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Click on the icons to explore the hydrogen value chain and our Silyzer 300
Industry Use Case
About 90 percent of the more than 600 billion cubic meters of hydrogen produced annually worldwide is used by industry. Hydrogen is an essential feedstock in industry that serves as fuel, additive, or reduction agent. Hydrogen is primarily used as a basis for the synthesis of ammonia and other fertilizers such as urea, and for the synthesis of methanol, various polymers, and resins. Other major consumers in today’s hydrogen industry include refineries and the metalworking industry, as well as the semiconductor, glass, and food and beverage industries.
Did you know that 7% of global CO2 emissions are emitted by steel production? With the H2Future-Project, we and our partners are performing pioneering work to reduce this.
The principle of electrolysis is that water is split into its components hydrogen and oxygen by means of electric current. In contrast to conventional production methods, electrolysis offers a more environmentally friendly technology for producing CO2-neutral hydrogen. Here you can distinguish between different electrolysis systems. Hydrogen Solutions has its core competences in the field of PEM electrolysis. PEM is the abbreviation for proton exchange membrane, which is a crucial part of the electrolysis cell of the PEM electrolyzer.The membrane separates the anode, where the oxygen is collected, and the cathode, where the hydrogen gas is generated. This results in advantages in terms of power density and service life, but it also guarantees high gas purity, dynamic availabilty and efficiency.
SILYZER Plant - More Information
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SILYZER 300 - More Information
Transforms power from high or medium voltage to electrolyzer voltage.
Converts alternating (AC) into direct current (DC).
PEM Elektrolyzer
The Siemens SILYZER 300 produces hydrogen (and oxygen) by splitting demineralized water using DC power.
Cooling System
Dissipates heat from the PEM modules via the external coolant.
Feed Water Treatment
Produces demineralized water for the electrolysis process.
Control System
The Siemens SIMATIC control system enables full control of the entire electrolysis plant.
Gas Cleaning and Drying
Dries the hydrogen product gas and removes remaining oxygen molecules.
Compresses the hydrogen product gas to the pressure required by the customer.
Stores the hydrogen for further utilization.
Transport and Distribution
The hydrogen can either be connected to an H2 pipeline, could be directly fed into the natural gas grid or transported via trailer.
The next paradigm of PEM electrolysis
Module Array with 24 modules
PEM Cell
Splits demineralized water into hydrogen and oxygen, using Siemens manufactured PEM cells.
PEM Module
A full Module Array consists of 24 PEM modules each consisting of several PEM cells.
Gas Separator
Separates liquid and gas phase and recycles the water into the demin water loop.
H2/O2 Piping
Routes demineralized water and gases through the PEM module array, using natural circulation - no additional pumps needed.
Heat Exchanger
Cools the demineralized water back to the required PEM module input temperature.
Gas Cooler
Cools down the hydrogen before transfering it to product gas management.
Cell Voltage Monitoring
Enables measuring of the voltage of each PEM electrolysis cell.
17.5 MW
per full Module Array
(24 modules)
75 %
System efficiency
(higher heating value)
340 kg
hydrogen per hour per full Module Array
(24 modules)
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Renewable Energy
Greenhouse gases include carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4). Emissions of these gases are generated primarily when fossil fuels such as coal, oil and natural gas are burned. The goal of the Paris Climate Agreement is to set ambitious climate targets for every nation - a decarbonisation of the global economy. In order to meet the demands, the steady expansion of renewable energies as well as the integration into existing infrastructure of the industry, energy and mobility sector is necessary. But what happens to the excess wind and solar energy? Hydrogen enables large amounts of it to be stored long-term. We generate "green" hydrogen from renewable energy sources via PEM electrolysis and thus make an important contribution to the worldwide energy transition. Did you know that we can also offer a holistic value chain for Power-to-Gas?
Power Transmission
Various factors will dominate the electricity transmission market over the next few years. An important trend is the steadily growing share of renewable energies in the energy mix. In addition, the expansion of the network infrastructure and the closer coupling of the networks with each other will play an important role. To maintain a stable system and avoid grid fluctuations it is necessary to compensate for the integration of fluctuating renewable energy. Electrolysis is especially useful here because of its ability to regulate output in real time. In addition to electrolysis, we are solution providers in the field of energy management. Whether transformers, rectifiers, or an intelligent network solution, Siemens is able to offer a holistic solution.
Mobility Use Case
The electrification of mobility is one of the greatest challenges in global decarbonization. Hydrogen can help to decarbonize this in two ways. Fuel cell vehicles can use hydrogen directly. Instead of CO2 and NOx, they only emit water vapor. Together with battery-powered vehicles, they not only reduce emissions from local urban traffic but also from interurban traffic and light- and heavyduty transport, because these vehicles have a significantly higher range than that of exclusively battery-powered vehicles – plus it only takes a few minutes to refuel.
To strengthen our sustainable portfolio, Siemens develops innovative fuel cell solutions for mobility hand in hand with our partners.
The second way hydrogen can help is through the synthesis of hydrocarbons from sustainable hydrogen and carbon from agriculture and forestry. In this way, even large ships, heavy-duty vehicles or plains, requiring liquid fuels, can be decarbonized.
Energy Use Case
Only a small percentage of hydrogen is currently used in the energy sector, even though hydrogen is considered one of the most promising technologies in the largescale integration of renewable energy. The more electricity is generated from fluctuating renewable sources such as sun and wind and the less reliance there is on conventional power utilities, the more important it is that energy systems change. Ultimately, renewably generated power must also be available at times when sun and wind are scarce. This requires storing energy, often even over extended periods of time. Hydrogen plays a key role as an energy source and storage medium. One example of a suitable infrastructure would be gas grids with their tremendous storage potential.
"Island solutions" can also be implemented using a hydrogen infrastructure. The highly dynamic behavior of a PEM electrolysis system is particularly suitable for direct connection to renewable power sources. Load peaks can thus be countered in the island grid and the energy can be fed back into gas turbines or fuel cells as needed.
Siemens also offers solutions for re-electrification of hydrogen within the gas turbine portfolio.
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Be a part of an interdisciplinary team with the common goal of enhancing individual health and the health of the larger community through health promotion and disease prevention outreach.
Community Health
Everyone has a role to play in enhancing the health of a community. Individuals, community organizations, and businesses should all work together to promote the overall health and well-being within their community.
Community engagement is a proven method to promote health and well-being. It involves working together to support healthy environments and better quality of life for people of all ages.
What is health behavior? Health behavior refers to a person’s beliefs and actions regarding their health and well-being.
How can I affect health behavior change? By helping to engage and empower individuals and communities to increase control over, and to improve, their health by increasing healthy behaviors and eliminating unhealthy behaviors to reduce risk.
Health Behavior Change
Belief is a major factor in motivating healthy behaviors. Beliefs guide actions. In order to promote healthy behaviors, we work to increase knowledge and awareness of health issues, support healthy community practices, communicate the benefits of health behavior changes, provide information about health services.
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Hatsue’s beliefs fall somewhere between those of Ishmael, Kabuo, and Fujiko. Hatsue shares her mother’s fears for the future and feels guilty for deceiving her parents about her relationship with Ishmael. Yet when Fujiko tells her that she should avoid hakujin, Hatsue disagrees, arguing that people should be judged as individuals rather than stereotyped as members of groups. Hatsue wants to believe that the Japanese and whites can get along because she wants to believe that her love for Ishmael—which feels right when she is in the cedar tree, safe from the realities of the outside world—can exist despite racial differences. Just as the cedar tree cannot shelter her forever, however, Hatsue cannot keep the outside world away. She comes to this realization at the very moment Ishmael tries to have sex with her. Hatsue must make a choice between the two worlds and the two systems of belief. As she pushes Ishmael away, she starts to embrace Fujiko’s fatalistic view of the world. As Ishmael tries to enter her, she literally and figuratively shuts him out.
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What are the types of real time operating system?
Three types of RTOS are 1) Hard time 2) Soft time ,and 3) Firm time. RTOS system occupy very less memory and consume fewer resources. Performance is the most important factor required to be considered while selecting for a RTOS.
What are the two types of real time operating system?
Real Time Operating Systems are categorized in two types i.e. Hard Real Time Operating Systems and soft Real Time Operating Systems. Hard Real Time Operating Systems necessarily perform the task within the given specified deadline.
What are the 4 types of operating system?
Following are the popular types of Operating System:
• Batch Operating System.
• Multitasking/Time Sharing OS.
• Multiprocessing OS.
• Real Time OS.
• Distributed OS.
• Network OS.
• Mobile OS.
22 февр. 2021 г.
What is real time system in operating system?
A real-time operating system (RTOS) is an operating system (OS) intended to serve real-time applications that process data as it comes in, typically without buffer delays. … A real-time system is a time-bound system which has well-defined, fixed time constraints.
IT IS INTERESTING: You asked: How do you count occurrences in Unix?
What are the 5 types of operating system?
Apple macOS.
• Lion (OS X 10.7)
• Mountain Lion (OS X 10.8)
• Mavericks (OS X 10.9)
• Yosemite (OS X 10.10)
• El Capitan (OS X 10.11)
• Mojave (OS X 10.14), etc.
2 окт. 2019 г.
What is a real time system with example?
Real-Time systems are becoming pervasive. Typical examples of real-time systems include Air Traffic Control Systems, Networked Multimedia Systems, Command Control Systems etc. … Predictability is often achieved by either static or dynamic scheduling of real-time tasks to meet their deadlines.
Why do we need real time operating system?
At any time, the operating system might delay execution of a user program for many reasons: to run a virus scan, update graphics, perform system background tasks, and more. … Specifically, real-time operating systems can allow you to: Perform tasks within a guaranteed worst-case timeframe.
What are common operating systems?
What is an operating system example?
Some examples include versions of Microsoft Windows (like Windows 10, Windows 8, Windows 7, Windows Vista, and Windows XP), Apple’s macOS (formerly OS X), Chrome OS, BlackBerry Tablet OS, and flavors of Linux, an open-source operating system. … Some examples include Windows Server, Linux, and FreeBSD.
What is the main function of OS?
IT IS INTERESTING: Quick Answer: What operating system does SpaceX use?
What are the characteristics of real-time operating systems?
Following are the some of the characteristics of Real-time System:
• Time Constraints: Time constraints related with real-time systems simply means that time interval allotted for the response of the ongoing program. …
• Correctness: …
• Embedded: …
• Safety: …
• Concurrency: …
• Distributed: …
• Stability:
What are the different issues in real-time systems?
Issues in Real-time System Design
• Realtime Response.
• Recovering from Failures.
• Working with Distributed Architectures.
• Asynchronous Communication.
• Race Conditions and Timing.
How do you create a real-time system?
R-T systems design process
1. Design algorithms to process each class of stimulus and response. These must meet the given timing requirements.
2. Design a scheduling system which will ensure that processes are started in time to meet their deadlines.
3. Integrate using a real-time executive or operating system.
Which is not operating system?
Android is not a operating system.
Who invented operating system?
Is Harmony OS better than Android?
A much faster OS than android
As Harmony OS uses distributed data management and task scheduling, Huawei claims that its distributed technologies are more efficient in performance than Android. … According to Huawei, it has resulted in up to 25.7% response latency and 55.6% latency fluctuation improvement.
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What is Mutual Information?
Pablo Aznar
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In the field of machine learning, when it comes to extracting relationships between variables, we often use Pearson correlation. The problem is that this measure only finds linear relationships, which can lead sometimes to a bad interpretation of the relation between two variables. Nevertheless, other statistics measure non-linear relationships, such as mutual information.
Therefore, in this post, we are going to explain mutual information, how it is calculated, and an example of its use.
Mutual Information
The Mutual Information between two random variables measures non-linear relations between them. Besides, it indicates how much information can be obtained from a random variable by observing another random variable.
It is closely linked to the concept of entropy. This is because it can also be known as the reduction of uncertainty of a random variable if another is known. Therefore, a high mutual information value indicates a large reduction of uncertainty whereas a low value indicates a small reduction. If the mutual information is zero, that means that the two random variables are independent.
But, how is mutual information calculated?
The following formula shows the calculation of the mutual information for two discrete random variables.
$$ I(X;Y) = \sum_{y \in Y}\sum_{x \in X}p_{(X,Y)}(x,y) \cdot log\left(\frac{p_{(X,Y)}(x,y)}{p_{X}(x)p_{Y}(y)} \right ) $$
Where \( p_{x} \) and \( p_{y} \) are the marginal probability density functions and \( p_{xy} \) the joint probability density function.
Whereas to compute the mutual information for continuous random variables the summations have to be replaced by the integrals.
$$ I(X;Y) = \int_{Y}\int_{X} p_{(X,Y)}(x,y) \cdot log\left(\frac{p_{(X,Y)}(x,y)}{p_{X}(x)p_{Y}(y))} \right ) dxdy $$
As explained before, it is related to entropy. This relation is shown in the following formula:
$$ \begin{align*}
I(X; Y) & = H(X) – H(X|Y) \\
& = H(Y) – H(Y|X) \\
& = H(X) + H(Y) – H(X,Y) \\
& = H(X,Y) – H(X|Y) – H(Y|X)
\end{align*} $$
Entropy (H) measures the level of expected uncertainty in a random variable. Therefore, H(X) is approximately how much information can be learned of the random variable X by observing just one sample.
$$ H(X) = -\sum_{x_{i}\in X}P(X=x_{i})\cdot log(P(X=x_{i})) $$
The joint entropy measures the uncertainty when considering together two random variables.
$$ H(X,Y) = – \sum_{x_{i} \in X} \sum_{y_{j}\in Y} P(X=x_{i}, Y=x_{j})\cdot log(P(X=x_{i}, Y=x_{j})) $$
The conditional entropy measures how much uncertainty has the random variable X when the value of Y is known.
$$ H(X|Y) = – \sum_{x,y} p(x,y)\cdot log p(x|y) $$
For better understanding, the relationship between entropy and mutual information has been depicted in the following Venn diagram, where the area shared by the two circles is the mutual information:
Venn diagram that relates entropy and mutual information
Properties of Mutual Information
The main properties of the Mutual Information are the following:
• Non-negative: \(I(X; Y) \geq 0 \)
• Symmetric: \( I(X; Y) = I(Y; X) \)
• \( I(X; Y) = 0 \leftrightarrow X, Y \) independent, because in that case \( P(x, y) = P(x) \cdot P(y) \)
Since mutual information has only lower boundaries, sometimes it is difficult to interpret the obtained result. Looking at the equation that relates mutual information with entropy and the Venn diagram, we can see that it is possible to obtain the maximum value of the mutual information.
$$ \begin{align*}
I_{max}(X; Y) = min(H(X), H(Y)) \\
0 \leq I(X; Y) \leq min(H(X), H(Y)) \\
I_{NORM}(X; Y) = \frac{I(X; Y)}{I_{max}(X; Y)} = \frac{I(X; Y)}{min(H(X), H(Y)) }
\end{align*} $$
So, what is the difference between Mutual Information and correlation?
The main difference is that correlation is a measure of linear dependence, whereas mutual information measures general dependence (including non-linear relations). Therefore, mutual information detects dependencies that do not only depend on the covariance. Thus, mutual information is zero when the two random variables are strictly independent.
In the field of machine learning, one of its main uses is in decision trees. It is used for looking for the optimum split of the features to choose the nodes that compose the tree (also called information gain).
Another use is for feature selection. When having a big dataset with a big range of features, mutual information can help to select a subset of those features in order to discard the irrelevant ones.
In other fields, mutual information is also widely used. For example, in telecommunications, it is used to calculate the channel capacity.
Let’s see an example of how mutual information can be used for feature selection. For that purpose, we are going to generate a synthetic dataset and then, calculate the mutual information between the features and the target. Then, the features with higher scores will be the selected ones.
Using the make_classification function of the python library scikit-learn, we generate a synthetic dataset, which is a binary classification problem. This function allows us to choose the number of informative, repeated, redundant, and random features.
Once generated the dataset with 6 informative features, 1 redundant, 2 repeated, and 1 random, we calculate the mutual information between each feature and the target. Using the mutual_info_classif also of scikit-learn, we obtain the following results:
Mutual information of each feature and the target
As can be seen, features 7 and 8 have the same mutual information as 2 and 5, respectively, so they are the repeated ones. Furthermore, features 9 and 10 have a mutual information value of 0, indicating that they are both independent of the target, so they are random features. Moreover, the rest of the features are the informative ones and the redundant ones. Note that only by calculating the mutual information between the features and the target, we can no distinguish between informative and redundant features.
In this post, we have seen what is mutual information, how it is calculated, its differences with correlation, and an example of how to use it for feature selection.
[2] Li, W. (1990). Mutual information functions versus correlation functions. Journal of statistical physics60(5), 823-837.
[3] Kraskov, A., Stögbauer, H., & Grassberger, P. (2004). Estimating mutual information. Physical review E69(6), 066138.
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lunes, 9 de octubre de 2017
Job Complexity, Race, and Socioeconomic Status: Examining Health Disparities from an Occupational Perspective | | Blogs | CDC
Posted on by Kaori Fujishiro, PhD
Job complexity as an indicator of SES
Job complexity is high if a job requires employees to:
• make decisions while consequences are unknown,
• gather and evaluate information from various sources, and
• solve problems in uncertain situations.
These jobs are engaging and empowering because they provide opportunities to use our skills and to do our best. For example, doctors and business executives have highly complex jobs, and so do construction managers, barbers, and IT service technicians. Examples of less complex jobs are sorting agricultural products, washing dishes, and cutting meats and vegetables in commercial kitchens. Jobs are generally more complex at the higher end of SES.
Previous studies have shown that high job complexity is associated with fewer disabilities in retirement and lower mortality. Decision-making power and skill-use opportunities have been consistently associated with better health. In sum, the literature suggests that job complexity may partly explain health disparities by SES.
Job complexity, race, and SES
Racial composition within an occupation seldom reflects the entire US population. Whites have a higher proportion of high SES jobs, which are generally highly complex. Lower SES jobs, which tend to be less complex, are more common among African Americans and Latinos. Even within the same education level, on average white men hold more complex jobs, a new NIOSH study documented1. Reflecting this, the study found that the positive effect of high education and complex jobs was the strongest for white men. For black men and women of both races, even when they had high levels of education, their jobs were not as complex as their white, male counterparts’, and thus the positive effect of a complex job was limited.
Another recent study from NIOSH2 examined job complexity with racial difference in risk of death. Historically, the annual risk of death is higher for African Americans than whites. The NIOSH study found that this difference could be reduced by a third if African Americans had the same levels of complexity in their jobs as whites. This suggests that different experiences of job complexity may be an important factor in creating racial health disparities.
If racial difference in job complexity partly explains racial health disparities, then reducing the difference may help remove such disparities.
We would like to hear from you. What needs to be done to make jobs more engaging and empowering? Please leave your thoughts in the comment section below.
Kaori Fujishiro, PhD, is Senior Epidemiologist in the NIOSH Division of Surveillance, Hazard Evaluations and Field Studies.
1. Fujishiro, K., MacDonald, L. A., Crowe, M., Howard, V. J., McClure, L. A, & Wadley, V. G. (2017). The role of occupation in explaining cognitive functioning in later life: Education and occupational complexity in a US national sample of black and white men and women. Journal of Gerontology, Series B: Social Sciences. Doi: 10.1093.geronb.gbx112
2. Fujishiro, K., Hajat, A., Landsbergis, P. A., Meyer, J. D., Schreiner, P. J., & Kaufman, J. D. (2017). Explaining racial/ethnic differences in all-cause mortality in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA): Substantive complexity and hazardous working conditions as mediating factors. Social Science & Medicine-Population Health, 3, 497-505.
Posted on by Kaori Fujishiro, PhD
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Curiosity rover that can take photos of Mars with a strange light
NASA’s popular Curiosity rover is constantly taking pictures on Mars, and one of the photos he took now showed a mysterious light.
June 16 This photo, taken on Curiosity’s Sol 2438, shows a glowing light in the air. (Sol means a day on Mars, a time of 24 hours, 39 minutes, and 35 seconds.)
However, NASA has stated that the light could not be considered the handiwork of any other organism.
Curiosity has been on the surface of Mars since 2012, sending many images to keep scientists around the world busy. (Includes selfies.) It has 17 cameras, the largest of all probe for NASA-owned Mars mission. With so many cameras, you can sometimes see reflective photos.
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Home Blog Domestic Rubbish Fact 6: What a load of Rubbish!
waste-rubbish-landfill-site-solutions legal waste requirements
Rubbish Fact 6: What a load of Rubbish!
Site Solutions like to keep things topical. So unless you’ve been under a rock for the past month, you’ll be familiar with how the UK is currently weathering an uncertain storm. With many business closures and the public (mostly) in isolation, it’s a strange time. One major industry stream that has seen closures this week are household waste and recycling sites.
So, we thought this might be a good opportunity for our next instalment of ‘Rubbish Facts’. We want to show you all we know about household waste, where it goes and some useless, but interesting stats!
A few household waste stats to kick things off…
• On average 16% of the money spent on your weekly food and product produce is spent on the packaging
• As much as 50% of waste disposal in your bin, is compostable
• Is your car is at the end of its life and ready for the scrap heap? Up to 80% of your car is recyclable
• Household waste accounts for approximately 28% of the UK’s entire waste. Which includes construction and commercial waste!
Imagine, it’s the end of the week. You have split your waste into the recycling bin and the dustbin. Your weekly bin night has arrived and you wheel the dustbin out of the back garden to be collected early the next day. Do you think about where your waste goes next? Probably not. But here’s some interesting details on where your rubbish ends up.
How does landfill work?
Firstly, on arrival all waste is weighed and checked to ensure it complies with the ‘landfill operating licence rules.
Next, the waste is tipped into the landfill area.
Compacting is the next important step. Large bulldozers and tractors travel over the waste to compact it. This ideally takes place as soon as possible. Covering it with soil in this way ensures the landfill is covered to reduce odours and deter pests, such as rats and insects.
Decomposition is the next stage. Waste and recycling management firm, Suez explains it in technical terms on their website:
The gas production during composition is collected and either burned off or used as an energy source to generate plants.
What happens next?
The leachate produced is contained and drained into tankers and treated. Alternatively, it is used for onsite treatment plants where it is cleaned and disposed to the sewer or waste course.
Landfills take many years to reach capacity. However, when one does, the landfill is capped and covered with clay and vegetation. This is to keep a barrier in place but it also stops odours and anything else polluting it.
A lot of weekly rubbish ends up converted into electricity which powers the National Grid.
One final fact about landfill waste
While the fact a lot of waste gets reused. Alarmingly, the largest landfill on earth is actually the North Pacific Ocean. Called the ‘Great Pacific garbage patch‘, it’s estimated to be anywhere from 3,100 to 537,000 square miles, (twice the size of Texas).
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What is the Para Olympic What is the motto of Olympic?
What is the Olympic motto explain?
The original Olympic motto is made up of three Latin words : Citius – Altius – Fortius. These words mean Faster – Higher – Stronger. … It expresses the aspirations of the Olympic Movement not only in its athletic and technical sense but also from a moral and educational perspective.
What is Paralympic and its Moto?
The Paralympic motto is “Spirit in Motion”. The motto was introduced in 2004 at the Paralympic Games in Athens. The previous motto was “Mind, Body, Spirit”, introduced in 1994.
Why is there an Olympic oath?
A call for an oath was announced as early as 1906 by International Olympic Committee (IOC) president and founder Pierre de Coubertin in the Revue Olympique (Olympic Review in French). This was done in an effort to ensure fairness and impartiality.
What is the Paralympic creed?
The creed and motto are meant to inspire the athletes to embrace the Olympic spirit and inspire them to perform to the best of their ability. The vision is ‘To enable Paralympic athletes to achieve sporting excellence and inspire and excite the world. ‘
What is the Olympic oath 2021?
Depending on the group that is speaking, the new oath reads: “In the name of the athletes”, “In the name of all judges” or “In the name of all the coaches and officials”. “We promise to take part in these Olympic Games, respecting and abiding by the rules and in the spirit of fair play, inclusion and equality.
IT IS IMPORTANT: Quick Answer: What sport is Japan adding to the Olympics?
What is Olympic oath answer?
The oath is as “we swear that we shall take part in these Olympic Games, respecting and abiding by the rules which govern them, in the true spirit of sportsmanship, for the glory of sports and the honour of our country.”
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Get your free Aeneid essay sample now!
Aeneid and Hector
* Outline * I. Aeneas and Hector show leadership through faithfulness and respect to the gods and goddesses. Faithfulness to the gods. Hector prays to the gods before fighting. Aeneas obeys the god, A...
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“Homer’s The Odyssey and Virgil’s Aeneid as Propagandistic Literature” Propaganda is a powerful social tool that influences audiences through manipulation and selective viewpoints and has been...
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Essay 1 How much can a civilization change in under a year? The Roman Civilization changed drastically in roughly one hundred years in the way they view many aspects of their life, including the role ...
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Did cowboys actually use saddlebags?
atm-logoDid cowboys actually use saddlebags?
Geneva Enright
Chandler, Arizona
Cowboys usually disdained saddlebags or other accessories, such as water bags or canteens, as they were too heavy to pack on a cow pony. Cowboys usually packed essentials—extra clothes, small personal items—in a canvas bag referred to as a “war sack.” On roundups and trail drives, the cook or the bedroll wagon carried a water barrel.
Cavalrymen, on the contrary, were issued saddlebags in which they carried items such as currycomb and brush, a picket pin for staking out the horse, horseshoes and some horseshoe nails, some rations and extra ammunition.
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The Meaning of Haymarket Square: How Marxists Won the Eight-Hour Day for Working Americans
There is no “straight” history of the United States. The standard version is the one told from the perspective of organized money; it is not just a plain, objective recounting of facts.
In his 1980 masterpiece, A People’s History of the United States, Howard Zinn informs the reader from the get-go that his perspective will be different. He will tell the story of America from the view of Americans who were on the receiving end of oligarchy–the poor, the oppressed, the disenfranchised, the silenced, excluded and ignored. The ninety-nine percent, if you will.
(And by the way, in 1980, assuming that America was an oligarchy turned out to be a pretty good working hypothesis. In 2014, two Princeton economists–stout guardians of the status quo if anyone is–concluded that Zinn’s assumption was sound: our country was run by a small group of economic elites with exclusionary access to power.)
I am heartily enjoying re-reading of Zinn these last couple weeks. To me it’s a puzzle that so many “ordinary” Americans seem allergic to Zinn, or any kind of critical retelling of our history. (1619 Project wars, anybody?). If we are indeed the home of the brave, why should we fear hearing voices from the past that have been forgotten or marginalized or blotted out? Can our faith in our founding ideals not withstand the testimony of ordinary, powerless people?
I don’t do a lot of flag-waving, but I would only want to belong to a country that keeps digging up its past and trying out new versions of its history. Any other kind of country is not free–and is also deeply uninteresting, which is another kind of problem.
If the authorities get the people to forget all the “irrelevant” facts that have been winnowed away to create the official version of history, eventually the unofficial version will simply die away. Memory and public record are the only things that enable us to think honestly about who we used to be and how we have changed. If the authorities can manipulate those two things sufficiently, they can create a history of themselves that is impervious to examination. Future Princeton economists will not get to call them oligarchs. We will be forced to believe their version as the only one. It will be as if the state’s antagonists never existed. And weren’t we born from an antagonistic movement? Didn’t Jefferson himself say that a democracy needs rebels?
So with that thought in mind, today I want to showcase Zinn’s recounting of the history of Haymarket Square. As an American living abroad most of the last 30 years, I’ve been quizzed more than once about this event. Almost every developed country east of the Azores celebrates May Day. The date is renowned as a victory of labor over capital.
Furthermore, almost every educated European also knows two slightly incongruent things about Haymarket. They know that the events in Chicago are venerated almost exclusively by the political left, and they know that America today is curiously devoid of memories of Haymarket. It’s not just that we have forgotten about it. We don’t seem to want it in our history. We even moved our version of Labor Day to a whole new month to keep it free of socialist taint.
Generally speaking, my interlocutors are not setting me up for a gotcha moment when they ask about Haymarket. They genuinely want to know how such basic information about it could have been purged from the public consciousness in the very country where it happened. It’s puzzling.
Zinn introduces his retelling of Haymarket by recalling a poem of the day, “My Boy.” It goes
I have a little boy at home,
A pretty little son;
I think sometimes the world is mine
In him, my only one . . .
‘Ere dawn my labor drives me forth;
Tis night when I am free;
A stranger am I to my child;
And stranger my child to me.
When we think of the labor movement, we think of strikers demanding two things–higher pay and better conditions. But the subject of this poem doesn’t just want a job that’s better remunerated or safer or easier for him to do. He wants a life. He wants his everyday not to be dictated to him so that it prevents privacy, agency, and normal human bonds of love.
By 1886, labor movements across the country were gaining momentum. The workers had nothing to lose but their chains, to paraphrase a Certain Someone. Zinn recounts that, from the days of Revolutionary America onward, laborers had worked 12 to 16 hour days and many considered a mere 9-hour shift on Saturdays a godsend. They were paid poverty-level wages across almost all industries.
As the Industrial Revolution gathered force, producers’ need for labor skyrocketed, and by the Civil War, cities across America (mostly in the north) became huge slums of the working poor. Contrary to Horatio Alger Myths, there was no way up and out of the slum, and this was by design. The system needed those masses of the powerless, immiserated poor to stay where they were and spend their every waking hour working.
When the American Federation of Labor called for nationwide strikes on 1 May 1886, it had the explicit goal in mind of ending the working person’s entrapment in a workday that permitted no private life, no time to be anything other than a factory hand. One group in Chicago that answered the AFL’s call, indeed, anticipated it, was the Central Labor Union. Led by two Marxists, Albert Parsons and August Spies, the CLU had published a manifesto the previous year. Here is the main part of it:
Be it Resolved, That we urgently need the wage-earning class to arm itself in order to be able to put forth against their exploiters such an argument which alone can be effective: Violence, and further, Be it Resolved, that notwithstanding that we expect very little from the introduction of the eight-hour day, we firmly promise to assist our more backward brethren in this class struggle with all means and power at our disposal, so long as they will continue to show an open and resolute front to our common oppressors, the aristocratic vagabonds and exploiters. Our war cry is “Death to the foes of the human race.”
Even without the advanced state of sleep science today, common sense and normal, bodily imperatives tell us we need about eight hours of sleep each night. The oligarchs of 1886 America said that’s all we needed, period: eight hours of sleep and 16 hours of work. You would have had no use for any life outside the factory and your meager bed. You are a mere extension of the machine you attend.
When the CLU had the temerity to assemble thousands of strikers in Haymarket Square, Chicago on 1 May against this idea, the authorities sent out the police, as usual. Many strikers quit under fire, many others were arrested. Spies wrote a fiery pamphlet calling for stiffer resistance, and on 4 May, a smaller group of protesters turned out. What they didn’t know is that an agent provocateur was among them, and at the end of the gathering, he threw a bomb at the police, killing seven of them.
