – Mike Ahern, Australian politician, 32nd Premier of Queensland (d. 2023)*1943 – Charles Haid, American actor and director* 1943 – Crescenzio Sepe, Italian cardinal *1944 – Robert Elliott, American actor (d. 2004)* 1944 – Marvin Hamlisch, American composer and conductor (d. 2012)*1945 – Richard Long, English painter, sculptor, and photographer* 1945 – Bonnie Newman, American businesswoman and politician*1946 – Lasse Hallström, Swedish director, producer, and screenwriter* 1946 – Peter Sutcliffe, English serial killer (d. 2020)*1948 – Jerry Mathers, American actor*1949 – Heather Couper, English astronomer and physicist (d. 2020)* 1949 – Frank Rich, American journalist and critic*1950 – Joanna Gleason, Canadian actress and singer* 1950 – Momčilo Vukotić, Serbian footballer and manager (d. 2021)*1951 – Gilbert Baker, American artist, gay rights activist, and designer of the rainbow flag (d. 2017)* 1951 – Arnold Mühren, Dutch footballer and manager* 1951 – Larry Robinson, Canadian ice hockey player and coach* 1951 – Alexander Wylie, Lord Kinclaven, Scottish lawyer, judge, and educator*1952 – Gary Bettman, American sports executive, 14th Commissioner of the National Hockey League*1953 – Vidar Johansen, Norwegian saxophonist* 1953 – Craig Stadler, American golfer* 1953 – Cornel West, American philosopher, author, and academic*1954 – Dennis Haysbert, American actor and producer*1955 – Dana Carvey, American comedian and actor * 1955 – Nandan Nilekani, Indian businessman, co-founded Infosys * 1955 – Mani Ratnam, Indian director, producer, and screenwriter* 1955 – Michael Steele, American singer-songwriter and bass player*1956 – Jan Lammers, Dutch race car driver*1957 – Mark Lawrenson, English footballer and manager*1958 – Lex Luger, American wrestler and football player *1959 – Rineke Dijkstra, Dutch photographer* 1959 – Lydia Lunch, American singer-songwriter, guitarist, and actress* 1959 – Erwin Olaf, Dutch photographer*1960 – Olga Bondarenko, Russian runner* 1960 – Tony Hadley, English singer-songwriter and actor* 1960 – Kyle Petty, American race car driver and sportscaster*1961 – Dez Cadena, American singer-songwriter and guitarist *1962 – Mark Plaatjes, South African-American runner and coach*1963 – Anand Abhyankar, Indian actor (d. 2012)*1964 – Caroline Link, German director and screenwriter*1965 – Russ Courtnall, Canadian ice hockey player* 1965 – Mark Waugh, Australian cricketer and journalist* 1965 – Steve Waugh, Australian cricketer*1966 – Dayana Cadeau, Haitian born Canadian-American professional bodybuilder* 1966 – Candace Gingrich, American activist* 1966 – Pedro Guerra, Spanish singer-songwriter* 1966 – Catherine King, Australian politician * 1966 – Petra van Staveren, Dutch swimmer*1967 – Remigija Nazarovienė, Lithuanian heptathlete and coach* 1967 – Mike Stanton, American baseball player* 1967 – Nadhim Zahawi, British politician*1968 – Merril Bainbridge, Australian singer-songwriter* 1968 – Andy Cohen, American television host* 1968 – Lester Green, American comedian and actor*1969 – Kurt Abbott, American baseball player* 1969 – Paulo Sérgio, Brazilian footballer* 1969 – David Wheaton, American tennis player, radio host, and author*1970 – B Real, American rapper and actor*1971 – Kateřina Jacques, Czech translator and politician*1972 – Wayne Brady, American actor, comedian, game show host, and singer* 1972 – Raúl Ibañez, American baseball player* 1972 – Wentworth Miller, American actor and screenwriter*1973 – Marko Kristal, Estonian footballer and manager* 1973 – Neifi Pérez, Dominican-American baseball player*1974 – Gata Kamsky, Russian-American chess player* 1974 – Matt Serra, American mixed martial artist*1975 – Salvatore Scibona, American author*1976 – Earl Boykins, American basketball player* 1976 – Martin Čech, Czech ice hockey player (d. 2007)* 1976 – Antônio Rodrigo Nogueira, Brazilian mixed martial artist and boxer* 1976 – Tim Rice-Oxley, English singer-songwriter and keyboard player *1977 – Teet Allas, Estonian footballer* 1977 – A.J.", "Styles, American wrestler* 1977 – Zachary Quinto, American actor and producer*1978 – Dominic Cooper, English actor* 1978 – Nikki Cox, American actress* 1978 – Yi So-yeon, biotechnologist and astronaut, the first Korean in space* 1978 – Justin Long, American actor*1979 – Morena Baccarin, Brazilian-American actress* 1979 – Butterfly Boucher, Australian singer-songwriter, guitarist, and producer*1980 – Fabrizio Moretti, Brazilian-American drummer * 1980 – Bobby Simmons, American basketball player* 1980 – Richard Skuse, English rugby player* 1980 – Abby Wambach, American soccer player and coach* 1980 – Tomasz Wróblewski, Polish bass player and songwriter *1981 – Nikolay Davydenko, Russian tennis player* 1981 – Chin-hui Tsao, Taiwanese baseball player*1982 – Jewel Staite, Canadian actress*1983 – Chris Higgins, American ice hockey player* 1983 – Toni Livers, Swiss skier*1984 – Jack Afamasaga, New Zealand rugby league player* 1984 – Feleti Mateo, Australian-Tongan rugby league player*1985 – Miyuki Sawashiro, Japanese voice actress and singer*1986 – Todd Carney, Australian rugby league player *1987 – Maryka Holtzhausen, South African netball player* 1987 – Yoann Huget, French rugby player* 1987 – Matthew Koma, American singer-songwriter and guitarist* 1987 – Angelo Mathews, Sri Lankan cricketer* 1987 – Sonakshi Sinha, Indian actress*1988 – Sergio Agüero, Argentine footballer* 1988 – Awkwafina, American actress, rapper, and comedian* 1988 – Staniliya Stamenova, Bulgarian canoeist*1989 – Steve Smith, Australian cricketer*1990 – Dane Rampe, Australian rules footballer*1992 – Pajtim Kasami, Swiss footballer*1993 – Adam Taggart, Australian footballer*1996 – Morissette, Filipina singer-songwriter*1997 – Scott Wozniak, American YouTuber*1999 – Campbell Graham, Australian rugby league player*2001 – Kysaiah Pickett, Australian rules footballer*2002 – Madison Hu, American actress* 2002 – Fonua Pole, New Zealand rugby league player" ], [ "Deaths", "===Pre-1600===* 657 – Pope Eugene I* 891 – Al-Muwaffaq, Abbasid general (b.", "842)* 910 – Richilde of Provence (b.", "845)*1200 – Bishop John of Oxford*1258 – Peter I, Count of Urgell*1292 – Rhys ap Maredudd, Welsh nobleman and rebel leader*1418 – Katherine of Lancaster, queen of Henry III of Castile*1453 – Álvaro de Luna, Duke of Trujillo, Constable of Castile*1567 – Shane O'Neill, head of the O'Neill dynasty in Ireland (b.", "1530)*1572 – Thomas Howard, 4th Duke of Norfolk (b.", "1536)*1581 – James Douglas, 4th Earl of Morton, Scottish soldier and politician, Lord Chancellor of Scotland (b.", "1525)===1601–1900===*1603 – Bernard of Wąbrzeźno, Roman Catholic priest (b.", "1575)*1693 – John Wildman, English soldier and politician, Postmaster General of the United Kingdom (b.", "1621)*1701 – Madeleine de Scudéry, French author (b.", "1607)*1716 – Ogata Kōrin, Japanese painter and educator (b.", "1658)*1754 – Ebenezer Erskine, Scottish minister and theologian (b.", "1680)*1761 – Jonas Alströmer, Swedish businessman (b.", "1685)*1785 – Jean Paul de Gua de Malves, French mathematician and academic (b.", "1713)*1806 – William Tate, English painter (b.", "1747)*1853 – Henry Trevor, 21st Baron Dacre, English general (b.", "1777)*1865 – Ner Middleswarth, American judge and politician (b.", "1783)*1875 – Józef Kremer, Polish psychologist, historian, and philosopher (b.", "1806)*1881 – Émile Littré, French lexicographer and philosopher (b.", "1801)*1882 – Giuseppe Garibaldi, Italian general and politician (b.", "1807)===1901–present===*1901 – George Leslie Mackay, Canadian missionary and author (b.", "1844)*1927 – Hüseyin Avni Lifij, Turkish painter (b.", "1886)*1929 – Enrique Gorostieta, Mexican general (b.", "1889)*1933 – Frank Jarvis, American runner and triple jumper (b.", "1878)*1937 – Louis Vierne, French organist and composer (b.", "1870)*1941 – Lou Gehrig, American baseball player (b.", "1903)*1942 – Bunny Berigan, American singer and trumpet player (b.", "1908)*1947 – John Gretton, 1st Baron Gretton, English sailor and politician (b.", "1867)*1948 – Viktor Brack, German physician (b.", "1904)* 1948 – Karl Brandt, German SS officer (b.", "1904)* 1948 – Karl Gebhardt, German physician (b.", "1897)* 1948 – Waldemar Hoven, German physician (b.", "1903)* 1948 – Wolfram Sievers, German SS officer (b.", "1905)*1952 – Naum Torbov, Bulgarian architect, designed the Central Sofia Market Hall (b.", "1880)*1956 – Jean Hersholt, Danish-American actor and director (b.", "1886)*1959 – Lyda Borelli, Italian actress (b.", "1884)*1961 – George S. Kaufman, American director, producer, and playwright (b.", "1889)*1962 – Vita Sackville-West, English author and poet (b.", "1892)*1967 – Benno Ohnesorg, German student and activist (b.", "1940)*1968 – André Mathieu, Canadian pianist and composer (b.", "1929)*1969 – Leo Gorcey, American actor (b.", "1917)*1970 – Orhan Kemal, Turkish author (b.", "1914)* 1970 – Albert Lamorisse, French director, producer, and screenwriter (b.", "1922)* 1970 – Bruce McLaren, New Zealand race car driver and engineer, founded the McLaren racing team (b.", "1937)* 1970 – Giuseppe Ungaretti, Italian soldier, journalist, and academic (b.", "1888)* 1970 – Lucía Sánchez Saornil, Spanish anarchist feminist (b.", "1895)*1974 – Hiroshi Kazato, Japanese race car driver (b.", "1949)*1976 – Kenneth Mason, English soldier and geographer (b.", "1887)* 1976 – Juan José Torres, Bolivian general and politician, 61st President of Bolivia (b.", "1920)*1977 – Albert Bittlmayer, German footballer (b.", "1952)* 1977 – Stephen Boyd, Northern Irish-born American actor (b.", "1931)*1978 – Santiago Bernabéu Yeste, Spanish footballer and coach (b.", "1895)*1979 – Jim Hutton, American actor (b.", "1934)*1982 – Fazal Ilahi Chaudhry, Pakistani lawyer and politician, 5th President of Pakistan (b.", "1904)* 1982 – Shah Abd al-Wahhab, Bangladeshi Islamic scholar (b.", "1894)*1983 – Stan Rogers, Canadian singer-songwriter (b.", "1949)* 1983 – Ray Stehr, Australian rugby league player and coach (b.", "1913)*1986 – Aurèle Joliat, Canadian ice hockey player (b.", "1901)*1987 – Anthony de Mello, Indian-American priest and psychotherapist (b.", "1931)* 1987 – Sammy Kaye, American bandleader and songwriter (b.", "1910)* 1987 – Andrés Segovia, Spanish guitarist (b.", "1893)*1988 – Raj Kapoor, Indian actor, director, and producer (b.", "1924)*1989 – Ted a'Beckett, Australian cricketer and footballer (b.", "1907)*1990 – Rex Harrison, English actor (b.", "1908)*1991 – Ahmed Arif, Turkish poet and author (b.", "1927)*1992 – Philip Dunne, American director, producer, and screenwriter (b.", "1908)*1993 – Johnny Mize, American baseball player, coach, and sportscaster (b.", "1913)* 1993 – Tahar Djaout, Algerian journalist, writer and poet (b.", "1954)*1994 – David Stove, Australian philosopher, author, and academic (b.", "1927)*1996 – John Alton, Hungarian-American cinematographer and director (b.", "1901)* 1996 – Leon Garfield, English author (b.", "1921)* 1996 – Ray Combs, American game show host (b.", "1956)*1997 – Doc Cheatham, American trumpet player, singer, and bandleader (b.", "1905)* 1997 – Helen Jacobs, American tennis champion (b.", "1908)*1999 – Junior Braithwaite, Jamaican singer (b.", "1949)*2000 – Svyatoslav Fyodorov, Russian ophthalmologist, academic, and politician (b.", "1927)* 2000 – John Schlee, American golfer (b.", "1939)* 2000 – Gerald James Whitrow, English mathematician, cosmologist, and historian (b.", "1912)*2001 – Imogene Coca, American actress and comedian (b.", "1908)* 2001 – Joey Maxim, American boxer (b.", "1922)*2002 – Hugo van Lawick, Dutch director and photographer (b.", "1937)*2003 – Freddie Blassie, American wrestler and manager (b.", "1918)* 2003 – Alma Ricard, Canadian broadcaster and philanthropist (b.", "1906)*2005 – Lucien Cliche, Canadian lawyer and politician (b.", "1916)* 2005 – Gunder Gundersen, Norwegian skier (b.", "1930)* 2005 – Samir Kassir, Lebanese journalist and educator (b.", "1950)* 2005 – Melita Norwood, English civil servant and spy (b.", "1912)*2006 – Keith Smith, English rugby player and coach (b.", "1952)*2007 – Kentarō Haneda, Japanese pianist and composer (b.", "1949)* 2007 – Huang Ju, Chinese engineer and politician, 1st Vice Premier of the People's Republic of China (b.", "1938)*2008 – Bo Diddley, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (b.", "1928)* 2008 – Mel Ferrer, American actor (b.", "1917)*2009 – David Eddings, American author (b.", "1931)*2012 – Adolfo Calero, Nicaraguan businessman and political activist (b.", "1931)* 2012 – Richard Dawson, English-American soldier, actor, television personality, and game show host (b.", "1932)* 2012 – LeRoy Ellis, American basketball player (b.", "1940)* 2012 – Kathryn Joosten, American actress (b.", "1939)*2013 – Mario Bernardi, Canadian pianist and conductor (b.", "1930)* 2013 – Chen Xitong, Chinese politician, 8th Mayor of Beijing (b.", "1930)* 2013 – Mandawuy Yunupingu, Australian singer-songwriter and guitarist (b.", "1956)*2014 – Ivica Brzić, Serbian footballer and manager (b.", "1941)* 2014 – Nikolay Khrenkov, Russian bobsledder (b.", "1984)* 2014 – Alexander Shulgin, American pharmacologist and chemist (b.", "1925)*2015 – Fernando de Araújo, East Timorese politician, President of East Timor (b.", "1963)* 2015 – Irwin Rose, American biologist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (b.", "1926)*2017 – Peter Sallis, English actor (b.", "1921)" ], [ "Holidays and observances", "* Children's Day (North Korea)* Christian feast day:**Ahudemmeh (Syriac Orthodox Church).", "** Alexander (martyr)** Elmo** Felix of Nicosia** Marcellinus and Peter** Martyrs of Lyon, including Blandina** Pope Eugene I** Pothinus** June 2 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)* Civil Aviation Day (Azerbaijan)* Coronation of King Jigme Singye Wangchuck, also Social Forestry Day (Bhutan)* Day of Hristo Botev (Bulgaria)* Decoration Day (Canada)* Festa della Repubblica (Italy)* International Sex Workers Day* Telangana Day (Telangana, India)" ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* * *" ] ]
wikipedia
[ [ "June 1" ], [ "Introduction" ], [ "Events", "===Pre-1600===*1215 – Zhongdu (now Beijing), then under the control of the Jurchen ruler Emperor Xuanzong of Jin, is captured by the Mongols under Genghis Khan, ending the Battle of Zhongdu.", "*1252 – Alfonso X is proclaimed king of Castile and León.", "*1298 – Residents of Riga and Grand Duchy of Lithuania defeated the Livonian Order in the Battle of Turaida.", "*1495 – A monk, John Cor, records the first known batch of Scotch whisky.", "*1533 – Anne Boleyn is crowned Queen of England.", "*1535 – Combined forces loyal to Charles V attack and expel the Ottomans from Tunis during the Conquest of Tunis.===1601–1900===*1648 – The Roundheads defeat the Cavaliers at the Battle of Maidstone in the Second English Civil War.", "*1649 – Start of the Sumuroy Revolt: Filipinos in Northern Samar led by Agustin Sumuroy revolt against Spanish colonial authorities.", "*1670 – In Dover, England, Charles II of England and Louis XIV of France sign the Secret Treaty of Dover, which will force England into the Third Anglo-Dutch War.", "*1676 – Battle of Öland: allied Danish-Dutch forces defeat the Swedish navy in the Baltic Sea, during the Scanian War (1675–79).", "*1679 – The Scottish Covenanters defeat John Graham of Claverhouse at the Battle of Drumclog.", "*1773 – Wolraad Woltemade rescues 14 sailors at the Cape of Good Hope from the sinking ship ''De Jonge Thomas'' by riding his horse into the sea seven times.", "Both he and his horse, Vonk, drowned on his eighth attempt.", "*1779 – The court-martial for malfeasance of Benedict Arnold, a general in the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War, begins.", "*1792 – Kentucky is admitted as the 15th state of the United States.", "*1794 – The battle of the Glorious First of June is fought, the first naval engagement between Britain and France during the French Revolutionary Wars.", "*1796 – Tennessee is admitted as the 16th state of the United States.", "*1812 – War of 1812: U.S. President James Madison asks the Congress to declare war on the United Kingdom.", "*1813 – Capture of USS Chesapeake.", "*1815 – Napoleon promulgates a revised Constitution after it passes a plebiscite.", "*1831 – James Clark Ross becomes the first European at the North Magnetic Pole.", "*1849 – Territorial Governor Alexander Ramsey declared the Territory of Minnesota officially established.", "*1854 – Åland War: The British navy destroys merchant ships and about 16,000 tar barrels of the wholesale stocks area in Oulu, Grand Duchy of Finland.", "*1855 – The American adventurer William Walker conquers Nicaragua.", "*1857 – Charles Baudelaire's ''Les Fleurs du mal'' is published.", "* 1857 – The Revolution of the Ganhadores begins in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.", "*1861 – American Civil War: The Battle of Fairfax Court House is fought.", "*1862 – American Civil War: Peninsula Campaign: The Battle of Seven Pines (or the Battle of Fair Oaks) ends inconclusively, with both sides claiming victory.", "*1868 – The Treaty of Bosque Redondo is signed, allowing the Navajo to return to their lands in Arizona and New Mexico.", "*1879 – Napoléon Eugène, the last dynastic Bonaparte, is killed in the Anglo-Zulu War.", "*1890 – The United States Census Bureau begins using Herman Hollerith's tabulating machine to count census returns.===1901–present===*1913 – The Greek–Serbian Treaty of Alliance is signed, paving the way for the Second Balkan War.", "*1916 – Louis Brandeis becomes the first Jew appointed to the United States Supreme Court.", "*1918 – World War I: Western Front: Battle of Belleau Wood: Allied Forces under John J. Pershing and James Harbord engage Imperial German Forces under Wilhelm, German Crown Prince.", "*1919 – Prohibition comes into force in Finland.", "*1922 – The Royal Ulster Constabulary is founded.", "*1929 – The 1st Conference of the Communist Parties of Latin America is held in Buenos Aires.", "*1930 – The Deccan Queen is introduced as first intercity train between Bombay VT (Now Mumbai CST) and Poona (Pune) to run on electric locomotives.", "*1939 – First flight of the German Focke-Wulf Fw 190 fighter aircraft.", "*1941 – World War II: The Battle of Crete ends as Crete capitulates to Germany.", "* 1941 – The Farhud, a massive pogrom in Iraq, starts and as a result, many Iraqi Jews are forced to leave their homes.", "*1943 – BOAC Flight 777 is shot down over the Bay of Biscay by German Junkers Ju 88s, killing British actor Leslie Howard and leading to speculation that it was actually an attempt to kill British Prime Minister Winston Churchill.", "*1946 – Ion Antonescu, \"Conducator\" (\"Leader\") of Romania during World War II, is executed.", "*1950 – The Declaration of Conscience speech, by U.S.", "Senator from Maine, Margaret Chase Smith, is delivered in response to Joseph R. McCarthy's speech at Wheeling, West Virginia.", "* 1950 – The Chinchaga fire ignites.", "By September, it would become the largest single fire on record in North America.", "*1958 – Charles de Gaulle comes out of retirement to lead France by decree for six months.", "*1961 – The Canadian Bank of Commerce and Imperial Bank of Canada merge to form the Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce, the largest bank merger in Canadian history.", "*1962 – Adolf Eichmann is hanged in Israel.", "*1964 – Kenya becomes a republic with Jomo Kenyatta as its first President.", "*1974 – The Heimlich maneuver for rescuing choking victims is published in the journal ''Emergency Medicine''.", "*1975 – The Patriotic Union of Kurdistan was founded by Jalal Talabani, Nawshirwan Mustafa, Fuad Masum and others.", "*1978 – The first international applications under the Patent Cooperation Treaty are filed.", "*1979 – The first black-led government of Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe) in 90 years takes power.", "*1980 – Cable News Network (CNN) begins broadcasting.", "*1988 – European Central Bank is founded in Brussels.", "* 1988 – The Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty comes into effect.", "*1990 – Cold War: George H. W. Bush and Mikhail Gorbachev sign a treaty to end chemical weapon production.", "*1993 – Dobrinja mortar attack: Thirteen are killed and 133 wounded when Serb mortar shells are fired at a soccer game in Dobrinja, west of Sarajevo.", "*1994 – Republic of South Africa becomes a republic in the Commonwealth of Nations.", "*1999 – American Airlines Flight 1420 slides and crashes while landing at Little Rock National Airport, killing 11 people on a flight from Dallas to Little Rock.", "*2001 – Nepalese royal massacre: Crown Prince Dipendra of Nepal shoots and kills several members of his family including his father and mother.", "* 2001 – Dolphinarium discotheque massacre: A Hamas suicide bomber kills 21 at a disco in Tel Aviv.", "*2004 – Oklahoma City bombing co-conspirator Terry Nichols is sentenced to 161 consecutive life terms without the possibility of parole.", "*2008 – A fire on the back lot of Universal Studios breaks out, destroying the attraction King Kong Encounter and a large archive of master tapes for music and film, the full extent of which was not revealed until 2019.", "*2009 – Air France Flight 447 crashes into the Atlantic Ocean off the coast of Brazil on a flight from Rio de Janeiro to Paris.", "All 228 passengers and crew are killed.", "* 2009 – General Motors files for Chapter 11 bankruptcy.", "It is the fourth largest United States bankruptcy in history.", "*2011 – A rare tornado outbreak occurs in New England; a strong EF3 tornado strikes Springfield, Massachusetts, during the event, killing four people.", "* 2011 – Space Shuttle ''Endeavour'' makes its final landing after 25 flights.", "*2015 – A ship carrying 458 people capsizes in the Yangtze river in China's Hubei province, killing 400 people." ], [ "Births", "===Pre-1600===*1134 – Geoffrey, Count of Nantes (d. 1158)*1300 – Thomas of Brotherton, 1st Earl of Norfolk, English politician, Lord Marshal of England (d. 1338)*1451 – Giles Daubeney, 1st Baron Daubeney (d. 1508)*1460 – Enno I, Count of East Frisia, German noble (d. 1491)*1480 – Tiedemann Giese, Polish bishop (d. 1550)*1498 – Maarten van Heemskerck, Dutch painter (d. 1574)*1522 – Dirck Coornhert, Dutch writer and scholar (d. 1590)*1563 – Robert Cecil, 1st Earl of Salisbury, English politician, Secretary of State for England (d. 1612)===1601–1900===*1612 – Frans Post, Dutch painter (d. 1680)*1633 – Geminiano Montanari, Italian astronomer and academic (d. 1687)*1637 – Jacques Marquette, French missionary and explorer (d. 1675)*1653 – Georg Muffat, French organist and composer (d. 1704)*1675 – Francesco Scipione, marchese di Maffei, Italian archaeologist and playwright (d. 1755)*1762 – Edmund Ignatius Rice, Irish priest and missionary, founded the Irish Christian Brothers (d. 1844)*1765 – Christiane Vulpius, mistress and wife of Johann Wolfgang Goethe (d. 1816)*1770 – Friedrich Laun, German author (d. 1849)*1790 – Ferdinand Raimund, Austrian actor and playwright (d. 1836)*1796 – Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot, French physicist and engineer (d. 1832)*1800 – Edward Deas Thomson, Australian educator and politician, Chief Secretary of New South Wales (d. 1879)*1801 – Brigham Young, American religious leader, 2nd President of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (d. 1877)*1804 – Mikhail Glinka, Russian composer (d. 1857)*1808 – Henry Parker, English-Australian politician, 3rd Premier of New South Wales (d. 1881)*1815 – Otto of Greece (d. 1862)*1819 – Francis V, Duke of Modena (d. 1875)*1822 – Clementina Maude, Viscountess Hawarden, English portrait photographer (d. 1865)*1825 – John Hunt Morgan, American general (d. 1864)*1831 – John Bell Hood, American general (d. 1879)*1833 – John Marshall Harlan, American lawyer, associate justice of the U.S. Supreme Court, and politician; Attorney General of Kentucky (d. 1911)*1843 – Henry Faulds, Scottish physician and missionary, developed fingerprinting (d. 1930)*1869 – Richard Wünsch, German philologist (d. 1915)*1873 – Elena Alistar, Bessarabian politician (d. 1955)*1874 – Yury Nikolaevich Voronov, Russian botanist (d. 1931)*1878 – John Masefield, English author and poet (d. 1967)*1879 – Max Emmerich, American triathlete and gymnast (d. 1956)*1887 – Clive Brook, English actor (d. 1974)*1889 – Charles Kay Ogden, English linguist and philosopher (d. 1957)*1890 – Frank Morgan, American actor (d. 1949)*1892 – Amanullah Khan, sovereign of the Kingdom of Afghanistan, (d. 1960)===1901–present===*1901 – Hap Day, Canadian ice hockey player, referee, and manager (d. 1990)* 1901 – Tom Gorman, Australian rugby league player (d. 1978)* 1901 – John Van Druten, English-American playwright and director (d. 1957)*1903 – Vasyl Velychkovsky, Ukrainian-Canadian bishop and martyr (d. 1973)* 1903 – Hans Vogt, Norwegian linguist and academic (d. 1986)*1905 – Robert Newton, English-American actor (d. 1956)*1907 – Jan Patočka, Czech philosopher (d. 1977)* 1907 – Frank Whittle, English airman and engineer, developed the jet engine (d. 1996)*1909 – Yechezkel Kutscher, Slovakian-Israeli philologist and linguist (d. 1971)*1910 – Gyula Kállai, Hungarian communist leader, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the People's Republic of Hungary (d. 1996)*1912 – Herbert Tichy, Austrian geologist, author, and mountaineer (d. 1987)*1913 – Bill Deedes, English journalist and politician (d. 2007)*1915 – John Randolph, American actor (d. 2004)*1917 – William Standish Knowles, American chemist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2012)*1920 – Robert Clarke, American actor and producer (d. 2005)*1921 – Nelson Riddle, American composer and bandleader (d. 1985)*1922 – Joan Caulfield, American model and actress (d. 1991)* 1922 – Povel Ramel, Swedish singer-songwriter and pianist (d. 2007)*1924 – William Sloane Coffin, American minister and activist (d. 2006)*1925 – Dilia Díaz Cisneros, Venezuelan teacher (d. 2017)*1926 – Johnny Berry, English footballer (d. 1994)* 1926 – Andy Griffith, American actor, singer, producer, and screenwriter (d. 2012)* 1926 – Marilyn Monroe, American model and actress (d. 1962)* 1926 – George Robb, English international footballer and teacher (d. 2011)* 1926 – Richard Schweiker, American soldier and politician, 14th United States Secretary of Health and Human Services (d. 2015)*1928 – Georgy Dobrovolsky, Soviet Ukrainian pilot and astronaut (d. 1971)* 1928 – Steve Dodd, Australian actor and composer (d. 2014)* 1928 – Bob Monkhouse, English actor and screenwriter (d. 2003)*1929 – Nargis, Indian actress (d. 1981)* 1929 – James H. Billington, American academic and Thirteenth Librarian of Congress (d. 2018)*1930 – Matt Poore, New Zealand cricketer (d. 2020)* 1930 – Edward Woodward, English actor (d. 2009)*1931 – Walter Horak, Austrian footballer (d. 2019)*1932 – Frank Cameron, New Zealand cricketer (d. 2023)* 1932 – Christopher Lasch, American historian and critic (d. 1994)*1933 – Haruo Remeliik, Palauan politician, 1st President of Palau (d. 1985)* 1933 – Charles Wilson, American lieutenant and politician (d. 2010)*1934 – Pat Boone, American singer-songwriter and actor* 1934 – Peter Masterson, American actor, director, producer and screenwriter (d. 2018)* 1934 – Doris Buchanan Smith, American author (d. 2002)*1935 – Norman Foster, Baron Foster of Thames Bank, English architect, founded Foster and Partners* 1935 – Reverend Ike, American minister and television host (d. 2009)* 1935 – Jack Kralick, American baseball player (d. 2012)* 1935 – John C. Reynolds, American computer scientist and academic (d. 2013)*1936 – Anatoly Albul, Soviet and Russian wrestler (d. 2013)* 1936 – André Bourbeau, Canadian politician (d. 2018)* 1936 – Bekim Fehmiu, Bosnian actor (d. 2010)* 1936 – Gerald Scarfe, English illustrator and animator*1937 – Morgan Freeman, American actor and producer* 1937 – Rosaleen Linehan, Irish actress* 1937 – Colleen McCullough, Australian neuroscientist and author (d. 2015)*1939 – Cleavon Little, American actor and comedian (d. 1992)*1940 – René Auberjonois, American actor (d. 2019)* 1940 – Katerina Gogou, Greek writer and actress (d. 1993)* 1940 – Kip Thorne, American physicist, astronomer, and academic*1941 – Dean Chance, American baseball player and manager (d. 2015)* 1941 – Toyo Ito, Japanese architect, designed the Torre Realia BCN and Hotel Porta Fira* 1941 – Alexander V. Zakharov, Russian physicist and astronomer *1942 – Parveen Kumar, Pakistani-English physician and academic*1943 – Orietta Berti, Italian singer and actress* 1943 – Richard Goode, American pianist* 1943 – Lorrie Wilmot, South African cricketer (d. 2004)*1944 – Colin Blakemore, British neurobiologist (d. 2022)* 1944 – Robert Powell, English actor*1945 – Linda Scott, American singer* 1945 – Lydia Shum, Chinese-Hong Kong actress (d. 2008)* 1945 – Frederica von Stade, American soprano and actress*1946 – Brian Cox, Scottish actor *1947 – Ron Dennis, English businessman, founded the McLaren Group* 1947 – Jonathan Pryce, Welsh actor and singer* 1947 – Ronnie Wood, English guitarist, songwriter, and producer *1948 – Powers Boothe, American actor (d. 2017)* 1948 – Tomáš Halík, Czech Roman Catholic priest, philosopher, theologian and scholar* 1948 – Michel Plasse, Canadian ice hockey player (d. 2006)*1950 – Perrin Beatty, Canadian businessman and politician* 1950 – Charlene, American singer-songwriter* 1950 – Jean Lambert, English educator and politician* 1950 – Michael McDowell, American author and screenwriter (d. 1999) *1952 – Şenol Güneş, Turkish footballer and manager* 1952 – Mihaela Loghin, Romanian shot putter*1953 – Ronnie Dunn, American singer-songwriter and guitarist * 1953 – Ted Field, American entrepreneur and race car driver* 1953 – David Berkowitz, American serial killer and arsonist*1954 – Jill Black, Lady Black of Derwent, English lawyer and judge*1955 – Chiyonofuji Mitsugu, Japanese sumo wrestler (d. 2016)* 1955 – Lorraine Moller, New Zealand runner* 1955 – Tony Snow, American journalist, 26th White House Press Secretary (d. 2008)*1956 – Patrick Besson, French writer and journalist* 1956 – Petra Morsbach, German author*1958 – Nambaryn Enkhbayar, Mongolian lawyer and politician, 3rd President of Mongolia* 1958 – Gennadiy Valyukevich, Belarusian triple jumper (d. 2019)*1959 – Martin Brundle, English racing driver and sportscaster* 1959 – Alan Wilder, English singer-songwriter, keyboard player, and producer*1960 – Simon Gallup, English musician* 1960 – Vladimir Krutov, Russian ice hockey player and coach (d. 2012)* 1960 – Sergey Kuznetsov, Russian footballer and manager* 1960 – Giorgos Lillikas, Cypriot politician, 8th Cypriot Minister of Foreign Affairs* 1960 – Lucy McBath, American politician* 1960 – Elena Mukhina, Russian gymnast (d. 2006)*1961 – Paul Coffey, Canadian ice hockey player* 1961 – Mark Curry, American actor* 1961 – Werner Günthör, Swiss shot putter and bobsledder* 1961 – John Huston, American golfer* 1961 – Peter Machajdík, Slovakian-German pianist and composer* 1961 – Yevgeny Prigozhin, Russian oligarch, mercenary chief and restaurateur (d. 2023)*1963 – Vital Borkelmans, Belgian footballer* 1963 – Miles J. Padgett, Scottish physicist and academic* 1963 – David Westhead, English actor and producer*1965 – Larisa Lazutina, Russian skier* 1965 – Olga Nazarova, Russian sprinter*1966 – Greg Schiano, American football player and coach*1968 – Jason Donovan, Australian actor and singer* 1968 – Mathias Rust, German aviator*1969 – Luis García Postigo, Mexican footballer* 1969 – Teri Polo, American actress*1970 – Alexi Lalas, American soccer player, manager, and sportscaster* 1970 – Alison Hinds, British-Barbadian soca singer*1971 – Mario Cimarro, Cuban-American actor and singer*1973 – Frédérik Deburghgraeve, Belgian swimmer* 1973 – Adam Garcia, Australian actor* 1973 – Heidi Klum, German-American model, fashion designer, and producer* 1973 – Derek Lowe, American baseball player*1974 – Alanis Morissette, Canadian-American singer-songwriter, guitarist, producer, and actress* 1974 – Michael Rasmussen, Danish cyclist* 1974 – Sarah Teather, English politician*1975 – Michal Grošek, Czech-Swiss ice hockey player and coach* 1975 – Frauke Petry, German politician*1976 – Marlon Devonish, English sprinter and coach*1977 – Arsen Gitinov, Russian and Kyrgyzstani freestyle wrestler* 1977 – Danielle Harris, American actress* 1977 – Brad Wilkerson, American baseball player and coach* 1977 – Sarah Wayne Callies, American actress*1978 – Antonietta Di Martino, Italian high jumper*1979 – Santana Moss, American football player* 1979 – Markus Persson, Swedish game designer, founded Mojang*1981 – Brandi Carlile, American singer-songwriter and guitarist* 1981 – Amy Schumer, American comedian and actress* 1981 – Carlos Zambrano, Venezuelan baseball player* 1981 – Aleksei Mikhailovich Uvarov, Russian footballer*1982 – Justine Henin, Belgian tennis player*1984 – Jean Beausejour, Chilean footballer* 1984 – Olivier Tielemans, Dutch racing driver* 1984 – Nikki Glaser, American comedian*1985 – Tirunesh Dibaba, Ethiopian runner* 1985 – Dinesh Karthik, Indian cricketer* 1985 – Nick Young, American basketball player* 1985 – Sam Young, American basketball player*1986 – Moses Ndiema Masai, Kenyan runner* 1986 – Chinedu Obasi, Nigerian footballer* 1986 – Ben Smith, New Zealand rugby player*1987 – Zoltán Harsányi, Slovakian footballer* 1987 – Yarisley Silva, Cuban pole vaulter*1988 – Javier Hernández, Mexican footballer*1989 – Nataliya Goncharova, Ukrainian/Russian volleyball player* 1989 – Sammy Alex Mutahi, Kenyan runner*1990 – Miller Bolaños, Ecuadoran footballer* 1990 – Carlota Ciganda, Spanish golfer*1991 – Zazie Beetz, German-American actress* 1991 – Tyrone Roberts, Australian rugby league player*1994 – Kagayaki Taishi, Japanese sumo wrestler*1996 – Edvinas Gertmonas, Lithuanian footballer* 1996 – Tom Holland, English actor*1999 – Technoblade, American YouTuber and streamer (d. 2022)" ], [ "Deaths", "===Pre-1600===*195 BC – Emperor Gaozu of Han (b.", "256 BC)* 193 – Marcus Didius Julianus, Roman Emperor (b.", "133) * 352 – Ran Min, \"Heavenly Prince\" (''Tian Wang'') during the Sixteen Kingdoms* 654 – Pyrrhus, patriarch of Constantinople * 829 – Li Tongjie, general of the Tang Dynasty* 847 – Xiao, empress of the Tang Dynasty* 896 – Theodosius Romanus, Syriac Orthodox patriarch of Antioch* 932 – Thietmar, duke of Saxony *1146 – Ermengarde of Anjou, Duchess regent of Brittany (b.", "1068)*1186 – Minamoto no Yukiie, Japanese warlord*1220 – Henry de Bohun, 1st Earl of Hereford (b.", "1176)*1310 – Marguerite Porete, French mystic*1354 – Kitabatake Chikafusa (b.", "1293)*1434 – King Wladislaus II of Poland*1449 – Polissena Sforza, Lady of Rimini (b.", "1428)*1571 – John Story, English martyr (b.", "1504)===1601–1900===*1616 – Tokugawa Ieyasu, Japanese shogun (b.", "1543)*1625 – Honoré d'Urfé, French author and poet (b.", "1568)*1639 – Melchior Franck, German composer (b.", "1579)*1660 – Mary Dyer, English-American martyr (b.", "1611)*1662 – Zhu Youlang, Chinese emperor (b.", "1623)*1681 – Cornelis Saftleven, Dutch genre painter (b.", "1607)*1710 – David Mitchell, Scottish admiral and politician (b.", "1642)*1740 – Samuel Werenfels, Swiss theologian (b.", "1657)*1769 – Edward Holyoke, American pastor and academic (b.", "1689)*1773 – Wolraad Woltemade, South African folk hero (b.", "1708)*1795 – Pierre-Joseph Desault, French anatomist and surgeon (b.", "1744)*1815 – Louis-Alexandre Berthier, French general and politician, French Minister of War (b.", "1753)*1823 – Louis-Nicolas Davout, French general and politician, French Minister of War (b.", "1770)*1826 – J. F. Oberlin, French pastor and philanthropist (b.", "1740)*1830 – Swaminarayan, Indian religious leader (b.", "1781)*1833 – Oliver Wolcott Jr., American lawyer and politician, 2nd United States Secretary of the Treasury, 24th Governor of Connecticut (b.", "1760)*1841 – David Wilkie, Scottish painter and academic (b.", "1785)*1846 – Pope Gregory XVI (b.", "1765)*1861 – John Quincy Marr, American captain (b.", "1825)*1864 – Hong Xiuquan, Chinese rebel, led the Taiping Rebellion (b.", "1812)*1868 – James Buchanan, American lawyer and politician, 15th President of the United States (b.", "1791)*1872 – James Gordon Bennett, Sr., American publisher, founded the ''New York Herald'' (b.", "1795)*1873 – Joseph Howe, Canadian journalist and politician, 5th Premier of Nova Scotia (b.", "1804)*1876 – Hristo Botev, Bulgarian poet and journalist (b.", "1848)*1879 – Napoléon, Prince Imperial of France (b.", "1856)===1901–present===*1908 – Allen Butler Talcott, American painter (b.", "1867)*1925 – Thomas R. Marshall, American politician, 28th Vice President of the United States (b.", "1854)*1927 – Lizzie Borden, American accused murderer (b.", "1860)* 1927 – J.", "B.", "Bury, Irish historian, philologist, and scholar (b.", "1861)*1934 – Sir Alfred Rawlinson, 3rd Baronet, English colonel and polo player (b.", "1867)*1935 – Arthur Arz von Straußenburg, Romanian-Hungarian general (d. 1857)*1938 – Ödön von Horváth, Croatian-French author and playwright (b.", "1901)*1941 – Hans Berger, German neurologist and academic (b.", "1873)* 1941 – Hugh Walpole, New Zealand-English author (b.", "1884)*1943 – Leslie Howard, English actor, director, and producer (b.", "1893)* 1943 – Wilfrid Israel, English-German businessman and philanthropist (b.", "1899)*1946 – Ion Antonescu, Romanian marshal and politician, 43rd Prime Minister of Romania (b.", "1882)*1948 – Alex Gard, Russian-American cartoonist (b.", "1900)*1952 – John Dewey, American psychologist and philosopher (b.", "1859)*1953 – Emanuel Vidović, Croatian painter and illustrator (b.", "1870)*1954 – Martin Andersen Nexø, Danish-German journalist and author (b.", "1869)*1960 – Lester Patrick, Canadian ice hockey player and coach (b.", "1883)* 1960 – Paula Hitler, German-Austrian sister of Adolf Hitler (b.", "1896)*1962 – Adolf Eichmann, a German Nazi SS-''Obersturmbannführer'' (b.", "1906)*1963 – Walter Lee, Australian politician, 24th Premier of Tasmania (b.", "1874)*1965 – Curly Lambeau, American football player and coach, founded the Green Bay Packers (b.", "1898)*1966 – Papa Jack Laine, American drummer and bandleader (b.", "1873)*1968 – Helen Keller, American author and activist (b.", "1880)* 1968 – André Laurendeau, Canadian playwright, journalist, and politician (b.", "1912)*1969 – Ivar Ballangrud, Norwegian speed skater (b.", "1904)*1971 – Reinhold Niebuhr, American theologian and academic (b.", "1892)*1979 – Werner Forssmann, German physician and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (b.", "1904)*1980 – Arthur Nielsen, American businessman, founded the ACNielsen company (b.", "1897)*1981 – Carl Vinson, American lawyer and politician (b.", "1883)*1983 – Prince Charles, Count of Flanders (b.", "1903)* 1983 – Anna Seghers, German writer (b.", "1900)*1985 – Richard Greene, English actor and soldier (b.", "1918)*1986 – Jo Gartner, Austrian racing driver (b.", "1958)*1987 – Rashid Karami, Lebanese lawyer and politician, 32nd Prime Minister of Lebanon (b.", "1921)*1988 – Herbert Feigl, Austrian philosopher from the Vienna Circle (b.", "1902)*1989 – Aurelio Lampredi, Italian engineer, designed the Ferrari Lampredi engine (b.", "1917)*1991 – David Ruffin, American singer-songwriter (b.", "1941)*1996 – Neelam Sanjiva Reddy, Indian politician, 6th President of India (b.", "1913)*1999 – Christopher Cockerell, English engineer, invented the hovercraft (b.", "1910)*2000 – Tito Puente, American drummer, composer, and producer (b.", "1923)*2001 – Hank Ketcham, American cartoonist, created ''Dennis the Menace'' (b.", "1920)* 2001 – notable victims of the Nepalese royal massacre** Aishwarya of Nepal (b.", "1949)** Birendra of Nepal (b.", "1945)** Dhirendra of Nepal (b.", "1950)** Prince Nirajan of Nepal (b.", "1978)** Princess Shruti of Nepal (b.", "1976)*2002 – Hansie Cronje, South African cricketer (b.", "1969)*2004 – William Manchester, American historian and author (b.", "1922)*2005 – Hilda Crosby Standish, American physician (b.", "1902)* 2005 – George Mikan, American basketball player and coach (b.", "1924)*2007 – Tony Thompson, American singer and songwriter (b.", "1975)*2008 – Tommy Lapid, Israeli journalist and politician, 17th Justice Minister of Israel (b.", "1931)* 2008 – Yves Saint Laurent, French fashion designer, founded Saint Laurent Paris (b.", "1936)*2009 – Vincent O'Brien, Irish horse trainer (b.", "1917)*2010 – Kazuo Ohno, Japanese dancer (b.", "1906)* 2010 – Andrei Voznesensky, Russian poet (b.", "1933)*2011 – Haleh Sahabi, Iranian humanitarian and activist (b.", "1957)*2012 – Faruq Z. Bey, American saxophonist and composer (b.", "1942)* 2012 – Pádraig Faulkner, Irish educator and politician, 19th Irish Minister of Defence (b.", "1918)* 2012 – Milan Gaľa, Slovak politician (b.", "1953)*2013 – James Kelleher, Canadian lawyer and politician, 33rd Solicitor General of Canada (b.", "1930)*2014 – Ann B. Davis, American actress (b.", "1926)* 2014 – Valentin Mankin, Ukrainian sailor (b.", "1938)*2015 – Charles Kennedy, Scottish journalist and politician (b.", "1959)* 2015 – Joan Kirner, Australian educator and politician, 42nd Premier of Victoria (b.", "1938) * 2015 – Nicholas Liverpool, Dominican lawyer and politician, 6th President of Dominica (b.", "1934)* 2015 – Jacques Parizeau, Canadian economist and politician, 26th Premier of Quebec (b.", "1930)* 2015 – Jean Ritchie, American singer-songwriter (b.", "1922)*2018 – Sinan Sakić, Serbian pop-folk singer (b.", "1956)*2019 – Ani Yudhoyono, Indonesian politician, 6th First Lady of Indonesia.", "(b.", "1952)" ], [ "Holidays and observances", "*Children's Day (International), and its related observances:**The Day of Protection of Children Rights (Armenia)**Mothers' and Children's Day (Mongolia)*Christian feast day:**Annibale Maria di Francia**Crescentinus**Fortunatus of Spoleto**Herculanus of Piegaro**Íñigo of Oña**Justin Martyr (Roman Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, Anglican, Lutheran)**Ronan of Locronan**June 1 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)*Global Day of Parents (International)*Independence Day, celebrates the independence of Samoa from New Zealand in 1962.", "*Madaraka Day (Kenya)*National Maritime Day (Mexico)*National Tree Planting Day (Cambodia)*Pancasila Day (Indonesia)*President's Day (Palau)*The beginning of Crop over, celebrated until the first Monday of August.", "(Barbados)*Victory Day (Tunisia)*World Milk Day (International)" ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* * *" ] ]
wikipedia
[ [ "June 22" ], [ "Introduction" ], [ "Events", "===Pre-1600===*217 BC – Battle of Raphia: Ptolemy IV Philopator of Egypt defeats Antiochus III the Great of the Seleucid kingdom.", "*168 BC – Battle of Pydna: Romans under Lucius Aemilius Paullus defeat Macedonian King Perseus who surrenders after the battle, ending the Third Macedonian War.", "* 813 – Battle of Versinikia: The Bulgars led by Krum defeat the Byzantine army near Edirne.", "Emperor Michael I is forced to abdicate in favor of Leo V the Armenian.", "* 910 – The Hungarians defeat the East Frankish army near the Rednitz River, killing its leader Gebhard, Duke of Lotharingia (Lorraine).", "*1527 – Fatahillah expels Portuguese forces from Sunda Kelapa, now regarded as the foundation of Jakarta.", "*1593 – Battle of Sisak: Allied Christian troops defeat the Ottomans.===1601–1900===*1633 – The Holy Office in Rome forces Galileo Galilei to recant his view that the Sun, not the Earth, is the center of the Universe in the form he presented it in, after heated controversy.", "*1774 – The British pass the Quebec Act, setting out rules of governance for the colony of Quebec in British North America.", "*1783 – A poisonous cloud caused by the eruption of the Laki volcano in Iceland reaches Le Havre in France.", "*1793 – Haitian Revolution: The Battle of Cap-Français ends with French Republican troops and black slave insurgents capturing the city.", "*1807 – In the ''Chesapeake''–''Leopard'' affair, the British warship attacks and boards the American frigate .", "*1813 – War of 1812: After learning of American plans for a surprise attack on Beaver Dams in Ontario, Laura Secord sets out on a journey on foot to warn Lieutenant James FitzGibbon.", "*1839 – Cherokee leaders Major Ridge, John Ridge, and Elias Boudinot are assassinated for signing the Treaty of New Echota, which had resulted in the Trail of Tears.", "*1870 – The United States Department of Justice is created by the U.S.", "Congress.", "*1893 – The Royal Navy battleship accidentally rams the British Mediterranean Fleet flagship which sinks taking 358 crew with her, including the fleet's commander, Vice-Admiral Sir George Tryon.", "*1897 – British colonial officers Charles Walter Rand and Lt. Charles Egerton Ayerst are assassinated in Pune, Maharashtra, India by the Chapekar brothers and Mahadeo Vinayak Ranade, who are later caught and hanged.", "*1898 – Spanish–American War: In a chaotic operation, 6,000 men of the U.S. Fifth Army Corps begins landing at Daiquirí, Cuba, about east of Santiago de Cuba.", "Lt. Gen. Arsenio Linares y Pombo of the Spanish Army outnumbers them two-to-one, but does not oppose the landings.===1901–present===*1907 – The London Underground's Charing Cross, Euston and Hampstead Railway opens.", "*1911 – George V and Mary of Teck are crowned King and Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.", "* 1911 – Mexican Revolution: Government forces bring an end to the Magonista rebellion of 1911 in the Second Battle of Tijuana.", "*1918 – The Hammond Circus Train Wreck kills 86 and injures 127 near Hammond, Indiana.", "*1922 – British Army Field Marshal Sir Henry Wilson is killed by the Irish Republican Army helping to spark the Irish Civil War.", "*1940 – World War II: France is forced to sign the Second Compiègne armistice with Germany, in the same railroad car in which the Germans signed the Armistice in 1918.", "*1941 – World War II: Nazi Germany invades the Soviet Union in Operation Barbarossa.", "*1942 – World War II: Erwin Rommel is promoted to Field Marshal after the Axis capture of Tobruk.", "* 1942 – The Pledge of Allegiance is formally adopted by U.S.", "Congress.", "*1944 – World War II: Opening day of the Soviet Union's Operation Bagration against the Army Group Centre.", "* 1944 – U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt signs into law the Servicemen's Readjustment Act of 1944, commonly known as the G.I.", "Bill.", "*1945 – World War II: The Battle of Okinawa comes to an end with an American flag-raising ceremony.", "*1948 – The ship brought the first group of 802 West Indian immigrants to Tilbury, marking the start of modern immigration to the United Kingdom.", "* 1948 – King George VI formally gives up the title \"Emperor of India\", half a year after Britain actually gave up its rule of India.", "*1962 – Air France Flight 117 crashes on approach to Pointe-à-Pitre International Airport in Guadeloupe, killing 112 people.", "*1965 – The Treaty on Basic Relations between Japan and the Republic of Korea is signed.", "*1966 – Vietnamese Buddhist activist leader Thích Trí Quang was arrested as the military junta of Nguyen Cao Ky crushed the Buddhist Uprising.", "*1969 – The Cuyahoga River catches fire in Cleveland, Ohio, drawing national attention to water pollution, and spurring the passing of the Clean Water Act and the creation of the Environmental Protection Agency.", "*1978 – Charon, the first of Pluto's satellites to be discovered, was first seen at the United States Naval Observatory by James W.", "Christy.", "*1979 – Former Liberal Party leader Jeremy Thorpe was acquitted of conspiracy to murder Norman Scott, who had accused Thorpe of having a relationship with him.", "*1984 – Virgin Atlantic launches with its first flight from London to Newark.", "*1986 – The famous Hand of God goal, scored by Diego Maradona in the quarter-finals of the 1986 FIFA World Cup match between Argentina and England, ignites controversy.", "This was later followed by the Goal of the Century.", "Argentina wins 2–1 and later goes on to win the World Cup.", "*1990 – Cold War: Checkpoint Charlie is dismantled in Berlin.", "*2000 – Wuhan Airlines Flight 343 is struck by lightning and crashes into Wuhan's Hanyang District, killing 49 people.", "*2002 – An earthquake measuring 6.5 Mw strikes a region of northwestern Iran killing at least 261 people and injuring 1,300 others and eventually causing widespread public anger due to the slow official response.", "*2009 – A Washington D.C Metro train traveling southbound near Fort Totten station collides into another train waiting to enter the station.", "Nine people are killed in the collision (eight passengers and the train operator) and at least 80 others are injured.", "*2012 – Paraguayan President Fernando Lugo is removed from office by impeachment and succeeded by Federico Franco.", "* 2012 – A Turkish Air Force McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II fighter plane is shot down by the Syrian Armed Forces, killing both of the plane's pilots and worsening already-strained relations between Turkey and Syria.", "*2015 – The Afghan National Assembly building is attacked by gunmen after a suicide bombing.", "All six of the gunmen are killed and 18 people are injured.", "*2022 – An earthquake occurs in eastern Afghanistan resulting in over 1,000 deaths." ], [ "Births", "===Pre-1600===* 662 – Rui Zong, emperor of the Tang Dynasty (d. 716)* 916 – Sayf al-Dawla, founder of the Emirate of Aleppo (d. 967)*1000 – Robert I, duke of Normandy (d. 1035)*1373 – Elizabeth Bonifacia, heiress of Poland (d. 1399)*1427 – Lucrezia Tornabuoni, Italian writer and wife of Piero di Cosimo de' Medici (d. 1482)*1450 – Eleanor of Naples, duchess of Ferrara (d. 1493)*1477 – Thomas Grey, 2nd Marquess of Dorset, English nobleman (d. 1530)*1593 – Sir John Gell, 1st Baronet, English landowner and Parliamentarian commander (d. 1671)===1601–1900===*1680 – Ebenezer Erskine, Scottish minister and theologian (d.", "1754).", "*1684 – Francesco Manfredini, Italian violinist and composer (d. 1762)*1704 – John Taylor, English author and scholar (d. 1766)*1713 – John Sackville, English cricketer and politician (d. 1765)*1738 – Jacques Delille, French poet and translator (d.", "1813).", "*1757 – George Vancouver, English lieutenant and explorer (d.", "1798).", "*1763 – Étienne Méhul, French pianist and composer (d.", "1817).", "*1767 – Wilhelm von Humboldt, German philosopher, academic, and politician, Interior Minister of Prussia (d.", "1835).", "*1792 – James Beaumont Neilson, Scottish engineer and businessman (d. 1865)*1805 – Giuseppe Mazzini, Italian journalist and politician (d.", "1872).", "*1820 – James Hutchison Stirling, Scottish physician and philosopher (d.", "1909).", "*1834 – William Chester Minor, American surgeon and linguist (d. 1920)*1837 – Paul Morphy, American chess player (d. 1884)* 1837 – Ernst Ziller, German-Greek architect, designed the Presidential Mansion (d. 1923)*1844 – Oscar von Gebhardt, German theologian and academic (d. 1906)*1845 – Tom Dula, American soldier (d. 1868)* 1845 – Richard Seddon, English-New Zealand politician, 15th Prime Minister of New Zealand (d. 1906)*1850 – Ignác Goldziher, Hungarian scholar of Islam (d. 1921)*1855 – Samuel Morris, Australian cricketer (d. 1931)*1856 – Henry Rider Haggard, English novelist (d.", "1925).", "*1861 – Maximilian von Spee, Danish-German admiral (d. 1914)*1864 – Hermann Minkowski, German mathematician and academic (d. 1909)*1869 – Hendrikus Colijn, Dutch Politician and Prime Minister of the Netherlands (d. 1944)*1871 – William McDougall, English psychologist and polymath (d. 1938)*1873 – Filippo Silvestri, Italian entomologist and academic (d. 1949)*1874 – Walter Friedrich Otto, German philologist and scholar (d. 1958)*1876 – Pascual Díaz y Barreto, Mexican archbishop (d. 1936) *1879 – Thibaudeau Rinfret, Canadian lawyer and jurist, 9th Chief Justice of Canada (d. 1962)*1880 – Johannes Drost, Dutch swimmer (d. 1954)*1884 – James Rector, American sprinter and lawyer (d. 1949)*1885 – Milan Vidmar, Slovenian engineer and chess player (d. 1962)*1887 – Julian Huxley, English biologist and academic (d. 1975)*1888 – Harold Hitz Burton, American lawyer and politician, 45th Mayor of Cleveland (d. 1964)*1889 – Joseph Cohen, British solicitor, property developer, cinema magnate and Jewish community leader (d. 1980)*1890 – Aleksander Warma, Estonian commander and politician, 4th Prime Minister of Estonia in exile (d. 1970)*1891 – Franz Alexander, Hungarian psychoanalyst and physician (d. 1964)*1892 – Robert Ritter von Greim, German general and pilot (d. 1945)*1894 – Bernard Ashmole, English archaeologist and art historian (d. 1988)*1896 – Leonard W. Murray, Canadian admiral (d. 1971)*1897 – Edmund A. Chester, American journalist and broadcaster (d. 1973)* 1897 – Norbert Elias, German-Dutch sociologist and philosopher (d. 1990)*1898 – Erich Maria Remarque, German-Swiss soldier and author (d. 1970)*1899 – Richard Gurley Drew, American engineer, invented Masking tape (d. 1980)* 1899 – Michał Kalecki, Polish economist and academic (d. 1970)*1900 – Oskar Fischinger, German-American abstract artist, filmmaker, and painter (d. 1967)===1901–present===*1901 – Elias Katz, Finnish runner and coach (d. 1947)*1902 – Marguerite De La Motte, American actress (d. 1950)*1903 – John Dillinger, American criminal (d. 1934)* 1903 – Carl Hubbell, American baseball player (d. 1988)*1906 – William Kneale, English logician and philosopher (d. 1990) * 1906 – Anne Morrow Lindbergh, American pilot and author (d. 2001)* 1906 – Billy Wilder, Austrian-born American director, producer, and screenwriter (d. 2002)*1907 – Eriks Ādamsons, Latvian writer, poet, and novelist (d. 1946)*1909 – Katherine Dunham, American dancer and choreographer (d. 2006)* 1909 – Infanta Beatriz of Spain, Spanish princess and aristocrat (d. 2002)* 1909 – Mike Todd, American producer and manager (d. 1958)*1910 – John Hunt, Baron Hunt, Indian-English lieutenant and mountaineer (d. 1998)* 1910 – Anne Ziegler, English singer (d. 2003)* 1910 – Konrad Zuse, German computer scientist and engineer, invented the Z3 computer (d. 1995)*1911 – Vernon Kirby, South African tennis player (d. 1994)*1912 – Princess Caroline Mathilde of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (d. 1983)* 1912 – Raymonde Allain, French model and actress (d. 2008)*1913 – Sándor Weöres, Hungarian poet and author (d. 1989)*1914 – Mei Zhi, Chinese author and essayist (d. 2004)*1915 – Dolf van der Linden, Dutch conductor and composer (d. 1999)* 1915 – Cornelius Warmerdam, American pole vaulter and coach (d. 2001)* 1915 – Randolph Hokanson, American pianist (d. 2018)* 1915 – Thomas Quinn Curtiss, American writer, and film and theatre critic (d. 2000)*1916 – Johnny Jacobs, American television announcer (d. 1982)* 1916 – Richard Eastham, American actor (d. 2005)* 1916 – Emil Fackenheim, German Jewish philosopher and Reform rabbi (d. 2003)*1918 – Cicely Saunders, English nurse, social worker, physician and writer (d. 2005)* 1918 – Yeoh Ghim Seng, Singaporean politician, acting President of Singapore (d. 1993)*1919 – Gower Champion, American dancer and choreographer (d. 1980)* 1919 – Henri Tajfel, Polish social psychologist (d. 1982)* 1919 – Clifton McNeely, American basketball player and coach (d. 2003)*1920 – James H. Pomerene, American computer scientist and engineer (d. 2008)* 1920 – Jovito Salonga, Filipino lawyer and politician, 14th President of the Senate of the Philippines (d. 2016)*1921 – Joseph Papp, American director and producer (d. 1991)* 1921 – Barbara Vucanovich, American lawyer and politician (d. 2013)* 1921 – Radovan Ivšić, Croatian writer (d. 2009) * 1921 – Barbara Perry, American actress (d. 2019)*1922 – Bill Blass, American fashion designer, founded Bill Blass Group (d. 2002)* 1922 – Clair Cameron Patterson, American scientist (d. 1995)*1923 – José Giovanni, French-Swiss director and screenwriter (d. 2004)*1924 – Christopher Booth, English clinician and historian (d. 2012)* 1924 – Larkin Kerwin, Canadian physicist and academic (d. 2004)*1926 – George Englund, American film editor, director, producer and actor (d. 2017)* 1926 – Rachid Solh, Lebanese politician, 48th Prime Minister of Lebanon (d. 2014)*1927 – Anthony Low, Indian-English historian and academic (d. 2015)*1928 – Ralph Waite, American actor and director (d. 2014)*1929 – Bruce Kent, English activist and laicised Roman Catholic priest (d. 2022)*1930 – Yuri Artyukhin, Russian colonel, engineer, and astronaut (d. 1998)* 1930 – Walter Bonatti, Italian journalist and mountaineer (d. 2011)*1931 – Ruby Garrard Woodson, American educator and cultural historian (d. 2008) *1932 – Soraya Esfandiary-Bakhtiari, Princess of Iran (d. 2001)* 1932 – Yevgeny Kychanov, Russian orientalist, historian, and academic (d. 2013)* 1932 – Amrish Puri, Indian actor (d. 2005)* 1932 – June Salter, Australian actress (d. 2001)* 1932 – Prunella Scales, English actress* 1932 – John Wakeham, Baron Wakeham, English businessman and politician, Leader of the House of Lords*1933 – Dianne Feinstein, American politician (d. 2023)*1934 – James Bjorken, American physicist, author, and academic*1936 – Kris Kristofferson, American singer-songwriter, guitarist, and actor * 1936 – Ferran Olivella, Spanish footballer (d. 2023)* 1936 – Hermeto Pascoal, Brazilian accordion player and composer*1937 – Chris Blackwell, English record producer, co-founded Island Records* 1937 – Bernie McGann, Australian saxophonist and composer (d. 2013)*1939 – Don Matthews, American-Canadian football player and coach (d. 2017)* 1939 – Ed Paschke, Polish-American painter and academic (d. 2004)*1940 – Joan Busfield, English sociologist, psychologist, and academic* 1940 – Hubert Chesshyre, English historian and author (d. 2020)* 1940 – Abbas Kiarostami, Iranian director, producer, and screenwriter (d. 2016)* 1940 – Esther Rantzen, English journalist*1941 – Ed Bradley, American journalist (d. 2006)* 1941 – Terttu Savola, Finnish journalist and politician*1943 – Klaus Maria Brandauer, Austrian actor and director* 1943 – Brit Hume, American journalist and author* 1943 – J. Michael Kosterlitz, British-American physicist *1944 – Peter Asher, English singer, guitarist, and producer * 1944 – Helmut Dietl, German director, producer, and screenwriter (d. 2015)*1945 – Rainer Brüderle, German economist and politician, German Minister of Economics and Technology*1946 – Linda Bond, Canadian 19th General of The Salvation Army* 1946 – Sheila Hollins, Baroness Hollins, English psychiatrist and academic* 1946 – Eliades Ochoa, Cuban singer-songwriter, guitarist, and producer * 1946 – Józef Oleksy, Polish economist and politician, 7th Prime Minister of Poland (d. 2015)* 1946 – Stephen Waley-Cohen, English journalist and businessman*1947 – Octavia E. Butler, American author (d. 2006)* 1947 – Howard Kaylan, American pop-rock singer-songwriter and musician* 1947 – Bruno Latour, French philosopher, anthropologist and sociologist* 1947 – Pete Maravich, American basketball player (d. 1988)* 1947 – Jerry Rawlings, Ghanaian lieutenant and politician, President of Ghana (d. 2020)*1948 – James Charteris, 13th Earl of Wemyss, Scottish businessman* 1948 – Todd Rundgren, American singer-songwriter, guitarist, and producer *1949 – Larry Junstrom, American bass player (d. 2019)* 1949 – Brian Leveson, English lawyer and judge* 1949 – Alan Osmond, American singer and producer * 1949 – Meryl Streep, American actress* 1949 – Luís Filipe Vieira, Portuguese businessman* 1949 – Lindsay Wagner, American actress * 1949 – Elizabeth Warren, American academic and politician*1950 – Sharon Maughan, English actress* 1950 – Adrian Năstase, Romanian lawyer and politician, 59th Prime Minister of Romania * 1950 – Greg Oliphant, Australian rugby league player* 1950 – John Perdue, former West Virginia State Treasurer* 1950 – Zenonas Petrauskas, Lithuanian lawyer and politician (d. 2009)* 1950 – Tom Alter, Indian actor (d. 2017)*1951 – Brian Cookson, British cyclist and sports administrator* 1951 – Craig Gruber, American bass player (d. 2015)* 1951 – Humphrey Ocean, English painter and academic*1952 – Graham Greene, Canadian actor* 1952 – Santokh Singh, Malaysian football player*1953 – Wim Eijk, Dutch cardinal* 1953 – Mauro Francaviglia, Italian mathematician and academic (d. 2013)* 1953 – Cyndi Lauper, American singer-songwriter, producer, and actress * 1953 – Bruce McAvaney, Australian journalist and sportscaster*1954 – Freddie Prinze, American comedian and actor (d. 1977)*1955 – Green Gartside, Welsh singer-songwriter and guitarist * 1955 – Christine Orengo, British academic and educator*1956 – Darryl Brohman, Australian rugby league player and sportscaster* 1956 – Alfons De Wolf, Belgian cyclist* 1956 – Shah Mehmood Qureshi, Pakistani agriculturist and politician, 25th Pakistani Minister of Foreign Affairs* 1956 – Tim Russ, American actor, director, and screenwriter* 1956 – Markus Schatte, German footballer, manager, and coach* 1956 – Derek Forbes, Scottish bass player and guitarist *1957 – Danny Baker, English journalist and screenwriter* 1957 – Garry Gary Beers, Australian bass player, songwriter, and producer* 1957 – Kevin Bond, English footballer and manager* 1957 – Michael Stratton, English geneticist and academic*1958 – Rocío Banquells, Mexican pop singer and actress* 1958 – Bruce Campbell, American actor, director, producer and writer*1959 – Michael Kinane, Irish jockey* 1959 – Nicola Sirkis, French singer-songwriter and guitarist * 1959 – Daniel Xuereb, French footballer*1960 – Erin Brockovich, American lawyer and environmentalist* 1960 – Margrit Klinger, German runner* 1960 – Tracy Pollan, American actress*1961 – Jimmy Somerville, Scottish singer-songwriter *1962 – Stephen Chow, Hong Kong actor, director, producer, and screenwriter* 1962 – Bobby Gillespie, Scottish musician and singer-songwriter* 1962 – Clyde Drexler, American basketball player and coach* 1962 – Gerald Hillringhaus, German footballer*1963 – Hokutoumi Nobuyoshi, Japanese sumo wrestler, the 61st Yokozuna* 1963 – John Tenta, Canadian-American wrestler (d. 2006)*1964 – Cadillac Anderson, American basketball player* 1964 – Amy Brenneman, American actress* 1964 – Dan Brown, American author and academic* 1964 – Miroslav Kadlec, Czech footballer *1965 – Uwe Boll, German director, producer, and screenwriter* 1965 – Ľubomír Moravčík, Czech footballer and manager*1966 – Michael Park, English racing driver (d. 2005)* 1966 – Emmanuelle Seigner, French actress * 1966 – Dean Woods, Australian cyclist*1968 – Darrell Armstrong, American basketball player and coach* 1968 – Miri Yu, Zainichi, Korean novelist*1971 – Gary Connolly, English rugby player* 1971 – Mary Lynn Rajskub, American actress and comedian* 1971 – Kurt Warner, American football player and sportscaster*1972 – Damien Oliver, Australian jockey*1973 – Carson Daly, American radio and television host *1974 – Jo Cox, British politician (d. 2016)* 1974 – Donald Faison, American actor* 1974 – Vijay, Indian actor*1975 – Urmas Reinsalu, Estonian academic and politician, 28th Estonian Minister of Defence*1978 – Champ Bailey, American football player* 1978 – Dan Wheldon, English racing driver (d. 2011)*1979 – Joey Cheek, American speed skater* 1979 – Thomas Voeckler, French cyclist*1980 – Ilya Bryzgalov, Russian ice hockey player* 1980 – Stephanie Jacobsen, Hong Kong-Australian actress*1981 – Sione Lauaki, New Zealand rugby player (d. 2017)* 1981 – Aquivaldo Mosquera, Colombian footballer*1982 – Andoni Iraola, Spanish footballer* 1982 – Ian Kinsler, American baseball player* 1982 – Soraia Chaves, Portuguese actress and model*1983 – Allar Raja, Estonian rower*1984 – Dustin Johnson, American golfer* 1984 – Rubén Iván Martínez, Spanish footballer* 1984 – Jerome Taylor, Jamaican cricketer* 1984 – Janko Tipsarević, Serbian tennis player*1985 – Thomas Leuluai, New Zealand rugby league player*1987 – Danny Green, American basketball player* 1987 – Lee Min-ho, South Korean actor, singer, model, creative director and businessman* 1987 – Nikita Rukavytsya, Ukrainian-Australian footballer*1988 – Omri Casspi, Israeli basketball player*1989 – Cédric Mongongu, Congolese footballer* 1989 – Jung Yong-hwa, South Korean singer-songwriter and actor*1990 – Sebastian Jung, German footballer*1991 – Hugo Mallo, Spanish footballer*1992 – Ura Kazuki, Japanese sumo wrestler* 1992 – Harry Reid, British actor*1993 – Loris Karius, German footballer*1994 – Sebastien Haller, French footballer* 1994 – Carlos Vinícius Santos de Jesus, Brazilian footballer*1996 – Mikel Merino, Spanish footballer*1999 – Sam Retford, Australian-English actor" ], [ "Deaths", "===Pre-1600===* 207 BC – Hasdrubal Barca, Carthaginian general in the Second Punic War (b.", "245 BC)* 431 – Paulinus of Nola, Christian bishop and poet (b.", "354)* 910 – Gebhard, Frankish nobleman* 910 – Gerhard I, Frankish nobleman* 947 – Qian Hongzuo, king of Wuyue (b.", "928)*1017 – Leo Passianos, Byzantine general*1101 – Roger I of Sicily, Norman nobleman (b.", "1031)*1276 – Innocent V, pope of the Catholic Church (b.", "1225)*1343 – Aimone, Count of Savoy (b.", "1291)*1429 – Jamshīd al-Kāshī, Persian astronomer and mathematician (b.", "1380)*1521 – Leonardo Loredan, Italian politician, 76th Doge of Venice (b.", "1436)*1535 – John Fisher, English bishop and saint (b.", "1469)===1601–1900===*1632 – James Whitelocke, English judge and politician, Chief Justice of Chester (b.", "1570)*1634 – Johann von Aldringen, Austrian field marshal (b.", "1588)*1664 – Katherine Philips, Anglo-Welsh poet (b.", "1631)*1699 – Josiah Child, English merchant, economist, and politician (b.", "1630)*1714 – Matthew Henry, Welsh minister and author (b.", "1662)*1766 – Carlo Zimech, Maltese priest and painter (b.", "1696)*1868 – Heber C. Kimball, American religious leader (b.", "1801)*1872 – Rudecindo Alvarado, Argentinian general (b.", "1792)*1874 – Howard Staunton, English chess player (b.", "1810)*1892 – Pierre Ossian Bonnet, French mathematician and academic (b.", "1819)*1894 – Alexandre-Antonin Taché, Canadian archbishop and missionary (b.", "1823)===1901–present===*1905 – Francis Lubbock, American colonel and politician, 9th Governor of Texas (b.", "1815)*1913 – Ștefan Octavian Iosif, Romanian poet and translator (b.", "1875)*1925 – Felix Klein, German mathematician and academic (b.", "1849)*1928 – A.", "B.", "Frost, American illustrator and painter (b.", "1851)*1931 – Armand Fallières, French politician, 9th President of France (b.", "1841)*1933 – Tim Birkin, English racing driver and lieutenant (b.", "1896)*1935 – Szymon Askenazy, Polish historian and diplomat (b.", "1866)*1936 – Moritz Schlick, German-Austrian physicist and philosopher (b.", "1882)*1938 – C. J. Dennis, Australian poet and author (b.", "1876)*1940 – Monty Noble, Australian cricketer and sportscaster (b.", "1873)*1942 – August Froehlich, German priest and activist (b.", "1891)*1945 – Isamu Chō, Japanese general (b.", "1895)* 1945 – Mitsuru Ushijima, Japanese general (b.", "1887)*1956 – Walter de la Mare, English poet, short story writer and novelist (b.", "1873)*1959 – Hermann Brill, German educator and politician, 8th Minister-President of Thuringia (b.", "1895)*1964 – Havank, Dutch journalist and author (b.", "1904)*1965 – David O. Selznick, American screenwriter and producer (b.", "1902)*1966 – Thaddeus Shideler, American hurdler (b.", "1883)*1969 – Judy Garland, American actress and singer (b.", "1922)*1970 – Đặng Thùy Trâm, Vietnamese surgeon and author (b.", "1942)*1974 – Darius Milhaud, French composer and educator (b.", "1892)*1977 – Jacqueline Audry, French director and screenwriter (b.", "1908)* 1977 – Peter Laughner, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (b.", "1952)*1979 – Louis Chiron, Monégasque race car driver (b.", "1899)*1980 – Joseph Cohen, British solicitor, property developer, cinema magnate and Jewish community leader (b.", "1889)*1984 – Joseph Losey, American director, producer, and screenwriter (b.", "1909)*1987 – Fred Astaire, American actor and dancer (b.", "1899)*1988 – Dennis Day, American singer and actor (b.", "1916)*1990 – Ilya Frank, Russian physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (b.", "1908)*1993 – Pat Nixon, American educator, 37th First Lady of the United States (b.", "1912)*1995 – Leonid Derbenyov, Russian poet and songwriter (b.", "1931)* 1995 – Al Hansen, American sculptor and author (b.", "1927)*1997 – Ted Gärdestad, Swedish singer-songwriter (b.", "1956)* 1997 – Gérard Pelletier, Canadian journalist and politician (b.", "1919)*2003 – Vasil Bykaŭ, Belarusian war novelist (b.", "1924)*2004 – Bob Bemer, American computer scientist and engineer (b.", "1920)* 2004 – Mattie Stepanek, American poet and author (b.", "1990)*2007 – Erik Parlevliet, Dutch field hockey player (b.", "1964)*2008 – Natalia Bekhtereva, Russian neuroscientist and psychologist (b.", "1924)* 2008 – George Carlin, American comedian, actor, and author (b.", "1937)* 2008 – Dody Goodman, American actress and dancer (b.", "1914)*2011 – Coşkun Özarı, Turkish footballer and coach (b.", "1931)*2012 – Juan Luis Galiardo, Spanish actor and producer (b.", "1922)*2013 – Henning Larsen, Danish architect, designed the Copenhagen Opera House (b.", "1925)* 2013 – Allan Simonsen, Danish race car driver (b.", "1978)*2014 – Fouad Ajami, Lebanese-American author and academic (b.", "1945)* 2014 – Rama Narayanan, Indian director and producer (b.", "1949)*2015 – James Horner, American composer and conductor (b.", "1953)*2017 – Mao Kobayashi, Japanese newscaster and actress (b.", "1982)* 2017 – Quett Masire, Botswanan politician (b.", "1926)*2018 – Vinnie Paul, American musician (b.", "1964)*2022 – Bruton Smith, American racetrack promoter (b.", "1927)* 2022 – Yves Coppens, French anthropologist (b.", "1934)* 2023 – Harry Markowitz, American Nobel economist (b.", "1927)" ], [ "Holidays and observances", "* Christian feast day:** Aaron of Aleth** Alban, first recorded Martyr in Britain (commemoration, Anglicanism)** Blessed Pope Innocent V** Eusebius of Samosata (Eastern Orthodox Church)** John Fisher (Catholic Church)** Nicetas of Remesiana** Paulinus of Nola** Thomas More (Catholic Church)** June 22 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)* Anti-Fascist Struggle Day (Croatia)* Day of Remembrance of the Victims of the Great Patriotic War (Belarus)* Father's Day (Guernsey, Isle of Man, and Jersey)* Teachers' Day (El Salvador)* Windrush Day (UK)" ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* * *" ] ]
wikipedia
