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we took a sheet of paper with random letters and we asked people to find pairs of letters that were identical next to each other that was the task people did the first sheet then we asked if they wanted to do another for a little less money the next sheet for a little bit less and so on and so forth and we had three conditions in the first condition people wrote their name on the sheet found all the pairs of letters gave it to the experimenter the experimenter would look at it scan it from top to bottom say uh huh and put it on the pile next to them in the second condition people did not write their name on it the experimenter looked at it took the sheet of paper did not look at it did not scan it and simply put it on the pile of pages so you take a piece you just put it on the side in the third condition the experimenter got the sheet of paper and put it directly into a shredder
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the good news is that by simply looking at something that somebody has done scanning it and saying uh huh that seems to be quite sufficient to dramatically improve people's motivations so the good news is that adding motivation doesn't seem to be so difficult the bad news is that eliminating motivations seems to be incredibly easy and if we don't think about it carefully we might overdo it so this is all in terms of negative motivation or eliminating negative motivation the next part i want to show you is something about positive motivation so there is a store in the u s called ikea and ikea is a store with kind of okay furniture that takes a long time to assemble
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i don't know about you but every time i assemble one of those it takes me much longer it's much more it's much more confusing i put things in the wrong way i can't say i enjoy those pieces i can't say i enjoy the process but when i finish it i seem to like those ikea pieces of furniture more than i like other ones
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now you had to break the eggs and add them you had to measure the milk and add it mixing it now it was your cake now everything was fine
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so for some people we gave the same task for some people we made it harder by hiding the instructions at the top of the sheet we had little diagrams of how you fold for some people we just eliminated that so now this was tougher what happened well in an objective way the now was uglier it was more difficult now when we looked at the easy we saw the same thing builders loved it more loved it less when you looked at the hard instructions the effect was larger why because now the builders loved it even more
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this extra effort into it and they loved it even less because in reality it was even uglier than the first version
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of course this tells you something about how we evaluate things now think about kids imagine i asked you how much would you sell your kids for your memories and associations and so on most people would say for a lot a lot of money
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but imagine this was slightly different imagine if you did not have your kids and one day you went to the park and you met some kids they were just like your kids and you played with them for a few hours and when you were about to leave the parents said hey by the way just before you leave if you're interested they're for sale
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how much would you pay for them now most people say not that much and this is because our kids are so valuable not just because of who they are but because of us because they are so connected to us and because of the time and connection by the way if you think ikea instructions are not good what about the instructions that come with kids those are really tough
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it suggests that we care about the fight about the challenge it suggests that there's all kinds of other things that motivate us to work or behave in all kinds of ways
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and for me personally i started thinking about this after a student came to visit me this was one of my students from a few years earlier and he came one day back to campus and he told me the following story he said that for more than two weeks he was working on a presentation he was working in a big bank and this was in preparation for a merger and acquisition and he was working very hard on this presentation graphs tables information he stayed late at night every day and the day before it was due he sent his presentation to his boss and his boss wrote him back and said nice presentation but the merger is canceled
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and to start with we created a little experiment in which we gave people and we asked them to build with and for some people we gave them and we said hey would you like to build this for three dollars we'll pay you three dollars for it and people said yes and they built with these and when they finished we took it we put it under the table and we said would you like to build another one this time for if they said yes we gave them another one and when they finished we asked them do you want to build another one for and so on until at some point people said no more it's not worth it for me this was what we called the meaningful condition
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it's not worth it for me this was what we called the meaningful condition people built one after another after they finished every one of them we put them under the table and we told them that at the end of the experiment we will take all these we will disassemble them we will put them back in the boxes and we will use it for the next participant there was another condition this other condition was inspired by david my student and this other condition we called the condition and if you remember the story about was punished by the gods to push the same rock up a hill and when he almost got to the end the rock would roll over and he would have to start again
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now what happens when you compare these two conditions the first thing that happened was that people built many more eleven in the meaningful condition versus seven in the condition and by the way we should point out that this was not big meaning people were not curing cancer or building bridges people were building for a few cents and not only that everybody knew that the would be destroyed quite soon so there was not a real opportunity for big meaning but even the small meaning made a difference now we had another version of this experiment