Haymarket Riot - HISTORY
With no physical evidence to identify who threw the bomb, the public prosecutor went after Parsons, Spies and six other CLU leaders. The lack of evidence was no barrier to achieving justice. Zinn recalls, “The evidence against the eight anarchists was their ideas, their literature; none had been at Haymarket that day except Fielden, who was speaking when the bomb exploded. A jury found them guilty, and they were sentenced to death.”
As Christopher Hitchens reminds us of the Catholic Church, it is worth worth remembering what it was like when it was strong, even though it seems docile today. The Inquisition and the Church’s other atrocities cannot simply be tossed down the memory hole.
I take a similar lesson from Zinn’s history of the contest between labor and capital in 19th-century America. Give capital enough power, and it will deny that you are even a human being. It will find a way to deprive you of a life of your own, and it will pay for “respectable” courts to convict you of thought crime if you demand more. For that is indeed what Parsons and Spies were convicted of. They were hanged in 1887. They were executed for thinking that workers deserved to have their own lives–a third of their day in which they could love, loaf, read, garden, or do whatever made them them. It is vital that we be able to recall a time in our history when this idea was deemed so dangerous that the state dispassionately killed its authors.
Parsons and Spies did not win the eight-hour work day alone, but they did spearhead its victory and made the ultimate sacrifice for it. I quoted their manifesto at length on purpose. It’s a discomfiting document. Its authors are Marxists, and their prose shows it–turgid, militant, straddling a line between peaceful protest and violent rebellion. It is an all-American document. If you feel entitled to your eight-hour workday, as I readily admit I do, take a moment to remember that the bravest, most committed partisans of this privilege–all-American Marxists–were hanged for bringing it to you. That is the meaning of Haymarket Square for me.
Howard Zinn and the Legacy of Orwell
For students of Orwell, Howard Zinn’s 1980 masterpiece, A People’s History of the United States, provides an endless source of inspiration and reflection. All history writing, Zinn argues, is recounting facts. But choosing the facts to recount is shaped by ideology. So when you look back at the stories that historians tell–or when you want to tell a new story of your own–you must try to be critical and candid about which ideology is at play.
Orwell wrote that his only talent was a “power of facing unpleasant facts.” And this talent was not merely an idle form of pessimism. Orwell’s most militant attacks on the status quo were calculated, deliberate and, yes, optimistic. He saw around him a society of fundamentally decent people but who were blind to the mass thievery, subjugation, and brutality of colonialism, which provided their income. Orwell wrote over and over again that the English people’s comfort and gentleness–national virtues which he sincerely admired–were based in a widespread ability not to see what was right in front of their noses. He wanted them to do better.
Orwell was also devastatingly frank about his own ideologies. Near the end of his life he wrote in an essay that since 1936, when he had gone to Spain to fight for the republic, everything he published had been “propaganda” for social democracy. Of course he believed he was writing the truth, but he didn’t believe that any writer could work completely objectively: it was impossible to write about anything of importance, Orwell believed, from an ideologically neutral perspective.
From the moment you crack open A People’s History of the United States, you see Zinn exuding a kind of intellectual courage that would do Orwell proud. The standard view of American history is not factually wrong, Zinn writes, but it dissembles, overshadows or understates so many unpleasant facts that it ends up telling a deeply warped version of how our country came to be. Every single-volume history of the United States that we had been presented with before 1980 invites its readers to avoid seeing what is right in front of their noses.
All honest historians know, Zinn writes, of Columbus’s cruelty and greed in “dealing” with the native Arawak people of the West Indies. Columbus himself records that one of his first acts was to “take by force” several Aarawaks to interrogate them about the location of gold. He also records how he enslaved thousands of Arawaks and sent them back to Spain. Tens of thousands more were to follow. Many were simply massacred. Once Columbus landed on their shores, the Arawaks’ history became one of subjugation, enslavement and death.
The standard histories do not lie about such devastation; one historian even calls it genocide. Another says Columbus “had his faults” but must be remembered for his seamanship. What the historian accomplishes by this kind of subterfuge is, Zinn writes, worse than lying. The loyal historian
But he does something else–he mentions the truth quickly and goes on to other things more important to him. Outright lying or quiet omission takes the risk of discovery which, when made, might arouse the reader to rebel against the writer. To state the facts, however, and them to bury them in a mass of other information is to say to the reader with a certain infectious calm: yes, mass murder took place, but it’s not that important–it should weigh very little in our final judgments; it should affect very little what we do in the world. . . . To emphasize the heroism of Columbus and his successors as navigators and discoverers, and to de-emphasize their genocide, is not a technical necessity but an ideological choice.
To weigh and arrange the facts of history in a certain way is an ideological choice. And just as Orwell tells us plainly that his writings are all “propaganda,” Zinn tells us what his ideological choice is: he will tell the history of America focusing on the lives of the forgotten, subjugated, murdered, silenced and oppressed. Such a history may not give us a perfect picture of who we are or how our country came to be, but it would–and does–go a long way toward correcting a historical narrative shaped only by the ideology of conquest, money, and property.
Orwell’s Attack on Christianity in “1984”
By the time Orwell wrote 1984, near the end of his life, he was very much over God. He had been for a long time. He recalls in a 1947 essay, “Till the age of about fourteen I believed in God, and believed that the accounts given of him were true. But I was aware that I did not love him. On the contrary, I hated him, just as I hated Jesus and the Hebrew patriarchs.”
Strong stuff.
Young Eric Blair was rebelling against the most outrageous commandment in Christianity–to love, fear, and worship the very God who had created him sick with sin. It was a crazy-making idea. A sane, whole person cannot love his tormentor, certainly not on command, and young Blair knew it. “[A]t the middle of one’s heart,” he believed, “there seemed to stand an incorruptible inner self,” and this self had to stay sane, even if it meant living with the consciousness that he was a mere mortal animal, mastered in the end by time, fate and chance, not bound for victorious, eternal glory.
Why did Orwell, a committed liberal, do so little to promote the cause of secularism, which seeks to pierce the very first authoritarian code we are taught as children and, in a sense, fathers all the rest? Orwell writes almost nothing in his maturity about the benefits of losing one’s religion. It seems that once he had outgrown the idea of God at the age of 14, he dropped it entirely.
Well, that’s not exactly true. He did write a whole novel about theism and atheism, A Clergyman’s Daughter, but it is remarkably thin stuff, theologically speaking. It pivots on no towering clash of ideas, is harrowed by no Dostoevskyan “furnace of doubt.” It is much more English than that. After Orwell’s heroine, Dorothy, stops believing, he describes her change in meteorological terms:
Today we might say it was Orwell’s “lived experience” as a liberal democrat that caused his faith to vanish without fuss or ceremony. Arguments and logic played no role in his mental liberation, so he made no point of promoting them. Just give people time to outgrow the myths and superstitions of religion, and they will do so, he seemed to be thinking.
Although this passivity, I believe, characterized Orwell’s abiding attitude most of his non-believing life, I was wrong to think he let A Clergyman’s Daughter express his last word on Christian theism. The closing chapters of 1984 aim a savage blow directly at the core imperatives of Christianity. Furthermore, it is clear that the dying Orwell still hates the very things that outraged him as a school boy: the commandment to love and worship a sadist who claims the power to bend reality itself and who demands the subject, under pain of torture, connive in this self-aggrandizing fraud.
Everyone who has read 1984 recalls the broad outline of what happens to Winston Smith in the Ministry of Love. O’Brien tortures him to the point where he believes–with apparent genuineness–that 2 + 2 = 5.
But I hadn’t noticed until my latest re-reading the specificity with which Orwell attacks certain Christian principles as inherently totalitarian.
Evangelical Christians’ belief in a “young earth” created by God and fully furnished with familiar animals is well known. The most literal interpretation of this dogma is the basis of James Ussher’s famous “calculation” that the earth was created on 23rd October 4004 BCE.
Although I’ve read 1984 a dozen times or more, I’d never paused at the episode where O’Brien propounds Big Brother’s version of the same theory. Winston cannot accept O’Brien’s claim that the party has fully mastered material reality and indeed “make[s] the laws of nature.” Winston objects that the party cannot even achieve military mastery of the whole planet, which is itself “a speck of dust” in the vast darkness of the universe. How could it possibly claim to make the laws of nature?
“Nonsense,” O’Brien replies, “The earth is as old as we are, no older. How could it be older? Nothing exists except through human consciousness.”
When Winston objects that the “rocks are full of bones of extinct animals” that were alive long before humans, O’Brien rebuffs him with words that could come straight from a creationist pamphlet, “Have you seen those bones, Winston? Of course not. Nineteenth century biologists invented them.”
It is not just the substance but mainly the logic of O’Brien’s argument that indicts Christian dogma. The human mind is a blank slate, according to both Christianity and Big Brother. Agents of good and evil contend to inscribe things on the slate. Inscribe enough things, and a narrative takes shape. If one side gains the power to blot out everything written by its opponent, that side completely and utterly controls the narrative. It might as well control all of reality.
Winston knows this. In his job at the Ministry of Truth, he blots things out for a living, revising old books and newspapers to reflect the ever-changing party line. If the party expels an official, the facts of the official’s life are edited to fit his status as an enemy and traitor. All evidence that he once was good goes down the memory hole. In the torture chambers of the Ministry of Love, O’Brien explains to Winston that revising books and newspapers is just the beginning of what the party can do. Controlling history is good, yes, but controlling all of reality is the party’s real objective.
Furthermore, there is a shortcut to achieving this control. There is no need to expand the Ministry of Truth to be able to revise all the world’s texts. “We control matter,” O’Brien intones, “because we control the mind. Reality is inside the skull. You will learn by degrees, Winston. There is nothing that we could not do.”
Christianity, and indeed most religions, make the same naked invitation to power that O’Brien is making. When O’Brien says that scientists “invented” the fossil record, he opens the field for the individual to believe any alternative facts or theories whatsoever. Convince the individual that objective, mind-independent reality has no authority to rule his thought, and you become that authority. This is the power of cults, conspiracy mongers, dictators, and, yes, religions. It puts the faith-bearer at the center of a universe that makes no sense without his consent.
But how do you get a sane, reasonable person to believe the impossible–really believe? Perversely, it all comes back to the “Christian” commandment to love one’s tormentor.
Ministry of Love on Twitter: "We're from the Ministry of Love and we're here to help. #WARisPEACE"
In the interrogation room, Winston is belted to something like a dentist’s chair; electrodes are attached to his body, and they are used to administer whatever strength of shock O’Brien chooses. O’Brien has a pain dial.
Even though Winston knows it will draw another shock, he cannot accept O’Brien’s philosophy that there is no earth without man, no reality without minds to shape it. Addled by prolonged torture, Winston cannot articulate his objection. O’Brien fills it in for him, and goes on to explain the articles of faith under duress:
“I told you, Winston,” he said, “that metaphysics is not your strong point. The word you are trying to think of is solipsism. But you are mistaken. This is not solipsism. Collective solipsism, if you like. But that is a different thing; in fact the opposition thing. “All this is a digression,” he added in a different tone. “The real power, the power we have to fight for night and day, is not the power over things, but over men.” He paused, and for a moment assumed again his air of a schoolmaster questioning a promising pupil: “How does one man assert his power over another, Winston?”
The most pitiful scene in the terrifying next-to-last chapter in 1984 is when the emaciated, pain-wracked Winston accepts the comforting embrace of O’Brien, who has turned off the pain machine. In the moment of relief, the only thing that matters to Winston is that O’Brien–his tormentor over so many days that Winston can’t count them–is the author of his release from pain. In a foretaste of 1984‘s last horrible revelation–that Winston comes to love Big Brother, not just obey him–Winston in that moment loves O’Brien.
Any creed that invites us to love the author of our misery because he ipso facto has the power to relieve our misery is totalitarian. It expresses a wish to have our emotions invigilated and commanded by someone else. It tells us we would be better off if someone more powerful than us were to take control the seat of our privacy. Put us together again in new shapes of their choosing. Not our will but theirs be done.
Of course I’m not saying that just because Christianity is a gateway to the darkest of totalitarian attitudes that the faithful must follow that path. All the Christians I know are too decent and polite to believe the worst, privacy-canceling parts of their creed. But those worst parts are still there, an open invitation to power–a hideous strength, as C.S. Lewis might put it. For my part, I still believe, as Orwell did, that at the middle of one’s heart is an incorruptible self that must expose and stand up to such outrages.
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Non-biblical Writings Concerning Jesus
There are 5,656 New Testament manuscripts written in Greek, more than 10,000 in Latin and more than 1,000 in other languages—some dating back to the second century and available today and in reasonable condition.[1] However, the inquirer may want additional evidence from non-Christian sources. Hardly any writings have survived from early in the first century and according to E M Blaiklock in his book, Jesus Christ: Man or Myth?,[2] only a small amount of written work has been retained from the 50s and 60s. The early writings that have survived are discussed below.
Possibly the earliest non-Christian writer to refer to Jesus, is the man Thallus, a Greek historian, who was most likely a Samaritan. About AD 55, he wrote a three volume history of the Mediterranean world from before the Trojan War to about AD 50. Thallus is first mentioned around AD 180 by Theophilus Bishop of Antioch in his Ad Autolycum. As well, his work quoted by Julius Africanus, in his A History of the World, which he wrote around AD 220. The writings of both Thallus and Africanus have been lost, but Africanus’ work is quoted by the Byzantine writer Georgius Syncellus in his Chronicle which he wrote about AD 800. The Christian historian Eusebius tells us that Thallus wrote in Greek. In his work Thallus provides details the crucifixion of Jesus but explains that the darkness that fell over the land at the time of His death[3] was not a supernatural miracle, but merely an eclipse.[4] Julius Africanus writes:
Thallus in the third book of his histories explains away this darkness as an eclipse of the sun; unreasonably, as it seems to me.
The Passover is celebrated at the full moon in the month of Nisan and Christ was crucified at Passover time. It is not possible for there to have been a solar eclipse, because the moon must pass between the sun and the earth. A full moon occurs when the moon is fully illuminated by the sun and this only happens when the earth is between the sun and the moon.
FF Bruce states in his book, The New Testament Documents: Are They Reliable?
Africanus stated his objection to the report arguing that an eclipse of the sun cannot occur during the full moon, as was the case when Jesus died at Passover time. The force of the reference to Thallus is that the circumstances of Jesus’ crucifixion were known and discussed in the Imperial City as early as the middle of the first century. The fact of Jesus’ crucifixion must have been fairly well known by that time, to the extent that unbelievers like Thallus thought it necessary to explain the matter of the darkness as a natural phenomenon.[5]
Mara-Bar-SerapionMara Bar Serapion
Writing in the first century AD, Mara Bar Serapion, a Syrian writer, is believed to be the provider of one of the earliest non-Jewish, non-Christian references to Jesus. His letter to his son, who was in prison at the time, has been dated to sometime after AD 73. In it, he encourages his son in the pursuit of wisdom and points out that those who persecute wise men are overtaken by misfortune. To support his contention, he gives the examples of Socrates, Pythagoras and Christ.[6] F. F. Bruce cites this letter, even though it does not mention Jesus by name, as clear evidence of the historicity of Jesus.[7] The letter resides in the British Museum.
What advantage did the Athenians gain by putting Socrates to death? Famine and plague came upon them as a punishment for their crime. What advantage did the men of Samos gain for the burning of Pythagoras? In a moment their land was covered with sand. What advantage did the Jews gain from executing their wise king? It was just after that, that their kingdom was abolished. God justly avenged these three wise men: the Athenians died from hunger; the Samians were overwhelmed by the sea; the Jews, ruined and driven from their land, live in complete dispersion. But Socrates did not die for good; he lived on in the teaching of Plato. Pythagoras did not die for good, he lived on in the statue of Hera. Nor did the wise king die for good; he lived on in the teaching, which he had given.
Phlegon of Tralles (written AD 80?)
Phlegon was a first century Greek historian whose writings have been lost. However, they are referred to by Julius Africanus, who comments on Phlegon’s documentation of the darkness that came over the earth at the time of Christ’s crucifixion. As with Thallus, Phlegon puts it down to a solar eclipse, but also makes the point that it occurred during the reign of Tiberius Caesar and at the time of the Passover, and that there was a full moon, which, as stated before, makes a solar eclipse impossible.
The writings of Phlegon are also referred to by Origen in Contra Celsum, who wrote:
Phlegon mentioned the eclipse which took place during the crucifixion of the Lord Jesus Christ, and no other (eclipse) it is clear that he did not know from his source about any (similar) eclipse in previous times… And this is shown by the historical account itself of Tiberius Caesar.
From the above examples of non-biblical evidence, it is clear that none of the early writers doubted the historicity of Jesus’ existence, His crucifixion and the darkness that fell over the land.
flavous-josephusFlavius Josephus (AD 37103)
Josephus was the son of a priest and was reared in traditional Judaism. He got caught up in the Jewish anti-Roman resistance movement and found himself in charge of the Jotapata fortress in Galilee. Though he refused to surrender until his life was guaranteed, it was his successful prophecy that Vespasian would become emperor that brought imperial favor. He received Roman citizenship and was commissioned to write a history of the Jewish people, which he did in two compilations of writings, each consisting of many books: History of the Jewish War (against Rome) and Antiquities of the Jews.[8]
In Antiquities of the Jews, Josephus confirms the authenticity of John the Baptist and the fact that Herod had him executed:
Now some of the Jews thought that the destruction of Herod’s army came from God, and that very justly, as a punishment of what he did against John, that was called the Baptist: for Herod slew him, who was a good man, and commanded the Jews to exercise virtue, both as to righteousness and to one another, and piety towards God.[9]
Another quotation from Antiquities confirms the authenticity of Jesus’ brother James:
Josephus confirms the authenticity of the High Priest Annas who tried Jesus before His crucifixion:
But the younger Annas who, as we said, received the high priesthood, was of a bold disposition and exceptionally daring; he followed the party of the Sadducees who are severe in judgment above all of the Jews, as we have already shown.[11]
Josephus gives more information about Jesus in Antiquities which is consistent with scripture:
The most common form of the above verse actually says that Jesus was the Messiah and that He did appear to His disciples after returning to life on the third day. Consequently, it has been declared by many scholars to have been altered by Christians some time after the time of Josephus. The verse quoted above was found by Professor Schlomo Pines of the Hebrew University in 1972. It was written by the tenth century Melkite historian Agapius and could be the original.[13]
Cornelious TacitusCornelius Tacitus (circa AD 56–AD 117)
Tacitus was a senator and historian of the Roman Empire. He was governor of Asia in 112. His two major works are the Annals and the Histories, many portions of which have survived. Reporting on Emperor Nero’s decision to blame Christians for the fire that destroyed Rome, Tacitus wrote:
Below is Jean-Leon Gerome’s painting; The Christian Martyrs’ Last Prayer.
Tacitus’ statement tells us in rather unsympathetic terms that Christians derived their name from a historical person named ‘Christus’ (Latin form of the Greek Christ), and that this person suffered the extreme penalty, obviously referring to the Roman method of execution, which is crucifixion. Tacitus writes that this occurred during the reign of Tiberius and that He was sentenced by Pontius Pilate. This confirms what the Bible says about the death of Jesus.[15]
Pliny-the-Younger1Gaius Plinius Caecilius Secundus (Pliny the Younger) (AD 61/63–ca AD 113)
Pliny the Younger was the Governor of Bithynia in Asia Minor. In AD 112 he wrote a letter to the Emperor Trajan asking for advice on how to deal with Christians. He explained that he had been killing men, women, boys and girls. He was putting to death so many, he wondered if he should continue executing all he found to be Christians, because:
This contagious superstition is not confined to cities only, but has spread its infection among the neighboring villages and country.
Further, he states that he forces them to curse Christ, which genuine Christians cannot be made to do. In his letter he relates some information he has learnt about these people:
They affirmed the whole of their guilt, or their error, was, that they met on a stated day before it was light and addressed a form of prayer to Christ, as to a divinity, binding themselves to a common oath, not to do any wicked deeds, but never to commit any fraud, theft or adultery, never to falsify their word, nor deny a trust when they should be called upon to deliver it up; after which it was their custom to separate, and then reassemble to eat in common a harmless meal.[16]
This letter provides us with a number of insights into the practice and customs of early Christians. They had a fixed day for worship, they directed their worship to Christ, they adhered to a moral code which was consistent with Christ’s teaching, and they gathered to share a common meal, possibly communion. Furthermore, true believers would prefer to be executed than to curse Christ.
SuetoniusSuetonius (Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus, circa 70–after 130) [17]
Suetonius was a friend of Pliny the Younger and he served under him for a period of time. He was a Roman historian and court official under Hadrian. His most important work is a surviving set of biographies on the lives of twelve successive Roman rulers from Julius Caesar to Domitian. In these writings, he makes two references to Christ:
In the Life of Claudius he wrote:
As the Jews were making constant disturbances at the instigation of Chestus [another spelling of Christus, or Christ] he [Claudius] expelled them from Rome.
In the Lives of Caesars he wrote:
Punishment by Nero was inflicted on Christians, a class of men given to a new and mischievous superstition.
In these two references Suetonius confirms that:
1. There was a Christian presence in Rome and that Claudius expelled them because they were making constant disturbances. This statement is in keeping with the departure from Rome by Priscilla and Aquila in AD 49.[18]
2. Christians were persecuted by Nero.
Lucian of SamosataLucian of Samosata (AD 115–ca AD 180)
Lucian of Samosata was a well-known second century Greek Satirist. He claimed to have been born in Samosata, in the former kingdom of Commagene, which was absorbed by the Roman Empire and made part of Syria. He mocked the followers of Jesus for their ignorance and credulity, although he did credit Christians with a certain level of morality. He is considered important to Christians for giving insight into the historical Jesus as follows:
The Christians …worship a man to this day … the distinguished personage who introduced their novel rites, and was crucified on that account. It was impressed upon them by their original lawgiver that they were all brothers, from the moment they were converted, and deny the gods of Greece, and worship the crucified sage and live under his laws.[19]
Here Lucian tells us that the Christians worshipped a man who introduced novel rites and that He angered many of His contemporaries with His teaching to the extent that they crucified Him.
Babylonian TulmudThe Babylonian Talmud
The Talmuds and Tosefta are rabbinic commentaries on the Jewish scriptures and they contain references to Yeshu (Jesus). The writing most often cited as evidence of the Jesus of the Bible is the Babylonian Talmud, which was most likely compiled between AD 70 and 200.[20]
The following quotation was translated by Rabbi Dr I Epstein:
Here the Jewish Talmud confirms the time, the reason and the mode of Jesus’ execution. The term ‘Hanging’ was often used by the Jews to describe crucifixion. Notice Paul[22] quotes from Deuteronomy 21:23 when he refers to Christ, Cursed is everyone who hangs on a tree. But the commentators have put their slant to His execution to give the impression of a fair trial.
The aforementioned evidence of the life and death of Christ presented from non-Christian sources can be condensed as follows:
1. Jesus’ death by crucifixion was confirmed by Josephus, the Babylonian Talmud, Lucian and Tacitus, and alluded to by Mara Bar Serapion. The fact that this occurred under Pontius Pilate was stated by Tacitus and Josephus and under the reign of Tiberius Caesar by Phlegon and Tacitus.
2. The darkness that came during the crucifixion has been mentioned by Thallus, Phlegon and Africanus.
3. His worship by Christians who followed His teaching has been confirmed by Josephus, Lucian and Suetonius. Further, Pliny states that they worshipped Christ as deity.
4. The fact that He was a powerful and revered teacher was stated by the Babylonian Talmud and implied by Lucian and Pliny.
5. His performance of miraculous feats was indicated by Josephus and the Talmud.
6. That His followers were prepared to suffer the vilest of torture and death rather than reject Him has been confirmed by Tacitus and Pliny. That Christianity started in Judea was mentioned by Tacitus.
Only the extracts of Josephus can be open to question since they have been handed down by Christian scribes. The others were handed down through Roman and Greek scribes and are free from any allegations of tampering.
Non-biblical sources confirm that the man described in the Bible as Jesus of Nazareth once walked this earth and was executed by crucifixion under the governorship of Pontius Pilate, while Tiberius was Caesar, darkness came upon the area and a rapidly growing group of people which could not be contained, worshipped Him.
[1] R. E. Beacham and K. T. Bauder, Only One bible? Kregel Publications, Grand Rapids Michigan, 2,001, page 77.
[2] E. M. Blaiklock, Jesus Christ: Man or Myth? Anzea, 1983; Thomas Nelson, 1984.
[3] Matthew 27:45.
[4], retrieved January 2011.
[5] F. F. Bruce, The New Testament Documents: Are They Reliable? Downers Grove, Intervarsity Press, 1981, page 113.
[6], retrieved April 11, 2011
[7] F. F. Bruce, The New Testament Documents: Are They Reliable?, Downers Grove, IL, Intervarsity Press, 1981.
[8], retrieved June 15, 2011.
[9] Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews, Book 18, chapter 5, paragraph 2.
[10] Ibid, Book 20, chapter 9.
[11] Ibid, Book 20, chapter 9, paragraph 1.
[12] Ibid, Book 18, chapter. 3, paragraph 3.
[13] P. L. Maier, Eusebius The Church History, Kregel Publications, 1999, page 378.
[14] Tacitus, Annals, XV 44; see Appendix 2.
[15] The full text of this part of Tacitus’ writings is in Appendix 2 and is available online from:, retrieved April 11, 2011.
[16] The full text of Pliny’s letter (courtesy of Project Gutenberg) and Trajan’s reply are in Appendix 3.
[17], retrieved July 18, 2011.
[18] Acts 18.
[19] Lucian, The Death of Peregrine, 11–13, in The Works of Lucian of Samosata, trans. H. W. Flower, 4 volume, Oxford: Clarendon, 1949, cited by G. R. Habermas, The Historical Jesus, College Press, 1996, page 206.
[20] G. Habermas, The Historical Jesus, College Press, 1996, pages 202–203.
[21] I. Epstein, Contents of the Soncino Babylonian Talmud, The Soncino Press, London, 1935.
[22] Galatians 3:13.
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Keyword Analysis & Research: allocation of resources in health care
Keyword Analysis
Keyword Research: People who searched allocation of resources in health care also searched
Frequently Asked Questions
What is a health care resource allocation?
Resource allocation is the distribution of resources – usually financial - among competing groups of people or programs. When we talk about allocation of funds for healthcare, we need to consider three distinct levels of decision-making. Level 1: Allocating resources to healthcare versus other social needs.
What does allocation of scarce resources mean?
Scarce resource utilization (or allocation) decision is a judgment regarding the best use of scarce resources so as to maximize the total net income of a business. Scarcity of different resources puts constraints on the amount of product that can be produced using those resources.
What is the allocation of scarce resources?
The “allocation of scarce resources” is the determination of how to equitably and fairly use scarce medical resources available in a contingency or crisis care environment. “Scarce resources” is defined as medical care resources that are likely to be scarce in a crisis care environment.
What is the outcome of the efficient allocation of resources?
Efficient Allocation of Resources. An efficient allocation of resources is: That combination of inputs, outputs and distribution of inputs, outputs such that any change in the economy can make someone better off (as measured by indifference curve map) only by making someone worse off (pareto efficiency).
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Job Satisfaction
3139 Words13 Pages
Job Satisfaction
Employee job satisfaction and retention happens to be an issue to be debated in terms of attaining an increased degree of productivity within the organization. Job satisfaction is best defined as a set of feelings and emotions employees associate with their work. Theoretically, an organization with employees that display actions of substantial absenteeism as well as turnover due to low levels of job satisfaction would generally suffer from greater recruitment and retraining cost that will hinder profitability. Unfortunately, the majority of businesses have failed to make job satisfaction a top management priority; this particular trend is attributed to the failure to recognize the significant advantages an
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Bassett-Jones & Lloyd (2005) believe this approach became a notable explanation of job satisfaction in light of evidence that job satisfaction is commonly stable over time and across careers and jobs.
The Core Self-Evaluations model is a significant model that narrowed the scope from the Depositional Theory. This theory is dependent on four evaluations that determine ones disposition towards job satisfaction: self-esteem, general self-efficacy, locus of control, and neuroticism. This model states that higher levels of self-esteem and general self-efficacy lead to higher work satisfaction. Having an interior locus of control or believing one has control over one's life, as opposed to outside forces having control, results in higher job satisfaction. It is a type of generalized expectancy (Bassett-Jones & Lloyd, 2005).
The Two-Factor Theory states that satisfaction and dissatisfaction are driven by two different factors: motivation and hygiene. Motivating factors are the aspects of the job, which make people want to perform, and supply individuals with satisfaction; for instance achievement in work, recognition, and promotion opportunities. These motivating factors are regarded as intrinsic to the task, or even the work carried out. Hygiene factors include aspects from the working environment such as pay, company policies, supervisory practices, and other working conditions.
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Heat It Up: What Exactly Does a Heat Pump Do?
Furnace Repair heat pump - Technician is checking air con 80x80 - Heat It Up: What Exactly Does a Heat Pump Do?
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Heat It Up: What Exactly Does a Heat Pump Do?
Heat pump heat pump - Heat pump 1200x480 - Heat It Up: What Exactly Does a Heat Pump Do?
If you’ve been looking into a new HVAC system recently, you may have noticed that traditional A/C systems have some new competition — heat pumps.
Heat pumps are efficient and easy to maintain, offering year-round climate control in a single system. But with a name like “heat pump”, it may be confusing to hear that it’s just as effective at cooling as it is at heating. We’ll help you understand how a heat pump works and explain why it may be worth the investment when it’s time to upgrade.
How a Heat Pump Works
A heat pump works much like an air conditioning system in that it moves heat from one area to another. It’s even hard to tell the difference between a heat pump and a standard A/C sometimes because the two often work in similar ways.
Air-source heat pumps are growing in popularity thanks to their energy efficiency and cost-saving potential. These are the most common residential heat pump styles, and like an A/C system, they use refrigerant and pressure to exchange heat between the indoor and outdoor air.
Cooling with a Heat Pump
In cooling mode, an air-source heat pump has cold refrigerant in an evaporator coil that absorbs heat from the air that comes in from the house. After the refrigerant absorbs the heat, the cool air then gets blown back into the home.
Now that the refrigerant is holding all that heat, it needs to cool back down so it can continue cooling the household air. To start the cooldown process, the refrigerant flows from the evaporator coil to a compressor that pressurizes it, raising the temperature even higher.
The refrigerant will now be much hotter than the outside air, even if the summer heat is breaking into triple digits. At this point, it goes into the condenser coil, which is housed in an outdoor unit exposed to the air. Since the refrigerant is hotter than the air, it releases that heat and cools down.
After it cools, the refrigerant goes into an expansion valve that regulates its flow and reduces the pressure, making it even cooler. The refrigerant is now cold enough to go back into the evaporator coil and cool the indoor air again.