[ [ "John Cleese" ], [ "Introduction", "'''John Marwood Cleese''' ( ; born 27 October 1939) is an English actor, comedian, screenwriter, producer, and presenter.", "Emerging from the Cambridge Footlights in the 1960s, he first achieved success at the Edinburgh Festival Fringe and as a scriptwriter and performer on ''The Frost Report''.", "In the late 1960s, he cofounded Monty Python, the comedy troupe responsible for the sketch show ''Monty Python's Flying Circus.''", "Along with his Python costars Terry Gilliam, Eric Idle, Terry Jones, Michael Palin, and Graham Chapman, Cleese starred in Monty Python films, which include ''Monty Python and the Holy Grail'' (1975), ''Life of Brian'' (1979), and ''The Meaning of Life'' (1983).In the mid-1970s, Cleese and first wife Connie Booth cowrote the sitcom ''Fawlty Towers'', in which he starred as hotel owner Basil Fawlty, for which he won the 1980 British Academy Television Award for Best Entertainment Performance.", "In 2000, the show topped the British Film Institute's list of the 100 Greatest British Television Programmes, and in a 2001 Channel 4 poll, Basil was ranked second on its list of the 100 Greatest TV Characters.Cleese costarred with Kevin Kline, Jamie Lee Curtis, and Michael Palin in ''A Fish Called Wanda'' (1988) and ''Fierce Creatures'' (1997), both of which he also wrote.", "For ''A Fish Called Wanda'', he received Academy Award, BAFTA Award, and Golden Globe Award nominations.", "He has also starred in ''Time Bandits'' (1981), ''Clockwise'' (1986), and ''Rat Race'' (2001) and acted in ''Silverado'' (1985), ''Mary Shelley's Frankenstein'' (1994), two ''James Bond'' films (as R and Q), two ''Harry Potter'' films (as Nearly Headless Nick), and the last three ''Shrek'' films.", "He received a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actor in a Comedy Series for ''Cheers'' (1987) and was nominated for ''3rd Rock from the Sun'' (1998) and ''Will & Grace'' (2004).Cleese has specialised in political and religious satire, black comedy, sketch comedy, and surreal humour.", "He was ranked the second best comedian ever in a 2005 Channel 4 poll of fellow comedians.", "He cofounded Video Arts, a production company making entertaining training films as well as ''The Secret Policeman's Ball'' benefit shows to raise funds for the human rights organisation Amnesty International.", "Formerly a staunch supporter of the Liberal Democrats, in 1999, he turned down an offer from the party to nominate him for a life peerage.", "In 2023, he began presenting a talk show on GB News." ], [ "Early life and education", "Cleese was born in Weston-super-Mare, Somerset, England, the only child of Reginald Francis Cleese (1893–1972), an insurance salesman, and his wife Muriel Evelyn (''née'' Cross, 1899–2000), the daughter of an auctioneer.", "His family's surname was originally Cheese, but his father had thought it was embarrassing and used the name Cleese when he enlisted in the Army during the First World War; he changed it officially by deed poll in 1923.As a child, Cleese supported Bristol City and Somerset County Cricket Club.", "Cleese was educated at St Peter's Preparatory School (paid for by money his mother inherited), where he received a prize for English and did well at cricket and boxing.", "When he was 13, he was awarded an exhibition at Clifton College, an English public school in Bristol.", "By that age, he was more than 6 feet (1.83 m) tall.Cleese allegedly defaced the school grounds, as a prank, by painting footprints to suggest that the statue of Field Marshal Earl Haig had left its plinth and gone to the toilet.", "Cleese played cricket in the First XI and did well academically, passing eight O-Levels and three A-Levels in mathematics, physics and chemistry.", "In his autobiography ''So, Anyway'', he says that discovering, aged 17, he had not been made a house prefect by his housemaster affected his outlook: \"It was not fair and therefore it was unworthy of my respect...", "I believe that this moment changed my perspective on the world.", "\"Cleese could not go straight to the University of Cambridge, as the ending of National Service meant there were twice the usual number of applicants for places, so he returned to his prep school for two years to teach science, English, geography, history, and Latin (he drew on his Latin teaching experience later for a scene in ''Life of Brian'', in which he corrects Brian's badly written Latin graffiti).", "He then took up a place he had won at Downing College, Cambridge, to read law.", "He also joined the Cambridge Footlights.", "He recalled that he went to the Cambridge Guildhall, where each university society had a stall, and went up to the Footlights stall, where he was asked if he could sing or dance.", "He replied \"no\" as he was not allowed to sing at his school because he was so bad, and if there was anything worse than his singing, it was his dancing.", "He was then asked \"Well, what do you do?\"", "to which he replied, \"I make people laugh.", "\"At the Footlights theatrical club, Cleese spent a lot of time with Tim Brooke-Taylor and Bill Oddie and met his future writing partner Graham Chapman.", "Cleese wrote extra material for the 1961 Footlights Revue ''I Thought I Saw It Move'', and was registrar for the Footlights Club during 1962.He was also in the cast of the 1962 Footlights Revue ''Double Take!''", "Cleese graduated from Cambridge in 1963 with an upper second.", "Despite his successes on ''The Frost Report'', his father sent him cuttings from ''The Daily Telegraph'' offering management jobs in places such as Marks & Spencer." ], [ "Career", "=== 1963–1968: Pre-Python ===Cleese was a scriptwriter, as well as a cast member, for the 1963 Footlights Revue ''A Clump of Plinths''.", "The revue was so successful at the Edinburgh Festival Fringe that it was renamed ''Cambridge Circus'' and taken to the West End in London and then on a tour of New Zealand and Broadway, with the cast also appearing in some of the revue's sketches on ''The Ed Sullivan Show'' in October 1964.After ''Cambridge Circus'', Cleese briefly stayed in America, performing on and off-Broadway.", "While performing in the musical ''Half a Sixpence'', Cleese met future Python Terry Gilliam as well as American actress Connie Booth, whom he married on 20 February 1968.At their wedding at a Unitarian Church in Manhattan, the couple attempted to ensure an absence of any theistic language.", "\"The only moment of disappointment,\" Cleese recalled, \"came at the very end of the service when I discovered that I'd failed to excise one particular mention of the word 'God.'\"", "Later, Booth became a writing partner.", "He was soon offered work as a writer with BBC Radio, where he worked on several programmes, most notably as a sketch writer for ''The Dick Emery Show''.", "The success of the Footlights Revue led to the recording of a short series of half-hour radio programmes, called ''I'm Sorry, I'll Read That Again'', which were so popular that the BBC commissioned a regular series with the same title that ran from 1965 to 1974.Cleese returned to Britain and joined the cast.", "In many episodes, he is credited as \"John Otto Cleese\" (according to Jem Roberts, this may have been due to the embarrassment of his actual middle name Marwood).Also in 1965, Cleese and Chapman began writing on ''The Frost Report''.", "The writing staff chosen for ''The Frost Report'' consisted of a number of writers and performers who went on to make names for themselves in comedy.", "They included co-performers from ''I'm Sorry, I'll Read That Again'' and future Goodies Bill Oddie and Tim Brooke-Taylor, and also Frank Muir, Barry Cryer, Marty Feldman, Ronnie Barker, Ronnie Corbett, Dick Vosburgh and future Python members Eric Idle, Terry Jones, and Michael Palin.", "While working on ''The Frost Report'', the future Pythons developed the writing styles that would make their collaboration significant.", "Cleese's and Chapman's sketches often involved authority figures, some of whom were performed by Cleese, while Jones and Palin were both infatuated with filmed scenes that opened with idyllic countryside panoramas.", "Idle was one of those charged with writing David Frost's monologue.", "During this period Cleese met and befriended influential British comedian Peter Cook, eventually collaborating with Cook on several projects and forming a close friendship that lasted until Cook's death in 1995.It was as a performer on ''The Frost Report'' that Cleese achieved his breakthrough on British television as a comedy actor, appearing as the tall, ''upper class'' patrician figure in the classic \"Class\" sketch (screened on 7 April 1966), contrasting comically in a line-up with the shorter, ''middle class'' Ronnie Barker and the even shorter, ''working class'' Ronnie Corbett.", "The British Film Institute commented, \"Its twinning of height and social position, combined with a minimal script, created a classic TV moment.\"", "This series was so popular that in 1966 Cleese and Chapman were invited to work as writers and performers with Brooke-Taylor and Feldman on ''At Last the 1948 Show'', during which time the ''Four Yorkshiremen sketch'' was written by all four writers/performers (the Four Yorkshiremen sketch is now better known as a Monty Python sketch).Cleese and Chapman also wrote episodes for the first series of ''Doctor in the House'' (and later Cleese wrote six episodes of ''Doctor at Large'' on his own in 1971).", "These series were successful, and in 1969 Cleese and Chapman were offered their very own series.", "However, owing to Chapman's alcoholism, Cleese found himself bearing an increasing workload in the partnership and was, therefore, unenthusiastic about doing a series with just the two of them.", "He had found working with Palin on ''The Frost Report'' an enjoyable experience and invited him to join the series.", "Palin had previously been working on ''Do Not Adjust Your Set'' with Idle and Jones, with Terry Gilliam creating the animations.", "The four of them had, on the back of the success of ''Do Not Adjust Your Set'', been offered a series for Thames Television, which they were waiting to begin when Cleese's offer arrived.", "Palin agreed to work with Cleese and Chapman in the meantime, bringing with him Gilliam, Jones, and Idle.=== 1969–1983: Monty Python ===''Monty Python's Flying Circus'' ran for four series from October 1969 to December 1974 on BBC Television, though Cleese quit the show after the third.", "Cleese's two primary characterisations were as a sophisticate and a loony.", "He portrayed the former as a series of announcers, TV show hosts, and government officials (for example, \"The Ministry of Silly Walks\").", "The latter is perhaps best represented in the \"Cheese Shop\" and by Cleese's Mr Praline character, the man with a dead Norwegian Blue parrot and a menagerie of other animals all named \"Eric\".", "He was also known for his working class \"Sergeant Major\" character, who worked as a Police Sergeant, Roman Centurion, etc.", "Cleese also appeared during some abrupt scene changes as a radio commentator (usually outfitted in a dinner suit) where, in a rather pompous manner, he would make the formal and determined announcement \"And now for something completely different\", which later became the title of the first Monty Python film.", "'''Partnership with Graham Chapman'''Along with Gilliam's animations, Cleese's work with Graham Chapman provided Python with its darkest and angriest moments, and many of his characters display the seething suppressed rage that later characterised his portrayal of Basil Fawlty.Unlike Palin and Jones, Cleese and Chapman wrote together in the same room; Cleese claims that their writing partnership involved him doing most of the work, while Chapman sat back, not speaking for long periods before suddenly coming out with an idea that often elevated the sketch to a new level.", "A classic example of this is the \"Dead Parrot sketch\", envisaged by Cleese as a satire on poor customer service, which was originally to have involved a broken toaster and later a broken car (this version was actually performed and broadcast on the pre-Python special ''How to Irritate People'').", "It was Chapman's suggestion to change the faulty item into a dead parrot, and he also suggested that the parrot be specifically a \"Norwegian Blue\", giving the sketch a surreal air which made it far more memorable.Their humour often involved ordinary people in ordinary situations behaving absurdly for no obvious reason.", "Like Chapman, Cleese's poker face, clipped middle class accent, and intimidating height allowed him to appear convincingly as a variety of authority figures, such as policemen, detectives, Nazi officers or government officials, which he then proceeded to undermine.", "In the \"Ministry of Silly Walks\" sketch (written by Palin and Jones), for example, Cleese exploits his stature as the crane-legged civil servant performing a grotesquely elaborate walk to his office.", "On the Silly Walks sketch, Ben Beaumont-Thomas in ''The Guardian'' writes, \"Cleese is utterly deadpan as he takes the stereotypical bowler-hatted political drone and ruthlessly skewers him.", "All the self-importance, bureaucratic inefficiency and laughable circuitousness of Whitehall is summed up in one balletic extension of his slender leg.", "\"\"Argument Clinic\" sketch with Palin (standing) at ''Monty Python Live (Mostly)'', in 2014Chapman and Cleese also specialised in sketches wherein two characters conducted highly articulate arguments over completely arbitrary subjects, such as in the \"cheese shop\", the \"dead parrot\" sketch and \"Argument Clinic\", where Cleese plays a stone-faced bureaucrat employed to sit behind a desk and engage people in pointless, trivial bickering.", "All of these roles were opposite Palin (who Cleese often claims is his favourite Python to work with)—the comic contrast between the towering Cleese's crazed aggression and the shorter Palin's shuffling inoffensiveness is a common feature in the series.", "Occasionally, the typical Cleese–Palin dynamic is reversed, as in \"Fish Licence\", wherein Palin plays the bureaucrat with whom Cleese is trying to work.Though ''Flying Circus'' lasted four series, by the start of series 3, Cleese was growing tired of dealing with Chapman's alcoholism.", "He felt, too, that the show's scripts had declined in quality.", "For these reasons, he became restless and decided to move on.", "Though he stayed for the third series, he officially left the group before the fourth season.", "Cleese received a credit on three episodes of the fourth series which used material from these sessions, though he was officially unconnected with the fourth series.", "He remained friendly with the group, and all six began writing ''Monty Python and the Holy Grail''.", "Much of his work on ''Holy Grail'' remains widely quoted, including the Black Knight scene.", "Cleese returned to the troupe to co-write and co-star in two further Monty Python films, ''Monty Python's Life of Brian'' and ''Monty Python's The Meaning of Life''.", "His attack on Roman rule in ''Life of Brian''–when he asks \"What have the Romans ever done for us?", "\", before being met with a string of benefits including sanitation, roads and public order–was ranked the seventh funniest line in film in a 2002 poll.", "Since the last Python film (''Meaning of Life'' in 1983) Cleese has participated in various live performances with the group over the years.=== 1970–1979: ''Fawlty Towers'' ===From 1970 to 1973, Cleese served as rector of the University of St Andrews.", "His election proved a milestone for the university, revolutionising and modernising the post.", "For instance, the rector was traditionally entitled to appoint an \"assessor\", a deputy to sit in his place at important meetings in his absence.", "Cleese changed this into a position for a student, elected across campus by the student body, resulting in direct access and representation for the student body.Around this time, Cleese worked with comedian Les Dawson on his sketch/stand-up show ''Sez Les''.", "The differences between the two physically (the tall, lean Cleese and the short, stout Dawson) and socially (the public school and the Cambridge-educated Cleese vs. the working class, self-educated Mancunian Dawson) were marked, but both worked well together from series 8 onwards until the series ended in 1976.Cleese appeared on a single, \"Superspike\", with Bill Oddie and a group of UK athletes, billed the \"Superspike Squad\", to fund the latter's attendance at the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal.Cleese starred in the low-budget spoof of the Sherlock Holmes detective series ''The Strange Case of the End of Civilization as We Know It'' (1977) as the grandson of the world's greatest consulting detective.", "In December 1977, Cleese appeared as a guest star on ''The Muppet Show''.", "Ranked one of the best guest stars to appear on the show, Cleese was a fan of ''The Muppet Show'' and co-wrote much of the episode.", "In it he is \"kidnapped\" before the show begins, complains about the number of pigs, and gets roped into doing a closing number with Kermit the Frog, Sweetums, pigs, chickens and monsters.", "Cleese also made a cameo appearance in their 1981 film ''The Great Muppet Caper'' and won the ''TV Times'' award for Funniest Man on TV – 1978–79.In 1979, he starred in a TV special, ''To Norway, Home of Giants'', produced by Johnny Bergh.Throughout the 1970s, Cleese also produced and acted in a number of successful business training films, including ''Meetings, Bloody Meetings,'' and ''More Bloody Meetings''.", "These were produced by his company Video Arts.'''", "''Fawlty Towers'' '''Cleese achieved greater prominence in the United Kingdom as the neurotic hotel manager Basil Fawlty in the two series of ''Fawlty Towers'', first broadcast 1975 and 1979, which he co-wrote with his wife Connie Booth.", "The series won three BAFTA awards when produced, and in 2000 it topped the British Film Institute's list of the 100 Greatest British Television Programmes.", "In a 2001 poll conducted by Channel 4 Basil Fawlty was ranked second (behind Homer Simpson) on their list of the 100 Greatest TV Characters.", "The series also featured Prunella Scales as Basil's acerbic wife Sybil, Andrew Sachs as the much abused Spanish waiter Manuel, and Booth as waitress Polly, the series' voice of sanity.", "Cleese based Basil Fawlty on a real person, Donald Sinclair, whom he had encountered in 1970 while the Monty Python team were staying at the Gleneagles Hotel in Torquay while filming inserts for their television series.", "Reportedly, Cleese was inspired by Sinclair's mantra, \"I could run this hotel just fine if it weren't for the guests.\"", "He later described Sinclair as \"the most wonderfully rude man I have ever met,\" although Sinclair's widow has said her husband was totally misrepresented in the series.", "During the Pythons' stay, Sinclair allegedly threw Idle's briefcase out of the hotel \"in case it contained a bomb,\" complained about Gilliam's \"American\" table manners, and threw a bus timetable at another guest after he dared to ask the time of the next bus to town.The first series was screened from 19 September 1975 on BBC 2, initially to poor reviews, but gained momentum when repeated on BBC 1 the following year.", "Despite this, a second series did not air until 1979, by which time Cleese's marriage to Booth had ended, but they revived their collaboration for the second series.", "''Fawlty Towers'' consisted of two seasons, each of only six episodes; Cleese and Booth both maintain that this was to avoid compromising the quality of the series.", "The popularity of ''Fawlty Towers'' has endured, and in addition to featuring high in greatest-ever television show polls it is often rebroadcast.", "In a 2002 poll, Basil's \"don't mention the war\" comment (said to the waitress Polly about the German guests) was ranked the second funniest line in television.=== 1980–1999 ===During the 1980s and 1990s, Cleese focused on film, though he did work with Peter Cook in his one-off TV special ''Peter Cook and Co.'' in 1980.In the same year, Cleese played Petruchio, in Shakespeare's ''The Taming of the Shrew'' in the BBC Television Shakespeare series.", "In 1981 he appeared in the Terry Gilliam-directed ''Time Bandits'' as Robin Hood.", "He also participated in ''Monty Python Live at the Hollywood Bowl'' (filmed 1980, released 1982) and starred in ''The Secret Policeman's Ball'' for Amnesty International.", "In 1985, Cleese had a small dramatic role as a sheriff in the American Western ''Silverado'', which had an all-star cast that included Kevin Kline, with whom he starred in ''A Fish Called Wanda'' three years later.", "In 1986, he starred in the British comedy film ''Clockwise'' as an uptight school headmaster obsessed with punctuality and constantly getting into trouble during a journey to speak at the Headmasters' Conference.", "Written by Michael Frayn, the film was successful in the UK but not in the United States.", "It earned Cleese the 1987 Peter Sellers Award For Comedy at the Evening Standard British Film Awards.Cleese appearing at the 61st Academy Awards in March 1989In 1988, Cleese wrote and starred in ''A Fish Called Wanda'' as the lead, Archie Leach, along with Jamie Lee Curtis, Kevin Kline, and Michael Palin.", "''Wanda'' was a commercial and critical success, becoming one of the top ten films of the year at the US box office, and Cleese was nominated for an Academy Award for his script.", "Kline won the Oscar for his portrayal of bumbling, violent, narcissistic ex-CIA agent Otto West in the film.From 1988 to 1992, Cleese appeared in numerous television commercials for Schweppes Ginger Ale.", "Between 1992 and 1994, he also appeared in some television commercials for Magnavox.In 1989, Graham Chapman was diagnosed with throat cancer; Cleese, Michael Palin, Peter Cook, and Chapman's partner David Sherlock witnessed Chapman's death.", "Chapman's death occurred a day before the 20th anniversary of the first broadcast of ''Flying Circus'', with Jones commenting that it was \"the worst case of party-pooping in all history.\"", "Cleese gave a eulogy at Chapman's memorial service.Cleese later played a supporting role in Kenneth Branagh's adaptation of ''Mary Shelley's Frankenstein'' (1994) alongside Branagh himself and Robert De Niro.", "With Robin Skynner, the English psychiatrist, Cleese wrote two books on relationships: ''Families and How to Survive Them'' and ''Life and How to Survive It''.", "The books are presented as a dialogue between Skynner and Cleese.The follow-up to ''A Fish Called Wanda'', ''Fierce Creatures''—which again starred Cleese alongside Kevin Kline, Jamie Lee Curtis, and Michael Palin—was released in 1997, but was greeted with mixed reception by critics and audiences.", "Cleese has since often stated that making the second film had been a mistake.", "When asked by his friend, director and restaurant critic Michael Winner, what he would do differently if he could live his life again, Cleese responded, \"I wouldn't have married Alyce Faye Eichelberger and I wouldn't have made ''Fierce Creatures''.", "\"In 1999, Cleese appeared in the James Bond film ''The World Is Not Enough'' as Q's assistant, referred to by Bond as \"R\".", "In 2002, when Cleese reprised his role in ''Die Another Day'', the character was promoted, making Cleese the new quartermaster (Q) of MI6.In 2004, Cleese was featured as Q in the video game ''James Bond 007: Everything or Nothing'', featuring his likeness and voice.", "Cleese did not appear in the subsequent Bond films, ''Casino Royale'', ''Quantum of Solace'' and ''Skyfall''; in the latter film, Ben Whishaw was cast in the role of Q.=== 2000–2009 ===Cleese is Provost's visiting professor at Cornell University, after having been Andrew D. White Professor-at-Large from 1999 to 2006.He makes occasional well-received appearances on the Cornell campus.", "In 2001, Cleese was cast in the comedy ''Rat Race'' as the eccentric hotel owner Donald P. Sinclair, the name of the Torquay hotel owner on whom he had based the character of Basil Fawlty.", "That year he appeared as Nearly Headless Nick in the first ''Harry Potter'' film: ''Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone'' (2001), a role he would reprise in ''Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets'' (2002).", "In 2002, Cleese made a cameo appearance in the film ''The Adventures of Pluto Nash'', in which he played \"James\", a computerised chauffeur of a hover car stolen by the title character (played by Eddie Murphy).", "The vehicle is subsequently destroyed in a chase, leaving the chauffeur stranded in a remote place on the moon.", "In 2003, Cleese appeared as Lyle Finster on the US sitcom ''Will & Grace''.", "His character's daughter, Lorraine, was played by Minnie Driver.", "In the series, Lyle Finster briefly marries Karen Walker (Megan Mullally).", "In 2004, Cleese was credited as co-writer of a DC Comics graphic novel titled ''Superman: True Brit''.", "Part of DC's \"Elseworlds\" line of imaginary stories, ''True Brit'', mostly written by Kim Howard Johnson, suggests what might have happened had Superman's rocket ship landed on a farm in Britain, not America.Cleese in 2008From 10 November to 9 December 2005, Cleese toured New Zealand with his stage show ''John Cleese—His Life, Times and Current Medical Problems''.", "Cleese described it as \"a one-man show with several people in it, which pushes the envelope of acceptable behaviour in new and disgusting ways\".", "The show was developed in New York City with William Goldman and includes Cleese's daughter Camilla as a writer and actor (the shows were directed by Australian Bille Brown).", "His assistant of many years, Garry Scott-Irvine, also appeared and was listed as a co-producer.", "The show then played in universities in California and Arizona from 10 January to 25 March 2006 under the title ''Seven Ways to Skin an Ocelot''.", "His voice can be downloaded for directional guidance purposes as a downloadable option on some personal GPS-navigation device models by company TomTom.In a 2005 poll of comedians and comedy insiders, ''The Comedians' Comedian'', Cleese was voted second to Peter Cook.", "In 2006, Cleese hosted a television special of football's greatest kicks, goals, saves, bloopers, plays, and penalties, as well as football's influence on culture (including the Monty Python sketch \"Philosophy Football\"), featuring interviews with pop culture icons Dave Stewart, Dennis Hopper, and Henry Kissinger, as well as eminent footballers, including Pelé, Mia Hamm, and Thierry Henry.", "''The Art of Soccer with John Cleese'' was released in North America on DVD in January 2009 by BFS Entertainment & Multimedia.", "Also in 2006, Cleese released the song \"Don't Mention the World Cup\".Cleese lent his voice to the BioWare video game ''Jade Empire''.", "His role was that of an \"outlander\" named Sir Roderick Ponce von Fontlebottom the Magnificent Bastard, stranded in the Imperial City of the Jade Empire.", "His character is essentially a British colonialist stereotype who refers to the people of the Jade Empire as \"savages in need of enlightenment\".", "His armour has the design of a fork stuck in a piece of cheese.", "In 2007, Cleese appeared in ads for Titleist as a golf course designer named \"Ian MacCallister\", who represents \"Golf Designers Against Distance\".", "Also in 2007, he was involved in filming of the sequel to ''The Pink Panther'', titled ''The Pink Panther 2'', with Steve Martin and Aishwarya Rai.Cleese collaborated with Los Angeles Guitar Quartet member William Kanengiser in 2008 on the text to the performance piece \"The Ingenious Gentleman of La Mancha\".", "Cleese, as narrator, and the LAGQ premiered the work in Santa Barbara.", "The year 2008 also saw reports of Cleese working on a musical version of ''A Fish Called Wanda'' with his daughter Camilla.At the end of March 2009, Cleese published his first article as \"Contributing Editor\" to ''The Spectator'': \"The real reason I had to join ''The Spectator''\".", "Cleese has also hosted comedy galas at the Montreal Just for Laughs comedy festival in 2006, and again in 2009.Towards the end of 2009 and into 2010, Cleese appeared in a series of television adverts for the Norwegian electric goods shop chain Elkjøp.", "In March 2010 it was announced that Cleese would be playing Jasper in the video game ''Fable III''.In 2009 and 2010, Cleese toured Scandinavia and the US with his Alimony Tour Year One and Year Two.", "In May 2010, it was announced that this tour, set for May 2011, would extend to the UK (his first tour there).", "The show is dubbed the \"Alimony Tour\" in reference to the financial implications of Cleese's divorce.", "The UK tour started in Cambridge on 3 May, visiting Birmingham, Nottingham, Salford, York, Liverpool, Leeds, Glasgow, Edinburgh, Oxford, Bristol and Bath (the Alimony Tour DVD was recorded on 2 July, the final Bath date).", "Later in 2011 John took his Alimony Tour to South Africa.", "He played Cape Town on the 21 & 22 October before moving over to Johannesburg, where he played from 25 to 30 October.", "In January 2012 he took his one-man show to Australia, starting in Perth on 22 January and throughout the next four months visited Adelaide, Brisbane, Gold Coast, Newcastle, New South Wales, Melbourne, Sydney, and finished up during April in Canberra.=== 2010–present ===In October 2010, Cleese was featured in the launch of an advertising campaign by The Automobile Association for a new home emergency response product.", "He appeared as a man who believed the AA could not help him during a series of disasters, including water pouring through his ceiling, with the line \"The AA?", "For faulty showers?\"", "During 2010, Cleese appeared in a series of radio advertisements for the Canadian insurance company Pacific Blue Cross, in which he plays a character called \"Dr. Nigel Bilkington, Chief of Medicine for American General Hospital\".In 2012, Cleese was cast in ''Hunting Elephants'', a heist comedy by Israeli filmmaker Reshef Levi.", "Cleese had to quit just prior to filming due to heart trouble and was replaced by Patrick Stewart.", "Between September and October 2013, Cleese embarked on his first-ever cross-Canada comedy tour.", "Entitled \"John Cleese: Last Time to See Me Before I Die tour\", he visited Halifax, Ottawa, Toronto, Edmonton, Calgary, Victoria and finished in Vancouver, performing to mostly sold-out venues.", "Cleese returned to the stage in Dubai in November 2013, where he performed to a sold-out theatre.the O2 Arena, London, in July 2014Cleese was interviewed and appears as himself in filmmaker Gracie Otto's 2013 documentary film ''The Last Impresario'', about Cleese's longtime friend and colleague Michael White.", "White produced ''Monty Python and the Holy Grail'' and Cleese's pre-Python comedy production ''Cambridge Circus''.", "At a comic press conference in November 2013, Cleese and other surviving members of the Monty Python comedy group announced a reuniting performance to be held in July 2014.Cleese joined with Eric Idle in 2015 and 2016 for a tour of North America, Canada and the ANZUS nations, \"John Cleese & Eric Idle: Together Again At Last .", ".", ".", "For The Very First Time,\" playing small theatres and including interaction with audiences as well as sketches and reminisces.", "In a Reddit Ask Me Anything interview, Cleese expressed regret that he had turned down the role played by Robin Williams in ''The Birdcage'', the butler played by Anthony Hopkins in ''The Remains of the Day'', and the clergyman played by Peter Cook in ''The Princess Bride''.In 2017, he wrote ''Bang Bang!''", "a new adaptation of Georges Feydeau's French play ''Monsieur Chasse!''", "for the Mercury Theatre, Colchester, before making its American premiere at the Shadowland Stages in Ellenville, New York in 2018 followed by touring the UK in spring 2020.In 2021, Cleese cancelled an appearance at the Cambridge Union Society after learning that art historian Andrew Graham-Dixon had been blacklisted by the union for impersonating Adolf Hitler.", "His visit to the university was intended to be part of a documentary on wokeism.", "Cleese said he was \"blacklisting myself before someone else does\".", "In 2023, he starred in Roman Polanski's drama film ''The Palace''.", "In October, Cleese starting presenting a new show on GB News called The Dinosaur Hour which airs on Sunday evenings." ], [ "Style of humour", "Graffiti of Cleese in \"The Ministry of Silly Walks\" sketch in Monty Python—Leicester, 2007In his ''Alimony Tour'' Cleese explained the origin of his fondness for black humour, the only thing that he inherited from his mother.", "Examples of it are the Dead Parrot sketch, \"The Kipper and the Corpse\" episode of ''Fawlty Towers'', his clip for the 1992 BBC2 mockumentary \"A Question of Taste\", the Undertakers sketch, and his eulogy at Graham Chapman's memorial service which included the line, \"Good riddance to him, the freeloading bastard!", "I hope he fries.\"", "On his attitude to life he states, \"I can take almost nothing seriously\".", "Cleese has criticised political correctness, wokeism and cancel culture, saying that despite initial good intentions to \"not be mean to people\", they have become \"a sort of indulgence of the most over-sensitive people in your culture, the people who are most easily upset ... if you have to keep thinking which words you can use and which you can't, then that will stifle creativity.\"", "According to Cleese, \"The main thing is to realise that words depend on their context ... PC people simply don't understand this business about context because they tend to be very literal-minded\", and that he imagined a \"woke joke ... might be heart-warming but it's not going to be very funny.\"", "He has also argued that political correctness and wokeism are a threat to humour, creativity, and freedom of thought and expression.In 2020, following a controversy over the content of the ''Fawlty Towers'' episode \"The Germans\", Cleese criticised the BBC, saying \"The BBC is now run by a mixture of marketing people and petty bureaucrats.", "It used to have a large sprinkling of people who'd actually made programmes.", "Not any more.", "So BBC decisions are made by persons whose main concern is not losing their jobs... That's why they're so cowardly and gutless and contemptible.\"", "He likened the style of humour in ''Fawlty Towers'' to the representation of Alf Garnett from another BBC sitcom, ''Till Death Us Do Part'', saying \"We laughed at Alf's reactionary views.", "Thus we discredited them, by laughing at him.", "Of course, there were people—very stupid people—who said 'Thank God someone is saying these things at last'.", "We laughed at these people too.", "Now they're taking decisions about BBC comedy.\"" ], [ "Activism and politics", "Cleese (and the other members of Python) have contributed their services to charitable endeavours and causes—sometimes as an ensemble, at other times as individuals.", "The cause that has been the most frequent and consistent beneficiary has been the human rights work of Amnesty International via the ''Secret Policeman's Ball'' benefit shows.", "The idea of the ''Ball'' was conceived by Cleese, with ''Huffington Post'' stating \"in 1976 he \"friended\" the then-struggling Amnesty International (according to Martin Lewis, the very notion of Human Rights was then not the domain of hipsters and students, but just of foreign-policy wonks) first with a cheque signed \"J. Cleese\" — and then by rounding up \"a few friends\" to put on a show.\"", "Many musicians have publicly attributed their activism—and the organisation of their own benefit events—to the inspiration of the work in this field of Cleese and the rest of Python, such as Bob Geldof (organiser of Live Aid), U2, Pete Townshend, and Sting.", "On the impact of the Ball on Geldof, Sting states, \"he took the 'Ball' and ran with it.", "\"Cleese, in 2022, spoke at the conference of the revival Social Democratic Party.", "Previously, he was a long-standing supporter of the Liberal Democrats and before that was a supporter of the original SDP after their formation in 1981.During the 1987 general election he recorded a party political broadcast for the SDP–Liberal Alliance, in which he advocated for the introduction of proportional representation.", "Cleese subsequently appeared in broadcasts for the Liberal Democrats in the 1997 general election and narrated a radio election broadcast for the party during the 2001 general election.In 2008, Cleese expressed support for Barack Obama and his presidential candidacy, offering his services as a speech writer.", "He was an outspoken critic of Republican Vice-Presidential candidate Sarah Palin, saying that \"Michael Palin is no longer the funniest Palin\".", "The same year, he wrote a satirical poem about Fox News commentator Sean Hannity for ''Countdown with Keith Olbermann''.In 2011, Cleese declared his appreciation for Britain's coalition government between the Conservatives and Liberal Democrats, saying: \"I think what's happening at the moment is rather interesting.", "The Coalition has made everything a little more courteous and a little more flexible.", "I think it was quite good that the Liberal Democrats had to compromise a bit with the Tories.\"", "He also criticised the previous Labour government, commenting: \"Although my inclinations are slightly left-of-centre, I was terribly disappointed with the last Labour government.", "Gordon Brown lacked emotional intelligence and was never a leader.\"", "Cleese also reiterated his support for proportional representation.In April 2011, Cleese said that he had declined a life peerage for political services in 1999.Outgoing leader of the Liberal Democrats Paddy Ashdown had put forward the suggestion shortly before stepping down, with the idea that Cleese would take the party whip and sit as a working peer, but the actor quipped that he \"realised this involved being in England in the winter and I thought that was too much of a price to pay.\"", "Cleese also declined a CBE title in 1996 as he thought, \"they were silly.", "\"In an interview with ''The Daily Telegraph'' in 2014, Cleese expressed political interest about the UK Independence Party, saying that although he was in doubt as to whether he was prepared to vote for it, he was attracted to its challenge to the established political order and the radicalism of its policies on the United Kingdom's membership of the European Union.", "He expressed support for immigration, but also concern about the integration of immigrants into British culture.Talking to ''Der Spiegel'' in 2015, Cleese expressed a critical view on what he saw as a plutocracy that was unhealthily developing control of the governance of the First World's societies, stating that he had reached a point when he \"saw that our existence here is absolutely hopeless.", "I see the rich have got a stranglehold on us.", "If somebody had said that to me when I was 20, I would have regarded him as a left-wing loony.", "\"In 2016, Cleese publicly supported Brexit in the 2016 referendum on leaving the European Union.", "He tweeted: \"If I thought there was any chance of major reform in the EU, I'd vote to stay in.", "But there isn't.", "Sad.\"", "Cleese said that \"EU bureaucrats\" had taken away \"any trace of democratic accountability\" and suggested they should \"give up the euro, introduce accountability.", "\"During then-Republican nominee Donald Trump's run for the US presidency in 2016, Cleese described Trump as \"a narcissist, with no attention span, who doesn't have clear ideas about anything and makes it all up as he goes along\".", "He had previously described the leadership of the Republican Party as \"the most cynical, most disgracefully immoral people I've ever come across in a Western civilisation\".In 2017, Cleese stated that he would not vote in that year's general election because \"I live in Chelsea and Kensington, so under our present system my vote is utterly worthless.\"", "In July 2018, Cleese said that he was leaving the UK to relocate to the Caribbean island of Nevis, partly over frustration around the standard of the Brexit debate, including \"dreadful lies\" by \"the right\" and a lack of reform regarding the press and the voting system.", "He relocated to Nevis on 1 November 2018.In May 2019, Cleese repeated his previous statement that London was no longer an English city, saying \"virtually all my friends from abroad have confirmed my observation.", "So there must be some truth in it...", "I note also that London was the UK city that voted most strongly to remain in the EU.\"", "London Mayor Sadiq Khan responded, \"These comments make John Cleese sound like he's in character as Basil Fawlty.", "Londoners know that our diversity is our greatest strength.", "We are proudly the English capital, a European city and a global hub.\"", "Cleese added, \"I suspect I should apologise for my affection for the Englishness of my upbringing, but in some ways I found it calmer, more polite, more humorous, less tabloid, and less money-oriented than the one that is replacing it.", "\"In 2020, Cleese opposed the BBC's removal of the ''Fawlty Towers'' episode \"The Germans\" from the UKTV streaming service after protests following the murder of George Floyd, stating that the program was mocking prejudice with its use of a character who uttered racial slurs.", "\"If they can't see that, if people are too stupid to see that, what can one say,\" said Cleese.", "UKTV later restored the episode with a disclaimer about its content.In November 2021, Cleese protested against perceived cancel culture by blacklisting himself over a Hitler impersonation controversy at the Cambridge Union.=== Anti-smoking campaign ===In 1992, the UK Health Education Authority (subsequently the Health Development Agency, now merged into the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence) recruited Cleese—an ex-smoker—to star in a series of anti-smoking public service announcements (PSAs) on British television, which took the form of sketches rife with morbid humour about smoking and were designed to encourage adult smokers to quit.", "In a controlled study of regions of central and northern England (one region received no intervention) the PSAs were broadcast in two regions, and one region received both the PSAs, plus locally organised anti-tobacco campaigning.", "The study found:After 18 months, 9.8% of successfully re-interviewed smokers had stopped and 4.3% of ex-smokers had relapsed.", "...", "There was no evidence of an extra effect of the local tobacco control network when combined with TV media ...", "Applying these results to a typical population where 28% smoke and 28% are ex-smokers, and where there would be an equal number of quitters and relapsers over an 18 month period without the campaign, suggests that the campaign would reduce smoking prevalence by about 1.2%." ], [ "Personal life", "Cleese met Connie Booth in the US and they married in 1968.In 1971, Booth gave birth to their only child, Cynthia Cleese, who went on to appear with her father in his films ''A Fish Called Wanda'' and ''Fierce Creatures''.", "With Booth, Cleese wrote the scripts for and co-starred in both series of ''Fawlty Towers'', although the two were actually divorced before the second series was finished and aired.", "Cleese and Booth are said to have remained close friends since.", "Cleese has two grandchildren through Cynthia's marriage to writer/director Ed Solomon.", "Cleese married American actress Barbara Trentham in 1981.Their daughter Camilla, Cleese's second child, was born in 1984.He and Trentham divorced in 1990.During this time, Cleese emigrated to Los Angeles.In 1992, he married American psychotherapist Alyce Faye Eichelberger.", "They divorced in 2008; the divorce settlement left Eichelberger with £12 million in finance and assets, including £600,000 a year for seven years.", "Cleese said, \"What I find so unfair is that if we both died today, her children would get much more than mine ...", "I got off lightly.", "Think what I'd have had to pay Alyce if she had contributed anything to the relationship—such as children, or a conversation\".Less than a year later, he returned to the UK, where he has property in London and a home on the Royal Crescent in Bath, Somerset.", "In August 2012, Cleese married English jewellery designer and former model Jennifer Wade in a ceremony on the Caribbean island of Mustique.In an interview in 2014, Cleese blamed his mother, who lived to the age of 101, for his problems in relationships with women, saying: \"My ingrained habit of walking on eggshells when dealing with my mother dominated my romantic liaisons for many years.\"", "Cleese said that he had spent \"a large part of my life in some form of therapy\" over his relationships with women.", "He has received treatment for depression.", "In March 2015, in an interview with ''Der Spiegel'', he was asked if he was religious.", "Cleese stated that he did not think much of organised religion and said he was not committed to \"anything except the vague feeling that there is something more going on than the materialist reductionist people think\".Cleese has a passion for lemurs.", "Following the 1997 comedy film ''Fierce Creatures'', in which the ring-tailed lemur played a key role, he hosted the 1998 BBC documentary ''In the Wild: Operation Lemur with John Cleese'', which tracked the progress of a reintroduction of black-and-white ruffed lemurs back into the Betampona Reserve in Madagascar.", "The project had been partly funded by Cleese's donation of the proceeds from the London premiere of ''Fierce Creatures''.", "Cleese said \"I adore lemurs.", "They're extremely gentle, well-mannered, pretty and yet great fun ...", "I should have married one\".The Bemaraha woolly lemur (''Avahi cleesei''), also known as Cleese's woolly lemur, is native to western Madagascar.", "The scientist who discovered the species named it after Cleese, mainly because of Cleese's fondness for lemurs and his efforts at protecting and preserving them.", "The species was first discovered in 1990 by a team of scientists from the University of Zurich led by Urs Thalmann but was not formally described as a species until 11 November 2005." ], [ "Filmography", "== Awards and nominations == Year Association Category Nominated work Result 1988 Academy Award Original Screenplay ''A Fish Called Wanda'' 1988 Golden Globe Award Best Actor in a Motion Picture – Comedy of Musical 1988 BAFTA Film Award Best Actor Best Original Screenplay 1971 BAFTA Television Award Best Entertainment Performance ''Monty Python’s Flying Circus'' 1976 ''Fawlty Towers'' 1980 1987 Emmy Awards Outstanding Guest Actor in a Comedy Series ''Cheers'' 1998 ''3rd Rock from the Sun'' 2002 Outstanding Non-Fiction Special ''The Human Face'' 2004 Outstanding Guest Actor in a Comedy Series ''Will & Grace'' 1976 Grammy Awards Best Comedy Album ''The Monty Python Matching Tie and Handkerchief'' 1981 ''Monty Python's Contractual Obligation Album'' 1984 ''Monty Python’s The Meaning of Life'' 1989 Best Spoken Word Album ''The Screwtape Letters'' 1994 Best Spoken Word Album for Children ''Did I Ever Tell You How Lucky You Are?''" ], [ "Honours and tributes", "* A species of lemur, the Bemaraha woolly lemur (''Avahi cleesei''), has been named in his honour.", "John Cleese has mentioned this in television interviews.", "Also there is mention of this honour in \"''New Scientist''\"—and John Cleese's response to the honour.", "* An asteroid, 9618 Johncleese, is named in his honour.", "* There is a municipal rubbish heap of in altitude that has been named Mt Cleese at the Awapuni landfill just outside Palmerston North after he dubbed the city \"suicide capital of New Zealand\" after a stay there in 2005.=== Scholastic ===; University Degrees Location Date School Degree England '''1963''' Downing College, Cambridge Law Degree; Chancellor, visitor, governor, rector, and fellowships Location Date School Position Scotland '''1970–1973''' University of St Andrews Rector;Honorary degrees Location Date School Degree Scotland '''1971''' University of St Andrews Doctorate California, United States '''1999''' Pomona College Doctor of Letters (D.Litt.)", "England '''28 June 2016''' University of Bath Doctor of Clinical Psychology England '''17 September 2016''' Open University Doctor of the University (D. Univ)" ], [ "Published works", "* ''The Rectorial Address of John Cleese'', Epam, 1971, 8 pages* ''The Human Face'' (with Brian Bates) (DK Publishing Inc., 2001, )* Foreword for ''Time and the Soul'', Jacob Needleman, 2003, (paperback)* ''Superman: True Brit'', DC Comics, 2004, * Memoir.", "* * ''Creativity: A Short and Cheerful Guide'', 2020, Crown, * === Dialogues ===* ''Families and How to Survive Them'', w/Robin Skynner, 1983.", "(hardcover), (paperback)* ''Life and How to Survive It'', w/Robin Skynner, 1993.", "(hardcover), (paperback)" ], [ "See also", "* List of people who have declined a British honour" ], [ "References" ], [ "Further reading", "* ''Cleese Encounters: The Unauthorized Biography of Monty Python Veteran John Cleese'', Jonathan Margolis, St. Martin's Press, 1992," ], [ "External links", "* * John Cleese at the Museum of Broadcast Communications* John Cleese at the BBC Guide to Comedy* * * * * * Podcast to celebrate ''The Life of Brian'' (March 2008) * Daily Llama: John Cleese Visits Lemurs at San Francisco Zoo* John Cleese Speaking at the American School in London* A Conversation with John Cleese at Cornell University (September 2017)" ] ]
wikipedia
[ [ "July 5" ], [ "Introduction" ], [ "Events", "===Pre-1600===* 328 – The official opening of Constantine's Bridge built over the Danube between Sucidava (Corabia, Romania) and Oescus (Gigen, Bulgaria) by the Roman architect Theophilus Patricius.", "*1316 – The Burgundian and Majorcan claimants of the Principality of Achaea meet in the Battle of Manolada.", "*1594 – Portuguese forces under the command of Pedro Lopes de Sousa begin an unsuccessful invasion of the Kingdom of Kandy during the Campaign of Danture in Sri Lanka.===1601–1900===*1610 – John Guy sets sail from Bristol with 39 other colonists for Newfoundland.", "*1687 – Isaac Newton publishes ''Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica''.", "*1770 – The Battle of Chesma between the Russian Empire and the Ottoman Empire begins.", "*1775 – The Second Continental Congress adopts the Olive Branch Petition.", "*1803 – The Convention of Artlenburg is signed, leading to the French occupation of the Electorate of Hanover (which had been ruled by the British king).", "*1807 – In Buenos Aires the local militias repel the British soldiers within the Second English Invasion.", "*1809 – The Battle of Wagram between the French and Austrian Empires begins.", "*1811 – The Venezuelan Declaration of Independence is adopted by a congress of the provinces.", "*1813 – War of 1812: Three weeks of British raids on Fort Schlosser, Black Rock and Plattsburgh, New York commence.", "*1814 – War of 1812: Battle of Chippawa: American Major General Jacob Brown defeats British General Phineas Riall at Chippawa, Ontario.", "*1833 – Lê Văn Khôi along with 27 soldiers stage a mutiny taking over the Phiên An citadel, developing into the Lê Văn Khôi revolt against Emperor Minh Mạng.", "* 1833 – Admiral Charles Napier vanquishes the navy of the Portuguese usurper Dom Miguel at the third Battle of Cape St.", "Vincent.", "*1841 – Thomas Cook organises the first package excursion, from Leicester to Loughborough.", "*1852 – Frederick Douglass delivers his \"What to the Slave Is the Fourth of July?\"", "speech in Rochester, New York.", "*1859 – The United States discovers and claims Midway Atoll.", "*1865 – The United States Secret Service begins operation.", "*1884 – Germany takes possession of Cameroon.===1901–present===*1915 – The Liberty Bell leaves Philadelphia by special train on its way to the Panama–Pacific International Exposition.", "This is the last trip outside Philadelphia that the custodians of the bell intend to permit.", "*1934 – \"Bloody Thursday\": The police open fire on striking longshoremen in San Francisco.", "*1935 – The National Labor Relations Act, which governs labor relations in the United States, is signed into law by President Franklin D.", "Roosevelt.", "*1937 – Spam, the luncheon meat, is introduced into the market by the Hormel Foods Corporation.", "*1940 – World War II: Foreign relations of Vichy France are severed with the United Kingdom.", "*1941 – World War II: Operation Barbarossa: German troops reach the Dnieper river.", "*1943 – World War II: An Allied invasion fleet sails for Sicily (Operation Husky, July 10, 1943).", "* 1943 – World War II: German forces begin a massive offensive against the Soviet Union at the Battle of Kursk, also known as Operation Citadel.", "*1945 – The United Kingdom holds its first general election in 10 years, which would be won by Clement Attlee's Labour Party.", "*1946 – Micheline Bernardini models the first modern bikini at a swimming pool in Paris.", "*1948 – National Health Service Acts create the national public health system in the United Kingdom.", "*1950 – Korean War: Task Force Smith: American and North Korean forces first clash, in the Battle of Osan.", "* 1950 – The Knesset of Israel passes the Law of Return which grants all Jews the right to immigrate to the Land of Israel.", "*1954 – The BBC broadcasts its first daily television news bulletin.", "* 1954 – Elvis Presley records his first single, \"That's All Right\", at Sun Records in Memphis, Tennessee.", "*1962 – The official independence of Algeria is proclaimed after an eight-year-long war with France.", "*1970 – Air Canada Flight 621 crashes in Brampton, Ontario, Canada, killing all 109 people on board.", "*1971 – The Twenty-sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution, lowering the voting age from 21 to 18 years, is formally certified by President Richard Nixon.", "*1973 – A boiling liquid expanding vapor explosion (BLEVE) in Kingman, Arizona, following a fire that broke out as propane was being transferred from a railroad car to a storage tank, kills eleven firefighters.", "* 1973 – Juvénal Habyarimana seizes power over Rwanda in a coup d'état.", "*1975 – Arthur Ashe becomes the first black man to win the Wimbledon singles title.", "* 1975 – Cape Verde gains its independence from Portugal.", "*1977 – The Pakistan Armed Forces under Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq seize power in Operation Fair Play and begin 11 years of martial law.", "Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, the first elected Prime Minister of Pakistan, is overthrown.", "*1980 – Swedish tennis player Björn Borg wins his fifth Wimbledon final and becomes the first male tennis player to win the championships five times in a row (1976–1980).", "*1984 – The United States Supreme Court gives its ''United States v. Leon'' decision providing a good-faith exception from the Fourth Amendment exclusionary rule against use of evidence obtained through defective warrants in criminal trials.", "*1987 – Sri Lankan Civil War: The LTTE uses suicide attacks on the Sri Lankan Army for the first time.", "The Black Tigers are born and, in the following years, will continue to kill with the tactic.", "*1989 – Iran–Contra affair: Oliver North is sentenced by U.S. District Judge Gerhard A. Gesell to a three-year suspended prison term, two years probation, $150,000 in fines and 1,200 hours community service.", "His convictions are later overturned.", "*1994 – Jeff Bezos founds Amazon.", "*1995 – Armenia adopts its constitution, four years after its independence from the Soviet Union.", "*1996 – Dolly the sheep becomes the first mammal cloned from an adult cell.", "*1997 – Sri Lankan Civil War: Sri Lankan Tamil MP A. Thangathurai is shot dead at Sri Shanmuga Hindu Ladies College in Trincomalee.", "* 1999 – U.S. President Bill Clinton imposes trade and economic sanctions against the Taliban regime in Afghanistan.", "*2003 – The World Health Organization announces that the 2002–2004 SARS outbreak has been contained.", "*2004 – The first direct Indonesian presidential election is held.", "*2006 – North Korea tests four short-range missiles, one medium-range missile and a long-range Taepodong-2.The long-range Taepodong-2 reportedly fails in mid-air over the Sea of Japan.", "*2009 – A series of violent riots break out in Ürümqi, the capital city of the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region in China.", "* 2009 – The largest hoard of Anglo-Saxon gold ever discovered in Britain, consisting of more than 1,500 items, is found near the village of Hammerwich, near Lichfield, Staffordshire.", "*2012 – The Shard in London is inaugurated as the tallest building in Europe, with a height of 310 metres (1,020 ft).", "*2016 – The Juno space probe arrives at Jupiter and begins a 20-month survey of the planet.", "*2022 – British government ministers Sajid Javid and Rishi Sunak resign from the second Johnson ministry, beginning the July 2022 United Kingdom government crisis." ], [ "Births", "===Pre-1600===* 465 – Ahkal Mo' Naab' I, Mayan ruler (d. 524)* 980 – Mokjong of Goryeo, Korean king (d. 1009)*1029 – Al-Mustansir Billah, Fatimid caliph (d. 1094)*1321 – Joan of the Tower, English consort of David II of Scotland (d. 1362)*1466 – Giovanni Sforza, Italian nobleman (d. 1510)*1547 – Garzia de' Medici, Tuscan son of Cosimo I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany (d. 1562)*1549 – Francesco Maria del Monte, Italian cardinal and art collector (d. 1627)*1554 – Elisabeth of Austria, French queen (d. 1592)*1580 – Carlo Contarini, doge of Venice (d. 1656)*1586 – Thomas Hooker, English-born founder of the Colony of Connecticut (d. 1647)*1593 – Achille d'Étampes de Valençay, French military leader (d. 1646)===1601–1900===*1653 – Thomas Pitt, English businessman and politician (d. 1726)*1670 – Dorothea Sophie of Neuburg, countess palatine (d. 1748)*1675 – Mary Walcott, American accuser and witness at the Salem witch trials (d. 1719)*1709 – Étienne de Silhouette, French translator and politician, Controller-General of Finances (d. 1767)*1717 – Peter III, Portuguese king (d. 1786)*1718 – Francis Seymour-Conway, 1st Marquess of Hertford, English politician, Lord Lieutenant of Ireland (d. 1794)*1745 – Carl Arnold Kortum, German physician and poet (d. 1824)*1755 – Sarah Siddons, English actress (d. 1831)*1780 – François Carlo Antommarchi, French physician (d. 1838)*1781 – Stamford Raffles, English politician, founded Singapore (d. 1826) *1793 – Pavel Pestel, Russian officer (d. 1826)*1794 – Sylvester Graham, American minister and activist (d. 1851)*1801 – David Farragut, American admiral (d. 1870)*1802 – Pavel Nakhimov, Russian admiral (d. 1855)*1803 – George Borrow, British writer (d. 1881)*1805 – Robert FitzRoy, English captain, meteorologist, and politician, 2nd Governor of New Zealand (d. 1865)*1810 – P. T. Barnum, American businessman, co-founded Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus (d. 1891)*1820 – William John Macquorn Rankine, Scottish physicist, mathematician, and engineer (d. 1872)*1829 – Ignacio Mariscal, Mexican politician and diplomat, Secretary of Foreign Affairs for Mexico (d. 1910)*1832 – Pavel Chistyakov, Russian painter and educator (d. 1919)*1841 – William Collins Whitney, American financier and politician, 31st United States Secretary of the Navy (d. 1904)*1849 – William Thomas Stead, English journalist (d. 1912)*1853 – Cecil Rhodes, English-South African businessman and politician, 6th Prime Minister of the Cape Colony (d. 1902)*1857 – Clara Zetkin, German theorist and activist (d. 1933)* 1857 – Julien Tiersot, French musicologist and composer (d. 1936)*1860 – Robert Bacon, American colonel and politician, 39th United States Secretary of State (d. 1919)* 1860 – Mathieu Jaboulay, French surgeon (d. 1913)*1862 – George Nuttall, American-British bacteriologist (d. 1937)* 1862 – Horatio Caro, English chess master (d. 1920)*1864 – Stephan Krehl, German composer (d. 1924)*1867 – A. E. Douglass, American astronomer (d. 1962) *1872 – Édouard Herriot, French lawyer and politician, Prime Minister of France (d. 1957)*1874 – Eugen Fischer, German physician and academic (d. 1967)*1879 – Dwight F. Davis, American tennis player and politician, 49th United States Secretary of War (d. 1945)* 1879 – Wanda Landowska, Polish-French harpsichord player and educator (d. 1959)*1880 – Jan Kubelík, Czech violinist and composer (d. 1940)* 1880 – Constantin Tănase, Romanian actor and playwright (d. 1945)*1882 – Inayat Khan, Indian mystic and educator (d. 1927)*1883 – Gustave Lanctot, Canadian historian, author, and academic (d. 1975)*1884 – Enrico Dante, Italian cardinal (d. 1967)*1885 – Blas Infante, Spanish historian and politician (d. 1936)* 1885 – André Lhote, French sculptor and painter (d. 1962)*1886 – Willem Drees, Dutch politician and historian, Prime Minister of the Netherlands (1948–1958) (d. 1988)* 1886 – Prince John Konstantinovich of Russia (d. 1918)*1888 – Herbert Spencer Gasser, American physiologist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1963)* 1888 – Louise Freeland Jenkins, American astronomer and academic (d. 1970)*1889 – Jean Cocteau, French novelist, poet, and playwright (d. 1963)*1890 – Frederick Lewis Allen, American historian and journalist (d. 1954)*1891 – John Howard Northrop, American chemist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1987)* 1891 – Tin Ujević, Croatian poet and translator (d. 1955)*1893 – Anthony Berkeley Cox, English writer (d. 1971)* 1893 – Giuseppe Caselli, Italian painter (d. 1976)*1894 – Ants Lauter, Estonian actor and director (d. 1973)*1896 – Thomas Playford IV, Australian politician, 33rd Premier of South Australia (d. 1981)*1898 – Georgios Grivas, Greek general (d. 1974)*1899 – Marcel Achard, French playwright, screenwriter, and author (d. 1974)*1900 – Yoshimaro Yamashina, Japanese ornithologist, founded the Yamashina Institute for Ornithology (d. 1989)* 1900 – Bernardus Johannes Alfrink, Dutch cardinal (d. 1987)===1901–present===*1901 – Julio Libonatti, Italian-Argentinian footballer (d. 1981)*1902 – Henry Cabot Lodge Jr., American colonel and politician, 3rd United States Ambassador to the United Nations (d. 1985)*1904 – Harold Acton, English scholar and author (d. 1994)* 1904 – Ernst Mayr, German-American biologist and ornithologist (d. 2005)* 1904 – Milburn Stone, American actor (d. 1980)*1905 – Madeleine Sylvain-Bouchereau, Haitian sociologist and educator (d. 1970)*1908 – Henri of Orléans, (d. 1999)* 1908 – Lyman S. Ayres II, American businessman (d. 1996)*1910 – Georges Vedel, French lawyer and academic (d. 2002)*1911 – Endel Aruja, Estonian-Canadian physicist and academic (d. 2008)* 1911 – Haydn Bunton, Sr., Australian footballer and coach (d. 1955)* 1911 – Giorgio Borġ Olivier, Maltese lawyer and politician, 7th Prime Minister of Malta (d. 1980)* 1911 – Georges Pompidou, French banker and politician, 19th President of France (d. 1974)*1913 – George Costakis, Russian art collector (d. 1990)* 1913 – Smiley Lewis, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 1966)*1914 – John Thomas Dunlop, American administrator and labor scholar (d. 2003)*1914 – Annie Fischer, Hungarian pianist and composer (d. 1995)*1915 – Babe Paley, American socialite (d. 1978)* 1915 – John Woodruff, American runner and commander (d. 2007)* 1915 – Al Timothy, Trinidadian musician and songwriter (d. 2000)*1916 – Lívia Rév, Hungarian classical pianist (d. 2018)* 1916 – Ivor Powell, Welsh footballer (d. 2012)*1918 – K. Karunakaran, Indian lawyer and politician, 7th Chief Minister of Kerala (d. 2010)* 1918 – Brian James, Australian actor (d. 2009)* 1918 – Zakaria Mohieddin, Egyptian general and politician, 33rd Prime Minister of Egypt (d. 2012)* 1918 – George Rochberg, American composer and educator (d. 2005)*1921 – Viktor Kulikov, Russian marshal (d. 2013)* 1921 – Nanos Valaoritis, Greek author, poet, and playwright (d. 2019)*1923 – George Moore, Australian jockey (d. 2008)* 1923 – Mitsuye Yamada, Japanese American activist*1924 – János Starker, Hungarian-American cellist and educator (d. 2013)* 1924 – Edward Cassidy, Australian Roman Catholic cardinal priest (d. 2021)*1925 – Fernando de Szyszlo, Peruvian painter and sculptor (d. 2017)* 1925 – Jean Raspail, French author and explorer (d. 2020)*1926 – Diana Lynn, American actress (d. 1971)*1928 – Pierre Mauroy, French educator and politician, Prime Minister of France (d. 2013)* 1928 – Warren Oates, American actor (d. 1982)*1929 – Jimmy Carruthers, Australian boxer (d. 1990)* 1929 – Katherine Helmond, American actress and director (d. 2019)* 1929 – Tony Lock, English cricketer (d. 1995)* 1929 – Jovan Rašković, Serbian psychiatrist, academic, and politician (d. 1992)* 1929 – Jiří Reynek, Czech poet and graphic artist (d. 2014)*1931 – Ismail Mahomed, South African lawyer and politician, 17th Chief Justice of South Africa (d. 2000)*1932 – Gyula Horn, Hungarian politician, 37th Prime Minister of Hungary (d. 2013)*1933 – Paul-Gilbert Langevin, French musicologist, critic and physicist (d. 1986)*1935 – John Schoenherr, American illustrator (d. 2010)*1936 – Shirley Knight, American actress (d. 2020)* 1936 – James Mirrlees, Scottish economist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2018)*1938 – Ronnie Self, American singer-songwriter (d. 1981)*1940 – Chuck Close, American painter and photographer (d. 2021)*1941 – Epeli Nailatikau, Fijian chief, President of Fiji*1942 – Matthias Bamert, Swiss composer and conductor* 1942 – Hannes Löhr, German footballer, coach, and manager (d. 2016)*1943 – Curt Blefary, American baseball player and coach (d. 2001)* 1943 – Mark Cox, English tennis player, coach and sportscaster* 1943 – Robbie Robertson, Canadian singer-songwriter, guitarist, producer, and actor (d. 2023)*1944 – Leni Björklund, Swedish politician, 28th Swedish Minister of Defence for Sweden*1945 – Michael Blake, American author and screenwriter (d. 2015)* 1945 – Humberto Benítez Treviño, Mexican lawyer and politician, Attorney General of Mexico*1946 – Pierre-Marc Johnson, Canadian lawyer, physician, and politician, 24th Premier of Quebec* 1946 – Paul Smith, English fashion designer* 1946 – Gerard 't Hooft, Dutch physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate* 1946 – Vladimir Mikhailovich Zakharov, Russian dancer and choreographer (d. 2013)*1949 – Ludwig G. Strauss, German physician and academic (d. 2013)*1950 – Carlos Caszely, Chilean footballer* 1950 – Huey Lewis, American singer-songwriter and actor*1951 – Goose Gossage, American baseball player *1953 – Caryn Navy, American mathematician and computer scientist*1954 – Jimmy Crespo, American guitarist and songwriter * 1954 – John Wright, New Zealand cricketer and coach*1955 – Tony Hadley, English footballer* 1955 – Peter McNamara, Australian tennis player and coach (d. 2019)*1956 – Horacio Cartes, Paraguayan businessman and politician, President of Paraguay* 1956 – James Lofton, American football player and coach*1957 – Carlo Thränhardt, German high jumper* 1957 – Doug Wilson, Canadian-American ice hockey player and manager*1958 – Veronica Guerin, Irish journalist (d. 1996)* 1958 – Bill Watterson, American author and illustrator*1959 – Marc Cohn, American singer-songwriter and keyboard player*1962 – Sarina Hülsenbeck, German swimmer*1963 – Edie Falco, American actress*1964 – Ronald D. Moore, American screenwriter and producer*1966 – Susannah Doyle, English actress, director, and playwright* 1966 – Gianfranco Zola, Italian footballer and coach*1967 – Mustafa Al-Kadhimi, Iraqi politician, 80th Prime Minister of Iraq*1968 – Ken Akamatsu, Japanese illustrator* 1968 – Kenji Ito, Japanese pianist and composer* 1968 – Hedi Slimane, French fashion designer and photographer* 1968 – Alex Zülle, Swiss cyclist* 1968 – Susan Wojcicki, Polish-American technology executive*1969 – Jenji Kohan, American screenwriter and producer* 1969 – John LeClair, American ice hockey player* 1969 – RZA, American rapper, producer, actor, and director *1970 – Mac Dre, American rapper and producer, founded Thizz Entertainment (d. 2004)* 1970 – Valentí Massana, Spanish race walker*1971 – Derek McInnes, Scottish footballer and manager*1972 – Matthew Birir, Kenyan runner* 1972 – Robert Esmie, Canadian sprinter * 1972 – Gary Shteyngart, American writer*1973 – Marcus Allbäck, Swedish footballer and coach* 1973 – Bengt Lagerberg, Swedish drummer * 1973 – Róisín Murphy, Irish singer-songwriter and producer *1974 – Márcio Amoroso, Brazilian footballer* 1974 – Sarah Taylor, Jersey squash player*1975 – Hernán Crespo, Argentinian footballer and coach* 1975 – Ai Sugiyama, Japanese tennis player*1976 – Bizarre, American rapper * 1976 – Nuno Gomes, Portuguese footballer*1978 – Britta Oppelt, German rower* 1978 – Allan Simonsen, Danish race car driver (d. 2013)* 1978 – İsmail YK, German-Turkish singer-songwriter *1979 – Shane Filan, Irish singer-songwriter * 1979 – Amélie Mauresmo, French-Swiss tennis player* 1979 – Stiliyan Petrov, Bulgarian footballer and manager*1980 – Pauly D, American television personality* 1980 – David Rozehnal, Czech footballer* 1980 – Mads Tolling, Danish-American violinist and composer *1982 – Fabrício de Souza, Brazilian footballer* 1982 – Alexander Dimitrenko, Ukrainian-German boxer* 1982 – Alberto Gilardino, Italian footballer* 1982 – Philippe Gilbert, Belgian cyclist* 1982 – Kate Gynther, Australian water polo player* 1982 – Dave Haywood, American singer-songwriter and guitarist * 1982 – Paíto, Mozambican footballer* 1982 – Szabolcs Perenyi, Romanian-Hungarian footballer* 1982 – Beno Udrih, Slovenian basketball player* 1982 – Tuba Büyüküstün, Turkish actress* 1982 – Junri Namigata, Japanese tennis player*1983 – Marco Estrada, Mexican baseball player* 1983 – Jonás Gutiérrez, Argentinian footballer* 1983 – Zheng Jie, Chinese tennis player* 1983 – Taavi Peetre, Estonian shot putter (d. 2010)*1984 – Danay Garcia, Cuban actress* 1984 – Zack Miller, American golfer*1985 – Alexandre R. Picard, Canadian ice hockey player* 1985 – Megan Rapinoe, American soccer player*1986 – Iurii Cheban, Ukrainian canoe sprinter* 1986 – Piermario Morosini, Italian footballer (d. 2012)* 1986 – Alexander Radulov, Russian ice hockey player*1987 – Ji Chang-wook, South Korean actor* 1987 – Safiq Rahim, Malaysian footballer* 1987 – Alexander Kristoff, Norwegian cyclist*1988 – Samir Ujkani, Albanian footballer*1989 – Adam Cole, American wrestler* 1989 – Georgios Efrem, Cypriot footballer*1990 – Abeba Aregawi, Ethiopian-Swedish runner*1992 – Alberto Moreno, Spanish footballer* 1992 – Chiara Scholl, American tennis player*1993 – Yaroslav Kosov, Russian ice hockey player* 1993 – Jorge Polanco, Dominican baseball player*1998 – Emily Fox, American soccer player*1999 – Suzan Lamens, Dutch tennis player" ], [ "Deaths", "===Pre-1600===* 905 – Cui Yuan, Chinese chancellor* 905 – Dugu Sun, Chinese chancellor* 905 – Lu Yi, Chinese chancellor (b.", "847)* 905 – Pei Shu, Chinese chancellor (b.", "841)* 905 – Wang Pu, Chinese chancellor* 936 – Xu Ji, Chinese official and chancellor * 967 – Murakami, Japanese emperor (b.", "926)*1080 – Ísleifur Gissurarson, Icelandic bishop (b.", "1006)*1091 – William of Hirsau, German abbot*1316 – Ferdinand, prince of Majorca (b.", "1278)*1375 – Charles III, French nobleman (b.", "1337)*1413 – Musa Çelebi, Ottoman prince and co-ruler *1507 – Crinitus, Italian scholar and academic (b.", "1475)*1539 – Anthony Maria Zaccaria, Italian saint (b.", "1502)===1601–1900===*1661 – Sir Hugh Speke, 1st Baronet*1666 – Albert VI, German nobleman (b.", "1584)*1676 – Carl Gustaf Wrangel, Swedish field marshal and politician (b.", "1613)*1715 – Charles Ancillon, French jurist and diplomat (b.", "1659)*1719 – Meinhardt Schomberg, 3rd Duke of Schomberg, German-English general (b.", "1641)*1773 – Francisco José Freire, Portuguese historian and philologist (b.", "1719)*1819 – William Cornwallis, English admiral and politician (b.", "1744)*1826 – Stamford Raffles, English politician, founded Singapore (b.", "1782)*1833 – Nicéphore Niépce, French inventor, created the first known photograph (b.", "1765)*1859 – Charles Cagniard de la Tour, French physicist and engineer (b.", "1777)*1862 – Heinrich Georg Bronn, German geologist and paleontologist (b.", "1800)*1863 – Lewis Armistead, Confederate general (b.", "1817)*1884 – Victor Massé, French composer (b.", "1822)===1901–present===*1908 – Jonas Lie, Norwegian author, poet, and playwright (b.", "1833)*1920 – Max Klinger, German painter and sculptor (b.", "1857)*1927 – Albrecht Kossel, German physician and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (b.", "1853)*1929 – Henry Johnson, American sergeant (b.", "1897)*1932 – Sasha Chorny, Russian poet and author (b.", "1880)*1935 – Bernard de Pourtalès, Swiss captain and sailor (b.", "1870)*1937 – Daniel Sawyer, American golfer (b.", "1884)*1943 – Kazimierz Junosza-Stępowski, Polish actor (b.", "1880) * 1943 – Karin Swanström, Swedish actress, director, and producer (b.", "1873)*1945 – John Curtin, Australian journalist and politician, 14th Prime Minister of Australia (b.", "1885)*1948 – Georges Bernanos, French soldier and author (b.", "1888)* 1948 – Carole Landis, American actress (b.", "1919)* 1948 – Piet Aalberse, Dutch politician (b.", "1871)*1957 – Anugrah Narayan Sinha, Indian lawyer and politician, 1st Deputy Chief Minister of Bihar (b.", "1887)*1965 – Porfirio Rubirosa, Dominican race car driver, polo player, and diplomat (b.", "1909)*1966 – George de Hevesy, Hungarian-German chemist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (b.", "1885)*1969 – Wilhelm Backhaus, German pianist and educator (b.", "1884)* 1969 – Walter Gropius, German architect, designed the John F. Kennedy Federal Building and Werkbund Exhibition (b.", "1883)* 1969 – Tom Mboya, Kenyan politician, 1st Kenyan Minister of Justice (b.", "1930)* 1969 – Leo McCarey, American director, producer, and screenwriter (b.", "1898)*1975 – Gilda dalla Rizza, Italian soprano and actress (b.", "1892)*1976 – Walter Giesler, American soccer player and referee (born 1910)*1983 – Harry James, American trumpet player and actor (b.", "1916)*1984 – Chic Murray, Canadian politician, 2nd Mayor of Mississauga (b.", "1914)*1991 – Howard Nemerov, American poet and essayist (b.", "1920)*1995 – Jüri Järvet, Estonian actor and screenwriter (b.", "1919)*1997 – A. Thangathurai, Sri Lankan Tamil lawyer and politician (b.", "1936)*1998 – Sid Luckman, American football player (b.", "1916)*2002 – Katy Jurado, Mexican actress (b.", "1924)* 2002 – Ted Williams, American baseball player and manager (b.", "1918)*2004 – Hugh Shearer, Jamaican journalist and politician, 3rd Prime Minister of Jamaica (b.", "1923)* 2004 – Rodger Ward, American race car driver and sportscaster (b.", "1921)*2005 – James Stockdale, American admiral (b.", "1923)*2006 – Gert Fredriksson, Swedish canoe racer (b.", "1919)* 2006 – Thirunalloor Karunakaran, Indian poet and scholar (b.", "1924)* 2006 – Kenneth Lay, American businessman (b.", "1942)* 2006 – Amzie Strickland, American actress (b.", "1919)*2007 – Régine Crespin, French soprano (b.", "1927)* 2007 – George Melly, English singer-songwriter and critic (b.", "1926)*2008 – Hasan Doğan, Turkish businessman (b.", "1956)*2010 – Bob Probert, Canadian ice hockey player and radio host (b.", "1965)*2011 – Cy Twombly, American-Italian painter, sculptor, and photographer (b.", "1928)*2012 – Rob Goris, Belgian cyclist (b.", "1982)* 2012 – Gerrit Komrij, Dutch author, poet, and playwright (b.", "1944)* 2012 – Colin Marshall, Baron Marshall of Knightsbridge, English businessman and politician (b.", "1933)* 2012 – Ruud van Hemert, Dutch actor, director, producer, and screenwriter (b.", "1938)*2013 – Bud Asher, American lawyer and politician (b.", "1925)* 2013 – David Cargo, American politician, 22nd Governor of New Mexico (b.", "1929)* 2013 – Lambert Jackson Woodburne, South African admiral (b.", "1939)*2014 – Rosemary Murphy, American actress (b.", "1925)* 2014 – Volodymyr Sabodan, Ukrainian metropolitan (b.", "1935)* 2014 – Hans-Ulrich Wehler, German historian and academic (b.", "1931)* 2014 – Brett Wiesner, American soccer player (b.", "1983)*2015 – Uffe Haagerup, Danish mathematician and academic (b.", "1949)* 2015 – Yoichiro Nambu, Japanese-American physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (b.", "1921)*2020 – Nick Cordero, Canadian actor and singer (b.", "1978)*2021 – Raffaella Carrà, Italian singer, dancer, television presenter and actress (b.", "1943)* 2021 – Richard Donner, American film director (b.", "1930)" ], [ "Holidays and observances", "*Bloody Thursday (International Longshore and Warehouse Union)*Christian feast day:**Anthony Maria Zaccaria, priest (d. 1539)**Cyril and Methodius (a public holiday in Czech Republic and Slovakia) **Zoe of Rome (Roman Catholic Church)**July 5 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)*Constitution Day (Armenia)*Fifth of July (New York), historic celebration of the abolition of slavery in New York in 1827.", "*Independence Day (Algeria), celebrating the independence of Algeria from France in 1962.", "*Independence Day (Cape Verde), celebrating the independence of Cape Verde from Portugal in 1975.", "*Independence Day (Venezuela), celebrating the independence of Venezuela from Spain in 1811; also National Armed Forces Day.", "*Tynwald Day, if July 5 is on a weekend, the holiday is the following Monday.", "(Isle of Man)" ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* * *" ] ]
wikipedia