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now we had another version of this experiment in this other version of the experiment we didn't put people in this situation we just described to them the situation much as i am describing to you now and we asked them to predict what the result would be what happened people predicted the right direction but not the right magnitude people who were just given the description of the experiment said that in the meaningful condition people would probably build one more so people understand that meaning is important they just don't understand the magnitude of the importance the extent to which it's important there was one other piece of data we looked at if you think about it there are some people who love and some people who don't and you would speculate that the people who love would build more even for less money because after all they get more internal joy from it
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there was one other piece of data we looked at if you think about it there are some people who love and some people who don't and you would speculate that the people who love would build more even for less money because after all they get more internal joy from it and the people who love less would build less because the enjoyment that they derive from it is lower and that's actually what we found in the meaningful condition there was a very nice correlation between the love of and the amount of people built what happened in the condition in that condition the correlation was zero there was no relationship between the love of and how much people built which suggests to me that with this manipulation of breaking things in front of people's eyes we basically crushed any joy that they could get out of this activity we basically eliminated it soon after i finished running this experiment i went to talk to a big software company in seattle
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this was a group within the software company that was put in a different building and they asked them to innovate and create the next big product for this company and the week before i showed up the of this big software company went to that group engineers and canceled the project and i stood there in front of of the most depressed people i've ever talked to and i described to them some of these lego experiments and they said they felt like they had just been through that experiment and i asked them i said how many of you now show up to work later than you used to and everybody raised their hand i said how many of you now go home earlier than you used to everybody raised their hand i asked them how many of you now add not things to your expense reports and they didn't raise their hands but they took me out to dinner and showed me what they could do with expense reports and then i asked them i said what could the have done to make you not as depressed and they came up with all kinds of ideas they said the could have asked them to present to the whole company about their journey over the last two years and what they decided to do
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they said the could have asked them to present to the whole company about their journey over the last two years and what they decided to do he could have asked them to think about which aspect of their technology could fit with other parts of the organization he could have asked them to build some next generation prototypes and see how they would work but the thing is that any one of those would require some effort and motivation and i think the basically did not understand the importance of meaning if the just like our participants thought the essence of meaning is unimportant then he wouldn't care and he would say at the moment i directed you in this way and now that i'm directing you in this way everything will be okay but if you understood how important meaning is then you would figure out that it's actually important to spend some time energy and effort in getting people to care more about what they're doing
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now along derek and i met when he was four and a half years old and at first derek i thought you were mad to be honest because when you played the piano you seemed to want to play every single note on the keyboard and also you had this little habit of hitting me out of the way so as soon as i tried to get near the piano i was firmly shoved off and having said to your dad nic that i would try to teach you i was then slightly confused as to how i might go about that if i wasn't allowed near the piano but after a while i thought well the only way is to just pick you up shove derek over to the other side of the room and in the seconds that i got before derek came back i could just play something very quickly for him to learn and in the end derek i think you agreed that we could actually have some fun playing the piano together as you can see there's me in my early pre marriage days with a brown beard and little derek concentrating there i just realized this is going to be recorded isn't it right okay
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going to l a soon and it's a milestone because it means that derek and i will have spent over hours on long haul flights together which is quite interesting isn't it derek very interesting adam yes long haul flights yes you may think hours is a long time to keep talking but derek does it effortlessly now then
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i promise there won't be too much of me talking and a lot of derek playing but i thought it would just be nice to recap on how derek got to where he is today it's amazing now because he's so much bigger than me but when derek was born he could have fitted on the palm of your hand he was born three and a half months premature and really it was a fantastic fight for him to survive he had to have a lot of oxygen and that affected your eyes derek and also the way you understand language and the way you understand the world but that was the end of the bad news because when derek came home from the hospital his family decided to employ the redoubtable nanny who was going to look after you derek really for the rest of your childhood and great insight really was to think here's a child who can't see