Heating with a Heat Pump
In the cooling process alone, you can see that a heat pump and an air conditioning system are nearly identical. But heat pumps have one essential feature that air conditioners do not have — a reversing valve.
A reversing valve turns the refrigerant’s flow around, so instead of getting rid of heat in the condenser coil, it absorbs it.
In this system, the cold refrigerant starts in the condenser coil and absorbs heat from the outside air. It doesn’t matter if it’s freezing outside. In general, as long as the air is at least 30 degrees outside, there’s enough heat in it to bring the indoor air up to 70 degrees.
The heated refrigerant moves from the condenser coil to the compressor, where it is pressurized and heated further. It then moves to the indoor evaporator coil, where it releases the heat into the incoming cold household air. The hot air is then blown back into the house.
Different Types of Heat Pumps
There are several types of heat pumps. An air-source heat pump is the most common style because of its versatility. It can be used in most locations, and you can even find air-source mini split heat pumps that don’t need ductwork, making them easy to retrofit onto older homes.
Air-source heat pumps continue to evolve, and they’re becoming more and more effective in colder climates. But depending on your needs and capabilities, you may want to investigate geothermal or absorption heat pumps.
A geothermal heat pump is a ground-source or water-source pump that draws heat from under the earth. The heat exchange takes place in a long system of underground pipes full of either refrigerant or water.
In many geothermal setups, refrigerant is in a closed-loop system where it exchanges heat with the ground and then flows back to the system to either chill or heat the air. With the ground temperature being more consistent than air temperature even when the seasons change, it takes less energy to initiate the heat exchange. That efficiency makes geothermal one of the greenest and least expensive heat pump options to run.
Absorption heat pumps are a little different because they may use natural gas or propane as a heat source. However, you may also find some that use solar or geothermal heat.
An absorption heat pump has a similar condenser/evaporator system as an air-source pump but replaces standard A/C refrigerant with ammonia. These systems were traditionally only used in commercial spaces, but new advancements have brought about practical absorption options for large homes.
Benefits of a Heat Pump
Heat pumps can be expensive to buy, but they’re much more efficient than standard heating and cooling systems. With fluctuating oil prices, moving from a furnace to an all-electric system can give you more peace of mind in terms of your utility costs. And compared to a standard central air system, a heat pump will still be much more efficient.
Saving the planet and saving on utilities aren’t the only benefits of heat pumps. Since your heating and cooling are all in one unit, your annual maintenance will be easier as well. When your technician performs an inspection and tune-up, he can look at both sides of the climate control equation.
Is a Heat Pump Right For You?
Heat pumps are getting attention from consumers and innovators because of their low energy use and environmental impact. If you’re looking for a new HVAC solution, it’s a great time to start considering a heat pump. The initial investment can be pricey, but with available tax credits and the expected long-term savings, there is a ton of value in upgrading.
Interested in learning how you could benefit from a heat pump in your home? Contact our team of heat pump experts at Cool Care Heating & Air for information on outfitting your home with the next generation of cooling and heating comfort.
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August 20, 2003
USDA Wants Stronger Surveillance For BSE On US Farms
The U.S. Department of Agriculture wants to expand its testing authority for bovine spongiform encephalopathy to include sick and dying animals on the farm so diseased meat will not reach the food supply.
Department veterinarians have the authority to secure samples from cattle that die in the field, but when it comes to "downer" animals, those too sick to even stand, the USDA must wait until they are brought to the slaughterhouse to collect samples.
According to Peter Fernandez, a USDA veterinarian, "The issue here is many times some of these animals don't come through abattoir. This regulation would be a way to try to get access to any animals...on-farm."
USDA's Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, in a call earlier this year for public comment on the need for increased surveillance for mad-cow disease, scientifically known as bovine spongiform encephalopathy, said it believes "dead stock and downer animals represent the most significant potential pathway that has not been addressed in previous efforts to reduce BSE risks."
It is vitally important that veterinarians be able to test downer animals on the farm, USDA said, because slaughterhouse inspectors may not be able to tell if cattle suffer from BSE.
"Downer cattle presented for slaughter that pass antemortem inspection may be slaughtered and, if passed on postmortem inspection, the meat and meat products from such cattle can be used for human food," according to USDA.
While USDA's Food Safety and Inspection Service oversees the slaughterhouse inspections, APHIS is more concerned with making sure that BSE- infected cattle never make it to slaughter houses or rendering plants that produce animal feed, cosmetics and other products.
"We are looking for actions we could take now, rather than actions to be taken if and when BSE is ever introduced," APHIS said.
U.S. law prohibits including rendered ruminants in feed for ruminants, a practice the USDA says it believes could spread BSE, but APHIS stressed concern the prohibition is not foolproof.
"Since some BSE agent survives rendering, if BSE were to be present in a rendered product that is used in cattle feed (in deliberate or accidental violation of the feed ban imposed by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration) it could lead to the amplification and spread of BSE among cattle consuming that feed," APHIS said.
Darling International Inc., a Texas-based rendering company, said in a statement mailed to the USDA that it believes the feed concern is unfounded.
"Compliance to the Feed Rule will insure that cattle and other ruminants are not fed materials derived from ruminant animals," the company said, making it irrelevant whether or not sick cattle are rendered.
There is no law prohibiting the slaughter and processing of downer animals for the human food supply, although Rep. Gary Ackerman, D-N.Y., has tried and failed twice to create one.
"Canada should be a lesson to us," Ackerman said recently in debate on the House of Representatives floor.
The Canadian cow in Alberta that tested positive for BSE in May, triggering a U.S. ban on Canada's beef and cattle exports, was a downer animal.
Powerful opponents such as House Agriculture Chairman Bob Goodlatte, R- Va., argued that such a law would remove the only way officials have of getting access to downer cattle - slaughterhouse inspection.
Rep. Charlie Stenholm, D-Texas, expressed concern that prohibiting the slaughter of downer cattle would unnecessarily deprive farmers of revenue because many are not diseased, but injured and otherwise healthy.
Moyer Packing Co., a subsidiary of Smithfield Foods, said in a letter to the USDA it is concerned some of the new safety restrictions being considered may be far too costly for industry.
"It appears (APHIS) may be setting the stage for developing a policy of near-zero risk, no matter what the cost to the livestock, meat and rendering industries," the company said. "Because of the costs, impracticality and lack of scientific validity of a 'zero risk' regulatory approach we believe such
regulation would be ill-advised."
Don Franco, a veterinarian and head of the Center for Biosecurity, Food Safety and Public Health said he is concerned USDA may be trying to do what Ackerman failed to legislate - prohibiting downer cattle from being slaughtered.
"If these (downer) cattle are not sent to slaughter, where will they go?" Franco asked in a letter to USDA.
The answer to that question, according to USDA's APHIS, is often a hole in the ground.
Despite the risk APHIS points out in allowing downer or dead cattle to be rendered, the agency also stresses that the dangers of producers burying diseased animals on farms may be worse. In the case of BSE, APHIS said it believes that a cattle carcass could transfer the disease to other ruminants in the form of a related transmissible spongiform encephalopathy such as chronic wasting disease, which effects elk and deer, and scrapie, which affects sheep.
"Dead stock are a potential source of infection for many animal diseases, including BSE," according to APHIS. "In addition to making it harder to collect animal health data, inappropriate disposal of dead stock increases the possibility that humans, livestock or wildlife will come into contact with pathogens associated with the dead stock."
Many of the diseased cattle USDA suspects are being buried without proper testing were once sold for a profit to renderers, but carcass disposal has become mostly an added expense for farmers after years of steep decline in prices paid for rendered meat.
"If an animal dies on the farm, or becomes so sick or injured that it must be destroyed on the farm, it immediately loses most or all of its economic value," USDA's APHIS said. "It might be sold to be rendered, or to be processed as pet food, but in most cases the fee for picking up and transporting a dead animal exceeds the salvage value."
The USDA goes on to say, "The cheapest methods for dead stock disposal include ignoring the carcass or burying it on-site. Both of these means are legal in some states, and in other states that have specific disposal requirements, the requirements are often loosely enforced."
The USDA, in a Federal Register notice, touched upon several acceptable methods for cattle disposal such as "composting of dead stock," or incineration, but the department also asked the public for suggestions.
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Where Do Koi Fish Live?
Where are koi fish found?
Koi fish originates from Eastern Asia. This fish lives in fresh waters. Thanks to its beauty and increased popularity in the past century, koi fish can be found in the ponds throughout the world.
Do koi fish only live in ponds?
If you know someone who has a pond, chances are they keep a couple of Koi to brighten it up. Koi fish are some of the most common, well-known fish to keep in outdoor garden ponds. These fish could never live in a tank, they need an outdoor pond.
What is the best habitat for koi fish?
The ideal set-up for koi is a pond of at least 1,000 gallons with a smooth gravel substrate, rocks, and hearty plants. In addition to adequate surface size, a good pond for koi will be at least three to four feet deep. Here koi will find the cooler water they need during the warm summer months.
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How long do koi live in a pond?
Domestic koi fish live around 15 years on average in a pond, 20 years in great ponds. Japanese koi fish usually live longer, sometimes for 40 years and longer. In near perfect conditions, Japanese koi can live into the 200’s. It depends on genetics, diet, and temperatures.
Can you touch a koi fish?
Koi are docile, social fish that enjoy living in pairs or groups. Not only are koi friendly to other fish, but they may also come up to the surface to say hello when they see their owner or when it’s time to eat. Some koi even like to be pet and will come to the surface for a little pat on the head.
Can you keep a koi fish as a pet?
Koi usually like company and can be kept with other koi and goldfish. Koi are not what you might consider a traditional pet, but they offer some of the same advantages. Koi can be a calming addition to an outdoor garden or an indoor pool or aquarium. Koi are actually more closely related to the common carp.
Can koi be lonely?
As Cyprinus rubrofuscus became a more colorful and domesticated species, its behavior started to change to the extent of becoming a fish you can actually feed by hand. In other words, koi have dynamically adopted social and gregarious traits, and this allows them to live alone in most situations.
Why does my koi fish stay at the bottom of the pond?
Water quality, pH levels, or oxygen levels changing can be the cause of your koi fish always hiding. This is especially true for the summer when water holds less dissolved oxygen. Without the right levels of dissolved oxygen, your fish can start having health problems. You can easily add artificial aeration if needed.
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Can bass live with koi?
When they are in the wild, Koi live with other species of carp. Koi also get along well with killifish and minnows. For other fish, largemouth bass, catfish and striped bass will make perfect mates for your Koi.
Can koi fish stay outside in winter?
You can leave your Koi in the pond during the winter, as long as it is at least four feet deep. As the water in your pond gets colder, things will start to happen. Koi will stop eating once the temperature gets below 50°F. They live off the fat their bodies have put on in the late spring and summer.
How cold is too cold for koi fish?
Koi are cold-water fish but thrive in water temperatures between 59-77 degrees Fahrenheit. Because their metabolism reacts to the temperature of the water that they live in, you’ll want to be sure your pond has both shallow areas as well as spaces that are deep enough so it does not freeze to the bottom.
Do koi fish need a heater?
What is the lifespan of a koi fish?
So long as there is already at least 5 to 6 ppm of dissolved oxygen in the water, they should be alright for at least a couple of hours until you can incorporate at least one (preferably several) of the solutions covered below.
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How can you tell the age of a koi fish?
(Contrary to myth, however, koi do not stop growing to accommodate the size of their pond or tank – so make sure they have ample space.) You won’t be able to tell an exact age unless you look at nitty-gritty details like the size of the koi’s ear bone or number of tiny rings on some of its scales.
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Data warehouse
What is a data warehouse?
Data Warehousing (DW) is indeed a procedure for storing and analyzing data from diverse sources that provide significant information into the business. A Data Warehouse is commonly used to connect and evaluate homogenous sources of business information. The data warehouse seems to be the centerpiece of the BI platform designed for collecting and reporting. It is a mixture of technologies in the industry that helps to use data strategically. Rather than transaction processing, it is mechanical or electronic conversion of the quantity of knowledge by a business that is administered to the respondents. It’s a transformation of data into knowledge and providing access for subscribers to make a significant difference in a reasonable manner. The database of decision support (Data Warehouse) is considered separate from the operating database of the organization. The data warehouse, therefore, is not a commodity but rather an atmosphere. This is an architectural framework of a knowledge system that provides consumers with knowledge about current and historical predictive analytics that is hard to acquire or view in the typical organization ’s data.
Data warehouses are designed in several various ways, seeking to accommodate and organize the complexities of the companies using them. The actual data is processed first, also called cleaning and standardizing. You may think about this as a system that transfers raw data from different sources into the warehouse, which means that data is correctly labeled and organized and in specific relationships with the majority of data that is processed. This is sometimes referred to as the information system, which is not actually a part of the information warehouses itself. The configured information is stored back in the data warehouse. An accessibility layer enables the tools and applications to collect data in a format suitable to their needs. There is also another dimension to architectures of the relational database which regulates the entire structure named metadata. Metadata is data with respect to data. The computer scientists and software engineers who manage a data warehouse gather information on data sources, communication protocols, update schedules, etc., using this knowledge to preserve system performance and to ensure that the data warehouse serves its legitimate goals.
data warehouse architecture
Figure 1. Data warehouse architecture
Extract transform load in the data warehouse architecture.
The ETL method plays an important role in approaches for data inclusion. ETL enables organizations to collect and integrate data from different sources into a single, single place. ETL therefore allows for the coordination of data from different sources. The method of extracting data from various data sources, converting it to fit business objectives, and uploading it to a database of destinations is generally called ETL, that accounts for extraction, transformation, then upload. Although ETL is generally defined as three distinct phases, thus this reality streamlines it too much anyway, truly a complex process requiring a multitude of acts.
OLTP and OLAP in the data warehouse architecture.
OLTP (On-line Transaction Processing) has several fast electronic transactions (INSERT, Fix, DELETE). OLTP systems’ key focus is very much on faster data processing, preserving data confidentiality in multiple – access settings, and calculating performance by the number of accounts per cycle. There is detailed and existing information in the OLTP database, as well as the entity model (generally 3NF) is the model used to store modernized.
OLAP (Online Analytical Processing) is commonly attributed to databases that contain and maintain data related to data interpretation and decisions. OLAP is closely related to Business Intelligence ( BI), a software engineering specialty aimed at providing business analytics applications. In many other words, BI ‘s mission is to enable top-level management to access and analyze data by engaging IT workers. It is an electronic framework for data recovery and data analysis. Collect data for the analysis which helps in managing. Specific repositories of OLTPs are the data center for OLAP. In OLAP, a total transaction waiting period is considerably low.
Data Marts in warehouse architecture.
The data mart is really a basic description of a data warehouse based on a specific subject (or organizational unit), like purchases or accounting and finance. Inside a company, data marts are sometimes built up and owned by a single dept. Data marts tend to draw information just from a few other references, due to their single-subject focus. The references might be internal operating systems, a main data warehouse, or critical events.
data warehouse basics
Figure 2. Data marts in data warehouse architecture
Warehouse vs. Database.
Technically accurate, a database would be any data set that is organized. The Excel spreadsheet, Rolodex, or account book will all be basic database instances. Software including Excel, Oracle, or MongoDB is a DBMS that enables users to freedom and manipulate the database. It is popular to call a database a DBMS. A data warehouse is a storage sort, then. It specializes in the data it collects-and the function it serves-analytics, statistical data from several channels.
Different types of the data warehouse.
There are three main types of Data Warehouse which are below:
• Enterprise Warehouse:
An enterprise data center is a consolidated storage facility. It offers an enterprise-wide policy support center. This allows for a cohesive approach to information management and representation. This also offers the opportunity to identify data by topic as well as provide accessibility according to certain sections.
• Data Mart:
Datamart is just such a storage function associated with an organization’s particular department. This is a type of data that is contained inside the data center. Datamart focuses solely on an organization’s specific purpose and is managed solely by a single authority, e.g. finance, advertising. Data Marts are tiny and versatile.
• Operational Data Store:
An operational data store (ODS) is one approach to fix the drawback of data warehouses that do not provide up-to-date data. An ODS may be regarded as a staging area providing facilities for querying. Just for the purpose of converting the data or loading that into the data warehouse is a standard processing area intended to collect the operational data through transactional outlets. An ODS also provides this feature but it can also be explicitly queried. Through this manner, analytical tools requiring data that is relevant to actual time may query the ODS information as it is obtained from the corresponding source systems until processing and loading procedures take time. The ODS only then offers access to existing, fine-grained, and – anti-aggregated data, that can be questioned in an automated way without saddling the relational systems. Even so, on the specific data warehouse, further complicated analyzes which require high-volume historical and/or data gathered are still performed.
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Does a family history of heart attacks increase your risk 16-5-2020
If your father had a heart attack at age 55, does that mean you are destined to have one, too?
“No, it doesn’t mean that,” says UCI Health cardiologist Dr. Shaista Malik, medical director of the UCI Health Preventive Cardiology & Cholesterol Management Program.
“A family history of premature heart disease is a significant risk factor. But, just like other risk factors such as high blood pressure, high blood sugar or cholesterol, it can be controlled with lifestyle changes.” Heart attack risk factor study A recent study published in The New England Journal of Medicine sheds new light on this topic. It looked at how both genetic and lifestyle factors contribute to one’s risk of coronary artery disease. This is telling because coronary artery disease is the nation’s leading cause of death. The study was groundbreaking because it pooled 50 known genetic markers of heart disease risk. Previously, doctors knew there was no single predictive gene, but studying multiple genetic markers hadn’t been done. The study also considered the four healthy lifestyle factors advocated by the American Heart Association: No current smoking No obesity Regular physical activity A healthy diet
The study found that those with a high genetic risk for heart disease almost doubled their risk for a cardiovascular event (heart attack or stroke).
The good news is that these individuals lowered their risk by nearly half (46 percent) by having a healthy lifestyle, which in this case means adhering to at least three of the four healthy lifestyle factors listed above.
Those with less genetic risk for heart disease similarly cut their overall heart-disease risk by leading a healthy lifestyle. Heart disease genetic screening “Our understanding of genetics is rapidly changing,” notes Malik, who is also director of the Susan Samueli Integrative Health Institute. “There’s not just one factor. There are multiple genes at work.” She predicts that up to 200 genetic markers will be identified in the next three to five years to better test for genetic predisposition to heart disease.
A simple DNA test would then be able to give you a score classifying your genetic risk for heart disease: low, moderate or high. This screening could be done for cancers and other conditions, too. Malik is leading a separate five-year study of cardiovascular genetic risk and coronary calcium, thanks to a $3.2 million grant from the National Institutes of Health. Her research is seeking to answer such important questions as what percentage of high-genetic-risk individuals actually end up having cardiovascular events such as heart attacks or strokes. So what’s her take on hereditary versus lifestyle factors? “There is a saying that genes load the gun, but environment pulls the trigger,” says Malik. “We are all predisposed to different illnesses. These genes can lay dormant or be activated by environment, which includes lifestyle, stress and even infections. Lifestyle can have a dramatic effect on what we used to think was our genetic destiny.” How to lower your risk If you’re aware of a family history of heart disease or have two or more of the four American Heart Association lifestyle factors, such as obesity and smoking, see your physician or a cardiologist. It’s always best to get your situation checked out before symptoms occur. A family history of heart disease is generally defined by having a first-degree male relative (i.e., father or brother) who had a heart attack by age 55, or a first-degree female relative (i.e., mother or sister) by age 65. Just as important, consider lifestyle changes that improve your heart health. “You can see changes in your risk over a short period of months,” says Malik. It’s familiar advice, to be sure, but all can reduce your risk of a heart attack and possible premature death.
SUMMARY Medical journals are published regularly to communicate new research to clinicians, medical scientists, and other healthcare workers, and there have been numerous significant medical studies and research over the last ten years to warrant, not only ‘Physical Activity’ being in the Number one position, of the four ‘Healthy Lifestyle Factors’ that should be adhered to, but specifically, Physical Activity at a moderate and vigorous intensity for a minimum of 150 minutes per week………………………………to reduce the risks of Coronary Heart Disease.
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Trail to a bird blind
A Carolina Anole basks on a palm frond
The prize snake - I'm more excited than I look!
A nearby resaca, home to Drymobius
In south Texas, about as far south as Texas gets, the Rio Grande nears the ocean. Before the advent of civilization, the floodplains along the river were sprinkled with thick stands of Sabal Palm, the only palm tree native to the area. These palm 'groves' or 'forests' were thick with vegetation, and provided habitat for deer, birds, ocelots, jaguarundi and the occasional jaguar.
The palm forests also provided a home for one of Texas' most stunning serpents, Drymobius magaritiferus. A tropical species found far down into Central America, the Speckled Racer's range also reaches up into south Texas, but not very far past the Rio Grande's original floodplain. Drymobius prowls among the thickets and fallen palm fronds near the water's edge, preying on frogs for the most part. Rodents, small birds and lizards are also eaten.
Much of the palm forest habitat was cleared away during the last century. Only a few small pockets are left. The jaguar are gone, and the ocelot and jaguarundi thinned in numbers and pushed back into the thornscrub. There are few Speckled Racer as well; it is one of the rarest snakes found within the United States.
While vacationing on Padre Island in February, 1997 I was resolved to find a Speckled Racer, if there were any to be found. February is not exactly the best month for herping, even in neo-tropical south Texas, but a few successive sunny days will bring out amphibians and reptiles.
I headed for Brownsville on a cool but sunny morning, accompanied by my father-in-law, Bill Sielschott. Bill has been a great companion on many a south Texas herp expedition. Our destination was one of the few remaining palm forests on the Rio Grande, now a sanctuary run by the Audobon Society and protected by the state of Texas. The temperature was in the upper fifties when we arrived, but I wasn't disheartened - the sun would bring out the herps.
Traveling up the dirt road, we could see a wall of green in the distance, and as we got closer, the palm trees became distinct. I was excited - this was the closest I've ever been to anything remotely tropical. We spoke to the naturalist on-duty at the sanctuary headquarters. I asked if the Speckled Racer was found on the sanctuary. "Oh yes, there's always one or two over by the pump house." He gave us directions. "We also have a good-sized Indigo Snake that comes right up to the station here to drink from the bird pool, and we see a Coral Snake every once in a while." Cool! The day seemed full of promise.
Heading up the trail we figured out that a palm forest was not a lush, tropical jungle, but more of a dry place, with plenty of the flora associated with the more typical Tamaulipan thornscrub habitat. In open areas between palms were other trees like mesquite, texas ebony, and huisache. Under the large palms, in partial shade and in cooler temperatures, nephitis (an introduced tropical species) and small flowering plants flourished.
We arrived at the pump house, a wooden structure with boards lying about, along with some black plastic used to line irrigation ditches. Sure enough, we found a Speckled Racer, lying under a bit of the plastic! We hadn't been there twenty minutes, had been given precise directions, and the snakes were exactly where they were supposed to be! How often does that happen? Here was another one of those creatures that I had wanted to see all of my life, and how easily it was done! It was unnatural!
The snake was still a bit addled from the morning's chill, and did not attempt to struggle very much, or to bite. The colors on the animal were astounding - the field guide illustrations and photographs I had seen fell short of the real thing. They are not truly 'blue' serpents; each scale on the body has yellow, black, and almost a turquoise blue with a hint of green to it. The snakes look 'bluer' when they move, owing to more of each scale showing as the body bends. The yellow disappeared at the tail, which made the blue much more apparent. The chin and the underside of the 'neck' also had a lot of blue.
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Ethnic minorities and trust in criminal justice: report on the French pilot
In document Trust in justice: why it is important for criminal policy, and how it can be measured (Page 45-50)
By Guillaume Roux, Sebastian Roché and Sandrine Astor
The French pilot survey differs from those carried out in Bulgaria, Italy and Lithuania for its focus on ethnic minorities. In France, there has been increasing tension between the police and ethnic minority youths in disadvantaged neighbourhoods. The widely reported riots which took place in 2005 – the largest in Europe since the WWII – is a clear example of this tension. Thus, the main objective of the French pilot was to explore differences between ethnic groups in attitudes towards the police, and to examine factors that can explain any differences in trust in the police.
The French pilot consisted of two surveys: one was a nationally representative sample of residents in France; and the other came from one of the most deprived administrative units of France (Department of Seine-Saint-Denis) where ethnic minorities are overrepresented compared with the national average (see Table 4.2).34
Table 4.2 Distribution of ethnic minorities (Findings from the French pilot survey)
Ethnic Majority Ethnic Minorities Total
France 86% 14% 100% (N=751)
Seine-Saint-Denis 62% 38% 100% (N=752)
In this report, “ethnic minorities” refer to people of African origin, who in equivalent Anglo-American research might be classified in categories such as Black, Black African, Black Caribbean, Black English, or Black American. In other words, our definition of ethnic minorities refers to “visible ethnic minorities”. The main reason for focusing on these minority groups was due to previous research that the police are more likely to perceive visible ethnic minorities to be involved in crime and conduct frequent stops and searches on them (Lévy & Jobard, 2010; Roux, 2007).35 “Ethnic majority” in this report refers to white French nationals.
34 The interviews were conducted by telephone, targeting those 18 years and older (adults
only). For the French questionnaire, and the technical and fielding reports is available from the Euro-Justis website:
35 In the survey questionnaire, we followed the French convention of avoiding explicit
questions about skin colour and racial or ethnic identity. As a proxy we asked about
interviewees’ nationality; in addition, however, we asked whether at least one of interviewees’ parents or grandparents were non-French nationals, and if so, what their nationality was.
Table 4.3 displays the difference between ethnic minorities and the ethnic majority in their level of trust in the national police. Distrust is higher amongst ethnic minorities (41%) in comparison to the French ethnic majority (27%). The most marked difference was found in the proportions reporting the lowest level of trust (“not at all trust”) with 10 percentage-points difference between ethnic minorities (18%) and the ethnic majority (8%). Higher levels of distrust by ethnic minorities were expected, but further analysis showed that distrust was specific to the national police. We found almost no difference between ethnic minorities and the ethnic majority in their attitudes towards the Gendarmerie, the courts, schools, social services, or the national employment service (Table 4.4).36 This suggests that there is a specific trust disparity between ethnic minorities and the ethnic majority concerning the national police.
Table 4.3 Trust in the police: ethnic minority vs. ethnic majority
Ethnic Majority Ethnic Minorities
Totally trust 17% 16%
Somewhat trust 56% 42%
Do not trust 19% 23%
Not at all trust 8% 18%
Total 100% (N=1,105) 99% (N=387)
Note: The total percentage for “Ethnic Minorities” does not reach 100% due to rounding up of figures.
Table 4.4 Distrust towards police and other institutions
Ethnic Majority Ethnic Minorities
National Police 27% 41%
Gendarmerie 15% 16%
Courts 45% 43%
Schools 31% 30%
Social Services 21% 21%
National Employment Service 51% 48%
1) Attitudes towards institutions (national police, Gendarmerie, courts, schools, social services, and the national employment service) were measured by “totally trust”, “somewhat trust”, “do not trust”, and “not at all trust”.
2) The figures displayed in the table show the proportion of distrust (“do not trust” and “not at all trust”) for each institution.
Hence, we combined geographical origins with nationality, enabling us to identify French citizens who were first, second, or third generation immigrants to France.
36 In France, there are two main policing institutions, the national police and the Gendarmerie.
In broad terms the police are the main policing agents in large towns and cities, and the institution with which our ethnic minority respondents would have been familiar. By contrast, the Gendarmerie are responsible for the policing of small towns and rural areas.
Potential reasons behind low trust in the national police expressed by ethnic minorities could be linked to their perception of policing style. Asked if they agreed with the statement “where I live, the police abuse stop and search towards certain persons”, ethnic minorities were more likely to agree that the police are biased in their targeting of stops (Table 4.5). In addition, a larger proportion of ethnic minorities (22%) viewed police patrol in their neighbourhoods as a threat – “when the police patrol where I live, they aim at provoking inhabitants” – in comparison to the ethnic majority (8%). Qualitative analysis from focus groups, held separately to the French pilot survey, also showed that ethnic minority youths from poor disadvantaged neighbourhoods saw police presence in their neighbourhoods as an intrusion, viewing the police as an outsider to their community.
Table 4.5 Perception of policing style
“Where I live, the police abuse stop and search towards certain persons”
Ethnic Majority Ethnic Minorities
Agree 31% 49%
Disagree 69% 51%
Total 100% (N=1105) 100% (N=387)
“When the police patrol where I live, they aim at provoking inhabitants”
Ethnic Majority Ethnic Minorities
Agree 8% 22% Disagree 92% 78%
Total 100% (N=1088) 100% (N=384)
Descriptive analyses so far demonstrated differences in the level of trust towards the police, with ethnic minorities having less trust in the police. Multivariate analysis was carried out to explain to what extent “ethnicity” – in this case belonging to visible ethnic minority groups – could explain distrust in the police (Table 4.6). The model included socio-demographic factors, neighbourhood conditions (e.g. level of crime, and accommodation), experience and perception of police encounters, individual core-values, and perceptions of fairness (e.g. procedural justice and police discrimination), and examined the relative importance of these factors against ethnicity.
The model showed that after taking these factors into account ethnicity in fact was not a significant predictor of distrust in the police. In other words, it successfully pinpoints some of the main factors that explain the greater distrust amongst ethnic minorities. Trust (or distrust) in the police was best explained by procedural justice considerations. Those who regarded the police as procedurally fair – for example perceive police officers to treat people in a respectful manner, explain their actions, and reach fair decisions – were more likely to trust the police than others. Similarly, those who considered the police to be discriminatory against ethnicity were more likely to distrust the police. Police fairness was also important not only through individual’s direct
experience with the police but their vicarious experience: witnessing the police treating a stranger, neighbour, or a family member in a disrespectful or unfair manner was a significant predictor of distrust in the police. As for socio- demographic factors, only one variable – holding a low socio-economic occupation (in comparison to having a high socio-economic occupation) – explained distrust in the police.
The policy implication of our findings is that trust in the police is unlikely to be determined by factors which are fixed or pre-determined, such as demographics, but more likely to be shaped by factors which can be changed and improved. This suggests that low levels of distrust displayed specifically to the national police in comparison to other institutions mostly by ethnic minorities could potentially be improved by focusing on the actions of the police centring on the notion of fairness. In addition, the importance of values (in this model, “share police values”) as correlate of trust suggests that reflections are needed in policing policies, so that the different collective identities of communities are respected.