[ [ "July 6" ], [ "Introduction" ], [ "Events", "===Pre-1600===*371 BC – The Battle of Leuctra shatters Sparta's reputation of military invincibility.", "* 640 – Battle of Heliopolis: The Muslim Arab army under 'Amr ibn al-'As defeat the Byzantine forces near Heliopolis (Egypt).", "*1253 – Mindaugas is crowned King of Lithuania.", "*1348 – Pope Clement VI issues a papal bull protecting the Jews accused of having caused the Black Death.", "*1411 – Ming China's Admiral Zheng He returns to Nanjing after the third treasure voyage and presents the Sinhalese king, captured during the Ming–Kotte War, to the Yongle Emperor.", "*1415 – Jan Hus is condemned by the assembly of the council in the Konstanz Cathedral as a heretic and sentenced to be burned at the stake.", "*1438 – A temporary compromise between the rebellious Transylvanian peasants and the noblemen is signed in Kolozsmonostor Abbey.", "*1483 – Richard III and Anne Neville are crowned King and Queen of England.", "*1484 – Portuguese sea captain Diogo Cão finds the mouth of the Congo River.", "*1495 – First Italian War: Battle of Fornovo: Charles VIII defeats the Holy League.", "*1536 – The explorer Jacques Cartier lands at St. Malo at the end of his second expedition to North America.", "He returns with none of the gold he expected to find.", "*1557 – King Philip II of Spain, consort of Queen Mary I of England, sets out from Dover to war with France, which eventually resulted in the loss of the city of Calais, the last English possession on the continent, and Mary I never seeing her husband again.", "*1560 – The Treaty of Edinburgh is signed by Scotland and England.", "*1573 – Córdoba, Argentina, is founded by Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera.", "* 1573 – French Wars of Religion: Siege of La Rochelle ends.===1601–1900===*1614 – Raid on Żejtun: The south east of Malta, and the town of Żejtun, suffer a raid from Ottoman forces.", "This was the last unsuccessful attempt by the Ottomans to conquer the island of Malta.", "*1630 – Thirty Years' War: Four thousand Swedish troops under Gustavus Adolphus land in Pomerania, Germany.", "*1685 – Battle of Sedgemoor: Last battle of the Monmouth Rebellion.", "Troops of King James II defeat troops of James Scott, 1st Duke of Monmouth.", "*1751 – Pope Benedict XIV suppresses the Patriarchate of Aquileia and establishes from its territory the Archdiocese of Udine and Gorizia.", "*1777 – American Revolutionary War: Siege of Fort Ticonderoga: After a bombardment by British artillery under General John Burgoyne, American forces retreat from Fort Ticonderoga, New York.", "*1779 – Battle of Grenada: The French defeat British naval forces in the Caribbean during the American Revolutionary War.", "*1791 – At Padua, the Emperor Leopold II calls on the monarchs of Europe to join him in demanding the king of France Louis XVI's freedom.", "*1801 – First Battle of Algeciras: Outnumbered French Navy ships defeat the Royal Navy in the fortified Spanish port of Algeciras.", "*1809 – The second day of the Battle of Wagram; France defeats the Austrian army in the largest battle to date of the Napoleonic Wars.", "*1854 – The Republican Party of the United States held its first convention in Jackson, Michigan.", "*1885 – Louis Pasteur successfully tests his vaccine against rabies on Joseph Meister, a boy who was bitten by a rabid dog.", "*1887 – David Kalākaua, monarch of the Kingdom of Hawaii, is forced to sign the Bayonet Constitution, which transfers much of the king's authority to the Legislature of the Kingdom of Hawaii.", "*1892 – Three thousand eight hundred striking steelworkers engage in a day-long battle with Pinkerton agents during the Homestead Strike, leaving ten dead and dozens wounded.===1901–present===*1917 – World War I: Arabian troops led by T. E. Lawrence (\"Lawrence of Arabia\") and Auda ibu Tayi capture Aqaba from the Ottoman Empire during the Arab Revolt.", "*1918 – The Left SR uprising in Russia starts with the assassination of German ambassador Wilhelm von Mirbach by Cheka members.", "*1919 – The British dirigible R34 lands in New York, completing the first crossing of the Atlantic Ocean by an airship.", "*1933 – The first Major League Baseball All-Star Game is played in Chicago's Comiskey Park.", "The American League defeated the National League 4–2.", "*1936 – A major breach of the Manchester Bolton & Bury Canal in England sends millions of gallons of water cascading into the River Irwell.", "*1937 – Spanish Civil War: Battle of Brunete: The battle begins with Spanish Republican troops going on the offensive against the Nationalists to relieve pressure on Madrid.", "*1939 – Anti-Jewish legislation in prewar Nazi Germany closes the last remaining Jewish enterprises.", "*1940 – Story Bridge, a major landmark in Brisbane, as well as Australia's longest cantilever bridge is formally opened.", "*1941 – World War II: The German army launches its offensive to encircle several Soviet armies near Smolensk.", "*1942 – Anne Frank and her family go into hiding in the \"Secret Annexe\" above her father's office in an Amsterdam warehouse.", "*1944 – Jackie Robinson refuses to move to the back of a bus, leading to a court-martial.", "* 1944 – The Hartford circus fire, one of America's worst fire disasters, kills approximately 168 people and injures over 700 in Hartford, Connecticut.", "*1947 – Referendum held in Sylhet to decide its fate in the Partition of India.", "* 1947 – The AK-47 goes into production in the Soviet Union.", "*1957 – Althea Gibson wins the Wimbledon championships, becoming the first black athlete to do so.", "* 1957 – John Lennon and Paul McCartney meet for the first time, as teenagers at Woolton Fete, three years before forming the Beatles.", "*1962 – As a part of Operation Plowshare, the Sedan nuclear test takes place.", "* 1962 – ''The Late Late Show'', the world's longest-running chat show by the same broadcaster, airs on RTÉ One for the first time.", "*1964 – Malawi declares its independence from the United Kingdom.", "*1966 – Malawi becomes a republic, with Hastings Banda as its first President.", "*1967 – Nigerian Civil War: Nigerian forces invade Biafra, beginning the war.", "*1975 – The Comoros declares independence from France.", "*1982 – While attempting to return to Sheremetyevo International Airport Aeroflot Flight 411, an Ilyushin Il-62, crashes near Mendeleyevo, Moscow Oblast, killing all 90 people on board.", "*1988 – The Piper Alpha drilling platform in the North Sea is destroyed by explosions and fires.", "One hundred sixty-seven oil workers are killed, making it the world's worst offshore oil disaster in terms of direct loss of life.", "*1989 – The Tel Aviv–Jerusalem bus 405 suicide attack: Sixteen bus passengers are killed when a member of the Palestinian Islamic Jihad took control of the bus and drove it over a cliff.", "*1995 – In the Bosnian War, under the command of General Ratko Mladić, Serbia begins its attack on the Bosnian town of Srebrenica.", "*1996 – A McDonnell Douglas MD-88 operating as Delta Air Lines Flight 1288 experiences a turbine engine failure during takeoff from Pensacola International Airport, killing two and injuring five of the 147 people on board.", "*1997 – The Troubles: In response to the Drumcree dispute, five days of mass protests, riots and gun battles begin in Irish nationalist districts of Northern Ireland.", "*1998 – Hong Kong International Airport opens in Chek Lap Kok, Hong Kong, replacing Kai Tak Airport as the city's international airport.", "*2003 – The 70-metre Yevpatoria Planetary Radar sends a METI message (Cosmic Call 2) to five stars: Hip 4872, HD 245409, 55 Cancri (HD 75732), HD 10307 and 47 Ursae Majoris (HD 95128).", "The messages will arrive to these stars in 2036, 2040, 2044, and 2049, respectively.", "*2006 – The Nathu La pass between India and China, sealed during the Sino-Indian War, re-opens for trade after 44 years.", "*2013 – At least 42 people are killed in a shooting at a school in Yobe State, Nigeria.", "* 2013 – A Boeing 777 operating as Asiana Airlines Flight 214 crashes at San Francisco International Airport, killing three and injuring 181 of the 307 people on board.", "* 2013 – A 73-car oil train derails in the town of Lac-Mégantic, Quebec and explodes into flames, killing at least 47 people and destroying more than 30 buildings in the town's central area.", "*2022 – The Georgia Guidestones, a monument in the United States, are heavily damaged in a bombing, and are dismantled later the same day." ], [ "Births", "===Pre-1600===*1387 – Queen Blanche I of Navarre (d. 1441)*1423 – Antonio Manetti, Italian mathematician and architect (d. 1497)*1580 – Johann Stobäus, German lute player and composer (d. 1646)===1601–1900===*1623 – Jacopo Melani, Italian violinist and composer (d. 1676)*1678 – Nicola Francesco Haym, Italian cellist and composer (d. 1729)*1686 – Antoine de Jussieu, French biologist and academic (d. 1758)*1701 – Mary, Countess of Harold, English aristocrat and philanthropist (d. 1785)*1736 – Daniel Morgan, American general and politician (d. 1802)*1747 – John Paul Jones, Scottish-American captain (d. 1792)*1766 – Alexander Wilson, Scottish-American poet, ornithologist, and illustrator (d. 1813)*1782 – Maria Luisa of Spain (d. 1824)*1785 – William Hooker, English botanist and academic (d. 1865)*1789 – María Isabella of Spain (d. 1846)*1796 – Nicholas I of Russia (d. 1855)*1797 – Henry Paget, 2nd Marquess of Anglesey (d. 1869)*1799 – Louisa Caroline Huggins Tuthill, American author (d. 1879)*1817 – Albert von Kölliker, Swiss anatomist and physiologist (d. 1905)*1818 – Adolf Anderssen, German chess player (d. 1879)*1823 – Sophie Adlersparre, Swedish publisher, writer, and women's rights activist (d. 1895)*1829 – Frederick VIII, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein (d. 1880)*1831 – Sylvester Pennoyer, American lawyer and politician, 8th Governor of Oregon (d. 1902)*1832 – Maximilian I of Mexico (d. 1867)*1837 – R. G. Bhandarkar, Indian orientalist and scholar (d. 1925)*1838 – Vatroslav Jagić, Croatian philologist and scholar (d. 1923)*1840 – José María Velasco Gómez, Mexican painter and academic (d. 1912)*1843 – John Downer, Australian politician, 16th Premier of South Australia (d. 1915)*1846 – Ángela Peralta, Mexican opera singer (d. 1883)*1856 – George Howard Earle, Jr., American lawyer and businessman (d. 1928)*1858 – William Irvine, Irish-Australian politician, 21st Premier of Victoria (d. 1943)*1865 – Émile Jaques-Dalcroze, Swiss composer and educator (d. 1950)*1868 – Princess Victoria of the United Kingdom (d. 1935)*1873 – Dimitrios Maximos, Greek banker and politician, 140th Prime Minister of Greece (d. 1955)*1877 – Arnaud Massy, French golfer (d. 1950)*1878 – Eino Leino, Finnish poet and journalist (d. 1926)*1883 – Godfrey Huggins, Prime Minister of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland (d. 1971)*1884 – Harold Stirling Vanderbilt, American businessman and sailor (d. 1970)*1885 – Ernst Busch, German field marshal (d. 1945)*1886 – Marc Bloch, French historian and academic (d. 1944)*1887 – Marc Chagall, Belarusian-French painter and poet (d. 1985)* 1887 – Annette Kellermann, Australian swimmer and actress (d. 1975)*1890 – Dhan Gopal Mukerji, Indian-American author and scholar (d. 1936)*1891 – Earle S. MacPherson, American engineer, created MacPherson strut (d. 1960)*1892 – Will James, American author and illustrator (d. 1942)*1897 – Richard Krautheimer, German-American historian and scholar (d. 1994)*1898 – Hanns Eisler, German-Austrian soldier and composer (d. 1962)*1899 – Susannah Mushatt Jones, American supercentarian (d. 2016) *1900 – Frederica Sagor Maas, American author and screenwriter (d. 2012)* 1900 – Elfriede Wever, German Olympic runner (d. 1941)===1901–present===*1903 – Hugo Theorell, Swedish biochemist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1982)*1904 – Robert Whitney, American conductor and composer (d. 1986)* 1904 – Erik Wickberg, Swedish 9th General of The Salvation Army (d. 1996)*1905 – Juan O'Gorman, Mexican painter and architect (d. 1982)*1907 – Frida Kahlo, Mexican painter and educator (d. 1954)* 1907 – George Stanley, Canadian soldier, historian, and author, designed the flag of Canada (d. 2002)*1908 – Anton Muttukumaru, Sri Lankan general and diplomat (d. 2001)*1909 – Eric Reece, Australian politician, 32nd Premier of Tasmania (d. 1999)*1910 – René Le Grèves, French cyclist (d. 1946)*1911 – June Gale, American actress (d. 1996)*1912 – Heinrich Harrer, Austrian geographer and mountaineer (d. 2006)* 1912 – Molly Yard, American feminist (d. 2005) *1913 – Vance Trimble, American journalist and author (d. 2021)*1914 – Vince McMahon Sr., American wrestling promoter, founded WWE (d. 1984)* 1914 – Ernest Kirkendall, American chemist and metallurgist (d. 2005)*1915 – Leonard Birchall, Royal Canadian Air Force pilot (d. 2004)*1916 – Harold Norse, American poet and author (d. 2009)* 1916 – Don R. Christensen, American animator, cartoonist, illustrator, writer and inventor (d. 2006)*1917 – Arthur Lydiard, New Zealand runner and coach (d. 2004)*1918 – Sebastian Cabot, English-Canadian actor (d. 1977)* 1918 – Herm Fuetsch, American professional basketball player (d. 2010)* 1918 – Francisco Moncion, Dominican-American ballet dancer, charter member of the New York City Ballet (d. 1995)*1919 – Ernst Haefliger, Swiss tenor and educator (d. 2007)* 1919 – Edward Kenna, Australian Second World War recipient of the Victoria Cross (d. 2009)* 1919 – Ray Dowker, New Zealand cricketer (d. 2004)*1921 – Allan MacEachen, Canadian economist and politician, Deputy Prime Minister of Canada (d. 2017)* 1921 – Billy Mauch, American actor (d. 2006)* 1921 – Bobby Mauch, American actor (d. 2007)* 1921 – Nancy Reagan, American actress and activist, 42nd First Lady of the United States (d. 2016)*1922 – William Schallert, American actor; president (1979–81) of the Screen Actors Guild (d. 2016)*1923 – Wojciech Jaruzelski, Polish general and politician, 1st President of Poland (d. 2014)*1924 – Mahim Bora, Indian writer and educationist, recipients of the Padma Shri, India's fourth highest civilian honour (d. 2016)*1924 – Louie Bellson, American drummer, composer, and bandleader (d. 2009)*1925 – Ruth Cracknell, Australian actress (d. 2002)* 1925 – Merv Griffin, American actor, singer, and producer, created ''Wheel of Fortune'' and ''Jeopardy!''", "(d. 2007)* 1925 – Bill Haley, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 1981)* 1925 – Gazi Yaşargil, Turkish neurosurgeon and academic*1926 – Sulev Vahtre, Estonian historian and academic (d. 2007)* 1926 – Armando Silvestre, Mexican-American actor* 1926 – Dorothy E. Smith, Canadian sociologist (d. 2022)*1927 – Jan Hein Donner, Dutch chess player and journalist (d. 1988)* 1927 – Janet Leigh, American actress and author (d. 2004)*1928 – Bernard Malgrange, French mathematician*1929 – Hélène Carrère d'Encausse, French politician historian (d. 2023)*1930 – George Armstrong, Canadian ice hockey player and coach (d. 2021)* 1930 – Ian Burgess, English racing driver (d. 2012)*1931 – Della Reese, American actress and singer (d. 2017)* 1931 – László Tábori, Hungarian runner and coach (d. 2018)*1932 – Herman Hertzberger, Dutch architect and academic*1935 – Candy Barr, American model, dancer, and actress (d. 2005)* 1935 – Tenzin Gyatso, 14th Dalai Lama*1936 – Dave Allen, Irish comedian, actor, and screenwriter (d. 2005)*1937 – Vladimir Ashkenazy, Russian-Icelandic pianist and conductor* 1937 – Ned Beatty, American actor (d. 2021)* 1937 – Gene Chandler, American singer-songwriter and producer* 1937 – Bessie Head, Botswanan writer (d. 1986)* 1937 – Michael Sata, Zambian police officer and politician, 5th President of Zambia (d. 2014)*1939 – Jet Harris, English bass player (d. 2011)* 1939 – Mary Peters, English-Irish pentathlete and shot putter* 1939 – Bruce Hunter, American swimmer (d. 2018)*1940 – Nursultan Nazarbayev, Kazakh politician, 1st President of Kazakhstan* 1940 – Jeannie Seely, Grammy Award-winning country music singer-songwriter and Grand Ole Opry member* 1940 – Siti Norma Yaakob, Malaysian lawyer and judge*1941 – David Crystal, British linguist, author, and academic* 1941 – Reinhard Roder, German footballer and manager*1942 – Ian Leslie, Indonesian-Australian journalist and television host*1943 – Tamara Sinyavskaya, Russian soprano*1944 – Gunhild Hoffmeister, German runner*1945 – Burt Ward, American actor*1946 – George W. Bush, American businessman and politician, 43rd President of the United States* 1946 – Fred Dryer, American football player and actor* 1946 – Peter Singer, Australian philosopher and academic* 1946 – Sylvester Stallone, American actor, director, and screenwriter*1947 – Roy Señeres, Filipino diplomat and politician (d. 2016)*1948 – Nathalie Baye, French actress* 1948 – Jean-Pierre Blackburn, Canadian academic and politician, 26th Canadian Minister of Veterans Affairs* 1948 – Brad Park, Canadian-American ice hockey player and coach*1949 – Noli de Castro, Filipino journalist and politician, 14th Vice President of the Philippines* 1949 – Phyllis Hyman, American singer-songwriter and actress (d. 1995)* 1949 – Michael Shrieve, American composer, drummer, and percussionist *1950 – John Byrne, English-American author and illustrator*1951 – Lorna Golding, Former First Lady of Jamaica* 1951 – Geoffrey Rush, Australian actor and producer* 1951 – Rick Sternbach, American illustrator and concept designer*1952 – Hilary Mantel, English author and critic (d. 2022)*1953 – Nanci Griffith, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 2021)* 1953 – Kaiser Kalambo, Zambian footballer and manager (d. 2014)* 1953 – Robert Ménard, French politician and former journalist*1954 – Allyce Beasley, American actress * 1954 – Willie Randolph, American baseball player and manager*1958 – Jennifer Saunders, English actress, comedian and screenwriter*1959 – Richard Dacoury, French basketball player*1960 – Maria Wasiak, Polish businesswoman and politician, Polish Minister of Infrastructure and Development*1962 – Todd Bennett, English runner and coach (d. 2013)* 1962 – Peter Hedges, American author, screenwriter, and director*1967 – Heather Nova, Bermudian singer-songwriter and guitarist*1970 – Inspectah Deck, American rapper and producer*1972 – Daniel Andrews, Australian politician, 48th Premier of Victoria* 1972 – Laurent Gaudé, French author and playwright* 1972 – Greg Norton, American baseball player and coach* 1972 – Zhanna Pintusevich-Block, Ukrainian sprinter*1974 – Harashima, Japanese professional wrestler* 1974 – Zé Roberto, Brazilian footballer*1975 – 50 Cent, American rapper and actor* 1975 – Sebastián Rulli, Argentine-Mexican actor and model* 1975 – Amir-Abbas Fakhravar, Iranian journalist and activist* 1975 – Kristian Woolf, Australian rugby league player and coach *1976 – Rory Delap, English-Irish footballer* 1976 – Ioana Dumitriu, Romanian-American mathematician and academic*1977 – Max Mirnyi, Belarusian tennis player* 1977 – Makhaya Ntini, South African cricketer*1978 – Adam Busch, American actor, director, and producer* 1978 – Tamera Mowry, American actress and producer* 1978 – Tia Mowry, American actress and producer* 1978 – Kevin Senio, New Zealand rugby player*1979 – Nic Cester, Australian singer-songwriter and guitarist * 1979 – Kevin Hart, American comedian, actor, producer, and screenwriter*1980 – Joell Ortiz, American rapper * 1980 – Eva Green, French actress and model*1981 – Nnamdi Asomugha, American football player* 1981 – Roman Shirokov, Russian footballer*1982 – Brandon Jacobs, American football player* 1982 – Misty Upham, American actress (d. 2014)*1983 – Gregory Smith, Canadian actor, director, and producer*1984 – Zhang Hao, Chinese figure skater*1985 – Ranveer Singh, Indian film actor*1986 – David Karp, American businessman, founded Tumblr*1987 – Sophie Auster, American singer-songwriter and actress* 1987 – Manteo Mitchell, American runner* 1987 – Kate Nash, English singer-songwriter, guitarist, and actress* 1987 – Caroline Trentini, Brazilian model*1988 – Kevin Fickentscher, Swiss footballer*1990 – Magaye Gueye, French footballer* 1990 – Jamal Idris, Australian rugby league player * 1990 – Justin Schultz, Canadian ice hockey player*1992 – Na-Lae Han, South Korean tennis player* 1992 – Manny Machado, Dominican-American baseball player*2000 – Zion Williamson, American basketball player" ], [ "Deaths", "===Pre-1600===*371 BC – Cleombrotus I, Spartan king* 649 – Goar of Aquitaine, French bishop* 887 – Wang Chongrong, Chinese warlord* 918 – William I, duke of Aquitaine (b.", "875)*1017 – Genshin, Japanese scholar (b.", "942)*1070 – Godelieve, Flemish saint (b.", "1049)*1189 – Henry II, king of England (b.", "1133)*1218 – Odo III, duke of Burgundy (b.", "1166)*1249 – Alexander II, king of Scotland (b.", "1198)*1415 – Jan Hus, Czech priest, philosopher, and reformer (b.", "1369)*1476 – Regiomontanus, German mathematician and astrologer (b.", "1436)*1480 – Antonio Squarcialupi, Italian composer (b.", "1416)*1533 – Ludovico Ariosto, Italian poet and playwright (b.", "1474)*1535 – Thomas More, English lawyer and politician, Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster (b.", "1478)*1553 – Edward VI, king of England and Ireland (b.", "1537)*1583 – Edmund Grindal, English archbishop (b.", "1519)*1585 – Thomas Aufield, English priest and martyr (b.", "1552)===1601–1900===*1614 – Man Singh I, Rajput Raja of Amer (b.", "1550)*1684 – Peter Gunning, English bishop (b.", "1614)*1758 – George Howe, 3rd Viscount Howe, English general and politician (b.", "1725)*1768 – Conrad Beissel, German-American religious leader (b.", "1690)*1802 – Daniel Morgan, American general and politician (b.", "1736)*1809 – Antoine Charles Louis de Lasalle, French general (b.", "1775)*1813 – Granville Sharp, English activist (b.", "1735)*1815 – Samuel Whitbread, English politician (b.", "1764)*1835 – John Marshall, American captain and politician, 4th United States Secretary of State (b.", "1755)*1854 – Georg Ohm, German physicist and mathematician (b.", "1789)*1868 – Harada Sanosuke, Japanese captain (b.", "1840)*1893 – Guy de Maupassant, French short story writer, novelist, and poet (b.", "1850)===1901–present===*1901 – Chlodwig Carl Viktor, German prince and chancellor (b.", "1819)*1902 – Maria Goretti, Italian martyr and saint (b.", "1890)*1904 – Abai Qunanbaiuly, Kazakh poet and philosopher (b.", "1845)*1907 – August Johann Gottfried Bielenstein, German linguist and theologian (b.", "1826)*1914 – Georges Legagneux, French aviator (b.", "1882) *1916 – Odilon Redon, French painter and illustrator (b.", "1840)*1918 – Wilhelm von Mirbach, German diplomat (b.", "1871)*1922 – Maria Teresia Ledóchowska, Polish-Austrian nun and missionary (b.", "1863)*1932 – Kenneth Grahame, Scottish-English author (b.", "1859)*1934 – Nestor Makhno, Ukrainian commander (b.", "1888)*1946 – Horace Pippin, American painter (b.", "1888)*1947 – Adolfo Müller-Ury, Swiss-American painter (b.", "1862)*1952 – Louis-Alexandre Taschereau, Canadian lawyer and politician, 14th Premier of Quebec (b.", "1867)*1954 – Cornelia Sorabji, Indian lawyer, social reformer and writer (b.", "1866)*1959 – George Grosz, German painter and illustrator (b.", "1893)*1960 – Aneurin Bevan, Welsh-English politician, Secretary of State for Health (b.", "1897)*1961 – Scott LaFaro, American bassist (b.", "1936)* 1961 – Woodall Rodgers, American lawyer and politician, Mayor of Dallas (b.", "1890)*1962 – Paul Boffa, Maltese soldier and politician, 5th Prime Minister of Malta (b.", "1890) * 1962 – William Faulkner, American novelist and short story writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b.", "1897)* 1962 – Joseph August, archduke of Austria (b.", "1872)*1963 – George, duke of Mecklenburg (b.", "1899)*1964 – Claude V. Ricketts, American admiral (b.", "1906)*1966 – Sad Sam Jones, American baseball player and manager (b.", "1892)*1967 – Hilda Taba, Estonian architect and educator (b.", "1902)*1971 – Louis Armstrong, American singer and trumpet player (b.", "1901)*1973 – Otto Klemperer, German-American conductor and composer (b.", "1885)*1975 – Reşat Ekrem Koçu, Turkish historian, scholar, and poet (b.", "1905)*1976 – Zhu De, Chinese general and politician, Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress (b.", "1886)* 1976 – Fritz Lenz, German geneticist and physician (b.", "1887)*1977 – Ödön Pártos, Hungarian-Israeli viola player and composer (b.", "1907)*1978 – Babe Paley, American socialite and fashion style icon (b.", "1915)*1979 – Van McCoy, American singer-songwriter and producer (b.", "1940)*1986 – Jagjivan Ram, Indian lawyer and politician, 4th Deputy Prime Minister of India (b.", "1908)*1987 – Elli Stenberg, Finnish politician (b.", "1903)*1989 – János Kádár, Hungarian mechanic and politician, Hungarian Minister of the Interior (b.", "1912)*1991 – Mudashiru Lawal, Nigerian footballer (b.", "1954)*1992 – Marsha P. Johnson, American drag queen performer and activist (b.", "1945)*1994 – Ahmet Haxhiu, Kosovan activist (b.", "1932)*1995 – Aziz Nesin, Turkish author and poet (b.", "1915)*1997 – Chetan Anand, Indian director, producer, and screenwriter (b.", "1921)*1998 – Roy Rogers, American cowboy, actor, and singer (b.", "1911)*1999 – Joaquín Rodrigo, Spanish pianist and composer (b.", "1901)*2000 – Władysław Szpilman, Polish pianist and composer (b.", "1911)*2002 – Dhirubhai Ambani, Indian businessman, founded Reliance Industries (b.", "1932)* 2002 – John Frankenheimer, American director, producer, and screenwriter (b.", "1930)*2003 – Buddy Ebsen, American actor, singer, and dancer (b.", "1908)* 2003 – Çelik Gülersoy, Turkish lawyer, historical preservationist, writer and poet (b.", "1930)*2004 – Thomas Klestil, Austrian politician, 10th President of Austria (b.", "1932)* 2004 – Syreeta Wright, American singer-songwriter (b.", "1946)*2005 – Ed McBain, American author and screenwriter (b.", "1926)* 2005 – Claude Simon, Malagasy-French novelist and critic, Nobel Prize laureate (b.", "1913)*2006 – Kasey Rogers, American actress (b.", "1925)*2007 – Kathleen E. Woodiwiss, American author (b.", "1939)*2009 – Vasily Aksyonov, Russian author and academic (b.", "1932)* 2009 – Robert McNamara, American businessman and politician, 8th United States Secretary of Defense (b.", "1916)*2010 – Harvey Fuqua, American singer-songwriter and producer (b.", "1929)*2011 – Carly Hibberd, Australian road racing cyclist (b.", "1985)*2012 – Hani al-Hassan, Palestinian engineer and politician (b.", "1939)*2013 – Lo Hsing Han, Burmese businessman, co-founded Asia World (b.", "1935)*2014 – Alan J. Dixon, American soldier, lawyer, and politician, 34th Illinois Secretary of State (b.", "1927)*2015 – Jerry Weintraub, American film producer, and talent agent (b.", "1937)*2018 – Shoko Asahara, founder of Japanese cult group Aum Shinrikyo (b.", "1955)* 2019 – João Gilberto, Brazilian singer-songwriter and guitarist, pioneer of bossa nova music style (b.", "1931)*2020 – Charlie Daniels, American singer-songwriter, fiddle-player and guitarist (b.", "1936)* 2020 – Mary Kay Letourneau, American child rapist (b.", "1962)* 2020 – Ennio Morricone, Italian composer, orchestrator, conductor, and trumpet player (b.", "1928)*2022 – James Caan, American actor (b.", "1940)* 2022 – Arnaldo Pambianco, Italian former professional road racing cyclist (b.", "1935)* 2022 – Norah Vincent, American writer (b.", "1968)" ], [ "Holidays and observances", "*The first day of the Festival of San Fermín, which lasts until July 14.", "(Pamplona)*Christian feast day:**Maria Goretti**Romulus of Fiesole**July 6 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)*Constitution Day (Cayman Islands)*Day of the Capital (Kazakhstan)*Independence Day (Comoros), celebrates the independence of the Comoros from France in 1975.", "*Independence Day (Malawi), celebrates the independence of Malawi from United Kingdom in 1964.", "*International Kissing Day (informally observed)*Jan Hus Day (Czech Republic)*Kupala Night (Poland, Russia, Belarus and Ukraine)*Statehood Day (Lithuania)*Teachers' Day (Peru)" ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* * *" ] ]
wikipedia
[ [ "July 7" ], [ "Introduction" ], [ "Events", "===Pre-1600===*1124 – The city of Tyre falls to the Venetian Crusade after a siege of nineteen weeks.", "*1456 – A retrial verdict acquits Joan of Arc of heresy 25 years after her execution.", "*1520 – Spanish ''conquistadores'' defeat a larger Aztec army at the Battle of Otumba.", "*1534 – Jacques Cartier makes his first contact with aboriginal peoples in what is now Canada.", "*1575 – The Raid of the Redeswire is the last major battle between England and Scotland.", "*1585 – The Treaty of Nemours abolishes tolerance to Protestants in France.===1601–1900===*1667 – An English fleet completes the destruction of a French merchant fleet off Fort St Pierre, Martinique during the Second Anglo-Dutch War.", "*1770 – The Battle of Larga between the Russian Empire and the Ottoman Empire takes place.", "*1777 – American forces retreating from Fort Ticonderoga are defeated in the Battle of Hubbardton.", "*1798 – As a result of the XYZ Affair, the US Congress rescinds the Treaty of Alliance with France sparking the \"Quasi-War\".", "*1807 – The first Treaty of Tilsit between France and Russia is signed, ending hostilities between the two countries in the War of the Fourth Coalition.", "*1834 – In New York City, four nights of rioting against abolitionists began.", "*1846 – US troops occupy Monterey and Yerba Buena, thus beginning the US conquest of California.", "*1863 – The United States begins its first military draft; exemptions cost $300.", "*1865 – Four conspirators in the assassination of Abraham Lincoln are hanged.", "*1892 – The Katipunan is established, the discovery of which by Spanish authorities initiated the Philippine Revolution.", "*1898 – US President William McKinley signs the Newlands Resolution annexing Hawaii as a territory of the United States.===1901–present===*1907 – Florenz Ziegfeld Jr. staged his first Follies on the roof of the New York Theater in New York City.", "*1911 – The United States, UK, Japan, and Russia sign the North Pacific Fur Seal Convention of 1911 banning open-water seal hunting, the first international treaty to address wildlife preservation issues.", "*1915 – The First Battle of the Isonzo comes to an end.", "* 1915 – Colombo Town Guard officer Henry Pedris is executed in British Ceylon for allegedly inciting persecution of Muslims.", "*1916 – The New Zealand Labour Party was founded in Wellington.", "*1928 – Sliced bread is sold for the first time (on the inventor's 48th birthday) by the Chillicothe Baking Company of Chillicothe, Missouri.", "*1930 – Industrialist Henry J. Kaiser begins construction of Boulder Dam (now known as Hoover Dam).", "*1937 – The Marco Polo Bridge Incident (Lugou Bridge) provides the Imperial Japanese Army with a pretext for starting the Second Sino-Japanese War (China-Japan War).", "* 1937 – The Peel Commission Report recommends the partition of Palestine, which was the first formal recommendation for partition in the history of Palestine.", "*1941 – The US occupation of Iceland replaces the UK's occupation.", "*1944 – World War II: Largest Banzai charge of the Pacific War at the Battle of Saipan.", "*1946 – Mother Francesca S. Cabrini becomes the first American to be canonized.", "* 1946 – Howard Hughes nearly dies when his XF-11 reconnaissance aircraft prototype crashes in a Beverly Hills neighborhood.", "*1952 – The ocean liner passes Bishop Rock on her maiden voyage, breaking the transatlantic speed record to become the fastest passenger ship in the world.", "*1953 – Ernesto \"Che\" Guevara sets out on a trip through Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Panama, Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Honduras, and El Salvador.", "*1958 – US President Dwight D. Eisenhower signs the Alaska Statehood Act into law.", "*1959 – Venus occults the star Regulus.", "This rare event is used to determine the diameter of Venus and the structure of the Venusian atmosphere.", "*1962 – Alitalia Flight 771 crashes in Junnar, Maharashtra, India, killing 94 people.", "*1963 – Buddhist crisis: Police commanded by Ngô Đình Nhu, brother and chief political adviser of South Vietnam President Ngo Dinh Diem, attacked a group of American journalists who were covering a protest.", "*1978 – The Solomon Islands becomes independent from the United Kingdom.", "*1980 – Institution of sharia law in Iran.", "* 1980 – During the Lebanese Civil War, 83 Tiger militants are killed during what will be known as the Safra massacre.", "*1981 – US President Ronald Reagan nominates Sandra Day O'Connor to become the first female member of the Supreme Court of the United States.", "*1983 – Cold War: Samantha Smith, a US schoolgirl, flies to the Soviet Union at the invitation of Secretary General Yuri Andropov.", "*1985 – Boris Becker becomes the youngest male player ever to win Wimbledon at age 17.", "*1991 – Yugoslav Wars: The Brioni Agreement ends the ten-day independence war in Slovenia against the rest of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.", "*1992 – The New York Court of Appeals rules that women have the same right as men to go topless in public.", "*1997 – The Turkish Armed Forces withdraw from northern Iraq after assisting the Kurdistan Democratic Party in the Iraqi Kurdish Civil War.", "*2003 – NASA Opportunity rover, MER-B or Mars Exploration Rover–B, was launched into space aboard a Delta II rocket.", "*2005 – A series of four explosions occurs on London's transport system, killing 56 people, including four suicide bombers, and injuring over 700 others.", "*2007 – The first Live Earth benefit concert was held in 11 locations around the world.", "*2012 – At least 172 people are killed in a flash flood in the Krasnodar Krai region of Russia.", "*2013 – A De Havilland Otter air taxi crashes in Soldotna, Alaska, killing ten people.", "*2016 – Ex-US Army soldier Micah Xavier Johnson shoots fourteen policemen during an anti-police protest in downtown Dallas, Texas, killing five of them.", "He is subsequently killed by a robot-delivered bomb.", "*2017 – The Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons was adopted with 122 countries voting in favour.", "*2019 – The United States women's national soccer team defeated the Netherlands 2–0 at the 2019 FIFA Women's World Cup Final in Lyon, France.", "*2022 – Boris Johnson announces his resignation as leader of the Conservative Party following days of pressure from the Members of Parliament (MPs) during the July 2022 United Kingdom government crisis." ], [ "Births", "===Pre-1600===* 611 – Eudoxia Epiphania, daughter of Byzantine emperor Heraclius *1053 – Emperor Shirakawa of Japan (d. 1129)*1119 – Emperor Sutoku of Japan (d. 1164)*1207 – Elizabeth of Hungary (d. 1231)*1482 – Andrzej Krzycki, Polish archbishop (d. 1537)*1528 – Archduchess Anna of Austria (d. 1590)*1540 – John Sigismund Zápolya, King of Hungary (d. 1571)*1585 – Thomas Howard, 21st Earl of Arundel, English courtier and politician, Lord Lieutenant of Northumberland (d. 1646)*1588 – Wolrad IV, Count of Waldeck-Eisenberg (d. 1640)===1601–1900===*1616 – John Leverett, Governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony (d. 1679)*1752 – Joseph Marie Jacquard, French merchant, invented the Jacquard loom (d. 1834)*1766 – Guillaume Philibert Duhesme, French general (d. 1815)*1831 – Jane Elizabeth Conklin, American poet and religious writer (d. 1914)*1833 – Félicien Rops, Belgian painter and illustrator (d. 1898)*1843 – Camillo Golgi, Italian physician and pathologist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1926)*1846 – Heinrich Rosenthal, Estonian physician and author (d. 1916)*1848 – Francisco de Paula Rodrigues Alves, Brazilian politician, 5th President of Brazil (d. 1919)*1851 – Charles Albert Tindley, American minister and composer (d. 1933)*1855 – Ludwig Ganghofer, German author and playwright (d. 1920)*1859 – Rettamalai Srinivasan, Indian politician (d. 1945)*1860 – Gustav Mahler, Austrian composer and conductor (d. 1911)*1861 – Nettie Stevens, American geneticist (d. 1912)*1869 – Rachel Caroline Eaton, American academic (d. 1938)* 1869 – Fernande Sadler, French painter and mayor (d. 1949)*1874 – Erwin Bumke, German lawyer and jurist (d. 1945)*1880 – Otto Frederick Rohwedder, American engineer, invented sliced bread (d. 1960)*1882 – Yanka Kupala, Belarusian poet and writer (d. 1941)*1883 – Toivo Kuula, Finnish conductor and composer (d. 1918)*1884 – Lion Feuchtwanger, German author and playwright (d. 1958)*1891 – Tadamichi Kuribayashi, Japanese general and poet (d. 1945)*1891 – Virginia Rappe, American model and actress (d. 1921)*1893 – Herbert Feis, American historian and author (d. 1972)* 1893 – Miroslav Krleža, Croatian author, poet, and playwright (d. 1981)*1898 – Arnold Horween, American football player and coach (d. 1985)*1899 – George Cukor, American director and producer (d. 1983)*1900 – Maria Bard, German stage and silent film actress (d. 1944)* 1900 – Earle E. Partridge, American general (d. 1990)===1901–present===*1901 – Vittorio De Sica, Italian actor and director (d. 1974)* 1901 – Sam Katzman, American director and producer (d. 1973)* 1901 – Eiji Tsuburaya, Japanese cinematographer and producer (d. 1970)*1902 – Ted Radcliffe, American baseball player and manager (d. 2005)*1904 – Simone Beck, French chef and author (d. 1991)*1905 – Marie-Louise Dubreil-Jacotin, French mathematician (d. 1972)*1906 – William Feller, Croatian-American mathematician and academic (d. 1970)* 1906 – Anton Karas, Austrian zither player and composer (d. 1985)* 1906 – Satchel Paige, American baseball player and coach (d. 1982)*1907 – Robert A. Heinlein, American science fiction writer and screenwriter (d. 1988)*1908 – Revilo P. Oliver, American author and academic (d. 1994)*1909 – Gottfried von Cramm, German tennis player (d. 1976)*1910 – Doris McCarthy, Canadian painter and author (d. 2010)*1911 – Gian Carlo Menotti, Italian-American composer (d. 2007)*1913 – Pinetop Perkins, American singer and pianist (d. 2011)*1915 – Margaret Walker, American novelist and poet (d. 1998)*1917 – Fidel Sánchez Hernández, Salvadoran general and politician, President of El Salvador (d. 2003)* 1917 – Iva Withers, Canadian-American actress and singer (d. 2014)*1918 – Bob Vanatta, American head basketball coach (d. 2016)* 1918 – Jing Shuping, Chinese businessman (d. 2009)*1919 – Jon Pertwee, English actor (d. 1996)*1921 – Ezzard Charles, American boxer (d. 1975)* 1921 – Adolf von Thadden, German lieutenant and politician (d. 1996)*1922 – Alan Armer, American director, producer, and screenwriter (d. 2010)* 1922 – James D. Hughes, American Air Force lieutenant general (d. 2024)*1923 – Liviu Ciulei, Romanian actor, director, and screenwriter (d. 2011)* 1923 – Whitney North Seymour Jr., American politician (d. 2019)* 1923 – Eduardo Falú, Argentinian guitarist and composer (d. 2013)*1924 – Natalia Bekhtereva, Russian neuroscientist and psychologist (d. 2008)* 1924 – Karim Olowu, Nigerian sprinter and long jumper (d. 2019)* 1924 – Mary Ford, American singer and guitarist (d. 1977)* 1924 – Eddie Romero, Filipino director, producer, and screenwriter (d. 2013)*1925 – Geliy Korzhev, Russian painter (d. 2012) * 1925 – Wally Phillips, American radio host (d. 2008)*1926 – Nuon Chea, Cambodian politician (d. 2019)* 1926 – Anand Mohan Zutshi Gulzar Dehlvi, Urdu poet (d. 2020)*1927 – Alan J. Dixon, American lawyer and politician, 34th Illinois Secretary of State (d. 2014)* 1927 – Charlie Louvin, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 2011) * 1927 – Doc Severinsen, American trumpet player and conductor *1928 – Patricia Hitchcock, English actress (d. 2021)* 1928 – Kapelwa Sikota Zambian nurse and health official (d. 2006)*1929 – Hasan Abidi, Pakistani journalist and poet (d. 2005)* 1929 – Sergio Romano, Italian writer, journalist, and historian*1930 – Biljana Plavšić, 2nd President of Republika Srpska* 1930 – Hamish MacInnes, Scottish mountaineer and author (d. 2020)* 1930 – Theodore Edgar McCarrick, American cardinal* 1930 – Hank Mobley, American saxophonist and composer (d. 1986)*1931 – David Eddings, American author and academic (d. 2009)*1932 – T. J. Bass, American physician and author (d. 2011)* 1932 – Joe Zawinul, Austrian jazz keyboardist and composer (d. 2007)*1933 – David McCullough, American historian and author (d. 2022)*1934 – Robert McNeill Alexander, British zoologist (d. 2016)*1935 – Gian Carlo Michelini, Italian-Taiwanese Roman Catholic priest*1936 – Egbert Brieskorn, German mathematician and academic (d. 2013)* 1936 – Jo Siffert, Swiss race car driver (d. 1971)* 1936 – Nikos Xilouris, Greek singer-songwriter (d. 1980)*1937 – Tung Chee-hwa, Hong Kong businessman and politician, 1st Chief Executive of Hong Kong*1938 – James Montgomery Boice, American pastor and theologian (d. 2000)*1939 – Elena Obraztsova, Russian soprano and actress (d. 2015)*1940 – Ringo Starr, English singer-songwriter, drummer, and actor *1941 – Marco Bollesan, Italian rugby player and coach (d. 2021)* 1941 – John Fru Ndi, Cameroonian politician (d. 2023)* 1941 – Michael Howard, Welsh lawyer and politician* 1941 – Bill Oddie, English comedian, actor, and singer* 1941 – Jim Rodford, English bass player (d. 2018)*1942 – Carmen Duncan, Australian actress (d. 2019)* 1943 – Joel Siegel, American journalist and critic (d. 2007)*1944 – Feleti Sevele, Tongan politician; Prime Minister of Tonga* 1944 – Tony Jacklin, English golfer and sportscaster* 1944 – Glenys Kinnock, Baroness Kinnock of Holyhead, English educator and politician (d. 2023)* 1944 – Emanuel Steward, American boxer and trainer (d. 2012)* 1944 – Ian Wilmut, English-Scottish embryologist and academic (d. 2023)*1945 – Michael Ancram, English lawyer and politician* 1945 – Adele Goldberg, American computer scientist and academic* 1945 – Helô Pinheiro, inspiration for the song \"The Girl from Ipanema\" *1947 – Gyanendra, King of Nepal* 1947 – Howard Rheingold, American author and critic*1949 – Shelley Duvall, American actress, writer, and producer*1954 – Simon Anderson, Australian surfer*1955 – Len Barker, American baseball player and coach*1957 – Jonathan Dayton, American director and producer* 1957 – Berry Sakharof, Turkish-Israeli singer-songwriter and guitarist * 1958 – Alexander Svinin, Russian figure skater and coach*1959 – Billy Campbell, American actor*1960 – Kevin A. Ford, American colonel and astronaut* 1960 – Ralph Sampson, American basketball player and coach*1963 – Vonda Shepard, American singer-songwriter and actress*1964 – Dominik Henzel, Czech-Swedish actor and comedian*1965 – Mo Collins, American actress, comedian and screenwriter* 1965 – Jeremy Kyle, English talk show host*1966 – Jim Gaffigan, American comedian, actor, producer, and screenwriter*1967 – Tom Kristensen, Danish race car driver*1968 – Jorja Fox, American actress *1969 – Sylke Otto, German luger* 1969 – Joe Sakic, Canadian ice hockey player* 1969 – Cree Summer, American-Canadian actress*1970 – Wayne McCullough, Northern Irish boxer* 1970 – Min Patel, Indian-English cricketer* 1970 – Erik Zabel, German cyclist and coach*1971 – Christian Camargo, American actor, producer, and screenwriter*1972 – Lisa Leslie, American basketball player and actress* 1972 – Manfred Stohl, Austrian race car driver* 1972 – Kirsten Vangsness, American actress and writer*1973 – José Jiménez, Dominican baseball player* 1973 – Kārlis Skrastiņš, Latvian ice hockey player (d. 2011)*1974 – Patrick Lalime, Canadian ice hockey player and sportscaster*1975 – Tony Benshoof, American luger* 1975 – Louis Koen, South African rugby player* 1975 – Adam Nelson, American shot putter*1976 – Bérénice Bejo, Argentinian-French actress* 1976 – Dominic Foley, Irish footballer* 1976 – Vasily Petrenko, Russian conductor* 1976 – Ercüment Olgundeniz, Turkish discus thrower and shot putter*1978 – Chris Andersen, American basketball player* 1978 – Davor Kraljević, Croatian footballer*1979 – Ibrahim Sulayman Muhammad Arbaysh, Saudi Arabian terrorist (d. 2015)* 1979 – Anastasios Gousis, Greek sprinter* 1979 – Douglas Hondo, Zimbabwean cricketer*1980 – John Buck, American baseball player* 1980 – Serdar Kulbilge, Turkish footballer* 1980 – Michelle Kwan, American figure skater*1981 – Mahendra Singh Dhoni, Indian cricketer*1981 – Synyster Gates, American guitarist*1982 – Jan Laštůvka, Czech footballer* 1982 – George Owu, Ghanaian footballer*1983 – Justin Davies, Australian footballer*1984 – Minas Alozidis, Greek hurdler* 1984 – Alberto Aquilani, Italian footballer* 1984 – Mohammad Ashraful, Bangladeshi cricketer*1985 – Marc Stein, German footballer*1986 – Ana Kasparian, American journalist and producer* 1986 – Udo Schwarz, German rugby player* 1986 – Sevyn Streeter, American singer-songwriter*1988 – Kaci Brown, American singer-songwriter* 1988 – Lukas Rosenthal, German rugby player*1989 – Landon Cassill, American race car driver* 1989 – Miina Kallas, Estonian footballer* 1989 – Karl-August Tiirmaa, Estonian skier*1990 – Lee Addy, Ghanaian footballer* 1990 – Pascal Stöger, Austrian footballer*1991 – Alesso, Swedish DJ, record producer and musician *1992 – Ellina Anissimova, Estonian hammer thrower* 1992 – Dominik Furman, Polish footballer*1994 – Nigina Abduraimova, Uzbekistani tennis player* 1994 – Timothy Cathcart, Northern Irish race car driver (d. 2014)*1997 – Mizuho Habu, Japanese idol* 1997 – James Marriott, English musician and online content creator*1999 – Moussa Diaby, French footballer" ], [ "Deaths", "===Pre-1600===* 984 – Crescentius the Elder, Italian politician and aristocrat*1021 – Fujiwara no Akimitsu, Japanese bureaucrat (b.", "944)*1162 – Haakon II Sigurdsson, king of Norway (b.", "1147)*1285 – Tile Kolup, German impostor claiming to be Frederick II*1304 – Benedict XI, pope of the Catholic Church (b.", "1240)*1307 – Edward I, king of England (b.", "1239)*1345 – Momchil, Bulgarian brigand and ruler*1531 – Tilman Riemenschneider, German sculptor (b.", "1460)*1568 – William Turner, British ornithologist and botanist (b.", "1508)*1572 – Sigismund II Augustus, Polish king (b.", "1520)*1573 – Giacomo Barozzi da Vignola, Italian architect, designed the Church of the Gesù and Villa Farnese (b.", "1507)*1593 – Mohammed Bagayogo, Malian scholar and academic (b.", "1523)*1600 – Thomas Lucy, English politician (b.", "1532)===1601–1900===*1607 – Penelope Blount, Countess of Devonshire, English noblewoman (b.", "1563)*1647 – Thomas Hooker, English minister, founded the Colony of Connecticut (b.", "1586)*1701 – William Stoughton, American judge and politician, Governor of the Province of Massachusetts Bay (b.", "1631)*1713 – Henry Compton, English bishop (b.", "1632)*1718 – Alexei Petrovich, Russian tsarevich (b.", "1690)*1730 – Olivier Levasseur, French pirate (b.", "1690)*1758 – Marthanda Varma, Raja of Attingal (b.", "1706)*1764 – William Pulteney, 1st Earl of Bath, English politician, Secretary at War (b.", "1683)*1776 – Jeremiah Markland, English scholar and academic (b.", "1693)*1790 – François Hemsterhuis, Dutch philosopher and author (b.", "1721)*1816 – Richard Brinsley Sheridan, Irish playwright and poet (b.", "1751)*1863 – William Mulready, Irish genre painter (b.", "1786)*1865 – George Atzerodt (b.", "1833)* 1865 – David Herold (b.", "1842)* 1865 – Lewis Payne (b.", "1844)* 1865 – Mary Surratt (b.", "1823)*1890 – Henri Nestlé, German businessman, founded Nestlé (b.", "1814)===1901–present===*1901 – Johanna Spyri, Swiss author (b.", "1827)*1913 – Edward Burd Grubb Jr., American general and diplomat, United States Ambassador to Spain (b.", "1841)*1922 – Cathal Brugha, Irish revolutionary and politician, active in the Easter Rising, Irish War of Independence; first Ceann Comhairle and first President of Dáil Éireann (b.", "1874)*1925 – Clarence Hudson White, American photographer and educator (b.", "1871)*1927 – Gösta Mittag-Leffler, Swedish mathematician and academic (b.", "1846)*1930 – Arthur Conan Doyle, British writer (b.", "1859)*1932 – Alexander Grin, Russian author (b.", "1880)* 1932 – Henry Eyster Jacobs, American theologian and educator (b.", "1844)*1939 – Deacon White, American baseball player and manager (b.", "1847)*1950 – Fats Navarro, American trumpet player and composer (b.", "1923)*1955 – Ali Naci Karacan, Turkish journalist and publisher (b.", "1896)*1956 – Gottfried Benn, German author and poet (b.", "1886)*1960 – Francis Browne, Irish priest and photographer (b.", "1880)*1964 – Lillian Copeland, American discus thrower and shot putter (b.", "1904)*1965 – Moshe Sharett, Ukrainian-Israeli lieutenant and politician, 2nd Prime Minister of Israel (b.", "1894)*1968 – Jo Schlesser, French race car driver (b.", "1928)*1970 – Dame Laura Knight, English artist (b.", "1877)*1971 – Claude Gauvreau, Canadian poet and playwright (b.", "1925)*1972 – Athenagoras I of Constantinople (b.", "1886)*1973 – Max Horkheimer, German philosopher and sociologist (b.", "1895)* 1973 – Veronica Lake, American actress (b.", "1922)*1978 – Francisco Mendes, Guinea-Bissau lawyer and politician, 1st Prime Minister of Guinea-Bissau (b.", "1933)*1980 – Dore Schary, American director, producer, and screenwriter (b.", "1905)*1982 – Bon Maharaja, Indian guru and religious writer (b.", "1901)*1984 – George Oppen, American poet and author (b.", "1908)*1987 – Germaine Thyssens-Valentin, Dutch-French pianist (b.", "1902)*1990 – Bill Cullen, American television panelist and game show host (b.", "1920)* 1990 – Cazuza, Brazilian singer and songwriter (b.", "1958)*1993 – Rıfat Ilgaz, Turkish author, poet, and educator (b.", "1911)* 1993 – Mia Zapata, American singer (b.", "1965)*1994 – Carlo Chiti, Italian engineer (b.", "1924)* 1994 – Friedrich August Freiherr von der Heydte, German general (b.", "1907)*1998 – Moshood Abiola, Nigerian businessman and politician (b.", "1937)*1999 – Julie Campbell Tatham, American author (b.", "1908)*1999 – Vikram Batra, Param Vir Chakra, Indian Army personnel (b.", "1974)*2000 – Kenny Irwin Jr., American race car driver (b.", "1969)*2001 – Fred Neil, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (b.", "1936)*2003 – Izhak Graziani, Bulgarian trumpet player and conductor (b.", "1924)*2006 – Syd Barrett, English singer-songwriter and guitarist (b.", "1946)* 2006 – Juan de Ávalos, Spanish sculptor (b.", "1911)* 2006 – John Money, New Zealand-American psychologist and author (b.", "1921)*2007 – Anne McLaren, British scientist (b.", "1927)* 2007 – Donald Michie, British scientist (b.", "1923)*2008 – Bruce Conner, American sculptor, painter, and photographer (b.", "1933)* 2008 – Dorian Leigh, American model (b.", "1917)*2011 – Allan W. Eckert, American historian and author (b.", "1931)* 2011 – Dick Williams, American baseball player, coach, and manager (b.", "1929)*2012 – Ronaldo Cunha Lima, Brazilian poet and politician (b.", "1936)* 2012 – Dennis Flemion, American drummer (b.", "1955)* 2012 – Doris Neal, American baseball player (b.", "1928)* 2012 – Jerry Norman, American sinologist and linguist (b.", "1936)* 2012 – Leon Schlumpf, Swiss politician (b.", "1927)*2013 – Artur Hajzer, Polish mountaineer (b.", "1962)* 2013 – Robert Hamerton-Kelly, South African-American pastor, theologian, and author (b.", "1938)* 2013 – Donald J. Irwin, American lawyer and politician, 32nd Mayor of Norwalk, Connecticut (b.", "1926)* 2013 – Ben Pucci, American football player and sportscaster (b.", "1925)*2014 – Alfredo Di Stéfano, Argentinian-Spanish footballer and coach (b.", "1926)* 2014 – Eduard Shevardnadze, Georgian general and politician, 2nd President of Georgia (b.", "1928)* 2014 – Peter Underwood, Australian lawyer and politician, 27th Governor of Tasmania (b.", "1937)*2015 – Maria Barroso, Portuguese actress and politician (b.", "1925)* 2015 – Bob MacKinnon, American basketball player and coach (b.", "1927)*2021 – Robert Downey Sr., American actor and director.", "Father of Robert Downey Jr. (b.", "1936)* 2021 – Jovenel Moïse, Haitian entrepreneur and politician, President of Haiti (b.", "1968)* 2021 – Dilip Kumar, Indian film actor (b.", "1922)" ], [ "Holidays and observances", "* Christian feast day:** Æthelburh of Faremoutiers** Felix of Nantes** Illidius** Job of Manyava (Ukrainian Orthodox Church)** Willibald (Catholic Church)** July 7 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)* Independence Day, celebrates the independence of Solomon Islands from the United Kingdom in 1978.", "* Ivan Kupala Day (Belarus, Poland, Russia, Ukraine)* Saba Saba Day (Tanzania)* Tanabata (Japan)* World Chocolate Day" ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* * *" ] ]
wikipedia
[ [ "June 8" ], [ "Introduction" ], [ "Events", "===Pre-1600===* 218 – Battle of Antioch: With the support of the Syrian legions, Elagabalus defeats the forces of emperor Macrinus.", "* 452 – Attila leads a Hun army in the invasion of Italy, devastating the northern provinces as he heads for Rome.", "* 793 – Vikings raid the abbey at Lindisfarne in Northumbria, commonly accepted as the beginning of Norse activity in the British Isles.", "*1042 – Edward the Confessor becomes King of England – the country's penultimate Anglo-Saxon king.", "*1191 – Richard I arrives in Acre, beginning the Third Crusade.===1601–1900===*1663 – Portuguese Restoration War: Portuguese victory at the Battle of Ameixial ensures Portugal's independence from Spain.", "*1772 – Alexander Fordyce flees to France to avoid debt repayment, triggering the credit crisis of 1772 in the British Empire and the Dutch Republic.", "*1776 – American Revolutionary War: Continental Army attackers are driven back at the Battle of Trois-Rivières.", "*1783 – Laki, a volcano in Iceland, begins an eight-month eruption which kills over 9,000 people and starts a seven-year famine.", "*1789 – James Madison introduces twelve proposed amendments to the United States Constitution in Congress.", "*1794 – Maximilien Robespierre inaugurates the French Revolution's new state religion, the Cult of the Supreme Being, with large organized festivals all across France.", "*1856 – A group of 194 Pitcairn Islanders, descendants of the mutineers of , arrives at Norfolk Island, commencing the Third Settlement of the Island.", "*1861 – American Civil War: Tennessee secedes from the Union.", "*1862 – American Civil War: A Confederate victory by forces under General Stonewall Jackson at the Battle of Cross Keys, along with the Battle of Port Republic the next day, prevents Union forces from reinforcing General George B. McClellan in his Peninsula campaign.", "*1867 – Coronation of Franz Joseph as King of Hungary following the Austro-Hungarian compromise (''Ausgleich'').", "*1887 – Herman Hollerith applies for US patent #395,781 for the 'Art of Compiling Statistics', which was his punched card calculator.===1901–present===*1906 – Theodore Roosevelt signs the Antiquities Act into law, authorizing the President to restrict the use of certain parcels of public land with historical or conservation value.", "*1912 – Carl Laemmle incorporates Universal Pictures.", "*1918 – A solar eclipse is observed at Baker City, Oregon by scientists and an artist hired by the United States Navy.", "*1928 – Second Northern Expedition: The National Revolutionary Army captures Beijing, whose name is changed to Beiping (\"Northern Peace\").", "*1929 – Margaret Bondfield is appointed Minister of Labour.", "She is the first woman appointed to the Cabinet of the United Kingdom.", "*1940 – World War II: The completion of Operation Alphabet, the evacuation of Allied forces from Narvik at the end of the Norwegian Campaign.", "*1941 – World War II: The Allies commence the Syria–Lebanon Campaign against the possessions of Vichy France in the Levant.", "*1942 – World War II: The Imperial Japanese Navy submarines I-21 and I-24 shell the Australian cities of Sydney and Newcastle.", "*1949 – Helen Keller, Dorothy Parker, Danny Kaye, Fredric March, John Garfield, Paul Muni and Edward G. Robinson are named in an FBI report as Communist Party members.", "* 1949 – George Orwell's ''Nineteen Eighty-Four'' is published.", "*1953 – An F5 tornado hits Beecher, Michigan, killing 116, injuring 844, and destroying 340 homes.", "* 1953 – The United States Supreme Court rules in ''District of Columbia v. John R. Thompson Co.'' that restaurants in Washington, D.C., cannot refuse to serve black patrons.", "*1959 – and the United States Postal Service attempt the delivery of mail via Missile Mail.", "*1961 – Marriage of Prince Edward, Duke of Kent to Katharine Worsley at York Minster.", "*1966 – An F-104 Starfighter collides with XB-70 Valkyrie prototype no.", "2, destroying both aircraft during a photo shoot near Edwards Air Force Base.", "Joseph A. Walker, a NASA test pilot, and Carl Cross, a United States Air Force test pilot, are both killed.", "* 1966 – Topeka, Kansas, is devastated by a tornado that registers as an \"F5\" on the Fujita scale, exceeding US$200 million in damages.", "Seventeen people are killed, over five hundred more injured, and thousands of homes damaged or destroyed.", "* 1966 – The National Football League and American Football League announced a merger effective in 1970.", "*1967 – Six-Day War: The USS ''Liberty'' incident occurs, killing 34 and wounding 171.", "*1968 – James Earl Ray, the man who assassinated Martin Luther King Jr. is arrested at London Heathrow Airport.", "*1972 – Vietnam War: Nine-year-old Phan Thị Kim Phúc is burned by napalm, an event captured by Associated Press photographer Nick Ut moments later while the young girl is seen running naked down a road, in what would become an iconic, Pulitzer Prize-winning photo.", "*1982 – Bluff Cove Air Attacks during the Falklands War: Fifty-six British servicemen are killed by an Argentine air attack on two landing ships, and .", "* 1982 – VASP Flight 168 crashes in Pacatuba, Ceará, Brazil, killing 128 people.", "*1984 – Homosexuality is decriminalized in the Australian state of New South Wales.", "*1987 – New Zealand's Labour government establishes a national nuclear-free zone under the New Zealand Nuclear Free Zone, Disarmament, and Arms Control Act 1987.", "*1992 – The first World Oceans Day is celebrated, coinciding with the Earth Summit held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.", "*1992 – GP Express Airlines Flight 861 crashes on approach to Anniston Regional Airport in Anniston, Alabama, killing three.", "*1995 – Downed U.S. Air Force pilot Captain Scott O'Grady is rescued by U.S. Marines in Bosnia.", "*2001 – Mamoru Takuma kills eight and injures 15 in a mass stabbing at an elementary school in the Osaka Prefecture of Japan.", "*2004 – The first Venus Transit in well over a century takes place, the previous one being in 1882.", "*2007 – Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia, is hit by the State's worst storms and flooding in 30 years resulting in the death of nine people and the grounding of a trade ship, the .", "*2008 – At least 37 miners go missing after an explosion in a Ukrainian coal mine causes it to collapse.", "* 2008 – At least seven people are killed and ten injured in a stabbing spree in Tokyo, Japan.", "*2009 – Two American journalists are found guilty of illegally entering North Korea and sentenced to 12 years of penal labour.", "*2014 – At least 28 people are killed in an attack at Jinnah International Airport, Karachi, Pakistan.", "*2023 – Former US President Donald Trump is indicted on federal charges of misusing classified information." ], [ "Births", "===Pre-1600===* 862 – Emperor Xizong of Tang (d. 888)*1508 – Primož Trubar, Slovenian Protestant reformer (d. 1586)*1593 – George I Rákóczi, prince of Transylvania (d. 1648)===1601–1900===*1625 – Giovanni Domenico Cassini, Italian-French mathematician and astronomer (d. 1712)*1671 – Tomaso Albinoni, Italian violinist and composer (d. 1751)*1717 – John Collins, American lawyer and politician, 3rd Governor of Rhode Island (d. 1795)*1724 – John Smeaton, English engineer, designed the Coldstream Bridge and Perth Bridge (d. 1794)*1745 – Caspar Wessel, Norwegian-Danish mathematician and cartographer (d. 1818)*1757 – Ercole Consalvi, Italian cardinal (d. 1824)*1776 – Thomas Rickman, English architect and architectural antiquary (d. 1841)*1788 – Charles A. Wickliffe, American politician, 14th Governor of Kentucky (d. 1869)*1810 – Robert Schumann, German composer and critic (d. 1856)*1829 – John Everett Millais, English painter and illustrator (d. 1896)*1831 – Thomas J. Higgins, Canadian-American sergeant, Medal of Honor recipient (d. 1917)*1842 – John Q.", "A. Brackett, American lawyer and politician, 36th Governor of Massachusetts (d. 1918)*1851 – Jacques-Arsène d'Arsonval, French physician and physicist (d. 1940)*1852 – Guido Banti, Italian physician and pathologist (d. 1925)*1854 – Douglas Cameron, Canadian politician, 8th Lieutenant Governor of Manitoba (d. 1921)*1855 – George Charles Haité, English painter and illustrator (d. 1924)*1858 – Charlotte Scott, English mathematician (d. 1931)*1859 – Smith Wigglesworth, English evangelist (d. 1947)*1860 – Alicia Boole Stott, Irish-English mathematician and theorist (d. 1940)*1867 – Frank Lloyd Wright, American architect, designed the Price Tower and Fallingwater (d. 1959)*1868 – Robert Robinson Taylor, American architect (d. 1942)*1872 – Jan Frans De Boever, Belgian painter and illustrator (d. 1949)*1875 – Ernst Enno, Estonian poet and author (d. 1934)*1876 – Alexandre Tuffère, Greek-French triple jumper (d. 1958)*1878 – Evan Roberts, Welsh Revivalist minister (d. 1951)*1885 – Karl Genzken, German physician (d. 1957)*1891 – William Funnell, Australian public servant (d. 1962)*1893 – Ernst Marcus, German zoologist (d. 1968)* 1893 – Gaby Morlay, French actress (d. 1964)*1894 – Erwin Schulhoff, Czech composer and pianist (d. 1942)*1895 – Santiago Bernabéu Yeste, Spanish footballer and manager (d. 1978)*1897 – John G. Bennett, English mathematician and technologist (d. 1974)*1899 – Eugène Lapierre, Canadian organist, composer and arts administrator (d. 1970)* 1899 – Ernst-Robert Grawitz, German physician (d. 1945)*1900 – Lena Baker, African-American maid executed for capital murder, later pardoned posthumously (d. 1945) ===1901–present===*1903 – Ralph Yarborough, American lawyer and politician (d. 1996)* 1903 – Marguerite Yourcenar, Belgian-French author and poet (d. 1987)*1910 – John W. Campbell, American journalist and author (d. 1971)* 1910 – Fernand Fonssagrives, French-American photographer, sculptor, and painter (d. 2003)*1911 – Edmundo Rivero, Argentinian singer-songwriter (d. 1986)*1912 – Wilhelmina Barns-Graham, British abstract painter (d. 2004)* 1912 – Maurice Bellemare, Canadian lawyer and politician (d. 1989)* 1912 – Harry Holtzman, American painter (d. 1987)*1915 – Kayyar Kinhanna Rai, Indian journalist, author, and poet (d. 2015)*1916 – Francis Crick, English biologist, biophysicist, and neuroscientist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2004)* 1916 – Luigi Comencini, Italian director and screenwriter (d. 2007)* 1916 – Richard Pousette-Dart, American painter and educator (d. 1992)*1917 – Byron White, American football player, lawyer and judge (d. 2002)*1918 – George Edward Hughes, Irish-New Zealand philosopher and logician (d. 1994)* 1918 – Robert Preston, American actor and singer (d. 1987)* 1918 – John D. Roberts, American chemist and academic (d. 2016)*1919 – John R. Deane, Jr., American general (d. 2013)*1920 – Gwen Harwood, Australian poet and playwright (d. 1995)*1921 – Gordon McLendon, American broadcaster and businessman (d. 1986)* 1921 – Olga Nardone, American actress (d. 2010)* 1921 – LeRoy Neiman, American painter (d. 2012)* 1921 – Alexis Smith, Canadian-born American actress and singer (d. 1993)* 1921 – Suharto, Indonesian soldier and politician, 2nd President of Indonesia (d. 2008)*1924 – Billie Dawe, Canadian ice hockey player and manager (d. 2013)* 1924 – Kenneth Waltz, American political scientist and academic (d. 2013)*1925 – Barbara Bush, American wife of George H. W. Bush, 41st First Lady of the United States (d. 2018)*1927 – Jerry Stiller, American actor, comedian and producer (d. 2020)*1928 – Mimi Mariani, Indonesian actress, model, and singer (d. 1971)*1929 – Nada Inada, Japanese psychiatrist and author (d. 2013)*1930 – Robert Aumann, German-American mathematician and economist, Nobel Prize laureate* 1930 – Marcel Léger, Canadian lawyer and politician (d. 1993)*1931 – Dana Wynter, British actress (d. 2011)*1932 – Ray Illingworth, English cricketer and sportscaster (d. 2021)* 1932 – Ian Kirkwood, Lord Kirkwood, Scottish lawyer and judge (d. 2017)*1933 – Joan Rivers, American comedian, actress, and television host (d. 2014)*1934 – Millicent Martin, English actress and singer*1935 – Molade Okoya-Thomas, Nigerian businessman and philanthropist (d. 2015)*1936 – James Darren, American actor* 1936 – Kenneth G. Wilson, American physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2013)*1937 – Gillian Clarke, Welsh poet and playwright*1938 – Angelo Amato, Italian cardinal*1939 – Herb Adderley, American football player (d. 2020)*1940 – Nancy Sinatra, American singer and actress*1941 – Robert Bradford, Northern Irish politician and activist (d. 1981)* 1941 – George Pell, Australian cardinal (d. 2023)*1942 – Nikos Konstantopoulos, Greek politician, Greek Minister of the Interior* 1942 – Doug Mountjoy, Welsh snooker player (d. 2021)*1943 – Colin Baker, English actor* 1943 – William Calley, American military officer* 1943 – Willie Davenport, American hurdler (d. 2002)* 1943 – Peter Eggert, German footballer and manager* 1943 – Pierre-André Fournier, Roman Catholic archbishop (d. 2015)*1944 – Boz Scaggs, American singer-songwriter and guitarist *1945 – Steven Fromholz, American singer-songwriter, producer, and poet (d. 2014)* 1945 – Derek Underwood, English cricketer*1946 – Graham Henry, New Zealand rugby player and coach*1947 – Annie Haslam, English singer-songwriter and painter * 1947 – Sara Paretsky, American author* 1947 – Eric F. Wieschaus, American biologist, geneticist, and academic Nobel Prize laureate*1949 – Emanuel Ax, Polish-American pianist and educator* 1949 – Hildegard Falck, German runner*1950 – Kathy Baker, American actress* 1950 – Sônia Braga, Brazilian actress and producer*1951 – Bonnie Tyler, Welsh singer-songwriter*1953 – Sandy Nairne, English historian and curator* 1953 – Ivo Sanader, Croatian historian and politician, 8th Prime Minister of Croatia* 1953 – Olav Stedje, Norwegian singer-songwriter*1954 – Kiril of Varna, Bulgarian metropolitan (d. 2013)* 1954 – Sergei Storchak, Ukrainian-Russian politician*1955 – Tim Berners-Lee, English computer scientist, invented the World Wide Web* 1955 – José Antonio Camacho, Spanish footballer and manager* 1955 – Griffin Dunne, American actor, director, and producer*1956 – Jonathan Potter, English psychologist, sociolinguist, and academic*1957 – Scott Adams, American author and illustrator* 1957 – Don Robinson, American baseball player and politician* 1957 – Sonja Vectomov, Czech/Finnish sculptor*1958 – Louise Richardson, Irish political scientist and academic*1959 – Mohsen Kadivar, Iranian philosopher*1960 – Neil Baker, Australian rugby league player* 1960 – Mick Hucknall, English singer-songwriter * 1960 – Thomas Steen, Swedish ice hockey player and coach*1961 – Mary Bonauto, American lawyer and gay rights activist*1963 – Karen Kingsbury, American journalist and author*1964 – Butch Reynolds, American runner and coach*1965 – Kevin Farley, American screenwriter*1967 – Russell E. Morris, Welsh chemist and academic* 1967 – Julianna Margulies, American actress*1968 – Sharon Shannon, Irish traditional musician*1969 – David Barnhill, Australian rugby league player*1970 – Steve Renouf, Australian rugby league player*1974 – Lauren Burns, Australian taekwondo practitioner*1975 – Mark Ricciuto, Australian footballer and sportcaster*1976 – Lindsay Davenport, American tennis player*1977 – Kanye West, American rapper, producer, director, and fashion designer*1978 – Maria Menounos, American television personality, professional wrestler, author, and actress*1981 – Rachel Held Evans, American Christian author (d. 2019)*1982 – Nadia Petrova, Russian tennis player*1983 – Kim Clijsters, Belgian tennis player; winner of six Grand Slam tournament titles.", "*1984 – Javier Mascherano, Argentinian footballer*1986 – Keith Gill, American financial analyst and investor*1989 – Timea Bacsinszky, Swiss tennis player*1994 – Liv Morgan, American professional wrestler*1997 – Jeļena Ostapenko, Latvian tennis player" ], [ "Deaths", "===Pre-1600===* 632 – Muhammad, the central figure of Islam.", "(b.", "570/571)* 696 – Chlodulf, bishop of Metz (or 697)* 951 – Zhao Ying, Chinese chancellor (b.", "885)*1042 – Harthacnut, English-Danish king (b.", "1018)*1154 – William of York, English archbishop and saint*1290 – Beatrice Portinari, object of Dante Alighieri's adoration (b.", "1266)*1376 – Edward, the Black Prince, English son of Edward III of England (b.", "1330)*1383 – Thomas de Ros, 4th Baron de Ros, English politician (b.", "1338)*1384 – Kan'ami, Japanese actor and playwright (b.", "1333)*1405 – Richard le Scrope, Archbishop of York (b. c.1350)* 1405 – Thomas de Mowbray, 4th Earl of Norfolk (b.", "1385)*1476 – George Neville, English archbishop and academic (b.", "1432)*1492 – Elizabeth Woodville, Queen consort of England (b.", "1437)*1501 – George Gordon, 2nd Earl of Huntly, Earl of Huntly and Lord Chancellor of Scotland (b.", "1440)*1505 – Hongzhi Emperor of China (b.", "1470)*1600 – Edward Fortunatus, German nobleman (b.", "1565)===1601–1900===*1611 – Jean Bertaut, French bishop and poet (b.", "1552)*1612 – Hans Leo Hassler, German organist and composer (b.", "1562)*1621 – Anne de Xainctonge, French saint, founded the Society of the Sisters of Saint Ursula of the Blessed Virgin (b.", "1567)*1628 – Rudolph Goclenius, German lexicographer and philosopher (b.", "1547)*1651 – Tokugawa Iemitsu, Japanese shōgun (b.", "1604)*1714 – Sophia of Hanover (b.", "1630)*1716 – Johann Wilhelm, Elector Palatine, German son of Landgravine Elisabeth Amalie of Hesse-Darmstadt (b.", "1658)*1727 – August Hermann Francke, German-Lutheran pietist, philanthropist, and scholar (b.", "1663)*1768 – Johann Joachim Winckelmann, German archaeologist and scholar (b.", "1717)*1771 – George Montagu-Dunk, 2nd Earl of Halifax, English politician, Lord Lieutenant of Ireland (b.", "1716)*1795 – Louis XVII of France (b.", "1785)*1809 – Thomas Paine, English-American theorist and author (b.", "1737)*1831 – Sarah Siddons, Welsh actress (b.", "1755)*1835 – Gian Domenico Romagnosi, Italian economist and jurist (b.", "1761)*1845 – Andrew Jackson, American general, judge, and politician, 7th President of the United States (b.", "1767) *1846 – Rodolphe Töpffer, Swiss teacher, author, painter, cartoonist, and caricaturist (b.", "1799)*1857 – Douglas William Jerrold, English journalist and playwright (b.", "1803)*1874 – Cochise, American tribal chief (b.", "1805)*1876 – George Sand, French author and playwright (b.", "1804)*1885 – Ignace Bourget, Canadian bishop (b.", "1799)*1889 – Gerard Manley Hopkins, English poet (b.", "1844)*1899 – Mary of the Divine Heart, German nun and saint (b.", "1863)===1901–present===*1913 – Emily Davison, English suffragette (b.", "1872)*1924 – British Mount Everest expedition:** Andrew Irvine, English mountaineer and explorer (b.", "1902)** George Mallory, English mountaineer (b.", "1886)*1945 – Karl Hanke, Polish-German soldier and politician (b.", "1903)*1951 – Eugène Fiset, Canadian physician, general, and politician, 18th Lieutenant Governor of Quebec (b.", "1874)* 1951 – Oswald Pohl, German SS officer (b.", "1892)*1956 – Marie Laurencin, French painter and sculptor (b.", "1883)*1959 – Leslie Johnson, English racing driver (b.", "1912)*1965 – Edmondo Rossoni, Italian politician (b.", "1884)*1966 – Anton Melik, Slovenian geographer and academic (b.", "1890)*1968 – Elizabeth Enright, American author and illustrator (b.", "1909)* 1968 – Ludovico Scarfiotti, Italian racing driver (b.", "1933)*1969 – Arunachalam Mahadeva, Sri Lankan politician and diplomat (b.", "1885)* 1969 – Robert Taylor, American actor and singer (b.", "1911)*1970 – Abraham Maslow, American psychologist and academic (b.", "1908)*1971 – J. I. Rodale, American author and playwright (b.", "1898)*1976 – Thorleif Schjelderup-Ebbe, Norwegian zoologist and psychologist (b.", "1894)*1982 – Satchel Paige, American baseball player (b.", "1906)*1984 – Gordon Jacob, English composer and academic (b.", "1895)*1987 – Alexander Iolas, Egyptian-American art collector (b.", "1907)*1997 – George Turner, Australian author and critic (b.", "1916)* 1997 – Karen Wetterhahn, American chemist and academic (b.", "1948)*1998 – Sani Abacha, Nigerian general and politician, 10th President of Nigeria (b.", "1943)* 1998 – Maria Reiche, German mathematician and archaeologist (b.", "1903)*2000 – Frédéric Dard, French author and screenwriter (b.", "1921)*2001 – Alex de Renzy, American director and producer (b.", "1935)*2004 – Charles Hyder, American astrophysicist and academic (b.", "1930)* 2004 – Mack Jones, American baseball player (b.", "1938)*2006 – Jaxon, American illustrator and publisher, co-founded Rip Off Press (b.", "1941)* 2006 – Matta El Meskeen, Egyptian monk, theologian, and author (b.", "1919)*2009 – Omar Bongo, Gabonese captain and politician, President of Gabon (b.", "1935)*2012 – Charles E. M. Pearce, New Zealand-Australian mathematician and academic (b.", "1940)* 2012 – Ghassan Tueni, Lebanese journalist, academic, and politician (b.", "1926)*2013 – Paul Cellucci, American soldier and politician, 69th Governor of Massachusetts (b.", "1948)* 2013 – Yoram Kaniuk, Israeli painter, journalist, and critic (b.", "1930)* 2013 – Taufiq Kiemas, Indonesian politician, 5th First Spouse of Indonesia (b.", "1942)*2014 – Alexander Imich, Polish-American chemist, parapsychologist, and academic (b.", "1903)* 2014 – Yoshihito, Prince Katsura of Japan (b.", "1948)*2015 – Chea Sim, Cambodian commander and politician (b.", "1932) *2017 – Sam Panopoulos, Greek cook (b.", "1934)*2018 – Anthony Bourdain, American chef and travel documentarian (b.", "1956)*2019 – Andre Matos, Brazilian heavy metal musician (b.", "1971)*2022 – Paula Rego, Portuguese-British visual artist (b.", "1935)*2023 – Pat Robertson, American televangelist (b.", "1930)" ], [ "Holidays and observances", "* Christian feast day:** Blessed Mary of the Divine Heart (Droste zu Vischering)** Chlodulf of Metz** Jacques Berthieu, S.J.", "** Jadwiga (Hedwig) of Poland** Mariam Thresia Chiramel** Medard** Melania the Elder** Roland Allen (Episcopal Church (USA))** Thomas Ken (Church of England)** William of York** June 8 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)* Bounty Day (Norfolk Island)* Caribbean American HIV/AIDS Awareness Day* Engineer's Day (Peru)* Primož Trubar Day (Slovenia)* World Brain Tumor Day* World Oceans Day" ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* * *" ] ]
wikipedia