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but that was the end of the bad news because when derek came home from the hospital his family decided to employ the redoubtable nanny who was going to look after you derek really for the rest of your childhood and great insight really was to think here's a child who can't see music must be the thing for derek and sure enough she sang or as derek called it to him for his first few years of life and i think it was that excitement with hearing her voice hour after hour every day that made him think maybe you know in his brain something was stirring some sort of musical gift here's a little picture of derek going up now when you were with your nanny now great other insight was to think perhaps we should get derek something to play and sure enough she dragged this little keyboard out of the loft never thinking really that anything much would come of it but derek your tiny hand must have gone out to that thing and actually bashed it bashed it so hard they thought it was going to break but out of all the bashing after a few months emerged the most fantastic music and i think there was just a miracle moment really derek when you realized that all the sounds you hear in the world out there is something that you can copy on the keyboard
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this is just a sack of chemicals that is able to have this interesting and complex lifelike behavior if we count the number of chemicals in that system actually including the water that's in the dish we have five chemicals that can do this so then we put these together in a single experiment to see what they would do and depending on the conditions we have some on the left that are moving around and it likes to touch the other structures in its environment on the other hand we have two moving that like to circle each other and they form a kind of a dance a complex dance with each other right so not only do individual have behavior what we've interpreted as behavior in this system but we also have basically population level behavior similar to what organisms have so now that you're all experts on we're going to play a game with these we're going to make two different kinds a has a certain kind of chemistry inside that when activated the starts to vibrate around just dancing so remember these are primitive things so dancing that's very interesting to us
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so then i repeated this experiment a bunch of times and one time something very interesting happened so i added these together to the system and a and b fused together to form a hybrid ab that didn't happen before there it goes there's a ab now in this system ab likes to dance around for a bit while b does the fusing okay but then something even more interesting happens watch when these two large the hybrid ones fuse together now we have a dancing and a self replication event right
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so we're able to then see the self assembly of these oil droplet bodies again that we've seen previously and the black spots inside of there represent this kind of black tar this diverse very complex organic black tar and we put them into one of these experiments as you've seen earlier and then we watch lively movement that comes out they look really good very nice movement and also they appear to have some kind of behavior where they kind of circle around each other and follow each other similar to what we've seen before but again working with just primordial conditions no pure chemicals these are also these tar fueled are also able to locate resources in their environment i'm going to add some resource from the left here that into the system and you can see they really like that they become very energetic and able to find the resource in the environment similar to what we saw before but again these are done in these primordial conditions really messy conditions not sort of sterile laboratory conditions these are very dirty little as a matter of fact
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there has been a huge divide between what people consider to be non living systems on one side and living systems on the other side so we go from say this beautiful and complex crystal as non life and this rather beautiful and complex cat on the other side over the last hundred and fifty years or so science has kind of blurred this distinction between non living and living systems and now we consider that there may be a kind of continuum that exists between the two we'll just take one example here a virus is a natural system right but it's very simple it's very simplistic
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what we're going to be talking about here tonight are experiments done on this sort of non living end of this spectrum so actually doing chemical experiments in the laboratory mixing together ingredients to make new structures and that these new structures might have some of the characteristics of living systems really what i'm talking about here is trying to create a kind of artificial life so what are these characteristics that i'm talking about these are them we consider first that life has a body now this is necessary to distinguish the self from the environment
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but here i'm being told that the piece of music is very quick i'm being told where to play on the drum i'm being told which part of the stick to use and i'm being told the dynamic and i'm also being told that the drum is without snares snares on snares off so therefore if i translate this piece of music we have this idea and so on my career would probably last about five years
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however what i have to do as a musician is do everything that is not on the music everything that there isn't time to learn from a teacher or to talk about even from a teacher but it's the things you notice when you're not actually with your instrument that in fact become so interesting and that you want to explore through this tiny tiny surface of a drum so there we experience the translation now we'll experience the interpretation now my career may last a little longer
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i asked you to clap maybe i can do this if i can just say please clap and create the sound of thunder i'm assuming we've all experienced thunder now i don't mean just the sound i mean really listen to that thunder within yourselves and please try to create that through your clapping try just please try snow
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snow have you ever heard snow no well then stop clapping
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again try again snow see you're awake rain
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so heavens what was i to do i no longer required the sticks i wasn't allowed to have these sticks i had to basically look at this particular drum see how it was made what these little lugs did what the snares did turned it upside down experimented with the shell experimented with the head experimented with my body experimented with jewelry experimented with all sorts of things and of course i returned with all sorts of bruises
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that's my only real aim in life and it sounds quite simple but actually it's quite a big big job because you know when you look at a piece of music for example if i just open my little motorbike bag we have here hopefully a piece of music that is full of little black dots on the page