Table 4.6 Linear regression predicting distrust in the police
Bêta Sig. Intercept .35 Socio-demographic Ethnicity .03 .62 Gender -.01 .85 Age -.11 .09 Education .09 .12 Income .08 .15 (Occupation)
Low socio-economic occupation .14 .02* Unemployed .09 .13 Neighbourhood conditions Local Disorders .04 .46 Victimization .09 .07 (Housing) Social housing -.04 .51 Renting .11 .05 Housed for free -.06 0,22 Encounters
Direct encounters -.02 .75 Vicarious negative encounters .17 .00** Values
Political orientation .07 .21 Punitiveness -.02 .78
Legalism -.08 .12 "All laws should be obeyed" .07 .17
Share police values -.18 .00** Fairness
Police procedurally just -.32 .00** Police discriminate .14 .03*
Ethnic Prejudice -.05 .44
1) Asterisks represent statistically significant results: * p<.05, **p<.001 2) Reference category for Occupation: high socio-economic occupation 3) Reference category for Housing: own flat/house
Lévy, R. and Jobard, F. (2010) “Les contrôles d'identité à Paris”, Questions pénales. 23 (1).
Roux G. (2007) "An ethnicity effect on attitudes towards the police? The French case", European Society of Criminology, Bologna Conference.
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How does the Oedipus complex relate to religion?
What does the Oedipus complex have to do with the development of religion according to Freud?
Oedipus complex, in psychoanalytic theory, a desire for sexual involvement with the parent of the opposite sex and a concomitant sense of rivalry with the parent of the same sex; a crucial stage in the normal developmental process. Sigmund Freud introduced the concept in his Interpretation of Dreams (1899).
Do people believe in the Oedipus complex?
The Oedipus complex, a theory that suggests that every single person has deeply repressed incestuous instincts for their parents since childhood, is no less so. Critics of Freud have noted that, despite the case of Little Hans, there is very little empirical evidence to prove the theory’s validity.
Is religion an illusion?
Freud defines religion as an illusion, consisting of “certain dogmas, assertions about facts and conditions of external and internal reality which tells one something that one has not oneself discovered, and which claim that one should give them credence.” Religious concepts are transmitted in three ways and thereby …
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What happens if Oedipus complex is not resolved?
When the Oedipus complex is not successfully resolved during the phallic stage, an unhealthy fixation can develop and remain. This leads to boys becoming fixated on their mothers and girls becoming fixated on their fathers, causing them to choose romantic partners that resemble their opposite-sex parent as adults.
Why did Sigmund Freud marry his mother?
In an effort to understand the nature of hysteria, he imagined that his father had abused him and some of his siblings. … He came to realize that, as a boy, he had wanted to marry his mother, and saw his father as a rival for her love. Freud understood his own wishes to be universal among all boys in all cultures.
A mother obsessed with her son is a narcissistic mother.
Is Oedipus guilty or innocent?
Answer and Explanation: Oedipus is neither guilty nor innocent. Although he killed his father and married his mother, he was destined to do this. This is his fate.
What does Freud say about mother?
Freud believed the boy’s terror was due to feelings of anger he had internalised that related to his parents. Freud theorised that all small boys select their mother as their primary object of desire. They subconsciously wish to usurp their fathers and become their mothers’ lover.
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Why did Jocasta marry Oedipus?
Queen Jocasta’s brother, Creon, had announced that any man who could rid the city of the Sphinx would be made king of Thebes, and given the recently widowed Queen Jocasta’s hand in marriage. This marriage of Oedipus to Jocasta fulfilled the rest of the prophecy.
Diary of a Protestant
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How long does it take for caffeine to wear off?
People consume caffeine (or coffee, to be precise) to kick-start their nervous system. Grabbing a cup of coffee while going to work is now habitual for most. As a downside, caffeine can also disturb the sleeping cycle. Therefore, it’s advised to not consume caffeine hours before going to sleep. But how long exactly it takes caffeine to wear off? In this article, we answer this intriguing question.
How does caffeine work?
Caffeine is an alkaloid and a stimulant found in many plant species. Coffee beans and cocoa beans are the primary sources. But they’re also found in tea leaves, kola nuts, guayusa, and 60 other plants.
When you consume food containing caffeine, the alkaloid breaks down and acts directly on your central nervous system. You’ll notice the most significant effects when it reaches your brain, and you feel more awake and alert.
These effects can take a few hours to materialize. Caffeine is absorbed from the stomach followed by the bloodstream, which then transports it to different parts of the body.
In the central nervous system, caffeine blocks a compound called adenosine from binding with the A1 receptors. This, if you know, causes sleepiness.
Besides that, caffeine also increases the heart rate and blood pressure to help you feel more awake.
How long does caffeine stay in the body?
Now that you know how caffeine works, you must be wondering how long it stays in the body. Multiple studies have researched this topic. One of the most cited ones is the one conducted by the American Academy of Sleep Medicine. As per the study’s results, caffeine’s half-life is about 5 hours.
Half-life is the amount of time it takes for a substance to be reduced to half its original amount.
So if you’re consuming 10 mg of caffeine in the morning, then expect it to stay in your body for 10 hours. Put it another way; you’ll have 5 mg of caffeine left in your body after 5 hours.
But you aren’t likely to stay energized for 10 hours. You’ll feel the effects of caffeine within half an hour of consuming it. Then once it reaches the liver, it is quickly metabolized. If consumed in the morning, you’ll have very little caffeine left in your body by evening.
The main noticeable event is sudden bursts of energy. You’ll feel more awake and jittery as coffee reaches its peak level. After a few minutes, you’ll feel the need to urinate. The more coffee you drink, the more intense the effects will be.
But 10 hours is just a benchmark. How long caffeine lasts in your body will also depend on dosages, BMI, age, tolerance, among other factors.
How much is too much caffeine?
USDA recommends 400 mg of caffeine as a safe dosage for a healthy adult. 400 mg of caffeine is roughly the same amount found in 4 cups of regular coffee. If it’s an energy shot drink, then it’s two cups.
Anything above this is considered too much. If you’re drinking too much, you’ll see symptoms like headache, nervousness, insomnia, abnormally frequent urination, irritability, among others.
People with caffeine sensitivity will feel the effects for several days. Therefore, it’s advised for them not to consume caffeine in any form.
How long does it take for caffeine to wear off?
Right time frame to drink coffee
Caffeine interferes with the central nervous system and hence influences sleep. Even in the afternoon hours, it can interfere with sleep to some degree.
Since the caffeine stays in the body for 10 hours from consumption, you should ideally not drink coffee 10 hours from going to bed. Morning is the best time to consume coffee, evening and night hours being the worst.
This a general rule that goes well for most people and easy to follow. As the caffeine concentration goes down, adenosine binds with A1 receptors once again.
This causes the muscles to relax and hence why you feel sleepy.
To sum up
Caffeine (read coffee/ristretto/espresso) is an excellent way to start your day. It can get you through a dull afternoon too. But it can break your sleep cycle if you consume it in the evening. That’s where you need to control your craving for coffee.
About Arianna Koss
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Our body is like a machine, it is a combination of different parts and every parts have it’s own work.
In Today’s life everyone is working hard to achieve best. Continues work and busy lifestyle make our body tired and dull. It badly affects our immune system. Benefits of Good Sleep
Immune system plays a very important to protect our body against diseases or any other viral infections. If we want a healthy body, then we need to have a good immune system. Meditation-Give Peace To Your Mind
Good immune system can be developed easily by ourselves if we know the best food and appropriate diet.
Broccoli is rich in vitamins and minerals. It is combo pack of vitamins (A,C,E) and other antioxidants. Broccoli is one of the healthiest veggies. It is a good source of fiber, protein, calcium, potassium. It also includes folic acid and magnesium.
Garlic is a common herb/food and available in almost every indian kitchen. It is rich in minerals like zinc, potassium, magnesium, Vitamins (C,K). Garlic improves our digestive system. It benefits the intestine and reduce the inflammation. It protects the good bacteria and destroys the bad bacteria in our guts.
Ginger helps in decreasing inflammation, pain and nausea. It is good for heart and reduces the cholesterol level. Ginger protects our DNA from damages. As per Ayurveda, it is one of the best remedies for cough and cold.
The leafy green vegetable contains lots of benefits for your health. Spinach is a very good source of iron, magnesium, folic acid, calcium. It also includes vitamins A, C, K1, B6, B9 and vitamin E. The antioxidants properties of spinach help to fight viruses and gives strength to our body.
Oranges, Grapefruits, Lemons etc. are citrus fruits. They are rich source of citric acid. Citrus food have potential to provide the best health benefits because they are enriched with the properties of antioxidants. Citrus food boost our immunity system and encourage our immune system to develop WBC (white blood cells).
Kiwi is a small fruit. It is packed with a lot of nutrition. It contains good amount of vitamin C, that is a powerful antioxidant or immune booster for our body. Kiwi help to boost the WBC which help to fight infection and other type of virus. Kiwi is riched in potassium and vitamin C.
Almonds are great source of fiber. It helps to increase healthy bacteria in our gut that results into easy digestion. Vitamin E in almonds helps to protect our heart. Almonds also work like antioxidants. This nut can be eaten as snacks. Almonds nuts are rich in vitamins, proteins, fibers and other beneficial substances.
Taking yogurt every day improves our body’s flora. Yogurt helps to kill the bad bacteria in the gut and make digestive system healthy. Yogurt is also a great source of vitamin D. It help to regulate the immune system and boost our body’s natural protect against virus. Yogurt reduces the inflammation in our body. The probiotics of yogurts help in reducing anxiety and stress level.
If we eat good food then we can stay away from many diseases.
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By the end of this project, you will use SQL to manage a large COVID-19 dataset using MySQL Workbench. MySQL is a widely used relational database and can be used with large datasets if it is managed appropriately. This may include using the proper database engine, indexing the database, creating summary tables, and using proper database queries....
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Heinrich HEINE
Family tree of Heinrich HEINE
GermanBorn Christian Johann Heinrich HEINE
Journalist, essayist, literary critic, and one of the most significant German romantic poets
Born on December 13, 1797 in Düsseldorf, Germany , Germany
Died on February 17, 1856 in Paris, France
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Heine was born in Düsseldorf, Rhineland, today North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, which was then occupied by France (becoming part of Prussia in 1815), into a family of Jewish background. He was called "Harry" as a child, but after his baptism in 1825 he became "Heinrich".
His father was a merchant, and his mother, the daughter of a physician, was a refined and educated woman. When his father's business failed, Heine was sent to Hamburg. His wealthy banker uncle, Salomon, encouraged him to go into commerce, but his ventures in this sphere were not successful.
Failing in this attempt at business life, Heine took up law, studying at the universities of Göttingen, Bonn and Berlin, where he heard Hegel's lectures on the philosophy of history (he later wrote a short satirical poem about Hegel's philosophy "Doctrine"). During his student years he participated in the "Verein für Kultur und Wissenschaft des Judentumes" ("Society for the Culture and Scientific Study of Judaism"). Heine finished his studies in 1825 with a doctorate in law.
The same year, he converted to Lutheranism. Jews were still subject to severe restrictions in many of the German states at that time. They were forbidden to enter certain professions, including an academic career in the universities, a particular ambition for Heine. As Heine said in self-justification, his conversion was "the ticket of admission into European culture". He wrote, "As Henry IV said, 'Paris is worth a mass'; I say, 'Berlin is worth the sermon'."
As a poet, Heine made his debut with Gedichte (Poems) in 1821. Heine's one-sided infatuation with his cousins Amalie and Therese later inspired him to write some of his loveliest romantic lyrics; Buch der Lieder (Book of Songs, 1827) was Heine's first comprehensive collection of verse.
Geographical origins
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What did France do in the Great Depression?
How did Britain and France respond to the Great Depression?
A new government brought Britain out of the worst stages of the depression by using budgets and tariffs. Britain wouldn’t go as far as deficit spending, though. France had become the most powerful power in Europe at the end of the war, and wanted to rebuild the parts of France that had been destroyed by the war.
Why was France in a depression?
More even, many indices (wholesale prices, stock prices and issues, production in various fields) began falling in France before they did in the U.S.. According to these analysts the French depression was autonomous and resulted from under consumption and over investment caused by an increasingly unequal distribution
How did France respond to the Great Depression quizlet?
French responded by sealing off the area letting in only limited food and supplies. … French occupation was paralyzing the German economy as workers were striking so German banks printed more money leading to astronomical inflation.
What is the French New Deal?
New Deal (French: Nouvelle Donne) is a political party in France. It was founded on 18 November 2013 by Pierre Larrouturou. Its stated aims are to renew how democracy is used, and it has social, ecological and economic goals, which could be defined as left wing.
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How did the Great Depression affect Germany and France?
How did the Great Depression affect Germany and France? The Weimar Republic of Germany experienced severe inflation and unemployment rose to more than 4 million people; France experienced political unrest, with six different cabinets formed in a 19-month period.
How did Italy respond to the Great Depression?
It is commonly noted that the Great Depression led to a rise in Fascism. Fascism was made popular by Mussolini in Italy, around 1922. … This was because Mussolini reacted quickly, starting a large program of public construction projects, which put many jobless Italians back to work.
What is the depression rate in France?
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The capital letter
How To Use Capital Letters | Lexico How To Use Capital Letters. You should always use a capital letter in the following situations: In the names of people, places, or related words. Use a capital letter when you are writing the names of people, places, and words relating to them:
Capital letters are used with particular types of nouns, in certain positions in sentences, and with some adjectives. You must always use capital letters for: The beginning of a sentence Examples Dogs are noisy. capitalization - Which words in a title should be capitalized ... I would argue if your question is, "Which words in a title should be capitalized?" the correct capitalization is exactly that. If you wanted to title it, "Capitalization in a Title" you could however capitalize the the first and last words. Stack Overflow "questions" are highlighted for search engine optimization and head the page. Handwriting: Capital Letters F through J | Parents Handwriting expert Lauren Stern explains the proper way to write the capital letters F through J.
Letter case - Wikipedia
A capital letter or a combination of a capital letter and a small letter that is used to represent an element is called a(n) _____. The Hill - covering Congress, Politics, Political Campaigns ... The Hill is a top US political website, read by the White House and more lawmakers than any other site -- vital for policy, politics and election campaigns. The Hill - covering Congress, Politics ... What Do the Letters Mean in a Genotype? | Education - Seattle PI In biology, these outward physical traits are called a phenotype, and that underlying genetic code is called a genotype. Scientists use certain letters to represent different types of genes, known as alleles, which come together to create the genotype. Each one of these letters and how it is written has a special meaning.
Capital letter definition: Capital letters are the same as capitals . | Meaning, pronunciation, translations and examples
Country names are written with initial capital letter. A masculine noun is used with masculine articles and adjectives (e.g. el hombre guapo, el sol amarillo). HOW DO I TURN OFF THE CAPITAL LETTERS? | Yahoo Answers how do i turn off the capital letters? whenever i'm on the internet and i'm talking to someone they think i'm yelling. my girlfriends pissed and my friends won't talk ...
Capital letter | Definition of Capital letter at
There’s a time for everything, and that includes capitalizing words. When you are writing your term papers and essays, you will need to know which words to capitalize and when to do so. Should birthday have a capital letter? - Autism should have a capital letter at the start when talking about it as an identity, for example Autistic person or Autistic community. You don't capitalize when talking about autism as a diagnosis.
When to Use Capital Letters - dummies
When to use capital letters in English - Speakspeak Correct spelling is not only about which letters we use in the word. We should also know when to begin a word with a capital letter. (This is called capitalisation.). Here are some examples of when we should and should not use capital letters in English.
Here's Why Your Legal Name is Written in All Capital Letters ... Why your legal name is written in all capital letters Your legal name, which is used to represent you (the body of water or liquid), is written in all CAPITAL LETTERS because it is a piece of liquidated capital. In other words, it has been securitized and turned into a financial instrument. Hence, the phrase "liquidated capital." How to Turn On Caps Lock on a Chromebook | Laptop Mag
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Guide To The Common Types Of Cysts
Cysts are pockets of tissue filled with substances such as air, fluid, and pus. They can occur in nearly any part of the body or underneath the skin. Many different kinds of cysts exist. The majority of cysts are benign, though some can be cancerous. Cancerous cysts need immediate treatment. Dermatologists are often the doctors who diagnose cysts and help determine the appropriate treatment for patients. For those dealing with cysts, it is essential to find a reliable treatment that works.
There are many available cyst treatments. Corticosteroid injections for cysts are quite common. Some patients will use topical ointments or antibiotics for cystic acne and other cysts. Of course, certain types will need cyst drainage with a needle or cyst removal surgery. Patients must know what type of cyst they have to receive the best possible treatment for their cyst.
Sebaceous Cyst
A sebaceous cyst is a common type of benign cyst found on the skin. Most sebaceous cysts are located on the chest, neck, or face. They are not life-threatening, and they tend to have slow growth cycles. If sebaceous cysts continue to grow unchecked, they may lead to discomfort. Sebaceous cysts form from the sebaceous gland, which is the gland that produces the oils in the skin and hair. If the gland or duct through which the gland releases oil becomes blocked or damaged, a cyst can develop.
The most common cause of a blocked or damaged gland is an injury. Some traumas can be so small that individuals barely notice them, like a scratch. Others may be chronic skin conditions, such as acne. Surgical wounds may also cause trauma to the sebaceous gland that leads to a cyst. Some individuals may not notice the growth of the cyst until weeks or months after the injury occurs. Other common causes of sebaceous cysts include a deformed or misshapen duct. Some individuals may develop them due to genetic conditions.
Keep reading for more information on the different types of cysts now.
Cystic Acne
Cystic acne is a severe form of acne that requires intense medical treatment to get better. This type of acne occurs when the pores are blocked, which causes inflammation and infection. Most individuals with cystic acne have breakouts on the face. However, it is also possible for cysts to form on the upper chest and arms. About eighty percent of individuals between eleven and thirty years old will experience some form of acne.
However, cystic acne is the most severe type of acne, and it is much rarer. While older individuals can have cystic acne, most who experience it are adolescents going through puberty. This is because of the significant hormonal changes that occur in the body during this time. Cystic acne is not related to greasy foods, chocolate, or poor hygiene. Many cystic acne breakouts are painful to the touch. Some patients may also experience emotional distress because of how it affects their appearance.
Uncover more details on the most common types of cysts now.
Ingrown Hair Cyst
Ingrown hair cysts tend to be large bumps extending beneath the surface of the skin. Some ingrown hair cysts will not reach the skin's surface, though many of them lead to severe skin problems. When ingrown hair cysts appear on top of the skin, they tend to look like an acne cyst crossed with a normal ingrown hair. The most common cause of ingrown hair cysts is hair removal. Individuals who wax, shave, or otherwise remove their hair are at a higher risk of developing an ingrown hair cyst.
Some individuals want to remove the cysts due to their appearance and their potential to mar the skin. However, it is crucial to monitor the cyst for signs of infection. Before the cyst forms, individuals may discover a bump similar to a pimple with a hair on its surface. As the cyst forms, the small bump becomes much larger. This cyst might be yellow, white, or red. Some individuals might experience pain or tenderness when touching it.
Discover additional common types of cysts now.
Epidermoid Cyst
An epidermoid cyst, one of the most common and slowest growing types, is a small and hard lump that develops under the skin. This type of cyst will not cause symptoms, and almost none are cancerous. The most common places for an epidermoid cyst to form are the head, back, neck, genitals, and face. These cysts have a size range that is typically anywhere from a quarter-inch at the smallest to two inches in diameter at the largest. The appearance tends to be a small bump, the color is generally yellow or tan, and the fluid inside is smelly and thick.
One important note is that an epidermoid cyst does not cause pain. Thus, if individuals experience pain when touching the cyst, it is not an epidermoid cyst. Keratin buildups in the skin most often cause these cysts. Keratin is a naturally occurring protein, but it can become trapped below the skin if a hair follicle or skin cell is damaged. Excessive sun exposure, human papillomavirus infection, acne, and skin injuries are all common causes of this damage.
Read more about the various types of cysts now.
Baker's Cyst
A Baker's cyst occurs when the popliteal space, the space behind the knee, becomes swollen. It is also called a popliteal cyst. This type of cyst can lead to knee pain and stiffness. Individuals with a Baker's cyst tend to experience worsening pain if they fully extend or flex the affected knee or move their knee joint around a lot. The name for this type of cyst comes from Dr. William Morrant Baker, the surgeon who first described this type of cyst.
Women over forty years old are the most likely group to develop a Baker's cyst. Some of the symptoms include pain in the calves and knees plus locking of the joints. This type of cyst often resolves without needing medical treatment. It occurs when swelling and inflammation affects the knee joint, usually because of arthritis or gout.
Learn more about different types of cysts now.
Ganglion Cyst
Ganglion cysts are another type of benign cyst. They occur most often around the joints of an individual’s wrists or elsewhere by their hands. However, they can also develop around the joints and tendons of the feet and ankles. Individuals should expect small ganglion cysts to be the approximate size of a pea. However, larger ones can reach up to one inch in diameter. They are often in the shape of an oval or are round. Most ganglion cysts are filled with fluid that resembles jelly. Thankfully, most of these cysts are not painful, though they can be if they press on a nerve. In most cases, ganglion cysts will disappear without treatment. However, if they cause issues, doctors may recommend surgical removal or cyst drainage.
Reveal more details about the various types of cysts now.
Ovarian Cyst
As the name indicates, ovarian cysts develop on a woman’s ovaries. These cysts are either pockets or fluid-filled sacs. Most women experience ovarian cysts. Thankfully, these cysts are often harmless and go away on their own. The majority of ovarian cysts are functional cysts. These often develop due to the woman’s menstrual cycle. Follicular cysts help release estrogen and the egg. In rare cases, ovarian cysts will cause problems such as bloating and pelvic pain. Large ovarian cysts are at a high risk of rupturing, which can cause significant pain and bleeding. Women with ovarian cysts that cause pain or other problems should talk to their doctor for treatment.
Continue reading to learn about more cysts now.
Chalazia are cysts that form on the eyelid. When individuals only have one, it is called a chalazion. For the most part, chalazia do not cause any pain. Individuals develop them due to a blocked oil gland. Anyone can develop this type of cyst. However, they are more common in individuals with inflammatory conditions, such as acne, rosacea, and seborrhea. If an individual’s chalazion becomes infected, they can expect symptoms such as redness, swelling, and some pain. They may also deal with eye irritation and watery eyes. Home treatment is often successful and includes using a warm compress on the affected area and massage. Some doctors will recommend eyelid creams or eye drops to help.
Discover additional types of cysts now.
Pilar Cyst
Pilar cysts are another type of benign cyst. Approximately ninety percent of pilar cysts develop on the scalp. However, they can form anywhere on an individual’s body. Pilar cysts are typically in the shape of a dome. They can range in size quite a bit, from the size of a quarter to the size of a small ball. Most of these cysts are smooth, firm, and match the color of an individual’s skin. They should not cause individuals any pain, though they can if they rupture. Other symptoms of a ruptured pilar cyst include a rash and oozing pus.
This type of cyst is the result of keratin building in the skin. There appears to be a hereditary component, since individuals have a fifty percent higher risk of developing them if their parents had one. In addition, women experience pilar cysts more than men. These cysts can heal on their own, though a warm washcloth can help. Doctors will often prescribe antibiotics if a pilar cyst becomes infected. Finally, doctors can surgically remove the cyst or perform cyst drainage when necessary.
Reveal more types of cysts now.
Mucous Cyst
A mucous cyst forms in the mouth, typically on the lower lip, and is filled with fluid. Most mucous cysts do not cause individuals any pain and are only temporary. They develop when mucus plugs an individual’s salivary glands. Trauma to the mouth often increases the risk of these cysts forming. This trauma includes lip and cheek biting, piercings, and damage from teeth. Poor dental hygiene increases an individual’s risk of experiencing mucous cysts as well. When these cysts are near the surface, patients can expect them to be a bluish color, swelling, and be less than one centimeter in diameter. Deeper mucous cysts are quite tender, round, and are often whitish in color. Some of these cysts heal on their own, though treatment options are out there. Common methods include cryotherapy, corticosteroid injection, and laser therapy.
Katherine MacAulay
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Common Place / September 15, 2014
Do Cities Tear Us Apart?—Part 3
The Coy Divisions of Post-Industrial Cities
(Credit: Creative Commons Zero)
One of the most critical measures of city well-being over the next century may be an unexpected one: friendship ties. For thinkers interested in the "social ecology" and sense of connectedness of urban areas, this measure may capture the real story of how cultural and economic forces are transforming our day-to-day interactions with those around us.
Why would city scholars care about whom we consider our friends? Surveys of friendship ties reveal the homogeneity or diversity of personal social networks: They can pinpoint how these networks become closed-off "bubbles" of sameness along class, race, or status lines. According to a diverse set of thinkers, closed-off bubbles are becoming the central story of social life in post-industrial societies. Thinkers like Robert Putnam, Bill Bishop, Claude Fischer, and Charles Murray have mapped a rising divide or "coming apart" between the social worlds of educated-class and working-class populations in the last fifty years. For urban contexts, following the work of William Julius Wilson and Robert Sampson, this divide is magnified in areas where concentrated disadvantage has locked in social and economic disconnectedness for multiple generations. Studies of social ties tell the same story: The number of Americans with "bridging" ties across education levels has decreased since the 1980s, even while ties bridging race lines have increased.
Why does this matter? Two reasons, which are deeply interconnected. First of all, upending the arguments of earlier city studies, the challenge of cities does not seem to be some lurking threat of anomie or isolationism. Urban contexts in late-capitalist society provide no shortage of subcultures and leisure activities bristling with social ties. The greatest challenge today follows a more Tocquevillian concern: an individualism that involves withdrawing into enclaves to "willingly abandon society at large to its own devices." As a result of technological and transportation developments of the last century, insular social worlds now coexist in concentrated areas, a change sociologist Douglas Massey labels the "unprecedented spatial intensification of both privilege and poverty.” While divides along ethnic, class, or neighborhood lines have always characterized cities, today’s enclaving is unique in how it reinforces itself through grocery stores, schools, churches, medical care, restaurants, and leisure activities. A recent Washington Post article labeled this the "skyboxification" of American life. In skyboxified America, social ties across social worlds—such as middle-class professionals knowing manual laborers or ex-cons knowing college graduates—become far rarer.
The second reason this matters may be obvious: Few thinkers see anything positive coming out of this trend. In fact, one finds a strong consensus among liberals, conservatives, communitarians, and libertarians that insular and homogenous social worlds present an obstacle to a just and flourishing society. Social enclaves bear consequences for every moral and political challenge of our time, from inequality, social justice, labor issues, human rights, education, and climate change. None of these challenges fails to be affected by our shrinking exposure to those around us who share in these issues’ outcomes.
So what might be done to reconnect insular social worlds? No magic bullet solutions have yet emerged. Nor can the problem be solved by clever social engineering or policy interventions. Social historians, however, can offer three evaluative criteria to evaluate change. First of all, efforts that fail to address multilayered dimensions of cultural, economic, and design-planning conditions will likely simply perpetuate rather than remedy skyboxification. For example, new urbanism has drawn criticism for the "latent suburbanism" lurking within much of its designed space. Many design efforts are rightly celebrated for producing more shared space and organic interactions, but designers rarely conceptualize how their engineered interactions alone can overcome economic and cultural divisions.
Second, efforts to reduce skyboxification will likely build from the contexts and settings that have historically bridged and bound otherwise separate social realms. This is where city leaders and others may need to take a deliberate lead, as few institutional leaders have responded to calls for change. Institutions of higher education—historically key places for exposing students to others of different backgrounds—have by and large ignored the growing calls to address their complicity in reproducing class divides. A better ally might be particular religious communities that pull together diverse members, such as the one highlighted by Carla Arnell in a recent Chronicle of Higher Education article. While many religious groups (along with non-religious civic groups) passively absorb the racial or class demographics of their surroundings, there are well-established traditions and groups that proactively pursue linkages across these lines.
Finally, reconnecting social worlds will require a critical assessment of how bonds and interactions do or don't overcome insularity. “Token” friendship diversity likely won't work. In other words, what sort of interactions would allow a social ecology to regain the good lost to skyboxification?
Three forms of social interaction are unlikely to breach the skybox walls: economic transactional activities, paternalistic benevolence, and experiential benevolence. The first fall under what Karl Marx labeled the "dull compulsion of economic relations”: consuming goods in shared space—or in Zygmunt Bauman words "collective consumerism"—or workers sharing the same employer in a radically stratified workplace. Those types of interactions bring people into close proximity while leaving insular social worlds intact.
A second type of interaction is a paternalistic form of benevolence that implicitly perpetuates power divides. Writing on class relations in early twentieth-century New York, historian David Huyssen details the harm committed by affluent activists and altruists in their involvement in labor organizing and philanthropy.
Today, many millennials have tried another apprach to benevolence: a subjectively meaningful “voluntourism,” or temporary immersion into the world of the disadvantaged. Like the other approaches, this one may provide some impetus for further action, but in itself it does not really challenge the forces behind skyboxification.
A more promising mode identified by Huyssen is "cooperative relationships” that recognize power structures and inequality among actors. In its more political form, this entails organizing diverse groups and actors around shared communal needs: raising a community's "collective efficacy" to address its own challenges. Studies suggest collective efficacy, while a social good in itself, can also offset demographic and economic conditions that otherwise predict crime and social disorder. But cooperative relationships can also take a more interpersonal form. These range from more organic cross-group ("bridging") friendships to more intentional forms of solidarity with marginalized populations. Cooperative relationships would also include CEOs engaged in the wellbeing of workers' families, middle-class churches taking on the needs of an under-resourced public school, or friends stepping in as a “voluntary kin” in cases of family-structure disruption. Cooperative relationships can reconnect disparate social worlds, ensuring public good and meeting human needs that might otherwise be ignored.
Discussions of inequality and opportunity are likely to continue, and the future may hold significant cultural or economic shifts that we can't predict. But as we grapple with these questions, the reality of insular social worlds embodies the very personal and experiential dimensions of life in post-industrial settings. The flourishing of cities depends on conceiving new ways to overcome these divides, both as an end in itself and also as a means of achieving a just and thriving society.
Andrew Lynn is a PhD student in the Sociology Department at the University of Virginia. His interests include sociology of religion, social change, and the cultural logic of individualism in American culture.
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Adding problem hints in Open edX
Sometimes it's useful for learners to be able to go back and figure out what they missed when they encounter a question they can't answer right away, or to be given nudges towards the correct answer in low-stakes questions. That's where hints come in handy!
1 - Write your problem
This is the easy bit, but if you need help with this step, first check out Adding a Problem to Your Open edX Course. Here's ours in its most basic form
2 - Add your hint
A hint is indicated by vertical pipes (||) on either side of your hint. You may or may not be familiar with the pipe character, it's on your keyboard as Shift + \. in the US layout it's typically near your enter key, while in the UK keyboard layout it's next to the Z key.
So in our case, our first hint is going to be where they can go to research more about this themselves:
|| You can read more about this in Section 2: Where are the ducks? ||
3 (optional) - Add more hints
Sometimes this isn't enough, however, or you want to be extra kind. By adding multiple lines with hints, you can allow the learner to keep requesting hints, which should scale in usefulness. Obviously this tactic isn't great for important assessed material, but for low-stakes problems it's a wonderful tool to help guide learners toward the answer.