[ [ "June 9" ], [ "Introduction" ], [ "Events", "===Pre-1600===*411 BC – The Athenian coup succeeds, forming a short-lived oligarchy.", "*53 – The Roman emperor Nero marries Claudia Octavia.", "*68 – Nero dies by suicide after quoting Vergil's ''Aeneid'', thus ending the Julio-Claudian dynasty and starting the civil war known as the Year of the Four Emperors.", "* 721 – Odo of Aquitaine defeats the Moors in the Battle of Toulouse.", "*747 – Abbasid Revolution: Abu Muslim Khorasani begins an open revolt against Umayyad rule, which is carried out under the sign of the Black Standard.", "*1311 – Duccio's Maestà, a seminal artwork of the early Italian Renaissance, is unveiled and installed in Siena Cathedral in Siena, Italy.", "*1523 – The Parisian Faculty of Theology fines Simon de Colines for publishing the Biblical commentary ''Commentarii initiatorii in quatuor Evangelia'' by Jacques Lefèvre d'Étaples.", "*1534 – Jacques Cartier is the first European to describe and map the Saint Lawrence River.===1601–1900===*1732 – James Oglethorpe is granted a royal charter for the colony of the future U.S. state of Georgia.", "*1772 – The British schooner ''Gaspee'' is burned in Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island.", "*1798 – Irish Rebellion of 1798: Battles of Arklow and Saintfield.", "*1815 – End of the Congress of Vienna: The new European political situation is set.", "*1856 – Five hundred Mormons leave Iowa City, Iowa for the Mormon Trail.", "*1862 – American Civil War: Stonewall Jackson concludes his successful Shenandoah Valley Campaign with a victory in the Battle of Port Republic; his tactics during the campaign are now studied by militaries around the world.", "*1863 – American Civil War: The Battle of Brandy Station in Virginia, the largest cavalry battle on American soil, ends Confederate cavalry dominance in the eastern theater.", "*1885 – Treaty of Tientsin is signed to end the Sino-French War, with China eventually giving up Tonkin and Annam – most of present-day Vietnam – to France.", "*1900 – Indian nationalist Birsa Munda dies of cholera in a British prison.===1901–present===*1915 – William Jennings Bryan resigns as Woodrow Wilson's Secretary of State over a disagreement regarding the United States' handling of the sinking of the .", "*1922 – Åland's Regional Assembly convened for its first plenary session in Mariehamn, Åland; today, the day is celebrated as Self-Government Day of Åland.", "*1923 – Bulgaria's military takes over the government in a coup.", "*1928 – Charles Kingsford Smith completes the first trans-Pacific flight in a Fokker Trimotor monoplane, the ''Southern Cross''.", "*1930 – A ''Chicago Tribune'' reporter, Jake Lingle, is killed during rush hour at the Illinois Central train station by Leo Vincent Brothers, allegedly over a $100,000 gambling debt owed to Al Capone.", "*1944 – World War II: Ninety-nine civilians are hanged from lampposts and balconies by German troops in Tulle, France, in reprisal for maquisards attacks.", "* 1944 – World War II: The Soviet Union invades East Karelia and the previously Finnish part of Karelia, occupied by Finland since 1941.", "*1948 – Foundation of the International Council on Archives under the auspices of the UNESCO.", "*1953 – The Flint–Worcester tornado outbreak sequence kills 94 people in Massachusetts.", "*1954 – Joseph N. Welch, special counsel for the United States Army, lashes out at Senator Joseph McCarthy during the Army–McCarthy hearings, giving McCarthy the famous rebuke, \"You've done enough.", "Have you no sense of decency, sir, at long last?", "Have you left no sense of decency?", "\"*1957 – First ascent of Broad Peak by Fritz Wintersteller, Marcus Schmuck, Kurt Diemberger, and Hermann Buhl.", "*1959 – The is launched.", "It is the first nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarine.", "*1965 – The civilian Prime Minister of South Vietnam, Phan Huy Quát, resigns after being unable to work with a junta led by Nguyễn Cao Kỳ.", "* 1965 – Vietnam War: The Viet Cong commences combat with the Army of the Republic of Vietnam in the Battle of Đồng Xoài, one of the largest battles in the war.", "*1967 – Six-Day War: Israel captures the Golan Heights from Syria.", "*1968 – U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson declares a national day of mourning following the assassination of Senator Robert F.", "Kennedy.", "*1972 – Severe rainfall causes a dam in the Black Hills of South Dakota to burst, creating a flood that kills 238 people and causes $160 million in damage.", "*1973 – In horse racing, Secretariat wins the U.S.", "Triple Crown.", "*1978 – The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints opens its priesthood to \"all worthy men\", ending a 148-year-old policy of excluding black men.", "*1979 – The Ghost Train fire at Luna Park Sydney, Australia, kills seven.", "*1995 – Ansett New Zealand Flight 703 crashes into the Tararua Range during approach to Palmerston North Airport on the North Island of New Zealand, killing four.", "*1999 – Kosovo War: The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and NATO sign a peace treaty.", "*2008 – Two bombs explode at a train station near Algiers, Algeria, killing at least 13 people.", "*2009 – An explosion kills 17 people and injures at least 46 at a hotel in Peshawar, Pakistan.", "*2010 – At least 40 people are killed and more than 70 wounded in a suicide bombing at a wedding party in Arghandab, Kandahar." ], [ "Births", "===Pre-1600===*1016 – Deokjong of Goryeo, ruler of Korea (d. 1034)*1424 – Blanche II of Navarre (d. 1464)*1580 – Daniel Heinsius, Belgian poet and scholar (d. 1655)*1588 – Johann Andreas Herbst, German composer and theorist (d. 1666)*1595 – Władysław IV Vasa, Polish king (d. 1648)*1597 – Pieter Jansz.", "Saenredam, Dutch painter (d. 1665)===1601–1900===*1640 – Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor (d. 1705)*1661 – Feodor III of Russia (d. 1682)*1672 – Peter the Great, Russian emperor (d. 1725)*1686 – Andrey Osterman, German-Russian politician, Russian Minister of Foreign Affairs (d. 1747)*1696 – Shiva Rajaram, infant Chattrapati of the Maratha Empire (d. 1726)*1732 – Giuseppe Demachi, Italian violinist and composer (d. 1791)*1754 – Francis Mackenzie, 1st Baron Seaforth, English general and politician, Governor of Barbados (d. 1815)*1768 – Samuel Slater, English-American engineer and businessman (d. 1835)*1781 – George Stephenson, English engineer, designed the Liverpool and Manchester Railway (d. 1848)*1810 – Otto Nicolai, German composer and conductor (d. 1849)*1812 – Johann Gottfried Galle, German astronomer and academic (d. 1910)*1836 – Elizabeth Garrett Anderson, English physician and politician (d. 1917)*1837 – Anne Isabella Thackeray Ritchie, English author (d. 1919)* 1837 – Michele Rua, Italian Catholic priest and saint (d. 1910)*1842 – Hazard Stevens, American military officer, mountaineer, politician and writer (d. 1918)*1843 – Bertha von Suttner, Austrian journalist and author, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1914)* 1845 – Frank Norton, American baseball player (d. 1920)*1849 – Michael Ancher, Danish painter and academic (d. 1927)*1851 – Charles Joseph Bonaparte, American lawyer and politician, 46th United States Attorney General (d. 1921)*1861 – Pierre Duhem, French physicist, mathematician, and historian (d. 1916)* 1861 – Gustav Heinrich Johann Apollon Tammann, Russian-German chemist and physicist (d. 1938)*1864 – Jeanne Bérangère, French actress (d. 1928) *1865 – Albéric Magnard, French composer and educator (d. 1914)* 1865 – Carl Nielsen, Danish violinist, composer, and conductor (d. 1931)*1868 – Jane Avril, French model and dancer (d. 1943)*1874 – Launceston Elliot, Scottish weightlifter and wrestler (d. 1930)*1875 – Henry Hallett Dale, English pharmacologist and physiologist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1968)*1879 – Harry DeBaecke, American rower (d. 1961)*1882 – Robert Kerr, Irish-Canadian sprinter and coach (d. 1963)*1885 – Felicjan Sławoj Składkowski, Polish general and politician, 27th Prime Minister of Poland (d. 1962)*1890 – Leslie Banks, English actor, director, and producer (d. 1952)*1891 – Cole Porter, American composer and songwriter (d. 1964)*1893 – Irish Meusel, American baseball player and coach (d. 1963)*1895 – Archie Weston, American football player and journalist (d. 1981)*1898 – Luigi Fagioli, Italian race car driver (d. 1952)*1900 – Fred Waring, American singer, bandleader, and television host (d. 1984)===1901–present===*1902 – Skip James, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 1969)*1903 – Felice Bonetto, Italian race car driver (d. 1953)* 1903 – Marcia Davenport, American author and critic (d. 1996)*1906 – Robert Klark Graham, American eugenicist and businessman, founded Repository for Germinal Choice (d. 1997)*1908 – Luis Kutner, American lawyer, author, and activist (d. 1993)* 1908 – Branch McCracken, American basketball player and coach (d. 1970)*1910 – Robert Cummings, American actor, singer, and director (d. 1990)* 1910 – Ted Hicks, Australian public servant and diplomat, Australian High Commissioner to New Zealand (d. 1984)*1912 – Ingolf Dahl, German-American pianist, composer, and conductor (d. 1970)*1915 – Jim McDonald, American football player and coach (d. 1997)* 1915 – Les Paul, American guitarist and songwriter (d. 2009)*1916 – Jurij Brězan, German soldier and author (d. 2006)* 1916 – Siegfried Graetschus, German SS officer (d. 1943)* 1916 – Robert McNamara, American businessman and politician, 8th United States Secretary of Defense (d. 2009)*1917 – Eric Hobsbawm, Egyptian-English historian and author (d. 2012)*1918 – John Hospers, American philosopher and politician (d. 2011)*1921 – Arthur Hertzberg, American rabbi and scholar (d. 2006)* 1921 – Jean Lacouture, French journalist, historian, and author (d. 2015)*1922 – George Axelrod, American director, producer, and screenwriter (d. 2003)* 1922 – Hein Eersel, Surinamese linguist and Minister of Education (d. 2022)* 1922 – John Gillespie Magee Jr., Anglo-American pilot and poet (d. 1941)* 1922 – Fernand Seguin, Canadian biochemist and academic (d. 1988)*1923 – Gerald Götting, German politician (d. 2015)*1924 – Ed Farhat, American wrestler and manager (d. 2003)*1925 – Keith Laumer, American soldier and author (d. 1993)* 1925 – Herman Sarkowsky, German-American businessman and philanthropist, co-founded the Seattle Seahawks (d. 2014)*1926 – Calvin \"Fuzz\" Jones, American singer and bass player (d. 2010)* 1926 – Happy Rockefeller, American philanthropist, 31st Second Lady of the United States (d. 2015)*1927 – Jim Nolan, American basketball player (d. 1983)*1928 – R. Geraint Gruffydd, Welsh critic and academic (d. 2015)*1929 – Johnny Ace, American singer and pianist (d. 1954)*1930 – Barbara, French singer (d. 1997)* 1930 – Jordi Pujol, Spanish physician and politician, 126th President of the Generalitat de Catalunya*1931 – Jackie Mason, American comedian, actor, and screenwriter (d. 2021)* 1931 – Nandini Satpathy, Indian author and politician, 8th Chief Minister of Odisha (d. 2006)* 1931 – Bill Virdon, American baseball player, coach, and manager (d. 2021)*1933 – Al Cantello, American javelin thrower and coach*1934 – Michael Mates, English colonel and politician* 1934 – Jackie Wilson, American singer-songwriter (d. 1984)*1935 – Dutch Savage, American wrestler and promoter (d. 2013)*1936 – Nell Dunn, English playwright, screenwriter and author* 1936 – Mick O'Dwyer, Irish Gaelic footballer and manager* 1936 – George Radda, Hungarian chemist and academic*1937 – Harald Rosenthal, German hydrobiologist and academic*1938 – Jeremy Hardie, English economist and businessman* 1938 – Giles Havergal, Scottish actor, director, and playwright* 1938 – Charles Wuorinen, American composer and educator (d. 2020)*1939 – Ileana Cotrubaș, Romanian soprano and actress* 1939 – Eric Fernie, Scottish historian and academic* 1939 – David Hobbs, English race car driver and sportscaster* 1939 – Dick Vitale, American basketball player, coach, and sportscaster* 1939 – Charles Webb, American author (d. 2020)*1940 – André Vallerand, Canadian businessman and politician*1941 – Jon Lord, English singer-songwriter and keyboard player (d. 2012)*1942 – Anton Burghardt, German footballer and manager* 1942 – Nicholas Lloyd, English journalist*1943 – John Fitzpatrick, English race car driver* 1943 – Charles Saatchi, Iraqi-English businessman, co-founded Saatchi & Saatchi*1944 – Janric Craig, 3rd Viscount Craigavon, English accountant and politician* 1944 – Wally Gabler, American football player and sportscaster*1946 – Deyda Hydara, Gambian journalist and publisher, co-founded ''The Point'' (d. 2004)* 1946 – James Kelman, Scottish author and playwright* 1946 – Peter Kilfoyle, English politician* 1946 – Giulio Terzi di Sant'Agata, Italian politician and diplomat, Italian Minister of Foreign Affairs*1947 – Robert Indermaur, Swiss painter* 1947 – Robbie Vincent, UK disc jockey and radio presenter*1948 – Jim Bailey, American football player* 1948 – Gudrun Schyman, Swedish social worker and politician*1949 – Kiran Bedi, Indian police officer and activist*1950 – Trevor Bolder, English bass player, songwriter, and producer (d. 2013)* 1950 – Fred Jackson, American football player and coach* 1950 – Giorgos Kastrinakis, Greek-American basketball player*1951 – Michael Patrick Cronan, American graphic designer and academic (d. 2013)* 1951 – James Newton Howard, American composer, conductor, and producer* 1951 – Dave Parker, American baseball player and coach* 1951 – Brian Taylor, American basketball player*1952 – Uzi Hitman, Israeli singer-songwriter (d. 2004)* 1952 – Billy Knight, American basketball player*1953 – Ken Navarro, Italian-American guitarist and composer*1954 – Pete Byrne, English singer-songwriter* 1954 – Paul Chapman, Welsh guitarist and songwriter (d. 2020)* 1954 – Gregory Maguire, American author* 1954 – Elizabeth May, American-Canadian environmentalist, lawyer, and politician * 1954 – George Pérez, American author and illustrator (d. 2022) *1956 – Berit Aunli, Norwegian skier* 1956 – Patricia Cornwell, American journalist and author* 1956 – Marek Gazdzicki, Polish nuclear physicist* 1956 – Joaquín, Spanish footballer* 1956 – John Le Lievre, British squash player (d. 2021)* 1956 – Kayhan Mortezavi, Iranian director* 1956 – Francine Raymond, French Canadian singer-songwriter* 1956 – Nikolai Tsonev, Bulgarian politician* 1956 – Rudolf Wojtowicz, Polish footballer*1957 – Randy Read, English crystallographer and academic*1958 – David Ancrum, American basketball player and coach*1959 – Peter Fowler, Australian golfer*1960 – Steve Paikin, Canadian journalist and author*1961 – Thomas Benson, American football player* 1961 – Michael J.", "Fox, Canadian-American actor, producer, and author* 1961 – Aaron Sorkin, American screenwriter, producer, and playwright*1962 – Yuval Banay, Israeli singer-songwriter and guitarist * 1962 – Ken Rose, American football player* 1962 – David Trewhella, Australian rugby league player*1963 – Gilad Atzmon, Israeli-English saxophonist, author, and activist * 1963 – Johnny Depp, American actor* 1963 – David Koepp, American director, producer, and screenwriter*1964 – Gloria Reuben, Canadian-American actress* 1964 – Wayman Tisdale, American basketball player and bass player (d. 2009)*1967 – Rubén Maza, Venezuelan runner* 1967 – Jian Ghomeshi, Iranian-Canadian radio personality*1968 – Niki Bakoyianni, Greek high jumper and coach*1969 – André Racicot, Canadian ice hockey player* 1969 – Eric Wynalda, American soccer player, coach, and sportscaster *1971 – Gilles De Bilde, Belgian footballer and sportscaster* 1971 – Jean Galfione, French pole vaulter and sportscaster* 1971 – Jackie McKeown, Scottish singer-songwriter and guitarist *1972 – Matt Horsley, Australian footballer and coach*1973 – Aigars Apinis, Latvian discus thrower and shot putter* 1973 – Tedy Bruschi, American football player and sportscaster* 1973 – Frédéric Choffat, Swiss director, producer, and cinematographer* 1973 – Grant Marshall, Canadian ice hockey player*1974 – Samoth, Norwegian singer-songwriter and guitarist *1975 – Otto Addo, German-Ghanaian footballer and manager * 1975 – Ameesha Patel, Indian actress and model * 1975 – Andrew Symonds, English-Australian cricketer (d. 2022) *1977 – Usman Afzaal, Pakistani-English cricketer* 1977 – Paul Hutchison, English cricketer* 1977 – Olin Kreutz, American football player* 1977 – Peja Stojaković, Serbian basketball player*1978 – Matt Bellamy, English singer, musician and songwriter* 1978 – Shandi Finnessey, American model and actress, Miss USA 2004* 1978 – Miroslav Klose, German footballer* 1978 – Heather Mitts, American soccer player* 1978 – Hayden Schlossberg, American director, producer, and screenwriter*1979 – Dario Dainelli, Italian footballer* 1979 – Amanda Lassiter, American basketball player*1980 – D'banj, Nigerian singer-songwriter and harmonica player* 1980 – Mike Fontenot, American baseball player* 1980 – Udonis Haslem, American basketball player* 1980 – Lehlohonolo Seema, South African footballer*1981 – Natalie Portman, Israeli-American actress* 1981 – Parinya Charoenphol, Thai boxer, model, and actress*1982 – Yoshito Ōkubo, Japanese footballer* 1982 – Christina Stürmer, Austrian singer-songwriter*1983 – Firas Al-Khatib, Syrian footballer* 1983 – Josh Cribbs, American football player* 1983 – Dwayne Jones, American basketball player* 1983 – Danny Richar, Dominican-American baseball player*1984 – Yulieski Gourriel, Cuban baseball player* 1984 – Jake Newton, Guyanese footballer* 1984 – Asko Paade, Estonian basketball player* 1984 – Masoud Shojaei, Iranian footballer* 1984 – Wesley Sneijder, Dutch footballer*1985 – Richard Kahui, New Zealand rugby player* 1985 – Sonam Kapoor, Indian model and actress* 1985 – Sebastian Telfair, American basketball player*1986 – Doug Legursky, American football player * 1986 – Yadier Pedroso, Cuban baseball player (d. 2013) * 1986 – Ashley Postell, American gymnast*1987 – Jaan Mölder, Estonian race car driver*1988 – Jason Demers, Canadian ice hockey defenseman* 1988 – Sara Isaković, Slovenian swimmer * 1988 – Mae Whitman, American actress *1989 – Dídac Vilà, Spanish footballer*1990 – Matthias Mayer, Austrian skier* 1990 – Antonella Alonso, Venezuelan pornographic actress*1991 – Aaron M. Johnson, American jazz saxophonist* 1992 – Zach Hyman, Canadian ice hockey player*1992 – Yannick Agnel, French swimmer* 1992 – Boyd Cordner, Australian rugby league player*1993 – George Jennings, Australian rugby league player" ], [ "Deaths", "===Pre-1600===*68 – Nero, Roman emperor (b.", "37)* 373 – Ephrem the Syrian, hymnographer and theologian (b.", "306)* 439 – Spearthrower Owl, Teotihuacan figure active in Mayan Tikal* 597 – Columba, Irish missionary and saint (b.", "521)* 630 – Shahrbaraz, king of the Persian Empire* 908 – Yang Wo, Prince of Hongnong*1075 – Gebhard of Supplinburg, Saxon count*1087 – Otto I of Olomouc (b.", "1045)*1238 – Peter des Roches, bishop of Winchester*1252 – Otto I, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg*1348 – Ambrogio Lorenzetti, Sienese painter (b.", "1290)*1361 – Philippe de Vitry, French composer and poet (b.", "1291)*1563 – William Paget, 1st Baron Paget, English accountant and politician, Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster (b.", "1506)*1572 – Jeanne d'Albret, Navarrese queen and Huguenot leader (b.", "1528)*1583 – Thomas Radclyffe, 3rd Earl of Sussex, English politician, Lord Lieutenant of Ireland (b.", "1525)*1597 – José de Anchieta, Spanish Jesuit missionary (b.", "1534)===1601–1900===*1647 – Leonard Calvert, Colonial governor of Maryland (b.", "1606)*1656 – Thomas Tomkins, Welsh-English composer (b.", "1572)*1716 – Banda Singh Bahadur, Indian commander (b.", "1670)*1717 – Jeanne Guyon, French mystic and author (b.", "1648)*1834 – William Carey, English minister and missionary (b.", "1761)*1870 – Charles Dickens, English novelist and critic (b.", "1812)*1871 – Anna Atkins, English botanist and photographer (b.", "1799)*1875 – Gérard Paul Deshayes, French geologist and conchologist (b.", "1795)*1889 – Mike Burke, American baseball player (b.", "1854)*1892 – William Grant Stairs, Canadian-English captain and explorer (b.", "1863)===1901–present===*1901 – Adolf Bötticher, German historian and author (b.", "1842)*1923 – Princess Helena of the United Kingdom (b.", "1846)*1927 – Victoria Woodhull, American activist for women's rights (b.", "1838)*1929 – Louis Bennison, American stage and silent film actor (b.", "1884)* 1929 – Margaret Lawrence, American stage actress (b.", "1889)*1942 – František Erben, Czech gymnast (b.", "1874)*1952 – Adolf Busch, German-Austrian violinist and composer (b.", "1891)*1953 – Ernest Graves Sr., American football player, coach, and general (b.", "1880)*1956 – Chandrashekhar Agashe, Indian industrialist and lawyer (b.", "1888)* 1956 – Hans Bergsland, Norwegian fencer (b.", "1878)* 1956 – Thomas Hicks, Australian tennis player (b.", "1869)* 1956 – Ferdinand Jodl, German general (b.", "1896)*1958 – Robert Donat, English actor (b.", "1905)*1959 – Adolf Otto Reinhold Windaus, German chemist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (b.", "1876)*1960 – Harry S. Hammond, American football player and businessman (b.", "1884)*1961 – Camille Guérin, French veterinarian, bacteriologist and immunologist (b.", "1872)*1963 – Jacques Villon, French painter (b.1875)*1964 – Max Aitken, 1st Baron Beaverbrook, British businessman and politician, Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster (b.", "1879)*1968 – Bernard Cronin, Australian author and journalist (b.", "1884)*1972 – Gilberto Parlotti, Italian motorcycle racer (b.", "1940)*1973 – Chuck Bennett, American football player and coach (b.", "1907)* 1973 – John Creasey, English author and politician (b.", "1908)* 1973 – Erich von Manstein, German general (b.", "1887)*1974 – Miguel Ángel Asturias, Guatemalan journalist, author, and poet, Nobel Prize laureate (b.", "1899)*1979 – Cyclone Taylor, Canadian ice hockey player and civil servant (b.", "1884)*1981 – Allen Ludden, American game show host (b.", "1917)*1984 – Helen Hardin, American painter (b.", "1943)*1989 – George Wells Beadle, American geneticist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (b.", "1903)*1991 – Claudio Arrau, Chilean-American pianist and educator (b.", "1903)*1993 – Alexis Smith, Canadian-born American actress (b.", "1921)*1994 – Jan Tinbergen, Dutch economist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (b.", "1903)*1997 – Stanley Knowles, American-Canadian academic and politician (b.", "1908)*1998 – Lois Mailou Jones, American painter and academic (b.", "1905)*2000 – John Abramovic, American basketball player (b.", "1919)* 2000 – Jacob Lawrence, American painter and academic (b.", "1917)*2004 – Rosey Brown, American football player and coach (b.", "1932)* 2004 – Brian Williamson, Jamaican activist, co-founded J-FLAG (b.", "1945)*2006 – Drafi Deutscher, German singer-songwriter (b.", "1946)*2007 – Frankie Abernathy, American purse designer, cast-member on ''The Real World: San Diego'' (b.", "1981)*2008 – Algis Budrys, Lithuanian-American author and critic (b.", "1931)* 2008 – Suleiman Mousa, Jordanian historian and author (b.", "1919)*2009 – Dick May, American race car driver (b.", "1930)*2010 – Ken Brown, British Guitarist who was a member of The Quarrymen (b.", "1940)*2011 – M. F. Husain, Indian painter and director (b.", "1915)* 2011 – Tomoko Kawakami, Japanese voice actress (b.", "1970)* 2011 – Mike Mitchell, American basketball player (b.", "1956)*2012 – Régis Clère, French cyclist (b.", "1956)* 2012 – John Maples, Baron Maples, English lawyer and politician, Shadow Secretary of State for Defence (b.", "1943)* 2012 – Ivan Minatti, Slovene poet and translator (b.", "1924) * 2012 – Hawk Taylor, American baseball player and coach (b.", "1939)* 2012 – Abram Wilson, American-English trumpet player and educator (b.", "1973)*2013 – Iain Banks, Scottish author (b.", "1954)* 2013 – Bruno Bartoletti, Italian conductor (b.", "1926)* 2013 – John Burke, English rugby player (b.", "1948)* 2013 – Walter Jens, German philologist, historian, and academic (b.", "1923)* 2013 – Zdeněk Rotrekl, Czech poet and historian (b.", "1920)*2014 – Bernard Agré, Ivorian cardinal (b.", "1926)* 2014 – Rik Mayall, English comedian, actor, and screenwriter (b.", "1958)* 2014 – Elsie Quarterman, American ecologist and academic (b.", "1910)* 2014 – Alicemarie Huber Stotler, American lawyer and judge (b.", "1942)* 2014 – Gustave Tassell, American fashion designer (b.", "1926)* 2014 – Bob Welch, American baseball player and coach (b.", "1956)*2015 – Pumpkinhead, American rapper (b.", "1975)* 2015 – Pedro Zerolo, Spanish lawyer and politician (b.", "1960)*2017 – Adam West, American actor and investor (b.", "1928)*2018 – Fadil Vokrri, Kosovo Albanian football administrator and player (b.", "1960)*2019 – Bushwick Bill, Jamaican-American rapper (b.", "1966)*2022 – Julee Cruise, American singer-songwriter, musician, and actress (b.", "1956)* 2022 – Billy Kametz, American voice actor (b.", "1987)* 2022 – Matt Zimmerman, Canadian actor (b.", "1934)* 2022 – Amir Liaquat Hussain, Pakistani politician, columnist and television host.", "(b.", "1971)* 2023 – Alain Touraine, French sociologist (b.", "1925)" ], [ "Holidays and observances", "* Anniversary of the Accession of King Abdullah II (Jordan)* Autonomy Day (Åland)* Christian feast day:** Aidan of Lindisfarne (Evangelical Lutheran Church in America)** Bede (Evangelical Lutheran Church in America)** Columba** Ephrem the Syrian (Roman Catholic Church and Church of England)** José de Anchieta ** Primus and Felician** June 9 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)* Coral Triangle Day* Don Young Day (Alaska, United States)* La Rioja Day (La Rioja)* Murcia Day (Murcia)* National Heroes' Day (Uganda)" ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* * *" ] ]
wikipedia
[ [ "January 27" ], [ "Introduction" ], [ "Events", "===Pre-1600===*98 – Trajan succeeds his adoptive father Nerva as Roman emperor; under his rule the Roman Empire will reach its maximum extent.", "* 945 – The co-emperors Stephen and Constantine are overthrown and forced to become monks by Constantine VII, who becomes sole emperor of the Byzantine Empire.", "*1186 – Henry VI, the son and heir of the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick I, marries Constance of Sicily.", "*1302 – Dante Alighieri is condemned in absentia and exiled from Florence.", "*1343 – Pope Clement VI issues the papal bull ''Unigenitus'' to justify the power of the pope and the use of indulgences.", "Nearly 200 years later, Martin Luther would protest this.===1601–1900===*1606 – Gunpowder Plot: The trial of Guy Fawkes and other conspirators begins, ending with their execution on January 31.", "*1695 – Mustafa II becomes the Ottoman sultan and Caliph of Islam in Istanbul on the death of Ahmed II.", "Mustafa rules until his abdication in 1703.", "*1759 – Spanish forces clash with indigenous Huilliches of southern Chile in the battle of Río Bueno.", "*1776 – American Revolutionary War: Henry Knox's \"noble train of artillery\" arrives in Cambridge, Massachusetts.", "*1785 – The University of Georgia is founded, the first state-chartered public university in the United States.", "*1820 – A Russian expedition led by Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen and Mikhail Petrovich Lazarev discovers the Antarctic continent, approaching the Antarctic coast.", "*1825 – The U.S. Congress approves Indian Territory (in what is present-day Oklahoma), clearing the way for forced relocation of the Eastern Indians on the \"Trail of Tears\".", "*1868 – Boshin War: The Battle of Toba–Fushimi begins, between forces of the Tokugawa shogunate and pro-Imperial factions; it will end in defeat for the shogunate, and is a pivotal point in the Meiji Restoration.", "*1869 – Boshin War: Tokugawa rebels establish the Ezo Republic in Hokkaidō.", "*1874 – Modest Mussorgsky's opera ''Boris Godunov'' premieres in Mariinsky Theatre in St.Petersburg*1880 – Thomas Edison receives a patent for his incandescent lamp.===1901–present===*1916 – World War I: The British government passes the Military Service Act that introduces conscription in the United Kingdom.", "*1918 – Beginning of the Finnish Civil War.", "*1924 – Six days after his death Lenin's body is carried into a specially erected mausoleum.", "*1927 – Ibn Saud takes the title of King of Nejd.", "*1928 – Bundaberg tragedy: a diphtheria vaccine is contaminated with ''Staph.", "aureus'' bacterium, resulting in the deaths of twelve children in the Australian town of Bundaberg.", "*1939 – First flight of the Lockheed P-38 Lightning.", "*1943 – World War II: The Eighth Air Force sorties ninety-one B-17s and B-24s to attack the U-boat construction yards at Wilhelmshaven, Germany.", "This was the first American bombing attack on Germany.", "*1944 – World War II: The 900-day Siege of Leningrad is lifted.", "*1945 – World War II: The Soviet 322nd Rifle Division liberates the remaining inmates of Auschwitz-Birkenau.", "*1951 – Nuclear testing at the Nevada Test Site begins with Operation Ranger.", "*1961 – The Soviet submarine S-80 sinks when its snorkel malfunctions, flooding the boat.", "*1965 – South Vietnamese Prime Minister Trần Văn Hương is removed by the military junta of Nguyễn Khánh.", "*1967 – Apollo program: Astronauts Gus Grissom, Ed White and Roger Chaffee are killed in a fire during a test of their Apollo 1 spacecraft at the Kennedy Space Center, Florida.", "* 1967 – Cold War: The Soviet Union, the United States, and the United Kingdom sign the Outer Space Treaty in Washington, D.C., banning deployment of nuclear weapons in space, and limiting the usage of the Moon and other celestial bodies to peaceful purposes.", "*1973 – The Paris Peace Accords officially ends the Vietnam War.", "Colonel William Nolde is killed in action becoming the conflict's last recorded American combat casualty.", "*1980 – Through cooperation between the U.S. and Canadian governments, six American diplomats secretly escape hostilities in Iran in the culmination of the Canadian Caper.", "*1983 – The pilot shaft of the Seikan Tunnel, the world's longest sub-aqueous tunnel (53.85 km) between the Japanese islands of Honshū and Hokkaidō, breaks through.", "*1996 – In a military coup, Colonel Ibrahim Baré Maïnassara deposes the first democratically elected president of Niger, Mahamane Ousmane.", "* 1996 – Germany first observes the International Holocaust Remembrance Day.", "*2002 – An explosion at a military storage facility in Lagos, Nigeria, kills at least 1,100 people and displaces over 20,000 others.", "*2003 – The first selections for the National Recording Registry are announced by the Library of Congress.", "*2010 – The 2009 Honduran constitutional crisis ends when Porfirio Lobo Sosa becomes the new President of Honduras.", "* 2010 – Apple announces the iPad.", "*2011 – Arab Spring: The Yemeni Revolution begins as over 16,000 protestors demonstrate in Sana'a.", "* 2011 – Within Ursa Minor, H1504+65, a white dwarf with the hottest known surface temperature in the universe at 200,000 K, was documented.", "*2013 – Two hundred and forty-two people die in a nightclub fire in the Brazilian city of Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul.", "*2014 – Rojava conflict: The Kobanî Canton declares its autonomy from the Syrian Arab Republic.", "*2017 – A naming ceremony for the chemical element tennessine takes place in the United States.", "*2023 – Protests and public outrage spark across the U.S. after the release of multiple videos by the Memphis Police Department showing officers punching, kicking, and pepper spraying Tyre Nichols as a result of running away from a traffic stop, which resulted him dying in the hospital three days later after the incident.", "*2023 – A shooting at a synagogue in Neve Yaakov, East Jerusalem, kills seven people and injures three others." ], [ "Births", "===Pre-1600===*1365 – Edward of Angoulême, English noble (d. 1370)*1443 – Albert III, Duke of Saxony (d. 1500)*1546 – Joachim III Frederick, Elector of Brandenburg (d. 1608)*1571 – Abbas I of Persia (d. 1629)*1585 – Hendrick Avercamp, Dutch painter (d. 1634)===1601–1900===*1603 – Sir Harbottle Grimston, 2nd Baronet, English lawyer and politician, Speaker of the House of Commons (d. 1685)* 1603 – Humphrey Mackworth, English politician, lawyer and judge (d. 1654)*1621 – Thomas Willis, English physician and anatomist (d. 1675)*1662 – Richard Bentley, English scholar and theologian (d. 1742)*1663 – George Byng, 1st Viscount Torrington, Royal Navy admiral (d. 1733)*1687 – Johann Balthasar Neumann, German engineer and architect, designed Würzburg Residence and Basilica of the Fourteen Holy Helpers (d. 1753)*1701 – Johann Nikolaus von Hontheim, German historian and theologian (d. 1790)*1708 – Grand Duchess Anna Petrovna of Russia (d. 1728)*1741 – Hester Thrale, Welsh author (d. 1821)*1756 – Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Austrian pianist and composer (d. 1791)*1775 – Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling, German-Swiss philosopher and academic (d. 1854)*1782 – Titumir, Bengali revolutionary (d. 1831)*1790 – Juan Álvarez, Mexican general and president (1855) (d. 1867)*1795 – Eli Whitney Blake, American engineer, invented the Mortise lock (d. 1886)*1803 – Eunice Hale Waite Cobb, American writer, public speaker, and activist (d. 1880)*1805 – Maria Anna of Bavaria (d. 1877)* 1805 – Samuel Palmer, English painter and etcher (d. 1881)*1806 – Juan Crisóstomo Arriaga, Spanish composer and educator (d. 1826)*1808 – David Strauss, German theologian and author (d. 1874)*1814 – Eugène Viollet-le-Duc, French architect, designed the Lausanne Cathedral (d. 1879)*1821 – John Chivington, American colonel and pastor (d. 1892)*1823 – Édouard Lalo, French violinist and composer (d. 1892)*1824 – Urbain Johnson, Canadian farmer and political figure (d. 1917)*1826 – Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin, Russian journalist and author (d. 1889)* 1826 – Richard Taylor, American general, historian, and politician (d. 1879)*1832 – Lewis Carroll, English novelist, poet, and mathematician (d. 1898)* 1832 – Carl Friedrich Schmidt, Estonian-Russian geologist and botanist (d. 1908)*1836 – Leopold von Sacher-Masoch, Austrian journalist and author (d. 1895)*1842 – Arkhip Kuindzhi, Ukrainian-Russian painter (d. 1910)*1848 – Tōgō Heihachirō, Japanese admiral (d. 1934)*1850 – John Collier, English painter and author (d. 1934)* 1850 – Samuel Gompers, English-American labor leader (d. 1924)* 1850 – Edward Smith, English captain (d. 1912)*1858 – Neel Doff, Dutch-Belgian author (d. 1942)*1859 – Wilhelm II, German Emperor (d. 1941)*1869 – Will Marion Cook, American violinist and composer (d. 1944)*1878 – Dorothy Scarborough, American author (d. 1935)*1885 – Jerome Kern, American composer and songwriter (d. 1945)* 1885 – Seison Maeda, Japanese painter (d. 1977)*1886 – Radhabinod Pal, Indian academic and jurist (d. 1967)*1889 – Balthasar van der Pol, Dutch physicist and academic (d. 1959)*1893 – Soong Ching-ling, Chinese politician, Honorary President of the People's Republic of China (d. 1981)*1895 – Joseph Rosenstock, Polish-American conductor and manager (d. 1985)* 1895 – Harry Ruby, American composer and screenwriter (d. 1974)*1900 – Hyman G. Rickover, American admiral (d. 1986)===1901–present===*1901 – Willy Fritsch, German actor (d. 1973)* 1901 – Art Rooney, American football player, coach and owner (d. 1988)*1903 – John Eccles, Australian-Swiss neurophysiologist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1997)*1904 – James J. Gibson, American psychologist and academic (d. 1979)*1905 – Howard McNear, American actor (d. 1969)*1908 – William Randolph Hearst, Jr., American journalist and publisher (d. 1993)*1910 – Edvard Kardelj, Slovene general, economist, and politician, 2nd Foreign Minister of Yugoslavia (d. 1979)*1912 – Arne Næss, Norwegian philosopher and environmentalist (d. 2009)* 1912 – Francis Rogallo, American engineer, invented the Rogallo wing (d. 2009)*1913 – Michael Ripper, English actor (d. 2000) *1915 – Jules Archer, American historian and author (d. 2008)* 1915 – Jacques Hnizdovsky, Ukrainian-American painter, sculptor, and illustrator (d. 1985)*1918 – Skitch Henderson, American pianist, composer, and conductor (d. 2005)* 1918 – Elmore James, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 1963)* 1918 – William Seawell, American general (d. 2005)*1919 – Ross Bagdasarian, Sr., American singer-songwriter, pianist, producer, and actor, created Alvin and the Chipmunks (d. 1972)*1920 – Hiroyoshi Nishizawa, Japanese lieutenant and pilot (d. 1944)* 1920 – Helmut Zacharias, German violinist and composer (d. 2002)*1921 – Donna Reed, American actress (d. 1986)*1924 – Rauf Denktaş, Cypriot lawyer and politician, 1st President of Northern Cyprus (d. 2012)* 1924 – Brian Rix, English actor, producer, and politician (d. 2016)* 1924 – Harvey Shapiro, American poet (d. 2013)*1926 – Fritz Spiegl, Austrian flute player and journalist (d. 2003)* 1926 – Ingrid Thulin, Swedish actress (d. 2004)*1928 – Hans Modrow, Polish-German lawyer and politician, 5th Prime Minister of East Germany (d. 2023)*1929 – Mohamed Al-Fayed, Egyptian-Swiss businessman (d. 2023)* 1929 – Michael Craig, Indian-English actor and screenwriter* 1929 – Gastón Suárez, Bolivian author and playwright (d. 1984)*1930 – Bobby Bland, American blues singer-songwriter (d. 2013)*1931 – Mordecai Richler, Canadian author and screenwriter (d. 2001)* 1931 – Nigel Vinson, Baron Vinson, English lieutenant and businessman*1932 – Boris Shakhlin, Russian-Ukrainian gymnast (d. 2008)*1933 – Jerry Buss, American chemist and businessman (d. 2013)*1934 – Édith Cresson, French politician and diplomat, Prime Minister of France* 1934 – George Follmer, American race car driver*1935 – Steve Demeter, American baseball player, coach, and manager (d. 2013)*1936 – Troy Donahue, American actor (d. 2001)* 1936 – Samuel C. C. Ting, American physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate*1937 – Fred Åkerström, Swedish singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 1985)*1940 – Ahmet Kurtcebe Alptemoçin, Turkish engineer and politician, 35th Turkish Minister of Foreign Affairs* 1940 – James Cromwell, American actor* 1940 – Terry Harper, Canadian ice hockey player and coach* 1940 – Petru Lucinschi, Romanian activist and politician, 2nd President of Moldova* 1940 – Reynaldo Rey, American actor and screenwriter (d. 2015)*1941 – Beatrice Tinsley, New Zealand astronomer and cosmologist (d. 1981)*1942 – Maki Asakawa, Japanese singer-songwriter and producer (d. 2010)* 1942 – Tasuku Honjo, Japanese immunologist, Nobel Prize laureate in Physiology or Medicine* 1942 – John Witherspoon, American actor and comedian (d. 2019)* 1942 – Kate Wolf, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 1986)*1943 – Julia Cumberlege, Baroness Cumberlege, English businesswoman and politician*1944 – Peter Akinola, Nigerian archbishop* 1944 – Mairead Maguire, Northern Irish activist, Nobel Prize laureate* 1944 – Nick Mason, English drummer, songwriter, and producer*1945 – Harold Cardinal, Canadian lawyer and politician (d. 2005)*1946 – Christopher Hum, English academic and diplomat, British Ambassador to China* 1946 – Nedra Talley, American singer*1947 – Björn Afzelius, Swedish singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 1999)* 1947 – Vyron Polydoras, Greek lawyer and politician, Greek Minister for Public Order* 1947 – Cal Schenkel, American painter and illustrator* 1947 – Philip Sugden, English historian and author (d. 2014)* 1947 – Perfecto Yasay Jr., Filipino lawyer and Secretary of Foreign Affairs of the Philippines (d. 2020)*1948 – Mikhail Baryshnikov, Russian-American dancer, choreographer, and actor* 1948 – Jean-Philippe Collard, French pianist*1950 – Jiří Bubla, Czech ice hockey player*1951 – Seth Justman, American keyboard player and songwriter* 1951 – Cees van der Knaap, Dutch soldier and politician*1952 – Brian Gottfried, American tennis player* 1952 – Billy Johnson, American football player and coach* 1952 – Tam O'Shaughnessy, American tennis player, psychologist, and academic* 1952 – G. E. Smith, American guitarist and songwriter*1954 – Peter Laird, American author and illustrator* 1954 – Ed Schultz, American talk show host and sportscaster (d. 2018)*1955 – Brian Engblom, Canadian ice hockey player and sportscaster* 1955 – John Roberts, American lawyer and judge, 17th Chief Justice of the United States*1956 – Mimi Rogers, American actress*1957 – Janick Gers, English guitarist and songwriter * 1957 – Frank Miller, American illustrator, director, producer, and screenwriter*1958 – James Grippando, American lawyer and author* 1958 – Alan Milburn, English businessman and politician, Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster* 1958 – Susanna Thompson, American actress*1959 – Cris Collinsworth, American football player and sportscaster* 1959 – Göran Hägglund, Swedish lawyer and politician, 28th Swedish Minister for Social Affairs* 1959 – Keith Olbermann, American journalist and author*1960 – Fiona O'Donnell, Canadian-Scottish politician*1961 – Gillian Gilbert, English musician, songwriter, and singer* 1961 – Narciso Rodriguez, American fashion designer* 1961 – Margo Timmins, Canadian singer-songwriter*1962 – Roberto Paci Dalò, Italian director and composer*1963 – George Monbiot, English-Welsh author and activist*1964 – Bridget Fonda, American actress* 1964 – Jack Haley, American basketball player (d. 2015)* 1964 – Patrick van Deurzen, Dutch composer and academic*1965 – Alan Cumming, Scottish-American actor* 1965 – Mike Newell, English footballer and manager* 1965 – Ignacio Noé, Argentinian author and illustrator* 1965 – Attila Sekerlioglu, Austrian footballer and manager*1966 – Tamlyn Tomita, Japanese-American actress and singer*1967 – Dave Manson, Canadian ice hockey player and coach*1968 – Tracy Lawrence, American country singer* 1968 – Mike Patton, American singer, composer, and voice artist* 1968 – Matt Stover, American football player* 1968 – Tricky, English rapper and producer*1969 – Michael Kulas, Canadian singer-songwriter and producer * 1969 – Patton Oswalt, American comedian and actor* 1969 – Shane Thomson, New Zealand cricketer*1970 – Bradley Clyde, Australian rugby league player* 1970 – Dean Headley, English cricketer and coach*1971 – Patrice Brisebois, Canadian ice hockey player and coach*1972 – Bibi Gaytán, Mexican singer and actress* 1972 – Josh Randall, American actor* 1972 – Bryant Young, American football player and coach*1973 – Valyantsin Byalkevich, Belarusian footballer and manager (d. 2014)*1974 – Ole Einar Bjørndalen, Norwegian skier and biathlete* 1974 – Andrei Pavel, Romanian tennis player and coach* 1974 – Chaminda Vaas, Sri Lankan cricketer and coach*1976 – Clint Ford, American screenwriter and voice actor* 1976 – Danielle George , American professor* 1976 – Ahn Jung-hwan, South Korean footballer* 1976 – Fred Taylor, American football player*1977 – Tomi Kallio, Finnish ice hockey player*1979 – Lonny Baxter, American basketball player* 1979 – Daniel Vettori, New Zealand cricketer and coach*1980 – Chanda Gunn, American ice hockey player and coach* 1980 – Marat Safin, Russian tennis player and politician* 1980 – Jiří Welsch, Czech basketball player*1981 – Alicia Molik, Australian tennis player and sportscaster* 1981 – Tony Woodcock, New Zealand rugby player*1982 – Eva Asderaki, Greek tennis umpire*1983 – Carlo Colaiacovo, Canadian ice hockey player* 1983 – Paulo Colaiacovo, Canadian ice hockey player* 1983 – Gavin Floyd, American baseball player* 1983 – Lee Grant, English footballer*1986 – Johan Petro, French basketball player*1987 – Katy Rose, American singer-songwriter and producer* 1987 – Anton Shunin, Russian footballer*1988 – Kerlon, Brazilian footballer*1989 – Alberto Botía, Spanish footballer*1990 – Tim Beckham, American baseball player*1991 – Christian Bickel, German footballer* 1991 – Julio Teherán, Colombian baseball player*1992 – Stefano Pettinari, Italian footballer*1994 – Jack Stephens, English footballer*1995 – Harrison Reed, English footballer*1996 – Braeden Lemasters, American actor, musician, and singer*1998 – Devin Druid, American actor" ], [ "Deaths", "===Pre-1600===*98 – Nerva, Roman emperor (b.", "35)* 457 – Marcian, Byzantine emperor (b.", "392)* 555 – Yuan Di, emperor of the Liang Dynasty (b.", "508)* 672 – Pope Vitalian* 847 – Pope Sergius II (b.", "790)* 906 – Liu Can, chancellor of the Tang Dynasty* 931 – Ruotger, archbishop of Trier* 947 – Zhang Yanze, Chinese general and governor*1062 – Adelaide of Hungary, (b. c. 1040)*1311 – Külüg Khan, Emperor Wuzong of Yuan*1377 – Frederick the Simple, King of Sicily*1490 – Ashikaga Yoshimasa, Japanese shōgun (b.", "1435)*1504 – Ludovico II, Marquess of Saluzzo (b.", "1438)*1540 – Angela Merici, Italian educator and saint, founded the Company of St. Ursula (b.", "1474)*1592 – Gian Paolo Lomazzo, Italian painter (b.", "1538)*1596 – Francis Drake, English captain and explorer (b.", "1540)===1601–1900===*1629 – Hieronymus Praetorius, German organist and composer (b.", "1560)*1638 – Gonzalo de Céspedes y Meneses, Spanish author and poet (b.", "1585)*1651 – Abraham Bloemaert, Dutch painter and illustrator (b.", "1566)*1688 – Empress Dowager Xiaozhuang of China (b.", "1613)*1689 – Robert Aske, English merchant and philanthropist (b.", "1619)*1731 – Bartolomeo Cristofori, Italian instrument maker, invented the Piano (b.", "1655)*1733 – Thomas Woolston, English theologian and author (b.", "1669)*1740 – Louis Henri, Duke of Bourbon (b.", "1692)*1770 – Philippe Macquer, French historian (b.", "1720)*1794 – Antoine Philippe de La Trémoille, French general (b.", "1765)*1812 – John Perkins, Anglo-Jamaican captain*1814 – Johann Gottlieb Fichte, German philosopher and academic (b.", "1762)*1816 – Samuel Hood, 1st Viscount Hood, English admiral and politician (b.", "1724)*1851 – John James Audubon, French-American ornithologist and painter (b.", "1789)*1852 – Paavo Ruotsalainen, Finnish farmer and lay preacher (b.", "1777)*1860 – János Bolyai, Romanian-Hungarian mathematician and academic (b.", "1802)*1873 – Adam Sedgwick, British geologist, Anglican priest and doctoral advisor to Charles Darwin (b.", "1785)*1880 – Edward Middleton Barry, English architect and academic, co-designed the Halifax Town Hall and the Royal Opera House (b.", "1830)===1901–present===*1901 – Giuseppe Verdi, Italian composer (b.", "1813)*1910 – Thomas Crapper, English plumber and businessman (b.", "1836)*1919 – Endre Ady, Hungarian poet and journalist (b.", "1877)*1921 – Maurice Buckley, Australian sergeant (b.", "1891)*1922 – Nellie Bly, American journalist and author (b.", "1864)*1927 – Jurgis Matulaitis-Matulevičius, Lithuanian bishop (b.", "1871)*1931 – Nishinoumi Kajirō II, Japanese sumo wrestler, the 25th Yokozuna (b.", "1880)*1940 – Isaac Babel, Russian short story writer, journalist, and playwright (b.", "1894)*1942 – Kaarel Eenpalu, Estonian journalist and politician, Prime Minister of Estonia (b.", "1888)*1951 – Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim, Finnish field marshal and politician, 6th President of Finland (b.", "1867)*1956 – Erich Kleiber, Austrian conductor and director (b.", "1890)*1961 – Bernard Friedberg, Austrian scholar and author (b.", "1876)*1963 – John Farrow, Australian-American director, producer, and screenwriter (b.", "1904)*1965 – Abraham Walkowitz, American painter (b.", "1878)*1967 – crew of Apollo 1** Roger B. Chaffee, American pilot, engineer, and astronaut (b.", "1935)** Gus Grissom, American pilot and astronaut (b.", "1926)** Ed White, American colonel, engineer, and astronaut (b.", "1930)* 1967 – Alphonse Juin, Algerian-French general (b.", "1888)*1970 – Rocco D'Assunta, Italian actor, comedian and playwright (b.", "1904)* 1970 – Marietta Blau, Austrian physicist and academic (b.", "1894)*1971 – Jacobo Árbenz, Guatemalan captain and politician, President of Guatemala (b.", "1913)*1972 – Mahalia Jackson, American singer (b.", "1911)*1973 – William Nolde, American colonel (b.", "1929)*1974 – Georgios Grivas, Cypriot general (b.", "1898)*1975 – Bill Walsh, American screenwriter and producer (b.", "1913)*1979 – Victoria Ocampo.", "Argentine writer (b.", "1890)*1982 – Trần Văn Hương, South Vietnamese politician, 3rd President of South Vietnam, 3rd Vice President of South Vietnam, and 3rd Prime Minister of South Vietnam (b.", "1902)*1983 – Louis de Funès, French actor and screenwriter (b.", "1914)*1986 – Lilli Palmer, German-American actress (b.", "1914)*1987 – Norman McLaren, Scottish-Canadian animator and director (b.", "1914)*1988 – Massa Makan Diabaté, Malian historian, author, and playwright (b.", "1938)*1989 – Thomas Sopwith, English ice hockey player and pilot (b.", "1888)*1993 – André the Giant, French professional wrestler and actor (b.", "1946)*1994 – Claude Akins, American actor (b.", "1918)*1996 – Ralph Yarborough, American colonel, lawyer, and politician (b.", "1903)*2000 – Friedrich Gulda, Austrian pianist and composer (b.", "1930)*2003 – Henryk Jabłoński, Polish historian and politician, President of Poland (b.", "1909)*2004 – Salvador Laurel, Filipino lawyer and politician, 10th Vice President of the Philippines (b.", "1928)* 2004 – Jack Paar, American talk show host and author (b.", "1918)*2006 – Gene McFadden, American singer-songwriter and producer (b.", "1948)* 2006 – Johannes Rau, German journalist and politician, 8th President of Germany (b.", "1931)*2007 – Yang Chuan-kwang, Taiwanese decathlete, long jumper, and hurdler (b.", "1933)*2008 – Suharto, Indonesian general and politician, 2nd President of Indonesia (b.", "1921)* 2008 – Gordon B. Hinckley, American religious leader and author, 15th President of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (b.", "1910)* 2008 – Louie Welch, American businessman and politician, 54th Mayor of Houston (b.", "1918)*2009 – John Updike, American novelist, short story writer, and critic (b.", "1932)* 2009 – R. Venkataraman, Indian lawyer and politician, 8th President of India (b.", "1910)*2010 – Zelda Rubinstein, American actress (b.", "1933)* 2010 – J. D. Salinger, American soldier and author (b.", "1919)* 2010 – Howard Zinn, American historian, author, and activist (b.", "1922)*2011 – Charlie Callas, American comedian and musician (b.", "1927)*2012 – Greg Cook, American football player and sportscaster (b.", "1946)* 2012 – Ted Dicks, English composer and screenwriter (b.", "1928)* 2012 – Jeannette Hamby, American nurse and politician (b.", "1933)* 2012 – Kevin White, American politician, 51st Mayor of Boston (b.", "1929)*2013 – Ivan Bodiul, Ukrainian-Russian politician (b.", "1918)* 2013 – Stanley Karnow, American journalist and historian (b.", "1925)*2014 – Pete Seeger, American singer-songwriter, guitarist and activist (b.", "1919)* 2014 – Epimaco Velasco, Filipino lawyer and politician, Governor of Cavite (b.", "1935)* 2014 – Paul Zorner, German soldier and pilot (b.", "1920)*2015 – Rocky Bridges, American baseball player and coach (b.", "1927)* 2015 – David Landau, English-Israeli journalist (b.", "1947)* 2015 – Joseph Rotman, Canadian businessman and philanthropist (b.", "1935)* 2015 – Charles Hard Townes, American physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (b.", "1915)* 2015 – Larry Winters, American wrestler and trainer (b.", "1956)*2016 – Carlos Loyzaga, Filipino basketball player and coach (b.", "1930)*2017 – Emmanuelle Riva, French actress (b.", "1927)* 2017 – Arthur H. Rosenfeld, American physicist (b.", "1926)*2018 – Ingvar Kamprad, Founder of IKEA (b.", "1926)* 2018 – Mort Walker, American cartoonist (b.", "1923)*2019 – Countess Maya von Schönburg-Glauchau, German socialite (b.", "1958)*2020 – Lina Ben Mhenni, Tunisian Internet activist and blogger (b.", "1983)*2021 – Cloris Leachman, American actress and comedian (b.", "1926)*2021 – Nunuk Nuraini, Indonesian food scientist (b.", "1961)*2022 – Andy Devine, British TV actor (b.", "1942)" ], [ "Holidays and observances", "*Christian feast day:**Angela Merici**Blessed Paul Joseph Nardini**Devota (Monaco)**Enrique de Ossó y Cercelló**John Chrysostom (translation of relics) (Anglican, Lutheran, Eastern Orthodox)**Sava (Serbia)**January 27 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)*Day of the lifting of the siege of Leningrad (Russia)*Liberation of the remaining inmates of Auschwitz-related observances:**Holocaust Memorial Day (UK)**International Holocaust Remembrance Day**Memorial Day (Italy)**Other Holocaust Memorial Days observances" ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* BBC: On This Day* * Historical Events on January 27" ] ]
wikipedia
[ [ "John Lynch (New Hampshire governor)" ], [ "Introduction", "'''John Hayden Lynch''' (born November 25, 1952) is an American attorney, businessman, and politician who served as the 80th governor of New Hampshire from 2005 to 2013.Lynch was first elected governor in 2004, defeating first-term Republican incumbent Craig Benson – the first time a first-term incumbent New Hampshire governor was defeated for re-election in 80 years.", "Lynch won re-election in landslide victories in 2006 and 2008, and comfortably won a fourth term in 2010.Lynch is the most popular governor in New Hampshire history and, while in office, consistently ranked among the nation's most popular governors.Since 2013, Lynch has served as a Senior Lecturer in the MBA program at the Tuck School of Business at Dartmouth College." ], [ "Early life, education and career", "Lynch was born in Waltham, Massachusetts, the fifth of William and Margaret Lynch's six children.", "Lynch earned his Bachelor of Arts degree from the University of New Hampshire in 1974, a Master of Business Administration from Harvard Business School, and a Juris Doctor from Georgetown University Law Center.During his business career, Lynch served as Director of Admissions at Harvard Business School and President of The Lynch Group, a business consulting firm in Manchester, New Hampshire.", "Lynch served as CEO of Knoll Inc., a national furniture manufacturer, where he transformed the company previously losing $50 million a year, to making a profits of nearly $240 million yearly.", "Under his leadership, Knoll created new jobs, gave factory workers annual bonuses, established a scholarship program for the children of employees, created retirement plans for employees who didn't have any, and gave workers stock in the company.", "Before announcing his run for governor, Lynch was serving as chairman of the University System of New Hampshire Board of Trustees." ], [ "Governor of New Hampshire", "New Hampshire state flag presented by Sailors assigned to the submarine USS New Hampshire (SSN-778), 29 July 2011===Electoral history===In June 2004, Lynch launched his campaign for Governor of New Hampshire.Lynch spent the five months preceding the election relentlessly criticizing Governor Craig Benson, the first-term Republican incumbent, for what Lynch claimed was a lack of integrity following a long series of scandals during Benson's tenure.", "Lynch accused Benson of creating a \"culture of corruption\" and cronyism at the State House.On September 15, Lynch won the Democratic primary and on November 2, Lynch defeated Benson 51% to 49%.Lynch was the first challenger to defeat a first-term incumbent in New Hampshire since 1926.On January 6, 2005, Lynch was inaugurated as the 80th Governor of New Hampshire.", "On November 7, 2006, Lynch was re-elected governor in a 74% to 26% landslide victory over Republican challenger Jim Coburn.", "Lynch's 74% of the vote was the largest margin of victory ever in a New Hampshire gubernatorial race.Lynch's coattails carried his party to control of both chambers of the State Legislature and both of New Hampshire's two U.S. House seats.On November 4, 2008, he was elected to a third term in another landslide victory.", "Lynch defeated Republican challenger Joseph Kenney, a New Hampshire state senator and U.S. Marine, 70% to 28%, with 2% of the vote won by the Libertarian candidate.", "Democrats maintained control of the state legislature and held both U.S. House seats, and gained a U.S. Senate seat.On November 2, 2010, Lynch was elected to a historic fourth term as Governor of New Hampshire, in a victory over former State Health and Human Service's Commissioner John Stephen, 53% to 45%.", "Lynch was the only Democrat elected to statewide office.", "As had happened in many states throughout the U.S. during the 2010 midterm elections, Democrats suffered heavy losses.", "Democrats lost control of both chambers of the State Legislature, control of the Executive Council and both of the U.S. House seats.According to the Concord Monitor, when Lynch was inaugurated on January 6, 2011, he became \"the state's longest-serving governor in nearly two centuries.", "John Taylor Gilman was the last governor to serve longer than six years, serving 14 one-year terms as governor between 1794 and 1816.", "(The state switched to two-year terms in 1877)\" New Hampshire and neighboring Vermont are the only two States in the U.S. that use two-year terms.On September 15, 2011, Lynch announced he would not seek a historic fifth term as governor.During the announcement Lynch said \"I feel like I have the passion and the energy to keep doing this work for a long, long time, but democracy demands periodic change.", "To refresh and revive itself, democracy needs new leaders and new ideas.", "\"On January 3, 2013, Lynch was succeeded by fellow Democrat Maggie Hassan, marking the first time a Democrat succeeded a Democrat as the state's governor since the 19th century.+New Hampshire gubernatorial election (General Election) Year Winning candidate Party Pct Opponent Party Pct Opponent Party Pct 2004'''John Lynch''''''Democratic''''''51.02%'''Craig Benson (inc.)Republican48.87% 2006'''John Lynch (inc.)''''''Democratic''''''73.5%'''Jim CoburnRepublican26.5% 2008'''John Lynch (inc.)''''''Democratic''''''69.8%'''Joseph KenneyRepublican27.9%Susan NewellLibertarian2.2% 2010'''John Lynch (inc.)''''''Democratic''''''52.6%'''John StephenRepublican45.1%John BabiarzLibertarian2.2%===Tenure===Governor Lynch in Milford, New Hampshire, Labor Day parade, September 2006====Taxes====As a candidate for governor, Lynch took \"The Pledge\" not to enact any broad-based taxes, especially a sales or income tax.", "As governor, Lynch kept his promise.", "Lynch does not support an amendment to the State Constitution banning an income tax.In 2007, Lynch signed into law the Research and Development Tax credit, which for the following five years appropriated $1,000,000 for companies to write off qualifying \"manufacturing research and development\" expenditures.", "In 2012, during his final State of the State address, Lynch proposed doubling the tax credit, citing its success in creating jobs, and slammed lawmakers for slashing funding to the state's community college system to fund a 10-cent reduction in the tobacco tax.In June 2010, Lynch signed a budget-balancing measure that repealed the state's LLC tax.====Crime====Lynch worked with the state Attorney General, police chiefs, and lawmakers to pass sex offender laws; increase the state police force; and increase the number of state prosecutors.", "New Hampshire was rated the \"Safest State\" in the Nation in 2008 and 2009.New Hampshire again boasts the nation's lowest murder rate and the second-lowest rates for aggravated assault, according to ''CQ Press''.", "Lynch issued the following statement after the announcement of the award in 2009:====Death penalty====Lynch upheld the death penalty while in office, stating \"there are crimes so heinous that the death penalty is warranted.\"", "The New Hampshire House of Representatives passed legislation in March 2009 to abolish the death penalty, which Lynch threatened to veto.", "Due to the veto threat, the Senate tabled the legislation in April of that year.", "In June, Lynch compromised with legislators and signed legislation to form the New Hampshire Commission to Study the Death Penalty.Lynch campaigning for Barack Obama in 2008 In December 2010, the Commission recommended, by a 12 to 10 vote, to retain the death penalty.", "However, the panel unanimously recommended against expanding it.", "In 2011, Lynch signed legislation to expand the death penalty to include home invasions.====Natural disaster response====In April 2006, Lynch was awarded the \"National Chairman of Volunteers\" Award for Volunteer Excellence by the American Red Cross, due to his leadership during the 2005 floods.====Same-sex marriage====On June 3, 2009, Lynch signed a same-sex marriage bill into law, despite being personally opposed to gay marriages, making New Hampshire the fifth state in the United States to allow such unions.===Historic popularity===Throughout his eight year tenure, Lynch enjoyed very high approval ratings, often being ranked among the most popular of U.S. governors.", "According to the WMUR/Granite State Poll conducted by the University of New Hampshire, just three months after taking office in January 2005, Lynch's approval rating surpassed 50% and stayed upwards of 55% throughout his tenure.", "Likewise, between February 2006 and February 2009 his approval rating was above 70%.", "In April 2012, Lynch's approval rating was again above 70% making him the second most popular governor in the United States, behind New York Governor Andrew Cuomo.", "Lynch enjoyed bipartisan support and is the most popular governor in the state's history.===Presidential endorsements===During the 2008 Democratic presidential primaries, Lynch was one of eight superdelegates from New Hampshire.", "Lynch remained neutral during the New Hampshire primary because as governor he needed to \"focus on being a good host to the primary\", according to a statement by spokesman Colin Manning.", "At an event on June 27, 2008 in Unity, New Hampshire, Lynch formally endorsed Barack Obama for president.Lynch endorsed President Barack Obama in the 2012 presidential election.Lynch endorsed former Secretary of State, Hillary Clinton, in the 2016 presidential election.Lynch endorsed former Vice President Joe Biden in the 2020 presidential election." ], [ "Personal life", "John Lynch and his wife Susan Lynch Lynch and his wife, Dr. Susan Lynch, a pediatrician, have three children." ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "*" ] ]
wikipedia
[ [ "J. R. R. Tolkien" ], [ "Introduction", "'''John Ronald Reuel Tolkien''' (, ; 3 January 1892 – 2 September 1973) was an English writer and philologist.", "He was the author of the high fantasy works ''The Hobbit'' and ''The Lord of the Rings''.From 1925 to 1945, Tolkien was the Rawlinson and Bosworth Professor of Anglo-Saxon and a Fellow of Pembroke College, both at the University of Oxford.", "He then moved within the same university to become the Merton Professor of English Language and Literature and Fellow of Merton College, and held these positions from 1945 until his retirement in 1959.Tolkien was a close friend of C. S. Lewis, a co-member of the informal literary discussion group The Inklings.", "He was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire by Queen Elizabeth II on 28 March 1972.After Tolkien's death, his son Christopher published a series of works based on his father's extensive notes and unpublished manuscripts, including ''The Silmarillion''.", "These, together with ''The Hobbit'' and ''The Lord of the Rings'', form a connected body of tales, poems, fictional histories, invented languages, and literary essays about a fantasy world called Arda and, within it, Middle-earth.", "Between 1951 and 1955, Tolkien applied the term ''legendarium'' to the larger part of these writings.While many other authors had published works of fantasy before Tolkien, the great success of ''The Hobbit'' and ''The Lord of the Rings'' led directly to a popular resurgence of the genre.", "As a result, he has been popularly identified as the \"father\" of modern fantasy literature—or, more precisely, of high fantasy, and is widely regarded as one of the most influential authors of all time." ], [ "Biography", "=== Ancestry ===Tolkien was English, and thought of himself as such.His immediate paternal ancestors were middle-class craftsmen who made and sold clocks, watches and pianos in London and Birmingham.", "The Tolkien family originated in the East Prussian town of Kreuzburg near Königsberg, which had been founded during the medieval German eastward expansion, where his earliest-known paternal ancestor Michel Tolkien was born around 1620.Michel's son Christianus Tolkien (1663–1746) was a wealthy miller in Kreuzburg.", "His son, Christian Tolkien (1706–1791), moved from Kreuzburg to nearby Danzig, and his two sons Daniel Gottlieb Tolkien (1747–1813) and Johann (later known as John) Benjamin Tolkien (1752–1819) emigrated to London in the 1770s and became the ancestors of the English family; the younger brother was J. R. R. Tolkien's second great-grandfather.", "In 1792, John Benjamin Tolkien and William Gravell took over the Erdley Norton manufacture in London, which from then on sold clocks and watches under the name Gravell & Tolkien.", "Daniel Gottlieb obtained British citizenship in 1794, but John Benjamin apparently never became a British citizen.", "Other German relatives joined the two brothers in London.", "Several people with the surname Tolkien or similar spelling, some of them members of the same family as J. R. R. Tolkien, live in northern Germany, but most of them are descendants of people who evacuated East Prussia in 1945, at the end of World War II.According to Ryszard Derdziński, the surname Tolkien is of Low Prussian origin and probably means \"son/descendant of Tolk\".", "Tolkien mistakenly believed his surname derived from the German word , meaning \"foolhardy\", and jokingly inserted himself as a \"cameo\" into ''The Notion Club Papers'' under the literally translated name Rashbold.", "However, Derdziński has demonstrated this to be a false etymology.", "While J. R. R. Tolkien was aware of his family's German origin, his knowledge of the family's history was limited because he was \"early isolated from the family of his prematurely deceased father\".=== Childhood ===1892 Christmas card with a coloured photo of the Tolkien family in Bloemfontein, sent to relatives in Birmingham, EnglandJohn Ronald Reuel Tolkien was born on 3 January 1892 in Bloemfontein in the Orange Free State (later annexed by the British Empire; now Free State Province in the Republic of South Africa), to Arthur Reuel Tolkien (1857–1896), an English bank manager, and his wife Mabel, (1870–1904).", "The couple had left England when Arthur was promoted to head the Bloemfontein office of the British bank for which he worked.", "Tolkien had one sibling, his younger brother, Hilary Arthur Reuel Tolkien, who was born on 17 February 1894.As a child, Tolkien was bitten by a large baboon spider in the garden, an event some believe to have been later echoed in his stories, although he admitted no actual memory of the event as an adult.", "In an earlier incident from Tolkien's infancy, a young family servant took the baby to his homestead, returning him the next morning.When he was three, he went to England with his mother and brother on what was intended to be a lengthy family visit.", "His father, however, died in South Africa of rheumatic fever before he could join them.", "This left the family without an income, so Tolkien's mother took him to live with her parents in Kings Heath, Birmingham.", "Soon after, in 1896, they moved to Sarehole (now in Hall Green), then a Worcestershire village, later annexed to Birmingham.", "He enjoyed exploring Sarehole Mill and Moseley Bog and the Clent, Lickey and Malvern Hills, which would later inspire scenes in his books, along with nearby towns and villages such as Bromsgrove, Alcester, and Alvechurch and places such as his aunt Jane's farm Bag End, the name of which he used in his fiction.Birmingham Oratory, where Tolkien was a parishioner and altar boy (1902–1911)Mabel Tolkien taught her two children at home.", "Ronald, as he was known in the family, was a keen pupil.", "She taught him a great deal of botany and awakened in him the enjoyment of the look and feel of plants.", "Young Tolkien liked to draw landscapes and trees, but his favourite lessons were those concerning languages, and his mother taught him the rudiments of Latin very early.Tolkien could read by the age of four and could write fluently soon afterwards.", "His mother allowed him to read many books.", "He disliked ''Treasure Island'' and \"The Pied Piper\" and thought ''Alice's Adventures in Wonderland'' by Lewis Carroll was \"amusing but disturbing\".", "He liked stories about \"Red Indians\" (the term then used for Native Americans in adventure stories) and works of fantasy by George MacDonald.", "In addition, the \"Fairy Books\" of Andrew Lang were particularly important to him and their influence is apparent in some of his later writings.King Edward's School in Birmingham, where Tolkien was a pupil (1900–1902, 1903–1911)Mabel Tolkien was received into the Roman Catholic Church in 1900 despite vehement protests by her Baptist family, which stopped all financial assistance to her.", "In 1904, when J. R. R. Tolkien was 12, his mother died of acute diabetes at Fern Cottage in Rednal, which she was renting.", "She was then about 34 years of age, about as old as a person with diabetes mellitus type 1 could survive without treatment—insulin would not be discovered until 1921, two decades later.", "Nine years after her death, Tolkien wrote, \"My own dear mother was a martyr indeed, and it is not to everybody that God grants so easy a way to his great gifts as he did to Hilary and myself, giving us a mother who killed herself with labour and trouble to ensure us keeping the faith.", "\"Before her death, Mabel Tolkien had assigned the guardianship of her sons to her close friend, Father Francis Xavier Morgan of the Birmingham Oratory, who was assigned to bring them up as good Catholics.", "In a 1965 letter to his son Michael, Tolkien recalled the influence of the man whom he always called \"Father Francis\": \"He was an upper-class Welsh-Spaniard Tory, and seemed to some just a pottering old gossip.", "He was—and he was ''not''.", "I first learned charity and forgiveness from him; and in the light of it pierced even the 'liberal' darkness out of which I came, knowing more about 'Bloody Mary' than the Mother of Jesus—who was never mentioned except as an object of wicked worship by the Romanists.\"", "After his mother's death, Tolkien grew up in the Edgbaston area of Birmingham and attended King Edward's School, Birmingham, and later St Philip's School.", "In 1903, he won a Foundation Scholarship and returned to King Edward's.=== Youth ===While in his early teens, Tolkien had his first encounter with a constructed language, Animalic, an invention of his cousins, Mary and Marjorie Incledon.", "At that time, he was studying Latin and Anglo-Saxon.", "Their interest in Animalic soon died away, but Mary and others, including Tolkien himself, invented a new and more complex language called Nevbosh.", "The next constructed language he came to work with, Naffarin, would be his own creation.", "Tolkien learned Esperanto some time before 1909.Around 10 June 1909 he composed \"The Book of the Foxrook\", a sixteen-page notebook, where the \"earliest example of one of his invented alphabets\" appears.", "Short texts in this notebook are written in Esperanto.In 1911, while they were at King Edward's School, Tolkien and three friends, Rob Gilson, Geoffrey Bache Smith, and Christopher Wiseman, formed a semi-secret society they called the T.C.B.S.", "The initials stood for Tea Club and Barrovian Society, alluding to their fondness for drinking tea in Barrow's Stores near the school and, secretly, in the school library.", "After leaving school, the members stayed in touch and, in December 1914, they held a council in London at Wiseman's home.", "For Tolkien, the result of this meeting was a strong dedication to writing poetry.In 1911, Tolkien went on a summer holiday in Switzerland, a trip that he recollected vividly in a 1968 letter, noting that Bilbo's journey across the Misty Mountains (\"including the glissade down the slithering stones into the pine woods\") is directly based on his adventures as their party of 12 hiked from Interlaken to Lauterbrunnen and on to camp in the moraines beyond Mürren.", "Fifty-seven years later, Tolkien remembered his regret at leaving the view of the eternal snows of Jungfrau and Silberhorn, \"the Silvertine (Celebdil) of my dreams\".", "They went across the Kleine Scheidegg to Grindelwald and on across the Grosse Scheidegg to Meiringen.", "They continued across the Grimsel Pass, through the upper Valais to Brig and on to the Aletsch glacier and Zermatt.In October of the same year, Tolkien began studying at Exeter College, Oxford.", "He initially read classics but changed his course in 1913 to English language and literature, graduating in 1915 with first-class honours.", "Among his tutors at Oxford was Joseph Wright, whose ''Primer of the Gothic Language'' had inspired Tolkien as a schoolboy.=== Courtship and marriage ===At the age of 16, Tolkien met Edith Mary Bratt, who was three years his senior, when he and his brother Hilary moved into the boarding house where she lived in Duchess Road, Edgbaston.", "According to Humphrey Carpenter, \"Edith and Ronald took to frequenting Birmingham teashops, especially one which had a balcony overlooking the pavement.", "There they would sit and throw sugarlumps into the hats of passers-by, moving to the next table when the sugar bowl was empty.", "... With two people of their personalities and in their position, romance was bound to flourish.", "Both were orphans in need of affection, and they found that they could give it to each other.", "During the summer of 1909, they decided that they were in love.", "\"His guardian, Father Morgan, considered it \"altogether unfortunate\" that his surrogate son was romantically involved with an older, Protestant woman; Tolkien wrote that the combined tensions contributed to his having \"muffed his exams\".", "Morgan prohibited him from meeting, talking to, or even corresponding with Edith until he was 21.Tolkien obeyed this prohibition to the letter, with one notable early exception, over which Father Morgan threatened to cut short his university career if he did not stop.On the evening of his 21st birthday, Tolkien wrote to Edith, who was living with family friend C. H. Jessop at Cheltenham.", "He declared that he had never ceased to love her, and asked her to marry him.", "Edith replied that she had already accepted the proposal of George Field, the brother of one of her closest school friends.", "But Edith said she had agreed to marry Field only because she felt \"on the shelf\" and had begun to doubt that Tolkien still cared for her.", "She explained that, because of Tolkien's letter, everything had changed.On 8 January 1913, Tolkien travelled by train to Cheltenham and was met on the platform by Edith.", "The two took a walk into the countryside, sat under a railway viaduct, and talked.", "By the end of the day, Edith had agreed to accept Tolkien's proposal.", "She wrote to Field and returned her engagement ring.", "Field was \"dreadfully upset at first\", and the Field family was \"insulted and angry\".", "Upon learning of Edith's new plans, Jessop wrote to her guardian, \"I have nothing to say against Tolkien, he is a cultured gentleman, but his prospects are poor in the extreme, and when he will be in a position to marry I cannot imagine.", "Had he adopted a profession it would have been different.", "\"Following their engagement, Edith reluctantly announced that she was converting to Catholicism at Tolkien's insistence.", "Jessop, \"like many others of his age and class ... strongly anti-Catholic\", was infuriated, and he ordered Edith to find other lodgings.Edith Bratt and Ronald Tolkien were formally engaged at Birmingham in January 1913, and married at St Mary Immaculate Catholic Church at Warwick, on 22 March 1916.In his 1941 letter to Michael, Tolkien expressed admiration for his wife's willingness to marry a man with no job, little money, and no prospects except the likelihood of being killed in the Great War.=== First World War ===Tolkien in his military uniformIn August 1914, Britain entered the First World War.", "Tolkien's relatives were shocked when he elected not to volunteer immediately for the British Army.", "In a 1941 letter to his son Michael, Tolkien recalled: \"In those days chaps joined up, or were scorned publicly.", "It was a nasty cleft to be in for a young man with too much imagination and little physical courage.\"", "Instead, Tolkien, \"endured the obloquy\", and entered a programme by which he delayed enlistment until completing his degree.", "By the time he passed his finals in July 1915, Tolkien recalled that the hints were \"becoming outspoken from relatives\".", "He was commissioned as a temporary second lieutenant in the Lancashire Fusiliers on 15 July 1915.He trained with the 13th (Reserve) Battalion on Cannock Chase, Rugeley Camp near to Rugeley, Staffordshire, for 11 months.", "In a letter to Edith, Tolkien complained: \"Gentlemen are rare among the superiors, and even human beings rare indeed.\"", "Following their wedding, Lieutenant and Mrs. Tolkien took up lodgings near the training camp.", "On 2 June 1916, Tolkien received a telegram summoning him to Folkestone for posting to France.", "The Tolkiens spent the night before his departure in a room at the Plough & Harrow Hotel in Edgbaston, Birmingham.", "He later wrote: \"Junior officers were being killed off, a dozen a minute.", "Parting from my wife then... it was like a death.", "\"==== France ====On 5 June 1916, Tolkien boarded a troop transport for an overnight voyage to Calais.", "Like other soldiers arriving for the first time, he was sent to the British Expeditionary Force's base depot at Étaples.", "On 7 June, he was informed that he had been assigned as a signals officer to the 11th (Service) Battalion, Lancashire Fusiliers.", "The battalion was part of the 74th Brigade, 25th Division.", "While waiting to be summoned to his unit, Tolkien sank into boredom.", "To pass the time, he composed a poem titled ''The Lonely Isle'', which was inspired by his feelings during the sea crossing to Calais.", "To evade the British Army's postal censorship, he developed a code of dots by which Edith could track his movements.", "He left Étaples on 27 June 1916 and joined his battalion at Rubempré, near Amiens.", "He found himself commanding enlisted men who were drawn mainly from the mining, milling, and weaving towns of Lancashire.", "According to John Garth, he \"felt an affinity for these working class men\", but military protocol prohibited friendships with \"other ranks\".", "Instead, he was required to \"take charge of them, discipline them, train them, and probably censor their letters ...", "If possible, he was supposed to inspire their love and loyalty.\"", "Tolkien later lamented, \"The most improper job of any man ... is bossing other men.", "Not one in a million is fit for it, and least of all those who seek the opportunity.", "\"==== Battle of the Somme ===='' The Schwaben Redoubt'', painting by William Orpen.", "Imperial War Museum, LondonTolkien arrived at the Somme in early July 1916.In between terms behind the lines at Bouzincourt, he participated in the assaults on the Schwaben Redoubt and the Leipzig salient.", "Tolkien's time in combat was a terrible stress for Edith, who feared that every knock on the door might carry news of her husband's death.", "Edith could track her husband's movements on a map of the Western Front.", "The Reverend Mervyn S. Evers, Anglican chaplain to the Lancashire Fusiliers, recorded that Tolkien and his fellow officers were eaten by \"hordes of lice\" which found the Medical Officer's ointment merely \"a kind of ''hors d'oeuvre'' and the little beggars went at their feast with renewed vigour.