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and i read the music so technically i can actually read this i will follow the instructions the tempo markings the dynamics i will do exactly as i'm told and so therefore because time is short if i just played you literally the first maybe two lines or so it's very straightforward there's nothing too difficult about the piece but here i'm being told that the piece of music is very quick i'm being told where to play on the drum
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but in a way you know it's the same if i look at you and i see a nice bright young lady with a pink top on i see that you're clutching a teddy bear etc etc so i get a basic idea as to what you might be about what you might like what you might do as a profession etc etc however that's just the initial idea i may have that we all get when we actually look and we try to interpret but actually it's so unbelievably shallow in the same way i look at the music i get a basic idea i wonder what technically might be hard or you know what i want to do
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895 |
is simply not enough and i think what herbie said please listen listen we have to listen to ourselves first of all if i play for example holding the stick where literally i do not let go of the stick you'll experience quite a lot of shock coming up through the arm and you feel really quite believe it or not detached from the instrument and from the stick even though i'm actually holding the stick quite tightly
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holding it tightly i feel strangely more detached if i just simply let go and allow my hand my arm to be more of a support system suddenly i have more dynamic with less effort much more and i just feel at last one with the stick and one with the drum and i'm doing far far less so in the same way that i need time with this instrument i need time with people in order to interpret them
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can be felt with just the tiniest part of your finger there and so what we would do is that i would put my hands on the wall of the music room and together we would listen to the sounds of the instruments and really try to connect with those sounds far far more broadly than simply depending on the ear because of course the ear is subject to all sorts of things the room we happen to be in the amplification the quality of the instrument the type of sticks etc etc they're all different same amount of weight but different sound colors
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does the happiest man in the world look like he certainly doesn't look like me he looks like this his name is ricard so how do you get to be the happiest man in the world well it turns out there is a way to measure happiness in the brain and you do that by measuring the relative activation of the left prefrontal cortex in the versus the right prefrontal cortex and happiness measure is off the charts he's by far the happiest man ever measured by science which leads us to a question what was he thinking when he was being measured perhaps something very naughty
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the third ingredient is to focus on inner development and personal growth leadership training in for example places a lot of emphasis on the inner qualities such as self awareness self mastery empathy and compassion because we believe that leadership begins with character we even created a seven week curriculum on emotion intelligence which we jokingly call searching inside yourself it's less naughty than it sounds so i'm an engineer by training but i'm one of the creators and instructors of this course which i find kind of funny because this is a company that trusts an engineer to teach emotion intelligence what a company
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and learning about gave me a new angle to look at my work brain scan shows that compassion is not a chore compassion is something that creates happiness
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but what exactly is spider silk spider silk is almost entirely protein nearly all of these proteins can be explained by a single gene family so this means that the diversity of silk types we see today is encoded by one gene family so presumably the original spider ancestor made one kind of silk and over the last million years that one silk gene has duplicated and then diverged specialized over and over and over again to get the large variety of flavors of spider silks that we have today there are several features that all these silks have in common they all have a common design such as they're all very long they're sort of long compared to other proteins they're very repetitive and they're very rich in the amino acids glycine and to give you an idea of what a spider silk protein looks like this is a dragline silk protein it's just a portion of it from the black widow spider this is the kind of sequence that i love looking at day and night
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spider silks also have a lot of potential for their anti ballistic capabilities silks could be incorporated into body and equipment armor that would be more lightweight and flexible than any armor available today in addition to these applications of spider silks personally i find studying spider silks just fascinating in and of itself i love when i'm in the laboratory a new spider silk sequence comes in that's just the best
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to put that number into perspective here's a graph comparing the species of spiders to the species of primates there are two orders of magnitude more spiders than primates spiders are also extremely old on the bottom here this is the geologic and the numbers on it indicate millions of years from the present so the zero here that would be today
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each of these silk fibers exits from the spigot and if you were to trace the fiber back into the spider what you would find is that each spigot connects to its own individual silk gland a silk gland kind of looks like a sac with a lot of silk proteins stuck inside so if you ever have the opportunity to dissect an orb spider and i hope you do what you would find is a bounty of beautiful translucent silk glands inside each spider there are hundreds of silk glands sometimes thousands
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so these are the dark ages and the dark ages are the time between when you put away the lego for the last time as a kid and you decide as an adult that it is okay to play with a kid's toy started out with my then four oh should buy the kid some lego that stuff's cool walked into the lego store bought him this it's totally appropriate for a four