4 - Save, Test, and Publish
If all's gone well, your problem should now look a little something like this. Try it out in Studio before hitting the Publish button.
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Peru: Respiratory conditions
© WHO/PAHO, Peru
The Financial Burden of NCDs
A 2011 economic evaluation report prepared by the World Economic Forum and the Harvard School of Public Health, in advance of the 2011 UN Summit on NCDs identified 5 key points around the financial burden of 5 major NCDs (cardiovascular disease, chronic respiratory disease, cancer, diabetes, and mental illness).
1. These 5 NCDs could contribute a cumulative output loss of US$ 47 trillion in the two decades from 2011, representing a loss of 75% of global GDP in 2010 (US$ 63 trillion).
2. As economies, ages and populations in low and middle income countries grow, they are likely to overtake high imcome countries in terms of growth in the burden of NCDs.
3. Cardiovascular disease and mental health conditions contribute the greatest economic burden of NCDs.
4. Business leaders throughout the world are concerned about the impact of NCDs, more-so than concerns about communicable diseases. Where quality of or access to healthcare is considered poor, concern is greater.
5. There are options available to prevent and control NCDs, such as WHO's “Best Buys”, behaviour change interventions, and more cost-effective models of care which also alleviate the burden on family-carers.
A related report found that the average annual economic losses per person amounts to US$ 25 in low-income countries, US$ 50 in lower middle-income countries and US$ 139 in upper middle-income countries.
The investment required in population based and individual level best buys to reduce and prevent NCDs is estimated to be around US$ 11.2 billion per year, or on a per-capita basis, in the much lower range of US$ 0.40 to US$ 3 in upper middle-income countries.
“By investing just US$ 1-3 dollars per person per year, countries can dramatically reduce illness and death from NCDs." Margaret Chan, Director General WHO (2015)
The 3rd international Financing for Development Conference (FfD3), held in July 2015, paved the way for positioning health squarely on the development agenda. The Addis Ababa Action Agenda, together with the DOHA Declaration and Monterrey Consensus, is intended to be a coherent policy framework that speaks to how countries will mobilise resources to implement the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.
The Action Agenda contains a strong focus on health and NCDs, with agreements to consider taxing harmful substances, mainly tobacco, to deter consumption and generate domestic revenue. The agreement notes the enormous burden NCDs have on developing and developed countries, and the importance of strengthening health systems and achieving universal health coverage as part of efficient and integrated sustainable development.
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Start Planning
Cultures National Day
Cultures National Day 2022, 2023 and 2024
Cultures National Day was once “Dia de la Raza,” a day to commemorate the discovery of America by Christopher Columbus and the subsequent spreading of Spanish culture in the Americas. However, since 1994, the holiday’s name has been “Dia de las Culturas,” or “Day of the Cultures.” This is to recognize the place of multiple, highly diverse cultures in Costa Rica’s history.
202210 OctMonCultures National Day
20239 OctMonCultures National Day
202414 OctMonCultures National Day
Spanish, other European, African, Amerindian, and Asian cultural influences all contribute to modern Costa Rica. And all of these cultural influences are on full display during Cultures National Day.
But despite the name change, the day still also honours Christopher Columbus. Columbus visited the area twice on his voyages to the New World, and he even named the coast off modern Costa Rica, well, “Costa Rica” (Rich Coast).
There will be singing, dancing, eating, and various cultural celebrations throughout Costa Rica for days on end for Cultures National Day. But Limon Province, where Columbus once made landfall, is the centre of celebration.
A carnival is held there during the week leading up to October 12th. You will see colourful costumes, hear marching bands, see teams of dancers dance down the streets, and much more. It is certainly a unique experience you will not soon forget.
Previous Years
202111 OctMonCultures National Day
202012 OctMonCultures National Day
201914 OctMonCultures National Day
201815 OctMonCultures National Day
201716 OctMonCultures National Day
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Operator precedence table
The following table summarizes the operator precedence of Python operators in this book, from highest precedence (most binding) to lowest precedence (least binding). Operators in the same box have the same precedence. Unless syntax is explicitly given, operators are binary. Operators in the same box group left to right (except for exponentiation, which groups from right to left). This is many of the entries from the complete Python table at https://docs.python.org/3/reference/expressions.html#operator-precedence.
In the row for comparisons, membership tests, and identity tests, all have the same precedence and have a left-to-right chaining feature; for example 3 < x <= y != z.
Subscription, slicing, call, attribute reference
Exponentiation (groups right to left)
*, /, //, %
Multiplication, real and integer division, remainder
+, -
Addition and subtraction
Comparisons, including membership tests and identity tests
not x
Boolean NOT
Boolean AND
Boolean OR
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What came first the dinosaurs or the ice age?
The ice age happened after the dinosaurs. The dinosaurs died out prior to the Pleistocene age, which was the last of five ice ages that spanned…
Did the ice age happen after dinosaurs?
Summary: About 466 million years ago, long before the age of the dinosaurs, the Earth froze. The seas began to ice over at the Earth’s poles, and new species evolved with the new temperatures.
What era was before the dinosaurs?
The Earth existed for millions of years before the time of the dinosaurs. This time is known as the Paleozoic Era while the dinosaur time is known as the Mesozoic Era.
How long after the dinosaurs was the ice age?
What came first humans or dinosaurs?
IT IS INTERESTING: Quick Answer: What animals come from dinosaurs?
Did humans survive the Ice Age?
Did dinosaurs live during ice age?
The last of the non-avian dinosaurs died out over 63 million years before the Pleistocene, the time during which the regular stars of the Ice Age films (mammoths, giant sloths, and sabercats) lived. …
Did dinosaurs live on Pangea?
Will humans go extinct?
Who was the first human on earth?
The First Humans
What wiped out the ice age?
Where did humans live during the ice age?
IT IS INTERESTING: Quick Answer: Did modern day birds evolve from dinosaurs?
Did the Ice Age cover the whole earth?
Do Dinosaurs Still Exist?
Who came first dinosaurs or Adam and Eve?
Do Humans come from monkeys?
Humans and monkeys are both primates. But humans are not descended from monkeys or any other primate living today. We do share a common ape ancestor with chimpanzees. … All apes and monkeys share a more distant relative, which lived about 25 million years ago.
Archeology with a shovel
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A History of Vaccination Hesitancy
Date posted: Friday 20 August 2021
While we in the U.S. have been blessed with abundant vaccine supply and access, much of the world has struggled to receive needed vaccines. We know in the U.S. that even when vaccines are available, distrust of the government or the vaccines themselves may keep parts of the population from becoming vaccinated.
That distrust is prevalent in the Guatemalan Maya villages. Pastora Karen of the ILAG tells us that Guatemala’s government asked the country's millionaires to loan it money to buy vaccines, which the government subsequently did not buy. Most of the vaccines available in Guatemala are donations from the U.S., Mexico, Spain, Israel, India and other countries.
To worsen the situation, the head of the agency in charge of investigating corruption was fired to keep him from looking into this situation. A national strike demanding the president to step down was called, blocking roadways and stopping commerce. There was talk of another civil war. The sentiment was that “the Guatemalan government is stealing the money from the vaccines and militarizing the country to protect itself.”
Pastora Karen tells us that people in the villages do not want another war, and they are hesitant about vaccines.
Distrust of the government in Mayan communities seems justified, as does distrust of vaccines, given the history of vaccines in the country. The association of vaccines and government coercion began with the smallpox vaccination campaign of the 18th century. Actions since then have caused association of government vaccination campaigns with co-opting and destroying Mayan traditions as well as violence against villages.
Smallpox, measles and typhus arrived with the Spanish conquerors, and roared across Central America in waves, decimating indigenous populations. By 1790, the first vaccine against Smallpox was being developed. The government of Guatemala felt it was its obligation to help “the poor and downtrodden,” Maya, or as it described as “minors to be cared for,” deserving of the help of Christian charity. Elites such as medical doctors and government ministers felt responsibility that ‘these poor ones’ received aid, to ensure the health of Maya populations--whose labor and taxes provided the basis for the continued stability of the colonial state.
As is true now, pro- and anti-inoculation debates played out; a centralized plan was made for Guatemala City inoculation in the 1790s, with the stipulation that inoculation must be voluntary and not forced on anyone. This was true until the anti-smallpox efforts expanded to rural areas and regional towns.
Maya healers traditionally used temascales, a type of low-heat sweat lodge for general health and for illnesses, including typhus, measles, and smallpox. A room was filled with heated water vapors mixed with burning medicinal plants, animals and other ingredients from the local environment.
Leaders of the campaigns against epidemics frequently complained about temascales and pushed to destroy the buildings and outlaw their use, especially during outbreaks. The increased spread of smallpox was attributed to their use. Parishioners heard warnings from the pulpit not to treat the sick in temascales.
The Maya medical specialists who healed in temascales were viewed as subverting state-mandated guidelines. When the use continued, doctors and regional political officials brought in the military to destroy them. Local leaders argued that they had to resort to violence and threat of violence to ensure that Maya residents adhered to state-sanctioned smallpox treatment guidelines.
Forced Removals
In addition to the destruction of temascales, authorities used forced removal of the sick from their homes to quarantine in temporary smallpox hospitals guarded by armed men. Armed militia and local men enforced quarantines and acted as guards for inoculators. They also worked with medical teams to identify and destroy the homes and belongings of those who died from smallpox, typhus and measles, leaving survivors with nothing. In addition, Maya children with smallpox were removed from their homes to quarantine in safe homes by medical people accompanied by armed guards.
Threat and coercion linked militia with public health campaigns and the forced removal of infected children from their parents continued over a decade as multi-year, concurrent outbreaks of measles and typhus repeatedly burned through the region, increasing mistrust of medical campaigns. Doctors, inoculators and regional political officials filed reports that Maya towns outright refused medical treatments or that residents fled to disperse into the highland forests when word arrived that a medical campaign was on its way. Other Maya towns used or threatened violence themselves against medical campaign workers.
Videos Encourage Vaccinations
Given that understandable hesitancy, Pastora Karen asked if partner churches here would send videos describing the importance of vaccines, our willingness to be vaccinated, and our hopes for the villagers to receive them. At least eight partner churches and many individuals quickly responded with videos! After the first of the pastoral visits in late July, Pastora Karen reported that the videos were well received, with villagers happy to see familiar faces, and that people in two communities were encouraged by your experiences to get vaccinated.
We continue to pray for our Guatemala partners during this challenging time, awaiting news that vaccines are available to them, that they are willing to be vaccinated, and that their communities can be COVID free.
Sandra Eliason, MD
St. Michael's Lutheran Church
Roseville, Minnesota
Few, Martha. “Epidemics, Indigenous Communities, and Public Health in the COVID-19 Era: Views from Smallpox Inoculation Campaigns in Colonial Guatemala.” Journal of Global History, vol. 15, no. 3, 2020, pp. 380–393., doi:10.1017/S1740022820000297.
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PLANET EARTH: Freshwater
NAME ______________________________ DATE______________
PLANET EARTH: Freshwater
1. What is the source of all freshwater? Where does the journey begin & where does it end?
2. How high is the highest waterfall?
3. What do the hellgrammites have to help live in the torrent zone? How do bamboo shrimp feed?
4. What is the world’s largest amphibian, where do they live, & for how long?
5. What is so special about the salmon migration? Name one salmon predator?
6. What are baby fish called?
7. What is the most erosive water force?
8. What river created the Grand Canyon?
9. What is the most social mammal found in freshwater?
10. What do the adults have that is needed to catch a fish?
11. What dangers face the otter?
12. Where are the biggest crocodiles located?
13. What holds more freshwater than all the rivers?
Science Movie Worksheets –
14. How do male cichlids protect their fry from predators?
15. Where do flies begin their life & what did early sailors say emerging flies looked like?
16. Where is the world’s largest & oldest lake? What is its name?
17. What do botos use sonar for & what other mammals do they resemble?
18. How do botos court (what is so impressive to the female to chose her mate)?
19. What interferes with river flow?
20. What is the area called where rivers flood the land? Name 2 things that are found there.
21. What can piranhas do in minutes?
22. What preys on a spoonbill?
23. What is the last stage of river flow? What do rivers deliver there & what plants are found there?
24. What skill can some primates that live here develop?
25. What video did we see the snow geese before?
Science Movie Worksheets –
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Historical cycles
From Faster Than 20
Growing up with Disruptive Technology
Joshua Meyrowitz, No Sense of Place. Disruptive technology + 18.
TV = 1950 + 18 => 1968
Mosaic web browser => 1993 + 18 => 2011
How about things like war? Major terrorist attacks? Refugee crisis?
The Master Switch
Tim Wu, The Master Switch
Cycle between open and closed "information empires."
American Generational Cycles
William Strauss and Neil Howe, Generations: The History of America's Future, 1584 to 2069. (1992)
Every 80-90 years, America forced to recreate itself. See Sara Robinson's piece for a summary.
Presidential Party Cycles
It's very rare for presidents of one party to succeed presidents of that same party. It's even rarer when the preceding president served two terms. It's only happened twice for Democrats:
• 1836, Martin Van Buren succeeded Andrew Jackson, who was the first Democrat to win the presidency
• 1944, Franklin Delano Roosevelt won a third term as president. He died while in office and was succeeded by Harry S. Truman, who was re-elected and ended 20 consecutive years of Democratic presidents.
57% of Republicans candidates have won following a two-term Republican president, including:
• Ulysses S. Grant (1868)
• Rutherford B. Hayes (1876)
• Theodore Roosevelt (1904)
• George H.W. Bush (1988)
However, with the exception of Bush, it's been very rare in recent history.
On average, modern Presidents have lost 30 House seats and 4 Senate seats in their first midterm elections.
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Atomic Heritage Foundation
Eckhart Hall
Eckhart Hall
Leona Marshall Libby
Leona Marshall Libby
Chicago Pile-1 drawing
A Billion Times More
• Leona Marshall Libby
Leona Marshall Libby
On December 2, 1946, the fourth anniversary of the Chicago Pile-1 going critical, scientists who participated in the experiment posed for a photograph on the steps of Eckhart Hall. Leona Marshall Libby was the only woman in the photo.
Narrator: One year after the end of World War II, some of the Met Lab’s leading scientists had a reunion. On the steps of Eckhart Hall, physicist Leona Marshall Libby stands out as the only woman. She was one of Enrico Fermi’s closest associates.
Leona Marshall Libby: He was a marvelously wise director of the scientific effort in the sense that he knew exactly where to be careful, and he could very frequently guess when it was unnecessary to make more accurate measurements. He had a very good sense of the degree of effort that would give the required result.
Narrator: Leona was also an outspoken defender of the work on an atomic weapon. In an interview, she recalled that Manhattan Project scientists feared that Hitler’s scientists were two years ahead in the race to create the atomic bomb.
Leona Marshall Libby: I think everyone was terrified that the Germans were ahead of us. That was a persistent and ever-present fear, fed, of course, by the fact that our leaders knew those people in Germany.
They led the civilized world of physics at the time the war set in, at every major university. So they were terrified. If they had gotten it before we did, I don’t know what would have happened to the world, but something different. Very frightening time.
• A Billion Times More
A Billion Times More
Physicist Ralph Lapp remembers how quickly the Manhattan Project moved from initiating a nuclear chain reaction to designing massive reactors.
Narrator: Veteran Ralph Lapp explains how quickly Manhattan Project scientists had to scale up in their efforts to design and build the first nuclear reactors.
Ralph Lapp: We worked at the University of Chicago. The mathematics building was where the Met Lab was centered. My laboratory was on the first floor right next to where the elevator came down. The elevator connected the first floor with the upper floors, which had Enrico Fermi, Arthur Compton, Robert Mulliken—all Nobel Prize winners.
Six weeks earlier at Stagg Field, the United States triggered a chain reaction, which generated half a watt of power. Half a watt! And they were proposing to go a billion times more in power.
Quick Fact:
Eckhart Hall, located at 1118 East 58th Street on the north side of the main quadrangle, was built in 1930. It served as the administrative center of the Chicago Met Lab. Today, Eckhart is the home of the University’s Department of Mathematics.
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The Tenant Puzzles & Games pages are intended to be entertaining and be fun.
But equally important, puzzles and games help keep your brain active and working.
Picture 2.png
While frequent forgetfulness or severe memory loss may be a sign of brain disease or injury, some forgetfulness is a normal part of aging. It may not be entirely preventable but there are things you can do to slow down the process. Much like the body, keeping the brain active is important at all stages of life.
Brain games and puzzles serve as mental exercise that reduces the risk of cognitive decline. Brain exercises provide a simple way to improve your memory and problem-solving skills.
There are a number of factors that make certain games ideal for older adults. Brain games are in plenty of different formats, from classic board games to word puzzles and even online video games that can provide opportunities for social interaction.
• It’s important to find games that are challenging but not overly frustrating. Start slowly with some beginner puzzles and gradually progress to harder puzzles for more challenging problem-solving tasks.
• Pick games that you enjoy and have fun playing. There are many types of brain games to choose from, so there is no reason to force yourself to do something you don't enjoy. At the same time, it is important to vary the types of brain training games you do. If you are looking for more social interaction, for instance, look for brain training games that you can play with others – either in person or online.
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Neuropsychological Evaluation
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Open access peer-reviewed chapter
Spectral Representation of Time and Physical Parameters in Numerical Weather Prediction
By Kristoffer Lindvall and Jan Scheffel
Submitted: April 16th 2018Reviewed: July 17th 2018Published: November 5th 2018
DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.80351
Downloaded: 754
Numerical weather prediction (NWP) is a difficult task in chaotic dynamical regimes because of the strong sensitivity to initial conditions and physical parameters. As a result, high numerical accuracy is usually necessary. In this chapter, an accurate and efficient alternative to the traditional time stepping solution methods is presented; the time-spectral method. The generalized weighted residual method (GWRM) solves systems of nonlinear ODEs and PDEs using a spectral representation of time. Not being subject to CFL-like criteria, the GWRM typically employs time intervals two orders of magnitude larger than those of time-stepping methods. As an example, efficient solution of the chaotic Lorenz 1984 equations is demonstrated. The results indicate that the method has strong potential for NWP. Furthermore, employing spectral representations of physical parameters and initial values, families of solutions are obtained in a single computation. Thus, the GWRM is conveniently used for studies of system parameter dependency and initial condition error growth in NWP.
• NWP
• time-spectral
• chaotic
• error analysis
• initial condition
1. Introduction
Numerical methods are routinely used when modeling complex systems such as meteorological and atmospheric systems. These systems can be described by nonlinear ordinary and partial differential equations. Nonlinear systems in particular, as opposed to linear systems, constitute specific numerical challenges in terms of processing and memory requirements. In order to efficiently use the computer’s resources, it is important to choose a suitable numerical method [1].
Typically, when solving initial value ODEs, it is common practice to use finite difference methods (FDM) that discretize the temporal domain into finite steps. Information from the initial state and previously computed steps are used to estimate the solution at a “future” discrete time step. This is an intuitive and powerful method because we can easily visualize the cause and effect of each step. However, the problem with these techniques when solving complex systems is that small temporal steps are required in order for a solution to be found. In order to acquire a stable solution, the Courant-Friedrichs-Lewy (CFL) condition needs to be satisfied when employing more accurate, explicit FDM, thus limiting time step length.
Another approach is to use a time-spectral method, which takes a bird’s eye view of the problem [2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7]. Instead of focusing on small local steps in time, an approximate solution that could fit the entire temporal domain is postulated. This approximate solution is set in the form of a finite series of basis functions. Thus, the unknowns of the equations are thereby changed from the physical variables to the coefficients of the solution ansatz. The procedure allows for highly accurate and global temporal solutions.
In the following, we will present application of the GWRM [7] to the Lorenz 1984 [8] differential equations. This is a set of three coupled, nonlinear, and chaotic ODEs, providing a basic model of the important process of Hadley tropical atmospheric circulation. In Section 2, Method, we present a short derivation of the GWRM. Section 3 will introduce the Lorenz equations and how they can be solved by the time-spectral method. In this section, we also show how the parameter dependence of the solution can be found from a singleGWRM computation. We also show that, similarly, the dependence on initial conditions can be found from one computation only. A discussion is given in Section 4, followed by conclusion in Section 5.
2. Method
The time-spectral method employed here is the generalized weighted residual method (GWRM). The physical equations of this Galerkin method are projected onto a space of weighted orthogonal basis functions resulting in a set of algebraic equations. The residual of the differential equation is necessarily zero for the exact solution, thus the numerical method seeks to solve for the coefficients that minimize the residual in the interval where orthogonality holds.
In this procedure, all dimensions can be included, thus the term “generalized.” This means that the dependence on all temporal, spatial, and parameterdomains can be included in the algebraic equations.
A key characteristic of Chebyshev polynomials, and a main reason for choosing them as basis functions, is their minimax property[9]. This property states that a Chebyshev series of order nis the best approximation of the same Chebyshev series of order n+1. The implication is that the highest mode can be neglected without deteriorating the approximate solution. This enables computation of nonlinear products entirely within spectral space. Actually, all GWRM numerical computations are carried out in spectral space. In contrast to, for example, Fourier series, Chebyshev series are also conveniently real. Any type of boundary condition can be employed, such as Dirichlet, Neumann, and periodic boundary conditions. Finally, Chebyshev polynomial series are known to converge rapidly when approximating smooth functions.
2.1. Generalized weighted residual method
Consider the following set of differential equations,
where utxpis the unknown variable with a temporal, spatial, and parameter dependence. Fis a linear or nonlinear operator, and sis a source term. The GWRM solution ansatz takes the form, in the case of a singular physical dimension and one parameter,
Here, Tnx=cosnarccosxis the Chebyshev polynomial of the first kind, aklmare coefficients, and the prime (') denotes that the first term of each summation should be multiplied by 1/2. Since Chebyshev polynomials are orthogonal in the interval 11, variable transformations are applied for general intervals,
where Az=z1+z0/2and Bz=z1z0/2, zbeing the variable t, x, and pwith their respective upper and lower bounds. The Picard integral is then applied to (1), after which the residual of the differential equation is formed,
The residual is multiplied by weighted Chebyshev polynomials and then integrated over the computational domain, whereafter it is set to zero. The equation takes the form
where the Chebyshev weight is wζ=1ζ21/2, ζbeing the transform variables τ, ξ, and P. Eq. (5) has the form of an integral minimumin calculus of variation, which states that if Ris smooth and differentiable, and the basis functions and weights are nonzero, then Rwill be minimized in the domain [10].
Continuing, we expand Eq. (5),
yielding the following relations for each term of (6):
Combining Eqs. (7a)(7d), we obtain the final set of algebraic equations
where aqrsare the solution coefficients, δq0is the Kronecker delta function, brsrepresents the initial conditions, Aqrsis the spectral representation of the time-integrated linear or nonlinear operator F, and Sqrsrepresents the time-integrated source term. Eq. (10) is here defined for the truncated domain 0qK, whereas strictly the time integration renders K+1terms. For the spatial domain, we have 0rLBC, where LBC=LNBC, with NBCrepresenting the total number of boundary conditions for this spatial dimension. Boundary condition equations are thus added to (10) for problems including spatial derivatives. Here, we will be solving a set of time-dependent ODEs, thus only initial conditions are required to find a unique solution. Finally, it holds that 0sM.
Eq. (10) can be solved iteratively with a suitable root solver. Here, we use the semi-implicit root solver (SIR) [11] because it shows superior global stability compared to the Newton method (NM) with line-search while still maintaining a fast convergence.
For more details regarding GWRM basics, please see references [7, 12].
3. The GWRM, exemplified by the Lorenz 1984 equations
The Lorenz 1984 model is a set of three nonlinear ordinary differential equations that features chaotic behavior similar to that of meteorological systems [8]. It is consequently one of the simplest models of Hadley circulation due to the substantial amount of approximations postulated in order to arrive at this low order model. Thus, whereas the Lorenz 1984 model is not an accurate NWP model, it allows for a rigorous numerical analysis of simple, yet nonlinear chaotic behavior. This is the reason for employing them in the present work. The equations are
For a more exhaustive description of the model, see [8]. Suffice it to say the variables X, Y, and Zrepresent certain meteorological systems such as wind currents and large-scale eddies. The coefficients α, β, Q, and Ware chosen within certain limits to act as damping, coupling, and amplification of the physical processes of the system.
Lorenz, in his 1984 article, posed the question, “What can such a simple model possibly tell us about the real atmosphere?”. His answer was that postulating certain hypothesis about the behavior of the real atmosphere, we can strengthen the reasoning behind the hypothesis qualitatively by the help of these models. However, that is not what we are concerned with here, but rather the model is used as a test to show how different numerical methods handle chaotic behavior. Furthermore, the model is useful to develop new techniques that can analyze such quantities as error growth, parameter uncertainties, and variable perturbations in a more efficient way.
3.1. Time intervals
The GWRM is a global method where a finite number of Chebyshev modes are used to represent the physics in a given temporal domain. Instead of using a large number of Chebyshev modes to obtain a single solution for the entire temporal domain, it is more efficient to split the domain into smaller subintervals, so that lesser Chebyshev modes can be used in each interval.
For controlling and maintaining the same numerical accuracy within each time interval, an automatic time-adaptivealgorithm is employed. Time-adaptive techniques are easily implemented with Chebyshev polynomials. Since the absolute value of the Chebyshev coefficients decrease with increasing modes for well-resolved functions, the ratio of the absolute values of the highest modes to those of the lowest modes (see Eq. (12)) gives a direct estimate of how “good” the solution is. Thus, it holds that (for the example that (10) represents an ODE)
where ak, k=0..K, are the Chebyshev coefficients with Kas the highest mode. By requiring that RK<ϵ, where εis a stipulated accuracy, the time subintervals to achieve this accuracy are automatically computed. We have found it efficient to use a balanced algorithm that tries to expand the time interval at about every 10th time interval by a factor 1.5, and that halves the interval whenever ϵaccuracy could not be achieved.
An interesting and useful property of Chebyshev polynomials is Tk1=1, so that
Thus, the exact solution at the end state ut1can be approximated by a sum of the Chebyshev coefficients. Eq. (13) conveniently allows for the previous end conditions, represented as Chebyshev coefficients, to be applied as initial conditions for the next interval. All computations of a series of connected intervals are thus calculated in spectral space. A GWRM time-interval pseudocode is provided in Appendix A. Only one domain, the temporal, is presented for the sake of clarity.
The pseudocode shows the following: the algebraic equations are collected in a vector ϕ, along with the initial conditions in the first element of the vector. The time domain is divided into subintervals in which the ϕequations are solved by SIR. The initial condition is equal to the end-state of the previous solution, see (13). If the convergence parameter “conv” of the solution is larger than the pre-set minimum error, then the current subinterval is halved and the ϕequations are solved by SIR. On the other hand, if the “conv” convergence criterion is satisfied, the algorithm immediately proceeds to solve the next time interval, the length of which is increased by a factor 1.5 typically every 10th interval. This procedure is done until the entire temporal domain is solved for. When all coefficients are solved for, the semianalytical solution ansatz is easily computed.
3.2. Parameter dependency
Instruments are continually measuring the weather’s temperature, wind speeds, and topological height and width to name a few parameters. However, the measurement devices cannot, at present, give a global coverage. Thus, meteorological parameters are approximate and interpolated.
The meteorological parameters are represented in the Lorenz model by α, β, Q, and W. The uncertainty of the measured parameters will inevitably lower the confidence of the solution, specifically important in weather prediction.
When studying parameter dependencies, the GWRM enables an interesting solution. Instead of assigning the parameter a single value, we can introduce a spectrum of values. Thus, we introduce a parameter dimension. This technique was first presented in [7], where it was applied to the viscosity parameter in the 1D nonlinear Burger equation. Later, it was applied to a two-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic problem in the paper by Riva et al. [13].
For the Lorenz ODEs, where we have temporal and parameter dependencies, the solution ansatz then takes the form,
In Eq. (14), a single parameter has been included; however, the procedure can be expanded to any number of parameters. The impact of the parameter αfrom the Lorenz equation (11) on the Xvariable is demonstrated in Figure 1. The result from a single GWRM computation is displayed, using the ansatz (14). It can be seen that varying αwith the other parameters of Eq. (11) held fixed, the solution is strongly dependent on αfor longer times. For lower values of α, the solution becomes more stable and fluctuates with a higher frequency than for higher values of α.
Figure 1.
GWRM solutionXtαshowing the parameterαdependency (interval [0.2, 0.3]) on variableXin the time intervalt05. The Lorenz parameters used areβ=4.0,Q=8.0, andW=1.0. GWRM parameters used areM=8andK=8.
It is of interest to provide a quantitative measure of the effect of αon the solution. One approach would be to compare the deviations from a “base” run for different values of α. For simplicity, however, we have chosen to monitor the standard deviations as a measure of the deflection from the average value in the entire parameter interval. Standard deviations can be computed from the semianalytical solutions with the formula
where Uiis the GWRM solution for a specific value of the parameter. The evaluations have been carried out at Nparameter points iat a time of interest. The parameter interval averaged solution is denoted by U¯. A table is presented below where comparisons are made with a base run with specified parameter values α, β, Q, and W. The solution at t=1.0is used. Average values U¯and standard deviations σ, representing the entire parameter interval are also given.
The standard deviations are supplied with indices to indicate the chosen parameter and variable for analysis. For example, σα,xstates that αis the parameter domain and the standard deviation of Xis being analyzed. One parameter at a time has been varied by ±20%, while the others are kept constant.
Parameter dependency example, using a single GWRM computation t=1.0, K=8, M=8
GWRM sol.X1P=1.311Y1P=0.046Z1P=1.541
α=0.2,0.3, α=0.25
β=3.2,4.8, β=4.0
Q=6.4,9.6, Q=8.0
W=0.8,1.2, W=1.0
It is immediately seen that the Yvariable is strongly affected by changes in all parameter values, whereas the Xand Zsolutions are more robust.
3.3. Initial condition uncertainty
Meteorological models generally include time-dependent PDEs and ODEs that require initial conditions as starting points. In mathematical terms, initial conditions are required to close the system of equations. If we are interested in computing a family of scenarios employing different initial conditions, the standard approach to determine the final states is to restart the computations from scratch, using a new initial condition each time.
Time-spectral methods offer a more convenient approach. Similarly, as when we computed parameter dependency in a single GWRM computation in the previous section, we will now study the effect of a spectrum of initial values on the solution of Eq. (11), employing a single GWRM computation.
Initial condition dependency example, using a single GWRM computation t=1.0, K=8, M=8
GWRM sol.X1P=1.311Y1P=0.046Z1P=1.541
X0P0.768,1.152, X=0.96
Y0P1.320.88, Y=1.1
Z0P0.4,0.6, Z=0.5
An interesting, albeit challenging, feature of meteorological models is the inherent uncertaintyof the initial conditions. As a result, how certain can we be of our numerical results? To be able to predict a chaotic system with absolute precision, one would need infinitely accurate measuring devices, computer, and numerical method. Since none of these are granted, error growth analysis is important to gauge how far into the future we can be confident of our predictions.