\"", "On 27 October 1916, as his battalion attacked Regina Trench, Tolkien contracted trench fever, a disease carried by lice.", "He was invalided to England on 8 November 1916.According to his children John and Priscilla Tolkien, \"In later years, he would occasionally talk of being at the front: of the horrors of the first German gas attack, of the utter exhaustion and ominous quiet after a bombardment, of the whining scream of the shells, and the endless marching, always on foot, through a devastated landscape, sometimes carrying the men's equipment as well as his own to encourage them to keep going.", "...", "Some remarkable relics survive from that time: a trench map he drew himself; pencil-written orders to carry bombs to the 'fighting line.Many of his dearest school friends were killed in the war.", "Among their number were Rob Gilson of the Tea Club and Barrovian Society, who was killed on the first day of the Somme while leading his men in the assault on Beaumont Hamel.", "Fellow T.C.B.S.", "member Geoffrey Smith was killed during the battle, when a German artillery shell landed on a first-aid post.", "Tolkien's battalion was almost completely wiped out following his return to England.Men of the 1st Battalion, Lancashire Fusiliers in a communication trench near Beaumont Hamel, 1916.Photo by Ernest BrooksAccording to John Garth, Kitchener's Army, in which Tolkien served, at once marked existing social boundaries and counteracted the class system by throwing everyone into a desperate situation together.", "Tolkien was grateful, writing that it had taught him \"a deep sympathy and feeling for the Tommy; especially the plain soldier from the agricultural counties\".==== Home front ====A weak and emaciated Tolkien spent the remainder of the war alternating between hospitals and garrison duties, being deemed medically unfit for general service.", "During his recovery in a cottage in Little Haywood, Staffordshire, he began to work on what he called ''The Book of Lost Tales'', beginning with ''The Fall of Gondolin''.", "''Lost Tales'' represented Tolkien's attempt to create a mythology for England, a project he would abandon without ever completing.", "Throughout 1917 and 1918 his illness kept recurring, but he had recovered enough to do home service at various camps.", "It was at this time that Edith bore their first child, John Francis Reuel Tolkien.", "In a 1941 letter, Tolkien described his son John as \"(conceived and carried during the starvation-year of 1917 and the great U-boat campaign) round about the Battle of Cambrai, when the end of the war seemed as far off as it does now\".", "Tolkien was promoted to the temporary rank of lieutenant on 6 January 1918.When he was stationed at Kingston upon Hull, he and Edith went walking in the woods at nearby Roos, and Edith began to dance for him in a clearing among the flowering hemlock.", "After his wife's death in 1971, Tolkien remembered:On 16 July 1919, Tolkien was taken off active service, at Fovant, on Salisbury Plain, with a temporary disability pension.=== Academic and writing career ===2 Darnley Road, the former home of Tolkien in West Park, Leeds20 Northmoor Road, one of Tolkien's former homes in OxfordOn 3 November 1920, Tolkien was demobilized and left the army, retaining his rank of lieutenant.", "His first civilian job after World War I was at the ''Oxford English Dictionary'', where he worked mainly on the history and etymology of words of Germanic origin beginning with the letter ''W''.", "In 1920, he took up a post as reader in English language at the University of Leeds, becoming the youngest member of the academic staff there.", "While at Leeds, he produced ''A Middle English Vocabulary'' and a definitive edition of ''Sir Gawain and the Green Knight'' with E. V. Gordon; both became academic standard works for several decades.", "He translated ''Sir Gawain'', ''Pearl'', and ''Sir Orfeo''.", "In 1925, he returned to Oxford as Rawlinson and Bosworth Professor of Anglo-Saxon, with a fellowship at Pembroke College.In mid-1919, he began to tutor undergraduates privately, most importantly those of Lady Margaret Hall and St Hugh's College, given that the women's colleges were in great need of good teachers in their early years, and Tolkien as a married professor (then still not common) was considered suitable, as a bachelor don would not have been.During his time at Pembroke College Tolkien wrote ''The Hobbit'' and the first two volumes of ''The Lord of the Rings'', while living at 20 Northmoor Road in North Oxford.", "In 1932, he published a philological essay on the name \"Nodens\", following Sir Mortimer Wheeler's unearthing of a Roman Asclepeion at Lydney Park, Gloucestershire, in 1928.==== ''Beowulf'' ====In the 1920s, Tolkien undertook a translation of ''Beowulf'', which he finished in 1926, but did not publish.", "It was later edited by his son Christopher and published in 2014.Ten years after finishing his translation, Tolkien gave a highly acclaimed lecture on the work, \"''Beowulf'': The Monsters and the Critics\", which had a lasting influence on ''Beowulf'' research.", "Lewis E. Nicholson said that the article is \"widely recognized as a turning point in Beowulfian criticism\", noting that Tolkien established the primacy of the poetic nature of the work as opposed to its purely linguistic elements.", "At the time, the consensus of scholarship deprecated ''Beowulf'' for dealing with childish battles with monsters rather than realistic tribal warfare; Tolkien argued that the author of ''Beowulf'' was addressing human destiny in general, not as limited by particular tribal politics, and therefore the monsters were essential to the poem.", "Where ''Beowulf'' does deal with specific tribal struggles, as at Finnsburg, Tolkien argued firmly against reading in fantastic elements.", "In the essay, Tolkien revealed how highly he regarded ''Beowulf'': \"''Beowulf'' is among my most valued sources\"; this influence may be seen throughout his Middle-earth legendarium.According to Humphrey Carpenter, Tolkien began his series of lectures on ''Beowulf'' in a most striking way, entering the room silently, fixing the audience with a look, and suddenly declaiming in Old English the opening lines of the poem, starting \"with a great cry of ''Hwæt!''\"", "It was a dramatic impersonation of an Anglo-Saxon bard in a mead hall, and it made the students realize that ''Beowulf'' was not just a set text but \"a powerful piece of dramatic poetry\".", "Decades later, W. H. Auden wrote to his former professor, thanking him for the \"unforgettable experience\" of hearing him recite ''Beowulf'', and stating: \"The voice was the voice of Gandalf\".==== Second World War ====Merton College, where Tolkien was Professor of English Language and Literature (1945–1959)In the run-up to the Second World War, Tolkien was earmarked as a codebreaker.", "In January 1939, he was asked to serve in the cryptographic department of the Foreign Office in the event of national emergency.", "Beginning on 27 March, he took an instructional course at the London HQ of the Government Code and Cypher School.", "He was informed in October that his services would not be required.In 1945, Tolkien moved to Merton College, Oxford, becoming the Merton Professor of English Language and Literature, in which post he remained until his retirement in 1959.He served as an external examiner for University College, Galway (now NUI Galway), for many years.", "In 1954 Tolkien received an honorary degree from the National University of Ireland (of which University College, Galway, was a constituent college).", "Tolkien completed ''The Lord of the Rings'' in 1948, close to a decade after the first sketches.=== Family ===The Tolkiens had four children: John Francis Reuel Tolkien (17 November 1917 – 22 January 2003), Michael Hilary Reuel Tolkien (22 October 1920 – 27 February 1984), Christopher John Reuel Tolkien (21 November 1924 – 16 January 2020) and Priscilla Mary Anne Reuel Tolkien (18 June 1929 – 28 February 2022).", "Tolkien was very devoted to his children and sent them illustrated letters from Father Christmas when they were young.=== Retirement ===Bust of Tolkien in the chapel of Exeter College, OxfordDuring his life in retirement, from 1959 up to his death in 1973, Tolkien received steadily increasing public attention and literary fame.", "In 1961, his friend C. S. Lewis even nominated him for the Nobel Prize in Literature.", "The sales of his books were so profitable that he regretted that he had not chosen early retirement.", "In a 1972 letter, he deplored having become a cult figure, but admitted that \"even the nose of a very modest idol ... cannot remain entirely untickled by the sweet smell of incense!", "\"Fan attention became so intense that Tolkien had to take his phone number out of the public directory, and eventually he and Edith moved to Bournemouth, which was then a seaside resort patronized by the British upper middle class.", "Tolkien's status as a best-selling author gave them easy entry into polite society, but Tolkien deeply missed the company of his fellow Inklings.", "Edith, however, was overjoyed to step into the role of a society hostess, which had been the reason that Tolkien selected Bournemouth in the first place.", "The genuine and deep affection between Ronald and Edith was demonstrated by their care about the other's health, in details like wrapping presents, in the generous way he gave up his life at Oxford so she could retire to Bournemouth, and in her pride in his becoming a famous author.", "They were tied together, too, by love for their children and grandchildren.In his retirement Tolkien was a consultant and translator for ''The Jerusalem Bible'', published in 1966.He was initially assigned a larger portion to translate, but, due to other commitments, only managed to offer some criticisms of other contributors and a translation of the Book of Jonah.=== Final years ===The grave of J. R. R. and Edith Tolkien, Wolvercote Cemetery, OxfordEdith died on 29 November 1971, at the age of 82.Ronald returned to Oxford, where Merton College gave him convenient rooms near the High Street.", "He missed Edith, but enjoyed being back in the city.Tolkien was made a Commander of the Order of the British Empire in the 1972 New Year Honours and received the insignia of the Order at Buckingham Palace on 28 March 1972.In the same year Oxford University gave him an honorary Doctorate of Letters.He had the name Luthien engraved on Edith's tombstone at Wolvercote Cemetery, Oxford.", "When Tolkien died 21 months later on 2 September 1973 from a bleeding ulcer and chest infection, at the age of 81, he was buried in the same grave, with \"Beren\" added to his name.", "Tolkien's will was proven on 20 December 1973, with his estate valued at £190,577 (equivalent to £ in )." ], [ "Views", "The Corner of the Eagle and Child Pub, Oxford, where the Inklings met (1930–1950)=== Religion ===Tolkien's Catholicism was a significant factor in C. S. Lewis's conversion from atheism to Christianity, although Tolkien was dismayed that Lewis chose to join the Church of England.", "He once wrote to Rayner Unwin's daughter Camilla, who wished to know the purpose of life, that it was \"to increase according to our capacity our knowledge of God by all the means we have, and to be moved by it to praise and thanks.\"", "He had a special devotion to the blessed sacrament, writing to his son Michael that in \"the Blessed Sacrament ... you will find romance, glory, honour, fidelity, and the true way of all your loves upon earth, and more than that\".", "He accordingly encouraged frequent reception of Holy Communion, again writing to his son Michael that \"the only cure for sagging of fainting faith is Communion.\"", "He believed the Catholic Church to be true most of all because of the pride of place and the honour in which it holds the Blessed Sacrament.", "In the last years of his life, Tolkien resisted the liturgical changes implemented after the Second Vatican Council, especially the use of English for the liturgy; he continued to make the responses in Latin, loudly, ignoring the rest of the congregation.=== Race ===Tolkien's fantasy writings have often been accused of embodying a racist attitude.", "Scholars have noted that he was influenced by Victorian attitudes to race and to a literary tradition of monsters, and that he was anti-racist in peacetime and during the World Wars.", "With the late 19th-century background of eugenics and a fear of moral decline, some critics saw the mention of race mixing in ''The Lord of the Rings'' as embodying scientific racism.", "Other commentators saw in Tolkien's orcs a reflection of wartime propaganda caricatures of the Japanese.", "Critics have observed that the work embodies a moral geography, with good in the West, evil in the East.", "Against this, scholars have noted that Tolkien was outraged in peacetime by Nazi racial theory, while during the Second World War he was equally disgusted by anti-German racial propaganda.", "Other scholars have stated that Tolkien's Middle-earth is definitely polycultural and polylingual, and that attacks on Tolkien based on ''The Lord of the Rings'' often omit evidence from the text.=== Nature ===During most of his own life, conservationism was not yet on the political agenda, and Tolkien himself did not directly express conservationist views—except in some private letters, in which he tells about his fondness for forests and sadness at tree-felling.", "In later years, a number of authors of biographies or literary analyses of Tolkien conclude that during his writing of ''The Lord of the Rings'', Tolkien gained increased interest in the value of wild and untamed nature, and in protecting what wild nature was left in the industrialized world." ], [ "Writing", "=== Influences ===Tolkien's fantasy books on Middle-earth, especially ''The Lord of the Rings'' and ''The Silmarillion'', drew on a wide array of influences, including his philological interest in language, Christianity, medievalism, mythology, archaeology, ancient and modern literature, and personal experience.", "His philological work centred on the study of Old English literature, especially ''Beowulf'', and he acknowledged its importance to his writings.", "He was a gifted linguist, influenced by Germanic, Celtic, Finnish, and Greek language and mythology.", "Commentators have attempted to identify many literary and topological antecedents for characters, places and events in Tolkien's writings.", "Some writers were important to him, including the Arts and Crafts polymath William Morris, and he undoubtedly made use of some real place-names, such as Bag End, the name of his aunt's home.", "He acknowledged, too, John Buchan and H. Rider Haggard, authors of modern adventure stories that he enjoyed.", "The effects of some specific experiences have been identified.", "Tolkien's childhood in the English countryside, and its urbanization by the growth of Birmingham, influenced his creation of the Shire, while his personal experience of fighting in the trenches of the First World War affected his depiction of Mordor.=== Publications ======= \"''Beowulf'': The Monsters and the Critics\" ====In addition to writing fiction, Tolkien was an author of academic literary criticism.", "His seminal 1936 lecture, later published as an article, revolutionized the treatment of the Anglo-Saxon epic ''Beowulf'' by literary critics.", "The essay remains highly influential in the study of Old English literature to this day.", "''Beowulf'' is one of the most significant influences upon Tolkien's later fiction, with major details of both ''The Hobbit'' and ''The Lord of the Rings'' being adapted from the poem.==== \"On Fairy-Stories\" ====This essay discusses the fairy-story as a literary form.", "It was initially written as the 1939 Andrew Lang Lecture at the University of St Andrews, Scotland.", "Tolkien focuses on Andrew Lang's work as a folklorist and collector of fairy tales.", "He disagreed with Lang's broad inclusion, in his Fairy Book collections, of traveller's tales, beast fables, and other types of stories.", "Tolkien held a narrower perspective, viewing fairy stories as those that took place in Faerie, an enchanted realm, with or without fairies as characters.", "He viewed them as the natural development of the interaction of human imagination and human language.==== Children's books and other short works ====In addition to his mythopoeic compositions, Tolkien enjoyed inventing fantasy stories to entertain his children.", "He wrote annual Christmas letters from Father Christmas for them, building up a series of short stories (later compiled and published as ''The Father Christmas Letters'').", "Other works included ''Mr.", "Bliss'' and ''Roverandom'' (for children), and ''Leaf by Niggle'' (part of ''Tree and Leaf''), ''The Adventures of Tom Bombadil'', ''Smith of Wootton Major'' and ''Farmer Giles of Ham''.", "''Roverandom'' and ''Smith of Wootton Major'', like ''The Hobbit'', borrowed ideas from his legendarium.==== ''The Hobbit'' ====Tolkien never expected his stories to become popular, but by sheer accident a book called ''The Hobbit'', which he had written some years before for his own children, came in 1936 to the attention of Susan Dagnall, an employee of the London publishing firm George Allen & Unwin, who persuaded Tolkien to submit it for publication.", "When it was published a year later, the book attracted adult readers as well as children, and it became popular enough for the publishers to ask Tolkien to produce a sequel.==== ''The Lord of the Rings'' ====The request for a sequel prompted Tolkien to begin what became his most famous work: the epic novel ''The Lord of the Rings'' (originally published in three volumes in 1954–1955).", "Tolkien spent more than ten years writing the primary narrative and appendices for ''The Lord of the Rings'', during which time he received the constant support of the Inklings, in particular his closest friend C. S. Lewis, the author of ''The Chronicles of Narnia''.", "Both ''The Hobbit'' and ''The Lord of the Rings'' are set against the background of ''The Silmarillion'', but in a time long after it.Tolkien at first intended ''The Lord of the Rings'' to be a children's tale in the style of ''The Hobbit'', but it quickly grew darker and more serious in the writing.", "Though a direct sequel to ''The Hobbit'', it addressed an older audience, drawing on the immense backstory of Beleriand that Tolkien had constructed in previous years, and which eventually saw posthumous publication in ''The Silmarillion'' and other volumes.", "Tolkien strongly influenced the fantasy genre that grew up after the book's success.", "''The Lord of the Rings'' became immensely popular in the 1960s and has remained so ever since, ranking as one of the most popular works of fiction of the 20th century, judged by both sales and reader surveys.", "In the 2003 \"Big Read\" survey conducted by the BBC, ''The Lord of the Rings'' was found to be the UK's \"Best-loved Novel\".", "Australians voted ''The Lord of the Rings'' \"My Favourite Book\" in a 2004 survey conducted by the Australian ABC.", "In a 1999 poll of Amazon.com customers, ''The Lord of the Rings'' was judged to be their favourite \"book of the millennium\".", "In 2002 Tolkien was voted the 92nd \"greatest Briton\" in a poll conducted by the BBC, and in 2004 he was voted 35th in the SABC3's Great South Africans, the only person to appear in both lists.", "His popularity is not limited to the English-speaking world: in a 2004 poll inspired by the UK's \"Big Read\" survey, about 250,000 Germans found ''The Lord of the Rings'' to be their favourite work of literature.==== ''The Silmarillion'' ====Tolkien wrote a brief \"Sketch of the Mythology\", which included the tales of Beren and Lúthien and of Túrin; and that sketch eventually evolved into the ''Quenta Silmarillion'', an epic history that Tolkien started three times but never published.", "Tolkien desperately hoped to publish it along with ''The Lord of the Rings'', but publishers (both Allen & Unwin and Collins) declined.", "Moreover, printing costs were very high in 1950s Britain, requiring ''The Lord of the Rings'' to be published in three volumes.", "The story of this continuous redrafting is told in the posthumous series ''The History of Middle-earth'', edited by Tolkien's son, Christopher Tolkien.", "From around 1936, Tolkien began to extend this framework to include the tale of ''The Fall of Númenor'', which was inspired by the legend of Atlantis.Tolkien appointed his son Christopher to be his literary executor, and he (with assistance from Guy Gavriel Kay, later a well-known fantasy author in his own right) organized some of this material into a single coherent volume, published as ''The Silmarillion'' in 1977.It received the Locus Award for Best Fantasy novel in 1978.==== ''Unfinished Tales'' and ''The History of Middle-earth'' ====In 1980, Christopher Tolkien published a collection of more fragmentary material, under the title ''Unfinished Tales of Númenor and Middle-earth''.", "In subsequent years (1983–1996), he published a large amount of the remaining unpublished materials, together with notes and extensive commentary, in a series of twelve volumes called ''The History of Middle-earth''.", "They contain unfinished, abandoned, alternative, and outright contradictory accounts, since they were always a work in progress for Tolkien and he only rarely settled on a definitive version for any of the stories.", "There is not complete consistency between ''The Lord of the Rings'' and ''The Hobbit'', the two most closely related works, because Tolkien never fully integrated all their traditions into each other.", "He commented in 1965, while editing ''The Hobbit'' for a third edition, that he would have preferred to rewrite the book completely because of the style of its prose.==== Works compiled by Christopher Tolkien ==== Date Title Description 2007 ''The Children of Húrin'' tells the story of Túrin Turambar and his sister Nienor, children of Húrin Thalion.", "2009 ''The Legend of Sigurd and Gudrún'' retells the legend of Sigurd and the fall of the Niflungs from Germanic mythology as a narrative poem in alliterative verse, modelled after the Old Norse poetry of the Elder Edda.", "2013 ''The Fall of Arthur'' a narrative poem that Tolkien composed in the early 1930s, inspired by high medieval Arthurian fiction but set in the Post-Roman Migration Period, showing Arthur as a British warlord fighting the Saxon invasion.", "2014 ''Beowulf: A Translation and Commentary'' a prose translation of ''Beowulf'' that Tolkien made in the 1920s, with commentary from Tolkien's lecture notes.", "2015 ''The Story of Kullervo'' a retelling of a 19th-century Finnish poem that Tolkien wrote in 1915 while studying at Oxford.", "2017 ''Beren and Lúthien'' one of the oldest and most often revised in Tolkien's legendarium; a version appeared in ''The Silmarillion''.", "2018 ''The Fall of Gondolin'' tells of a beautiful, mysterious city destroyed by dark forces; Tolkien called it \"the first real story\" of Middle-earth.=== Manuscript locations ===Before his death, Tolkien negotiated the sale of the manuscripts, drafts, proofs and other materials related to his then-published works—including ''The Lord of the Rings'', ''The Hobbit'' and ''Farmer Giles of Ham''—to the Department of Special Collections and University Archives at Marquette University's John P. Raynor, S.J., Library in Milwaukee, Wisconsin.", "After his death his estate donated the papers containing Tolkien's ''Silmarillion'' mythology and his academic work to the Bodleian Library at Oxford University.", "The Bodleian Library held an exhibition of his work in 2018, including more than 60 items which had never been seen in public before.In 2009, a partial draft of ''Language and Human Nature'', which Tolkien had begun co-writing with C. S. Lewis but had never completed, was discovered at the Bodleian Library." ], [ "Languages and philology", "=== Linguistic career ===Both Tolkien's academic career and his literary production are inseparable from his love of language and philology.", "He specialized in English philology at university and in 1915 graduated with Old Norse as his special subject.", "He worked on the ''Oxford English Dictionary'' from 1918 and is credited with having worked on a number of words starting with the letter W, including ''walrus'', over which he struggled mightily.", "In 1920, he became Reader in English Language at the University of Leeds, where he claimed credit for raising the number of students of linguistics from five to twenty.", "He gave courses in Old English heroic verse, history of English, various Old English and Middle English texts, Old and Middle English philology, introductory Germanic philology, Gothic, Old Icelandic, and Medieval Welsh.", "When in 1925, aged thirty-three, Tolkien applied for the Rawlinson and Bosworth Professorship of Anglo-Saxon at Pembroke College, Oxford, he boasted that his students of Germanic philology in Leeds had even formed a \"Viking Club\".", "He had a certain, if imperfect, knowledge of Finnish.Privately, Tolkien was attracted to \"things of racial and linguistic significance\", and in his 1955 lecture ''English and Welsh'', which is crucial to his understanding of race and language, he entertained notions of \"inherent linguistic predilections\", which he termed the \"native language\" as opposed to the \"cradle-tongue\" which a person first learns to speak.", "He considered the West Midlands dialect of Middle English to be his own \"native language\", and, as he wrote to W. H. Auden in 1955, \"I am a West-midlander by blood (and took to early west-midland Middle English as a known tongue as soon as I set eyes on it).", "\"=== Language construction ===''Ah!", "like gold fall the leaves in the wind, long years numberless as the wings of trees!", "'', the beginning of the Quenya poem Namárië written in Tengwar and in Latin scriptParallel to Tolkien's professional work as a philologist, and sometimes overshadowing this work, to the effect that his academic output remained rather thin, was his affection for constructing languages.", "The most developed of these are Quenya and Sindarin, the etymological connection between which formed the core of much of Tolkien's ''legendarium''.", "Language and grammar for Tolkien was a matter of aesthetics and euphony, and Quenya in particular was designed from \"phonaesthetic\" considerations; it was intended as an \"Elven-latin\", and was phonologically based on Latin, with ingredients from Finnish, Welsh, English, and Greek.Tolkien considered languages inseparable from the mythology associated with them, and he consequently took a dim view of auxiliary languages: in 1930 a congress of Esperantists were told as much by him, in his lecture ''A Secret Vice'', \"Your language construction will breed a mythology\", but by 1956 he had concluded that \"Volapük, Esperanto, Ido, Novial, &c, &c, are dead, far deader than ancient unused languages, because their authors never invented any Esperanto legends\".The popularity of Tolkien's books has had a small but lasting effect on the use of language in fantasy literature in particular, and even on mainstream dictionaries, which today commonly accept Tolkien's idiosyncratic spellings ''dwarves'' and ''dwarvish'' (alongside ''dwarfs'' and ''dwarfish''), which had been little used since the mid-19th century and earlier.", "(In fact, according to Tolkien, had the Old English plural survived, it would have been ''dwarrows'' or ''dwerrows''.)", "He coined the term ''eucatastrophe'', used mainly in connection with his own work." ], [ "Artwork", "Tolkien learnt to paint and draw as a child and continued to do so all his adult life.", "From early in his writing career, the development of his stories was accompanied by drawings and paintings, especially of landscapes, and by maps of the lands in which the tales were set.", "He produced pictures to accompany the stories told to his own children, including those later published in ''Mr Bliss'' and ''Roverandom'', and sent them elaborately illustrated letters purporting to come from Father Christmas.", "Although he regarded himself as an amateur, the publisher used the author's own cover art, his maps, and full-page illustrations for the early editions of ''The Hobbit''.", "He prepared maps and illustrations for ''The Lord of the Rings'', but the first edition contained only the maps, his calligraphy for the inscription on the One Ring, and his ink drawing of the Doors of Durin.", "Much of his artwork was collected and published in 1995 as a book: ''J.", "R. R. Tolkien: Artist and Illustrator''.", "The book discusses Tolkien's paintings, drawings, and sketches, and reproduces approximately 200 examples of his work.", "Catherine McIlwaine curated a major exhibition of Tolkien's artwork at the Bodleian Library, ''Tolkien: Maker of Middle-earth'', accompanied by a book of the same name that analyses Tolkien's achievement and illustrates the full range of the types of artwork that he created." ], [ "Legacy", "=== Influence ===While many other authors had published works of fantasy before Tolkien, the great success of ''The Hobbit'' and ''The Lord of the Rings'' led directly to a popular resurgence and the shaping of the modern fantasy genre.", "This has caused Tolkien to be popularly identified as the \"father\" of modern fantasy literature—or, more precisely, of high fantasy, as in the work of authors such as Ursula Le Guin and her ''Earthsea'' series.", "In 2008, ''The Times'' ranked him sixth on a list of \"The 50 greatest British writers since 1945\".", "His influence has extended to music, including the Danish group the Tolkien Ensemble's setting of all the poetry in ''The Lord of the Rings'' to their vocal music; and to a broad range of games set in Middle-earth.", "Among literary allusions to Tolkien, he appears as the elderly \"Professor J.", "B. Timbermill\" in all five novels in J. I. M. Stewart's series ''A Staircase in Surrey''.", "The scholar Tom Shippey refers to Tolkien as one of the authors of the 20th century and one of the most influential authors of all time, and states that \"I do not think any modern writer of epic fantasy has managed to escape the mark of Tolkien, no matter how hard many of them have tried\".", "His work has had a massive impact on western pop culture, and remains extremely influential.=== Adaptations ===In a 1951 letter to publisher Milton Waldman (1895–1976), Tolkien wrote about his intentions to create a \"body of more or less connected legend\", of which \"the cycles should be linked to a majestic whole, and yet leave scope for other minds and hands, wielding paint and music and drama\".", "The hands and minds of many artists have indeed been inspired by Tolkien's legends.", "Personally known to him were Pauline Baynes (Tolkien's favourite illustrator of ''The Adventures of Tom Bombadil'' and ''Farmer Giles of Ham'') and Donald Swann (who set the music to ''The Road Goes Ever On'').", "Queen Margrethe II of Denmark created illustrations to ''The Lord of the Rings'' in the early 1970s.", "She sent them to Tolkien, who was struck by the similarity they bore in style to his own drawings.", "Tolkien was not implacably opposed to the idea of a dramatic adaptation, however, and sold the film, stage and merchandise rights of ''The Hobbit'' and ''The Lord of the Rings'' to United Artists in 1968.United Artists never made a film, although director John Boorman was planning a live-action film in the early 1970s.", "In 1976, the rights were sold to Tolkien Enterprises, a division of the Saul Zaentz Company, and the first film adaptation of ''The Lord of the Rings'' was released in 1978 as an animated rotoscoping film directed by Ralph Bakshi with screenplay by the fantasy writer Peter S. Beagle.", "It covered only the first half of the story of ''The Lord of the Rings''.In 1977, an animated musical television film of ''The Hobbit'' was made by Rankin-Bass, and in 1980, they produced the animated musical television film ''The Return of the King'', which covered some of the portions of ''The Lord of the Rings'' that Bakshi was unable to complete.", "From 2001 to 2003, New Line Cinema released ''The Lord of the Rings'' as a trilogy of live-action films that were filmed in New Zealand and directed by Peter Jackson.", "The series was successful, performing extremely well commercially and winning numerous Oscars.From 2012 to 2014, Warner Bros. and New Line Cinema released ''The Hobbit'', a series of three films based on ''The Hobbit'', with Peter Jackson serving as executive producer, director, and co-writer.", "The first instalment, ''The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey'', was released in December 2012; the second, ''The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug'', in December 2013; and the last instalment, ''The Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies'', in December 2014.In 2017, Amazon acquired the global television rights to ''The Lord of the Rings'', for a series of new stories set before ''The Fellowship of the Ring''.=== Possible sainthood ===On 2 September 2017, the Oxford Oratory, Tolkien's parish church during his time in Oxford, offered its first Mass for the intention of Tolkien's cause for beatification to be opened.", "A prayer was written for his cause." ], [ "Memorials", "Tolkien and the characters and places from his works have become eponyms of many real-world objects.", "These include geographical features on Titan (Saturn's largest moon),street names such as There and Back Again Lane, inspired by ''The Hobbit'',mountains such as Mount Shadowfax, Mount Gandalf and Mount Aragorn in Canada,companies such as Palantir Technologies,and species including the wasp ''Shireplitis tolkieni'', 37 new species of ''Elachista'' moths, and many fossils.Since 2003, The Tolkien Society has organized Tolkien Reading Day, which takes place on 25 March in schools around the world.", "In 2013, Pembroke College, Oxford University, established an annual lecture on fantasy literature in Tolkien's honour.", "In 2012, Tolkien was among the British cultural icons selected by artist Sir Peter Blake to appear in a new version of his most famous artwork—the Beatles' ''Sgt.", "Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band'' album cover—to celebrate the British cultural figures of his life that he most admired.", "A 2019 biographical film, ''Tolkien'', focused on Tolkien's early life and war experiences.", "The Tolkien family and estate stated that they did not \"approve of, authorise or participate in the making of\" the film.Sarehole Mill's blue plaqueSeveral blue plaques in England commemorate places associated with Tolkien, including for his childhood, his workplaces, and places he visited.", "Address Commemoration Date unveiled Issued by Sarehole Mill, Hall Green, Birmingham \"Inspired\" 1896–1900 (i.e.", "lived nearby) 15 August 2002 Birmingham Civic Society and The Tolkien Society 1 Duchess Place, Ladywood, Birmingham Lived near here 1902–1910 Unknown Birmingham Civic Society 4 Highfield Road, Edgbaston, Birmingham Lived here 1910–1911 UnknownBirmingham Civic Society and The Tolkien Society Plough and Harrow, Hagley Road, Birmingham Stayed here June 1916 June 1997 The Tolkien Society 2 Darnley Road, West Park, Leeds First academic appointment, Leeds 1 October 2012 The Tolkien Society and Leeds Civic Trust 20 Northmoor Road, North Oxford Lived here 1930–1947 3 December 2002 Oxfordshire Blue Plaques Board Hotel Miramar, East Overcliff Drive, Bournemouth Stayed here regularly from the 1950s until 1972 10 June 1992 by Priscilla Tolkien Borough of Bournemouth St Mary Immaculate, 45 West Street, Warwick Married here 22 March 1916 6 July 2018 Warwick Town CouncilThe Royal Mint produced a commemorative £2 coin in 2023 to mark the 50th anniversary of Tolkien's death." ], [ "Notes" ], [ "References", "=== Primary ======Secondary===" ], [ "Sources", "* * * * * *" ], [ "Further reading", "A small selection of books about Tolkien and his works:* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *" ], [ "External links", "* HarperCollins Tolkien Website* Additional Resources for J. R. R. Tolkien compiled by the Marion E. Wade Center* * * * Archival material at Leeds University Library* Audio recording of Tolkien from 1929 on a language learning gramophone disc* BBC film (1968) featuring Tolkien* Biography at the Tolkien Society* J. R. R. Tolkien at ''The Encyclopedia of Fantasy''* * J. R. R. Tolkien at ''The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction''* ''Journal of Inklings Studies''—Peer-reviewed journal on Tolkien's literary circle, based at Oxford* The Tolkien Estate Website* Tolkien: Maker of Middle-earth exhibition at the Bodleian Libraries, University of Oxford* * *" ] ]
wikipedia
[ [ "July 11" ], [ "Introduction" ], [ "Events", "===Pre-1600===* 472 – After being besieged in Rome by his own generals, Western Roman Emperor Anthemius is captured in St. Peter's Basilica and put to death.", "* 813 – Byzantine emperor Michael I, under threat by conspiracies, abdicates in favor of his general Leo the Armenian, and becomes a monk (under the name Athanasius).", "*911 – Signing of the Treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte between Charles the Simple and Rollo of Normandy.", "*1174 – Baldwin IV, 13, becomes King of Jerusalem, with Raymond III, Count of Tripoli as regent and William of Tyre as chancellor.", "*1302 – Battle of the Golden Spurs (''Guldensporenslag'' in Dutch): A coalition around the Flemish cities defeats the king of France's royal army.", "*1346 – Charles IV, Count of Luxembourg and King of Bohemia, is elected King of the Romans.", "*1405 – Ming admiral Zheng He sets sail to explore the world for the first time.", "*1410 – Ottoman Interregnum: Süleyman Çelebi defeats his brother Musa Çelebi outside the Ottoman capital, Edirne.", "*1476 – Giuliano della Rovere is appointed bishop of Coutances.", "*1576 – While exploring the North Atlantic Ocean in an attempt to find the Northwest Passage, Martin Frobisher sights Greenland, mistaking it for the hypothesized (but non-existent) island of \"Frisland\".===1601–1900===*1616 – Samuel de Champlain returns to Quebec.", "*1735 – Mathematical calculations suggest that it is on this day that dwarf planet Pluto moved inside the orbit of Neptune for the last time before 1979.", "*1789 – Jacques Necker is dismissed as France's Finance Minister sparking the Storming of the Bastille.", "*1796 – The United States takes possession of Detroit from Great Britain under terms of the Jay Treaty.", "*1798 – The United States Marine Corps is re-established; they had been disbanded after the American Revolutionary War.", "*1801 – French astronomer Jean-Louis Pons makes his first comet discovery.", "In the next 27 years he discovers another 36 comets, more than any other person in history.", "*1804 – A duel occurs in which the Vice President of the United States Aaron Burr mortally wounds former Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton.", "*1833 – Noongar Australian aboriginal warrior Yagan, wanted for the murder of white colonists in Western Australia, is killed.", "*1836 – ''The Fly-fisher's Entomology'' is published by Alfred Ronalds.", "The book transformed the sport and went to many editions.", "*1848 – Waterloo railway station in London opens.", "*1864 – American Civil War: Battle of Fort Stevens; Confederate forces attempt to invade Washington, D.C.*1882 – The British Mediterranean Fleet begins the Bombardment of Alexandria in Egypt as part of the Anglo-Egyptian War.", "*1889 – Tijuana, Mexico, is founded.", "*1893 – The first cultured pearl is obtained by Kōkichi Mikimoto.", "* 1893 – A revolution led by the liberal general and politician José Santos Zelaya takes over state power in Nicaragua.", "*1897 – Salomon August Andrée leaves Spitsbergen to attempt to reach the North Pole by balloon.", "*1899 – Fiat founded by Giovanni Agnelli in Turin, Italy.===1901–present===*1906 – Murder of Grace Brown by Chester Gillette in the United States, inspiration for Theodore Dreiser's ''An American Tragedy''.", "*1914 – Babe Ruth makes his debut in Major League Baseball.", "* 1914 – The US Navy launches the as its first standard-type battleship.", "*1919 – The eight-hour day and free Sunday become law for workers in the Netherlands.", "*1920 – In the East Prussian plebiscite the local populace decides to remain with Weimar Germany.", "*1921 – A truce in the Irish War of Independence comes into effect.", "* 1921 – The Red Army captures Mongolia from the White Army and establishes the Mongolian People's Republic.", "* 1921 – Former president of the United States William Howard Taft is sworn in as 10th chief justice of the U.S. Supreme Court, becoming the only person ever to hold both offices.", "*1922 – The Hollywood Bowl opens.", "*1924 – Eric Liddell won the gold medal in 400m at the 1924 Paris Olympics, after refusing to run in the heats for 100m, his favoured distance, on a Sunday.", "*1934 – Engelbert Zaschka of Germany flies his large human-powered aircraft, the ''Zaschka Human-Power Aircraft'', about 20 meters at Berlin Tempelhof Airport without assisted take-off.", "*1936 – The Triborough Bridge in New York City is opened to traffic.", "*1940 – World War II: Vichy France regime is formally established.", "Philippe Pétain becomes Chief of the French State.", "*1941 – The Northern Rhodesian Labour Party holds its first congress in Nkana.", "*1943 – Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia by the Ukrainian Insurgent Army within the Reichskommissariat Ukraine (Volhynia) peak.", "* 1943 – World War II: Allied invasion of Sicily: German and Italian troops launch a counter-attack on Allied forces in Sicily.", "*1947 – The ''Exodus 1947'' heads to Palestine from France.", "*1950 – Pakistan joins the International Monetary Fund and the International Bank.", "*1957 – Prince Karim Husseini Aga Khan IV inherits the office of Imamat as the 49th Imam of Shia Imami Ismai'li worldwide, after the death of Sir Sultan Mahommed Shah Aga Khan III.", "*1960 – France legislates for the independence of Dahomey (later Benin), Upper Volta (later Burkina Faso) and Niger.", "* 1960 – Congo Crisis: The State of Katanga breaks away from the Democratic Republic of the Congo.", "* 1960 – ''To Kill a Mockingbird'' by Harper Lee is first published, in the United States.", "*1962 – First transatlantic satellite television transmission.", "* 1962 – Project Apollo: At a press conference, NASA announces lunar orbit rendezvous as the means to land astronauts on the Moon, and return them to Earth.", "*1971 – Copper mines in Chile are nationalized.", "*1972 – The first game of the World Chess Championship 1972 between challenger Bobby Fischer and defending champion Boris Spassky starts.", "*1973 – Varig Flight 820 crashes near Paris on approach to Orly Airport, killing 123 of the 134 on board.", "In response, the FAA bans smoking in airplane lavatories.", "*1977 – Martin Luther King Jr., assassinated in 1968, is awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom.", "*1978 – Los Alfaques disaster: A truck carrying liquid gas crashes and explodes at a coastal campsite in Tarragona, Spain killing 216 tourists.", "*1979 – America's first space station, ''Skylab'', is destroyed as it re-enters the Earth's atmosphere over the Indian Ocean.", "*1982 – The Italy National Football Team defeats West Germany at Santiago Bernabéu Stadium to capture the 1982 FIFA World Cup.", "*1983 – A TAME airline Boeing 737–200 crashes near Cuenca, Ecuador, killing all 119 passengers and crew on board.", "*1990 – Oka Crisis: First Nations land dispute in Quebec begins.", "*1991 – Nigeria Airways Flight 2120 crashes in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, killing all 261 passengers and crew on board.", "*1995 – Yugoslav Wars: Srebrenica massacre begins; lasts until 22 July.", "*2006 – Mumbai train bombings: 209 people are killed in a series of bomb attacks in Mumbai, India.", "*2010 – The Islamist militia group Al-Shabaab carries out multiple suicide bombings in Kampala, Uganda, killing 74 people and injuring 85 others.", "* 2010 – Spain defeats the Netherlands to win the 2010 FIFA World Cup in Johannesburg.", "*2011 – Ninety-eight containers of explosives self-detonate killing 13 people in Zygi, Cyprus.", "*2015 – Joaquín \"El Chapo\" Guzmán escapes from the maximum security Altiplano prison in Mexico, his second escape.", "*2021 – Richard Branson becomes the first civilian to be launched into space via his Virgin Galactic spacecraft." ], [ "Births", "===Pre-1600===* 154 – Bardaisan, Syrian astrologer, scholar, and philosopher (d. 222)*1274 – Robert the Bruce, Scottish king (d. 1329)*1406 – William, Margrave of Hachberg-Sausenberg (d. 1482)*1459 – Kaspar, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken, German nobleman (d. 1527)*1558 – Robert Greene, English author and playwright (d. 1592)*1561 – Luis de Góngora, Spanish cleric and poet (d. 1627)===1601–1900===*1603 – Kenelm Digby, English astrologer, courtier, and diplomat (d. 1665)*1628 – Tokugawa Mitsukuni, Japanese daimyō (d. 1701)*1653 – Sarah Good, American woman accused of witchcraft (d. 1692)*1657 – Frederick I of Prussia (d. 1713)*1662 – Maximilian II Emanuel, Elector of Bavaria (d. 1726)*1709 – Johan Gottschalk Wallerius, Swedish chemist and mineralogist (d. 1785)*1723 – Jean-François Marmontel, French historian and author (d. 1799)*1754 – Thomas Bowdler, English physician and philanthropist (d. 1825)*1760 – Peggy Shippen, American wife of Benedict Arnold and American Revolutionary War spy (d. 1804)*1767 – John Quincy Adams, American lawyer and politician, 6th President of the United States (d. 1848)*1826 – Alexander Afanasyev, Russian ethnographer and author (d. 1871)*1832 – Charilaos Trikoupis, Greek lawyer and politician, 55th Prime Minister of Greece (d. 1896)*1834 – James Abbott McNeill Whistler, American-English painter and illustrator (d. 1903)*1836 – Antônio Carlos Gomes, Brazilian composer (d. 1896)*1846 – Léon Bloy, French author and poet (d. 1917) *1849 – N. E. Brown, English plant taxonomist and authority on succulents (d. 1934)*1850 – Annie Armstrong, American missionary (d. 1938)*1866 – Princess Irene of Hesse and by Rhine (d. 1953)*1875 – H. M. Brock, British painter and illustrator (d. 1960)*1880 – Friedrich Lahrs, German architect and academic (d. 1964)*1881 – Isabel Martin Lewis, American astronomer and author (d. 1966)*1882 – James Larkin White, American miner, explorer, and park ranger (d. 1946)*1886 – Boris Grigoriev, Russian painter and illustrator (d. 1939)*1888 – Carl Schmitt, German philosopher and jurist (d. 1985)*1892 – Thomas Mitchell, American actor, singer, and screenwriter (d. 1962)*1894 – Erna Mohr, German zoologist (d. 1968)*1895 – Dorothy Wilde, English author and poet (d. 1941)*1897 – Bull Connor, American police officer (d. 1973)*1899 – Wilfrid Israel, German businessman and philanthropist (d. 1943)* 1899 – E. B.", "White, American essayist and journalist (d. 1985)===1901–present===*1901 – Gwendolyn Lizarraga, Belizean businesswoman, activist, and politician (d. 1975)*1903 – Rudolf Abel, English-Russian colonel (d. 1971)* 1903 – Sidney Franklin, American bullfighter (d. 1976)*1904 – Niño Ricardo, Spanish guitarist and composer (d. 1972)*1905 – Betty Allan, Australian statistician and biometrician (d. 1952)*1906 – Harry von Zell, American actor and announcer (d. 1981)* 1906 – Herbert Wehner, German politician, Minister of Intra-German Relations (d. 1990)*1909 – Irene Hervey, American actress (d. 1998)* 1909 – Jacques Clemens, Dutch catholic priest (d. 2018)*1910 – Sally Blane, American actress (d. 1997)*1911 – Erna Flegel, German nurse who was still present in the ''Führerbunker'' when it was captured by Soviet troops (d. 2006)*1912 – Sergiu Celibidache, Romanian conductor and composer (d. 1996)* 1912 – Peta Taylor, English cricketer (d. 1989)* 1912 – William F. Walsh, American captain and politician, 48th Mayor of Syracuse (d. 2011)*1913 – Paul Gibb, English cricketer (d. 1977)* 1913 – Cordwainer Smith, American sinologist, author, and academic (d. 1966)*1915 – Leonard Goodwin, British protozoologist (d. 2008)*1916 – Mortimer Caplin, American tax attorney, educator, and IRS Commissioner (d. 2019)* 1916 – Hans Maier, Dutch water polo player (d. 2018)* 1916 – Alexander Prokhorov, Australian-Russian physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2002)* 1916 – Reg Varney, English actor and screenwriter (d. 2008)* 1916 – Gough Whitlam, Australian lieutenant, lawyer, and politician, 21st Prime Minister of Australia (d. 2014)*1918 – Venetia Burney, English educator, who named Pluto (d. 2009)* 1918 – Roy Krenkel, American illustrator (d. 1983)*1920 – Yul Brynner, Russian actor and dancer (d. 1985)* 1920 – Zecharia Sitchin, Russian-American author (d. 2010)*1922 – Gene Evans, American actor (d. 1998)* 1922 – Fritz Riess, German-Swiss racing driver (d. 1991)*1923 – Richard Pipes, Polish-American historian and academic (d. 2018)* 1923 – Tun Tun, Indian actress and comedian (d. 2003)*1924 – César Lattes, Brazilian physicist and academic (d. 2005)* 1924 – Brett Somers, Canadian-American actress and singer (d. 2007)* 1924 – Charlie Tully, Northern Irish footballer and manager (d. 1971)* 1924 – Oscar Wyatt, American businessman*1925 – Charles Chaynes, French composer (d. 2016)* 1925 – Nicolai Gedda, Swedish operatic tenor (d. 2017)* 1925 – Peter Kyros, American lawyer and politician (d. 2012)* 1925 – Sid Smith, Canadian ice hockey player and coach (d. 2004)*1926 – Frederick Buechner, American minister, theologian, and author (d. 2022)*1927 – Theodore Maiman, American-Canadian physicist and engineer (d. 2007)* 1927 – Chris Leonard, English footballer (d. 1987)*1928 – Greville Janner, Baron Janner of Braunstone, Welsh-English lawyer and politician (d. 2015)* 1928 – Bobo Olson, American boxer (d. 2002)* 1928 – Andrea Veneracion, Filipina choirmaster (d. 2014)*1929 – Danny Flores, American singer-songwriter and saxophonist (d. 2006)* 1929 – David Kelly, Irish actor (d. 2012)*1930 – Jack Alabaster, New Zealand cricketer * 1930 – Harold Bloom, American literary critic (d. 2019) * 1930 – Mike Foster, American politician, 53rd Governor of Louisiana (d. 2020)* 1930 – Trevor Storer, English businessman, founded Pukka Pies (d. 2013)* 1930 – Ezra Vogel, American sociologist (d. 2020)*1931 – Dick Gray, American baseball player (d. 2013)* 1931 – Thurston Harris, American doo-wop singer (d. 1990)* 1931 – Tab Hunter, American actor and singer (d. 2018)* 1931 – Tullio Regge, Italian physicist and academic (d. 2014)*1932 – Alex Hassilev, French-born American folk singer and musician* 1932 – Jean-Guy Talbot, Canadian ice hockey player and coach*1933 – Jim Carlen, American football player and coach (d. 2012)* 1933 – Frank Kelso, American admiral and politician, United States Secretary of the Navy (d. 2013)*1934 – Giorgio Armani, Italian fashion designer, founded the Armani Company*1935 – Frederick Hemke, American saxophonist and educator (d. 2019)* 1935 – Oliver Napier, Northern Irish lawyer and politician (d. 2011)*1937 – Pai Hsien-yung, Chinese-Taiwanese author*1941 – Bill Boggs, American journalist and producer* 1941 – Henry Lowther, English trumpet player*1942 – Darrell Eastlake, Australian sportscaster (d. 2018)*1943 – Richard Carleton, Australian journalist (d. 2006)* 1943 – Howard Gardner, American psychologist and academic* 1943 – Tom Holland, American actor, director, and screenwriter* 1943 – Peter Jensen, Australian metropolitan* 1943 – Robert Malval, Haitian businessman and politician, 5th Prime Minister of Haiti* 1943 – Rolf Stommelen, German racing driver (d. 1983)*1944 – Lou Hudson, American basketball player and coach (d. 2014)* 1944 – Michael Levy, Baron Levy, English philanthropist* 1944 – Patricia Polacco, American author and illustrator*1946 – Martin Wong, American painter (d. 1999)*1947 – Jeff Hanna, American singer-songwriter, guitarist, and drummer * 1947 – Norman Lebrecht, English author and critic* 1947 – Bo Lundgren, Swedish politician*1950 – Pervez Hoodbhoy, Pakistani physicist and academic* 1950 – J. R. Morgan, Welsh author and academic* 1950 – Bonnie Pointer, American singer (d. 2020)*1951 – Ed Ott, American baseball player and coach*1952 – Bill Barber, Canadian ice hockey player and coach* 1952 – Stephen Lang, American actor and playwright*1953 – Piyasvasti Amranand, Thai businessman and politician, Thai Minister of Energy* 1953 – Angélica Aragón, Mexican film, television, and stage actress and singer* 1953 – Peter Brown, American singer-songwriter and producer* 1953 – Suresh Prabhu, Indian accountant and politician, Indian Minister of Railways* 1953 – Patricia Reyes Spíndola, Mexican actress, director, and producer* 1953 – Leon Spinks, American boxer (d. 2021)* 1953 – Mindy Sterling, American actress* 1953 – Ivan Toms, South African physician and activist (d. 2008)* 1953 – Bramwell Tovey, English-Canadian conductor and composer (d. 2022)* 1953 – Paul Weiland, English director, producer, and screenwriter*1954 – Julia King, English engineer and academic*1955 – Balaji Sadasivan, Singaporean neurosurgeon and politician, Singaporean Minister of Health (d. 2010)*1956 – Amitav Ghosh, Indian-American author and academic* 1956 – Robin Renucci, French actor and director* 1956 – Sela Ward, American actress*1957 – Johann Lamont, Scottish educator and politician* 1957 – Peter Murphy, English singer-songwriter* 1957 – Patsy O'Hara, Irish Republican hunger striker (d. 1981)* 1957 – Michael Rose, Jamaican singer-songwriter *1958 – Stephanie Dabney, American ballerina (d. 2022)* 1958 – Mark Lester, English actor* 1958 – Hugo Sánchez, Mexican footballer, coach, and manager*1959 – Richie Sambora, American singer-songwriter, guitarist, and producer * 1959 – Suzanne Vega, American singer-songwriter, guitarist, and producer*1960 – David Baerwald, American singer-songwriter, composer, and musician* 1960 – Caroline Quentin, English actress*1961 – Antony Jenkins, English banker and businessman*1962 – Gaétan Duchesne, Canadian ice hockey player (d. 2007)* 1962 – Pauline McLynn, Irish actress and author* 1962 – Fumiya Fujii, Japanese music artist*1963 – Al MacInnis, Canadian ice hockey player and coach* 1963 – Dean Richards, English rugby player and coach* 1963 – Lisa Rinna, American actress and talk show host*1964 – Craig Charles, English actor and TV presenter *1965 – Tony Cottee, English footballer, manager, and sportscaster* 1965 – Ernesto Hoost, Dutch kick-boxer and sportscaster* 1965 – Scott Shriner, American singer-songwriter and bass player *1966 – Nadeem Aslam, Pakistani-English author* 1966 – Kentaro Miura, Japanese author and illustrator (d. 2021)* 1966 – Rod Strickland, American basketball player and coach* 1966 – Ricky Warwick, Northern Irish musician *1967 – Andy Ashby, American baseball player and sportscaster* 1967 – Jhumpa Lahiri, Indian American novelist and short story writer*1968 – Michael Geist, Canadian journalist and academic* 1968 – Daniel MacMaster, Canadian singer-songwriter (d. 2008)* 1968 – Esera Tuaolo, American football player*1969 – Ned Boulting, British sports journalist and television presenter*1970 – Justin Chambers, American actor* 1970 – Sajjad Karim, English lawyer and politician* 1970 – Eric Owens, American opera singer *1971 – Leisha Hailey, American singer-songwriter and actress* 1971 – Scott Muller, Australian cricketer*1972 – Cormac Battle, English-Irish singer-songwriter, guitarist, and producer * 1972 – Michael Rosenbaum, American actor*1973 – Konstantinos Kenteris, Greek runner*1974 – Alanas Chošnau, Lithuanian singer-songwriter* 1974 – Hermann Hreiðarsson, Icelandic footballer and manager* 1974 – André Ooijer, Dutch footballer and coach*1975 – Willie Anderson, American football player* 1975 – Rubén Baraja, Spanish footballer and manager* 1975 – Lil' Kim, American rapper and producer*1976 – Eduardo Nájera, Mexican-American basketball player and coach*1977 – Brandon Short, American football player and sportscaster*1978 – Kathleen Edwards, Canadian singer-songwriter and guitarist* 1978 – Massimiliano Rosolino, Italian swimmer*1979 – Raio Piiroja, Estonian footballer*1980 – Tyson Kidd, Canadian wrestler* 1980 – Kevin Powers, American soldier and author*1981 – Andre Johnson, American football player* 1981 – Susana Barreiros, Venezuelan judge*1982 – Chris Cooley, American football player*1983 – Engin Baytar, German-Turkish footballer* 1983 – Peter Cincotti, American singer-songwriter and pianist* 1983 – Marie Serneholt, Swedish singer and dancer *1984 – Yorman Bazardo, Venezuelan baseball player* 1984 – Tanith Belbin, Canadian-American ice dancer* 1984 – Jacoby Jones, American football player* 1984 – Joe Pavelski, American ice hockey player* 1984 – Morné Steyn, South African rugby player*1985 – Robert Adamson, American actor, director, and producer* 1985 – Orestis Karnezis, Greek footballer*1986 – Raúl García, Spanish footballer* 1986 – Yoann Gourcuff, French footballer* 1986 – Ryan Jarvis, English footballer*1987 – Shigeaki Kato, Japanese singer *1988 – Étienne Capoue, French footballer* 1988 – Natalie La Rose, Dutch singer, songwriter and dancer*1989 – Tobias Sana, Swedish footballer* 1989 – Travis Waddell, Australian rugby league player* 1989 – Shimanoumi Koyo, Japanese sumo wrestler*1990 – Mona Barthel, German tennis player* 1990 – Connor Paolo, American actor* 1990 – Adam Jezierski, Polish-Spanish actor and singer* 1990 – Patrick Peterson, American football player* 1990 – Caroline Wozniacki, Danish tennis player*1992 – Mohamed Elneny, Egyptian footballer*1993 – Rebecca Bross, American gymnast* 1993 – Heini Salonen, Finnish tennis player*1994 – Bartłomiej Kalinkowski, Polish footballer* 1994 – Anthony Milford, Australian rugby league player * 1994 – Nina Nesbitt, Scottish singer-songwriter and guitarist* 1994 – Lucas Ocampos, Argentinian footballer*1995 – Joey Bosa, American football player* 1995 – Tyler Medeiros, Canadian singer-songwriter and dancer*1996 – Alessia Cara, Canadian singer-songwriter*1997 – Ryan Rolison, American baseball player*2002 – Amad Diallo, Ivorian footballer" ], [ "Deaths", "===Pre-1600===* 472 – Anthemius, Roman emperor (b.", "420)* 937 – Rudolph II of Burgundy (b.", "880)* 969 – Olga of Kiev (b.", "890)*1174 – Amalric I of Jerusalem (b.", "1136)*1183 – Otto I Wittelsbach, Duke of Bavaria (b.", "1117)*1302 – Robert II, Count of Artois (b.", "1250)* 1302 – Pierre Flotte, French politician and lawyer *1344 – Ulrich III, Count of Württemberg (b. c. 1286)*1362 – Anna von Schweidnitz, empress of Charles IV (b.", "1339)*1382 – Nicole Oresme, French philosopher (b.", "1325)*1451 – Barbara of Cilli, Slovenian noblewoman*1484 – Mino da Fiesole, Italian sculptor (b. c. 1429)*1535 – Joachim I Nestor, Elector of Brandenburg (b.", "1484)*1581 – Peder Skram, Danish admiral and politician (b.", "1503)*1593 – Giuseppe Arcimboldo, Italian painter (b.", "1527)*1599 – Chōsokabe Motochika, Japanese daimyō (b.", "1539)===1601–1900===*1688 – Narai, Thai king (b.", "1629)*1774 – Sir William Johnson, 1st Baronet, Irish-English general (b.", "1715)*1775 – Simon Boerum, American farmer and politician (b.", "1724)*1797 – Ienăchiță Văcărescu, Romanian historian and philologist (b.", "1740)*1806 – James Smith, Irish-American lawyer and politician (b.", "1719)*1825 – Thomas P. Grosvenor, American soldier and politician (b.", "1744)*1844 – Yevgeny Baratynsky, Russian philosopher and poet (b.", "1800)*1897 – Patrick Jennings, Irish-Australian politician, 11th Premier of New South Wales (b.", "1831)===1901–present===*1905 – Muhammad Abduh, Egyptian jurist and scholar (b.", "1849)*1908 – Friedrich Traun, German sprinter and tennis player (b.", "1876)*1909 – Simon Newcomb, Canadian-American astronomer and mathematician (b.", "1835)*1929 – Billy Mosforth, English footballer and engraver (b.", "1857)*1937 – George Gershwin, American pianist, songwriter, and composer (b.", "1898)*1959 – Charlie Parker, English cricketer, coach, and umpire (b.", "1882)*1966 – Delmore Schwartz, American poet and short story writer (b.", "1913)*1967 – Guy Favreau, Canadian lawyer, judge, and politician, 28th Canadian Minister of Justice (b.", "1917)*1971 – John W. Campbell, American journalist and author (b.", "1910)* 1971 – Pedro Rodríguez, Mexican racing driver (b.", "1940)*1974 – Pär Lagerkvist, Swedish novelist, playwright, and poet Nobel Prize laureate (b.", "1891)*1976 – León de Greiff, Colombian poet and educator (b.", "1895)*1979 – Claude Wagner, Canadian lawyer, judge, and politician (b.", "1925)*1983 – Ross Macdonald, American-Canadian author (b.", "1915)*1987 – Avi Ran, Israeli footballer (b.", "1963)* 1987 – Yaakov Yitzchok Ruderman, American rabbi and scholar (b.", "1901)*1989 – Laurence Olivier, English actor, director, and producer (b.", "1907)*1991 – Mokhtar Dahari, Malaysian footballer and coach (b.", "1953)*1994 – Gary Kildall, American computer scientist, founded Digital Research (b.", "1942)*1998 – Panagiotis Kondylis, Greek philosopher and author (b.", "1943)*1999 – Helen Forrest, American singer (b.", "1917)* 1999 – Jan Sloot, Dutch computer scientist and electronics technician (b.", "1945)*2000 – Pedro Mir, Dominican lawyer, author, and poet (b.", "1913)* 2000 – Robert Runcie, English archbishop (b.", "1921)*2001 – Herman Brood, Dutch musician and painter (b.", "1946)*2003 – Zahra Kazemi, Iranian-Canadian freelance photographer (b.", "1948)*2004 – Laurance Rockefeller, American financier and philanthropist (b.", "1910)* 2004 – Renée Saint-Cyr, French actress and producer (b.", "1904)*2005 – Gretchen Franklin, English actress and dancer (b.", "1911)* 2005 – Jesús Iglesias, Argentinian racing driver (b.", "1922)* 2005 – Frances Langford, American actress and singer (b.", "1913)*2006 – Barnard Hughes, American actor (b.", "1915)* 2006 – Bronwyn Oliver, Australian sculptor (b.", "1959)* 2006 – John Spencer, English snooker player and sportscaster (b.", "1935)*2007 – Glenda Adams, Australian author and academic (b.", "1939)* 2007 – Lady Bird Johnson, American beautification activist; 43rd First Lady of the United States (b.", "1912)* 2007 – Alfonso López Michelsen, Colombian lawyer and politician, 32nd President of Colombia (b.", "1913)* 2007 – Ed Mirvish, American-Canadian businessman and philanthropist, founded Honest Ed's (b.", "1914)*2008 – Michael E. DeBakey, American surgeon and educator (b.", "1908)*2009 – Reg Fleming, Canadian-American ice hockey player (b.", "1936)* 2009 – Arturo Gatti, Italian-Canadian boxer (b.", "1972)* 2009 – Ji Xianlin, Chinese linguist and paleographer (b.", "1911)*2013 – Emik Avakian, Iranian-American inventor (b.", "1923)* 2013 – Egbert Brieskorn, German mathematician and academic (b.", "1936)* 2013 – Eugene P. Wilkinson, American admiral (b.", "1918)*2014 – Charlie Haden, American bassist and composer (b.", "1937)* 2014 – Carin Mannheimer, Swedish author and screenwriter (b.", "1934)* 2014 – Bill McGill, American basketball player (b.", "1939)* 2014 – Tommy Ramone, Hungarian-American drummer and producer (b.", "1949)* 2014 – John Seigenthaler, American journalist and academic (b.", "1927)* 2014 – Randall Stout, American architect, designed the Taubman Museum of Art (b.", "1958)*2015 – Giacomo Biffi, Italian cardinal (b.", "1928)* 2015 – Satoru Iwata, Japanese game programmer and businessman (b.", "1959)* 2015 – André Leysen, Belgian businessman (b.", "1927)* 2017 – Jim Wong-Chu, Canadian poet (b.", "1949)*2020 – Marc Angelucci, American attorney and men's rights activist, Vice-president of the National Coalition for Men (b.", "1968)* 2020 – Frank Bolling, American baseball second baseman (b.", "1931)*2021 – Charlie Robinson, American actor (b.", "1945)* 2021 – Renée Simonot, French actress (b.", "1911)*2023 – Milan Kundera, Czech-French writer (b.", "1929)" ], [ "Holidays and observances", "*Christian Feast Day:**Benedict of Nursia**Olga of Kiev**Pope Pius I**July 11 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)*China National Maritime Day (China)*Day of the Bandoneón (Argentina)*Day of the Flemish Community (Flemish Community of Belgium)*Eleventh Night (Northern Ireland)*National Day of Remembrance of the victims of the Genocide of the Citizens of the Polish Republic committed by Ukrainian Nationalists (Poland, established by the 22 July 2016 resolution of Sejm in reference to the July 11, 1943 Volhynian Bloody Sunday)*Gospel Day (Kiribati)*Imamat Day (Isma'ilism)*National Day of Commemoration, held on the nearest Sunday to this date (Ireland)*The first day of Naadam (July 11–15) (Mongolia)*World Population Day (International)" ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* * *" ] ]
wikipedia