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i turn to my wife and said who are we buying this for she's like oh us i'm like okay all right that's cool pretty soon it got a little bit out of control the dining room looked like this you walk there and it hurts so we took a room downstairs in the basement that had been used as sort of an abu annex
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i was like yeah i suppose we are so then once you do that you're like oh crap where am i going to put all this so you go to the container store and spend an enormous amount of money and then you start this crazy sorting process that never it's just nuts whatever
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there's a whole programming language and robotics tool so if you want to teach someone how to program kid adult whatever it is and the guy that made this he made a slot machine out of lego and i don't mean he made lego that looked like a slot machine i mean he made a slot machine out of lego the insides were lego there's people getting drunk building lego and you've got to finish the thing before you puke there's a whole gray market for lego thousands of home based businesses
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kids could be entrepreneurs as well i'm a big part of a couple organizations called the organization and the young presidents' organization i just came back from speaking in barcelona at the global conference and everyone i met over there who's an entrepreneur struggled with school i have out of the signs of attention deficit disorder diagnosed so this thing right here is freaking me out
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921 |
fit into this other system and try to become a student sorry entrepreneurs aren't students we fast track we figure out the game i stole essays i cheated on exams i hired kids to do my accounting assignments in university for consecutive assignments but as an entrepreneur you don't do accounting you hire accountants so i just figured that out earlier
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922 |
i was forced to get a paper at years old i didn't want a paper but my dad said that's your next business not only did he get me one but i had to get two he wanted me to hire someone to deliver half the papers which i did then i realized collecting tips is how you made all the money so i'd collect tips and get payment i would collect for the papers he could just deliver them because then i realized i could make money by this point i was definitely not going to be an employee
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get kids to stand up in front of groups and talk even if it's just in front of their friends and do plays and have speeches those are entrepreneurial traits you want to be nurturing show kids what bad customers or bad employees look like show them grumpy employees when you see grumpy customer service point it out say by the way that guy is a employee and say these are good ones
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two years ago i was the highest rated lecturer at entrepreneurial master's program it was a speaking event in front of groups of entrepreneurs from around the world when i was in grade two i won a citywide speaking competition but nobody had ever said hey this kid's a good speaker
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928 |
it was a speaking event in front of groups of entrepreneurs from around the world when i was in grade two i won a citywide speaking competition but nobody had ever said hey this kid's a good speaker he can't focus but he loves walking around and getting people energized no one said get him a coach in speaking they said get me a tutor in what i suck at so as kids show these traits and we need to start looking for them i think we should be raising kids to be entrepreneurs instead of lawyers unfortunately the school system is grooming this world to say let's be a lawyer or let's be a doctor we're missing that opportunity because no one ever says hey be an entrepreneur entrepreneurs are people we have a lot of them in this room who have ideas and passions or see these needs in the world and decide to stand up and do it
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929 |
we're missing that opportunity because no one ever says hey be an entrepreneur entrepreneurs are people we have a lot of them in this room who have ideas and passions or see these needs in the world and decide to stand up and do it and we put everything on the line to make that stuff happen we have the ability to get the groups of people around us that want to build that dream with us and i think if we could get kids to embrace the idea at a young age of being entrepreneurial we could change everything in the world that's a problem today every problem out there somebody has the idea for and as a young kid nobody can say it can't happen because you're too dumb to realize that you couldn't figure it out i think we have an obligation as parents and a society to start teaching our kids to fish instead of giving them the fish the old parable give a man a fish you feed him for a day teach a man to fish you feed him for a lifetime
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starting these companies it's these random few people even in popular literature the only book i've ever found and this should be on all your reading lists the only book i've ever found that makes the entrepreneur a hero is atlas shrugged everything else in the world looks at entrepreneurs and says we're bad people i look at even my family both my grandfathers and my dad were entrepreneurs
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934 |
and so one tuesday morning last june there we were woke up in the morning the mountain was covered with snow that was a great time to go up and visit our weather station which again thanks to mitch kapor we're building up there and it's a pretty interesting scene this is on the left there the joyful lady is pat irwin who's the regional head of the national forest service and they gave us the temporary use permit to be there we want a temporary use permit for the clock eventually temporary use permit
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but your emotional affect goes up which is great for having a mythic experience whether you want to or not in fact danny hillis can estimate altitude by how much math he can't do in his head
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in fact there he is that's alexander rose first ascent of the western face to mount washington and a solo ascent at that this discovery changed everything about our sense of these cliffs and what to do with them we realized that we had to name this thing that alexander discovered how about crevice no
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938 |