A classical error growth analysis employed for the Lorenz equations (11) would be the following. A base scenario Uk,1(where "k"denotes the variable) with initial conditions v=<X0,Y0,Z0>=<0.96,1.10,0.50>with a time window of t050is solved for. Subsequently, a number of perturbed scenarios Nare solved, denoted with superscript , where the initial conditions are perturbed an amount δ, taking values <0.001, for example. The error growth is then computed with the formula,
Thus, in this traditional analysis, a large number of computations are needed, where the ODEs are solved for different perturbed initial conditions.
We suggest another approach. By use of an ansatz of the type (14), a spectrum of initial conditions is allowed in a single computation. In the table above, results are presented for three cases where Eq. (11) has been solved to time t=1.0. For the three cases, the base initial conditions X, Y, and Zas well as intervals for X0P, Y0P, and Z0Pare shown. Also, results for the base initial conditions at t=1are provided. For the solutions, where the initial conditions are allowed to vary in an interval, both averages over the interval are shown as well as corresponding standard deviations. The analysis shows that the Yvariable value at t=1is strongly dependent on the initial condition. In Figure 2, the time and initial condition dependence of the Xvariable is shown in a 3D diagram. Here, the run time has been extended to t=5.
Figure 2.
GWRM solutionXtPof the Lorenz equations in the time intervalt05, wherePis the initial condition parameter varying in the interval0.768,1.152. The Lorenz parameters used areα=0.25,β=4.0,Q=8.0, andW=1.0. GWRM parameters used;M=8andK=8.
It would also be of interest to study the effect of allowing the initial conditions for all variables X, Y, and Zto vary simultaneously. In order to accomplish this in a single GWRM run, the natural thing to do would be to extend the ansatz (14) to include three parameters, corresponding to the different initial conditions. Instead, we have chosen a simpler approach. We let X0δ=X+δ, Y0δ=Y+δ, and Z0δ=Z+δ, where the perturbation δis a single parameter that is applied to all three variables. An example computation is shown in Figure 3. The Xvariable here features a quite a different time evolution than in Figure 2, where only the Xvariable initial condition was perturbed.
Figure 3.
This figure shows the result of simultaneously varying the initial conditions of all the variablesX,Y, andZ. The plot is of the GWRM solutionXtδin the time intervalt05, whereδis the perturbation parameter with interval0.1,0.1applied to the initial conditionX0δ. The Lorenz parameters used areα=0.25,β=4.0,Q=8.0, andW=1.0. GWRM parameters used areM=8andK=8.
In the table below, initial condition interval average values, as well as standard deviations, are provided for all the variables X, Y, and Zfor a run extending to t=20.
Initial condition dependency example, using a single GWRM computation t=20, K=8, M=8, δ<0.001
GWRM sol.X200=1.779Y200=0.483Z200=0.167
Returning to error growth analysis as suggested by Eq. (16), reliable results can be computed if a sufficiently large domain has been spanned by the perturbed initial conditions. We have compared the classical approach of perturbed iterations (PI) with the new initial condition parameter dependency (ICPD) technique in Figure 4a and b. Of particular interest is the potential gain in CPU time, using the ICPD.
Figure 4.
Comparison of error growth for (a) X and (b) Y(16)for the ICPD and PI schemes, applied to the Lorenz equation(11). (Solid) ICPD computation requiringtCPU=2.7minand (dashed) PI computation requiringtCPU=12.7min. The Lorenz parameters used areα=0.25,β=4.0,Q=8.0, andW=1.0. GWRM parameters used areK=8andM=4.
It is found that the ICPD technique with K=8and M=4achieves the same result of error growth as the PI scheme. The ICPD scheme computed the error growth in tCPU=2.7minas compared to the PI scheme which required tCPU=12.7min. Thus, a near fivefold increase in efficiency was obtained for this relatively simple case.
Numerically, Figure 4a is based on N=250runs with the PI scheme, whereas Figure 4b was computed in a single run, where N=1000different initial condition values was used.
4. Discussion
Is it more efficientto solve a system of differential equations using a spectral representation of the parameter domain instead of solving the system multiple times with different parameter values? Some points related to this discussion are that for the ICPD approach, using the GWRM,
• the parameter dependencies can easily be analyzed since GWRM solutions are analytical
• the time-spectral method is a high-order method, leading to high accuracy solutions
• all parameters in an interval are included, whereas certain regions of critical parameter dependence could be missed out with traditional PI methods
• the parameter domain can be split into intervals, that can be solved for separately, potentially spanning a larger parameter space more efficiently
In this chapter, a univariate analysis has been performed; however, a multivariate analysis can also be implemented in the same manor. It should be noted, however, that the more parameters introduced in the analysis, the more Chebyshev modes need to be solved for, which results in larger matrices and memory demands.
It is also of interest to address the accuracyof the present computations. The ICPD with K=8and M=4did not achieve high accuracy of the exact solution at the end time t=50as can be seen in Figure 5. To be more precise, the solution at higher times (t>25) does not represent the real dynamics because the introduced error has grown to an extent where the real solution is lost (see Figure 5). For long run times, the effect of uncertain initial conditions is muddled by the effect of numerical inaccuracy. On top of this, the introduction of the parameter dimension itself in the ansatz (14) is a source for inaccuracy, since the GWRM algorithm has to handle a larger set of Chebyshev polynomials in this case. The argument could be made that if a lower order (e.g., fourth order) solution ansatz cannot accurately represent the parameter “physics,” then the solution exhibits no predictive power if the prediction horizonhas been exceeded. How could then the error growth be more accurately represented? The parameter Chebyshev coefficient could perhaps be increased, or the parameter domain could be split into intervals. These are interesting questions for future studies of ICPD methods related to NWP modeling.
Figure 5.
Density plot ofXtδin the time intervalt050, whereδis perturbation parameter with interval0.001,0.001applied to the initial conditionX0δ. GWRM parameters used;K=8andM=4.
5. Conclusion
Spectral methods have a long history when applied to the spatial domain in PDE modeling. The time-spectral method GWRM, demonstrated here, provides similar accuracy for the temporal domain. High-order methods, like the GWRM, may achieve resolutions much higher than that of finite difference methods for similar amount of work. Furthermore, when applied to meteorological systems, the time-spectral method can accurately and efficiently compute the physics in all spatial, temporal, and parameter domains.
A recent study, comparing the time-spectral method GWRM with commonly used time-stepping methods such as Runge-Kutta and other, high-order implicit methods, was carried out in [1]. Since then, the GWRM numerical algorithms have been further streamlined; see for example [14]. Moreover, it has been found that the Jacobian of the algebraic system of equations (10) need only be computed once by including the time interval length analytically. Thus, during the computations, the new time interval length can be substituted into the Jacobian before use. This decreases the computation time from tCPU=17.9minto tCPU=12.7min, roughly 30%, for 250perturbed scenarios with K=8and t050.
We have, in this chapter, also presented a new approach to error analysis using the initial condition parameter dependency (ICPD) technique, that is, by spectral representation of the parameter domain. In a single computation, the same error growth was reproduced as for the classical case (where a large number of runs were carried out for different initial conditions), with a computational time of tCPU=2.7min. This amounts to a near fivefold gain in CPU time efficiency.
Finally, it was shown that the ICPD technique is also successfully applicable for determining the effect of perturbed physical variables on the solution. In one GWRM computation only, it was found that the solutions to the Lorenz 1984 equations sensitively depend on the system parameter α.
Algorithm 1. GWRM time Intervals.
1: procedure
2: ϕAk#Algebraic equations
3: ϕ0A0+2.0IC#Apply initial conditionIC
4: tacc0
5: j1
6: iftacc>Timethem
7: conv1.
8: whileconv>rel.errordo
9: ifj>1them
10: ϕ0A0+2.0xj10/2+xj11++xj1K.
11: xjSIRϕ.
12: convxK+xK1/x0+x1.
13: ifconv<rel.errorthem
14: akxk#Save solution
15: else
16: ΔtΔt/2
17: tacctacc+Δt
18: ifmodpj10=0them
19: Δt1.5Δt
20: jj+1
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Kristoffer Lindvall and Jan Scheffel (November 5th 2018). Spectral Representation of Time and Physical Parameters in Numerical Weather Prediction, Understanding of Atmospheric Systems with Efficient Numerical Methods for Observation and Prediction, Lei-Ming Ma, Zhang Chang-Jiang and Feng Zhang, IntechOpen, DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.80351. Available from:
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Inter-relationships between Character Traits <> Attitudes <> Values <> Habits
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33. INFLUENCE: inspire others to take action or support a vision/purpose
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35. JOY: belief in the constant support of God through all of life’s circumstances
36. JUSTICE: fair treatment of all with a concern for the needy, poor, helpless
37. KINDNESS: treating others with respect, warmth, and considerate
38. LEARNING – BEING A LEARNER: being curious and motivated to increase knowledge
39. LEISURE TIME: making time for enjoyable activities or enjoying downtime
40. LISTENING SKILL: let others speak and listen with understanding and affirmation
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Voyager Spacecraft To Celebrate 40 Years In Space
Voyager Spacecraft To Celebrate 40 Years In Space
Scientists from the Voyager team didn't expect the spacecraft to still be up and running at this point.
The oldest operating spacecraft in the world is celebrating its "birthday" this August.
Voyager 2 was launched 40 years ago this month. Voyager 1 was launched 40 years ago this September.
The Voyagers are the reason we know so much about Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune. Together they've discovered signs of oceans and volcanoes on Jupiter's moons. And Voyager 1 was the first spacecraft to leave the solar system and enter interstellar space, or the space between stars.
But they weren't always expected to be so accomplished. A Voyager project scientist said the team didn't know either would still be working at this point.
The craft are so old, only people with knowledge of 1970s software can operate them from Earth.
And the Voyagers aren't just travelers. They're also time capsules. Each carries an American flag, pictures and a golden record with sounds from Earth.
Scientists estimate they'll have to turn the Voyagers off by 2030, but the probes could technically last billions of years. That means even after they're shut down, they could still continue their journeys through space.
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Rise and Fall of Neo-Assyrian Empire
Essay by • April 6, 2019 • Research Paper • 4,070 Words (17 Pages) • 364 Views
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The Assyrian Empire was a massive territory at its height that stretched “from the banks of the Nile in the west to the Iranian Plateau in the east, from the Arabian peninsula in the south to the mountains of the Caucasus in the north”[1]. It was a militaristic nation that was feared and admired throughout its empire and beyond. In order to examine the events of the Late Assyrian Period from Ashurbanipal onwards, which led to the demise of this once great empire, it is instructive to first examine the characteristics and origins of the Assyrian society.
The initial question when examining the origins of any empire is why did the initial state decide to conquer and expand? In addition, what were the motivations as the empire continued to expand? In the case of the city-state of Asshur, the central motivation seems to be that they found themselves in a situation of conquer or be conquered. Asshur started raiding the surrounding area as retaliation for threats of attack upon them[2]. A second equally important motivation was unsurprisingly the plunder that accompanied conquests. Additionally, rainfall was too little for Asshur to simply be an agricultural city and so it had to develop as a trading one early on[3]. Pillage and rape was considered as part of the income for troops. The King naturally reserved the best plunder for himself. Plunder never left but as the Assyrian Empire expanded tributes and taxes tended to feed the greed of the Assyrians more. Vassal states and provincial territories sent annual taxes and tributes. Territories under Assyria by treaty arrangements did likewise but the taxes tended to be lower. Certain taxes would never leave the provinces and might instead be diverted to pay for local garrisons of troops[4].
Historically, there has been a perception of the Assyrian empire as a “uniquely efficient and remorseless warmongering and bloodthirsty military machine, with quasi-Hitlerian connotations: an ‘evil empire’ of antiquity, such as to require, in the eyes of history, an overall moral judgement”[5]. This was a longstanding view of the Assyrian empire held by scholars. It is easy to see how this perception developed simply by examining some of Esarhaddon’s purported achievements. For example, a campaign by Esarhaddon against the city of Sidon, culminated in the heads of the kings of Sidon and his Cilician ally were tied to the necks of their ministers and carried in a march through Nineveh while people celebrated. When the city of Arza was conquered its King was displayed garishly in chains at the gates of Nineveh[6]. Also, one of the military’s main tactics was to use certain cities to set an example to others in the region. The city in question would have its houses “looted and set afire, the people were subjected to murder, rape, mutilation, or slavery”[7] amongst other acts of cruelty. Another tactic employed by the military was to transport rebellious populations to a completely different location as they saw fit.
Despite this perception, recent research has revealed a different story. One in which diplomacy was the preferred method of gaining territory and not extensive, prolonged violence. Grayson cites the fact that the area under control by treaty arrangements in the Assyrian Empire was far larger than the areas under the direct control of the King as evidence. The militaristic nature of Assyrian society would probably have led to less boasting of accomplishments through diplomacy. This is one of the reasons it is thought that such little evidence has survived of their diplomatic efforts. Putting down the rebellion of King Hezekiah is a good example. The Assyrian official is said to have given the populace of Judah in 701 a simple choice. Either remove Hezekiah yourself and submit again to Assyria or believe in Hezekiah’s calls to trust God and deal with the heavy military repercussions[8]. A heavy preference for diplomacy was clearly backed up with the threat of violence. Of course this constitutes effective diplomacy to this day.
Over time, religious and ideological factors became more important in terms of motivations for conquest. Although it is unlikely that economic motivations ever truly lost their appeal. Hayim Tadmor for example, argues that the main duty of an Assyrian king was to expand the borders of his land. To illustrate this he uses the example of a Middle Assyrian text in which King Tukulti-Ninurta I was handed a scepter and was told by priest of Assur to extend his land! This was the solitary royal duty mentioned in the text, highlighting its importance. A similar text telling King Assurbanipal to do the same thing six hundred years later has also been found. Except in the latter case he was also handed a mace in addition to the scepter[9]. This was part of Assyrian royal and political ideology. An important component of this was the perception of the King as a hero. Almost ritually every King performed a heroic deed at the beginning of their reign. The concept of surpassing your predecessors was also clearly a very strong motivator for new Kings and Kings usually tried to do this through military accomplishments. To make sure people, and no doubt their successors, would remember said accomplishments salmu’s or stele’s and monuments were erected at the territorial margins of their empires during their reign. An example of this practice is Sargon II expanding the horizons of the empire to include Cypriot islands in the Mediterranean Sea. Before his reign no King had ever gone so far and he made sure to specifically mention this fact in a stele[10]. Another example is Sargon II’s grandson Esarhaddon expanding Assyria’s borders deeper into the Arabian Desert and into Northern Egypt. Allegations of embellishment are plentiful when it comes to these feats. However, this only confirms that Assyrian Kings were highly motivated to expand their borders and to be remembered to have done so. Religious concerns were closely linked to these motivations. Every King of Assyria was considered to be carrying out all of his acts on behalf of the god Asshurr[11].
It is in analyzing these motivations that we start to get an idea of how integral the Assyrian military was to the Assyrian way of life. The Assyrian military held pride of place in the empire’s machinations and this was reflected throughout Assyrian society. Naturally, the military was central to Assyria’s expansion plans. The King was an absolute ruler and this entailed also being commander in chief of the armies. This dual role of the King was replicated by many officials in the political structure of Assyria[12]. The size of the Assyrian armies grew to be in the hundreds of thousands in the seventh century. This number seems surprisingly large but the fact that all Assyrrian men had to serve in the military if called upon makes the number seem more reasonable. In addition, men from conquered regions were recruited into the army. This is an important point to note. The Assyrian Empire was not populated purely by Assyrians. Assyrians were speakers of the dialect of Akkadian called Assyrian[13].
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Preloading and prefetching
Speed up your page by using resource directives:
• dns-prefetch: set up a DNS connection. Use this for all critical resources on external domains.
• preconnect: set up a DNS connection, plus some more. Use this for external sources you know the browser will need.
• preload: load the specified file in the cache. Use this for files that are required to display the page, such as a font that's specified in a stylesheet.
About Resource Directives
Resource Directives tell the browser which resources it should load first. Doing this correctly speeds up the loading time of a page. Adding a directive is straight-forward. Say we want to pre-connect to Google fonts so fonts are loaded quicker. We can add the following preconnect code to the head of our page:
<link rel="preconnect" href="">
We've just made the connection to Google Fonts a bit faster, and improved the overall loading time of the page.
To make meaningful improvements, you need to understand the difference between the directives and when to apply them. So let's dive in.
Swim lanes resemble the requests your page needs to make
How resource directives improve performance
A web page is much more than just some HTML. You're using scripts, stylesheets, fonts, and images. Some of these reside on your server. Some may be sourced from third parties. While loading your page, the browser needs to fetch all these resources and turn them into a functioning web page. That requires a lot of connections. Resource directives help the browser decide where to start and save some time by running things in parallel.
dns-prefetch and preconnect
Preconnecting is all about setting up a connection. Most likely you're using various third-party scripts on your website. Examples are Google Analytics, Facebook pixels, Google Tag Manager, and external image providers.
Your browser needs some time to connect to those third parties. It needs to do a DNS lookup, set up the connection, and check for redirects. All that time adds up to the total loading time of your page.
Preconnecting is a way to tell the browser that it should be ready to connect to those third parties. You're preparing the browser, so it can complete its job faster. This results in faster loading times.
All you need to do is to add one line to the head of your page. Say we want to preconnect to Google Fonts. You need to add the following code to the head of your page:
<link rel="preconnect" href="">
The difference between dns-prefetch and preconnect
The technical details:
• dns-prefetch will do a DNS lookup
• preconnect will do a DNS lookup, plus the TCP negotiation and TLS handshake.
Forget the technical details, and remember that a preconnect is slightly more expensive in server resources. Therefore, you should only preconnect if you're sure you'll need the resource.
Additionally, browser support for DNS-prefetch is much better. Therefore you can always use dns-prefetch as a fallback, and include both in the head:
<link rel="preconnect" href="">
Use preconnect sparingly. Connecting to more than 2 resources is usually unnecessary. Google Pagespeed Insights will show a warning: More than 2 preconnect links were found
Preloading key requests
Preloading goes a step further than just connecting. It's a hint to load the specified file as soon as possible. Contrary to preconnect and dns-prefetch, you should not provide a domain name, but the full URL of the file you're preloading.
Because the browser will load the file, and not just connect to its server, you should only preload files that are used on the page and would be discovered late by the browser.
A good example is fonts: say a font face is declared in CSS. Without preloading, the browser won't start loading that font after loading the CSS that specifies that font. By using preloading, you can instruct the browser to load that font ASAP. This reduces flickering texts while the page is loading.
Here's how you do that:
<link rel="preload" as="font" type="font/woff2" href="/fonts/fontawesome-webfont.woff2?" crossorigin/>
When to use preloading?
Some use cases for preloading are:
• Critical CSS: if you separated your stylesheet into a critical, inline part, and a below-the-fold stylesheet, it's recommended to preload the below-the-fold stylesheet. This helps to show the rest of the page properly for people that start scrolling quickly.
• Fonts defined in stylesheets: as described above, fonts may be defined in a stylesheet. Speed up the correct font display by preloading that font.
• Images defined in stylesheets: large background images defined in a stylesheet won't start loading until the CSS file is completely downloaded. By preloading the image, it will be displayed faster.
• Critical javascript: if you have a separate javascript file with critical javascript, it's a good idea to preload that, and make the page interactive ASAP.
Here's an example of a preloaded font: the network tab shows it now has high priority and is loaded even before the CSS that would otherwise trigger its loading.
Font is loaded faster thanks to preload
Don't use preload for any other requests: you would just slow down the page load by unnecessarily loading resources that can be loaded later.
Cross-origin and As attributes
As you've seen in the above example, the preload element can include two additional attributes:
• Cross-origin: always include the cross-origin attribute when loading fonts.
• As: the as attribute explains the browser what type of file you're preloading. The most useful types are font, script, style, image. It helps the browser decide on the right priority, so it's recommended to always include the as attribute.
Browser support for resource hints
Resource hints are relatively new and not all browsers support them.
dns-prefetch is the most widely supported of the three, supported by all major browsers.
CanIUse dns-prefetch
Preconnect and Preload support is more limited: Firefox and Internet Explorer don't support these options.
CanIUse preconnect
CanIUse preload
Use dns-prefetch as a fallback for everything you're preconnecting, and preloading from an external site:
<link rel="preconnect" href=""> <link rel="preload" as="image" href="">
The above example preconnects to Google fonts, preloads a background image, and preconnects to both for browsers that don't support preconnect and preload.
Which resources to preconnect or preload?
Use preload only for the most critical resources, that are absolutely needed to display your page.
Use preconnect if you're sure that the resource on that domain needs to be loaded.
For less critical resources, use dns-prefetch. This will speed up the connection to those resources without blocking the loading of the rest of your page.
Google Pagespeed Insights or Google Lighthouse tell you which resources are good candidates for preloading or prefetching. Use these hints to decide what to preload.
Bonus: prefetch
Prefetch is very similar to preload, the only difference is that it's executed after the page is loaded. Preload gets a higher priority and tells the browser that that specific resource is required for the current page. Prefetch will happen later, for resources that are needed for a next navigation action.
Bonus (2): prerender
By prerendering, you specify the URL of a page. The browser will load that entire page with all its assets: images, javascript, stylesheets and what else. Don't do this. Unless you have a very specific reason, this will only slow down a page.
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The answer to this crossword puzzle is 3 letters long and begins with G.
Solution Crossword
Below you will find the correct answer to Preparation of chicle for chewing Crossword Clue, if you need more help finishing your crossword continue your navigation and try our search function.
Crossword Answers for "Preparation of chicle for chewing"
Added on Thursday, November 22, 2018
Search clues
Do you know the answer?
1. Gum
1. Aid in relieving xerostom
2. Bite harmlessly
3. Bazooka, e.g.
4. Ruin, with "up"
5. Extra product
6. Bubble source
1. American chicle co. brand
2. Chicle, in a nutshell?
3. Chicle source
4. Chicle yielding tree
5. Chewing item involving a lot of saliva and tooth
6. Bit of chewing gum
7. Chewing gum ingredient
8. One chewing out
9. Chewing on
10. Awaits a chewing out
11. Wad of chewing tobacco
12. On which lonnie donnegan's chewing gum might have lost its flavour overnight?
13. Cud-chewing animal
14. Chewing gum base
15. Chewing out
16. Find chewing gum under a
17. Chewing gum mouthful
18. Run away from chewing-tob
19. Busy chewing old pen
20. Milky latex of the sapodilla tree (achras zapota) used as the main ingredient in chewing gum
1. #@&% my toe
2. Winter olympics events since 1988
3. Where to fill a flask with alcohol
4. Arcade game feature
5. Home to mayan ruins like caracol and lamanai
6. Miniaturists supply
7. Movie series set inside a simulated reality with the
8. There are 5 164 along the great wall of china
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Dec 31, 2018, 09:06 IST
Bhuddhists and atheists
Add to Spiritual Diary
Buddhists became atheists since they applied the theory of relativity of cause and effect in endless way and found that everything is nothing. As a result even the God, the root cause, also does not exist. Shankara attacked this argument that there should be some real receiver, which receives the knowledge that nothing is real. Such receiver can be only awareness, which alone is the receiver of information. Hence awareness should exist. Shankara called this awareness as God so that the existence of God must be accepted. If everything is unreal, the experience of everybody should be that everything does not exist. In contrary, the general experience is that everything exists. Hence, there should be some basic real existence, which is pervading all over the world so that everybody thinks that everything exists. If the basis is unreal and it does not exist, the experience of everybody should be opposite so that everybody should spontaneously feel that everything is nonexistent. Since the basic reality pervades everything including the human being, everybody thinks that he or she exists. This argument of Shankara smashed the shunyavada (everything is nonexistent) of Buddhists and the basic reality was agreed.
Now the point is: What should be that basic reality? Is it imaginable or unimaginable? If it is unimaginable, there is a danger of its nonexistence. Even the scientists do not agree with the existence of unimaginable item. They have always the confidence of making unimaginable as imaginable. They say that they have understood today the unknown of yesterday. Hence, they believe that the unknown of today will be known by tomorrow. But, they do not realize that there is some unknown, which was not known yesterday, is not known today and will not be known tomorrow also. For example, the infinite is a dignified style of expressing the unimaginable only. They say that the universe or space is infinite. It means the boundary of universe is always unimaginable. If you take that unimaginable as God since the universe is projected from God, God is unimaginable. If something projects from you and if I travel all along the projection, I must reach the edge of the projection and I shall be able to touch you.
If I am unable to reach the edge of your projection, you can never be reached and therefore you are unimaginable. This argument convinces every true scientist. But, in the days of Shankara, science was not so developed and all the development was theoretical science, which arrives at fast false conclusions easily based on certain gymnastic feats of tautology. Hence, it was not the proper time for the declaration of unimaginable God to atheistic Buddhists. Unimaginable is one extreme end and visible is the other extreme end. Unimaginable-invisible God is one extreme end and the imaginable-visible matter is another extreme end.
Atheists will not believe if you say that the visible materialized statues or human beings are God. The production, destruction and all over non-pervading nature of the limited materialized forms stand as obstruction to treat these as God. If you bring the unimaginable power of God into the picture and say that God pervades all over the universe even though He is limited by such materialized form, they do not accept because the word ‘unimaginable’ is not acceptable for them. Hence, on the other hand, if you say that God is invisible and unimaginable, they will arrive at fast conclusion and declare that such God is non-existent. They feel that the word ‘unimaginable’ is an intellectual style of expressing the non-existence. They accept anything that is understood. Hence, both the extreme ends could not be projected as God to them. Hence, the middle item existing between these two extreme ends, the imaginable – invisible energy, was chosen as God. In energy, most of the defects of matter could be removed without bringing the concept of unimaginable power. The reason is that the energy is already all pervading. Moreover, the energy is modified into the universe. It maintains and controls all the items of the universe. It also can destroy all the materialized universe. Therefore, the cosmic energy is all pervading, creator, controller, and destroyer of the universe. All these attributes satisfy the attributes of God.
But one small defect stands as the problem for the cosmic energy also i.e. the energy is inert and cannot plan. There is no universal brain and universal nervous system to generate universal awareness. Without the brain and nervous system, inert energy cannot be modified into awareness. If inert energy alone can generate awareness, there will be no difference between inert energy and awareness and the process of generation becomes unreal. Hence, we don’t find awareness anywhere in the cosmic energy except in the living beings where the specific nervous fluids or systems exist. To answer this argument, Shankara analyzed the awareness and showed that it is basically the inert energy only since the awareness is a specific work form of inert energy functioning in a specifically designed nervous system. You can treat the pot basically as mud even though the circular shape of it has come from the mould. Neglecting this minor aspect of shape, the pot is almost mud in several characteristics like color, hardness, etc.
The awareness is called as Jeeva and the basic inert energy is called as Atman, which is also Brahman by its infinite quantitative extension. Atman is bit of energy confined to a limited living organism and Brahman is the infinite cosmic energy. If you attack that Atman and Brahman are inert being inert energy, Shankara treated them as awareness taking the almost oneness of mud and pot. Even Gita says that Atman is inert (Sthanuh…). Even the Brahman (infinite cosmic energy) becomes inert since the world is unreal with respect to the cosmic energy. If all the objects are unreal, the process of knowing the objects, awareness, disappears and hence Brahman becomes only the infinite inert cosmic energy.
Awareness means the process of thinking or knowing and for this an object is necessary. In deep sleep, the Jeeva (awareness) also becomes inert Atman (finite quantity of inert energy) because all the objects are delinked from the awareness due to which the awareness disappears. This means, in deep sleep the Jeeva is reduced to Atman as said by Shankara (Shuspti eka siddhah…). Some people use the word ‘awareness of awareness’ as the state of God. If you analyze carefully, the first awareness exists since the second awareness is represented by a pulse of blankness acting as object and therefore even here it is not the objectless state. This subtle point is missing and people think that awareness is the process of knowing itself.
The process and object cannot be one and the same. If the object is not existing separately from the process, the process disappears since for the existence of process the separate object is a must. The process of knowing requires some object other than the process of knowing. When you are knowing the knowing, the first ‘knowing’ is the process and the second ‘knowing’ is the impression or pulse created on the screen of the brain representing the process of knowing. Since you are not aware of the creation of such a pulse standing as an object, you are mistaking that you are knowing the knowing itself. If there is no impression or pulse acting as the object, the very process of knowing disappears as in deep sleep.
The inert brain-screen is simply recording the impressions from the external world or from memory and you are not experiencing the ‘I’ at every stage. When you see a tree, your experience is about the existence of the tree only and not about the ‘I’. Your experience is not that you are seeing the tree. Therefore, this ‘I’ is not spontaneously coming in every experience unless you intentionally bring the ‘I’ to the brain screen from memory. If you bring the ‘I’, the pulse representing your level of knowledge of ‘I’ stored in the memory comes to the screen and gets recorded so that you will be able to experience that you are seeing the tree. Otherwise, the experience is only that this is tree. Hence, neither the brain screen nor the unwarranted ‘I’ from the memory is causing the experience of ‘I’ spontaneously without your effort. The ‘I’ may have different meanings and according to your established meaning only, the impression of ‘I’ sparks on the screen. The meaning may be body or the mind or intelligence or a collective group of all these. The meaning may be also the brain-screen provided you know that the brain-screen is really receiving all the information. Hence, the total mechanism including the ‘I’ is only the inert process like the function of electromagnetic disk in a computer. Hence, the ‘I’ has no specialty and the awareness including the ‘I’ pulse is entirely the inert mechanism as in the case of a robot.
Shankara brought the infinite cosmic energy as formless all pervading Brahman, which is similar to Jehovah in Christianity and Allah in Islam. However, this infinite cosmic energy is supposed to be awareness also through unimaginable power. However, Shankara tried to make the cosmic energy as awareness based on the neglected minor difference between mud and pot. But, in practice, such minor difference cannot be neglected since there no awareness in the cosmic energy except in living beings. This defect can be rectified by accepting the unimaginable God, who charges the all pervading cosmic energy so that we can say that the cosmic energy has awareness. The unimaginable God need not have brain and nervous system to have awareness. This means that the unimaginable God is aware of everything through His unimaginable power.
This point could not be projected by Shankara in His time since the unimaginable God could not be admitted then. However, later on, Ramanuja and Madhva proposed Narayana, who is a limited energetic form having awareness since it is also charged by the unimaginable God. Such limited energetic form is similar to Father of Heaven in Christianity. Such limited form is absent in Islam because the limitation of infinite is not acceptable. But once, you accept the unimaginable power of unimaginable God to make the unlimited cosmic energy to have unimaginable awareness, what is the problem in accepting the all pervading power in the limited form also?.