[ [ "July 8" ], [ "Introduction" ], [ "Events", "===Pre-1600===*1099 – Some 15,000 starving Christian soldiers begin the siege of Jerusalem by marching in a religious procession around the city as its Muslim defenders watch.", "*1283 – Roger of Lauria, commanding the Aragonese fleet, defeats an Angevin fleet sent to put down a rebellion on Malta.", "*1497 – Vasco da Gama sets sail on the first direct European voyage to India.", "*1579 – Our Lady of Kazan, a holy icon of the Russian Orthodox Church, is discovered underground in the city of Kazan, Tatarstan.===1601–1900===*1663 – Charles II of England grants John Clarke a Royal charter to Rhode Island.", "*1709 – Peter I of Russia defeats Charles XII of Sweden at the Battle of Poltava, thus effectively ending Sweden's status as a major power in Europe.", "*1716 – The Battle of Dynekilen forces Sweden to abandon its invasion of Norway.", "*1730 – An estimated magnitude 8.7 earthquake causes a tsunami that damages more than of Chile's coastline.", "*1741 – Reverend Jonathan Edwards preaches to his congregation in Enfield, Connecticut his most famous sermon, \"Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God\"; an influence for the First Great Awakening.", "*1758 – French forces hold Fort Carillon against the British at Ticonderoga, New York.", "*1760 – British forces defeat French forces in the last naval battle in New France.", "*1775 – The Olive Branch Petition is signed by the Continental Congress of the Thirteen Colonies of North America.", "*1776 – Church bells (possibly including the Liberty Bell) are rung after John Nixon delivers the first public reading of the Declaration of Independence of the United States.", "*1808 – Promulgation of the Bayonne Statute, a royal charter Joseph Bonaparte intended as the basis for his rule as king of Spain.", "*1822 – Chippewas turn over a huge tract of land in Ontario to the United Kingdom.", "*1853 – The Perry Expedition arrives in Edo Bay with a treaty requesting trade.", "*1859 – King Charles XV & IV accedes to the throne of Sweden–Norway.", "*1864 – Ikedaya Incident: The Choshu Han shishi's planned Shinsengumi sabotage on Kyoto, Japan at Ikedaya.", "*1874 – The Mounties begin their March West.", "*1876 – The Hamburg massacre prior to the 1876 United States presidential election results in the deaths of six African-Americans of the Republican Party, along with one white assailant.", "*1879 – Sailing ship departs San Francisco carrying an ill-fated expedition to the North Pole.", "*1889 – The first issue of ''The Wall Street Journal'' is published.", "*1892 – St. John's, Newfoundland is devastated in the Great Fire of 1892.", "*1898 – The death of crime boss Soapy Smith, killed in the Shootout on Juneau Wharf, releases Skagway, Alaska from his iron grip.===1901–present===*1912 – Henrique Mitchell de Paiva Couceiro leads an unsuccessful royalist attack against the First Portuguese Republic in Chaves.", "*1932 – The Dow Jones Industrial Average reaches its lowest level of the Great Depression, closing at 41.22.", "*1933 – The first rugby union test match between the Wallabies of Australia and the Springboks of South Africa is played at Newlands Stadium in Cape Town.", "*1937 – Turkey, Iran, Iraq, and Afghanistan sign the Treaty of Saadabad.", "*1947 – Reports are broadcast that a UFO crash-landed in Roswell, New Mexico in what became known as the Roswell UFO incident.", "*1948 – The United States Air Force accepts its first female recruits into a program called Women in the Air Force (WAF).", "*1960 – Francis Gary Powers is charged with espionage resulting from his flight over the Soviet Union.", "*1962 – Ne Win besieges and blows up the Rangoon University Student Union building to crush the Student Movement.", "*1965 – Canadian Pacific Air Lines Flight 21 is destroyed by a bomb near 100 Mile House, Canada, killing 52.", "*1966 – King Mwambutsa IV Bangiriceng of Burundi is deposed by his son Prince Charles Ndizi.", "*1968 – The Chrysler wildcat strike begins in Detroit, Michigan.", "*1970 – Richard Nixon delivers a special congressional message enunciating Native American self-determination as official US Indian policy, leading to the Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act of 1975.", "*1972 – Israeli Mossad assassinate Palestinian writer Ghassan Kanafani.", "*1980 – The inaugural 1980 State of Origin game is won by Queensland who defeat New South Wales 20–10 at Lang Park.", "* 1980 – Aeroflot Flight 4225 crashes near Almaty International Airport in the then Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic (present day Kazakhstan) killing all 166 people on board.", "*1982 – A failed assassination attempt against Iraqi president Saddam Hussein results in the Dujail Massacre over the next several months.", "*1988 – The Island Express train travelling from Bangalore to Kanyakumari derails on the Peruman bridge and falls into Ashtamudi Lake, Kerala in India killing 105 passengers and injuring over 200 more.", "*1994 – Kim Jong Il begins to assume supreme leadership of North Korea upon the death of his father, Kim Il Sung.", "*2003 – Sudan Airways Flight 139 crashes near Port Sudan Airport during an emergency landing attempt, killing 116 of the 117 people on board.", "*2011 – Space Shuttle ''Atlantis'' is launched in the final mission of the U.S. Space Shuttle program.", "*2014 – Israel launches an offensive on Gaza amid rising tensions following the kidnapping and murder of three Israeli teenagers." ], [ "Births", "===Pre-1600===*1478 – Gian Giorgio Trissino, Italian linguist, poet, and playwright (d. 1550)*1528 – Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy (d. 1580)*1538 – Alberto Bolognetti, Roman Catholic cardinal (d. 1585)*1545 – Carlos, Prince of Asturias (d. 1568)*1593 – Artemisia Gentileschi, Italian painter (d. 1653)===1601–1900===*1621 – Jean de La Fontaine, French author and poet (d. 1695)*1760 – Christian Kramp, French mathematician and academic (d. 1826)*1766 – Dominique Jean Larrey, French surgeon (d. 1842)*1779 – Giorgio Pullicino, Maltese painter and architect (d. 1851)*1819 – Francis Leopold McClintock, Irish admiral and explorer (d. 1907)*1830 – Frederick W. Seward, American lawyer and politician, 6th United States Assistant Secretary of State (d. 1915)*1831 – John Pemberton, American chemist and pharmacist, invented Coca-Cola (d. 1888)*1836 – Joseph Chamberlain, English businessman and politician, Secretary of State for the Colonies (d. 1914)*1838 – Eli Lilly, American soldier, chemist, and businessman, founded Eli Lilly and Company (d. 1898)* 1838 – Ferdinand von Zeppelin, German general and businessman, founded the Zeppelin Airship Company (d. 1917)*1839 – John D. Rockefeller, American businessman and philanthropist, founded the Standard Oil Company (d. 1937)*1851 – Arthur Evans, English archaeologist and academic (d. 1941)* 1851 – John Murray, Australian politician, 23rd Premier of Victoria (d. 1916)*1857 – Alfred Binet, French psychologist and graphologist (d. 1911)*1867 – Käthe Kollwitz, German painter and sculptor (d. 1945)*1876 – Alexandros Papanastasiou, Greek sociologist and politician, Prime Minister of Greece (d. 1936)*1882 – Percy Grainger, Australian-American pianist and composer (d. 1961)*1885 – Ernst Bloch, German philosopher, author, and academic (d. 1977)* 1885 – Hugo Boss, German fashion designer, founded Hugo Boss (d. 1948)*1890 – Stanton Macdonald-Wright, American painter (d. 1973)*1892 – Richard Aldington, English author and poet (d. 1962)* 1892 – Pavel Korin, Russian painter (d. 1967)*1893 – R. Carlyle Buley, American historian and author (d. 1968)*1894 – Pyotr Kapitsa, Russian physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1984)*1895 – Igor Tamm, Russian physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1971)*1898 – Melville Ruick, American actor (d. 1972)*1900 – George Antheil, American pianist, composer, and author (d. 1959)===1901–present===*1904 – Henri Cartan, French mathematician and academic (d. 2008)*1905 – Leonid Amalrik, Russian animator and director (d. 1997)*1906 – Philip Johnson, American architect, designed the IDS Center and PPG Place (d. 2005)*1907 – George W. Romney, American businessman and politician, 43rd Governor of Michigan (d. 1995)*1908 – Louis Jordan, American singer-songwriter, saxophonist, and actor (d. 1975)* 1908 – Nelson Rockefeller, American businessman and politician, 41st Vice President of the United States (d. 1979)* 1908 – V. K. R. Varadaraja Rao, Indian economist, politician, professor and educator (d. 1991)*1909 – Alan Brown, English soldier (d. 1971)* 1909 – Ike Petersen, American football player (d. 1995)*1910 – Carlos Betances Ramírez, Puerto Rican general (d. 2001)*1911 – Ken Farnes, English cricketer (d. 1941)*1913 – Alejandra Soler, Spanish politician (d. 2017)*1914 – Jyoti Basu, Indian politician, 6th Chief Minister of West Bengal (d. 2010)* 1914 – Billy Eckstine, American singer and trumpet player (d. 1993)*1915 – Neil D. Van Sickle, American Air Force major general (d. 2019)* 1915 – Lowell English, United States Marine Corps general (d. 2005)*1916 – Jean Rouverol, American author, actress and screenwriter (d. 2017)*1917 – Pamela Brown, English actress (d. 1975)* 1917 – Faye Emerson, American actress (d. 1983)* 1917 – J. F. Powers, American novelist and short story writer (d. 1999)*1918 – Paul B. Fay, American businessman, soldier, and diplomat, 12th United States Secretary of the Navy (d. 2009)* 1918 – Irwin Hasen, American illustrator (d. 2015)* 1918 – Oluf Reed-Olsen, Norwegian resistance member and pilot (d. 2002)* 1918 – Julia Pirie, British spy working for MI5 (d. 2008)* 1918 – Edward B. Giller, American Major General (d. 2017)* 1918 – Craig Stevens, American actor (d. 2000)*1919 – Walter Scheel, German soldier and politician, 4th President of West Germany (d. 2016)*1920 – Godtfred Kirk Christiansen, Danish businessman (d. 1995)*1921 – John Money, New Zealand psychologist and sexologist, known for his research on gender identity, and responsible for controversial involuntary sex reassignment of David Reimer (d. 2006)*1923 – Harrison Dillard, American sprinter and hurdler (d. 2019)* 1923 – Val Bettin, American actor (d. 2021)*1924 – Johnnie Johnson, American pianist and songwriter (d. 2005)* 1924 – Charles C. Droz, American politician*1925 – Marco Cé, Italian cardinal (d. 2014)* 1925 – Arthur Imperatore Sr., Italian-American businessman (d. 2020)* 1925 – Bill Mackrides, American football quarterback (d. 2019)* 1925 – Dominique Nohain, French actor, screenwriter and director (d. 2017)*1926 – David Malet Armstrong, Australian philosopher and author (d. 2014)* 1926 – John Dingell, American lieutenant and politician (d. 2019)* 1926 – Martin Riesen, Swiss professional ice hockey goaltender (d. 2003)* 1926 – Elisabeth Kübler-Ross, Swiss-American psychiatrist and author (d. 2004)*1927 – Maurice Hayes, Irish educator and politician (d. 2017)* 1927 – Khensur Lungri Namgyel, Tibetan religious leader* 1927 – Bob Beckham, American country singer (d. 2013)*1928 – Balakh Sher Mazari, former prime minister of Pakistan (d. 2022)*1930 – Jerry Vale, American singer (d. 2014)*1933 – Antonio Lamer, Canadian lawyer and politician, 16th Chief Justice of Canada (d. 2007)*1934 – Raquel Correa, Chilean journalist (d. 2012)* 1934 – Marty Feldman, English actor and screenwriter (d. 1982)* 1934 – Edward D. DiPrete, American politician*1935 – John David Crow, American football player and coach (d. 2015)* 1935 – Steve Lawrence, American actor and singer* 1935 – Vitaly Sevastyanov, Russian engineer and cosmonaut (d. 2010) *1938 – Diane Clare, English actress (d. 2013)*1939 – Ed Lumley, Canadian businessman and politician, 8th Canadian Minister of Communications*1940 – Joe B. Mauldin, American bass player and songwriter (d. 2015)*1941 – Dario Gradi, Italian-English footballer, coach, and manager*1942 – Phil Gramm, American economist and politician*1944 – Jaimoe, American drummer * 1944 – Jeffrey Tambor, American actor and singer*1945 – Micheline Calmy-Rey, Swiss politician, 91st President of the Swiss Confederation*1947 – Kim Darby, American actress* 1947 – Jenny Diski, English author and screenwriter (d. 2016)* 1947 – Luis Fernando Figari, Peruvian religious leader, founded the Sodalitium Christianae Vitae*1948 – Raffi, Egyptian-Canadian singer-songwriter* 1948 – Ruby Sales, American civil-rights activist*1949 – Wolfgang Puck, Austrian-American chef, restaurateur and entrepreneur * 1949 – Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy, Indian politician, 14th Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh (d. 2009)*1951 – Alan Ashby, American baseball player, manager, and sportscaster* 1951 – Anjelica Huston, American actress and director*1952 – Larry Garner, American singer-songwriter and guitarist* 1952 – Jack Lambert, American football player and sportscaster* 1952 – Marianne Williamson, American author and activist*1956 – Terry Puhl, Canadian baseball player and coach*1957 – Carlos Cavazo, Mexican-American guitarist and songwriter * 1957 – Aleksandr Gurnov, Russian journalist and author*1958 – Kevin Bacon, American actor and musician* 1958 – Andreas Carlgren, Swedish educator and politician, 8th Swedish Minister for the Environment* 1958 – Tzipi Livni, Israeli lawyer and politician, 18th Justice Minister of Israel*1959 – Pauline Quirke, English actress*1960 – Mal Meninga, Australian rugby league player and coach*1961 – Ces Drilon, Filipino journalist* 1961 – Andrew Fletcher, English keyboard player (d. 2022)* 1961 – Toby Keith, American singer-songwriter, producer, and actor (d. 2024)* 1961 – Karl Seglem, Norwegian saxophonist and record producer *1962 – Joan Osborne, American singer-songwriter and guitarist *1963 – Mark Christopher, American director and screenwriter*1964 – Alexei Gusarov, Russian ice hockey player and manager*1965 – Dan Levinson, American clarinet player, saxophonist, and bandleader*1966 – Ralf Altmeyer, German-Chinese virologist and academic* 1966 – Shadlog Bernicke, Nauruan politician*1967 – Jordan Chan, Hong Kong actor and singer* 1967 – Charlie Cardona, Colombian singer*1968 – Billy Crudup, American actor * 1968 – Shane Howarth, New Zealand rugby player and coach*1969 – Sugizo, Japanese singer-songwriter, guitarist and producer*1970 – Beck, American singer-songwriter and producer* 1970 – Mark Butler, Australian politician* 1970 – Sylvain Gaudreault, Canadian educator and politician* 1970 – Todd Martin, American tennis player and coach*1971 – Neil Jenkins, Welsh rugby player and coach*1972 – Karl Dykhuis, Canadian ice hockey player* 1972 – Sourav Ganguly, Indian cricketer* 1972 – Shōsuke Tanihara, Japanese actor*1973 – Kathleen Robertson, Canadian actress and writer*1974 – Hu Liang, Chinese field hockey player*1976 – Talal El Karkouri, Moroccan footballer* 1976 – Ellen MacArthur, English sailor*1977 – Christian Abbiati, Italian footballer* 1977 – Paolo Tiralongo, Italian cyclist* 1977 – Milo Ventimiglia, American actor, director, and producer* 1977 – Wang Zhizhi, Chinese basketball player* 1978 – Urmas Rooba, Estonian footballer*1979 – Mat McBriar, American football player* 1979 – Ben Jelen, Scottish-American singer-songwriter*1980 – Eric Chouinard, American-Canadian ice hockey player* 1980 – Robbie Keane, Irish footballer*1981 – Wolfram Müller, German runner* 1981 – Anastasia Myskina, Russian tennis player*1982 – Shonette Azore-Bruce, Barbadian netball player* 1982 – Sophia Bush, American actress and director* 1982 – Hakim Warrick, American basketball player*1983 – John Bowker, American baseball player* 1983 – Rich Peverley, Canadian ice hockey player*1986 – Renata Costa, Brazilian footballer*1987 – Josh Harrison, American baseball player*1988 – Miki Roqué, Spanish footballer (d. 2012)* 1988 – Jesse Sergent, New Zealand cyclist*1989 – Yarden Gerbi, Israeli Judo champion* 1989 – Tor Marius Gromstad, Norwegian footballer (d. 2012)*1990 – Kevin Trapp, German footballer*1991 – Virgil van Dijk, Dutch footballer*1992 – Ariel Camacho, Mexican singer-songwriter (d. 2015)* 1992 – Son Heung-min, Korean footballer*1993 – David Corenswet, American actor*1996 – Marlon Humphrey, American football player*1997 – Bryce Love, American football player*1998 – Maya Hawke, American actress* 1998 – Jaden Smith, American actor and rapper*1999 – İpek Öz, Turkish tennis player" ], [ "Deaths", "===Pre-1600===* 689 – Kilian, Irish bishop* 810 – Pepin of Italy, son of Charlemagne (b.", "773)* 873 – Gunther, archbishop of Cologne* 900 – Qatr al-Nada, wife of the Abbasid caliph al-Mu'tadid* 901 – Grimbald, French-English monk and saint (b.", "827)* 975 – Edgar the Peaceful, English king (b.", "943)*1153 – Pope Eugene III (b.", "1087)*1253 – Theobald I of Navarre (b.", "1201)*1261 – Adolf IV of Holstein, Count of Schauenburg*1390 – Albert of Saxony, Bishop of Halberstadt and German philosopher (b. circa 1320)*1538 – Diego de Almagro, Spanish general and explorer (b.", "1475)===1601–1900===*1623 – Pope Gregory XV (b.", "1554)*1689 – Edward Wooster, English-American settler (b.", "1622)*1695 – Christiaan Huygens, Dutch mathematician, astronomer, and physicist (b.", "1629)*1716 – Robert South, English preacher and theologian (b.", "1634)*1721 – Elihu Yale, American-English merchant and philanthropist (b.", "1649)*1784 – Torbern Bergman, Swedish chemist and mineralogist (b.", "1735)*1794 – Richard Mique, French architect (b.", "1728)*1820 – Octavia Taylor, daughter of Zachary Taylor (b.", "1816)*1823 – Henry Raeburn, Scottish portrait painter (b.", "1756)*1822 – Percy Bysshe Shelley, English poet and playwright (b.", "1792)*1850 – Prince Adolphus, Duke of Cambridge (b.", "1774)*1859 – Oscar I of Sweden (b.", "1799)*1873 – Franz Xaver Winterhalter, German painter and lithographer (b.", "1805)*1887 – Ben Holladay, American businessman (b.", "1819)*1895 – Johann Josef Loschmidt, Austrian chemist and physicist (b.", "1821)===1901–present===*1905 – Walter Kittredge, American violinist and composer (b.", "1834)*1913 – Louis Hémon, French-Canadian author (b.", "1880)*1917 – Tom Thomson, Canadian painter (b.", "1877)*1930 – Joseph Ward, Australian-New Zealand businessman and politician, 17th Prime Minister of New Zealand (b.", "1856)*1933 – Anthony Hope, English author and playwright (b.", "1863)*1934 – Benjamin Baillaud, French astronomer and academic (b.", "1848)*1939 – Havelock Ellis, English psychologist and author (b.", "1859)*1941 – Moses Schorr, Polish rabbi, historian, and politician (b.", "1874)*1942 – Louis Franchet d'Espèrey, Algerian-French general (b.", "1856)* 1942 – Refik Saydam, Turkish physician and politician, 5th Prime Minister of Turkey (b.", "1881)*1943 – Jean Moulin, French soldier (b.", "1899)*1950 – Othmar Spann, Austrian sociologist, economist, and philosopher (b.", "1878)*1952 – August Alle, Estonian lawyer, author, and poet (b.", "1890)*1956 – Giovanni Papini, Italian journalist, author, and critic (b.", "1881)*1965 – Thomas Sigismund Stribling, American lawyer and author (b.", "1881)*1967 – Vivien Leigh, British actress (b.", "1913)*1968 – Désiré Mérchez, French swimmer and water polo player (b.", "1882)*1971 – Kurt Reidemeister, German mathematician connected to the Vienna Circle (b.", "1893)*1972 – Ghassan Kanafani, Palestinian writer and politician (b.", "1936)*1973 – Gene L. Coon, American screenwriter and producer (b.", "1924)* 1973 – Ben-Zion Dinur, Russian-Israeli educator and politician, 4th Education Minister of Israel (b.", "1884)* 1973 – Wilfred Rhodes, English cricketer and coach (b.", "1877)*1979 – Sin-Itiro Tomonaga, Japanese physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (b.", "1906)* 1979 – Michael Wilding, English actor (b.", "1912)* 1979 – Robert Burns Woodward, American chemist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (b.", "1917)* 1981 – Joe McDonnell (hunger striker), Irish Republican Army member (b.", "1951)*1981 – Bill Hallahan, American baseball player (b.", "1902)*1985 – Phil Foster, American actor and screenwriter (b.", "1913)* 1985 – Jean-Paul Le Chanois, French actor, director, and screenwriter (b.", "1909)*1986 – Skeeter Webb, American baseball player and manager (b.", "1909)*1987 – Lionel Chevrier, Canadian lawyer and politician, 27th Canadian Minister of Justice (b.", "1903)* 1987 – Gerardo Diego, Spanish poet and author (b.", "1896)*1988 – Ray Barbuti, American runner and football player (b.", "1905)*1990 – Howard Duff, American actor (b.", "1913)*1991 – James Franciscus, American actor (b.", "1934)*1993 – Abul Hasan Jashori, Bangladeshi Islamic scholar and freedom fighter (b.", "1918)*1994 – Christian-Jaque, French director and screenwriter (b.", "1904)* 1994 – Kim Il Sung, North Korean commander and politician, President of North Korea (b.", "1912)* 1994 – Lars-Eric Lindblad, Swedish-American businessman and explorer (b.", "1927)* 1994 – Dick Sargent, American actor (b.", "1930)*1996 – Irene Prador, Austrian-born actress and writer (b.", "1911)*1998 – Lilí Álvarez, Spanish tennis player, author, and feminist (b.", "1905)*1999 – Pete Conrad, American captain, pilot, and astronaut (b.", "1930)*2001 – John O'Shea, New Zealand director, producer, and screenwriter (b.", "1920)*2002 – Ward Kimball, American animator and trombonist (b.", "1914)*2004 – Paula Danziger, American author and educator (b.", "1944)*2005 – Maurice Baquet, French actor and cellist (b.", "1911) *2006 – June Allyson, American actress and singer (b.", "1917)*2007 – Chandra Shekhar, Indian lawyer and politician, 9th Prime Minister of India (b.", "1927)* 2007 – Jack B. Sowards, American screenwriter and producer (b.", "1929)*2008 – John Templeton, American-born British businessman and philanthropist (b.", "1912)*2009 – Midnight, American singer-songwriter (b.", "1962)*2011 – Roberts Blossom, American actor and poet (b.", "1924)* 2011 – Betty Ford, First Lady of the United States (b.", "1918)*2012 – Muhammed bin Saud Al Saud, Saudi Arabian politician (b.", "1934)* 2012 – Ernest Borgnine, American actor (b.", "1917)* 2012 – Gyang Dalyop Datong, Nigerian physician and politician (b.", "1959)* 2012 – Martin Pakledinaz, American costume designer (b.", "1953)*2013 – Dick Gray, American baseball player (b.", "1931)* 2013 – Edmund Morgan, American historian and author (b.", "1916)* 2013 – Claudiney Ramos, Brazilian footballer (b.", "1980)* 2013 – Rubby Sherr, American physicist and academic (b.", "1913)* 2013 – Sundri Uttamchandani, Indian author (b.", "1924)* 2013 – Brett Walker, American songwriter and producer (b.", "1961)*2014 – Plínio de Arruda Sampaio, Brazilian lawyer and politician (b.", "1930)* 2014 – John V. Evans, American soldier and politician, 27th Governor of Idaho (b.", "1925)* 2014 – Ben Pangelinan, Guamanian businessman and politician (b.", "1956)* 2014 – Howard Siler, American bobsledder and coach (b.", "1945)* 2014 – Tom Veryzer, American baseball player (b.", "1953)*2015 – Ken Stabler, American football player and sportscaster (b.", "1945)* 2015 – James Tate, American poet (b.", "1943)*2016 – Abdul Sattar Edhi, Pakistani philanthropist (b.", "1928)*2018 – Tab Hunter, American actor, pop singer, film producer and author (b.", "1931)*2020 – Naya Rivera, American actress, model and singer (b.", "1987)* 2020 – Alex Pullin, Australian snowboarder (b.", "1987)*2022 – Shinzo Abe, Japanese politician (b.", "1954)* 2022 – Larry Storch, American actor and comedian (b.", "1923)* 2022 – Luis Echeverría, Mexican lawyer and politician (b.", "1922)* 2022 – Tony Sirico, American actor (b.", "1942)" ], [ "Holidays and observances", "* Christian Feast Day:** Abda and Sabas** Auspicius of Trier** Grimbald** Kilian and Totnan** Saints Peter and Fevronia Day (Russian Orthodox)** Procopius of Scythopolis** Sunniva and companions** Theobald of Marly** July 8 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)*Air Force and Air Defense Forces Day (Ukraine)" ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* * *" ] ]
wikipedia
[ [ "July 13" ], [ "Introduction" ], [ "Events", "===Pre-1600===*1174 – William I of Scotland, a key rebel in the Revolt of 1173–74, is captured at Alnwick by forces loyal to Henry II of England.", "*1249 – Coronation of Alexander III as King of Scots.", "*1260 – The Livonian Order suffers its greatest defeat in the 13th century in the Battle of Durbe against the Grand Duchy of Lithuania*1402 – Nanjing surrenders to Zhu Di without a fight, ending the Jingnan campaign.", "The Jianwen Emperor disappears and his family is incarcerated.", "*1558 – Battle of Gravelines: In France, Spanish forces led by Count Lamoral of Egmont defeat the French forces of Marshal Paul de Thermes at Gravelines.", "*1573 – Eighty Years' War: The Siege of Haarlem ends after seven months.", "*1586 – Anglo–Spanish War: A convoy of English ships from the Levant Company manage to repel a fleet of eleven Spanish and Maltese galleys off the Mediterranean island of Pantelleria.===1601–1900===*1643 – English Civil War: Battle of Roundway Down: In England, Henry Wilmot, 1st Earl of Rochester, commanding the Royalist forces, heavily defeats the Parliamentarian forces led by Sir William Waller.", "*1787 – The Congress of the Confederation enacts the Northwest Ordinance establishing governing rules for the Northwest Territory.", "It also establishes procedures for the admission of new states and limits the expansion of slavery.", "*1793 – Journalist and French revolutionary Jean-Paul Marat is assassinated in his bathtub by Charlotte Corday, a member of the opposing political faction.", "*1794 – The Battle of Trippstadt between French forces and those of Prussia and Austria begins.", "*1814 – The Carabinieri, the national gendarmerie of Italy, is established.", "*1830 – The General Assembly's Institution, now the Scottish Church College, one of the pioneering institutions that ushered the Bengali Renaissance, is founded by Alexander Duff and Raja Ram Mohan Roy, in Calcutta, India.", "*1831 – ''Regulamentul Organic'', a quasi-constitutional organic law is adopted in Wallachia, one of the two Danubian Principalities that were to become the basis of Romania.", "*1854 – In the Battle of Guaymas, Mexico, General José María Yáñez stops the French invasion led by Count Gaston de Raousset-Boulbon.", "*1863 – American Civil War: The New York City draft riots begin three days of rioting which will later be regarded as the worst in United States history.", "*1878 – Treaty of Berlin: The European powers redraw the map of the Balkans.", "Serbia, Montenegro and Romania become completely independent of the Ottoman Empire.===1901–present===*1913 – The 1913 Romanian Army cholera outbreak during the Second Balkan War starts.", "*1919 – The British airship R34 lands in Norfolk, England, completing the first airship return journey across the Atlantic in 182 hours of flight.", "*1930 – The inaugural FIFA World Cup begins in Uruguay.", "*1941 – World War II: Montenegrins begin the ''Trinaestojulski ustanak'' (Thirteenth of July Uprising), a popular revolt against the Axis powers.", "*1951 – Vuoristorata, one of the oldest still-operating wooden roller coasters in Europe, is opened at the Linnanmäki amusement park in Helsinki, Finland.", "*1956 – The Dartmouth workshop is the first conference on artificial intelligence.", "*1962 – In an unprecedented action, British Prime Minister Harold Macmillan dismisses seven members of his Cabinet, marking the effective end of the National Liberals as a distinct force within British politics.", "*1973 – Watergate scandal: Alexander Butterfield reveals the existence of a secret Oval Office taping system to investigators for the Senate Watergate Committee.", "*1977 – Somalia declares war on Ethiopia, starting the Ogaden War.", "* 1977 – New York City: Amidst a period of financial and social turmoil experiences an electrical blackout lasting nearly 24 hours that leads to widespread fires and looting.", "*1985 – The Live Aid benefit concert takes place in London and Philadelphia, as well as other venues such as Moscow and Sydney.", "* 1985 – Vice President George H. W. Bush becomes the Acting President for the day when President Ronald Reagan undergoes surgery to remove polyps from his colon.", "*1990 – Lenin Peak disaster: a 6.4-magnitude earthquake in Afghanistan triggers an avalanche on Lenin Peak, killing 43 climbers in the deadliest mountaineering disaster in history.", "*2003 – French DGSE personnel abort an operation to rescue Íngrid Betancourt from FARC rebels in Colombia, causing a political scandal when details are leaked to the press.", "*2008 – Battle of Wanat begins when Taliban and al-Qaeda guerrillas attack US Army and Afghan National Army troops in Afghanistan.", "The U.S. deaths were, at that time, the most in a single battle since the beginning of operations in 2001.", "*2011 – Mumbai is rocked by three bomb blasts during the evening rush hour, killing 26 and injuring 130.", "* 2011 – United Nations Security Council Resolution 1999 is adopted, which admits South Sudan to member status of United Nations.", "*2013 – Typhoon Soulik kills at least nine people and affects more than 160 million in East China and Taiwan.", "* 2014 – Germany wins the 2014 FIFA World Cup defeating Argentina in the final following a 1-0 win after extra time.", "*2016 – Prime Minister of the United Kingdom David Cameron resigns, and is succeeded by Theresa May.", "*2020 – After a five-day search, the body of American actress and singer Naya Rivera is recovered from Lake Piru, where she drowned in California." ], [ "Births", "===Pre-1600===*1470 – Francesco Armellini Pantalassi de' Medici, Catholic cardinal (d. 1528)*1478 – Giulio d'Este, illegitimate son of Italian noble (d. 1561)*1527 – John Dee, English-Welsh mathematician, astronomer, and astrologer (d. 1609)*1579 – Arthur Dee, English physician and chemist (d. 1651)*1590 – Pope Clement X (d. 1676)===1601–1900===*1606 – Roland Fréart de Chambray (d. 1676)*1607 – Wenceslaus Hollar, Czech-English painter and illustrator (d. 1677)*1608 – Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor (d. 1657)*1745 – Robert Calder, Scottish-English admiral (d. 1818)*1756 – Thomas Rowlandson, English artist and caricaturist (d. 1827)*1760 – István Pauli, Hungarian-Slovene priest and poet (d. 1829)*1770 – Alexander Balashov, Russian general and politician, Russian Minister of Police (d. 1837)*1793 – John Clare, English poet and author (d. 1864)*1821 – Nathan Bedford Forrest, American general and first Grand Wizard of the Ku Klux Klan (d. 1877)*1831 – Arthur Böttcher, German pathologist and anatomist (d. 1889)*1841 – Otto Wagner, Austrian architect, designed the Austrian Postal Savings Bank and Karlsplatz Stadtbahn Station (d. 1918)*1858 – Stewart Culin, American ethnographer and author (d. 1929)*1859 – Sidney Webb, 1st Baron Passfield, English economist and politician, Secretary of State for the Colonies (d. 1947)*1863 – Margaret Murray, British archaeologist, anthropologist, historian, and folklorist (d. 1963)*1864 – John Jacob Astor IV, American colonel and businessman (d. 1912)*1877 – Robert Henry Mathews, Australian linguist and missionary (d. 1970)*1884 – Yrjö Saarela, Finnish wrestler and coach (d. 1951)*1886 – Father Edward J. Flanagan, founder of Boys Town (d. 1948)*1889 – Emma Asson, Estonian educator and politician (d. 1965)* 1889 – Stan Coveleski, American baseball player (d. 1984)*1892 – Léo-Pol Morin, Canadian pianist, composer, and educator (d. 1941)* 1892 – Jonni Myyrä, Finnish-American discus and javelin thrower (d. 1955)*1894 – Isaac Babel, Russian short story writer, journalist, and playwright (d. 1940)*1895 – Sidney Blackmer, American actor (d. 1973)*1896 – Mordecai Ardon, Israeli painter and educator (d. 1992)*1898 – Julius Schreck, German commander (d. 1936)* 1898 – Ivan Triesault, Estonian-born American actor (d. 1980)*1900 – George Lewis, American clarinet player and songwriter (d. 1969)===1901–present===*1901 – Eric Portman, English actor (d. 1969)*1903 – Kenneth Clark, English historian and author (d. 1983)*1905 – Alfredo M. Santos, Filipino general (d. 1990)* 1905 – Eugenio Pagnini, Italian modern pentathlete (d. 1993)* 1905 – Magda Foy, American child actress (d. 2000)*1907 – George Weller, American author, playwright, and journalist (d. 2002)*1908 – Dorothy Round, English tennis player (d. 1982)* 1908 – Tim Spencer, American country & western singer-songwriter and actor (d. 1974)*1909 – Souphanouvong, 1st President of Laos (d.1995)*1910 – Lien Gisolf, Dutch high jumper (d. 1993)* 1910 – Loren Pope, American journalist and author (d. 2008)*1911 – Bob Steele, American radio personality (d. 2002)*1913 – Dave Garroway, American journalist and television personality (d. 1982)* 1913 – Mærsk Mc-Kinney Møller, Danish businessman (d. 2012)*1915 – Kaoru Ishikawa, Japanese author and educator (d. 1989)*1918 – Alberto Ascari, Italian race car driver (d. 1955)* 1918 – Ronald Bladen, American painter and sculptor (d. 1988)* 1918 – Marcia Brown, American author and illustrator (d. 2015)*1919 – Hau Pei-tsun, 13th Premier of the Republic of China (d. 2020)* 1919 – William F. Quinn, American lawyer (d. 2006)*1921 – Ernest Gold, Austrian-American composer and conductor (d. 1999)*1922 – Leslie Brooks, American actress (d. 2011)* 1922 – Anker Jørgensen, Danish trade union leader and politician, 16th Prime Minister of Denmark (d. 2016)* 1922 – Helmy Afify Abd El-Bar, Egyptian military commander (d. 2011)* 1922 – Ken Mosdell, Canadian ice hockey player (d. 2006)*1923 – Ashley Bryan, American children's book author and illustrator (d. 2022)*1925 – Suzanne Zimmerman, American competition swimmer and Olympic medalist (d. 2021)* 1925 – Huang Zongying, Chinese actress and writer (d. 2020)*1926 – Robert H. Justman, American director, producer, and production manager (d. 2008)* 1926 – T. Loren Christianson, American politician (d. 2019)* 1926 – Thomas Clark, American politician (d. 2020)*1927 – Simone Veil, French lawyer and politician, President of the European Parliament (d. 2017)* 1927 – Ian Reed, Australian discus thrower (d. 2020)*1928 – Bob Crane, American actor (d. 1978)* 1928 – Sven Davidson, Swedish-American tennis player (d. 2008)* 1928 – Johnny Gilbert, American game show host and announcer* 1928 – Al Rex, American musician (d. 2020)*1929 – Sofia Muratova, Russian gymnast (d. 2006)* 1929 – Svein Ellingsen, Norwegian visual artist and hymnist (d. 2020)*1930 – Sam Greenlee, American author and poet (d. 2014)* 1930 – Naomi Shemer, Israeli singer-songwriter (d. 2004)*1931 – Frank Ramsey, American basketball player and coach (d. 2018)*1932 – Hubert Reeves, Canadian-French astrophysicist and author (d. 2023)*1933 – David Storey, English author, playwright, and screenwriter (d. 2017)* 1933 – Piero Manzoni, Italian artist (d. 1963)*1934 – Peter Gzowski, Canadian journalist and academic (d. 2002)* 1934 – Gordon Lee, English footballer and manager (d. 2022)* 1934 – Wole Soyinka, Nigerian author, poet, and playwright, Nobel Prize laureate* 1934 – Aleksei Yeliseyev, Russian engineer and astronaut*1935 – Jack Kemp, American football player and politician, 9th United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development (d. 2009)* 1935 – Earl Lovelace, Trinidadian journalist, author, and playwright* 1935 – Kurt Westergaard, Danish cartoonist (d. 2021)*1936 – Albert Ayler, American saxophonist and composer (d. 1970)*1937 – Ghillean Prance, English botanist and ecologist*1939 – Lambert Jackson Woodburne, South African admiral (d. 2013)*1940 – Tom Lichtenberg, American football player and coach (d. 2013)* 1940 – Paul Prudhomme, American chef and author (d. 2015)* 1940 – Patrick Stewart, English actor, director, and producer*1941 – Grahame Corling, Australian cricketer * 1941 – Robert Forster, American actor and producer (d. 2019)* 1941 – Ehud Manor, Israeli songwriter and translator (d. 2005)* 1941 – Jacques Perrin, French actor, director, and producer (d. 2022)*1942 – Harrison Ford, American actor and producer* 1942 – Roger McGuinn, American singer-songwriter and guitarist *1943 – Chris Serle, English journalist and actor*1944 – Eric Freeman, Australian cricketer * 1944 – Cyril Knowles, English footballer and manager (d. 1991)* 1944 – Ernő Rubik, Hungarian game designer, architect, and educator, invented the Rubik's Cube*1945 – Ashley Mallett, Australian cricketer and author (d. 2021)*1946 – Bob Kauffman, American basketball player and coach (d. 2015)* 1946 – Cheech Marin, American actor and comedian*1948 – Catherine Breillat, French director and screenwriter* 1948 – Tony Kornheiser, American television sports talk show host and former sportswriter*1949 – Bryan Murray, Irish actor*1950 – George Nelson, American astronomer and astronaut* 1950 – Ma Ying-jeou, Hong Kong-Taiwanese commander and politician, 12th President of the Republic of China* 1950 – Jurelang Zedkaia, Marshallese politician, 5th President of the Marshall Islands (d. 2015)*1951 – Rob Bishop, American educator and politician* 1951 – Didi Conn, American actress and singer*1953 – Gil Birmingham, American actor* 1953 – David Thompson, American basketball player*1954 – Ray Bright, Australian cricketer * 1954 – Louise Mandrell, American singer-songwriter and actress*1956 – Mark Mendoza, American bass player and songwriter *1956 – Michael Spinks, American boxer*1957 – Thierry Boutsen, Belgian race car driver and businessman* 1957 – Cameron Crowe, American director, producer, and screenwriter*1959 – Richard Leman, English field hockey player* 1959 – Fuziah Salleh, Malaysian politician*1960 – Robert Abraham, American football player* 1960 – Ian Hislop, Welsh-English journalist and screenwriter* 1960 – Curtis Rouse, American football player (d. 2013)*1961 – Tahira Asif, Pakistani politician (d. 2014)* 1961 – Anders Jarryd, Swedish tennis player * 1961 – Khalid Mahmood, Pakistani-English engineer and politician* 1961 – Stelios Manolas, Greek footballer and manager* 1961 – Tim Watson, Australian footballer, coach, and journalist*1962 – Tom Kenny, American voice actor and screenwriter* 1962 – Rhonda Vincent, American singer-songwriter and mandolin player*1963 – Neal Foulds, English snooker player and sportscaster* 1963 – Kenny Johnson, American actor, producer, and model*1964 – Charlie Hides, American drag queen and comedian* 1964 – Paul Thorn, American singer-songwriter and guitarist*1965 – Eileen Ivers, American fiddler * 1965 – Akina Nakamori, Japanese singer and actress* 1965 – Colin van der Voort, Australian rugby league player *1966 – Gerald Levert, American R&B singer-songwriter, producer, and actor (d. 2006)* 1966 – Natalia Luis-Bassa, Venezuelan-English conductor and educator*1967 – Richard Marles, Australian lawyer and politician, 50th Australian Minister for Trade and Investment* 1967 – Mark McGowan, Australian politician, 30th Premier of Western Australia*1969 – Brad Godden, Australian rugby league player* 1969 – Ken Jeong, American actor, comedian, and physician* 1969 – Oleg Serebrian, Moldovan political scientist and politician *1970 – Andrei Tivontchik, German pole vaulter and trainer*1971 – MF Doom, English-American rapper (d. 2020)* 1971 – Mark Neeld, Australian footballer and coach*1972 – Sean Waltman, American professional wrestler*1974 – Deborah Cox, Canadian singer-songwriter and actress* 1974 – Jarno Trulli, Italian race car driver*1975 – Diego Spotorno, Ecuadorian actor* 1975 – Mariada Pieridi, Cypriot singer-songwriter*1976 – Sheldon Souray, Canadian ice hockey player*1977 – Chris Horn, American football player*1978 – Ryan Ludwick, American baseball player* 1978 – Prodromos Nikolaidis, Greek basketball player*1979 – Craig Bellamy, Welsh footballer* 1979 – Daniel Díaz, Argentinian footballer* 1979 – Libuše Průšová, Czech tennis player* 1979 – Lucinda Ruh, Swiss figure skater and coach*1981 – Ágnes Kovács, Hungarian swimmer* 1981 – Mirco Lorenzetto, Italian cyclist*1982 – Shin-Soo Choo, South Korean baseball player* 1982 – Simon Clist, English footballer* 1982 – Dominic Isaacs, South African footballer* 1982 – Nick Kenny, Australian rugby league player* 1982 – Yadier Molina, Puerto Rican baseball player*1983 – Kristof Beyens, Belgian sprinter* 1983 – Marco Pomante, Italian footballer* 1983 – Liu Xiang, Chinese hurdler*1984 – Ida Maria, Norwegian singer-songwriter and guitarist* 1984 – Faf du Plessis, South African professional cricketer*1985 – Trell Kimmons, American sprinter* 1985 – Guillermo Ochoa, Mexican footballer* 1985 – Charlotte Dujardin, English equestrian* 1985 – Abdallah El Said, Egyptian footballer*1988 – Marcos Paulo Gelmini Gomes, Brazilian-Italian footballer* 1988 – Colton Haynes, American actor, model and singer* 1988 – DJ LeMahieu, American baseball player* 1988 – Steven R. McQueen, American actor and model* 1988 – Raúl Spank, German high jumper* 1988 – Tulisa, English singer-songwriter and actress *1989 – Leon Bridges, American soul singer, songwriter and record producer* 1989 – Charis Giannopoulos, Greek basketball player*1990 – Kieran Foran, New Zealand rugby league player* 1990 – Eduardo Salvio, Argentinian footballer*1991 – Rich the Kid, American rapper* 1991 – Tyler Skaggs, American baseball player (d. 2019)*1992 – Elise Matthysen, Belgian swimmer*1993 – Dan Bentley, English footballer*1995 – Cody Bellinger, American baseball player* 1995 – Dante Exum, Australian basketball player*2001 – Kim Sin-jin, South Korean footballer*2002 – Deborah Medrado, Brazilian rhythmic gymnast*2003 – Mason Teague, Australian rugby league player" ], [ "Deaths", "===Pre-1600===* 574 – John III, pope of the Catholic Church* 716 – Rui Zong, Chinese emperor (b.", "662)* 815 – Wu Yuanheng, Chinese poet and politician (b.", "758)* 858 – Æthelwulf, King of Wessex* 884 – Huang Chao, Chinese rebel leader (b.", "835)* 939 – Leo VII, pope of the Catholic Church * 982 – Gunther, margrave of Merseburg* 982 – Henry I, bishop of Augsburg* 982 – Pandulf II, Lombard prince* 982 – Landulf IV, Lombard prince* 982 – Abu'l-Qasim, Kalbid emir of Sicily*1024 – Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor (b.", "973)*1105 – Rashi, French rabbi and commentator (b.", "1040)*1205 – Hubert Walter, English archbishop and politician, Lord Chancellor of The United Kingdom (b.", "1160)*1357 – Bartolus de Saxoferrato Italian academic and jurist (b.", "1313)*1380 – Bertrand du Guesclin, French nobleman and knight (b.", "1320)*1399 – Peter Parler, German architect, designed St. Vitus Cathedral and Charles Bridge (b.", "1330)*1491 – Afonso, Portuguese prince (b.", "1475)*1551 – John Wallop, English soldier and diplomat (b.", "1490)===1601–1900===*1617 – Adam Wenceslaus, duke of Cieszyn (b.", "1574)*1621 – Albert VII, archduke of Austria (b.", "1559)*1626 – Robert Sidney, 1st Earl of Leicester, English politician (b.", "1563)*1628 – Robert Shirley, English soldier and diplomat (b.", "1581)*1629 – Caspar Bartholin the Elder, Swedish physician and theologian (b.", "1585)*1683 – Arthur Capell, 1st Earl of Essex, English politician, Lord Lieutenant of Ireland (b.", "1631)*1755 – Edward Braddock, Scottish general (b.", "1695)*1762 – James Bradley, English priest and astronomer (b.", "1693)*1789 – Victor de Riqueti, marquis de Mirabeau, French economist and academic (b.", "1715)*1793 – Jean-Paul Marat, Swiss-French physician, scientist and theorist (b.", "1743)*1807 – Henry Benedict Stuart, Italian cardinal, pretender to the British throne and last member of the House of Stuart (b.", "1725)*1881 – John C. Pemberton, American general (b.", "1814)*1889 – Robert Hamerling, Austrian author, poet, and playwright (b.", "1830)*1890 – John C. Frémont, American general and politician, 5th Territorial Governor of Arizona (b.", "1813)* 1890 – Johann Voldemar Jannsen, Estonian journalist and poet (b.", "1819)*1893 – Young Man Afraid of His Horses, American tribal chief (b.", "1836)*1896 – August Kekulé, German chemist and academic (b.", "1829)===1901–present===*1907 – Henrik Sillem, Dutch target shooter and jurist (b.", "1866)*1911 – Allan McLean, Scottish-Australian politician, 19th Premier of Victoria (b.", "1840)*1921 – Gabriel Lippmann, Luxembourger physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (b.", "1845)*1922 – Martin Dies Sr., American journalist and politician (b.", "1870)*1927 – Mimar Kemaleddin Bey, Turkish architect and academic, designed the Tayyare Apartments (b.", "1870)*1934 – Mary E. Byrd, American astronomer and academic (b.", "1849)*1936 – Kojo Tovalou Houénou, Beninese lawyer and politician (b.", "1887)*1941 – Ilmar Raud, Estonian chess player (b.", "1913)*1945 – Alla Nazimova, Russian-American actress, producer, and screenwriter (b.", "1879)*1946 – Alfred Stieglitz, American photographer and curator (b.", "1864)*1949 – Walt Kuhn, American painter and academic (b.", "1877)*1951 – Arnold Schoenberg, Austrian-American composer and painter (b.", "1874)*1954 – Frida Kahlo, Mexican painter and educator (b.", "1907)*1960 – Joy Davidman, American-English poet and author (b.", "1915)*1965 – Photis Kontoglou, Greek painter and illustrator (b.", "1895)*1967 – Tom Simpson, English cyclist (b.", "1937)*1970 – Leslie Groves, American general and engineer (b.", "1896)* 1970 – Sheng Shicai, Chinese warlord (b.", "1895)*1973 – Willy Fritsch, German actor and screenwriter (b.", "1901)*1974 – Patrick Blackett, Baron Blackett, English physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (b.", "1897)*1976 – Frederick Hawksworth, English engineer (b.", "1884)* 1976 – Joachim Peiper, German SS officer (b.", "1915)*1979 – Ludwig Merwart, Austrian painter and illustrator (b.", "1913)*1980 – Seretse Khama, Botswana lawyer and politician, 1st President of Botswana (b.", "1921)* 1981 – Martin Hurson Irish Republican Hunger Striker*1983 – Gabrielle Roy, Canadian engineer and author (b.", "1909)*1993 – Davey Allison, American race car driver (b.", "1961)*1995 – Godtfred Kirk Christiansen, Danish businessman (b.", "1920)*1996 – Pandro S. Berman, American director, producer, and production manager (b.", "1905)*1997 – Miguel Ángel Blanco, Spanish politician (b.", "1968)*1999 – Konstantinos Kollias, Greek general and politician, 168th Prime Minister of Greece (b.", "1901)*2000 – Jan Karski, Polish-American activist and academic (b.", "1914)*2003 – Compay Segundo, Cuban singer-songwriter and guitarist (b.", "1907)*2005 – Robert E. Ogren, American zoologist (b.", "1922)*2006 – Red Buttons, American actor (b.", "1919)*2007 – Michael Reardon, American mountaineer (b.", "1965)*2008 – Bronisław Geremek, Polish historian and politician, Polish Minister of Foreign Affairs (b.", "1932)*2010 – Manohari Singh, Indian saxophonist and composer (b.", "1931)* 2010 – George Steinbrenner, American businessman (b.", "1930)*2011 – Allan Jeans, Australian footballer and coach (b.", "1933)*2012 – Warren Jabali, American basketball player (b.", "1946)* 2012 – Jerzy Kulej, Polish boxer and politician (b.", "1940)* 2012 – Richard D. Zanuck, American film producer (b.", "1934)*2013 – Leonard Garment, American lawyer and public servant, 14th White House Counsel (b.", "1924)* 2013 – Henri Julien, French race car driver (b.", "1927)* 2013 – Cory Monteith, Canadian actor and singer (b.", "1982)* 2013 – Ottavio Quattrocchi, Italian businessman (b.", "1938)* 2013 – Vernon B. Romney, American lawyer and politician, 14th Attorney General of Utah (b.", "1924)* 2013 – Marc Simont, French-American author and illustrator (b.", "1915)*2014 – Thomas Berger, American author and playwright (b.", "1924)* 2014 – Alfred de Grazia, American political scientist, author, and academic (b.", "1919)* 2014 – Nadine Gordimer, South African novelist, short story writer, and activist, Nobel Prize laureate (b.", "1923)* 2014 – Jeff Leiding, American football player (b.", "1961)* 2014 – Lorin Maazel, French-American violinist, composer, and conductor (b.", "1930)*2015 – Philipp Mißfelder, German historian and politician (b.", "1979)* 2015 – Martin Litchfield West, English scholar, author, and academic (b.", "1927)*2017 – Liu Xiaobo, Chinese literary critic, human rights activist (b.", "1955)*2020 – Grant Imahara, American electrical engineer, roboticist, and television host (b.", "1970)* 2020 – Zindzi Mandela, South African politician, diplomat, and third daughter of Nelson Mandela (b.", "1960)" ], [ "Holidays and observances", "* Christian feast day:** Abd-al-Masih** Abel of Tacla Haimonot (Coptic Church)** Clelia Barbieri** Conrad Weiser (Episcopal Church (USA))** Eugenius of Carthage** Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor** Mildrith of Thanet** Silas (Catholic Church)** Teresa of the Andes** July 13 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)* Feast of Kalimát, first day of the seventh month of the Baháʼí calendar.", "(Baháʼí Faith)* Statehood Day (Montenegro)* The last day of Naadam (Mongolia)* Kashmir Martyrs' Day (Pakistan)" ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* * *" ] ]
wikipedia
[ [ "James Branch Cabell" ], [ "Introduction", "'''James Branch Cabell''' (; April 14, 1879  – May 5, 1958) was an American author of fantasy fiction and ''belles-lettres''.", "Cabell was well-regarded by his contemporaries, including H. L. Mencken, Edmund Wilson, and Sinclair Lewis.", "His works were considered escapist and fit well in the culture of the 1920s, when they were most popular.", "For Cabell, veracity was \"the one unpardonable sin, not merely against art, but against human welfare.", "\"Although escapist, Cabell's works are ironic and satirical.", "Mencken disputed Cabell's claim to romanticism and characterized him as \"really the most acidulous of all the anti-romantics.", "His gaudy heroes ... chase dragons precisely as stockbrockers play golf.\"", "According to Louis D. Rubin, Cabell saw art as an escape from life, but found that, once the artist creates his ideal world, it is made up of the same elements that make the real one.Interest in Cabell declined in the 1930s, a decline that has been attributed in part to his failure to move out of his fantasy niche despite the onset of World War II.", "Alfred Kazin said that \"Cabell and Hitler did not inhabit the same universe\".", "The library at Virginia Commonwealth University is named after Cabell." ], [ "Life", "Cabell in 1893 at age 14 Cabell was born into an affluent and well-connected Virginian family, and lived most of his life in Richmond.", "The first Cabell settled in Virginia in 1664; Cabell's paternal great-grandfather, William H. Cabell, was Governor of the Commonwealth from 1805 to 1808.Cabell County in West Virginia is named after the Governor.", "James Branch Cabell's grandfather, Robert Gamble Cabell, was a physician; his father, Robert Gamble Cabell II (1847–1922), had an MD, but practiced as a druggist; his mother, Anne Harris (1859–1915), was the daughter of Lieutenant Colonel James R. Branch, of the Army of the Confederate States of America.", "James was the oldest of three boys—his brothers were Robert Gamble Cabell III (1881–1968) and John Lottier Cabell (1883–1946).", "His parents separated and were later divorced in 1907.His aunt was the suffragist and educationist Mary-Cooke Branch Munford.Although Cabell's surname is often mispronounced \"Ka-BELL\", he himself pronounced it \"CAB-ble\".", "To remind an editor of the correct pronunciation, Cabell composed this rhyme: \"Tell the rabble my name is Cabell.", "\"Cabell matriculated at the College of William and Mary in 1894 at the age of fifteen and graduated in June 1898.While an undergraduate, Cabell taught French and Greek at the college.", "According to his close friend and fellow author Ellen Glasgow, Cabell developed a friendship with a professor at the college which was considered by some to be \"too intimate\" and, as a result Cabell was dismissed, although he was subsequently readmitted and finished his degree.", "Following his graduation, he worked from 1898 to 1900 as a newspaper reporter in New York City, but returned to Richmond in 1901, where he worked several months on the staff of the ''Richmond News''.1901 was an eventful year for Cabell: his first stories were accepted for publication, and he was suspected of the murder of John Scott, a wealthy Richmonder.", "It was rumored that Scott was involved romantically with Cabell's mother.", "Cabell's supposed involvement in the Scott murder and his college \"scandal\" were both mentioned in Ellen Glasgow's posthumously published (1954) autobiography ''The Woman Within''.", "In 1902, seven of Cabell's first stories appeared in national magazines and over the next decade he wrote many short stories and articles, contributing to nationally published magazines including ''Harper's Monthly Magazine'' and ''The Saturday Evening Post'', as well as carrying out extensive research on his family's genealogy.Between 1911 and 1913, he was employed by his uncle in the office of the Branch coal mines in West Virginia.", "On November 8, 1913, he married Priscilla Bradley Shepherd, a widow with five children from her previous marriage.", "In 1915, son Ballard Hartwell Cabell was born.", "Priscilla died in March 1949; Cabell was remarried in June 1950 to Margaret Waller Freeman.During his life, Cabell published fifty-two books, including novels, genealogies, collections of short stories, poetry, and miscellanea.", "He was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Letters in 1937.Cabell died of a cerebral hemorrhage in 1958 in Richmond, and was buried in the graveyard of the Emmanuel Church at Brook Hill.", "The following year the remains of Cabell and his first wife were reinterred in Hollywood Cemetery.Significant Cabell collections are housed at various repositories, including Virginia Commonwealth University and the University of Virginia." ], [ "Honors", "In 1970, Virginia Commonwealth University, also located in Richmond, named its main campus library \"James Branch Cabell Library\" in his honor.", "In the 1970s, Cabell's personal library and personal papers were moved from his home on Monument Avenue to the James Branch Cabell Library.", "Consisting of some 3,000 volumes, the collection includes manuscripts; notebooks and scrapbooks; periodicals in which Cabell's essays, reviews and fiction were published; his correspondence with noted writers including H. L. Mencken, Ellen Glasgow, Sinclair Lewis and Theodore Dreiser; correspondence with family, friends, editors and publishers, newspaper clippings, photographs, periodicals, criticisms, printed material; publishers' agreements; and statements of sales.", "The collection resides in the Special Collections and Archives department of the library.", "The VCU undergraduate literary journal at the university is named ''Poictesme'' after the fictional province in his cycle ''Biography of the Life of Manuel''.More recently, VCU spent over $50 million to expand and modernize the James Branch Cabell Library to further entrench it as the premier library in the Greater Richmond Area and one of the top landmark libraries in the United States.", "In 2016 Cabell Library won the New Landmark Library Award.The ''Library Journal''s website provides a virtual walking tour of the new James Branch Cabell Library." ], [ "Works", "Dust jacket of ''Jurgen, A Comedy of Justice''=== ''Jurgen'' ===Cabell's best-known book, ''Jurgen, A Comedy of Justice'' (1919), was the subject of a celebrated obscenity case shortly after its publication.", "The eponymous hero, who considers himself a \"monstrous clever fellow\", embarks on a journey through ever more fantastic realms, even to hell and heaven.", "Everywhere he goes, he winds up seducing the local women, even the Devil's wife.The novel was denounced by the New York Society for the Suppression of Vice; they attempted to bring a prosecution for obscenity.", "The case went on for two years before Cabell and his publisher, Robert M. McBride, won: the \"indecencies\" were double entendres that also had a perfectly decent interpretation, though it appeared that what had actually offended the prosecution most was a joke about papal infallibility.", "The presiding judge, Charles Cooper Nott Jr., wrote in his decision that \"... the most that can be said against the book is that certain passages therein may be considered suggestive in a veiled and subtle way of immorality, but such suggestions are delicately conveyed\" and that because of Cabell's writing style \"it is doubtful if the book could be read or understood at all by more than a very limited number of readers.", "\"Cabell took an author's revenge: the revised edition of 1926 included a previously \"lost\" passage in which the hero is placed on trial by the Philistines, with a large dung-beetle as the chief prosecutor.", "He also wrote a short book, ''Taboo'', in which he thanks John H. Sumner and the Society for Suppression of Vice for generating the publicity that gave his career a boost.", "Due to the notoriety of the suppression of ''Jurgen'', Cabell became a figure of international fame.", "In the early 1920s, he became associated by some critics with a group of writers referred to as \"The James Branch Cabell School\", which included such figures as Mencken, Carl Van Vechten and Elinor Wylie.=== ''Biography of the Life of Manuel'' ===A great deal of Cabell's work consists of the ''Biography of the Life of Manuel'', the story of a character named Dom Manuel and his descendants through many generations.", "The biography includes a total of 25 works that were written over a 23-year period.", "Cabell stated that he considered the ''Biography'' to be a single work, and supervised its publication in a single uniform edition of 18 volumes, known as the ''Storisende Edition'', published from 1927 to 1930.A number of the volumes of the Biography were also published in editions illustrated by Frank C. Papé between 1921 and 1926.The themes and characters from ''Jurgen'' make appearances in many works included in the Biography.", "''Figures of Earth'' tells the story of Manuel the swineherd, a morally ambiguous protagonist who rises to conquer a realm by playing on others' expectations—his motto being Mundus Vult Decipi, meaning \"the world wishes to be deceived.\"", "''The Silver Stallion'' is a loose sequel to ''Figures of Earth'' that deals with the creation of the legend of Manuel the Redeemer, in which Manuel is pictured as an infallible hero, an example to which all others should aspire; the story is told by Manuel's former knights, who remember how things really were and take different approaches to reconciling the mythology with the actuality of Manuel.Many of these books take place in the fictional country eventually ruled by Manuel, known as \"Poictesme\", (pronounced \"pwa-tem\").", "It was the author's intention to situate Poictesme roughly in the south of France.", "The name suggests the two real French cities of Poitiers (medieval Poictiers) and Angoulême (medieval Angoulesme).", "Several other books take place in the fictional town of Lichfield, Virginia.After concluding the ''Biography'' in 1932, Cabell shortened his professional name to ''Branch Cabell''.", "The truncated name was used for all his new, \"post-''Biography''\" publications until the printing of ''There Were Two Pirates'' (1946).=== Others ===Though Cabell is best known as a fantasist, the plots and characters of his first few novels, ''The Eagle's Shadow'' (1904), ''The Cords of Vanity'' (1909), and ''The Rivet in Grandfather's Neck'' (1915) (later all adapted for inclusion into the ''Biography''), do not wander out of the everyday society of Virginia's gentry.", "But Cabell's signature droll style is clearly in evidence, and in later printings each book would bear a characteristically Cabellian subtitle: ''A Comedy of Purse-Strings'', ''A Comedy of Shirking'', and ''A Comedy of Limitations'', respectively.His later novel, ''The First Gentleman of America: A Comedy of Conquest'' (1942), retells the strange career of an American Indian from the shores of the Potomac who sailed away with Spanish explorers, later to return, be made chief of his tribe, and kill all the Spaniards in the new Virginia settlement.", "Cabell delivered a more concise, historical treatment of the novel's events in ''The First Virginian'', part one of his 1947 work of non-fiction, ''Let Me Lie'', a book on the history of Virginia.Other works include:* ''The Nightmare Has Triplets'' trilogy, comprising ''Smirt'' (1934), ''Smith'' (1935), and ''Smire'' (1937)* The ''Heirs and Assigns'' trilogy, comprising ''Hamlet Had an Uncle'' (1940), ''The King Was in His Counting House'' (1938), and ''The First Gentleman of America'' (1942)* The ''It Happened in Florida'' trilogy, comprising ''The St. Johns'' (written in collaboration with A. J. Hanna), ''There Were Two Pirates'' (1946), and ''The Devil's Own Dear Son'' (1949)Cabell also wrote a number of autobiographical and genealogical works.===List of works===* ''The Eagle's Shadow'' (1904)* ''The Line Of Love'' (1905) (also titled: Dizain Des Mariages)* ''Gallantry'' (1907/22)* ''Branchiana'' (1907)* ''The Cords Of Vanity: A Comedy Of Shirking'' (1909/21)* ''Chivalry: Dizain Des Reines'' (1909/21)* ''Branch Of Abingdon'' (1911)* ''The Soul Of Melicent'' (1913)* ''The Rivet In Grandfather's Neck: A Comedy Of Limitations'', (1915)* ''The Majors And Their Marriages'' (1915) (available at hathitrust.org)* ''The Certain Hour'' (1916)* ''From The Hidden Way'' (1916/1924)* ''The Cream of the Jest'' (1917)* ''Jurgen: A Comedy Of Justice'' (1919)* ''Beyond Life'' (1919)* ''Domnei: A Comedy Of Woman-Worship'' (1920)* ''The Judging Of Jurgen'' (1920)* ''Jurgen And The Censor'' (1920)* ''Taboo: A Legend Retold From The Dighic Of Saevius Nicanor'' (1921)* ''Figures Of Earth: A Comedy Of Appearances'' (1921)* ''The Jewel Merchants'' (1921)* ''Joseph Hergesheimer'' (1921)* ''The Lineage Of Lichfield: An Essay In Eugenics'' (1922)* ''The High Place (1923)* ''Straws And Prayer-Books'' (1924)* ''The Silver Stallion'' (1926)* ''The Music From Behind The Moon'' (1926)* ''Something About Eve'' (1927)* ''The Works'' (1927-30)* ''The White Robe'' (1928)* ''Ballades From The Hidden Way'' (1928)* ''The Way Of Ecben'' (1929)* ''Sonnets From Antan'' (1929)* ''Some Of Us: An Essay In Epitaphs'' (1930)* ''Townsend Of Lichfield'' (1930)* ''Between Dawn And Sunrise'' (1930) edited by John Macy* ''These Restless Heads: A Trilogy Of Romantics'' (1932)* ''Special Delivery: A Packet Of Replies'' (1933)* ''Ladies And Gentlemen: A Parcel Of Reconsiderations'' (1934)* ''Smirt: An Urbane Nightmare'' (1934)* ''Smith: A Sylvan Interlude'' (1935)* ''Preface To The Past'' (1936)* ''Smire: An Acceptance In The Third Person'' (1937)* ''The Nightmare Has Triplets'' (1937)* ''Of Ellen Glasgow'' (1938)* ''The King Was In His Counting House'' (1938)* ''Hamlet Had An Uncle'' (1940)* ''The First Gentleman Of America'' (1942) (UK title: The First American Gentleman)* ''The St Johns: A Parade Of Diversities'' (1943) with A.J.", "Hanna* ''There Were Two Pirates'' (1946)* ''Let Me Lie'' (1947)* ''The Witch Woman'' (1948)* ''The Devil's Own Dear Son'' (1949)* ''Quiet Please'' (1952)* ''As I Remember It: Some Epilogues In Recollection'' (1955)* ''Between Friends'' (1962)Source:" ], [ "Influence", "Cabell's work was highly regarded by a number of his peers, including Mark Twain, Sinclair Lewis, H. L. Mencken, Joseph Hergesheimer, and Jack Woodford.", "Although now largely forgotten by the general public, his work was remarkably influential on later authors of fantasy fiction.", "James Blish was a fan of Cabell's works, and for a time edited ''Kalki,'' the journal of the Cabell Society.", "Robert A. Heinlein was greatly inspired by Cabell's boldness, and originally described his own book ''Stranger in a Strange Land'' as \"a Cabellesque satire\".", "A later work, ''Job: A Comedy of Justice'', derived its title from ''Jurgen'' and contains appearances by Jurgen and the Slavic god Koschei.", "Charles G. Finney's fantasy ''The Circus of Dr. Lao'' was influenced by Cabell's work.", "The Averoigne stories of Clark Ashton Smith are, in background, close to those of Cabell's Poictesme.", "Jack Vance's Dying Earth books show considerable stylistic resemblances to Cabell; Cugel the Clever in those books bears a strong resemblance, not least in his opinion of himself, to Jurgen.", "Cabell was also a major influence on Neil Gaiman, acknowledged as such in the rear of Gaiman's novels ''Stardust'' and ''American Gods''.", "Cabell maintained a close and lifelong friendship with well-known Richmond writer Ellen Glasgow, whose house on West Main Street was only a few blocks from Cabell's family home on East Franklin Street.", "They corresponded extensively between 1923 and Glasgow's death in 1945 and over 200 of their letters survive.", "Cabell dedicated his 1927 novel ''Something About Eve'' to her, and she in turn dedicated her book ''They Stooped to Folly: A Comedy of Morals'' (1929) to Cabell.", "In her autobiography, Glasgow also gave considerable thanks to Cabell for his help in the editing of her Pulitzer Prize-winning book ''In This Our Life'' (1941).", "However, late in their lives, friction developed between the two writers as a result of Cabell's critical 1943 review of Glasgow's novel ''A Certain Measure''.Cabell also admired the work of the Atlanta-based writer Frances Newman, though their correspondence was cut short by her death in 1928.In 1929, Cabell supplied the preface to Newman's collected letters.From 1969 through 1972, the Ballantine Adult Fantasy series returned six of Cabell's novels to print, and elevated his profile in the fantasy genre.", "Today, many more of his works are available from Wildside Press.Cabell's three-character one-act play ''The Jewel Merchants'' was used for the libretto of an opera by Louis Cheslock which premiered in 1940.Michael Swanwick published a critical monograph on Cabell's work, which argues for the continued value of a few of Cabell's works—notably ''Jurgen'', ''The Cream of the Jest'', and ''The Silver Stallion''—while acknowledging that some of his writing has dated badly.", "Swanwick places much of the blame for Cabell's obscurity on Cabell himself, for authorizing the 18-volume Storisende uniform edition of the ''Biography of the Life of Manuel'', including much that was of poor quality and ephemeral.", "This alienated admirers and scared off potential new readers.", "\"There are, alas, an infinite number of ways for a writer to destroy himself,\" Swanwick wrote.", "\"James Branch Cabell chose one of the more interesting.", "Standing at the helm of the single most successful literary career of any fantasist of the twentieth century, he drove the great ship of his career straight and unerringly onto the rocks.", "\"Other book-length studies on Cabell were written during the period of his fame by Hugh Walpole, W. A. McNeill, and Carl van Doren.", "Edmund Wilson tried to rehabilitate his reputation with a long essay in ''The New Yorker''." ], [ "References", "'''Notes''''''Bibliography'''* * * * * * * * * * * * '''Further reading'''* Brewster, Paul G. \"''Jurgen'' and ''Figures of Earth'' and the Russian Skazki\".", "In: ''American Literature'' 13, no.", "4 (1942): 305–19.Accessed April 3, 2021.doi:10.2307/2920584.", "* Carter, Lin.", "\"The World's Edge, and Beyond: The Fiction of Dunsany, Eddison and Cabell\" in ''Imaginary Worlds: The Art of Fantasy''.", "New York: Ballantine Books, 1973, 27–48." ], [ "External links", ";James Branch Cabell* James Branch Cabell: Literary Life and Legacy * James Branch Cabell: Man of Letters and Libraries, Virginia Commonwealth University Libraries online exhibit* Who is James Branch Cabell?", "VCU Libraries YouTube* Pwatem, Virginia Commonwealth University student literary journal* James Branch Cabell photo gallery, VCU Libraries Flickr* Finding aid to James Branch Cabell papers at Columbia University.", "Rare Book & Manuscript Library.", ";Cabell works online* * * * * * Domnei (Google Books)* Jurgen: A Comedy of Justice (Internet Archive)* Jurgen: A Comedy of Justice (University of Virginia)* The Cream of The Jest (University of Wisconsin);Bibliographies* \" Cabell's Bibliographers,\" '' James Branch Cabell: Literary Life and Legacy''* Chronology of James Branch Cabell's Published Works from the Internet Archive* ;Fan and collector sites* Mundus Vult Decipi* The Silver Stallion" ] ]
wikipedia
[ [ "Java (programming language)" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Java''' is a high-level, class-based, object-oriented programming language that is designed to have as few implementation dependencies as possible.", "It is a general-purpose programming language intended to let programmers ''write once, run anywhere'' (WORA), meaning that compiled Java code can run on all platforms that support Java without the need to recompile.", "Java applications are typically compiled to bytecode that can run on any Java virtual machine (JVM) regardless of the underlying computer architecture.", "The syntax of Java is similar to C and C++, but has fewer low-level facilities than either of them.", "The Java runtime provides dynamic capabilities (such as reflection and runtime code modification) that are typically not available in traditional compiled languages.", "Java gained popularity shortly after its release, and has been a very popular programming language since then.", "Java was the third most popular programming language in according to GitHub and it is ranked fourth on TIOBE index .", "Although still widely popular, there has been a gradual decline in use of Java in recent years with other languages using JVM gaining popularity.Java was originally developed by James Gosling at Sun Microsystems.", "It was released in May 1995 as a core component of Sun's Java platform.", "The original and reference implementation Java compilers, virtual machines, and class libraries were originally released by Sun under proprietary licenses.", "As of May 2007, in compliance with the specifications of the Java Community Process, Sun had relicensed most of its Java technologies under the GPL-2.0-only license.", "Oracle offers its own HotSpot Java Virtual Machine, however the official reference implementation is the OpenJDK JVM which is free open-source software and used by most developers and is the default JVM for almost all Linux distributions., Java 21 is the latest version, which is also a long-term support (LTS) version.", "Java 8, 11, and 17 are previous LTS versions still officially supported." ], [ "History", "Duke, the Java mascotJames Gosling, the creator of Java, in 2008TIOBE programming language popularity index graph from 2002 to 2022.Java was steadily on the top from mid-2015 to early 2020.James Gosling, Mike Sheridan, and Patrick Naughton initiated the Java language project in June 1991.Java was originally designed for interactive television, but it was too advanced for the digital cable television industry at the time.", "The language was initially called ''Oak'' after an oak tree that stood outside Gosling's office.", "Later the project went by the name ''Green'' and was finally renamed ''Java'', from Java coffee, a type of coffee from Indonesia.", "Gosling designed Java with a C/C++-style syntax that system and application programmers would find familiar.Sun Microsystems released the first public implementation as Java 1.0 in 1996.It promised write once, run anywhere (WORA) functionality, providing no-cost run-times on popular platforms.", "Fairly secure and featuring configurable security, it allowed network- and file-access restrictions.", "Major web browsers soon incorporated the ability to run Java applets within web pages, and Java quickly became popular.", "The Java 1.0 compiler was re-written in Java by Arthur van Hoff to comply strictly with the Java 1.0 language specification.", "With the advent of Java 2 (released initially as J2SE 1.2 in December 1998 1999), new versions had multiple configurations built for different types of platforms.", "J2EE included technologies and APIs for enterprise applications typically run in server environments, while J2ME featured APIs optimized for mobile applications.", "The desktop version was renamed J2SE.", "In 2006, for marketing purposes, Sun renamed new J2 versions as ''Java EE'', ''Java ME'', and ''Java SE'', respectively.In 1997, Sun Microsystems approached the ISO/IEC JTC 1 standards body and later the Ecma International to formalize Java, but it soon withdrew from the process.", "Java remains a ''de facto'' standard, controlled through the Java Community Process.", "At one time, Sun made most of its Java implementations available without charge, despite their proprietary software status.", "Sun generated revenue from Java through the selling of licenses for specialized products such as the Java Enterprise System.On November 13, 2006, Sun released much of its Java virtual machine (JVM) as free and open-source software (FOSS), under the terms of the GPL-2.0-only license.", "On May 8, 2007, Sun finished the process, making all of its JVM's core code available under free software/open-source distribution terms, aside from a small portion of code to which Sun did not hold the copyright.Sun's vice-president Rich Green said that Sun's ideal role with regard to Java was as an ''evangelist''.", "Following Oracle Corporation's acquisition of Sun Microsystems in 2009–10, Oracle has described itself as the steward of Java technology with a relentless commitment to fostering a community of participation and transparency.", "This did not prevent Oracle from filing a lawsuit against Google shortly after that for using Java inside the Android SDK (see the ''Android'' section).On April 2, 2010, James Gosling resigned from Oracle.In January 2016, Oracle announced that Java run-time environments based on JDK 9 will discontinue the browser plugin.Java software runs on everything from laptops to data centers, game consoles to scientific supercomputers.Oracle (and others) highly recommend uninstalling outdated and unsupported versions of Java, due to unresolved security issues in older versions.===Principles===There were five primary goals in the creation of the Java language:# It must be simple, object-oriented, and familiar.# It must be robust and secure.# It must be architecture-neutral and portable.# It must execute with high performance.# It must be interpreted, threaded, and dynamic.===Versions===, Java 8, 11, 17 and 21 are supported as Long-Term Support (LTS) versions.Oracle released the last zero-cost public update for the legacy version Java 8 LTS in January 2019 for commercial use, although it will otherwise still support Java 8 with public updates for personal use indefinitely.", "Other vendors have begun to offer zero-cost builds of OpenJDK 18 and 8, 11 and 17 that are still receiving security and other upgrades.Major release versions of Java, along with their release dates: Version Date JDK Beta 1995 JDK 1.0 January 23, 1996 JDK 1.1 February 19, 1997 J2SE 1.2 December 8, 1998 J2SE 1.3 May 8, 2000 J2SE 1.4 February 6, 2002 J2SE 5.0 September 30, 2004 Java SE 6 December 11, 2006 Java SE 7 July 28, 2011 Java SE 8 (LTS) March 18, 2014 Java SE 9 September 21, 2017 Java SE 10 March 20, 2018 Java SE 11 (LTS) September 25, 2018 Java SE 12 March 19, 2019 Java SE 13 September 17, 2019 Java SE 14 March 17, 2020 Java SE 15 September 15, 2020 Java SE 16 March 16, 2021 Java SE 17 (LTS) September 14, 2021 Java SE 18 March 22, 2022 Java SE 19 September 20, 2022 Java SE 20 March 21, 2023 Java SE 21 (LTS) September 19, 2023" ], [ "Editions", "Sun has defined and supports four editions of Java targeting different application environments and segmented many of its APIs so that they belong to one of the platforms.", "The platforms are:* Java Card for smart-cards.", "* Java Platform, Micro Edition (Java ME) – targeting environments with limited resources.", "* Java Platform, Standard Edition (Java SE) – targeting workstation environments.", "* Java Platform, Enterprise Edition (Java EE) – targeting large distributed enterprise or Internet environments.The classes in the Java APIs are organized into separate groups called packages.", "Each package contains a set of related interfaces, classes, subpackages and exceptions.Sun also provided an edition called Personal Java that has been superseded by later, standards-based Java ME configuration-profile pairings." ], [ "Execution system", "===Java JVM and bytecode===One design goal of Java is portability, which means that programs written for the Java platform must run similarly on any combination of hardware and operating system with adequate run time support.", "This is achieved by compiling the Java language code to an intermediate representation called Java bytecode, instead of directly to architecture-specific machine code.", "Java bytecode instructions are analogous to machine code, but they are intended to be executed by a virtual machine (VM) written specifically for the host hardware.", "End-users commonly use a Java Runtime Environment (JRE) installed on their device for standalone Java applications or a web browser for Java applets.Standard libraries provide a generic way to access host-specific features such as graphics, threading, and networking.The use of universal bytecode makes porting simple.", "However, the overhead of interpreting bytecode into machine instructions made interpreted programs almost always run more slowly than native executables.", "Just-in-time (JIT) compilers that compile byte-codes to machine code during runtime were introduced from an early stage.", "Java's Hotspot compiler is actually two compilers in one; and with GraalVM (included in e.g.", "Java 11, but removed as of Java 16) allowing tiered compilation.", "Java itself is platform-independent and is adapted to the particular platform it is to run on by a Java virtual machine (JVM), which translates the Java bytecode into the platform's machine language.====Performance====Programs written in Java have a reputation for being slower and requiring more memory than those written in C++.", "However, Java programs' execution speed improved significantly with the introduction of just-in-time compilation in 1997/1998 for Java 1.1, the addition of language features supporting better code analysis (such as inner classes, the StringBuilder class, optional assertions, etc.", "), and optimizations in the Java virtual machine, such as HotSpot becoming Sun's default JVM in 2000.With Java 1.5, the performance was improved with the addition of the package, including lock-free implementations of the ConcurrentMaps and other multi-core collections, and it was improved further with Java 1.6.===Non-JVM===Some platforms offer direct hardware support for Java; there are micro controllers that can run Java bytecode in hardware instead of a software Java virtual machine, and some ARM-based processors could have hardware support for executing Java bytecode through their Jazelle option, though support has mostly been dropped in current implementations of ARM.===Automatic memory management===Java uses an automatic garbage collector to manage memory in the object lifecycle.", "The programmer determines when objects are created, and the Java runtime is responsible for recovering the memory once objects are no longer in use.", "Once no references to an object remain, the unreachable memory becomes eligible to be freed automatically by the garbage collector.", "Something similar to a memory leak may still occur if a programmer's code holds a reference to an object that is no longer needed, typically when objects that are no longer needed are stored in containers that are still in use.", "If methods for a non-existent object are called, a null pointer exception is thrown.One of the ideas behind Java's automatic memory management model is that programmers can be spared the burden of having to perform manual memory management.", "In some languages, memory for the creation of objects is implicitly allocated on the stack or explicitly allocated and deallocated from the heap.", "In the latter case, the responsibility of managing memory resides with the programmer.", "If the program does not deallocate an object, a memory leak occurs.", "If the program attempts to access or deallocate memory that has already been deallocated, the result is undefined and difficult to predict, and the program is likely to become unstable or crash.", "This can be partially remedied by the use of smart pointers, but these add overhead and complexity.", "Garbage collection does not prevent logical memory leaks, i.e.", "those where the memory is still referenced but never used.Garbage collection may happen at any time.", "Ideally, it will occur when a program is idle.", "It is guaranteed to be triggered if there is insufficient free memory on the heap to allocate a new object; this can cause a program to stall momentarily.", "Explicit memory management is not possible in Java.Java does not support C/C++ style pointer arithmetic, where object addresses can be arithmetically manipulated (e.g.", "by adding or subtracting an offset).", "This allows the garbage collector to relocate referenced objects and ensures type safety and security.As in C++ and some other object-oriented languages, variables of Java's primitive data types are either stored directly in fields (for objects) or on the stack (for methods) rather than on the heap, as is commonly true for non-primitive data types (but see escape analysis).", "This was a conscious decision by Java's designers for performance reasons.Java contains multiple types of garbage collectors.", "Since Java 9, HotSpot uses the Garbage First Garbage Collector (G1GC) as the default.", "However, there are also several other garbage collectors that can be used to manage the heap.", "For most applications in Java, G1GC is sufficient.", "Previously, the Parallel Garbage Collector was used in Java 8.Having solved the memory management problem does not relieve the programmer of the burden of handling properly other kinds of resources, like network or database connections, file handles, etc., especially in the presence of exceptions." ], [ "Syntax", "This dependency graph of the Java Core classes was created with jdeps and Gephi.The syntax of Java is largely influenced by C++ and C. Unlike C++, which combines the syntax for structured, generic, and object-oriented programming, Java was built almost exclusively as an object-oriented language.", "All code is written inside classes, and every data item is an object, with the exception of the primitive data types, (i.e.", "integers, floating-point numbers, boolean values, and characters), which are not objects for performance reasons.", "Java reuses some popular aspects of C++ (such as the method).Unlike C++, Java does not support operator overloading or multiple inheritance for classes, though multiple inheritance is supported for interfaces.Java uses comments similar to those of C++.", "There are three different styles of comments: a single line style marked with two slashes (//), a multiple line style opened with /* and closed with */, and the Javadoc commenting style opened with /** and closed with */.", "The Javadoc style of commenting allows the user to run the Javadoc executable to create documentation for the program and can be read by some integrated development environments (IDEs) such as Eclipse to allow developers to access documentation within the IDE." ], [ "Special classes", "===Applet===Java applets are programs embedded in other applications, typically in a Web page displayed in a web browser.", "The Java applet API is now deprecated since Java 9 in 2017.===Servlet===Java servlet technology provides Web developers with a simple, consistent mechanism for extending the functionality of a Web server and for accessing existing business systems.", "Servlets are server-side Java EE components that generate responses to requests from clients.", "Most of the time, this means generating HTML pages in response to HTTP requests, although there are a number of other standard servlet classes available, for example for WebSocket communication.The Java servlet API has to some extent been superseded (but still used under the hood) by two standard Java technologies for web services:* the Java API for RESTful Web Services (JAX-RS 2.0) useful for AJAX, JSON and REST services, and* the Java API for XML Web Services (JAX-WS) useful for SOAP Web Services.Typical implementations of these APIs on Application Servers or Servlet Containers use a standard servlet for handling all interactions with the HTTP requests and responses that delegate to the web service methods for the actual business logic.===JavaServer Pages===JavaServer Pages (JSP) are server-side Java EE components that generate responses, typically HTML pages, to HTTP requests from clients.", "JSPs embed Java code in an HTML page by using the special delimiters and %>.", "A JSP is compiled to a Java ''servlet'', a Java application in its own right, the first time it is accessed.", "After that, the generated servlet creates the response.===Swing application===Swing is a graphical user interface library for the Java SE platform.", "It is possible to specify a different look and feel through the pluggable look and feel system of Swing.", "Clones of Windows, GTK+, and Motif are supplied by Sun.", "Apple also provides an Aqua look and feel for macOS.", "Where prior implementations of these looks and feels may have been considered lacking, Swing in Java SE 6 addresses this problem by using more native GUI widget drawing routines of the underlying platforms.===JavaFX application===JavaFX is a software platform for creating and delivering desktop applications, as well as rich web applications that can run across a wide variety of devices.", "JavaFX is intended to replace Swing as the standard GUI library for Java SE, but since JDK 11 JavaFX has not been in the core JDK and instead in a separate module.", "JavaFX has support for desktop computers and web browsers on Microsoft Windows, Linux, and macOS.", "JavaFX does not have support for native OS look and feels.===Generics===In 2004, generics were added to the Java language, as part of J2SE 5.0.Prior to the introduction of generics, each variable declaration had to be of a specific type.", "For container classes, for example, this is a problem because there is no easy way to create a container that accepts only specific types of objects.", "Either the container operates on all subtypes of a class or interface, usually Object, or a different container class has to be created for each contained class.", "Generics allow compile-time type checking without having to create many container classes, each containing almost identical code.", "In addition to enabling more efficient code, certain runtime exceptions are prevented from occurring, by issuing compile-time errors.", "If Java prevented all runtime type errors (ClassCastExceptions) from occurring, it would be type safe.In 2016, the type system of Java was proven unsound in that it is possible to use generics to construct classes and methods that allow assignment of an instance one class to a variable of another unrelated class.", "Such code is accepted by the compiler, but fails at run time with a class cast exception." ], [ "Criticism", "Criticisms directed at Java include the implementation of generics, speed, the handling of unsigned numbers, the implementation of floating-point arithmetic, and a history of security vulnerabilities in the primary Java VM implementation HotSpot." ], [ "Class libraries", "The Java Class Library is the standard library, developed to support application development in Java.", "It is controlled by Oracle in cooperation with others through the Java Community Process program.", "Companies or individuals participating in this process can influence the design and development of the APIs.", "This process has been a subject of controversy during the 2010s.", "The class library contains features such as:* The core libraries, which include:** IO/ NIO** Networking (NOTE: new HTTP Client since Java 11)** Reflection** Concurrency** Generics** Scripting/Compiler** Functional programming (Lambda, Streaming)** Collection libraries that implement data structures such as lists, dictionaries, trees, sets, queues and double-ended queue, or stacks** XML Processing (Parsing, Transforming, Validating) libraries** Security** Internationalization and localization libraries* The integration libraries, which allow the application writer to communicate with external systems.", "These libraries include:** The Java Database Connectivity (JDBC) API for database access** Java Naming and Directory Interface (JNDI) for lookup and discovery** Java remote method invocation (RMI) and Common Object Request Broker Architecture (CORBA) for distributed application development** Java Management Extensions (JMX) for managing and monitoring applications* User interface libraries, which include:** The (heavyweight, or native) Abstract Window Toolkit (AWT), which provides GUI components, the means for laying out those components and the means for handling events from those components** The (lightweight) Swing libraries, which are built on AWT but provide (non-native) implementations of the AWT widgetry** APIs for audio capture, processing, and playback** JavaFX* A platform dependent implementation of the Java virtual machine that is the means by which the bytecodes of the Java libraries and third-party applications are executed* Plugins, which enable applets to be run in web browsers* Java Web Start, which allows Java applications to be efficiently distributed to end users across the Internet* Licensing and documentation" ], [ "Documentation", "Javadoc is a comprehensive documentation system, created by Sun Microsystems.", "It provides developers with an organized system for documenting their code.", "Javadoc comments have an extra asterisk at the beginning, i.e.", "the delimiters are /** and */, whereas the normal multi-line comments in Java are delimited by /* and */, and single-line comments start with //." ], [ "Implementations", "Oracle Corporation owns the official implementation of the Java SE platform, due to its acquisition of Sun Microsystems on January 27, 2010.This implementation is based on the original implementation of Java by Sun.", "The Oracle implementation is available for Windows, macOS, Linux, and Solaris.", "Because Java lacks any formal standardization recognized by Ecma International, ISO/IEC, ANSI, or other third-party standards organizations, the Oracle implementation is the de facto standard.The Oracle implementation is packaged into two different distributions: The Java Runtime Environment (JRE) which contains the parts of the Java SE platform required to run Java programs and is intended for end users, and the Java Development Kit (JDK), which is intended for software developers and includes development tools such as the Java compiler, Javadoc, Jar, and a debugger.", "Oracle has also released GraalVM, a high performance Java dynamic compiler and interpreter.OpenJDK is another Java SE implementation that is licensed under the GNU GPL.", "The implementation started when Sun began releasing the Java source code under the GPL.", "As of Java SE 7, OpenJDK is the official Java reference implementation.The goal of Java is to make all implementations of Java compatible.", "Historically, Sun's trademark license for usage of the Java brand insists that all implementations be ''compatible''.", "This resulted in a legal dispute with Microsoft after Sun claimed that the Microsoft implementation did not support Java remote method invocation (RMI) or Java Native Interface (JNI) and had added platform-specific features of their own.", "Sun sued in 1997, and, in 2001, won a settlement of US$20 million, as well as a court order enforcing the terms of the license from Sun.", "As a result, Microsoft no longer ships Java with Windows.Platform-independent Java is essential to Java EE, and an even more rigorous validation is required to certify an implementation.", "This environment enables portable server-side applications." ], [ "Use outside the Java platform", "The Java programming language requires the presence of a software platform in order for compiled programs to be executed.Oracle supplies the Java platform for use with Java.", "The Android SDK is an alternative software platform, used primarily for developing Android applications with its own GUI system.===Android===The Java language is a key pillar in Android, an open source mobile operating system.", "Although Android, built on the Linux kernel, is written largely in C, the Android SDK uses the Java language as the basis for Android applications but does not use any of its standard GUI, SE, ME or other established Java standards.", "The bytecode language supported by the Android SDK is incompatible with Java bytecode and runs on its own virtual machine, optimized for low-memory devices such as smartphones and tablet computers.", "Depending on the Android version, the bytecode is either interpreted by the Dalvik virtual machine or compiled into native code by the Android Runtime.Android does not provide the full Java SE standard library, although the Android SDK does include an independent implementation of a large subset of it.", "It supports Java 6 and some Java 7 features, offering an implementation compatible with the standard library (Apache Harmony).====Controversy====The use of Java-related technology in Android led to a legal dispute between Oracle and Google.", "On May 7, 2012, a San Francisco jury found that if APIs could be copyrighted, then Google had infringed Oracle's copyrights by the use of Java in Android devices.", "District Judge William Alsup ruled on May 31, 2012, that APIs cannot be copyrighted, but this was reversed by the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit in May 2014.On May 26, 2016, the district court decided in favor of Google, ruling the copyright infringement of the Java API in Android constitutes fair use.", "In March 2018, this ruling was overturned by the Appeals Court, which sent down the case of determining the damages to federal court in San Francisco.Google filed a petition for writ of certiorari with the Supreme Court of the United States in January 2019 to challenge the two rulings that were made by the Appeals Court in Oracle's favor.", "On April 5, 2021, the Court ruled 6–2 in Google's favor, that its use of Java APIs should be considered fair use.", "However, the court refused to rule on the copyrightability of APIs, choosing instead to determine their ruling by considering Java's API copyrightable \"purely for argument's sake.\"" ], [ "See also", "* C#* C++* Dalvik, used in old Android versions, replaced by non-JIT Android Runtime* Java Heterogeneous Distributed Computing* List of Java APIs* List of Java frameworks* List of JVM languages* List of Java virtual machines* Comparison of C# and Java* Comparison of Java and C++* Comparison of programming languages" ], [ "References" ], [ "Bibliography", "** * *" ], [ "External links", "***** ''Java Weekly''" ] ]