welcome to feet let me explain why we are here and why some of you have a pine cone close to you once upon a time i did a book called how buildings learn today's event you might call how mountains teach a little background for years i've been trying to figure out how to hack civilization so that we can get long term thinking to be automatic and common instead of difficult and rare or in some cases non existent it would be helpful if humanity got into the habit of thinking of the now not just as next week or next quarter but you know next years and the last years basically story so far
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so we have the long now foundation in san francisco it's an incubator for about a dozen projects all having to do with continuity over the long term our core project is a rather ambitious folly i suppose a mythic undertaking to build a clock that can really keep good time for that long a period and the design problems of a project like that are just absolutely delicious go to the clock and what we have here is something many of you saw here three years ago it's the first working prototype of the clock
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941 |
design problem for today is going to be how do you house an eventual monumental clock like this so it can really tick save time beautifully for centuries well this was the first solution alexander rose came up with this idea of a tower with continuous sloping ramps and it looked like a way to go until you start thinking about what does deep time do to a building well this is what deep time does to a building this is the parthenon it's only years old and look what happened to it here's a beautiful project they really knew it'd last forever because they'd build it out of absolutely huge stones and now it's a pathetic ruin and no one even knows what it was used for that's what happens to buildings
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943 |
so we got to thinking if you can't put things safely in a building where can you safely put them we thought ok underground how about underground with a view underground in a place that's really solid so the obvious answer was we need a mountain you don't want just any mountain you need absolutely the right mountain if you're going to have a clock for years so here's an image of the long view of the search problem and we got to thinking for various reasons it ought to be a desert mountain so we got looking in the dry areas of the southwest we looked at in new mexico
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946 |
they've made a selection they've chosen a project by daniel the enfant terrible of the moment of architecture child prodigy piano player he started on the and moved to a little more serious issue a bigger instrument and now to an even larger instrument upon which to work his particular brand of magic as you see here he was one of six people who were invited to participate in this competition after six previous firms struck out with things that were so stupid and banal that even the city of new york was forced to go oh i'm really sorry we screwed up right can we do this again from the top except use some people with a vague hint of talent instead of just six utter boobs like we brought in last time real estate hacks of the kind who usually plan our cities let's bring in some real architects for a change and so we got this or we had a choice of that oh stop clapping
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948 |
it's a big deal it sounds big it sounds important it sounds solid it sounds american serious male and that kind of fight has gone on back and forth in architecture all the time i mean it goes on in our private lives too every single day we all want to go out and buy an audi don't we everyone here must own one or at least they craved one the moment they saw one and then they hopped in it turned the little electronic key rather than the real key zipped home on their new superhighway and drove straight into a garage that looks like a tudor castle
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it's exciting and there's music playing all of the time and then suddenly it's over and it's only taken five minutes and you want to go back and do it again but i really appreciate being here
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953 |
how many of you saw usa today today there it is looks like that there's the world trade center site on the front cover they've made a selection they've chosen a project by daniel the enfant terrible of the moment of architecture
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954 |
this was a scheme by a team called think a new york based team and then there was that one which was the scheme this one this is going to be the new world trade center a giant hole in the ground with big buildings falling into it now i don't know what you think but i think this is a pretty stupid decision because what you've done is just made a permanent memorial to destruction by making it look like the destruction is going to continue forever but that's what we're going to do
| 0 |
956 |
and you peak out likewise with solar especially here in california we're discovering that the solar farm schemes that are going forward want to basically bulldoze square miles of southern california desert well as an environmentalist we would rather that didn't happen it's okay on out agricultural land wonderful on rooftops but out in the landscape one is on the order of square miles of bulldozed desert when you add all these things up saul griffith did the numbers and figured out what would it take to get clean of energy from wind solar and and that area would be roughly the size of the united states an area he refers to as a guy who's added it up all this very well is david mackay a physicist in england and in his wonderful book sustainable energy among other things he says i'm not trying to be pro nuclear i'm just pro arithmetic
| 1 |
958 |
fifteen percent of the entire u s has wind at fast enough speeds to be cost competitive and there's much more solar than there is wind there's plenty of resource you can make it reliable okay so thank you mark so if you were in palm springs
| 1 |
959 |
the debate is over the proposition what the world needs now is nuclear energy true or false and before we have the debate i'd like to actually take a show of hands on balance right now are you for or against this so those who are yes raise your hand for
| 0 |
960 |
true or false and before we have the debate i'd like to actually take a show of hands on balance right now are you for or against this so those who are yes raise your hand for okay hands down those who are against raise your hands okay i'm reading that at about to in favor at the start which means we're going to take a vote at the end and see how that shifts if at all so here's the format they're going to have six minutes each and then after one little quick exchange between them i want two people on each side of this debate in the audience to have seconds to make one short crisp pungent powerful point so in favor of the proposition possibly shockingly is one of truly the founders of the environmental movement a long standing the founder of the whole earth catalog someone we all know and love stewart brand whoa