Hence, the Father of Heaven is also omniscient. In such case, you can extend this concept to the limited human incarnation also and establish the all pervading omnipresent nature of the unimaginable God. If the energetic form is charged by unimaginable God, the materialized form also can be charged by the unimaginable God as in the case of Human incarnation. However, this point should not be extended to the materialized statues since there is no possibility of preaching of divine knowledge. However, the statue can be worshiped as a representative model of God by the beginner. This is only a lower stage but should not be criticized. You can say that the LKG class is lowest in the school but you should not mock and criticize it! Do not forget that you also studied that LKG class some time back.
Message From Shri Datta Swami ji
To the Readers of Messages from Shri Datta Swami ji Orally Presented by Dr. Nikhil through YouTube:-
Please listen to the messages presented by the beautiful voice of Dr. Nikhil, like and share with as many as possible interested readers, which will be the propagation of true spiritual knowledge spoken by God Datta through Datta Swami and this will please God Datta as told in the Gita (Jnaana yajnena tenaaham...) that He will be pleased very much by the propagation of true spiritual knowledge.
Copy and paste the following link on to the browser: m/playlist?list=PL5DNFh3LPRA-z- firw8OCLHgqdFbCEtVmq
Datta Swami
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When I began my first attempt at writing, I was unsure the meaning of proofreading and editing.
At the time I started writing I had no idea what the terms editing or proofreading meant. I thought that it just meant writing better, more polished essays and papers. The reality is that editing and proofreading may mean a variety of various things to different individuals. They can be used throughout a range of fields, as well as publishing. To people, proofreading or editing mean the line-by-lines edit of manuscripts, employing different methods, including spelling, grammar punctuation and spelling and then reading it again to make sure that everything is in order.writing a book report template
Many self-publishing authors consider proofreading and editing services as similar. Though they have the same purpose (correct spelling, grammar, and editing) However, the words used for each part of the manuscript may be different. Sometimes, editors may miss something and the proofreader may correct it.
On the other side, proofreaders are writers who assist in editing others’ work.https://oie.gatech.edu/ They’re accountable for making sure that your writing flows seamlessly and makes sense, as well as being simple to comprehend. The editor’s job is editing the story prior to when you begin writing. An editor can correct costly mistakes like assuming one character for another or not using the correct punctuation, tense or the rhythm. Proofreading is also a great opportunity to polish your writing through making adjustments to the content you’ve done. If, for instance, you discover that one part needs more explanation, but you aren’t sure why, you can type that area into a writing program and then re-read the section to ensure that your explanation makes sense.
There is a big difference in turnaround times between editing and proofreading services. Since their tasks are more intricate, proofreaders will take longer to complete than editors. Also, they usually charge higher money per word because of the extra work involved in reviewing the text. Proofreaders do not edit. Proofreaders don’t edit. They often spell-check to fix grammatical mistakes, modify the tone, and revise an entire paragraph or essay.https://www.ilr.cornell.edu/ The word count must be at least the quantity of words that need to be scrutinized in order to make certain that the content can be understood.
It isn’t the case that proofreaders are involved in the process of publishing. If an author or editor edits a book that has already been published, a proofreading company is usually used instead. To ensure that the book has been published properly, many publishing houses hire copy editors to check the book. Proofreading professionals can identify mistakes in endnotes and footnotes along with spelling and grammar inconsistencies. Also, they can spot any mistakes in formatting the book and can clarify what the reason for spacing differences between paragraphs as well as how to incorporate footnotes into the text.
Proofreaders who are professionals can help authors avoid costly mistakes by catching errors in writing. This service can also help writers to avoid being found guilty of plagiarism. A proofreader can spot common mistakes that writers make, for example, spelling mistakes or punctuation errors, poor choice of words, gaps and bad sentence structure.https://home.manhattan.edu/ It can increase confidence in the writer or readers about the high quality of the work. Professional proofreading is a service which writers can use to aid when writing. A lot of editing firms offer hundreds of dollars per task.
Certain proofreaders are expert in spotting grammar mistakes while others are skilled at identifying punctuation errors. If proofreaders spot an error in spelling or grammar in your book and you are able to avoid it, you will save the time, cash, and embarrassment. Also, it can boost the reader’s or author’s confidence in the accuracy of the content because authors don’t need to proofread the book again to discover these errors. Professional proofreading services can ensure accuracy in writing by identifying and fixing any grammatical errors.
Many proofreading companies also offer edits to documents. The service reviews business documents for spelling and grammar errors. They are able to spot passages which may be hard for a businessperson to comprehend or create a problem for the document to comprehend. The professionals will help maintain that the writing is consistent by proofreading commercial documents, making sure that the document is not spelled incorrectly or contains words that are improperly placed.https://exploredegrees.stanford.edu/
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Think and Grow Rich is a best-seller, influential and inspirational book of all time. The first chapter ‘desire’ indicates the first principle to success and is considered the initial point to success. It elaborates that one creative idea can transform, create richness and success for an individual. Six practical steps are given on transforming desires to reality and the author emphasizes on the distinction between mere wishes and constructive desires.
In the ‘faith’ chapter, Hill asserts that faith is hard to establish especially when the situations operate contrary to the goals. Indeed, faith emanates from auto-suggestion and is considered a state of mind. The author provides a roadmap for building faith through persistence, daily auto-suggestions, defining your purpose and being committed to give back. Examples are given of Abraham Lincoln and Charles Schwab who used faith to achieve success.
The ‘auto-suggestion’ chapter illustrates a concept that challenges the subconscious mind. It is a stimuli that penetrates to the five senses and therefore one is supposed to have the ability to feel words. This is because plain words have no influence on the subconscious mind. Hill notes that auto-suggestion is developed through repeatedly developing a personal plan in a quiet environment.
The ‘specialized knowledge’ chapter notes the influence of personal experience and observations. Individuals must therefore concentrate their focus in one area. The specialized knowledge is therefore distinguished from general knowledge that makes smart individuals not successful.
The ‘imagination’ chapter notes that this is the step which crystallizes reality from mere desire. Hill asserts that the limitation of individuals is their imagination. It is noted in the book that great leaders realized and actualized their creative imagination faculties. Further, the practical incorporation of imagination leads to riches because it is the mind’s workshop, as explicated by individuals like Henry Ford.
The ‘organized planning’ indicates a practical approach, where Hill discusses the character of various successful people. It indicates that rich people primarily maintain their status through planning and developing practical strategies. Organized planning is hence noted to be the realization of actions from desires. Hill discusses a number of causes of failure and criteria for self inventory, finding opportunities and dealing with defeat.
The ‘decision’ chapter illustrates lack of decision-making as a common reason for failure. Further, such lack of decisiveness leads to procrastination, which individuals ought to conquer. The author asserts that people who fail to accumulate riches take a lot of time to make decisions and change them often. The chapter illustrates how individuals made decisions and became rich.
The ‘persistence’ chapter indicates that the virtue is a sustained effort that leads to faith.
The chapter elaborates the constituents of persistence, causes and the ways to develop it. The author discusses the character of the majority of the people who lack persistence and fail, while only the few that have relentless effort become rich.
The ‘power of the master mind’ is an important step to success in the book. The chapter indicates the role of power to get success in life. The author describes power as organized effort which is sufficient to convert desires in to their equivalents in reality. The master mind helps individuals learn the means of getting power and the origins of knowledge from stories of various rich individuals that have utilized the power of the mind.
The ‘mastery of sex transmutation’ is the tenth step to success. Sex in the chapter is used to refer to the greatest desire of all individuals. Therefore, if individuals are driven by desires as powerful as sex, then any aspirations can be turned to reality. Various concepts on senses and stimuli are given, which may lead to explication of the genius within.
The ‘subconscious mind’ indicates that individuals should voluntarily subject their minds to desires or plans that they ought to actualize. It indicates that what is felt in the mind can be achieved. Therefore, thinking positively or negatively influences the results expected and therefore the mind is a connecting link between dreams and reality.
The ‘brain’ in the chapter is noted to be a broadcast and reception station for thoughts. Therefore, links are established by the author between the mind, imaginations of individuals and auto-suggestion. Further, the chapter explains the intangible forces that rule outcomes in the world and the way that they change circumstances.
The ‘sixth sense’ in the chapter describes the gate to the wisdom temple. The chapter indicates that only the ghost of fears such as poverty, death or criticism hinders individuals from achieving their goals. If such fears are eliminated through being decisive, developing interest and self-confidence, symptoms of fears are eliminated and success is created alongside riches.
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If You Read One Article About , Read This One
Various Ways In Which Marijuana And Hemp Differ
It is common to find individuals assuming Hemp is Marijuana. This is evident in discussions on message platforms and amateur blogs. Knowing the difference between Hemp and Marijuana will help you stand out from the crowd. You can quickly know the difference between Hemp and Marijuana when you read more about them. The following are the differences between marijuana and hemp.
One of the differences between Marijuana and Hemp lies on the leaves. While hemp leaves are skinny and fuller towards the shoot, marijuana has broad leaves with denser buds.
Also, the only difference is in the plants. Marijuana is shorter and thicker while Hemp is taller and thinner. Also, Hemp has fewer branches under its upper part, but marijuana has more.
The composition of the two plants also differs. The concentration level of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is higher in marijuana and much lower in hemp. The levels of cannabidiol (CBD) in Hemp are much higher than in marijuana.
The difference between Marijuana and Hemp also lies in their usage. Due to its psychoactive nature that is as a result of an abundance in THC, Marijuana is useful as a recreational drug. More about ways in which you can consume marijuana include ingesting, smoking, inhaling and inserting it into the bloodstream. THC from marijuana is also useful for making vaporizers, edibles, and etcetera. Hemp, is used for industrial purposes like making paper, clothes, building materials, organic material, oils and a lot more.
The legality of Hemp and Marijuana also differ. More about the states in the world have legalized Hemp that is 0.3% and less. Also, the legal consequences of planting Hemp when illegal are usually minor and inconsequential compared to cultivating marijuana. A lot of countries in the world consider marijuana illegal due to its high percentages of THC. However, some countries where marijuana is legal because of its potential to become useful in the medical field.
Environments which supports the growth of marijuana and hemp contrast. Hemp grows exceptionally well when placed closely together but marijuana cannot as it requires a lot of space. While Hemp can survive in many different climates, marijuana only does well is warm and wet environments. It is also important that you know more about Hemp and Marijuana require that you brought them in separate fields. The main reason why is that Hemp’s pollen grains can lessen the psychoactive capabilities of marijuana when they get into the marijuana flowers..
Citation: http://dailynews.bravesites.com/
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Women and Adversity: Belva Ann Lockwood
Belva Ann Lockwood (National Portrait Gallery, Smithsonian)
First Woman to Argue Before the Supreme Court
Belva Ann Lockwood’s flamboyant manner and special ability of self-promotion helped people of her era become more aware that women had talents equal to those of men. When she was denied the right to argue before the Supreme Court because she was a woman, she lobbied Congress for five years before they passed “A Bill to Relieve Certain Legal Disabilities of Women.” President Rutherford B. Hayes signed it on February 15, 1879. Lockwood was the first woman to practice law before the Supreme Court.
She is also known as the first woman to run a dedicated, legitimate national campaign for president of the United States. Although Victoria Woodhull announced her candidacy for the presidency in 1872, she did not meet the Constitutional age requirement of being at least 35 years old, didn’t have a well-organized campaign and did not have her name on any ballot.
Lockwood chose to run for president in 1884 on the National Equal Rights Party ticket after the two major political parties did not endorse suffrage for women. In her first speech of the campaign, she said the Constitution did not prevent her from running, and further, “I cannot vote, but I can be voted for.” Marietta Stow, an activist from California, was her running mate.
Lockwood understood she wouldn’t be elected, but she emphasized issues of concern to her:
• universal suffrage
• equal pay for women
• citizenship for Native Americans
Ironically, suffragists supported the Republican Party, believing a Republican majority would pass suffrage for women. In the end Lockwood received about 5,000 votes. She maintained that the total was inaccurate, saying that votes for her were destroyed or not counted. In the end, Grover Cleveland became the first Democrat in the White House after the Civil War. Lockwood ran for president again in 1888 on the National Equal Rights Party ticket, but with less fanfare. Benjamin Harrison, a Republican, defeated Cleveland, not by the popular vote but in the Electoral College.
Belva Ann Bennett was born October 24, 1830 in Royalton, N.Y., near Niagara Falls. When she was 14, she graduated from public school and began teaching. She used the money she earned to attend one year at Royalton Academy, a private school for those preparing for college. Her father objected to her going to college, so when she was 18, she married Uriah McNall, who worked at a saw mill. The couple had a daughter, Lura, in 1849. McNall became ill and died in 1853.
A widow at 22 years of age, Belva accepted a teaching job but learned that men earned twice as much as she did for the same job. Instead of teaching, she sold some of her late husband’s property and used the money to attend Genesee Wesleyan Seminary in Lima, N.Y. and left Lura with her parents.
She graduated in 1857 and held administrative positions but was disappointed in the limited views people had of women’s abilities. She moved to Washington, D.C. with her daughter and sister in 1865
and established a school for young women. She was 37 years old when she married Ezekiel Lockwood, a dentist. Their only child died at 18 months old.
Belva continued to speak out for equal rights, lobbied Congressional leaders, and helped draft a bill requiring equal salaries for all civil service employees. She decided law school was the answer to making changes, but law schools refused to admit her because she was a woman. When National University Law School in D.C. started admitting women in 1870, she applied. Of the fifteen women admitted to the school, she was one of the two who completed the course of study in 1873. However, the school declined to issue the female graduates their diplomas.
Lockwood wrote to President Ulysses S. Grant, chancellor ex officio of the school, stating, “I desire to say to you that I have passed through the curriculum of study in this school, and am entitled to, and demand, my diploma.” It arrived about two weeks later.
Belva had a successful law practice and worked tirelessly for women’s rights and social causes. She was a member of the Universal Peace Union and traveled to Europe to speak for peace and arbitration. In 1914 she said, “If [a woman] demonstrates that she is fitted to be president she will someday occupy the White House. It will be entirely on her own merits, however. No movement can place her there simply because she is a woman. It will come if she proves herself mentally fit for the position.”
Belva Ann Lockwood died May 19, 1917, three years before the Nineteenth Amendment was ratified, granting women the vote. She was 86 years old. She had outlived Ezekiel, who died in 1877, and her daughter, Lura, who died in 1894. I feature Belva Ann Lockwood in my ebook, Women and Adversity, Saluting 23 Faithful Suffragists, available at amazon.com and barnesandnoble.com.
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Article By: Jo Ann Mathews
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Meaning and its patterns in the brain
October 26, 2021
Articles | Collections | Newsletter
Many ideas that come to us are unbidden and automatic. The shape of a house. The wheels of a car. These things can be left unsaid. This is one of primary roles of the brain---to weave a web of meaning. But just as they help us make sense of the world, they trap us.
This article's ideology: The brain primarily links chunks of meaning into patterns of neural pathways. Pathways and patterns of meaning help us intuitively solve the problems of everyday life. But they also trap us in those patterns, and stop us from seeing beyond them. Scroll to Summary
This old paper on automatic processing is a brilliant illustration of the most important function of the brain. It starts off with a three line story:
Toby wanted to get Chris a present for his birthday.
He went to his piggy bank.
He shook it. There was no sound.
We understand a great deal that's left unsaid here. We know, primarily, that Toby has no money to buy Chris a present. At least, not in his piggy bank. And yet, there's nothing in the passage that indicates what Toby's piggy bank has to do with Chris' present. Nothing, even, about Toby looking for money, nor that he was planning to buy something. There's nothing to indicate what was being shaken, nor why a lack of sound would be so illuminating.
Taken individually, each line bears no particular relationship to the last but together they weave a narrative that's much more involved that the sum of the parts.
The ideas that come to us, on reading Toby's story, are unbidden and automatic. More poignantly, as the authors say, there is:
a sense that comprehension occurs outside of our control.
Let's explore all the things the brain had to do to weave Toby's story together for us.
image A representation of the mental work involved in interpreting the reading passage. From Thurlow and Broek, 2006.
We infer that to get a present for Chris he probably has to buy it. We infer that Toby keeps money in a piggy bank, because that's what you use those for. We know, specifically, that Toby keeps coins in his piggy bank because bank notes don't really make noise when they're shaken. A lack of sound means there were probably no coins, because coins are heavy objects. And so on.
This illustration is a fabulous case study of the known properties of the brain.
Brains which are not brains.
There are features of the brain that are largely mysterious to us. Most features in fact. But the basic feature of brains is to link information together into 'chunks' of inter-related meaning.
It makes sense to first step back a little bit, and consider where information comes from. We have the information available in the world around us. Sounds, smells, sights, and so on. This much is obvious. But we also have the information available in parts of our body that are not the brain. Our eyes are a source of information about what we can see, and our fingers hold information about what we can feel. Etcetera.
This might seem trivial, but is in fact hugely important. Many animals have no need for a brain whatsoever because of this very fact.
Plants do not need a brain to track the sun across the sky. The plant can capture enough information in its cells to execute this operation completely locally—at the site of the sunlight striking the plant.
Bacteria do not need a brain to avoid toxic chemicals. This more complicated process requires merely that the molecules entering the cell are passed along to its flagella—little tentacle-like things that will then wiggle wildly for a bit until the bacterium is pointed in a different direction.
The 'chunks' of meaning for these very simple creatures are just the concentration of some kind of stuff in the cell. So long as there is a way for the world to interact with the stuff, it can be used to produce a response.
This same basic, autopoeitic function is realised in the brain, just in a much more complicated way.
Links and chunks, pathways and patterns
For humans, chunks of meaning have to be much more complicated. Our world consists of many more stimuli than the amount of light in the world or the concentration of certain chemicals.
For example, coloured light arranged into a particular shape hitting our eyes, and a pleasant smell entering our nose indicates that that we might have a flower in front of us. The same visual stimulus, but no pleasant smell might indicate that we only have a picture of a flower in front of us.
So we must have a chunk of meaning about the flowery-ness of certain shapes, which overlaps with a chunk of meaning about actual flowers and another chunk of meaning related to pictures of things.
The way the brain produces these chunks is pretty well understood, as theories about the brain go.
A tiny bit of neuroscience
Our bodily organs 'plug in' to our brain at various points. The eyes plug into the back. The ears into the side. Our faculties of touch and movement at the top and side. And so on.
At these sites of connection between brain and body, we have beautiful 'maps' of features of the world. At the sides of the brain, where the ear is connected, we have small clusters of cells that fire for specific frequencies of sound. At the back, where the eyes plug in, we have clusters of cells that respond to the very basic features of the visual world—colours, specific orientations, changes in contrast and so on. And where our bodily organs plug in, we have a map of of the body—a map of what we feel and a map of how we move:
image A representation of the 'map' of our body in our brain. On the left is what we feel. On the right is how we move. Two strips of the brain that have an almost 1-to-1 correspondence to our body parts. From Wilder Penfield, c. 1940.
The picture gets more complicated as we move away from these primary sensory regions, but what the cortex appears to be doing is storing information related to the interaction of those more primary sensory regions nearby---about less specific and more general features of the world that relate to multiple kinds of information.
For example, as you move away from the region of the brain that codes for body parts we move and toward the vision part and you start to see clusters of cells that enthusiastically respond to things like motion perception—something that is both about moving and seeing movement. Move away from the vision part and towards the hearing part and we see regions of the brain that frenetically respond to things in the world that are both audio and visual, like a barking dog. Move away from the hearing part and towards the body part and you find the language centres of the brain—something that is both about hearing speech and producing speech with our body.
image A representation of the information streams in our brain. As we move from primary sensory areas to places in between, we get cells that activate in response to combinations of information. Adapted from Kandel et al. 2013 Principles of Neural Science.
Essentially, things that are related to one another, the brain tries to put very close together, constrained in large part by where our senses are plugged into the brain.
This is a sensible strategy of course. The only reason storing chunks of meaning about the world would be useful is if we could link them to one another to make more complex meanings. The shape of a flower at the eye combined with the smell of a flower at the nose helps us understand that this is a flower and not just a picture of it.
The more related such things are to one another, the closer the brain puts them together. There could be any number of reasons for this, but in all likelihood it's simply because doing so is cheaper. You save on wiring and the energy required to pass messages from one place to another.
From links and chunks to pathways and patterns
So, the brain seems to represent all these 'chunks' of information, and those 'chunks' that are related to one another it needs to link together. The more related, the closer they are, all the better for the linking.
We can return now to Toby and his penniless state. Let me remind you:
Toby wanted to get Chris a present for his birthday. He went to his piggy bank. He shook it. There was no sound.
image The chunks and the links. From Thurlow and Broek, 2006.
The fact that the brain is optimising for the linking of chunks means that the organisation of the brain can tell us something about what we find important about the world.
If the brain needs to put chunks that are most inter-linked closest together, then the locations of all these chunks will tell us about how we put the world together.
This might sound a little trivial, but it's not quite. The example of the classic psychology test, the Stroop task, can tell us a little about why. I'd get you to read a list like this:
Then I'd ask you to name the colour of the ink, as opposed to reading the words. You're going to find that latter task much more difficult. This is probably because you read words all the time, and similarly because you hardly ever name colours. So you want to read the words, but I've told you to name colours and you must somehow overpower the automaticity of reading to do that.
This particular task has fascinated researchers for the last 90-odd years, because we really aren't quite sure how the brain does that overpowering. But we're pretty clear on what's happening up until that point.
The general idea is that, in this task, the brain has two pathways from input to output. One pathway for word reading, and another pathway for colour naming. You can imagine that these two pathways run from the eyes to our brain, squiggle around for a bit, then eventually come out and end up at the muscles controlling the mouth. All along this route, these pathways overlap. At the places they overlap, there might be conflict. For example, you can't read words and name colours at the same time, because you only have one mouth. Conflict: one must win.
You can imagine similar kinds of interference happening in the brain in more abstract ways. And each time this happens, the word reading pathway is stronger and more dominant than the colour naming.
And thus, the effortful feeling of trying to force the colour pathway to 'win'.
These pathways, from input to output, seem most often to describe routes from perception to action. Our brain acts, in large part, as a connector, linking perceptions with the actions that are most sensible in the context.
James J. Gibson took this idea to it's limit, describing affordances: the environment offers us certain action possibilities. Our perceptions are tuned to these possibilities, and our brain creates routes, pathways, or links from these perceptual inputs to those action possibilities that might be related. Michael Graziano calls these action maps
This, then, explains some of the automaticity that we explored earlier. Remember the authors of Toby's story mentioned that there is:
a sense that comprehension occurs outside of our control.
We automatically generate this rich picture of Toby's circumstances because we have a rich network of pathways from input to output, each overlapping on the other, all describing the affordances; the action possibilities; the action maps of the world that we live in. Put another way, our brain describes the statistical structure of our interactions with the environment.
We are more than action maps
But of course, our brain must describe not just our perception-action maps. It must also have some relationship to emotions and value. Our gratification and desire. Our ability to do more than simply read words or name colours, but to force one pathway to win when another is easier. And so on.
Indeed, the vast majority of energy consumed by the brain appears to be used, not for processing links and chunks in the moment, or obtaining information about emotions and value, but rather some mysterious activity we call 'resting state' or 'spontaneous' activity.
These are tales for another time.
But what we take away from these ideas---links and chunks, pathways and patterns---is that the ideas we have are all related. In the world, as in our minds. Chunks of meaning scattered allong functionally connected trails of firing neurons that reflect the ways those meaning are connected for us in the world.
These pathways and patterns are the thing that allow us to so quickly understand Toby's story.
But these pathways and patterns aren't just helping link meaning in the world together. They are also ways of being in the world we occupy. It wouldn't occur to blow on Toby's piggy bank. We would only shake it. Blowing a piggy bank would be futile, particularly when it was full of coins.
Our perception-action maps help us navigate the world faster, but they also trap us. They make us see only the meaning we have learned to see.
This is why, to gain new kinds of insight, all the evidence suggests we must let these patterns go. It might very well explain why the most creative among us so often think quite differently.
Our patterns are the limits of the meaning we make of the world, unless we can free ourselves from them.
It's not all bad though. Toby's story might not be very interesting. But many things we find beautiful in the world are unveiled by these same processes. It's the reason we can see Morisot's bath at Mesnil:
image Berthe Morisot's Bath at Mesnil.
Our brain can draw the meaning that Berthe left unpainted.
And if that's true, just think what kinds of beautiful things we might find when we let those patterns go.
This article's ideology
Where our perceptions plug into the brain, beautiful maps of features of the world emerge. These maps start very concretely---specific sounds, or the orientation of a line. As we move further into the brain they become more abstract---maps of whole objects, or the marriage of an object and a sound as in a barking dog. The brain is mapping chunks of meaning about the world into intricate pathways of meaning. Patterns that reflect the way we think about the world and act in it. These patterns help us effortless solve the problems of day to day life. But they trap us from discovering new patterns, new ways of thinking, and new ways of being in the world. Only by understanding the brain can we really understand quite why that is.
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ART. I.-Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble and to petition the government for å redress of grievances.
Art. II.-A well-regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed.
Art. VIII.—Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted.
ART. IX.--The enumeration in the Constitution of certain rights shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people.
ART. X.-The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor probibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.
Art. XII.-The electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by ballot for President and Vice-President, one of whom, at least, shall not be an inhabitant of the same State with themselves; they shall name in their ballots the person voted for as President, and in distinct ballots the person voted for as Vice-President; and they shall make distinct lists of all persons voted for as President, and of all persons voted for as Vice-President, and of the number of votes for each; which lists they shall sign and certify, and transmit, sealed, to the seat of
government of the United States, directed to the president of the Senate. The president of the Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the certificates, and the votes shall then be counted; the person having the greatest number of votes for President shall be President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of electors appointed ; and if no person have such a majority, then from the persons having the highest number, not exceeding three, on the list of those voted for as President, the House of Represen tatives shall choose immediately, by ballot, the President. But, in choosing the President, the votes shall be taken by States, the representation from each State having one vote; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from two thirds of the States, and a majority of all the States shall be necessary to a choice. And if the House of Representatives shall not choose a President, whenever the right of choice shall devolve upon them, before the fourth day of March next following, the the Vice-President shall act as President, as in the case of the death or other constitutional disability of the President.
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How many sets of spinal nerves do humans have?
Are there more than 100 pairs of spinal nerves?
The spinal nerves exit from the spinal cord in pairs. There are 31 pairs of spinal nerves: 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, and 1 coccygeal nerve root pairs.
What are the 4 major spinal nerve sets in the body?
In the human body there are 31 pairs of spinal nerves, one on each side of the vertebral column. These are grouped into the corresponding cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral and coccygeal regions of the spine.
What are the 6 types of spinal nerves?
A total of 31 pairs of spinal nerves control motor, sensory, and other functions. These nerves are located at the cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal levels. Spinal nerves can be impacted by a variety of medical problems, resulting in pain, weakness, or decreased sensation.
Are all spinal nerves mixed?
Through the spinal nerves the CNS receives information and controls the actions of the trunk and limbs. They are formed by the union of dorsal and ventral roots. Thus, all the spinal nerves are composed of both sensory and motor fibers (mixed nerves).
What is the main nerve in your body?
THIS IS IMPORTANT: Can you live without tendons?
Are all nerves in the body named?
There are 12 of them, each named for their function or structure. Each nerve also has a corresponding Roman numeral between I and XII. This is based off their location from front to back. For example, your olfactory nerve is closest to the front of your head, so it’s designated as I.
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What is the most common causative agent of osteomyelitis?
What is the primary organism that causes osteomyelitis?
In most cases, a bacteria called Staphylococcus aureus, a type of staph bacteria, causes osteomyelitis. Certain chronic conditions like diabetes may increase your risk for osteomyelitis.
What is the most common cause of osteomyelitis in all age group?
Staphylococcus aureus is the most common cause of acute and chronic hematogenous osteomyelitis in adults and children.
What is the most common route of disease causation of chronic osteomyelitis?
Most commonly, chronic osteomyelitis is secondary to direct inoculation of pathogens into the bone at the time of trauma, as a result of surgical trauma (i.e. following open reduction and internal fixation of fractures), from chronic overlying open wounds or contiguous soft tissue infections.
What are the two types of osteomyelitis?
Traditionally, osteomyelitis is a bone infection that has been classified into three categories: (1) a bone infection that has spread through the blood stream (Hematogenous osteomyelitis) (2) osteomyelitis caused by bacteria that gain access to bone directly from an adjacent focus of infection (seen with trauma or
THIS IS IMPORTANT: Question: Can tendons swell up?
What is the best treatment for osteomyelitis?
The most common treatments for osteomyelitis are surgery to remove portions of bone that are infected or dead, followed by intravenous antibiotics given in the hospital.
• Drain the infected area. …
• Remove diseased bone and tissue. …
• Restore blood flow to the bone. …
• Remove any foreign objects. …
• Amputate the limb.
What happens if osteomyelitis is left untreated?
What are the long term effects of osteomyelitis?
Osteomyelitis needs long-term care to prevent complications, such as: Fractures of the affected bone. Stunted growth in children, if the infection has involved the growth plate. Tissue death (gangrene) in the affected area.
What are the complications of osteomyelitis?
Some of the complications of osteomyelitis include:
• Bone abscess (pocket of pus)
• Bone necrosis (bone death)
• Spread of infection.
• Inflammation of soft tissue (cellulitis)
• Blood poisoning (septicaemia)
• Chronic infection that doesn’t respond well to treatment.
Can you have osteomyelitis for years?
With treatment, the outcome for acute osteomyelitis is often good. The outlook is worse for those with long-term (chronic) osteomyelitis. Symptoms may come and go for years, even with surgery. Amputation may be needed, especially in people with diabetes or poor blood circulation.
How long can osteomyelitis be dormant?
Late onset osteomyelitis could occur up to 30 years after an initial complex fracture as an outburst of chronic silent osteomyelitis.
THIS IS IMPORTANT: What causes spinal reflex?
What is the treatment for chronic osteomyelitis?
Chronic osteomyelitis is generally treated with antibiotics and surgical debridement but can persist intermittently for years with frequent therapeutic failure or relapse. Despite advances in both antibiotic and surgical treatment, the long‐term recurrence rate remains around 20%.
How long do you treat osteomyelitis?
You’ll usually take antibiotics for 4 to 6 weeks. If you have a severe infection, the course may last up to 12 weeks. It’s important to finish a course of antibiotics even if you start to feel better. If the infection is treated quickly (within 3 to 5 days of it starting), it often clears up completely.
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How to write a conclusion for an essay example
How to Write an Evaluation Essay (Sample) | Learn how to write an evaluation essay. Find all the necessary information on its structure and main elements and free evaluation essay sample.