wikipedia
[ [ "July 9" ], [ "Introduction" ], [ "Events", "===Pre-1600===*118 – Hadrian, who became emperor a year previously on Trajan's death, makes his entry into Rome.", "* 381 – The end of the First Council of Christian bishops convened in Constantinople by the Roman Emperor Theodosius I.", "* 491 – Odoacer makes a night assault with his Heruli guardsmen, engaging Theoderic the Great in Ad Pinetam.", "Both sides suffer heavy losses, but in the end Theodoric forces Odoacer back into Ravenna.", "* 551 – A major earthquake strikes Beirut, triggering a devastating tsunami that affected the coastal towns of Byzantine Phoenicia, causing thousands of deaths.", "* 660 – Korean forces under general Kim Yu-sin of Silla defeat the army of Baekje in the Battle of Hwangsanbeol.", "* 869 – The 8.4–9.0 Sanriku earthquake strikes the area around Sendai in northern Honshu, Japan.", "Inundation from the tsunami extended several kilometers inland.", "* 969 – The Fatimid general Jawhar leads the Friday prayer in Fustat in the name of Caliph al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah, thereby symbolically completing the Fatimid conquest of Egypt.", "*1357 – Emperor Charles IV assists in laying the foundation stone of Charles Bridge in Prague.", "*1386 – The Old Swiss Confederacy makes great strides in establishing control over its territory by soundly defeating the Duchy of Austria in the Battle of Sempach.", "*1401 – Timur attacks the Jalairid Sultanate and destroys Baghdad.", "*1540 – King Henry VIII of England annuls his marriage to his fourth wife, Anne of Cleves.", "*1572 – Nineteen Catholics suffer martyrdom for their beliefs in the Dutch town of Gorkum.===1601–1900===*1609 – Bohemia is granted freedom of religion through the Letter of Majesty by the Holy Roman Emperor, Rudolf II.", "*1701 – A Bourbon force under Nicolas Catinat withdraws from a smaller Habsburg force under Prince Eugene of Savoy in the Battle of Carpi.", "*1745 – French victory in the Battle of Melle allows them to capture Ghent in the days after.", "*1755 – The Braddock Expedition is soundly defeated by a smaller French and Native American force in its attempt to capture Fort Duquesne in what is now downtown Pittsburgh.", "*1762 – Catherine the Great becomes Empress of Russia following the coup against her husband, Peter III.", "*1763 – The Mozart family grand tour of Europe began, lifting the profile of son Wolfgang Amadeus.", "*1776 – George Washington orders the Declaration of Independence to be read out to members of the Continental Army in Manhattan, while thousands of British troops on Staten Island prepare for the Battle of Long Island.", "*1789 – In Versailles, the National Assembly reconstitutes itself as the National Constituent Assembly and begins preparations for a French constitution.", "*1790 – The Swedish Navy captures one third of the Russian Baltic fleet.", "*1793 – The Act Against Slavery in Upper Canada bans the importation of slaves and will free those who are born into slavery after the passage of the Act at 25 years of age.", "*1795 – Financier James Swan pays off the $2,024,899 US national debt that had been accrued during the American Revolution.", "*1807 – The second Treaty of Tilsit is signed between France and Prussia, ending the War of the Fourth Coalition.", "*1810 – Napoleon annexes the Kingdom of Holland as part of the First French Empire.", "*1811 – Explorer David Thompson posts a sign near what is now Sacajawea State Park in Washington state, claiming the Columbia District for the United Kingdom.", "*1815 – Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord becomes the first Prime Minister of France.", "*1816 – Argentina declares independence from Spain.", "*1821 – Four hundred and seventy prominent Cypriots including Archbishop Kyprianos are executed in response to Cypriot aid to the Greek War of Independence.", "*1850 – U.S. President Zachary Taylor dies after eating raw fruit and iced milk; he is succeeded in office by Vice President Millard Fillmore.", "* 1850 – Persian prophet Báb is executed in Tabriz, Persia.", "*1863 – American Civil War: The Siege of Port Hudson ends, giving the Union complete control of the Mississippi River.", "*1868 – The 14th Amendment to the United States Constitution is ratified, guaranteeing African Americans full citizenship and all persons in the United States due process of law.", "*1875 – The Herzegovina Uprising against Ottoman rule begins, which would last until 1878 and have far-reaching implications throughout the Balkans.", "*1877 – The inaugural Wimbledon Championships begins.", "*1893 – Daniel Hale Williams, American heart surgeon, performs the first successful open-heart surgery in United States without anesthesia.", "*1896 – William Jennings Bryan delivers his Cross of Gold speech advocating bimetallism at the 1896 Democratic National Convention in Chicago.", "*1900 – The Federation of Australia is given royal assent.", "* 1900 – The Governor of Shanxi province in North China orders the execution of 45 foreign Christian missionaries and local church members, including children.===1901–present===*1918 – In Nashville, Tennessee, an inbound local train collides with an outbound express, killing 101 and injuring 171 people, making it the deadliest rail accident in United States history.", "*1922 – Johnny Weissmuller swims the 100 meters freestyle in 58.6 seconds breaking the world swimming record and the 'minute barrier'.", "*1926 – Chiang Kai-shek accepts the post of commander-in-chief of the National Revolutionary Army, marking the beginning of the Northern Expedition to unite China under the rule of the Nationalist government.", "*1932 – The state of São Paulo revolts against the Brazilian Federal Government, starting the Constitutionalist Revolution.", "*1937 – The silent film archives of Fox Film Corporation are destroyed by the 1937 Fox vault fire.", "*1943 – World War II: The Allied invasion of Sicily begins, leading to the downfall of Mussolini and forcing Hitler to break off the Battle of Kursk.", "*1944 – World War II: American forces take Saipan, bringing the Japanese archipelago within range of B-29 raids, and causing the downfall of the Tojo government.", "* 1944 – World War II: Continuation War: Finland wins the Battle of Tali–Ihantala, the largest battle ever fought in northern Europe.", "The Red Army withdraws its troops from Ihantala and digs into a defensive position, thus ending the Vyborg–Petrozavodsk Offensive.", "*1955 – The Russell–Einstein Manifesto calls for a reduction of the risk of nuclear warfare.", "*1956 – The 7.7 Amorgos earthquake shakes the Cyclades island group in the Aegean Sea with a maximum Mercalli intensity of IX (''Violent'').", "The shaking and the destructive tsunami that followed left fifty-three people dead.", "A damaging M7.2 aftershock occurred minutes after the mainshock.", "*1958 – A 7.8 strike-slip earthquake in Alaska causes a landslide that produces a megatsunami.", "The runup from the waves reached on the rim of Lituya Bay; five people were killed.", "*1961 – Greece becomes the first member state to join the European Economic Community by signing the Athens Agreement, which was suspended in 1967 during the Greek junta.", "*1962 – Starfish Prime tests the effects of a nuclear test at orbital altitudes.", "*1977 – The Pinochet dictatorship in Chile organises the youth event of Acto de Chacarillas, a ritualised act reminiscent of Francoist Spain.", "*1979 – A car bomb destroys a Renault motor car owned by \"Nazi hunters\" Serge and Beate Klarsfeld outside their home in France in an unsuccessful assassination attempt.", "*1982 – Pan Am Flight 759 crashes in Kenner, Louisiana, killing all 145 people on board and eight others on the ground.", "*1986 – The New Zealand Parliament passes the Homosexual Law Reform Act legalising homosexuality in New Zealand.", "*1993 – The Parliament of Canada passes the Nunavut Act leading to the 1999 creation of Nunavut, dividing the Northwest Territories into arctic (Inuit) and sub-arctic (Dene) lands based on a plebiscite.", "*1995 – The Navaly church bombing is carried out by the Sri Lanka Air Force killing 125 Tamil civilian refugees.", "*1997 – A Fokker 100 from the Brazilian airline TAM launches engineer Fernando Caldeira de Moura Campos into 2,400 meters of free fall after an explosion that depressurized the aircraft.", "*1999 – Days of student protests begin after Iranian police and hardliners attack a student dormitory at the University of Tehran.", "*2002 – The African Union is established in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, replacing the Organisation of African Unity (OAU).", "The organization's first chairman is Thabo Mbeki, President of South Africa.", "*2004 – The Senate Report on Iraqi WMD Intelligence is released by the United States Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, casting doubt on the rationale for the Iraq War.", "*2006 – One hundred and twenty-five people are killed when S7 Airlines Flight 778, an Airbus A310 passenger jet, veers off the runway while landing in wet conditions at Irkutsk Airport in Siberia.", "*2011 – South Sudan gains independence and secedes from Sudan.", "* 2011 – A rally takes place in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia to call for fairer elections in the country." ], [ "Births", "===Pre-1600===*1249 – Emperor Kameyama of Japan (d. 1305)*1455 – Frederick IV of Baden, Dutch bishop (d. 1517)*1511 – Dorothea of Saxe-Lauenburg, queen consort of Denmark and Norway (d. 1571)*1526 – Elizabeth of Austria, Polish noble (d. 1545)*1577 – Thomas West, 3rd Baron De La Warr, English-American soldier and politician, Colonial Governor of Virginia (d. 1618)*1578 – Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor (d. 1637)===1601–1900===*1654 – Emperor Reigen of Japan (d. 1732)*1686 – Philip Livingston, American merchant and politician (d. 1749)*1689 – Alexis Piron, French epigrammatist and playwright (d. 1773)*1721 – Johann Nikolaus Götz, German poet and author (d. 1781)*1753 – William Waldegrave, 1st Baron Radstock, English admiral and politician, 34th Lieutenant Governor of Newfoundland (d. 1825)*1764 – Ann Ward, English author and poet (d. 1823)*1775 – Matthew Lewis, English author and playwright (d. 1818)*1777 – Paavo Ruotsalainen, Finnish farmer and lay preacher (d. 1852)*1800 – Friedrich Gustav Jakob Henle, German physician, pathologist, and anatomist (d. 1885)*1808 – Alexander William Doniphan, American lawyer and colonel (d. 1887)*1819 – Elias Howe, American inventor, invented the sewing machine (d. 1867)*1825 – A. C. Gibbs, American lawyer and politician, 2nd Governor of Oregon (d. 1886)*1828 – Luigi Oreglia di Santo Stefano, Italian cardinal (d. 1913)*1834 – Jan Neruda, Czech journalist and poet (d. 1891)*1836 – Camille of Renesse-Breidbach (d. 1904)*1848 – Robert I, Duke of Parma (d. 1907)*1853 – William Turner Dannat, American painter (d. 1929)*1856 – John Verran, English-Australian politician, 26th Premier of South Australia (d. 1932)*1858 – Franz Boas, German-American anthropologist and linguist (d. 1942)*1867 – Georges Lecomte, French author and playwright (d. 1958)*1879 – Carlos Chagas, Brazilian physician and parasitologist (d. 1934)* 1879 – Ottorino Respighi, Italian composer and conductor (d. 1936)*1887 – James Ormsbee Chapin, American-Canadian painter and illustrator (d. 1975)* 1887 – Saturnino Herrán, Mexican painter (d. 1918)* 1887 – Samuel Eliot Morison, American admiral and historian (d. 1976)*1889 – Léo Dandurand, American-Canadian ice hockey player, coach, and referee (d. 1964)*1893 – George Geary, English cricketer and coach (d. 1981)===1901–present===*1901 – Barbara Cartland, English author (d. 2000)*1902 – Peter Acland, English soldier (d. 1993)*1905 – Clarence Campbell, Canadian ice hockey player and referee (d. 1984)*1907 – Eddie Dean, American singer-songwriter (d. 1999)*1908 – Allamah Rasheed Turabi, Pakistani philosopher and scholar (d. 1973)* 1908 – Minor White, American photographer, critic, and educator (d. 1976)*1909 – Basil Wolverton, American author and illustrator (d. 1978)*1910 – Govan Mbeki, South African anti-apartheid and ANC leader and activist (d. 2001)*1911 – Mervyn Peake, English author and illustrator (d. 1968)* 1911 – John Archibald Wheeler, American physicist and author (d. 2008)*1914 – Willi Stoph, German engineer and politician, 4th Prime Minister of East Germany (d. 1999)* 1914 – Mac Wilson, Australian rules footballer (d. 2017)*1915 – David Diamond, American composer and educator (d. 2005)* 1915 – Lee Embree, American sergeant and photographer (d. 2008)*1916 – Dean Goffin, New Zealand composer (d. 1984)* 1916 – Edward Heath, English colonel and politician; Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, 1970-74 (d. 2005)*1917 – Krystyna Dańko, Polish orphan, survivor of Holocaust (d. 2019)*1918 – Nicolaas Govert de Bruijn, Dutch mathematician and academic (d. 2012)* 1918 – Jarl Wahlström, Finnish 12th General of The Salvation Army (d. 1999)*1921 – David C. Jones, American general (d. 2013)*1922 – Kathleen Booth, British computer scientist and mathematician (d. 2022)* 1922 – Angelines Fernández, Spanish-Mexican actress (d. 1994)* 1922 – Jim Pollard, American basketball player and coach (d. 1993)*1924 – Pierre Cochereau, French organist and composer (d. 1984) *1925 – Guru Dutt, Indian actor, director, and producer (d. 1964)* 1925 – Charles E. Wicks, American engineer, author, and academic (d. 2010)* 1925 – Ronald I. Spiers, American ambassador (d. 2021)*1926 – Murphy Anderson, American illustrator (d. 2015)* 1926 – Ben Roy Mottelson, American-Danish physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2022)* 1926 – Pedro Dellacha, Argentine football defender and coach (d. 2010)* 1926 – Mathilde Krim, Italian-American medical researcher and health educator (d. 2018)*1927 – Ed Ames, American singer and actor (d. 2023) * 1927 – Red Kelly, Canadian ice hockey player, coach, and politician (d. 2019)*1928 – Federico Bahamontes, Spanish cyclist (d. 2023)* 1928 – Vince Edwards, American actor, singer, and director (d. 1996)*1929 – Lee Hazlewood, American singer-songwriter and producer (d. 2007)* 1929 – Jesse McReynolds, American singer and mandolin player (d. 2023) * 1929 – Chi Haotian, Chinese general* 1929 – Hassan II of Morocco (d. 1999)*1930 – K. Balachander, Indian actor, director, producer, and screenwriter (d. 2014)* 1930 – Buddy Bregman, American composer and conductor (d. 2017)* 1930 – Janice Lourie, American computer scientist and graphic artist* 1930 – Elsa Lystad, Norwegian actress* 1930 – Patricia Newcomb, American publicist * 1930 – Roy McLean, South African cricketer and rugby player (d. 2007)*1931 – Haynes Johnson, American journalist and author (d. 2013)* 1931 – Sylvia Bacon, American judge*1932 – Donald Rumsfeld, American captain and politician, 13th United States Secretary of Defense (d. 2021)* 1932 – Amitzur Shapira, Israeli sprinter and long jumper (d. 1972)*1933 – Oliver Sacks, English-American neurologist, author, and academic (d. 2015)*1934 – Michael Graves, American architect, designed the Portland Building and the Humana Building (d. 2015)*1935 – Wim Duisenberg, Dutch economist and politician, Dutch Minister of Finance (d. 2005)* 1935 – Mercedes Sosa, Argentine singer and activist (d. 2009)* 1935 – Michael Williams, English actor (d. 2001)*1936 – June Jordan, American poet and educator (d. 2002)* 1936 – David Zinman, American violinist and conductor*1937 – David Hockney, English painter and photographer*1938 – Brian Dennehy, American actor (d. 2020)* 1938 – Sanjeev Kumar, Indian film actor (d. 1985)*1940 – David B. Frohnmayer, American lawyer and politician, 12th Oregon Attorney General (d. 2015)* 1940 – Eugene Victor Wolfenstein, American psychoanalyst and theorist (d. 2010)*1941 – Mac MacLeod, English musician (d. 2020)*1942 – David Chidgey, Baron Chidgey, English engineer and politician (d. 2022)* 1942 – Richard Roundtree, American actor (d. 2023) *1943 – John Casper, American colonel, pilot, and astronaut*1944 – Judith M. Brown, Indian-English historian and academic* 1944 – John Cunniff, American ice hockey player and coach (d. 2002)* 1944 – Tabassum, Indian actress and talk show host (d. 2022)*1945 – Dean Koontz, American author and screenwriter* 1945 – Root Boy Slim, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 1993)*1946 – Bon Scott, Scottish-Australian singer-songwriter (d. 1980)*1947 – Haruomi Hosono, Japanese singer-songwriter, bass player, and producer * 1947 – Mitch Mitchell, English drummer (d. 2008)* 1947 – O. J. Simpson, American football player and actor* 1947 – Patrick Wormald, English historian (d. 2004)*1948 – Hassan Wirajuda, Indonesian lawyer and politician, 15th Indonesian Minister of Foreign Affairs*1949 – Raoul Cédras, Haitian military officer and politician*1950 – Amal ibn Idris al-Alami, Moroccan physician and neurosurgeon* 1950 – Adriano Panatta, Italian tennis player and sailor* 1950 – Viktor Yanukovych, Ukrainian engineer and politician, 4th President of Ukraine*1951 – Chris Cooper, American actor* 1951 – Māris Gailis, Latvian politician, businessman, and former Prime Minister of Latvia *1952 – John Tesh, American pianist, composer, and radio and television host*1953 – Margie Gillis, Canadian dancer and choreographer* 1953 – Thomas Ligotti, American author*1954 – Théophile Abega, Cameroonian footballer and politician (d. 2012)* 1954 – Kevin O'Leary, Canadian journalist and businessman*1955 – Steve Coppell, English footballer and manager* 1955 – Lindsey Graham, American lawyer and politician* 1955 – Jimmy Smits, American actor and producer* 1955 – Willie Wilson, American baseball player and manager*1956 – Tom Hanks, American actor, director, producer, and screenwriter* 1956 – Michael Lederer, American author, poet, and playwright*1957 – Marc Almond, English singer-songwriter * 1957 – Tim Kring, American screenwriter and producer* 1957 – Kelly McGillis, American actress* 1957 – Paul Merton, English comedian, actor, and screenwriter*1958 – Abdul Latiff Ahmad, Malaysian politician* 1958 – Jacob Joseph, Malaysian football coach*1959 – Jim Kerr, Scottish singer-songwriter and keyboard player * 1959 – Kevin Nash, American professional wrestler and actor* 1959 – Clive Stafford Smith, English lawyer and author*1960 – Yūko Asano, Japanese actress and singer* 1960 – Wally Fullerton Smith, Australian rugby league player* 1960 – Eduardo Montes-Bradley, Argentine journalist, photographer, and author*1963 – Klaus Theiss, German footballer*1964 – Courtney Love, American singer-songwriter, guitarist, and actress * 1964 – Gianluca Vialli, Italian footballer and coach (d. 2023)*1965 – Frank Bello, American bass player * 1965 – Thomas Jahn, German director and screenwriter* 1965 – Jason Rhoades, American sculptor (d. 2006)*1966 – Pamela Adlon, American actress and voice artist* 1966 – Zheng Cao, Chinese-American soprano and actress (d. 2013)* 1966 – Gary Glasberg, American television writer and producer (d. 2016) * 1966 – Marco Pennette, American screenwriter and producer*1967 – Gunnar Axén, Swedish politician* 1967 – Yordan Letchkov, Bulgarian footballer* 1967 – Mark Stoops, American football player and coach* 1967 – Julie Thomas, Welsh lawn bowler*1968 – Paolo Di Canio, Italian footballer and manager*1969 – Nicklas Barker, Swedish singer-songwriter and guitarist * 1969 – Jason Kearton, Australian footballer and coach*1970 – Trent Green, American football player and sportscaster* 1970 – Masami Tsuda, Japanese author and illustrator*1971 – Marc Andreessen, American software developer, co-founded Netscape*1972 – Ara Babajian, American drummer and songwriter *1973 – Kelly Holcomb, American football player and sportscaster*1974 – Siân Berry, English environmentalist and politician* 1974 – Ian Bradshaw, Barbadian cricketer* 1974 – Gary Kelly, Irish footballer* 1974 – Kārlis Skrastiņš, Latvian ice hockey player (d. 2011)* 1974 – Nikola Šarčević, Swedish singer-songwriter and bass player *1975 – Shelton Benjamin, American wrestler* 1975 – Isaac Brock, American singer-songwriter and guitarist * 1975 – Robert Koenig, American director, producer, and screenwriter* 1975 – Craig Quinnell, Welsh rugby player* 1975 – Jack White, American singer-songwriter, guitarist, and producer *1976 – Thomas Cichon, Polish-German footballer and manager* 1976 – Fred Savage, American actor, director, and producer* 1976 – Radike Samo, Fijian-Australian rugby player*1978 – Kara Goucher, American runner* 1978 – Nuno Santos, Portuguese footballer*1979 – Gary Chaw, Malaysian Chinese singer-songwriter *1981 – Lee Chun-soo, South Korean footballer* 1981 – Junauda Petrus, American author and performance artist*1982 – Alecko Eskandarian, American soccer player and manager* 1982 – Sakon Yamamoto, Japanese race car driver*1984 – Chris Campoli, Canadian ice hockey player* 1984 – Gianni Fabiano, Italian footballer* 1984 – Jacob Hoggard, Canadian singer-songwriter and guitarist * 1984 – Ave Pajo, Estonian footballer* 1984 – Piia Suomalainen, Finnish tennis player* 1984 – LA Tenorio, Filipino basketball player *1985 – Paweł Korzeniowski, Polish swimmer* 1985 – Ashley Young, English footballer*1986 – Sébastien Bassong, Cameroonian footballer* 1986 – Simon Dumont, American skier* 1986 – Kiely Williams, American singer-songwriter and dancer *1987 – Gert Jõeäär, Estonian cyclist* 1987 – Rebecca Sugar, American animator, composer, and screenwriter*1988 – Raul Rusescu, Romanian footballer*1990 – Earl Bamber, New Zealand race car driver* 1990 – Fábio, Brazilian footballer* 1990 – Rafael, Brazilian footballer*1991 – Mitchel Musso, American actor and singer *1993 – Mitch Larkin, Australian swimmer* 1993 – DeAndre Yedlin, American footballer*1999 – Claire Corlett, American voice actress*2003 – Conor Bradley, Northern Irish footballer" ], [ "Deaths", "===Pre-1600===* 230 – Empress Dowager Bian, Cao Cao's wife (b.", "159)* 518 – Anastasius I Dicorus, Byzantine emperor (b.", "430)* 715 – Naga, Japanese prince (b.c 637)* 880 – Ariwara no Narihira, Japanese poet (b.", "825)* 981 – Ramiro Garcés, king of Viguera*1169 – Guido of Ravenna, Italian cartographer, entomologist and historian*1228 – Stephen Langton, English cardinal and theologian (b.", "1150)*1270 – Stephen Báncsa, Hungarian cardinal (b. c. 1205)*1386 – Leopold III, Duke of Austria (b.", "1351)*1441 – Jan van Eyck, Dutch painter (b.", "1359)*1546 – Robert Maxwell, 5th Lord Maxwell, Scottish statesman (b. c. 1493)*1553 – Maurice, Elector of Saxony (b.", "1521)===1601–1900===*1654 – Ferdinand IV, King of the Romans (b.", "1633)*1706 – Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville, Canadian captain and explorer (b.", "1661)*1737 – Gian Gastone de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany (b.", "1671)*1742 – John Oldmixon, English historian, poet, and playwright (b.", "1673)*1746 – Philip V of Spain (b.", "1683)*1747 – Giovanni Bononcini, Italian cellist and composer (b.", "1670)*1766 – Jonathan Mayhew, American minister (b.", "1720)*1774 – Anna Morandi Manzolini, Spanish anatomist (b.", "1714)*1795 – Henry Seymour Conway, English general and politician, Secretary of State for the Northern Department (b.", "1721)*1797 – Edmund Burke, Irish-English philosopher, academic, and politician (b.", "1729)*1828 – Cathinka Buchwieser, German operatic singer and actress (b.", "1789)*1850 – Báb, Persian religious leader, founded Bábism (b.", "1819)* 1850 – Zachary Taylor, American general and politician, 12th President of the United States (b.", "1784)*1852 – Thomas McKean Thompson McKennan, American lawyer and politician, 2nd United States Secretary of the Interior (b.", "1794)*1856 – Amedeo Avogadro, Italian chemist and academic (b.", "1776)* 1856 – James Strang, American religious leader and politician (b.", "1813)*1880 – Paul Broca, French physician and anatomist (b.", "1824)*1882 – Ignacio Carrera Pinto, Chilean captain (b.", "1848)===1901–present===*1903 – Alphonse François Renard, Belgian geologist and photographer (b.", "1842)*1927 – John Drew, Jr., American actor (b.", "1853)*1932 – King Camp Gillette, American businessman, founded the Gillette Company (b.", "1855)*1935 – Daniel Edward Howard, 16th president of Liberia (b.", "1861)*1937 – Oliver Law, American commander (b.", "1899)*1938 – Benjamin N. Cardozo, American lawyer and jurist (b.", "1870)*1947 – Lucjan Żeligowski, Polish-Lithuanian general and politician (b.", "1865)*1949 – Fritz Hart, English-Australian composer and conductor (b.", "1874)*1951 – Harry Heilmann, American baseball player and sportscaster (b.", "1894)*1955 – Don Beauman, English race car driver (b.", "1928)* 1955 – Adolfo de la Huerta, Mexican politician and provisional president, 1920 (b.", "1881)*1959 – Ferenc Talányi, Slovene journalist and painter (b.", "1883)*1962 – Georges Bataille, French philosopher, novelist, and poet (b.", "1897)*1961 – Whittaker Chambers, American spy and witness in Hiss case(b.", "1901)*1967 – Eugen Fischer, German physician and academic (b.", "1874)* 1967 – Fatima Jinnah, Pakistani dentist and politician (b.", "1893)*1970 – Sigrid Holmquist, Swedish actress (b.", "1899) *1971 – Karl Ast, Estonian author and politician (b.", "1886)*1972 – Robert Weede, American opera singer (b.", "1903)*1974 – Earl Warren, American jurist and politician, 14th Chief Justice of the United States (b.", "1891)*1977 – Alice Paul, American activist (b.", "1885)*1979 – Cornelia Otis Skinner, American actress and author (b.", "1899)*1980 – Vinicius de Moraes, Brazilian poet, playwright, and composer (b.", "1913)*1984 – Edna Ernestine Kramer, American mathematician (b.", "1902)*1985 – Charlotte, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg (b.", "1896)* 1985 – Jimmy Kinnon, Scottish-American activist, founded Narcotics Anonymous (b.", "1911)*1986 – Patriarch Nicholas VI of Alexandria (b.", "1915)*1992 – Kelvin Coe, Australian ballet dancer (b.", "1946)* 1992 – Eric Sevareid, American journalist (b.", "1912)*1993 – Metin Altıok, Turkish poet and educator (b.", "1940)*1994 – Bill Mosienko, Canadian ice hockey player (b.", "1921)*1996 – Melvin Belli, American lawyer (b.", "1907)*1999 – Robert de Cotret, Canadian politician, 56th Secretary of State for Canada (b.", "1944)*2000 – Doug Fisher, English actor (b.", "1941)*2002 – Mayo Kaan, American bodybuilder (b.", "1914)* 2002 – Rod Steiger, American actor (b.", "1925)*2004 – Paul Klebnikov, American journalist and historian (b.", "1963)* 2004 – Isabel Sanford, American actress (b.", "1917)*2005 – Chuck Cadman, Canadian engineer and politician (b.", "1948)* 2005 – Yevgeny Grishin, Russian speed skater (b.", "1931)* 2005 – Alex Shibicky, Canadian ice hockey player (b.", "1914)*2006 – Milan Williams, American keyboard player and producer (b.", "1948)*2007 – Charles Lane, American actor (b.", "1905)*2008 – Séamus Brennan, Irish accountant and politician, Minister for Transport, Tourism and Sport (b.", "1948)*2010 – Jessica Anderson, Australian author and playwright (b.", "1916)*2011 – Don Ackerman, American basketball player (b.", "1930)* 2011 – Facundo Cabral, Argentine singer-songwriter (b.", "1937)*2012 – Shin Jae-chul, South Korean-American martial artist (b.", "1936)* 2012 – Chick King, American baseball player (b.", "1930)* 2012 – Terepai Maoate, Cook Islander physician and politician, 6th Prime Minister of the Cook Islands (b.", "1934)* 2012 – Eugênio Sales, Brazilian cardinal (b.", "1920)*2013 – Markus Büchel, Liechtensteiner politician, 9th Prime Minister of Liechtenstein (b.", "1959)* 2013 – Andrew Nori, Solomon lawyer and politician (b.", "1952)* 2013 – Kiril of Varna, Bulgarian metropolitan (b.", "1954)* 2013 – Barbara Robinson, American author and poet (b.", "1927)* 2013 – Toshi Seeger, American activist, co-founded the Clearwater Festival (b.", "1922)*2014 – Lorenzo Álvarez Florentín, Paraguayan violinist and composer (b.", "1926)* 2014 – David Azrieli, Polish-Canadian businessman and philanthropist (b.", "1922)* 2014 – Eileen Ford, American businesswoman, co-founded Ford Models (b.", "1922)* 2014 – John Spinks, English guitarist and songwriter (b.", "1953)*2015 – Christian Audigier, French fashion designer (b.", "1958)* 2015 – Saud bin Faisal bin Abdulaziz Al Saud, Saudi Arabian economist and politician, Saudi Arabian Minister of Foreign Affairs (b.", "1940)*2019 – William E. Dannemeyer, American politician (b.", "1929)* 2019 – Ross Perot, American businessman and politician (b.", "1930)* 2019 – Fernando de la Rúa, 43rd President of Argentina (b.", "1937)* 2019 – Rip Torn, American actor (b.", "1931)* 2019 – Freddie Jones, English actor (b.", "1927)" ], [ "Holidays and observances", "*Arbor Day (Cambodia)*Christian Feast Day:**Agilulfus of Cologne**Amandina of Schakkebroek (one of Martyrs of Southern Hunan)**Blessed Marija Petković**Everilda**Gregorio Grassi (one of Martyrs of Shanxi)**Martyr Saints of China**Martyrs of Gorkum**Our Lady of Itatí**Our Lady of Peace, Octave of the Visitation**Our Lady of the Rosary of Chiquinquirá**Pauline of the Agonizing Heart of Jesus**Stephen Langton, Archbishop of Canterbury (Anglican commemoration)**Veronica Giuliani**July 9 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)*Constitution Day (Australia)*Constitution Day (Palau)*Constitutionalist Revolution Day (São Paulo)*Day of the Employees of the Diplomatic Service (Azerbaijan)*Independence Day, celebrates the declaration of independence of the United Provinces of South America by the Congress of Tucumán in 1816.", "(Argentina)*Independence Day, celebrates the independence of South Sudan from Sudan in 2011.", "*Nunavut Day (Nunavut)" ], [ "Places", "* July 9 Avenue" ], [ "References", "===Bibliography===*" ], [ "External links", "* * *" ] ]
wikipedia
[ [ "Jason" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Jason''' ( ; ) was an ancient Greek mythological hero and leader of the Argonauts, whose quest for the Golden Fleece featured in Greek literature.", "He was the son of Aeson, the rightful king of Iolcos.", "He was married to the sorceress Medea.", "He was also the great-grandson of the messenger god Hermes, through his mother's side.Jason appeared in various literary works in the classical world of Greece and Rome, including the epic poem ''Argonautica'' and the tragedy ''Medea''.", "In the modern world, Jason has emerged as a character in various adaptations of his myths, such as the 1963 film ''Jason and the Argonauts'' and the 2000 TV miniseries of the same name." ], [ "Persecution by Pelias", "Pelias, king of Iolcos, stops on the steps of a temple as he recognises young Jason by his missing sandal; Roman fresco from Pompeii, 20-25 AD.Pelias (Aeson's half-brother) was power-hungry and sought to gain dominion over all of Thessaly.", "Pelias was the progeny of a union between their shared mother, Tyro (\"high born Tyro\"), the daughter of Salmoneus, and the sea god Poseidon.", "In a bitter feud, he overthrew Aeson (the rightful king), killing all the descendants of Aeson that he could.", "He spared his half-brother for unknown reasons.Aeson's wife Alcimede I had a newborn son named Jason, whom she saved from Pelias by having female attendants cluster around the infant and cry as if he were stillborn.", "Fearing that Pelias would eventually notice and kill her son, Alcimede sent him away to be reared by the centaur Chiron.", "She claimed that she had been having an affair with him all along.", "Pelias, fearing that his ill-gotten kingship might be challenged, consulted an oracle, who warned him to beware of a man wearing only one sandal.Many years later, Pelias was holding games in honor of Poseidon when the grown Jason arrived in Iolcus, having lost one of his sandals in the river Anauros (\"wintry Anauros\") while helping an old woman (actually the goddess Hera in disguise) to cross.", "She blessed him, for she knew what Pelias had planned.", "When Jason entered Iolcus (present-day city of Volos), he was announced as a man wearing only one sandal.", "Jason, aware that he was the rightful king, so informed Pelias.", "Pelias replied, \"To take my throne, which you shall, you must go on a quest to find the Golden Fleece.\"", "Jason readily accepted this condition." ], [ "The Argonauts and the Quest for the Golden Fleece", "Jason assembled for his crew, a number of heroes, known as the Argonauts after their ship, the ''Argo''.", "The group of heroes included:*Acastus;*Admetus;*Argus, the eponymous builder of the Argo;*Atalanta;*Augeas;* the winged Boreads, Zetes & Calaïs;*the Dioscuri, Castor & Polydeuces;*Euphemus;*Heracles;*Idas;*Idmon, the seer;*Lynceus;*Meleager;*Orpheus;*Peleus;*Philoctetes;*Telamon; and*Tiphys, the helmsman===The Isle of Lemnos===The isle of Lemnos is situated in the north Aegean Sea, near the Western coast of Asia Minor (modern day Turkey).The island was inhabited by a race of women who had killed their husbands.", "The women had neglected their worship of Aphrodite, and as a punishment the goddess made the women so foul in stench that their husbands could not bear to be near them.", "The men then took concubines from the Thracian mainland opposite, and the spurned women, angry at Aphrodite, killed all the male inhabitants while they slept.", "The king, Thoas, was saved by Hypsipyle, his daughter, who put him out to sea sealed in a chest from which he was later rescued.", "The women of Lemnos lived for a while without men, with Hypsipyle as their queen.", "During the visit of the Argonauts the women mingled with the men creating a new \"race\" called Minyae.", "Jason fathered twins with the queen.", "Heracles pressured them to leave as he was disgusted by the antics of the Argonauts.", "He had not taken part, which is truly unusual considering the numerous affairs he had with other women.===Cyzicus===After Lemnos the Argonauts landed among the Doliones, whose king Cyzicus treated them graciously.", "He told them about the land beyond Bear Mountain, but forgot to mention what lived there.", "What lived in the land beyond Bear Mountain were the Gegeines, which are a tribe of Earthborn giants with six arms who wore leather loincloths.", "While most of the crew went into the forest to search for supplies, the Gegeines saw that few Argonauts were guarding the ship and raided it.", "Heracles was among those guarding the ship at the time and managed to kill most of them before Jason and the others returned.", "Once some of the other Gegeines were killed, Jason and the Argonauts set sail.The Argonauts departed, losing their bearings and landing again at the same spot that night.", "In the darkness, the Doliones took them for enemies and they started fighting each other.", "The Argonauts killed many of the Doliones, among them the king Cyzicus.", "Cyzicus' wife killed herself.", "The Argonauts realized their horrible mistake when dawn came and held a funeral for him.===Phineus and the harpies===Soon, Jason reached the court of Phineus of Salmydessus in Thrace.", "Zeus had sent the harpies to steal the food put out for Phineus each day.", "Jason took pity on the emaciated king and killed the Harpies when they returned; in other versions, Calais and Zetes chase the harpies away.", "In return for this favor, Phineus revealed to Jason the location of Colchis and how to pass the Symplegades, or The Clashing Rocks, and then they parted.Jason bringing Pelias the Golden Fleece, Apulian red-figure calyx krater, –330 BC, Louvre===The Symplegades===The only way to reach Colchis was to sail through the Symplegades (Clashing Rocks), huge rock cliffs that came together and crushed anything that traveled between them.", "Phineus told Jason to release a dove when they approached these islands, and if the dove made it through, to row with all their might.", "If the dove was crushed, he was doomed to fail.", "Jason released the dove as advised, which made it through, losing only a few tail feathers.", "Seeing this, they rowed strongly and made it through with minor damage at the extreme stern of the ship.", "From that time on, the clashing rocks were forever joined leaving free passage for others to pass.===The arrival in Colchis===Jason arrived in Colchis (modern Black Sea coast of Georgia) to claim the fleece as his own.", "It was owned by King Aeetes of Colchis.", "The fleece was given to him by Phrixus.", "Aeetes promised to give it to Jason only if he could perform three certain tasks.", "Presented with the tasks, Jason became discouraged and fell into depression.", "However, Hera had persuaded Aphrodite to convince her son Eros to make Aeetes' daughter, Medea, fall in love with Jason.", "As a result, Medea aided Jason in his tasks.First, Jason had to plow a field with fire-breathing oxen, the Khalkotauroi, that he had to yoke himself.", "Medea provided an ointment that protected him from the oxen's flames.", "Then, Jason sowed the teeth of a dragon into a field.", "The teeth sprouted into an army of warriors (spartoi).", "Medea had previously warned Jason of this and told him how to defeat this foe.Before they attacked him, he threw a rock into the crowd.", "Unable to discover where the rock had come from, the soldiers attacked and defeated one another.", "His last task was to overcome the sleepless dragon which guarded the Golden Fleece.", "Jason sprayed the dragon with a potion, given by Medea, distilled from herbs.", "The dragon fell asleep, and Jason was able to seize the Golden Fleece.", "He then sailed away with Medea.", "Medea distracted her father, who chased them as they fled, by killing her brother Apsyrtus and throwing pieces of his body into the sea; Aeetes stopped to gather them.", "In another version, Medea lured Apsyrtus into a trap.", "Jason killed him, chopped off his fingers and toes, and buried the corpse.", "In any case, Jason and Medea escaped." ], [ "The return journey", "Jason and Medea - as depicted by John William Waterhouse, 1907.On the way back to Iolcus, Medea prophesied to Euphemus, the Argo's helmsman, that one day he would rule Cyrene.", "This came true through Battus, a descendant of Euphemus.", "Zeus, as punishment for the slaughter of Medea's own brother, sent a series of storms at the ''Argo'' and blew it off course.", "The ''Argo'' then spoke and said that they should seek purification with Circe, a nymph living on the island of Aeaea.", "After being cleansed, they continued their journey home.===Sirens===Chiron had told Jason that without the aid of Orpheus, the Argonauts would never be able to pass the Sirens—the same Sirens encountered by Odysseus in Homer's epic poem the ''Odyssey''.", "The Sirens lived on three small, rocky islands called Sirenum scopuli and sang beautiful songs that enticed sailors to come to them, which resulted in the crashing of their ship into the islands.", "When Orpheus heard their voices, he drew his lyre and played music that was more beautiful and louder, drowning out the Sirens' bewitching songs.===Talos===The ''Argo'' then came to the island of Crete, guarded by the bronze man, Talos.", "As the ship approached, Talos hurled huge stones at the ship, keeping it at bay.", "Talos had one ichor vessel which went from his neck to his ankle, bound shut by only one bronze nail (as in metal casting by the lost wax method).", "Medea cast a spell on Talos to calm him; she removed the bronze nail and Talos bled to death.", "The ''Argo'' was then able to sail on.===Jason returns===Jason and the SnakeThomas Bulfinch has an antecedent to the interaction of Medea and the daughters of Pelias.", "Jason, celebrating his return with the Golden Fleece, noted that his father was too aged and infirm to participate in the celebrations.", "He had seen and been served by Medea's magical powers.", "He asked Medea to take some years from his life and add them to the life of his father.", "She did so, but at no such cost to Jason's life.", "Medea withdrew the blood from Aeson's body and infused it with certain herbs; putting it back into his veins, returning vigor to him.", "Pelias' daughters saw this and wanted the same service for their father.Medea, using her sorcery, claimed to Pelias' daughters that she could make their father smooth and vigorous as a child by chopping him up into pieces and boiling the pieces in a cauldron of water and magical herbs.", "She demonstrated this remarkable feat with the oldest ram in the flock, which leapt out of the cauldron as a lamb.", "The girls, rather naively, sliced and diced their father and put him in the cauldron.", "Medea did not add the magical herbs, and Pelias was dead.", "Pelias' son, Acastus, drove Jason and Medea into exile for the murder, and the couple settled in Corinth.===Treachery of Jason===In Corinth, Jason became engaged to marry Creusa (sometimes referred to as Glauce), a daughter of the King of Corinth, to strengthen his political ties.", "When Medea confronted Jason about the engagement and cited all the help she had given him, he retorted that it was not she that he should thank, but Aphrodite who made Medea fall in love with him.", "Infuriated with Jason for breaking his vow that he would be hers forever, Medea took her revenge by presenting to Creusa a cursed dress, as a wedding gift, that stuck to her body and burned her to death as soon as she put it on.Creusa's father, Creon, burned to death with his daughter as he tried to save her.", "Then Medea killed the two boys that she bore to Jason, fearing that they would be murdered or enslaved as a result of their mother's actions.", "When Jason learned of this, Medea was already gone.", "She fled to Athens in a chariot of dragons sent by her grandfather, the sun-god Helios.Although Jason calls Medea most hateful to gods and men, the fact that the chariot is given to her by Helios indicates that she still has the gods on her side.", "As Bernard Knox points out, Medea's last scene with concluding appearances parallels that of a number of indisputably divine beings in other plays by Euripides.", "Just like these gods, Medea \"interrupts and puts a stop to the violent action of the human being on the lower level, ... justifies her savage revenge on the grounds that she has been treated with disrespect and mockery, ... takes measures and gives orders for the burial of the dead, prophesies the future\", and \"announces the foundation of a cult\".Later Jason and Peleus, father of the hero Achilles, attacked and defeated Acastus, reclaiming the throne of Iolcus for himself once more.", "Jason's son, Thessalus, then became king.As a result of breaking his vow to love Medea forever, Jason lost his favor with Hera and died lonely and unhappy.", "He was asleep under the stem of the rotting ''Argo'' when it fell on him, killing him instantly." ], [ "Family", "===Parentage===Jason with the Golden Fleece'' by Bertel ThorvaldsenJason's father is invariably Aeson, but there is great variation as to his mother's name.", "According to various authors, she could be:*Alcimede, daughter of Phylacus and Clymene* Polymede, or Polymele, or Polypheme, a daughter of Autolycus*Amphinome* Theognete, daughter of Laodicus*Rhoeo* Arne or ScarpheJason was also said to have had a younger brother, Promachus.=== Children ===Children by Medea:*Alcimenes, murdered by Medea.", "*Thessalus, twin of Alcimenes and king of Iolcus.", "*Tisander, murdered by Medea*Mermeros killed either by the Corinthians or by Medea*Pheres, as above*Eriopis, their only daughter*Medus or Polyxenus, otherwise son of Aegeus*Argus*seven sons and seven daughtersChildren by Hypsipyle:*Euneus, King of Lemnos and his twin*Nebrophonus or*Deipylus or*Thoas+Comparative table of Jason's familyRelationNameSource''(Sch.", "on) Homer''''(Sch.", "on) Euripides''''(Sch.", "on) Apollonius''''Diodorus''''Valerius''''Apollodorus''''Ptolemy''''Pausanias''''Hyginus''''Tzetzes''''Smith''''Parentage''Aeson and Polymele or✓✓Aeson and Polypheme or✓Aeson and Polymede✓✓Aeson and Alcimede✓✓✓Aeson and Theognete✓Aeson and Amphinome✓Aeson and Rhoe✓Aeson and Arne✓Aeson and Scarphe✓''Sibling''Promachus✓✓''Consort''Medea✓✓✓✓✓✓✓Hypsipyle✓✓✓''Children''Mermeros✓✓✓Pheres✓✓✓Alcimenes✓Thessalus✓Tisandrus✓7 sons & 7 daughters✓Eriopis✓Medus or Polyxemus✓Argus✓Euneus✓✓✓Nebrophonus✓Deipylus✓Thoas✓" ], [ "In literature", "Though some of the episodes of Jason's story draw on ancient material, the definitive telling, on which this account relies, is that of Apollonius of Rhodes in his epic poem ''Argonautica'', written in Alexandria in the late 3rd century BC.Another ''Argonautica'' was written by Gaius Valerius Flaccus in the late 1st century AD, eight books in length.", "The poem ends abruptly with the request of Medea to accompany Jason on his homeward voyage.", "It is unclear if part of the epic poem has been lost, or if it was never finished.", "A third version is the ''Argonautica Orphica'', which emphasizes the role of Orpheus in the story.Jason is briefly mentioned in Dante's ''Divine Comedy'' in the poem ''Inferno''.", "He appears in the Canto XVIII.", "In it, he is seen by Dante and his guide Virgil being punished in Hell's Eighth Circle (Bolgia 1) by being driven to march through the circle for all eternity while being whipped by devils.", "He is included among the panderers and seducers (possibly for his seduction and subsequent abandoning of Medea).The story of Medea's revenge on Jason is told with devastating effect by Euripides in his tragedy ''Medea''.William Morris wrote an English epic poem, ''The Life and Death of Jason'', published in 1867.In the 1898 short novel ''The Story of Perseus and the Gorgon's Head'' the mythical story of Jason is described.Padraic Colum wrote an adaptation for children, ''The Golden Fleece and the Heroes Who Lived Before Achilles'', illustrated by Willy Pogany and published in 1921.The mythical geography of the voyage of the Argonauts has been connected to specific geographic locations by Livio Stecchini but his theories have not been widely adopted." ], [ "Popular culture", "Jason portrayed by Todd Armstrong in ''Jason and the Argonauts'' (1963).Jason appeared in the ''Hercules'' episode \"Hercules and the Argonauts\" voiced by William Shatner.", "He is shown to have been a student of Philoctetes and takes his advice to let Hercules travel with him.In the series ''The Heroes of Olympus''s first novel ''The Lost Hero'', there was a reference to the mythical Jason when Jason Grace and his friends encounter Medea.The BBC series ''Atlantis'', which premiered in 2013, featured Jason as the protagonist." ], [ "See also", "* Cape Jason* Mermeros and Pheres* Jason in popular culture" ], [ "Explanatory notes" ], [ "References", "===Notes======Bibliography===* Alain Moreau, ''Le Mythe de Jason et Médée.", "Le Va-nu-pied et la Sorcière''.", "Paris: Les Belles Lettres, collection «Vérité des mythes», 2006 ().", "*Apollodorus, ''The Library'' with an English Translation by Sir James George Frazer, F.B.A., F.R.S.", "in 2 Volumes, Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1921.ISBN 0-674-99135-4.Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.", "Greek text available from the same website.", "*Apollonius Rhodius, ''Argonautica'' translated by Robert Cooper Seaton (1853-1915), R. C. Loeb Classical Library Volume 001.London, William Heinemann Ltd, 1912.Online version at the Topos Text Project.", "*Apollonius Rhodius, ''Argonautica''.", "George W. Mooney.", "London.", "Longmans, Green.", "1912.Greek text available at the Perseus Digital Library.", "*Bulfinch's Mythology, Medea and Aeson.", "*Diodorus Siculus, ''The Library of History'' translated by Charles Henry Oldfather.", "Twelve volumes.", "Loeb Classical Library.", "Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press; London: William Heinemann, Ltd. 1989.Vol.", "3.Books 4.59–8.Online version at Bill Thayer's Web Site*Diodorus Siculus, ''Bibliotheca Historica.", "Vol 1-2''.", "Immanel Bekker.", "Ludwig Dindorf.", "Friedrich Vogel.", "in aedibus B. G. Teubneri.", "Leipzig.", "1888–1890.Greek text available at the Perseus Digital Library.", "*Gaius Julius Hyginus, ''Fabulae from The Myths of Hyginus'' translated and edited by Mary Grant.", "University of Kansas Publications in Humanistic Studies.", "Online version at the Topos Text Project.", "*Gaius Valerius Flaccus, ''Argonautica'' translated by Mozley, J H. Loeb Classical Library Volume 286.Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1928.Online version at theio.com.", "*Gaius Valerius Flaccus, ''Argonauticon.''", "Otto Kramer.", "Leipzig.", "Teubner.", "1913.Latin text available at the Perseus Digital Library.", "*Hesiod, ''Catalogue of Women'' from ''Homeric Hymns, Epic Cycle, Homerica'' translated by Evelyn-White, H G. Loeb Classical Library Volume 57.London: William Heinemann, 1914.Online version at theio.com*King, David.", "''Finding Atlantis: A True Story of Genius, Madness, and an Extraordinary Quest for a Lost World''.", "Harmony Books, New York, 1970.", "(Based on works of Olof Rudbeck 1630–1702.", ")*Powell, B.", "The Voyage of the ''Argo''.", "In Classical Myth.", "Upper Saddle River, NJ.", "Prentice Hall.", "2001.pp. 477–489.", "*Publius Ovidius Naso, ''The Epistles of Ovid.''", "London.", "J. Nunn, Great-Queen-Street; R. Priestly, 143, High-Holborn; R. Lea, Greek-Street, Soho; and J. Rodwell, New-Bond-Street.", "1813.Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.", "*Publius Ovidius Naso, ''Metamorphoses'' translated by Brookes More (1859-1942).", "Boston, Cornhill Publishing Co. 1922.Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.", "*Publius Ovidius Naso, ''Metamorphoses.''", "Hugo Magnus.", "Gotha (Germany).", "Friedr.", "Andr.", "Perthes.", "1892.Latin text available at the Perseus Digital Library." ], [ "External links", "* * The Story of Jason and the Argonauts Read the classic heroic myth, in modern English prose.", "* Jason and the Argonauts, extensive site by Jason Colavito* Timeless Myths – Argonauts, a summary of Jason and his Quest for the Golden Fleece" ] ]
wikipedia
[ [ "July 24" ], [ "Introduction" ], [ "Events", "===Pre-1600===*1132 – Battle of Nocera between Ranulf II of Alife and Roger II of Sicily.", "*1148 – Louis VII of France lays siege to Damascus during the Second Crusade.", "*1304 – Wars of Scottish Independence: Fall of Stirling Castle: King Edward I of England takes the stronghold using the War Wolf.", "*1411 – Battle of Harlaw, one of the bloodiest battles in Scotland, takes place.", "*1412 – Behnam Hadloyo becomes Syriac Orthodox Patriarch of Mardin.", "*1487 – Citizens of Leeuwarden, Netherlands, strike against a ban on foreign beer.", "*1534 – French explorer Jacques Cartier plants a cross on the Gaspé Peninsula and takes possession of the territory in the name of Francis I of France.", "*1567 – Mary, Queen of Scots, is forced to abdicate and be replaced by her one-year-old son James VI.===1601–1900===*1701 – Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac founds the trading post at Fort Pontchartrain, which later becomes the city of Detroit.", "*1712 – War of the Spanish Succession: The French under Marshal Villars win a decisive victory over Eugene of Savoy at Denain.", "*1847 – After 17 months of travel, Brigham Young leads 148 Mormon pioneers into Salt Lake Valley, resulting in the establishment of Salt Lake City.", "* 1847 – Richard March Hoe, American inventor, patented the rotary-type printing press.", "*1864 – American Civil War: Battle of Kernstown: Confederate General Jubal Early defeats Union troops led by General George Crook in an effort to keep them out of the Shenandoah Valley.", "*1866 – Reconstruction: Tennessee becomes the first U.S. state to be readmitted to Congress following the American Civil War.===1901–present===*1901 – O. Henry is released from prison in Columbus, Ohio, after serving three years for embezzlement from a bank.", "*1910 – The Ottoman Empire captures the city of Shkodër, putting down the Albanian Revolt of 1910.", "*1911 – Hiram Bingham III re-discovers Machu Picchu, \"the Lost City of the Incas\".", "*1915 – The passenger ship capsizes while tied to a dock in the Chicago River.", "A total of 844 passengers and crew are killed in the largest loss of life disaster from a single shipwreck on the Great Lakes.", "*1922 – The draft of the British Mandate of Palestine was formally confirmed by the Council of the League of Nations; it came into effect on 26 September 1923.", "*1923 – The Treaty of Lausanne, settling the boundaries of modern Turkey, is signed in Switzerland by Greece, Bulgaria and other countries that fought in World War I.", "*1924 – Themistoklis Sofoulis becomes Prime Minister of Greece.", "*1927 – The Menin Gate war memorial is unveiled at Ypres.", "*1929 – The Kellogg–Briand Pact, renouncing war as an instrument of foreign policy, goes into effect (it is first signed in Paris on August 27, 1928, by most leading world powers).", "*1935 – The Dust Bowl heat wave reaches its peak, sending temperatures to 109 °F (43 °C) in Chicago and 104 °F (40 °C) in Milwaukee.", "*1943 – World War II: Operation Gomorrah begins: British and Canadian aeroplanes bomb Hamburg by night, and American planes bomb the city by day.", "By the end of the operation in November, 9,000 tons of explosives will have killed more than 30,000 people and destroyed 280,000 buildings.", "*1950 – Cape Canaveral Air Force Station begins operations with the launch of a Bumper rocket.", "*1959 – At the opening of the American National Exhibition in Moscow, U.S. Vice President Richard Nixon and Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev have a \"Kitchen Debate\".", "*1963 – The ship ''Bluenose II'' was launched in Lunenburg, Nova Scotia.", "The schooner is a major Canadian symbol.", "*1966 – Michael Pelkey makes the first BASE jump from El Capitan along with Brian Schubert.", "Both came out with broken bones.", "BASE jumping has now been banned from El Cap.", "*1967 – During an official state visit to Canada, French President Charles de Gaulle declares to a crowd of over 100,000 in Montreal: ''Vive le Québec libre!''", "(\"Long live free Quebec!", "\"); the statement angered the Canadian government and many Anglophone Canadians.", "*1969 – Apollo program: Apollo 11 splashes down safely in the Pacific Ocean.", "*1974 – Watergate scandal: The United States Supreme Court unanimously ruled that President Richard Nixon did not have the authority to withhold subpoenaed White House tapes and they order him to surrender the tapes to the Watergate special prosecutor.", "*1977 – End of a four-day-long Libyan–Egyptian War.", "*1980 – The Quietly Confident Quartet of Australia wins the men's 4 x 100 metre medley relay at the Moscow Olympics, the only time the United States has not won the event at Olympic level.", "*1982 – Heavy rain causes a mudslide that destroys a bridge at Nagasaki, Japan, killing 299.", "*1983 – The Black July anti-Tamil riots begin in Sri Lanka, killing between 400 and 3,000.Black July is generally regarded as the beginning of the Sri Lankan Civil War.", "*1983 – George Brett playing for the Kansas City Royals against the New York Yankees, has a game-winning home run nullified in the \"Pine Tar Incident\".", "*1987 – US supertanker collides with mines laid by IRGC causing a 43-square-meter dent in the body of the oil tanker.", "* 1987 – Hulda Crooks, at 91 years of age, climbed Mt.", "Fuji.", "Crooks became the oldest person to climb Japan's highest peak.", "*1998 – Russell Eugene Weston Jr. bursts into the United States Capitol and opens fire killing two police officers.", "He is later ruled to be incompetent to stand trial.", "*1999 – Air Fiji flight 121 crashes while en route to Nadi, Fiji, killing all 17 people on board.", "*2001 – The Bandaranaike Airport attack is carried out by 14 Tamil Tiger commandos.", "Eleven civilian and military aircraft are destroyed and 15 are damaged.", "All 14 commandos are shot dead, while seven soldiers from the Sri Lanka Air Force are killed.", "In addition, three civilians and an engineer die.", "This incident slowed the Sri Lankan economy.", "*2009 – Aria Air Flight 1525 crashes at Mashhad International Airport, killing 16.", "*2012 – Syrian civil war: The People's Protection Units (YPG) capture the city of Girkê Legê.", "*2013 – A high-speed train derails in Spain rounding a curve with an speed limit at , killing 78 passengers.", "*2014 – Air Algérie Flight 5017 loses contact with air traffic controllers 50 minutes after takeoff.", "It was travelling between Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso and Algiers.", "The wreckage is later found in Mali.", "All 116 people on board are killed.", "*2019 – Boris Johnson becomes Prime Minister of the United Kingdom after defeating Jeremy Hunt in a leadership contest, succeeding Theresa May." ], [ "Births", "===Pre-1600===*1242 – Christina von Stommeln, German Roman Catholic mystic, ecstatic, and stigmatic (d. 1312)*1468 – Catherine of Saxony, Archduchess of Austria (d. 1524)*1529 – Charles II, Margrave of Baden-Durlach (d. 1577)*1561 – Maria of the Palatinate-Simmern (d. 1589)*1574 – Thomas Platter the Younger, Swiss physician and author (d. 1628)===1601–1900===*1660 – Charles Talbot, 1st Duke of Shrewsbury, English politician, Lord High Treasurer (d. 1718)*1689 – Prince William, Duke of Gloucester, son of Queen Anne of Great Britain and Prince George of Denmark (d. 1700)*1725 – John Newton, English sailor and priest (d. 1807)*1757 – Vladimir Borovikovsky, Ukrainian-Russian painter (d. 1825)*1783 – Simón Bolívar, Venezuelan commander and politician, second President of Venezuela (d. 1830)*1786 – Joseph Nicollet, French mathematician and explorer (d. 1843)*1794 – Johan Georg Forchhammer, Danish mineralogist and geologist (d. 1865)*1802 – Alexandre Dumas, French novelist and playwright (d. 1870)*1803 – Adolphe Adam, French composer and critic (d. 1856)* 1803 – Alexander J. Davis, American architect (d. 1892)*1821 – William Poole, American boxer and gangster (d. 1855)*1826 – Jan Gotlib Bloch, Polish theorist and activist (d. 1902)*1851 – Friedrich Schottky, Polish-German mathematician and theorist (d. 1935)*1856 – Émile Picard, French mathematician and academic (d. 1941)*1857 – Henrik Pontoppidan, Danish journalist and author, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1943)* 1857 – Juan Vicente Gómez, Venezuelan general and politician, 27th President of Venezuela (d. 1935)*1860 – Princess Charlotte of Prussia (d. 1919)* 1860 – Alphonse Mucha, Czech painter and illustrator (d. 1939)*1864 – Frank Wedekind, German actor and playwright (d. 1918)*1867 – Fred Tate, English cricketer and coach (d. 1943)*1874 – Oswald Chambers, Scottish minister and author (d. 1917)*1877 – Calogero Vizzini, Italian mob boss (d. 1954)*1878 – Edward Plunkett, 18th Baron of Dunsany, Irish author, poet, and playwright (d. 1957)*1880 – Ernest Bloch, Swiss-American composer and educator (d. 1959)*1884 – Maria Caserini, Italian actress (d. 1969)*1886 – Jun'ichirō Tanizaki, Japanese author (d. 1965)*1888 – Arthur Richardson, Australian cricketer and coach (d. 1973)*1889 – Agnes Meyer Driscoll, American cryptanalyst (d. 1971)*1895 – Robert Graves, English poet, novelist, critic (d. 1985)*1897 – Amelia Earhart, American pilot and author (d. 1937) *1899 – Chief Dan George, Canadian actor (d. 1981)*1900 – Zelda Fitzgerald, American author, visual artist and ballet dancer (d. 1948)===1901–present===*1909 – John William Finn, American lieutenant, Medal of Honor recipient (d. 2010)*1910 – Harry Horner, American director and production designer (d. 1994)*1912 – Essie Summers, New Zealand author (d. 1998)*1913 – Britton Chance, American biologist and sailor (d. 2010)*1914 – Frances Oldham Kelsey, Canadian pharmacologist and physician (d. 2015)* 1914 – Ed Mirvish, American-Canadian businessman and philanthropist (d. 2007)* 1914 – Alan Waddell, Australian walker (d. 2008)*1915 – Enrique Fernando, Filipino lawyer and jurist, 13th Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines (d. 2004)*1916 – John D. MacDonald, American colonel and author (d. 1986)*1917 – Robert Farnon, Canadian trumpet player, composer, and conductor (d. 2005)* 1917 – Jack Moroney, Australian cricketer (d. 1999)*1918 – Ruggiero Ricci, American violinist and educator (d. 2012)*1919 – Robert Marsden Hope, Australian lawyer and judge (d. 1999)* 1919 – Kenneth S. Kleinknecht, NASA manager (d. 2007)* 1919 – John Winkin, American baseball player, coach, and journalist (d. 2014)*1920 – Bella Abzug, American lawyer and politician (d. 1998) * 1920 – Constance Dowling, American model and actress (d. 1969)*1921 – Giuseppe Di Stefano, Italian tenor and actor (d. 2008)* 1921 – Billy Taylor, American pianist and composer (d. 2010)*1922 – Madeleine Ferron, Canadian radio host and author (d. 2010)*1924 – Wilfred Josephs, English composer (d. 1997)* 1924 – Aris Poulianos, Greek anthropologist and archaeologist (d. 2021)*1926 – Grace Glueck, American arts journalist (d. 2022)*1927 – Alex Katz, American painter and sculptor* 1927 – Zara Mints, Russian-Estonian philologist and academic (d. 1990)*1928 – Keshubhai Patel, Indian politician, tenth Chief Minister of Gujarat (d. 2020)*1930 – Alfred Balk, American journalist and author (d. 2010)*1931 – Ermanno Olmi, Italian director, screenwriter, and cinematographer (d. 2018)* 1931 – Éric Tabarly, French commander (d. 1998)*1932 – Gustav Andreas Tammann, German astronomer and academic (d. 2019)*1933 – Doug Sanders, American golfer (d. 2020)*1934 – Willie Davis, American football player (d. 2020)* 1934 – P. S. Soosaithasan, Sri Lankan accountant and politician (d. 2017)*1935 – Aaron Elkins, American author and academic* 1935 – Pat Oliphant, Australian cartoonist* 1935 – Mel Ramos, American painter, illustrator, and academic (d. 2018)* 1935 – Les Reed, English pianist, composer, and conductor (d. 2019)* 1935 – Derek Varnals, South African cricketer (d. 2019)*1936 – Ruth Buzzi, American actress and comedian* 1936 – Mark Goddard, American actor (d. 2023)*1937 – Manoj Kumar, Indian actor, director, producer, and screenwriter* 1937 – Quinlan Terry, English architect, designed the Brentwood Cathedral*1938 – Alexis Jacquemin, Belgian economist and academic (d. 2004)* 1938 – Eugene J. Martin, American painter (d. 2005)* 1938 – John Sparling, New Zealand cricketer*1939 – Walt Bellamy, American basketball player and coach (d. 2013)* 1939 – David Simon, Baron Simon of Highbury, English businessman and politician*1940 – Dan Hedaya, American actor*1941 – John Bond, English banker and businessman*1942 – Heinz, German-English singer-songwriter and bass player (d. 2000)* 1942 – David Miner, American singer-songwriter, guitarist, and producer * 1942 – Chris Sarandon, American actor*1944 – Jim Armstrong, Northern Irish guitarist *1945 – Frank Close, English physicist and academic* 1945 – Azim Premji, Indian businessman and philanthropist* 1945 – Hugh Ross, Canadian-American astrophysicist and astronomer * 1945 – Anthony Watts, English geologist, geophysicist, and academic*1946 – Gallagher, American comedian and actor (d. 2022)* 1946 – Friedhelm Haebermann, German footballer and manager* 1946 – Hervé Vilard, French singer-songwriter*1947 – Zaheer Abbas, Pakistani cricketer and manager* 1947 – Peter Serkin, American pianist and educator (d. 2020)*1948 – Marc Racicot, American politician, 21st Governor of Montana*1949 – Michael Richards, American actor and comedian *1950 – Jadranka Stojaković, Yugoslav singer-songwriter (d. 2016)*1951 – Lynda Carter, American actress * 1951 – Chris Smith, Baron Smith of Finsbury, English politician, Secretary of State for Culture, Media and Sport*1952 – Ian Cairns, Australian surfer* 1952 – Gus Van Sant, American director, producer, and screenwriter*1953 – Jon Faddis, American trumpet player, composer, and conductor* 1953 – Tadashi Kawamata, Japanese contemporary artist* 1953 – Claire McCaskill, American lawyer and politician* 1953 – James Newcome, English bishop*1954 – Erdoğan Arıca, Turkish footballer and manager (d. 2012)* 1954 – Jorge Jesus, Portuguese footballer and manager *1956 – Charlie Crist, American lawyer and politician, 44th Governor of Florida*1957 – Pam Tillis, American singer-songwriter, guitarist, and actress*1958 – Jim Leighton, Scottish footballer and coach*1960 – Catherine Destivelle, French rock climber and mountaineer*1961 – Kerry Dixon, English footballer and manager*1962 – Johnny O'Connell, American race car driver and sportscaster*1963 – Louis Armary, French rugby player* 1963 – Karl Malone, American basketball player and coach*1964 – Barry Bonds, American baseball player* 1964 – Pedro Passos Coelho, Portuguese economist and politician, 118th Prime Minister of Portugal* 1964 – Urmas Kaljend, Estonian footballer*1965 – Andrew Gaze, Australian basketball player and sportscaster* 1965 – Kadeem Hardison, American actor, director, and screenwriter*1966 – Mo-Do, Italian singer-songwriter (d. 2013)* 1966 – Aminatou Haidar, Sahrawi human rights activist* 1966 – Martin Keown, English footballer and coach*1968 – Kristin Chenoweth, American actress and singer* 1968 – Malcolm Ingram, Canadian director, producer, and screenwriter*1969 – Rick Fox, Bahamian basketball player * 1969 – Jennifer Lopez, American actress, singer, and dancer*1971 – Dino Baggio, Italian footballer* 1971 – Patty Jenkins, American film director and screenwriter*1972 – Kaiō Hiroyuki, Japanese sumo wrestler*1973 – Russell Bawden, Australian rugby league player* 1973 – Ana Cristina Oliveira, Portuguese model and actress* 1973 – Amanda Stretton, English racing driver and journalist*1974 – Andy Gomarsall, English rugby player*1975 – Tracey Crouch, English politician, Minister for Sport and the Olympics* 1975 – Jamie Langenbrunner, American ice hockey player* 1975 – Torrie Wilson, American model, fitness competitor, actress and professional wrestler*1976 – Rafer Alston, American basketball player* 1976 – Tiago Monteiro, Portuguese racing driver and manager*1978 – Andy Irons, American surfer (d. 2010)*1979 – Rose Byrne, Australian actress * 1979 – Jerrod Niemann, American singer-songwriter and guitarist* 1979 – Valerio Scassellati, Italian racing driver* 1979 – Anne-Gaëlle Sidot, French tennis player* 1979 – Mark Andrew Smith, American author * 1979 – Ryan Speier, American baseball player* 1980 – Joel Stroetzel, American guitarist *1981 – Doug Bollinger, Australian cricketer * 1981 – Nayib Bukele, Salvadoran politician, 46th President of El Salvador* 1981 – Summer Glau, American actress* 1981 – Mark Robinson, English footballer*1982 – Trevor Matthews, Canadian actor and producer, founded Brookstreet Pictures* 1982 – Thiago Medeiros, Brazilian racing driver* 1982 – Mewelde Moore, American football player* 1982 – Elisabeth Moss, American actress* 1982 – Anna Paquin, Canadian-New Zealand actress* 1982 – Michael Poppmeier, South African-German rugby player*1983 – Daniele De Rossi, Italian footballer* 1983 – Asami Mizukawa, Japanese actress*1984 – Patrick Harvey, Australian actor* 1984 – Tyler Kyte, Canadian singer and drummer*1985 – Patrice Bergeron, Canadian ice hockey player* 1985 – Aries Merritt, American hurdler * 1985 – Lukáš Rosol, Czech tennis player* 1985 – Eric Wright, American football player*1986 – Natalie Tran, Australian actress and online producer*1987 – Filipe Francisco dos Santos, Brazilian footballer* 1987 – Nathan Gerbe, American ice hockey player* 1987 – Zack Sabre Jr., English wrestler* 1987 – Mara Wilson, American actress*1988 – Han Seung-yeon, South Korean singer and dancer* 1988 – Nichkhun, Thai-American singer-songwriter and actor* 1988 – Ricky Petterd, Australian footballer*1989 – Maurkice Pouncey, American football player* 1989 – Kim Tae-hwan, South Korean footballer*1990 – Travis Mahoney, Australian swimmer*1991 – Emily Bett Rickards, Canadian actress*1992 – Mikaël Kingsbury, Canadian skier*1994 – Phillip Lindsay, American football player*1995 – Valentine Holmes, Australian rugby league player* 1995 – Kyle Kuzma, American basketball player* 1995 – Meisei Chikara, Japanese sumo wrestler*1996 – Joe Mixon, American football player*1998 – Bindi Irwin, Australian conservationist, zookeeper, and actress*2002 – Nicole Pircio, Brazilian rhythmic gymnast" ], [ "Deaths", "===Pre-1600===* 759 – Oswulf, king of Northumbria* 811 – Gao Ying, Chinese politician (b.", "740)* 946 – Muhammad ibn Tughj al-Ikhshid, Egyptian ruler (b.", "882)*1115 – Matilda of Tuscany (b.", "1046)*1129 – Emperor Shirakawa of Japan (b.", "1053)*1198 – Berthold of Hanover, Bishop of Livonia*1345 – Jacob van Artevelde, Flemish statesman (b.", "1290)*1568 – Carlos, Prince of Asturias (b.", "1545)*1594 – John Boste, English martyr and saint (b.", "1544)===1601–1900===*1601 – Joris Hoefnagel, Flemish painter (b.", "1542)*1612 – John Salusbury, Welsh politician and poet (b.", "1567)*1739 – Benedetto Marcello, Italian composer and educator (b.", "1686)*1768 – Nathaniel Lardner, English theologian and author (b.", "1684)*1862 – Martin Van Buren, American lawyer and politician, eighth President of the United States (b.", "1782)*1891 – Hermann Raster, German-American journalist and politician (b.", "1827)===1901–present===*1908 – Vicente Acosta, Salvadoran journalist and poet (b.", "1867)* 1908 – Sigismondo Savona, Maltese educator and politician (b.", "1835)*1910 – Arkhip Kuindzhi, Ukrainian-Russian painter (b.", "1841)*1927 – Ryūnosuke Akutagawa, Japanese author (b.", "1892)*1957 – Sacha Guitry, French actor and director (b.", "1885)*1962 – Wilfrid Noyce, English mountaineer and author (b.", "1917)*1965 – Constance Bennett, American actress and producer (b.", "1904)*1966 – Tony Lema, American golfer (b.", "1934)*1969 – Witold Gombrowicz, Polish author and playwright (b.", "1904)*1970 – Peter de Noronha, Indian businessman, philanthropist, and civil servant (b.", "1897)*1974 – James Chadwick, English physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (b.", "1891)*1980 – Peter Sellers, English actor and comedian (b.", "1925)*1985 – Ezechiele Ramin, Italian missionary and martyr (b.", "1953)*1986 – Fritz Albert Lipmann, German-American biochemist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (b.", "1899)* 1986 – Qudrat Ullah Shahab, Pakistani civil servant and author (b.", "1917) *1991 – Isaac Bashevis Singer, Polish-American novelist and short story writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b.", "1902)*1992 – Arletty, French actress and singer (b.", "1898)* 1992 – Sam Berger, Canadian lawyer and businessman (b.", "1900)*1994 – Helen Cordero, Cochiti Pueblo (Native American) Pueblo potter (b.", "1915)*1995 – George Rodger, English photographer and journalist (b.", "1908)*1996 – Alphonso Theodore Roberts, Vincentian cricketer and activist (b.", "1937)*1997 – William J. Brennan Jr., American colonel and jurist (b.", "1906)* 1997 – Saw Maung, Burmese general and politician, seventh Prime Minister of Burma (b.", "1928)*2000 – Ahmad Shamloo, Iranian poet and journalist (b.", "1925)*2001 – Georges Dor, Canadian author, playwright, and composer (b.", "1931)*2005 – Richard Doll, English physiologist and epidemiologist (b.", "1912)*2007 – Albert Ellis, American psychologist and author (b.", "1913)* 2007 – Nicola Zaccaria, Greek opera singer (b.", "1923)*2008 – Norman Dello Joio, American pianist and composer (b.", "1913)*2010 – Alex Higgins, Northern Irish snooker player (b.", "1949)*2011 – Frank Dietrich, German politician (b.", "1966)* 2011 – Dan Peek, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (b.", "1950)\t* 2011 – Harald Johnsen, Norwegian bassist and composer (b.", "1970)* 2011 – David Servan-Schreiber, French physician, neuroscientist, and author (b.", "1961)* 2011 – Skip Thomas, American football player (b.", "1950)*2012 – Chad Everett, American actor and director (b.", "1937)* 2012 – Sherman Hemsley, American actor and singer (b.", "1938)* 2012 – Larry Hoppen, American singer and guitarist (b.", "1951)* 2012 – Robert Ledley, American physiologist and physicist, invented the CT scanner (b.", "1926) * 2012 – Themo Lobos, Chilean author and illustrator (b.", "1928)* 2012 – John Atta Mills, Ghanaian lawyer and politician, President of Ghana (b.", "1944)* 2012 – Gregorio Peces-Barba, Spanish jurist and politician (b.", "1938)*2013 – Garry Davis, American pilot and activist, created the World Passport (b.", "1921)* 2013 – Fred Dretske, American philosopher and academic (b.", "1932)* 2013 – Virginia E. Johnson, American psychologist and sexologist (b.", "1925)* 2013 – Pius Langa, South African lawyer and jurist, 19th Chief Justice of South Africa (b.", "1939)*2014 – Ik-Hwan Bae, Korean-American violinist and educator (b.", "1956)* 2014 – Dale Schlueter, American basketball player (b.", "1945)* 2014 – Hans-Hermann Sprado, German journalist and author (b.", "1956)*2015 – Peg Lynch, American actress and screenwriter (b.", "1916)* 2015 – Ingrid Sischy, South African-American journalist and critic (b.", "1952)*2016 – Marni Nixon, American actress and singer (b.", "1930)*2017 – Harshida Raval, Indian Gujarati playback singer*2020 – Regis Philbin, American actor and television host (b.", "1931)*2021 – Dale Snodgrass, United States Naval Aviator and air show performer (b.", "1949) *2021 – Rodney Alcala, American serial killer (b.", "1943)*2022 – David Warner, English actor (b.", "1941)*2023 – George Alagiah, BBC News journalist and broadcaster (b.", "1955)* 2023 – Trevor Francis, Britain's first \"£1 million player\" (b.", "1954)" ], [ "Holidays and observances", "*Carnival of Awussu (Tunisia)*Children's Day (Vanuatu)*Christian feast day:**Charbel (Maronite Church/Catholic Church)**Christina the Astonishing**Christina of Bolsena**Declán of Ardmore**John Boste**Kinga (or Cunegunda) of Poland**Martyrs of Daimiel**Menefrida of Cornwall **Sigolena of Albi**July 24 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)*Pioneer Day (Utah) *Police Day (Poland)*Simón Bolívar Day (Ecuador, Venezuela, Colombia, and Bolivia)**Navy Day (Venezuela)<!--" ], [ "References", "-->" ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* * *" ] ]