| 0 |
968 |
so my favorite example is from this study that was published this year in the proceedings of the national academies if you this you'll find it it's four pages easy to read and they looked at just people's likes so just the things you like on and used that to predict all these attributes along with some other ones and in their paper they listed the five likes that were most indicative of high intelligence and among those was liking a page for curly fries
| 1 |
970 |
this is an figure one sheet no cuts folding only hundreds of folds this too is and this shows where we've gone in the modern world naturalism detail you can get horns antlers even if you look close hooves and it raises a question what changed and what changed is something you might not have expected in an art which is math that is people applied mathematical principles to the art to discover the underlying laws and that leads to a very powerful tool the secret to productivity in so many fields and in is letting dead people do your work for you
| 1 |
971 |
but if we follow the laws of we can put these patterns into another fold that itself might be something very very simple but when we put it together we get something a little different this fish scales again it is one uncut square only folding and if you don't want to fold scales you can back off and just do a few things and add plates to the back of a turtle or toes or you can ramp up and go up to stars on a flag with stripes and if you want to go really crazy scales on a rattlesnake and this guy's on display downstairs so take a look if you get a chance the most powerful tools in have related to how we get parts of creatures and i can put it in this simple equation we take an idea combine it with a square and you get an figure
| 1 |
972 |
and here's where the dead people start to help us out because lots of people have studied the problem of packing circles i can rely on that vast history of mathematicians and artists looking at disc and arrangements and i can use those patterns now to create shapes so we figured out these rules whereby you pack circles you decorate the patterns of circles with lines according to more rules that gives you the folds those folds fold into a base you shape the base you get a folded shape in this case a cockroach and it's so simple
| 1 |
973 |
it's so simple that a computer could do it and you say well you know how simple is that but computers you need to be able to describe things in very basic terms and with this we could so i wrote a computer program a bunch of years ago called and you can download it from my website it's free it runs on all the major platforms even windows
| 1 |
974 |
this tree frog has toes actually lots of people in now put toes into their models toes have become an because everyone's doing it you can make multiple subjects so these are a couple of instrumentalists the guitar player from a single square the bass player from a single square and if you say well but the guitar bass that's not so hot do a little more complicated instrument well then you could do an organ
| 1 |
975 |
my talk is flapping birds and space telescopes and you would think that should have nothing to do with one another but i hope by the end of these minutes you'll see a little bit of a relation it ties to so let me start what is most people think they know what is
| 0 |
976 |
so let me start what is most people think they know what is it's this flapping birds toys catchers that sort of thing and that is what used to be but it's become something else it's become an art form a form of sculpture the common theme what makes it is folding is how we create the form you know it's very old this is a plate from
| 0 |
977 |
you know it's very old this is a plate from it shows these women playing with these toys if you look close it's this shape called a crane every japanese kid learns how to fold that crane so this art has been around for hundreds of years and you would think something that's been around that long so restrictive folding only everything that could be done has been done a long time ago and that might have been the case but in the twentieth century a japanese folder named came along and he created tens of thousands of new designs but even more importantly he created a language a way we could communicate a code of dots dashes and arrows
| 0 |
978 |
take your problem and turn it into a problem that someone else has solved and use their solutions and i want to tell you how we did that in revolves around crease patterns the crease pattern shown here is the underlying blueprint for an figure and you can't just draw them arbitrarily they have to obey four simple laws
| 0 |
979 |
and you can't just draw them arbitrarily they have to obey four simple laws and they're very simple easy to understand the first law is two you can color any crease pattern with just two colors without ever having the same color meeting the directions of the folds at any vertex the number of mountain folds the number of valley folds always differs by two two more or two less nothing else if you look at the angles around the fold you find that if you number the angles in a circle all the even numbered angles add up to a straight line all the odd numbered angles add up to a straight line
| 0 |
1,000 |
so this is a work called the sun shadow and it was almost like a sheet of paper like a cutout of a childlike drawing of an oil spill or a sun and from the front this object appeared to be very strong and robust and from the side it almost seemed very weak so people would walking into the room and they'd almost ignore it thinking it was some crap laying around but as soon as they passed by it would start to climb up the wall in jerky fashion and it would get exhausted and it would collapse every time
| 1 |
1,001 |
today i'm going to take you through glimpses of about eight of my projects done in collaboration with danish artist we call ourselves and rao and we live and work in india i'd like to begin with my very first object which i call the uncle phone and it was inspired by my uncle's peculiar habit of constantly asking me to do things for him almost like i were an extension of his body to turn on the lights or to bring him a glass of water a pack of cigarettes and as i grew up it became worse and worse and i started to think of it as a form of control
| 0 |
1,022 |
the deadline for the show arrived my paints didn't i had to do something this fishing village was famous for sculpture so i tried bronze casting but to make large forms was too heavy and expensive i went for a walk on the beach watching the fishermen bundle their nets into mounds on the sand i'd seen it every day but this time i saw it differently a new approach to sculpture a way to make form without heavy solid materials my first satisfying sculpture was made in collaboration with these fishermen it's a self portrait titled wide hips