wikipedia
[ [ "Judah ha-Nasi" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Judah ha-Nasi''' (, ''Yəhūḏā hanNāsīʾ‎''; '''Yehudah HaNasi''' or '''Judah the Prince''') or '''Judah I''', known simply as '''Rebbi''' or '''Rabbi''', was a second-century rabbi (a tanna of the fifth generation) and chief redactor and editor of the ''Mishnah''.", "He lived from approximately 135 to 217 CE.", "He was a key leader of the Jewish community in Roman-occupied Judea after the Bar Kokhba revolt." ], [ "Name and titles", "The title ''nasi'' was used for presidents of the Sanhedrin.", "He was the first ''nasi'' to have this title added permanently to his name; in traditional literature he is usually called \"Rabbi Yehuda ha-Nasi.\"", "Often though (and always in the Mishnah) he is simply called ''Rabbi'' \"my teacher\" (), the master par excellence.", "He is occasionally called ''Rabbenu'' \"our master\".", "He is also called \"Rabbenu HaQadosh\" \"our holy master\" () due to his deep piety." ], [ "Biography", "===Youth===The Galilee in late antiquityJudah was born in 135 in the newly-established Roman province of Syria Palaestina to Simeon ben Gamaliel II.", "According to the Talmud, he was of the Davidic line.", "He is said to have been born on the same day that Rabbi Akiva died as a martyr.", "The Talmud suggests that this was a result of divine providence: God had granted the Jewish people another leader of great stature to succeed Akiva.", "His place of birth is unknown.Judah spent his youth in the city of Usha in the Lower Galilee.", "His father presumably gave him the same education that he had received, including Koine Greek.", "This knowledge of Greek enabled him to become the Jews' intermediary with the Roman authorities.", "He favoured Greek as the language of the country over Jewish Palestinian Aramaic.", "In Judah's house, only the Hebrew language was spoken, and the maids of the house became known for their use of obscure Hebrew terminology.Judah devoted himself to the study of the oral and the written law.", "He studied under some of Akiva's most eminent students.", "As their student and through converse with other prominent men who gathered about his father, he laid a strong foundation of scholarship for his life's work: the editing of the Mishnah.===His teachers===His teacher at Usha was Judah bar Ilai, who was officially employed in the house of the patriarch as judge in religious and legal questions.", "In later years, Judah described how in his childhood he read the Book of Esther at Usha in the presence of Judah bar Ilai.Judah felt especial reverence for Jose ben Halafta, the student of Akiva's who had the closest relations with Simon ben Gamaliel.", "When, in later years, Judah raised objections to Jose's opinions, he would say: \"We poor ones undertake to attack Jose, though our time compares with his as the profane with the holy!\"", "Judah hands down a halakhah by Jose in Menachot 14a.Judah studied from Shimon bar Yochai in Teqoa, a place some have identified with Meron.", "He also studied with Eleazar ben Shammua.", "Judah did not study with Rabbi Meir, evidently in consequence of the conflicts which distanced Meir from the house of the patriarch.", "However, he considered himself lucky even to have seen Meir from behind.Another of Judah's teachers was Nathan the Babylonian, who also took a part in the conflict between Meir and the patriarch; Judah confessed that once, in a fit of youthful ardour, he had failed to treat Nathan with due reverence.", "In both halakhic and aggadic tradition, Judah's opinion is often opposed to Nathan's.In the Jerusalemite tradition, Judah ben Korshai (the halakhic specialist mentioned as assistant to Simon ben Gamaliel) is designated as Judah's real teacher.", "Jacob ben Hanina (possibly the R. Jacob whose patronymic is not given and in whose name Judah quotes halakhic sentences) is also mentioned as one of Judah's teachers, and is said to have asked him to repeat halakhic sentences.Judah was also taught by his father (Simon ben Gamaliel); when the two differed on a halakhic matter, the father was generally stricter.", "Judah himself says: \"My opinion seems to me more correct than that of my father\"; and he then proceeds to give his reasons.", "Humility was a virtue ascribed to Judah, and he admired it greatly in his father, who openly recognised Shimon bar Yochai's superiority, thus displaying the same modesty as the Bnei Bathyra when they gave way to Hillel, and as Jonathan when he voluntarily gave precedence to his friend David.===Leadership===Nothing is known regarding the time when Judah succeeded his father as leader of the Palestinian Jews.", "According to Rashi, Judah's father Simon had served as the ''nasi'' or head of the Sanhedrin in Usha before it moved to Shefar'am (now Shefa-'Amr).", "According to a tradition, the country at the time of Simon ben Gamaliel's death not only was devastated by a plague of locusts but suffered many other hardships.From Shefar'am, the Sanhedrin transferred to Beit Shearim (now part of the Beit She'arim necropolis), where the Sanhedrin was headed by Judah.", "Here he officiated for a long time.", "Eventually, Judah moved with the court from Beit Shearim to Sepphoris, where he spent at least 17 years of his life.", "Judah chose Sepphoris chiefly because of his ill health would improve in its high altitude and pure air.", "However, Judah's memorial as a leader is principally associated with Bet She'arim: \"The Sages taught: The verse states: “Justice, justice, shall you follow.” This teaches that one should follow the Sages to the academy where they are found.", "For example ... after Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi to Beit She’arim.", "\"Among Judah's contemporaries in the early years of his activity were Eleazar ben Simeon, Ishmael ben Jose, Jose ben Judah, and Simeon ben Eleazar.", "His better-known contemporaries and students include Simon b. Manasseh, Pinchas ben Yair, Eleazar ha-Kappar and his son Bar Kappara, Hiyya the Great, Shimon ben Halafta, and Levi ben Sisi.", "Among his students who taught as the first generation of Amoraim after his death are: Hanina bar Hama and Hoshaiah Rabbah in Palestine, Abba Arikha and Samuel of Nehardea in Babylon (the Jewish term for Lower Mesopotamia).Only scattered records of Judah's official activity exist.", "These include: the ordination of his students; the recommendation of students for communal offices; orders relating to the announcement of the new moon; amelioration of the law relating to the Sabbatical year; and to decrees relating to tithes in the frontier districts of Palestine.", "The last-named he was obliged to defend against the opposition of the members of the patriarchal family.", "The ameliorations he intended for Tisha B'Av were prevented by the college.", "Many religious and legal decisions are recorded as having been rendered by Judah together with his court, the college of scholars.According to the Talmud, Rabbi Judah HaNasi was very wealthy and greatly revered in Rome.", "He had a close friendship with \"Antoninus\", possibly the Emperor Antoninus Pius, though it is more likely his famous friendship was with either Emperor Marcus Aurelius Antoninus or Antoninus who is also called Caracalla and who would consult Judah on various worldly and spiritual matters.", "Jewish sources tell of various discussions between Judah and Antoninus.", "These include the parable of the blind and the lame (illustrating the judgment of the body and the soul after death), and a discussion of the impulse to sin.The authority of Judah's office was enhanced by his wealth, which is referred to in various traditions.", "In Babylon, the hyperbolic statement was later made that even his stable-master was wealthier than King Shapur.", "His household was compared to that of the emperor.", "Simeon ben Menasya praised Judah by saying that he and his sons united in themselves beauty, power, wealth, wisdom, age, honour, and the blessings of children.", "During a famine, Judah opened his granaries and distributed corn among the needy.", "But he denied himself the pleasures procurable by wealth, saying: \"Whoever chooses the delights of this world will be deprived of the delights of the next world; whoever renounces the former will receive the latter\".===Death===Beit Shearim.The year of Judah's death is deduced from the statement that his student Abba Arikha left Palestine for good not long before Judah's death, in year 530 of the Seleucid era (219 CE).", "He assumed the office of patriarch during the reign of Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus (c. 165).", "Hence Judah, having been born about 135, became patriarch at the age of 30, and died at the age of about 85.The Talmud notes that Rabbi Judah the Prince lived for at least 17 years in Sepphoris, and that he applied unto himself the biblical verse, \"And Jacob lived in the land of Egypt seventeen years\" (Genesis 47:28).According to a different calculation, he died on 15 Kislev, AM 3978 (around December 1, 217 CE), in Sepphoris, and his body was interred in the necropolis of Beit Shearim, distant from Sepphoris, during whose funeral procession they made eighteen stops at different stations along the route to eulogise him.It is said that when Judah died, no one had the heart to announce his demise to the anxious people of Sepphoris, until the clever Bar Ḳappara broke the news in a parable, saying: \"The heavenly host and earth-born men held the tablets of the covenant; then the heavenly host was victorious and seized the tablets.", "\"Judah's eminence as a scholar, who gave to this period its distinctive impression, was characterised at an early date by the saying that since the time of Moses, the Torah and greatness (i.e.", "knowledge and rank) were united in no one to the same extent as in Judah I.Two of Judah's sons assumed positions of authority after his death: Gamaliel succeeded him as ''nasi'', while Shimon became hakham of his yeshiva.According to some Midrashic and Kabbalistic legends, Judah ha-Nasi had a son named Yaavetz who ascended to Heaven without experiencing death.=== Talmudic narratives ===Various stories are told about Judah, illustrating different aspects of his character.It is said that once he saw a calf being led to the slaughtering-block, which looked at him with tearful eyes, as if seeking protection.", "He said to it: \"Go; for you were created for this purpose!\"", "Due to this unkind attitude toward the suffering animal, he was punished with years of illness.", "Later, when his maid was about to kill some small animals which were in their house, he said to her: \"Let them live, for it is written: 'God's tender mercies are over all his works'.\"", "After this demonstration of compassion, his illness ceased.", "Judah also once said, \"One who is ignorant of the Torah should not eat meat.\"", "The prayer he prescribed upon eating meat or eggs also indicates an appreciation of animal life: \"Blessed be the Lord who has created many souls, in order to support by them the soul of every living being.", "\"He exclaimed, sobbing, in reference to three different stories of martyrs whose deaths made them worthy of future life: \"One man earns his world in an hour, while another requires many years\".", "He began to weep when Elisha ben Abuyah's daughters, who were soliciting alms, reminded him of their father's learning.", "In a legend relating to his meeting with Pinchas ben Yair, he is described as tearfully admiring the pious Pinchas' unswerving steadfastness, protected by a higher power.", "He was frequently interrupted by tears when explaining Lamentations 2:2 and illustrating the passage by stories of the destruction of Jerusalem and of the Temple.", "While explaining certain passages of Scripture, he was reminded of divine judgment and of the uncertainty of acquittal, and began to cry.", "Hiyya found him weeping during his last illness because death was about to deprive him of the opportunity of studying the Torah and of fulfilling the commandments.Once, when at a meal his students expressed their preference for soft tongue, he made this an opportunity to say, \"May your tongues be soft in your mutual intercourse\" (i.e., \"Speak gently without disputing\").Before he died, Judah said: \"I need my sons!", "... Let the lamp continue to burn in its usual place; let the table be set in its usual place; let the bed be made in its usual place.", "\"====His prayers====While teaching Torah, Judah would often interrupt the lesson to recite the Shema Yisrael.", "He passed his hand over his eyes as he said it.When 70-year-old wine cured him of a protracted illness, he prayed: \"Blessed be the Lord, who has given His world into the hands of guardians\".He privately recited daily the following supplication on finishing the obligatory prayers: \"May it be Thy will, my God and the God of my fathers, to protect me against the impudent and against impudence, from bad men and bad companions, from severe sentences and severe plaintiffs, whether a son of the covenant or not.", "\"=== Post-Talmudic narratives ===Rabbi Judah ben Samuel of Regensburg relates that the spirit of Rebbi Judah used to visit his home, wearing Shabbat clothes, every Friday evening at dusk.", "He would recite Kiddush, and others would thereby discharge their obligation to hear Kiddush.", "One Friday night there was a knock at the door.", "\"Sorry,\" said the maid, \"I can't let you in just now because Rabbeinu HaKadosh is in the middle of Kiddush.\"", "From then on Judah stopped coming, since he did not want his coming to become public knowledge." ], [ "Teachings", "=== Compilation of the Mishnah ===According to Rabbinical Jewish tradition, God gave both the Written Law (the Torah) and the Oral Law to Moses on biblical Mount Sinai.", "The Oral Law is the oral tradition as relayed by God to Moses and from him, transmitted and taught to the sages (rabbinic leaders) of each subsequent generation.For centuries, the Torah appeared only as a written text transmitted in parallel with the oral tradition.", "Fearing that the oral traditions might be forgotten, Judah undertook the mission of consolidating the various opinions into one body of law which became known as the ''Mishnah''.", "This completed a project which had been mostly clarified and organised by his father and Nathan the Babylonian.The Mishnah consists of 63 tractates codifying Jewish law, which are the basis of the ''Talmud.''", "According to Abraham ben David, the ''Mishnah'' was compiled by Rabbi Judah the Prince in 3949 AM, or the year 500 of the Seleucid era, which corresponds to 189 CE.The Mishnah contains many of Judah's own sentences, which are introduced by the words, \"Rabbi says.", "\"The Mishnah was Judah's work, although it includes a few sentences by his son and successor, Gamaliel III, perhaps written after Judah's death.", "Both the Talmuds assume as a matter of course that Judah is the originator of the Mishnah—\"our Mishnah,\" as it was called in Babylon—and the author of the explanations and discussions relating to its sentences.", "However, Judah is more correctly considered redactor of the Mishnah, rather than its author.", "The Mishnah is based on the systematic division of the halakhic material as formulated by Rabbi Akiva; Judah following in his work the arrangement of the halakot as taught by Rabbi Meir (Akiva's foremost student).===Halacha===Using the precedent of Rabbi Meir's reported actions, Judah ruled the Beit Shean region to be exempt from the requirements of tithing and shmita regarding produce grown there.", "He also did the same for the cities of Kefar Tzemach, Caesarea and Beit Gubrin.He forbade his students to study in the marketplace, basing his prohibition on his interpretation of Song of Songs 7:2, and censured one of his students who violated this restriction.===Biblical interpretation===His exegesis includes many attempts to harmonise conflicting Biblical statements.", "Thus he harmonises the contradictions between Genesis 15:13 (\"400 years\") and 15:16 (\"the fourth generation\"); Exodus 20:16 and Deuteronomy 5:18; Numbers 9:23, 10:35 and ib., Deuteronomy 14:13 and Leviticus 11:14.The contradiction between Genesis 1:25 (which lists 3 categories of created beings) and 1:24 (which adds a fourth category, the \"living souls\") Judah explains by saying that this expression designates the demons, for whom God did not create bodies because the Sabbath had come.Noteworthy among the other numerous Scriptural interpretations which have been handed down in Judah's name are his clever etymological explanations, for example: Exodus 19:8-9; Leviticus 23:40; Numbers 15:38; II Samuel 17:27; Joel 1:17; Psalms 68:7.He interpreted the words \"to do the evil\" in II Samuel 12:9 to mean that David did not really sin with Bathsheba, but only intended to do so.", "As she was actually divorced at the time he took her.", "Abba Arikha, Judah's student, ascribes this apology for King David to Judah's desire to justify his ancestor.", "A sentence praising King Hezekiah and an extenuating opinion of King Ahaz have also been handed down in Judah's name.", "Characteristic of Judah's appreciation of aggadah is his interpretation of the word \"vayagged\" (Exodus 19:9) to the effect that the words of Moses attracted the hearts of his hearers, like the aggadah does.", "Once when the audience was falling asleep in his lecture, he made a ludicrous statement in order to revive their interest, and then explained the statement to be accurate in a metaphorical sense.Judah was especially fond of the Book of Psalms.", "He paraphrased the psalmist's wish \"Let the words of my mouth ... be acceptable in thy sight,\" thus: \"May the Psalms have been composed for the coming generations; may they be written down for them; and may those that read them be rewarded like those that study halakhic sentences\".", "He said that the Book of Job was important if only because it presented the sin and punishment of the generations of the Flood.", "He proves from Exodus 16:35 that there is no chronological order in the Torah.", "Referring to the prophetic books, he says: \"All the Prophets begin with denunciations and end with comfortings\".", "Even the genealogical portions of the Book of Chronicles must be interpreted.It appears that there was an aggadic collection containing Judah's answers to exegetical questions.", "Among these questions may have been the one which Judah's son Simeon addressed to him.=== Other quotes ===* What is the right way for man to choose?", "That which is honorable in his own eyes (i.e.", "approved by his conscience), and, at the same time, honorable in the eyes of his fellow-men.", "* Be as careful with a light mitzvah as a serious one, for you do not know the reward given for mitzvot.", "Calculate the loss of a mitzvah against its gain, and the gain of a sin against its loss.", "Look at three things and you will not come to sin: Know what is above you, an eye seeing and an ear listening, and all your deeds are written in a book.", "* Look not at the jar, but upon what is inside; many a new jug is full of old wine; and many an old jug does not even contain new wine.", "*Much have I learned from my teachers; more from my colleagues; but most from my students.", "* Why is the story of the Nazirite juxtaposed to the story of the suspected adulteress?", "In order to tell you that anyone who sees a suspected adulteress in her corrupted state, he should put himself under a vow never again to drink wine.", "* Let your secret be known only to yourself; and do not tell your neighbor anything which you perceive may not fitly be listened to.", "* Great is work, for whoever does not work, people speak about him: From what does that man eat?", "From what does he drink?", "... Great is work, for whoever works, his hand is never missing a prutah." ], [ "References" ] ]
wikipedia
[ [ "Jack Kerouac" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Jean-Louis Lebris de Kérouac''' (; March 12, 1922 – October 21, 1969), known as '''Jack Kerouac''', was an American novelist and poet who, alongside William S. Burroughs and Allen Ginsberg, was a pioneer of the Beat Generation.Of French-Canadian ancestry, Kerouac was raised in a French-speaking home in Lowell, Massachusetts.", "He \"learned English at age six and spoke with a marked accent into his late teens.\"", "During World War II, he served in the United States Merchant Marine; he completed his first novel at the time, which was published more than 40 years after his death.", "His first published book was ''The Town and the City'' (1950), and he achieved widespread fame and notoriety with his second, ''On the Road'', in 1957.It made him a beat icon, and he went on to publish 12 more novels and numerous poetry volumes.Kerouac is recognized for his style of stream of consciousness spontaneous prose.", "Thematically, his work covers topics such as his Catholic spirituality, jazz, travel, promiscuity, life in New York City, Buddhism, drugs, and poverty.", "He became an underground celebrity and, with other Beats, a progenitor of the hippie movement, although he remained antagonistic toward some of its politically radical elements.", "He has a lasting legacy, greatly influencing many of the cultural icons of the 1960s, including Bob Dylan, the Beatles, Jerry Garcia and the Doors.In 1969, at the age of 47, Kerouac died from an abdominal hemorrhage caused by a lifetime of heavy drinking.", "Since then, his literary prestige has grown, and several previously unseen works have been published." ], [ "Biography", "===Early life and adolescence===alt=Kerouac was born on March 12, 1922, in Lowell, Massachusetts, to French Canadian parents, Léo-Alcide Kéroack (1889–1946) and Gabrielle-Ange Lévesque (1895–1973).There is some confusion surrounding his name, partly because of variations on the spelling of ''Kerouac'', and because of Kerouac's own statement of his name as ''Jean-Louis Lebris de Kerouac''.", "His reason for that statement seems to be linked to an old family legend that the Kerouacs had descended from Baron François Louis Alexandre Lebris de Kerouac.", "Kerouac's baptism certificate lists his name simply as ''Jean Louis Kirouac'', the most common spelling of the name in Quebec.", "Kerouac's roots were indeed in Brittany, and he was descended from a middle-class merchant colonist, Urbain-François Le Bihan, Sieur de Kervoac, whose sons married French Canadians.Kerouac's father Leo had been born into a family of potato farmers in the village of Saint-Hubert-de-Rivière-du-Loup, Quebec.", "Jack also had various stories on the etymology of his surname, usually tracing it to Irish, Breton, Cornish, or other Celtic roots.", "In one interview he claimed it was from the name of the Cornish language (''Kernewek''), and that the Kerouacs had fled from Cornwall to Brittany.", "Another version was that the Kerouacs had come to Cornwall from Ireland before the time of Christ and the name meant \"language of the house\".", "In still another interview he said it was an Irish word for \"language of the water\" and related to ''Kerwick''.", "Kerouac, derived from ''Kervoach'', is the name of a town in Brittany in Lanmeur, near Morlaix.His third of several homes growing up in the West Centralville section of LowellJack Kerouac later referred to 34 Beaulieu Street as \"sad Beaulieu\".", "The Kerouac family was living there in 1926 when Jack's older brother Gerard died of rheumatic fever, aged nine.", "This deeply affected four-year-old Jack, who later said Gerard followed him in life as a guardian angel.", "This is the Gerard of Kerouac's novel ''Visions of Gerard''.", "He had one other sibling, an older sister named Caroline.", "Kerouac was referred to as Ti Jean or little John around the house during his childhood.Kerouac spoke French with his family and began learning English at school, around age six; he began speaking it confidently in his late teens.", "He was a serious child who was devoted to his mother, who played an important role in his life.", "She was a devout Catholic, who instilled this deep faith into both her sons.", "He later said she was the only woman he ever loved.", "After Gerard died, his mother sought solace in her faith, while his father abandoned it, wallowing in drinking, gambling, and smoking.Some of Kerouac's poetry was written in French, and in letters written to friend Allen Ginsberg towards the end of his life, he expressed a desire to speak his parents' native tongue again.", "In 2016, a whole volume of previously unpublished works originally written in French by Kerouac was published as ''La vie est d'hommage''.On May 17, 1928, while six years old, Kerouac made his first Confession.", "For penance, he was told to say a rosary, during which he heard God tell him that he had a good soul, that he would suffer in life and die in pain and horror, but would in the end receive salvation.", "This experience, along with his dying brother's vision of the Virgin Mary (as the nuns fawned over him, convinced he was a saint), combined with a later study of Buddhism and an ongoing commitment to Christ, solidified the worldview which informed his work.Kerouac once told Ted Berrigan, in an interview for ''The Paris Review'', of an incident in the 1940s in which his mother and father were walking together in a Jewish neighborhood on the Lower East Side of New York.", "He recalled \"a whole bunch of rabbis walking arm in arm ... teedah- teedah – teedah ... and they wouldn't part for this Christian man and his wife, so my father went POOM!", "and knocked a rabbi right in the gutter.\"", "Leo, after the death of his child, also treated a priest with similar contempt, angrily throwing him out of the house despite his invitation from Gabrielle.Kerouac was a capable athlete in football and wrestling.", "Kerouac's skills as running back in football for Lowell High School earned him scholarship offers from Boston College, Notre Dame, and Columbia University, where he enrolled in 1940.From around this time, Kerouac's journal includes an ambitious \"Immediate Reading List,\" a wide-ranging list that includes sacred texts from India and China as well as a note to read \"Emerson and Thoreau (again).", "\"He spent a year at Horace Mann School, where he befriended Seymour Wyse, an Englishman whom he later featured as a character, under the pseudonym 'Lionel Smart', in several of Kerouac's books.", "He also cites Wyse as the person who introduced him to the new styles of jazz, including Bop.", "After his year at Horace Mann, Kerouac earned the requisite grades for entry to Columbia.", "Kerouac broke a leg playing football during his freshman season, and during an abbreviated second year he argued constantly with coach Lou Little, who kept him benched.", "While at Columbia, Kerouac wrote several sports articles for the student newspaper, the ''Columbia Daily Spectator'', and joined the Phi Gamma Delta fraternity.", "He was a resident of Livingston Hall and Hartley Hall, where other Beat Generation figures lived.", "He also studied at The New School.===Early adulthood===Kerouac's Naval Reserve Enlistment photograph, 1943When his football career at Columbia ended, Kerouac dropped out of the university.", "He continued to live for a time in New York's Upper West Side with his girlfriend and future first wife, Edie Parker.", "It was during this time that he first met the Beat Generation figures who shaped his legacy and became characters in many of his novels, such as Allen Ginsberg, Neal Cassady, John Clellon Holmes, Herbert Huncke, Lucien Carr, and William S. Burroughs.During World War II, Kerouac was a United States Merchant Mariner from July to October 1942 and served on the SS ''Dorchester'' before its maiden voyage.", "A few months later, the SS Dorchester was sunk during a submarine attack while crossing the Atlantic, and several of his former shipmates were lost.", "In 1943 he joined the United States Navy Reserves.", "He served eight days of active duty with the Navy before arriving on the sick list.", "According to his medical report, Kerouac said he \"asked for an aspirin for his headaches and they diagnosed me dementia praecox and sent me here.\"", "The medical examiner reported that Kerouac's military adjustment was poor, quoting Kerouac: \"I just can't stand it; I like to be by myself.\"", "Two days later he was honorably discharged on the psychiatric grounds that he was of \"indifferent character\" with a diagnosis of \"schizoid personality\".While a Merchant Mariner in 1942, Kerouac wrote his first novel, ''The Sea Is My Brother''.", "The book was published in 2011, 70 years after it was written and over 40 years after Kerouac's death.", "Kerouac described the work as being about \"man's simple revolt from society as it is, with the inequalities, frustration, and self-inflicted agonies.\"", "He viewed the work as a failure, calling it a \"crock as literature\" and never actively seeking to publish it.In 1944, Kerouac was arrested as a material witness in the murder of David Kammerer, who allegedly had been stalking Kerouac's friend Lucien Carr since Carr was a teenager in St. Louis.", "William Burroughs was also a native of St. Louis, and it was through Carr that Kerouac came to know both Burroughs and Allen Ginsberg.", "Carr claimed that Kammerer's homosexual obsession turned aggressive, finally provoking Carr to stab him to death in self-defense.", "Carr dumped the body in the Hudson River.", "Afterwards, Carr sought help from Kerouac.", "Kerouac disposed of the murder weapon and buried Kammerer's eyeglasses.", "Carr, encouraged by Burroughs, turned himself in to the police.", "Kerouac and Burroughs were later arrested as material witnesses.", "Kerouac's father refused to pay his bail.", "Kerouac then agreed to marry Edie Parker if her parents would pay the bail.", "(Their marriage was annulled in 1948.)", "Kerouac and Burroughs collaborated on a novel about the Kammerer killing entitled ''And the Hippos Were Boiled in Their Tanks''.", "Though the book was not published during their lifetimes, an excerpt eventually appeared in ''Word Virus: The William S. Burroughs Reader'' (and as noted below, the novel was finally published late 2008).", "Kerouac also later wrote about the killing in his novel ''Vanity of Duluoz''.Later, Kerouac lived with his parents in the Ozone Park neighborhood of Queens, after they had also moved to New York.", "He wrote his first published novel, ''The Town and the City'', and began ''On the Road'' around 1949 when living there.", "His friends jokingly called him \"The Wizard of Ozone Park\", alluding to Thomas Edison's nickname, \"the Wizard of Menlo Park\", and to the film ''The Wizard of Oz''.===Early career: 1950–1957===Jack Kerouac lived with his parents for a time above a corner drug store in Ozone Park (now a flower shop), while writing some of his earliest work.", "''The Town and the City'' was published in 1950 under the name \"John Kerouac\" and, though it earned him a few respectable reviews, the book sold poorly.", "Heavily influenced by Kerouac's reading of Thomas Wolfe, it reflects on the generational epic formula and the contrasts of small-town life versus the multi-dimensional, and larger life of the city.", "The book was heavily edited by Robert Giroux, with around 400 pages taken out.454 West 20th StreetFor the next six years, Kerouac continued to write regularly.", "Building upon previous drafts tentatively titled \"The Beat Generation\" and \"Gone on the Road,\" Kerouac completed what is now known as ''On the Road'' in April 1951, while living at 454 West 20th Street in Manhattan with his second wife, Joan Haverty.", "The book was largely autobiographical and describes Kerouac's road-trip adventures across the United States and Mexico with Neal Cassady in the late 40s and early 50s, as well as his relationships with other Beat writers and friends.", "Although some of the novel is focused on driving, Kerouac did not have a driver's license and Cassady did most of the cross-country driving.", "He learned to drive aged 34, but never had a formal license.Kerouac completed the first version of the novel during a three-week extended session of spontaneous confessional prose.", "Kerouac wrote the final draft in 20 days, with Joan, his wife, supplying him with benzedrine, cigarettes, bowls of pea soup, and mugs of coffee to keep him going.", "Before beginning, Kerouac cut sheets of tracing paper into long strips, wide enough for a typewriter, and taped them together into a long roll which he then fed into the machine.", "This allowed him to type continuously without the interruption of reloading pages.", "The resulting manuscript contained no chapter or paragraph breaks and was much more explicit than the version which was eventually published.", "Though \"spontaneous,\" Kerouac had prepared long in advance before beginning to write.", "In fact, according to his Columbia professor and mentor Mark Van Doren, he had outlined much of the work in his journals over the several preceding years.Though the work was completed quickly, Kerouac had a long and difficult time finding a publisher.", "Before ''On the Road'' was accepted by Viking Press, Kerouac got a job as a \"railroad brakeman and fire lookout\" (see Desolation Peak (Washington)) traveling between the East and West coasts of the United States to earn money, frequently finding rest and the quiet space necessary for writing at the home of his mother.", "While employed in this way he met and befriended Abe Green, a young freight train jumper who later introduced Kerouac to Herbert Huncke, a Times Square street hustler and favorite of many Beat Generation writers.", "According to Kerouac, ''On the Road'' \"was really a story about two Catholic buddies roaming the country in search of God.", "And we found him.", "I found him in the sky, in Market Street San Francisco (those 2 visions), and Dean (Neal) had God sweating out of his forehead all the way.", "THERE IS NO OTHER WAY OUT FOR THE HOLY MAN: HE MUST SWEAT FOR GOD.", "And once he has found Him, the Godhood of God is forever Established and really must not be spoken about.\"", "According to his biographer, historian Douglas Brinkley, ''On the Road'' has been misinterpreted as a tale of companions out looking for kicks, but the most important thing to comprehend is that Kerouac was an American Catholic author – for example, virtually every page of his diary bore a sketch of a crucifix, a prayer, or an appeal to Christ to be forgiven.In the spring of 1951, while pregnant, Joan Haverty left and divorced Kerouac.", "In February 1952, she gave birth to Kerouac's only child, Jan Kerouac, whom he acknowledged as his daughter after a blood test confirmed it nine years later.", "For the next several years Kerouac continued writing and traveling, taking long trips through the U.S. and Mexico.", "He often experienced episodes of heavy drinking and depression.", "During this period, he finished drafts of what became ten more novels, including ''The Subterraneans'', ''Doctor Sax'', ''Tristessa'', and ''Desolation Angels'', which chronicle many of the events of these years.In 1953, he lived mostly in New York City, having a brief but passionate affair with Alene Lee, an African-American woman, and member of the Beat generation.", "Alene was the basis for the character named \"Mardou\" in the novel ''The Subterraneans,'' and Irene May in ''Book of Dreams'' and ''Big Sur''.", "At the request of his editors, Kerouac changed the setting of the novel from New York to San Francisco.In 1954, Kerouac discovered Dwight Goddard's ''A Buddhist Bible'' at the San Jose Library, which marked the beginning of his study of Buddhism.", "Between 1955 and 1956, he lived on and off with his sister, whom he called \"Nin,\" and her husband, Paul Blake, at their home outside of Rocky Mount, N.C. (\"Testament, Va.\" in his works) where he meditated on, and studied, Buddhism.", "He wrote ''Some of the Dharma'', an imaginative treatise on Buddhism, while living there.", "However, Kerouac had earlier taken an interest in Eastern thought.", "In 1946 he read Heinrich Zimmer's ''Myths and Symbols in Indian Art and Civilization''.", "In 1955, Kerouac wrote a biography of Siddhartha Gautama, titled ''Wake Up: A Life of the Buddha'', which was unpublished during his lifetime, but eventually serialized in ''Tricycle: The Buddhist Review'', 1993–95.It was published by Viking in September 2008.College Park in Orlando, Florida, where Kerouac lived and wrote ''The Dharma Bums''Kerouac found enemies on both sides of the political spectrum, the right disdaining his association with drugs and sexual libertinism and the left contemptuous of his anti-communism and Catholicism; characteristically, he watched the 1954 Senate McCarthy hearings smoking marijuana and rooting for the anti-communist crusader, Senator Joseph McCarthy.", "In ''Desolation Angels'' he wrote, \"when I went to Columbia all they tried to teach us was Marx, as if I cared\" (considering Marxism, like Freudianism, to be an illusory tangent).In 1957, after being rejected by several other publishers, ''On the Road'' was finally purchased by Viking Press, which demanded major revisions prior to publication.", "Many of the most sexually explicit passages were removed and, fearing libel suits, pseudonyms were used for the book's \"characters.\"", "These revisions have often led to criticisms of the alleged spontaneity of Kerouac's style.===Later career: 1957–1969===In July 1957, Kerouac moved to a small house at 1418½ Clouser Avenue in the College Park section of Orlando, Florida, to await the release of ''On the Road''.", "Weeks later, a review of the book by Gilbert Millstein appeared in ''The New York Times'' proclaiming Kerouac the voice of a new generation.", "Kerouac was hailed as a major American writer.", "His friendship with Allen Ginsberg, William S. Burroughs and Gregory Corso, among others, became a notorious representation of the Beat Generation.", "The term Beat Generation was invented by Kerouac during a conversation held with fellow novelist Herbert Huncke.", "Huncke used the term \"beat\" to describe a person with little money and few prospects.", "Kerouac's fame came as an unmanageable surge that would ultimately be his undoing.Kerouac's novel is often described as the defining work of the post–World War II Beat Generation and Kerouac came to be called \"the king of the beat generation,\" a term with which he never felt comfortable.", "He once observed, \"I'm not a beatnik.", "I'm a Catholic\", showing the reporter a painting of Pope Paul VI and saying, \"You know who painted that?", "Me.", "\"The success of ''On the Road'' brought Kerouac instant fame.", "His celebrity status brought publishers desiring unwanted manuscripts that were previously rejected before its publication.", "After nine months, he no longer felt safe in public.", "He was badly beaten by three men outside the San Remo Cafe at 189 Bleecker Street in New York City one night.", "Neal Cassady, possibly as a result of his new notoriety as the central character of the book, was set up and arrested for selling marijuana.In response, Kerouac chronicled parts of his own experience with Buddhism, as well as some of his adventures with Gary Snyder and other San Francisco–area poets, in ''The Dharma Bums'', set in California and Washington and published in 1958.It was written in Orlando between November 26 and December 7, 1957.To begin writing ''Dharma Bums'', Kerouac typed onto a ten-foot length of teleprinter paper, to avoid interrupting his flow for paper changes, as he had done six years previously for ''On the Road''.Kerouac was demoralized by criticism of ''Dharma Bums'' from such respected figures in the American field of Buddhism as Zen teachers Ruth Fuller Sasaki and Alan Watts.", "He wrote to Snyder, referring to a meeting with D. T. Suzuki, that \"even Suzuki was looking at me through slitted eyes as though I was a monstrous imposter.\"", "He passed up the opportunity to reunite with Snyder in California, and explained to Philip Whalen \"I'd be ashamed to confront you and Gary now I've become so decadent and drunk and don't give a shit.", "I'm not a Buddhist any more.\"", "In further reaction to their criticism, he quoted part of Abe Green's café recitation, ''Thrasonical Yawning in the Abattoir of the Soul'': \"A gaping, rabid congregation, eager to bathe, are washed over by the Font of Euphoria, and bask like protozoans in the celebrated light.", "\"Kerouac used earnings from \"On The Road\" to purchase the first of three homes in Northport, New York — a wood-framed Victorian on Gilbert Street that he shared with his mother, Gabrielle.", "They moved there in March 1958 and stayed in Northport for six years, moving twice during that time.Kerouac also wrote and narrated a beat movie titled ''Pull My Daisy'' (1959), directed by Robert Frank and Alfred Leslie.", "It starred poets Allen Ginsberg and Gregory Corso, musician David Amram and painter Larry Rivers among others.", "Originally to be called ''The Beat Generation'', the title was changed at the last moment when MGM released a film by the same name in July 1959 that sensationalized beatnik culture.The television series ''Route 66'' (1960–1964), featuring two untethered young men \"on the road\" in a Corvette seeking adventure and fueling their travels by apparently plentiful temporary jobs in the various U.S. locales framing the anthology-styled stories, gave the impression of being a commercially sanitized misappropriation of Kerouac's story model for ''On the Road''.", "Even the leads, Buz and Todd, bore a resemblance to the dark, athletic Kerouac and the blonde Cassady/Moriarty, respectively.", "Kerouac felt he'd been conspicuously ripped off by ''Route 66'' creator Stirling Silliphant and sought to sue him, CBS, the Screen Gems TV production company, and sponsor Chevrolet, but was somehow counseled against proceeding with what looked like a very potent cause of action.John Antonelli's 1985 documentary ''Kerouac, the Movie'' begins and ends with footage of Kerouac reading from ''On the Road'' and ''Visions of Cody'' on ''The Steve Allen Show'' in November 1959.In response to Allen's question \"How would you define the word 'beat?", "'\", Kerouac responds \"well ...", "''sympathetic''.", "\"In 1965, he met the poet Youenn Gwernig who was a Breton American like him in New York, and they became friends.", "Gwernig used to translate his Breton language poems into English so that Kerouac could read and understand them : \"Meeting with Jack Kerouac in 1965, for instance, was a decisive turn.", "Since he could not speak Breton he asked me: 'Would you not write some of your poems in English?", "I'd really like to read them !", "... ' So I wrote an Diri Dir – Stairs of Steel for him, and kept on doing so.", "That's why I often write my poems in Breton, French and English.", "\"During these years, Kerouac suffered the loss of his older sister to a heart attack in 1964 and his mother suffered a paralyzing stroke in 1966.Kerouac moved in with his mother in Hyannis, Massachusetts, for almost a year in 1966.In 1968, Neal Cassady also died while in Mexico.Despite the role which his literary work played in inspiring the counterculture movement of the 1960s, Kerouac was openly critical of it.", "Arguments over the movement, which Kerouac believed was only an excuse to be \"spiteful,\" also resulted in him splitting with Ginsberg by 1968.Also in 1968, Kerouac last appeared on television, for ''Firing Line'', produced and hosted by William F. Buckley Jr. (a friend of his from college).", "Seemingly intoxicated, he affirmed his Catholicism and talked about the counterculture of the 1960s.===Death===On the morning of October 20, 1969, in St. Petersburg, Florida, Kerouac was working on a book about his father's print shop.", "He suddenly felt nauseated and went to the bathroom, where he began to vomit blood.", "Kerouac was taken to St. Anthony's Hospital, suffering from an esophageal hemorrhage.", "He received several transfusions in an attempt to make up for the loss of blood, and doctors subsequently attempted surgery, but a damaged liver prevented his blood from clotting.", "He never regained consciousness after the operation, and died at the hospital at 5:15 the following morning, at the age of 47.His cause of death was listed as an internal hemorrhage (bleeding esophageal varices) caused by cirrhosis, the result of longtime alcohol abuse.", "A possible contributing factor was an untreated hernia he suffered in a bar fight several weeks earlier.", "His funeral was held at St. Jean Baptiste Church in Lowell, Massachusetts, and he was buried at Edson Cemetery.Grave in Edson Cemetery, LowellAt the time of his death, Kerouac was living with his third wife, Stella Sampas Kerouac.", "His mother, Gabrielle, inherited most of his estate." ], [ "Style", "Kerouac is generally considered to be the father of the Beat movement, although he actively disliked such labels.", "Kerouac's method was heavily influenced by the prolific explosion ofjazz, especially the Bebop genre established by Charlie Parker, Dizzy Gillespie, Thelonious Monk, and others.", "Later, Kerouac included ideas he developed from his Buddhist studies that began with Gary Snyder.", "He often referred to his style as \"spontaneous prose.\"", "Although Kerouac's prose was spontaneous and purportedly without edits, he primarily wrote autobiographical novels (or ''roman à clef'') based upon actual events from his life and the people with whom he interacted.", "This approach is reflected also by his plot structure: Kerouac's narratives were not heavily focused on traditional plot structures.", "Instead, his works often revolved around a series of episodic encounters, road trips, and personal reflections.", "The emphasis was on the characters' experiences and the exploration of themes such as freedom, rebellion, and the search for meaning.", "''On the Road'' excerpt in the center of Jack Kerouac Alley Many of his books exemplified this spontaneous approach, including ''On the Road'', ''Visions of Cody'', ''Visions of Gerard'', ''Big Sur'', and ''The Subterraneans''.", "The central features of this writing method were the ideas of breath (borrowed from jazz and from Buddhist meditation breathing), improvising words over the inherent structures of mind and language, and limited revision.", "Connected with this idea of breath was the elimination of the period, substituting instead a long connecting dash.", "As such, the phrases occurring between dashes might resemble improvisational jazz licks.", "When spoken, the words take on a certain musical rhythm and tempo.Kerouac greatly admired and was influenced by Gary Snyder.", "''The Dharma Bums'' contains accounts of a mountain climbing trip Kerouac took with Snyder, and includes excerpts of letters from Snyder.", "While living with Snyder outside Mill Valley, California, in 1956, Kerouac worked on a book about him, which he considered calling ''Visions of Gary''.", "(This eventually became ''Dharma Bums'', which Kerouac described as \"mostly about Snyder.\")", "That summer, Kerouac took a job as a fire lookout on Desolation Peak in the North Cascades in Washington, after hearing Snyder's and Whalen's stories of working as fire spotters.", "Kerouac described the experience in ''Desolation Angels'' and later in \"Alone on a Mountaintop\" (published in ''Lonesome Traveler'') and ''The Dharma Bums''.Kerouac would go on for hours, often drunk, to friends and strangers about his method.", "Allen Ginsberg, initially unimpressed, would later be one of his great proponents, and it was Kerouac's free-flowing prose method that inspired the composition of Ginsberg's poem ''Howl''.", "It was at about the time of ''The Subterraneans'' that he was encouraged by Ginsberg and others to formally explain his style.", "Of his expositions of the Spontaneous Prose method, the most concise was ''Belief and Technique for Modern Prose'', a list of 30 \"essentials\".Some believed that at times Kerouac's writing technique did not produce lively or energetic prose.", "Truman Capote said of it, \"That's not writing, it's typing\".", "According to Carolyn Cassady and others, he constantly rewrote and revised his work.Although the body of Kerouac's work has been published in English, in addition to his poetry and letters to friends and family, he also wrote unpublished works of fiction in French.", "The existence of his two novels written in French, ''La nuit est ma femme'' and ''Sur le chemin'' was revealed to the general public in a series of articles published by journalist Gabriel Anctil, in the Montreal newspaper Le Devoir in 2007 and 2008.All these works, including ''La nuit est ma femme'', ''Sur le chemin'', and large sections of ''Maggie Cassidy'' (originally written in French), have now been published together in a volume entitled ''La vie est d'hommage'' (Boréal, 2016) edited by University of Pennsylvania professor Jean-Christophe Cloutier.", "In 1996, the ''Nouvelle Revue Française'' had already published excerpts and an article on \"La nuit est ma femme\", and scholar Paul Maher Jr., in his biography ''Kerouac: His Life and Work'''', ''''' discussed Sur le chemin.", "The novella, completed in five days in Mexico during December 1952, is a telling example of Kerouac's attempts at writing in his first language, a language he often called Canuck French.Kerouac refers to this short novel in a letter addressed to Neal Cassady (who is commonly known as the inspiration for the character Dean Moriarty) dated January 10, 1953.The published novel runs over 110 pages, having been reconstituted from six distinct files in the Kerouac archive by Professor Cloutier.", "Set in 1935, mostly on the East Coast, it explores some of the recurring themes of Kerouac's literature by way of a spoken word narrative.", "Here, as with most of his French writings, Kerouac writes with little regard for grammar or spelling, often relying on phonetics in order to render an authentic reproduction of the French-Canadian vernacular.", "Even though this work has the same title as one of his best known English novels, it is the original French version of an incomplete translation that later became ''Old Bull in the Bowery'' (now published in ''The Unknown Kerouac'' from the Library of America).", "''The Unknown Kerouac,'' edited by Todd Tietchen, includes Cloutier's translation of ''La nuit est ma femme'' and the completed translation of ''Sur le Chemin'' under the title ''Old Bull in the Bowery''.", "''La nuit est ma femme'' was written in early 1951 and completed a few days or weeks before he began the original English version of ''On the Road'', as many scholars, such as Paul Maher Jr., Joyce Johnson, Hassan Melehy, and Gabriel Anctil have pointed out.=== Influences ===Kerouac's early writing, particularly his first novel ''The Town and the City'', was more conventional, and bore the strong influence of Thomas Wolfe.", "The technique Kerouac developed that later gained him notoriety was heavily influenced by jazz, especially Bebop, and later, Buddhism, as well as the Joan Anderson letter written by Neal Cassady.", "The ''Diamond Sutra'' was the most important Buddhist text for Kerouac, and \"probably one of the three or four most influential things he ever read\".", "In 1955, he began an intensive study of this sutra, in a repeating weekly cycle, devoting one day to each of the six Pāramitās, and the seventh to the concluding passage on Samādhi.", "This was his sole reading on Desolation Peak, and he hoped by this means to condition his mind to emptiness, and possibly to have a vision.James Joyce was also a literary influence on Kerouac and alludes to Joyce's work more than any other author.", "Kerouac had high esteem for Joyce and he often used Joyce's stream-of-consciousness technique.", "Regarding ''On the Road'', he wrote in a letter to Ginsberg, \"I can tell you now as I look back on the flood of language.", "It is like ''Ulysses'' and should be treated with the same gravity.\"", "Additionally, Kerouac admired Joyce's experimental use of language, as seen in his novel ''Visions of Cody'', which uses an unconventional narrative as well as a multiplicity of authorial voices." ], [ "Legacy", "Kerouac and his literary works had a major impact on the popular rock music of the 1960s.", "Artists including Bob Dylan, The Beatles, Patti Smith, Tom Waits, The Grateful Dead, and The Doors all credit Kerouac as a significant influence on their music and lifestyles.", "This is especially so with members of the band The Doors, Jim Morrison and Ray Manzarek, who quote Jack Kerouac and his novel ''On the Road'' as one of the band's greatest influences.", "In his book ''Light My Fire: My Life with The Doors'', Ray Manzarek, keyboard player of The Doors, wrote \"I suppose if Jack Kerouac had never written ''On the Road'', The Doors would never have existed.\"", "The alternative rock band 10,000 Maniacs wrote a song bearing his name, \"Hey Jack Kerouac\" on their 1987 album ''In My Tribe''.", "Hip-hop group the Beastie Boys mention Kerouac in their 1989 song, \"3-Minute Rule\", from the album Paul's Boutique.", "The 2000 Barenaked Ladies song, \"Baby Seat\", from the album ''Maroon'', references Kerouac.As the critic Juan Arabia has written in relation to Kerouac's work and rock 'n' roll: In 1974, the Jack Kerouac School of Disembodied Poetics was opened in his honor by Allen Ginsberg and Anne Waldman at Naropa University, a private Buddhist university in Boulder, Colorado.", "The school offers a BA in Writing and Literature, MFAs in Writing & Poetics and Creative Writing, and a summer writing program.From 1978 to 1992, Joy Walsh published 28 issues of a magazine devoted to Kerouac, ''Moody Street Irregulars''.Jack Kerouac Alley in Chinatown, San FranciscoKerouac's French-Canadian origins inspired a 1987 National Film Board of Canada docudrama, ''Jack Kerouac's Road: A Franco-American Odyssey'', directed by Acadian poet Herménégilde Chiasson.", "Other tributes in French Canada include the 1972 biography by novelist Victor-Lévy Beaulieu ''Jack Kérouac (essai-poulet)'', translated as ''Jack Kerouac: a chicken-essay'', the second in a series of works by Beaulieu on his literary forefathers, and two songs that came out within months of each other in 1987 and 1988: \"Sur la route\" by Pierre Flynn, and \"L'ange vagabond\" by Richard Séguin.In the mid-1980s, Kerouac Park was placed in downtown Lowell, Massachusetts.A street, ''rue Jack-Kerouac'', is named after him in Quebec City, as well as in the hamlet of Kerouac, Lanmeur, Brittany.", "An annual Kerouac festival was established in Lanmeur in 2010.In the 1980s, the city of San Francisco named a one-way street, Jack Kerouac Alley, in his honor in Chinatown.The character Hank in David Cronenberg's 1991 film ''Naked Lunch'' is based on Kerouac.In 1997, the house on Clouser Avenue where ''The Dharma Bums'' was written was purchased by a newly formed non-profit group, The Jack Kerouac Writers in Residence Project of Orlando, Inc.", "This group provides opportunities for aspiring writers to live in the same house in which Kerouac was inspired, with room and board covered for three months.", "In 1998, the Chicago Tribune published a story by journalist Oscar J. Corral that described a simmering legal dispute between Kerouac's family and the executor of daughter Jan Kerouac's estate, Gerald Nicosia.", "The article, citing legal documents, showed that Kerouac's estate, worth $91 at the time of his death, was worth $10 million in 1998.In 2005, Kerouac was mentioned in the single \"Nolwenn Ohwo!\"", "by French pop singer-songwriter Nolwenn Leroy, released on her album ''Histoires Naturelles''.In 2007, Kerouac was posthumously awarded an honorary Doctor of Letters degree from the University of Massachusetts Lowell.In 2009, the movie ''One Fast Move or I'm Gone – Kerouac's Big Sur'' was released.", "It chronicles the time in Kerouac's life that led to his novel ''Big Sur'', with actors, writers, artists, and close friends giving their insight into the book.", "The movie also describes the people and places on which Kerouac based his characters and settings, including the cabin in Bixby Canyon.", "An album released to accompany the movie, \"One Fast Move or I'm Gone\", features Benjamin Gibbard (Death Cab for Cutie) and Jay Farrar (Son Volt) performing songs based on Kerouac's ''Big Sur''.In 2010, during the first weekend of October, the 25th anniversary of the literary festival \"Lowell Celebrates Kerouac\" was held in Kerouac's birthplace of Lowell, Massachusetts.", "It featured walking tours, literary seminars, and musical performances focused on Kerouac's work and that of the Beat Generation.In the 2010s, there was a surge in films based on the Beat Generation.", "Kerouac has been depicted in the films ''Howl'' and ''Kill Your Darlings''.", "A feature film version of ''On the Road'' was released internationally in 2012, and was directed by Walter Salles and produced by Francis Ford Coppola.", "Independent filmmaker Michael Polish directed ''Big Sur'', based on the novel, with Jean-Marc Barr cast as Kerouac.", "The film was released in 2013.A species of Indian platygastrid wasp that is phoretic (hitch-hiking) on grasshoppers is named after him as ''Mantibaria kerouaci''.In October 2015, a crater on the planet Mercury was named in his honor.The Cadets Drum and Bugle Corps based their 2022 production ''Rearview Mirror'' off of Kerouac's travels across America and his novel ''On the Road''." ], [ "Works", "===Poetry===While he is best known for his novels, Kerouac also wrote poetry.", "Kerouac said that he wanted \"to be considered as a jazz poet blowing a long blues in an afternoon jazz session on Sunday.\".", "Many of Kerouac's poems follow the style of his free-flowing, uninhibited prose, also incorporating elements of jazz and Buddhism.", "\"Mexico City Blues,\" a collection of poems published in 1959, is made up of 242 choruses following the rhythms of jazz.", "In much of his poetry, to achieve a jazz-like rhythm, Kerouac made use of the long dash in place of a period.", "Several examples of this can be seen in \"Mexico City Blues\":Other poems by Kerouac, such as \"Bowery Blues,\" incorporate jazz rhythms with Buddhist themes of Saṃsāra, the cycle of life and death, and Samadhi, the concentration of composing the mind.", "Also, following the jazz / blues tradition, Kerouac's poetry features repetition and themes of the troubles and sense of loss experienced in life.===Posthumous editions===In 2007, to coincide with the 50th anniversary of ''On the Road'' publishing, Viking issued two new editions: ''On the Road: The Original Scroll'' and ''On the Road: 50th Anniversary Edition''.", "By far the more significant is ''Scroll'', a transcription of the original draft typed as one long paragraph on sheets of tracing paper which Kerouac taped together to form a scroll.", "The text is more sexually explicit than Viking allowed to be published in 1957, and also uses the real names of Kerouac's friends rather than the fictional names he later substituted.", "Indianapolis Colts owner Jim Irsay paid $2.43 million for the original scroll and allowed an exhibition tour that concluded at the end of 2009.The other new issue, ''50th Anniversary Edition'', is a reissue of the 40th anniversary issue under an updated title.The Kerouac/Burroughs manuscript ''And the Hippos Were Boiled in Their Tanks'' was published for the first time on November 1, 2008, by Grove Press.", "Previously, a fragment of the manuscript had been published in the Burroughs compendium, ''Word Virus''.Les Éditions du Boréal, a Montreal-based publishing house, obtained rights from Kerouac's estate to publish a collection of works titled ''La vie est d'hommage'' (it was released in April 2016).", "It includes 16 previously unpublished works, in French, including a novella, ''Sur le chemin'', ''La nuit est ma femme'', and large sections of ''Maggie Cassidy'' originally written in French.", "Both ''Sur le chemin'' and ''La nuit est ma femme'' have also been translated to English by Jean-Christophe Cloutier, in collaboration with Kerouac, and were published in 2016 by the Library of America in ''The Unknown Kerouac''.=== Literary Executorship and Representation ===Since 2017, John H. Shen-Sampas, the son of Kerouac's brother-in-law, has been the chief literary executor for the estate of Jack Kerouac.", "Together with the University of Massachusetts at Lowell, Mr. Shen-Sampas has worked to preserve and archive all aspects of Kerouac's life." ], [ "Discography", "===Studio albums===* ''Poetry for the Beat Generation'' (with Steve Allen) (1959)* ''Blues and Haikus'' (with Al Cohn and Zoot Sims) (1959)* ''Readings by Jack Kerouac on the Beat Generation'' (1960)===Compilation albums===* ''The Jack Kerouac Collection'' (1990) Box (Audio CD collection of three studio albums)* ''Jack Kerouac Reads On the Road'' (1999)" ], [ "References", "===Notes======Sources===* * * * * * *" ], [ "Further reading", "* Amburm, Ellis.", "''Subterranean Kerouac: The Hidden Life of Jack Kerouac''.", "St. Martin's Press, 1999..* Amram, David.", "''Offbeat: Collaborating with Kerouac''.", "Thunder's Mouth Press, 2002..* Bartlett, Lee (ed.).", "''The Beats: Essays in Criticism''.", "London: McFarland, 1981.", "* Beaulieu, Victor-Lévy.", "''Jack Kerouac: A Chicken Essay''.", "Coach House Press, 1975.", "* Brooks, Ken.", "''The Jack Kerouac Digest''.", "Agenda, 2001.", "* Cassady, Carolyn.", "''Neal Cassady Collected Letters, 1944–1967''.", "Penguin, 2004..* Cassady, Carolyn.", "''Off the Road: Twenty Years with Cassady, Kerouac and Ginsberg''.", "Black Spring Press, 1990.", "* Challis, Chris.", "''Quest for Kerouac''.", "Faber & Faber, 1984.", "* Charters, Ann.", "''Kerouac''.", "San Francisco: Straight Arrow Books, 1973.", "* Charters, Ann (ed.).", "''The Portable Beat Reader''.", "New York: Penguin, 1992.", "* Charters, Ann (ed.).", "''The Portable Jack Kerouac''.", "New York: Penguin, 1995.", "* Christy, Jim.", "''The Long Slow Death of Jack Kerouac''.", "ECW Press, 1998.", "* * Clark, Tom.", "''Jack Kerouac''.", "Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich, 1984.", "* Coolidge, Clark.", "''Now It's Jazz: Writings on Kerouac & the Sounds''.", "Living Batch, 1999.", "* Collins, Ronald & Skover, David.", "''Mania: The Story of the Outraged & Outrageous Lives that Launched a Cultural Revolution'' (Top-Five Books, March 2013).", "* Cook, Bruce.", "''The Beat Generation''.", "Charles Scribner's Sons, 1971..* * Dale, Rick.", "''The Beat Handbook: 100 Days of Kerouactions''.", "Booksurge, 2008.", "* Edington, Stephen.", "''Kerouac's Nashua Roots''.", "Transition, 1999.", "* Ellis, R. J.", "''Liar!", "Liar!", "Jack Kerouac – Novelist''.", "Greenwich Exchange, 1999.", "* French, Warren.", "''Jack Kerouac''.", "Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1986.", "* Gaffié, Luc.", "''Jack Kerouac: The New Picaroon''.", "Postillion Press, 1975.", "* Giamo, Ben.", "''Kerouac, The Word and The Way''.", "Southern Illinois University Press, 2000.", "* Gifford, Barry.", "''Kerouac's Town''.", "Creative Arts, 1977.", "* Gifford, Barry; Lee, Lawrence.", "''Jack's Book: An Oral Biography of Jack Kerouac''.", "St. Martin's Press, 1978..* Grace, Nancy M. Jack Kerouac and the Literary Imagination.", "Palgrave-macmillan, 2007.", "* Goldstein, N. W. \"Kerouac's ''On the Road''.", "''Explicator'' 50.1.1991.", "* Harma, Tanguy.", "''The Paradox of Thanatos: Jack Kerouac and Allen Ginsberg, From Self-destruction to Self-liberation''.", "Peter Lang, 2022.", "* Haynes, Sarah, \"An Exploration of Jack Kerouac's Buddhism:Text and Life\"* Hemmer, Kurt.", "''Encyclopedia of Beat Literature: The Essential Guide to the Lives and Works of the Beat Writers''.", "Facts on File, Inc., 2007.", "* Hipkiss, Robert A.", "''Jack Kerouac: Prophet of the New Romanticism''.", "Regents Press, 1976.", "* Holmes, John Clellon.", "''Visitor: Jack Kerouac in Old Saybrook''.", "tuvoti, 1981.", "* Holmes, John Clellon.", "''Gone In October: Last Reflections on Jack Kerouac''.", "Limberlost, 1985.", "* Holton, Robert.", "''On the Road: Kerouac's Ragged American Journey''.", "Twayne, 1999.", "* Hrebeniak, Michael.", "''Action Writing: Jack Kerouac\"s Wild Form''.", "Carbondale IL., Southern Illinois UP, 2006.", "* Huebel, Harry Russell.", "''Jack Kerouac''.", "Boise State University, 1979.available online* Hunt, Tim.", "''Kerouac's Crooked Road''.", "Hamden: Archon Books, 1981.", "* Jarvis, Charles.", "''Visions of Kerouac''.", "Ithaca Press, 1973.", "* Johnson, Joyce.", "''Minor Characters: A Young Woman's Coming-Of-Age in the Beat Orbit of Jack Kerouac''.", "Penguin Books, 1999.", "* Johnson, Joyce.", "''Door Wide Open: A Beat Love Affair in Letters, 1957–1958''.", "Viking, 2000.", "* Johnson, Joyce.", "''The Voice is All: The Lonely Victory of Jack Kerouac''.", "Viking Press.", "2012.", "* Johnson, Joyce.", "\"Jack Kerouac's Journey\".", "''The New York Review of Books'', March 2, 2022.", "* Johnson, Ronna C., \"You're Putting Me On: Jack Kerouac and the Postmodern Emergence\".", "College Literature.", "27.1 2000.", "* Jones, James T. ''A Map of Mexico City Blues: Jack Kerouac as Poet''.", "Southern Illinois University Press, 1992.", "* Jones, James T. ''Jack Kerouac's Duluoz Legend''.", "Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1999.", "* Jones, Jim.", "''Use My Name: Kerouac's Forgotten Families''.", "ECW Press, 1999.", "* Jones, Jim.", "''Jack Kerouac's Nine Lives''.", "Elbow/Cityful Press, 2001.", "* Kealing, Bob.", "''Kerouac in Florida: Where the Road Ends''.", "Arbiter Press, 2004.", "* Kerouac, Joan Haverty.", "''Nobody's Wife: The Smart Aleck and the King of the Beats''.", "Creative Arts, 2000.", "* Landefeld, Kurt.", "''Jack's Memoirs: Off the Road, A Novel''.", "Bottom Dog Press, 2014.", "* Le Bihan, Adrien.", "''Mon frère, Jack Kerouac'', Le temps qu'il fait, 2018.().", "* Leland, John.", "''Why Kerouac Matters: The Lessons of On the Road (They're Not What You Think)''.", "New York: Viking Press, 2007..* Maher Jr., Paul.", "''Kerouac: His Life and Work''.", "Lanham: Taylor Trade P, July 2004 .", "* McNally, Dennis.", "''Desolate Angel: Jack Kerouac, the Beat Generation, and America''.", "Da Capo Press, 2003..* Montgomery, John.", "''Jack Kerouac: A Memoir ... '' Giligia Press, 1970.", "* Montgomery, John.", "''Kerouac West Coast''.", "Fels & Firn Press, 1976.", "* Montgomery, John.", "''The Kerouac We Knew''.", "Fels & Firn Press, 1982.", "* Montgomery, John.", "''Kerouac at the Wild Boar''.", "Fels & Firn Press, 1986.", "* Mortenson, Erik R. \"Beating Time: Configurations of Temporality in Jack Kerouac's On the Road\".", "''College Literature'' 28.3.2001.", "* Motier, Donald.", "''Gerard: The Influence of Jack Kerouac's Brother on his Life and Writing''.", "Beaulieu Street Press, 1991.", "* Nelson, Victoria.", "\"Dark Journey into Light: On the Road with Jack Kerouac\".", "''Saint Austin Review'' (November/December 2014).", "* Nicosia, Gerald.", "''Kerouac: The Last Quarter Century''.", "Noodlebrain Press, 2019.", "* Nicosia, Gerald.", "''Memory Babe: A Critical Biography of Jack Kerouac''.", "Grove Press, 1983.Revised edition Noodlebrain Press, 2022.", "* Nicosia, Gerald.", "''One and Only: The Untold Story of On the Road''.", "Viva Editions, 2011.", "* Parker, Brad.", "\"''Jack Kerouac: An Introduction''\".", "Lowell Corporation for the Humanities, 1989.", "* Swick, Thomas.", "''South Florida Sun Sentinel''.", "February 22, 2004.Article: \"Jack Kerouac in Orlando\".", "* Theado, Matt.", "''Understanding Jack Kerouac''.", "Columbia: University of South Carolina, 2000.", "* Turner, Steve.", "''Angelheaded Hipster: A Life of Jack Kerouac''.", "Viking Books, 1996..* Walsh, Joy, editor.", "''Moody Street Irregulars: A Jack Kerouac Newsletter''* Weaver, Helen.", "''The Awakener: A Memoir of Jack Kerouac and the Fifties''.", "City Lights, 2009..", ".", "* Weinreich, Regina.", "''The Spontaneous Poetics of Jack Kerouac''.", "Southern Illinois University Press, 1987.", "* Wills, David, editor.", "''Beatdom'' Magazine.", "Mauling Press, 2007." ], [ "External links", "* Kerouac.net—An introduction to the life and work of Jack Kerouac, and the deep impact he had on our society and culture.", "* JackKerouac.com – The Jack and Stella Kerouac Center for the Public Humanities's website is an interactive storehouse and exhibition space dedicated to Jack Kerouac and connected topics.", "**** Jack Kerouac Papers at the Rare Book & Manuscript Library at Columbia University* Jack Kerouac Papers, 1920–1977, held by the Henry W. and Albert A. Berg Collection of English and American Literature, New York Public Library* \"Writings of Jack Kerouac\" from C-SPAN's ''American Writers: A Journey Through History''* The Kerouac Companion—The definitive key to the 600+ characters in Kerouac's novels.", "* ''sur-les-traces-de-kerouac'' Radio documentary by Gabriel Anctil ans Jean-Philippe Pleau on Radio-Canada (2015)* ''sur-les-traces-de-kerouac'' ebook by Gabriel Anctil & Marie-Sandrine Auger* Stuart A.", "Rose Manuscript, Archives, and Rare Book Library, Emory University: Jack Kerouac collection, 1950-1978* Stuart A.", "Rose Manuscript, Archives, and Rare Book Library, Emory University: Jack and Stella Sampas Kerouac papers,1940-1994* Stuart A.", "Rose Manuscript, Archives, and Rare Book Library, Emory University: John Sampas collection of Jack Kerouac material, circa 1900-2005*" ] ]
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