| 1 |
1,024 |
this story is about taking imagination seriously fourteen years ago i first encountered this ordinary material used the same way for centuries today i'm using it to create permanent billowing voluptuous forms the scale of hard edged buildings in cities around the world i was an unlikely person to be doing this i never studied sculpture engineering or architecture in fact after college i applied to seven art schools and was rejected by all seven
| 0 |
1,025 |
i discovered their soft surfaces revealed every ripple of wind in constantly changing patterns i was mesmerized i continued studying craft traditions and collaborating with artisans next in lithuania with lace makers i liked the fine detail it gave my work but i wanted to make them larger to shift from being an object you look at to something you could get lost in returning to india to work with those fishermen we made a net of a million and a half hand tied knots installed briefly in madrid thousands of people saw it and one of them was the manual sola morales who was redesigning the waterfront in porto portugal
| 0 |
1,026 |
for people in poor countries it's less than one ton it's an average of about five tons for everyone on the planet and somehow we have to make changes that will bring that down to zero it's been constantly going up it's only various economic changes that have even flattened it at all so we have to go from rapidly rising to falling and falling all the way to zero this equation has four factors a little bit of multiplication so you've got a thing on the left that you want to get to zero and that's going to be based on the number of people the services each person is using on average the energy on average for each service and the being put out per unit of energy so let's look at each one of these and see how we can get this down to zero probably one of these numbers is going to have to get pretty near to zero
| 1 |
1,028 |
them involved in the idea of you know there are people who live with mosquitoes with energy all i could come up with is this i decided that releasing fireflies would be my contribution to the environment here this year so here we have some natural fireflies i'm told they don't bite in fact they might not even leave that jar
| 1 |
1,030 |
i'm going to talk today about energy and climate and that might seem a bit surprising because my full time work at the foundation is mostly about vaccines and seeds about the things that we need to invent and deliver to help the poorest two billion live better lives but energy and climate are extremely important to these people in fact more important than to anyone else on the planet the climate getting worse means that many years their crops won't grow there will be too much rain not enough rain things will change in ways their fragile environment simply can't support and that leads to starvation it leads to uncertainty it leads to unrest so the climate changes will be terrible for them
| 0 |
1,033 |
and there's certainly uncertainty about how bad those effects will be but they will be extremely bad i asked the top scientists on this several times do we really have to get down to near zero can't we just cut it in half or a quarter and the answer is until we get near to zero the temperature will continue to rise and so that's a big challenge it's very different than saying we're a twelve truck trying to get under a ten foot bridge and we can just sort of squeeze under this is something that has to get to zero now we put out a lot of carbon dioxide every year over billion tons for each american it's about tons for people in poor countries it's less than one ton it's an average of about five tons for everyone on the planet
| 0 |
1,034 |
this is my first time at ted normally as an advertising man i actually speak at ted evil which is ted's secret sister that pays all the bills it's held every two years in burma and i particularly remember a really good speech by kim jong il on how to get teens smoking again
| 1 |
1,035 |
i'm just an ad man but it strikes me as a slightly unimaginative way of improving a train journey merely to make it shorter now what is the hedonic opportunity cost on spending six billion pounds on those railway tracks here is my naive advertising man's suggestion what you should in fact do is employ all of the world's top male and female supermodels pay them to walk the length of the train handing out free chateau petrus for the entire duration of the journey
| 1 |
1,036 |
is another naive advertising man's question again and this shows that engineers medical people scientific people have an obsession with solving the problems of reality when actually most problems once you reach a basic level of wealth in society most problems are actually problems of perception so i'll ask you another question what on earth is wrong with placebos they seem fantastic to me they cost very little to develop they work extraordinarily well they have no side effects or if they do they're imaginary so you can safely ignore them
| 1 |
1,038 |
but actually the point of placebo education is interesting how many problems of life can be solved actually by tinkering with perception rather than that tedious hardworking and messy business of actually trying to change reality here's a great example from history i've heard this attributed to several other kings but doing a bit of historical research it seems to be fredrick the great fredrick the great of prussia was very very keen for the germans to adopt the potato and to eat it because he realized that if you had two sources of carbohydrate wheat and potatoes you get less price volatility in bread and you get a far lower risk of famine because you actually had two crops to fall back on not one the only problem is potatoes if you think about it look pretty disgusting and also century ate very very few vegetables rather like contemporary scottish people
| 1 |
1,039 |
the prussian peasantry said we can't even get the dogs to eat these damn things they are absolutely disgusting and they're good for nothing there are even records of people being executed for refusing to grow potatoes so he tried plan b he tried the marketing solution which is he declared the potato as a royal vegetable and none but the royal family could consume it and he planted it in a royal potato patch with guards who had instructions to guard over it night and day but with secret instructions not to guard it very well
| 1 |
1,041 |
i can't verify that fully but it does not matter there is your environmental problem solved by the way guys all convicted child molesters have to drive a porsche cayenne
| 1 |
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