Handout: How to Write an Opinion Essay The basic five-paragraph essay structure, which you have probably used many times by this point, works extremely well for an opinion essay. It's a starting point, and when you get to university your profs will expect a more complex approach to essay writing. How To Write An Article Review, with Sample How To Write An Article Review An article review essay is a critical analysis or evaluation of literature in a given field through making summary of the article in question, comparison or classification. In case it is a scientific article being reviewed, the writer will be required to use database searches to retrieve the results of the search. How to Write a Descriptive Essay Sample - A descriptive essay is an essay that you may be asked to write about a place, for example about a beach or a forest, about a person, a situation or adventure. You may be asked to describe anything; the main objective of descriptive essays is to test the ability of a writer to express themselves and explain their experiences.
How To Write An Effective Conclusion For An Essay: Examples
For example, if you began your essay with the idea of humanity’s sense of smallness in the face of space’s vast expanses, you could return to that idea in the conclusion. However, you might expand this theme to include the idea that as human knowledge grows, space is actually becoming smaller. How to Write a Strong Conclusion for Your Essay Your essay needs a conclusion to drive main points and give understanding why it matters. Writing a strong finishing paragraph might be challenging, but a clear structure, together with several strategies to operate, provide room to work. To end an essay like a boss, consider its type and audience. How to Write a Conclusion for an Essay: Guide for Beginners Argumentative Essay Example On an argumentative paper sample of conclusion, we will explain ourselves how to write a conclusion paragraph for an essay regarding those tips we mentioned before.. Topic: The role of art in globalization; Due to the modern society’s requests and needs, it is very clear that there is no chance to avoid globalization. Your Strongest Guide, Tips, and Essay Conclusion Examples
How to Write a Philosophy Paper -
Those who have already written essays know how to write an expository essay as the structure is somewhat similar to the one other papers have. It should be well-organized and sound logical. As any other essay, there is an introductory part, a body consisting of not less than 4-5 paragraphs, and a conclusion. The ACT Writing Sample Essays | ACT Write a unified, coherent essay about the increasing presence of intelligent machines. In your essay, be sure to: clearly state your own perspective on the issue and analyze the relationship between your perspective and at least one other perspective; develop and support your ideas with reasoning and examples; organize your ideas clearly and ... Steps in writing the essay: Conclusion. - Free Essay Writing Tips This conclusion of the essay "The Efficiency of the US Aid to AIDS in Africa" is an example how the thesis can be improved: "Rather than use the AIDS epidemic as an opportunity to redress the under financing of African health services, USAID would seem to be pursuing its long-desired program goal of population control. How To Write A Descriptive Essay Conclusion - Payforessay How To Write A Descriptive Essay Conclusion When writing a descriptive essay , it is important to remember that it is still a form of essay. Although it requires minimal research and can be a literary form of writing, it is still an essay and must follow the typical essay format.
EVALUATION ESSAYS - Purdue University
MBA Essay Examples for top ranked Business Schools MBA Essay Samples by School. Click on a school logo to see samples of real essays that helped ARINGO clients get accepted to that school. Top 100 Interesting Personal Essay Topic Ideas Personal essay writing companies; Budget cuts in education essay sample; Essay example on Robert Edward Lee; Term paper writing process; Writing advice for beginners ; Citing in a research paper; Pregnant women using drugs essay example; Term paper conclusion ; Using online writing help ; Trusting term paper help online ; Research paper layout PDF Writing Essays -
Keep terminology consistent throughout your essay. The type of language used depends on the type of essay you are writing. Pay attention to the assignment given. There are general rules for writing essays, but assignments for class often have specific guidelines that need to be followed. Argumentative Paper Essay - Wikipedia Writing of expository essay often consists of following next steps: organizing thoughts (brainstorming), researching a topic, developing a thesis statement, writing the introduction, writing the body of essay, writing the conclusion. Expository essays are often assigned as a part of SAT and other standardized testings or as a homework for high ... How To Write An Interpretation Essay - iWriteEssays How To Write An Interpretation Essay. An interpretive essay is an essay that provides an analysis of another piece of writing. An assignment to interpret a work of literature can seem overwhelming. Figuring out where to start, what literary elements to analyze and what to interpret does not have to be an impossible task. Persuasive Essay Examples: Tips for Writing a Good Essay Persuasive Essay Examples: Writing Tips for Beginners What is a persuasive essay? - this a redundant question because the name of this essay speaks for itself. Its purpose is to persuade someone, to make him or her adopt your point of view, and this purpose needs to be achieved via words.
A conclusion provides a thoughtful end to a piece of writing; unfortunately, many conclusions in college-level papers are little more than summaries of what has ... Research Papers: How to Write a Conclusion 22 Feb 2018 ... How to Write a Conclusion for a Research Paper ... For example, you don't need to write it when writing a literary research, because you ...
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Tips for Reporting on Charities
Whether or not this is your first time covering a story about a charity, we compiled some basic facts and clarifications to help you through the philanthropic maze.
The term “charity” is sometimes used interchangeably with nonprofit, not-for-profit, charity, non-governmental organization, tax-exempt organization and 501(c)(3). Some of these terms mean different things as explained below.
Nonprofit organization:
Generally, a nonprofit organization is an entity that filed papers to incorporate in a U.S. state (or Canadian Province) as a corporation that has a stated “nonprofit” purpose. It does not have owners and money left after expenses goes back into the corporation. Unless it applies for and receives an exemption, it would be subject to federal income tax. Another feature is that the nonprofit term is very broad and includes a wide range of different types of entities, not just charities.
This term means the same thing as nonprofit, but the accounting profession generally prefers the more formal, not-for-profit designation in referencing such entities to help distinguish them from for-profit corporations.
Non-governmental organization:
Within international and diplomatic circles, the term non-governmental organization or NGO, is more often used, instead of nonprofit. This is done for two reasons. One is that it helps distinguish such groups from governmental programs (for example, the Peace Corps) which, although they may share similar purposes and objectives to nonprofits, they are managed and run by government agencies. Also, the term “nonprofit” is best confined to capitalist economies while NGO is a designation that is applicable to organizations in many different cultures.
Tax-exempt organization:
Generally, to be exempt from paying federal income tax, a charity or other nonprofit organization would have to apply for tax exempt status from the IRS. There are about 20 different types of tax-exempt status that a nonprofit can obtain, here is a sampling of some of the most popular categories. The number refers to the section of the Internal Revenue Code that defines the catregory:
Section of Internal Revenue Code Type of Organization
501(c)4Lobbying organization
501(c)6Business membership
501(c)8Fraternal beneficiary
501(c)10Domestic fraternal societies, lodges
Churches and other houses of worship:
Churches, synagogues, mosques, and other houses of worship do not have to apply for federal tax-exempt status. They automatically have charitable 501(c)3 status as long as they fall under the IRS definition of a house of worship (i.e., ordains ministers, holds services, etc.). In general, this automatic exemption applies to houses of worship, not to organizations that just have a religious theme related to their work. For example, a religious disaster relief organization. In some instances, an organization may fall under the tax-exempt status of a house of worship as long as they are fully controlled by that house of worship. For example, a community assistance organization that is a program of the Catholic church.
Contributions to organizations that are tax exempt under sections 501(c)3 or 501(c)19 of the Internal Revenue Code are generally deductible as charitable donations for federal income tax purposes. If a donor receives something of value in conjunction with their donation (for example, a book or musical recording) generally only the portion of the gift that is above the fair-market value of what the donors received would be deductible.
The IRS requires the charity to provide the donor with a written statement if an individual makes a donation of more than $75 that is partly a contribution and partly for goods or services received. The statement should indicate the value of the goods or services received.
If an individual donates used clothing, furniture, or other items to a charity it is up to the donor, not the charity, to identify the fair market value of the item provided. This value is usually what the item would sell for in its current condition in a charity thrift store. If the item is in very bad condition, it may not be deductible at all.
For more detailed information on tax deductibility, see IRS Publication 526 – Charitable Contributions: https://www.irs.gov/pub/irs-pdf/p526.pdf
As reported by Giving USA, Americans gave $427.7 billion in 2018 which represents a 1.7 percent decline in the inflation-adjusted total of $435.1 billion contributed in the previous year. Giving USA - The Annual Report on Philanthropy for the Year 2018, which was released in June 2019, is a public outreach initiative of the Giving USA Foundation that is researched and written by the Indiana University Lilly Family School of Philanthropy.
There are a number of issues that contributed to this decline, including, but not limited to, the recent changes in the U.S. tax code and the volatile U.S. stock market, but more research is likely to be conducted to help understand these philanthropic statistics.
The 2018 giving total is not the first decline in charitable giving in the U.S. over the past forty years. While a decline is not common, it does not necessarily represent a continuing trend.
Each year the U.S. Internal Revenue Service produces a Data Book that provides information and statistics about returns filed, taxes collected and related issues such as data on tax-exempt organizations. The 2018 Data Book which was released in May 2019 includes a table which shows the number of tax-exempt organizations. There are 20 different categories that fall under section 501(c) of the Internal Revenue Code which includes various types of organizations (including, but not limited to, labor unions, lobbying organizations, business leagues, recreation clubs, fraternal groups, benevolent life insurance companies, etc.). For 2018, the IRS reports that the combined total number of organizations under this 501(c) category was 1,682,091.
The largest of these categories in terms of the number of organizations, is section 501(c)(3) which covers charitable organizations. The IRS reports that in 2018 there were 1,327,714 organizations that were included in this 501(c)(3) charitable tax-exempt status. That total represents 78% of the combined total number of 501(c) groups referenced above.
The actual total number of charities in the U.S., however, may be a bit higher than 1,327,714 for several reasons:
• Houses of worship (churches, synagogues, mosques, etc.) are not required to file for 501(c)(3) status in order to have charitable tax-exempt status. It is estimated that there are about 350,000 religious congregations in the U.S.
• If an organization that operates under the IRS definition of a charity has gross revenue of less than $5,000, it is not required to apply for 501(c)(3) in order to have this charitable tax-exempt status.
• Some organizations may fall under a group exemption letter held by a parent organization.
While that 1.33 million total is huge, keep in mind that most of these charities are very small. More than half of them bring in $50,000 or less and do not fill out the IRS Form 990. Instead, they complete the IRS Form 990-N which is a type of electronic postcard that confirms they continue to operate. The remainders complete either IRS Form 990-EZ (gross income between $50,000 and $200,000) or the full IRS Form 990 ($200,000 or more in gross revenue.) Also, this group includes about 87,000 private foundations (in general, these are private or corporate foundations that give out grants and do not solicit) which complete the IRS Form 990-PF.
Finally, the total number of charities has been growing. As shown in the IRS Data Book for the past five years, the total average gain in the number of 501(c)(3) organizations has been about 42,000 charities per year. This average increase incorporates newly formed organizations and reflects subtractions of those that have either lost their exempt status or ceased operations:
Number of 501(c)(3) tax-exempt charities
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Sep 04 2019
How Augmented Reality Is Improving Patient Care
Melding real and computer-generated worlds, AR tools are giving clinicians a new perspective.
Although medical imaging technology has evolved radically, methods of displaying images haven’t changed in decades. But that practice is shifting as advanced visualization tools gain ground, with applications that range from physical rehabilitation to surgery prep.
Virtual reality and augmented reality are poised to totally disrupt healthcare,” says Todd Maddox, a research fellow at Amalgam Insights, because they will literally change the way clinicians see data and their patients.
They’re also set to lead a shift in medical education, a field that still primarily involves two-dimensional tools. “If I want a three-dimensional representation in my head, why don’t I present a three-dimensional representation in the learning?” Maddox says.
The $850 million market for healthcare AR and VR is predicted to reach $5.1 billion globally by 2025, according to Zion Market Research.
Technology Helps with Detailed Precision
Surgeons are among those expected to benefit, says Amitabh Varshney, dean of the College of Computer, Mathematical and Natural Sciences at the University of Maryland, College Park.
Depth perception is a very important component,” he says. “A lot of different organs and blood vessels and nerves are in close proximity. Having an accurate assessment of depth becomes critical.”
It’s why Varshney, also co-director of the Maryland Blended Reality Center, is part of a team developing an augmented reality application that lays a computer image over the doctor’s view of the real world to help guide a catheter into the brain to relieve pressure after an injury.
Using current practices, doctors can have a hard time seeing the location of the catheter’s tip, which can injure parts of the brain if the tool is moved in the wrong direction. But with the help of AR, the procedure can be done within .5 millimeters of accuracy, Varshney says.
Mixed Reality Is Out of This World
At Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital in Boston, Dr. Randy Trumbower has created a mixed reality application for patients with spinal cord injuries. Mixed reality goes a step beyond AR by facilitating real-time interaction with computer-generated objects.
In this context, participants wear Microsoft HoloLens smart glasses to play a version of the classic arcade game Pac-Man superimposed onto their physical reality. By moving with the namesake character around the room as a player might otherwise do with a joystick, those participating in rehabilitation have more fun, and clinicians have a new way to measure progress.
Mixed reality can also be a safer way for patients to relearn tasks such as grasping a coffee cup or holding a knife without the risk of hurting themselves, says Trumbower, who directs the hospital’s INSPIRE Lab. The application also can suggest the presence of virtual obstacles that patients might encounter at home, providing a safe, supervised training ground for users as they work to regain lost function.
So far, Trumbower says, the headset has been tested on 12 people in physical rehabilitation, as well as dozens of able-bodied adults and children. A research paper on the work is forthcoming.
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Childhood asthma
The social determinants I want to do is housing and neighborhood conditions (indoor allergies, circumstance, air quality, house maintenance, etc) and the health outcome is childhood asthma. Since this assignment is related to my last paper, I did attached my last paper and the article it talked about. this is the article the last paper about
“Every resident has the right to live in housing that is safe and pest-free. Poorly maintained housing is associated with poor health outcomes, including worsened asthma and other respiratory illnesses. In Mott Haven and Melrose, only 24% of renter-occupied homes are adequately maintained by landlords – free from heating breakdowns, cracks, holes, peeling paint and other defects. Forty percent of Mott Haven and Melrose households report seeing cockroaches, which is a potential asthma trigger. ”
Based upon the health problem identified in the Neighborhood Justification, each student will develop a short response paper (500 words, single-spaced). In this response paper you will identify one of the social determinants of health described in your group’s Neighborhood Justification and use 3 peer-reviewed citations to describe how and why that social determinant is associated with the health outcome. This is not intended to be about a specific neighborhood, but rather more generally what is known in the literature about the association between a specific (upstream) determinant of health and your health outcome of interest.
The post Childhood asthma first appeared on COMPLIANT PAPERS.
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Final text adopted by the International League for Animal Rights and affiliated national leagues on the occasion of the Third International Meeting on the Rights of Animals (London 21-23 September, 1977). The Declaration, proclaimed on 15 October 1978 by the International League, affiliated leagues, associations and individuals who wish to be associated with it, will be submitted to the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), and then to the United Nations Organization (UNO).
Whereas all animals have rights;
Whereas disregard and contempt for the rights of animals have resulted and continue to result in crimes by man against nature and against animals;
Whereas recognition by the human species of the right to existence of other animal species is the foundation of the co-existence of species throughout the animal world;
Whereas genocide has been perpetrated by man on animals and the threat of genocide continues;
Whereas respect for animals is linked to the respect of man for men;
Whereas from childhood man should be taught to observe, understand, respect and love animals;
Article 1
All animals are born with an equal claim on life and the same rights to existence.
Article 2
All animals are entitled to respect.
Man as an animal species shall not arrogate to himself the right to exterminate or inhumanely exploit other animals. It is his duty to use his knowledge for the welfare of animals.
All animals have the right to the attention, care and protection of man.
Article 3
No animal shall be ill-treated or shall be subject to cruel acts.
If an animal has to be killed, this must be instantaneous and without distress.
Article 4
All wild animals have the right to liberty in their natural environment, whether land, air or water, and should be allowed to procreate.
Article 5
Animals of species living traditionally in a human environment have the right to live and grow at the rhythm and under the conditions of life and freedom peculiar to their species.
Any interference by man with this rhythm or these conditions for purposes of gain is an infringement of this right.
Article 6
Abandonment of an animal is a cruel and degrading act.
Article 7
All working animals are entitled to a reasonable limitation of the duration and intensity of their work, to the necessary nourishment, and to rest.
Article 8
Animal experimentation involving physical or psychological suffering is incompatible with the rights of animals whether it be for scientific, medical, commercial, or any other form of research.
Replacement methods must be used and developed.
Article 9
Where animals are used in the food industry, they shall be reared, transported, lairaged and killed without the infliction of suffering.
Article 10
No animal shall be exploited for the amusement of man.
Exhibitions and spectacles involving animals are incompatible with their dignity.
Article 11
Any act involving the wanton killing of an animal is biocide, that is, a crime against life.
Article 12
Any act involving mass killing of wild animals is genocide, that is, a crime against the species.
Pollution or destruction of the natural environment leads to genocide.
Article 13
Dead animals shall be treated with respect.
Scenes of violence involving animals shall be banned from cinema and television, except for humane education.
Article 14
Representatives of movements that defend animal rights should have an effective voice at all levels of government.
The rights of animals, like human rights, should enjoy the protection of law.
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Happiness Comes from Making Others Feel Good
Article by Mark Travers Ph.D., Psychology Today
• Feelings of “relatedness,” or being close to others, may help explain why helping others boosts mood.
Martin Luther King Jr. said the “surest way to be happy is to seek happiness for others.”
New research published by a team of psychologists at the University of Missouri-Columbia suggests that King’s words are as true today as they were a half-century ago — that our own happiness is, in part, influenced by the kindness and generosity we show others.
“Americans are guaranteed the right to ‘pursue happiness’ for themselves,” say the researchers, led by Liudmila Titova and Kennon Sheldon. “But might they be better off if they pursued happiness for others? We compared the two strategies, showing that, ironically, the second pursuit brings more personal happiness than the first.”
Helping Others Boosts Happiness
To arrive at this conclusion, the authors asked a group of research participants to engage in a series of behaviors and thought experiments that pitted acts of self-directed happiness against those aimed at improving the happiness of others. In one study, participants were approached on the street after parking their cars. They were given a few quarters by a research assistant and were asked to either feed their own parking meters or the meters of an adjacent car. The researchers then asked participants how happy they felt. Interestingly, people who fed others’ meters showed a greater boost in happiness than those who fed their own meters, despite not knowing who they were helping.
In another experiment, the researchers asked participants to either recall a time they tried to make someone else happy or themselves. Participants were asked to write a few sentences describing the event and rate how happy it made them feel. Again, participants who were prompted to recall a time they tried to improve the happiness of someone else reported higher levels of remembered happiness than those who wrote about a time when they tried to improve their own happiness.
“The results of these studies extend findings from previous research by showing that people derive boosted personal happiness from attempts to make other people happy — an approach that might seem counterintuitive for a lot of people at first,” state the researchers.
Inspiring Feelings of Closeness
The research squares with other studies showing how spending money on others increases one’s happiness more than spending money on oneself. But it’s not just financial generosity that has the power to increase our happiness — donating our time to someone in need, or simply adopting a mentality that puts others’ happiness above our own, has a positive impact on our psychological well-being.
The researchers offer a good explanation for why they saw the results they did. They suggest that it has to do with our basic psychological need for “relatedness,” or feeling close to others. According to the researchers, an attempt to make another person happy inspires feelings of closeness which, in turn, explains why people end up feeling happy themselves. The same chain of reasoning does not work when attempts at happiness or mood enhancement are self-directed.
Furthermore, this research adds another bullet point to a growing list of scientifically vetted techniques aimed at improving happiness. For instance, other emerging research has found that increasing our sense of mattering and autonomy, as well as making an effort to surround ourselves with optimistic people (and to live in a happier society), are also viable ways to improve psychological well-being.
Titova, L., & Sheldon, K. M. (2021). Happiness comes from trying to make others feel good, rather than oneself. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 1-15.
Article by Mark Travers Ph.D., Psychology Today
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How can Omega 3 help our memory?
by | Posted on | Blog
We know that omega-3 fatty acids are important for our health. But most people will just think about their impact on our heart health or immune system, but did you know that they are also essential for brain development, memory and to retain the brain’s functionality and performance well into old age? But this is not all, omega-3 fatty acids are also a crucial building block for developing our brain and central nervous system while we are still in the womb.
While it will not prevent Alzheimer’s or make your IQ go through the roof, it does have a positive impact on your brain health and can help with concentration and to retain good cognitive function throughout your whole life.
In this article we will look more into why those fatty acids are so important for our cognitive functions and how they impact us from early childhood well into retirement age.
How Does Omega – 3 Affect Our Brain?
The brain is our headquarters where we make decisions and control almost all areas of our body from a centralized point. So we want to make sure that our brain is as healthy as possible, so we can go through life with a clear mind and ready to face any challenge.
About 60% of our brain are fats. The omega – 3 fatty acid DHA makes up 40% of those fatty acids that comprise such a big part of our brain. So it is easy to see why omega – 3 are so important for our brain health. But how do they affect our brain in our day-to-day life?
Well, first of all, the omega – 3 fatty acids that are most important for humans, DHA and EPA, cannot be produced by our body itself. We rely on consuming them through food, and they are crucial for the proper functioning of our body. There is a variety of foods that contain high amounts of omega – 3 fatty acids, but taking a high-quality supplement such as fish oil or krill oil can be a convenient and easy alternative to make sure that you get enough of those essential fats.
Omega – 3s are important building blocks of our cell membranes and provide support for our memory, cognition and overall emotional well-being. Being part of the brain cell membrane, they impact the communication between cells as well as the maintenance of structural integrity of our central nervous system. Researchers have discovered that omega – 3 can potentially strengthen memory, improve cognitive abilities and even boost your mood. They also help blood flow smoothly through our body by keeping our blood pressure low, our heart beating steady and can improve our blood lipid levels. All of which is important for our brain to receive sufficient amounts of blood rich in oxygen and to reduce the risk of a stroke by clotted arteries.
They also seem to help our brain to function better by improving synaptic plasticity, the communication between brain cells, and are important for the production of several proteins that are used for learning and memory.
EPA and DHA don’t just support our brain in its function but their anti-inflammatory properties also protect it from inflammation, and they can even help protect our brain from oxidative damage. Their neuroprotective properties therefore make omega – 3 fatty acids a potential treatment option for a variety of neurodegenerative and neurological disorders.
Why Omega – 3 ´s Matter? Even Before You Are Born
Like we’ve said above, omega – 3 fatty acids are essential for our brain, its structure and functioning. But their influence already starts while our brain is still developing, and we are not even born yet. During fetal development, omega – 3s start to accumulate and higher levels of those fats during pregnancy have been linked to higher intelligence and cognitive ability in children, while lower levels have been linked to brain dysfunctions such as ADHD. Especially during the last 3 months of fetal development, omega – 3 fatty acids are transferred to the fetus to meet its growing demands while the brain is developing. The nutrition of the mother ( plays an important role throughout pregnancy and taking an additional omega – 3 supplement can be beneficial to the child as it is also needed for the development of the retina for example.
Once we are born, our brain keeps growing and evolving. Most of this growth happens in the first 5-6 years of age and studies have shown that omega – 3 can have a positive impact on attention span and cognitive ability in children who were taking additional supplement, especially if they previously had an omega – 3 deficiency.
Omega3 Norway Bottle white
Omega3 Norway Bottle
Can Omega – 3 Prevent Alzheimer’s?
The short answer is: No. But still, omega – 3 fatty acids play an important role for our brain health and especially in old age, they are an essential part of maintaining our cognitive abilities.
Several studies have found that regular intake of oily fish is associated with lower rates of dementia and can even be associated with a lower risk of silent brain infarcts. This might be due to the omega – 3 fatty acids that naturally occur in some cold-water fish such as salmon or mackerel. Eating fish might also slow the rate of “normal” age-related cognitive decline, other studies suggest. While it will not cure an existing condition, it can be beneficial for people to start consuming omega – 3 to prevent their onset and ease symptoms. Almost half of all adults above the age of 65 suffer from some form of short or long-term memory loss, so it is a problem that could affect many of us.
This decline can be due to many factors such as environmental stressors or genetics for example. Age-related memory loss is mainly caused by two things: the brain’s ability to repair its cells decreases with age because we produce less of the proteins and hormone compounds that it needs to do so; and the other factor is reduced blood flow to the brain due to changes in blood pressure and circulation that naturally come with age. But how does omega – 3 impact this natural decline? Omega – 3 can help increase the production of those hormones and proteins needed to repair brain cells and also prevents the build-up of plaque in our arteries, which can restrict blood flow to vital organs such as our heart or brain and can cause heart attacks or strokes. Recent studies even show that supplementing your diet with omega – 3 can halt the process of deterioration of cells, increase grey matter volume and even prevent age-related cognitive decline to some degree.
While this works for people with normal health, it does not seem to be able to prevent more serious conditions such as Alzheimer’s or dementia. So it is most beneficial to start taking fish oil in the early stages of cognitive decline to slow the process, since it won’t be able to reverse its effects.
Omega – 3 fatty acids are good for us, period. However, they are no miracle cure for serious conditions such as dementia or Alzheimer’s, but they can help ease natural cognitive decline and are especially important in the early stages of our life while our brain is growing and expanding.
Taking an omega – 3 supplement is an easy and straightforward way to ensure that you meet your body’s needs and are giving it all it needs to develop in the best possible way and to stay as healthy as possible. Check out our Shop ( and browse our range of products today! We offer high-quality fish oil and red krill oil supplements, almost tasteless and odourless for the most comfortable consumer experience.
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Borderline Personality Disorder DSM 5 (A Guide)
In this blog post, we will discuss what it means to suffer from Borderline Personality Disorder DSM 5, diagnostic criteria, signs, causes, and treatment options.
Borderline Personality Disorder: What is it?
Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) can be described as the incapacity to control emotions and situations.
People that suffer or experience BDP feel and experience emotions more intensely and for extended periods of time, without the ability to control their emotions.
This can ultimately lead to stress and severe depression that can last from a couple of hours up to several days.
Border Personality disorder or BPD can be in most cases is characterized by specific signs and symptoms like depression, low self-esteem, impulsiveness, commitment issues, extreme fear of loneliness, explosive aggressiveness (than can lead to suicide attempts) and unpredictable mood swings, leaving them very confused and isolated.
Common symptoms of BPD can be recognized and can be treated with professional help if they are detected and treatment is provided.
People that suffer from borderline personality disorder, can often be misdiagnosed with depression or Bipolar Disorder due to the similarities and overlap of the symptoms between one condition and the other.
They can be identified by the following seven key behaviors or symptoms and they are:
1. Explosive aggressiveness
If you suffer from borderline personality disorder, you might experience extreme anger and the inability to control it, this can start from simple verbal abuse and elevated tone of voice and can quickly escalate to physical abuse, like breaking things or throwing them, this can continue until you are completely consumed by rage.
The episodes of anger can vary, they can last for a couple of hours up to a few days.
2. Self-injury
This behavior relates to the alarming tendency to cause inflicted wounds and the most common are lacerations or cuts.
Also, there might be verbalizations about suicidal thoughts or suicide attempts.
3. Fear of being alone or abandoned
This is one most prominent signs since it can cause a full spectrum of emotions.
They are basically terrified of being left alone or abandoned even in most trivial scenarios.
This can trigger feelings of betrayal, for example, if your partner goes to the store and is taking more time than usual, this will immediately cause an intense panic attack.
This could make the person with BPD adopt certain behaviors like extreme jealousy, being controlling and manipulative, followed by a constant clinginess and conflict, just to keep the other person with them.
4. Severe drug and alcohol abuse:
Often, to cope with the constant mood swings and to escape extreme anxiety and depression, people that suffer from BPD tend to abuse alcohol, drugs or other substances in seeking to partially relieve their emotional pain and distress.
5. Constant feeling of “Emptiness”:
There is always a constant feeling of not being enough or complete, most of the time caused by low self-esteem and fear of commitment, that can be followed by an unusual feeling of detachment, impulsive reactions and loss of the meaning of life.
6. Unstable relationships
People with BPD are prone to suffer from more intense and unstable relationships, their mood swings can make them love their partner and then hate them within a short period of time.
They might believe they don’t deserve you and start disliking them intensively, this is most of the times accompanied by clinginess and feeling that your partner cannot make you whole.
7. Psychotic episodes
There are reported cases of patients suffering auditory hallucinations (hearing voices) or having paranoid delusions that someone is trying to harm them when it is not the case.
This, if not treated, can escalate to severe psychosis.
Borderline Personality Disorder: Diagnostic criteria
Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) is a complex condition primarily characterized by a pervasive pattern of instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, and emotions, as well as marked impulsivity beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts, as indicated by at least 5 or more of the following, listed in the dsm 5 as:
• Frantic efforts to avoid real or imagined abandonment; this does not include suicidal or self-mutilating behavior covered in criterion 5.
• Markedly and persistently unstable self-image or sense of self.
• Impulsivity in at least two areas that are potentially self-damaging (eg, spending, sex, substance abuse, reckless driving, binge eating); this does not include suicidal or self-mutilating behavior covered in criterion 5.
• Chronic feelings of emptiness.
• Inappropriate, intense anger or difficulty controlling anger (eg, frequent displays of temper, constant anger, recurrent physical fights).
If you think you might have BPD or relate to some of the criteria mentioned above, we advise you to get in contact with a mental health professional (ideally trained in BPD), so he or she can answer all your questions.
Origin of the term “Borderline Personality Disorder”
It was first described by Adolf Stern in 1938.
He first used it to refer to a group of patients whose conditions got worse during therapy and displayed psychic rigidity (seemed to be a protective mechanism against perceived changes in the environment or itself) and masochistic behavior.
This term was later expanded by Otto Kernberg in the late 1960s and 1970s.
How does Borderline Personality Disorder dsm 5 get diagnosed?
Since there are no specific laboratory tests or imaging tests that can help to identify this condition, the diagnosis is based on the symptoms that tend to appear in multiple contexts and have been present since adolescence or early adulthood.
There are some structured and semi-structured interviews used by mental health professionals to assist in making the diagnosis.
One of the most used and validated interview tools is the Diagnostic Interview for Borderline (Revised), which includes 97 items rated according to thoughts, feelings, and behaviors reported by the individual over a two-year period.
It is important to take into consideration that borderline personality disorder is most commonly misdiagnosed as:
• Bipolar Disorder
• Histrionic personality disorder or narcissistic personality disorder
• Mood and anxiety disorders
• Substance abuse disorders
• Posttraumatic stress disorder
• It has been said that stress during childhood may contribute to developing this condition.
• A history, during childhood, of physical and sexual abuse, neglect, separation from caregivers, or the loss of a parent is common among patients with borderline personality disorder.
• Genetics has been identified as a risk factor since some people are predisposed genetically to inherit the possibility of developing the condition.
• First-degree relatives of patients with borderline personality disorder are 5 times more likely to have the disorder than the general population.
• Brain chemistry imbalances during regulatory functions of the brain and neuropeptide systems may also contribute even though it hasn’t been identified in all borderline personality disorder individuals.
Treatment for BPD
Borderline personality disorder can be treated in various ways, but a differential diagnosis needs to be made to avoid overlapping symptoms and misdiagnosing (Bipolar disorder or severe depression).
The treatment will be administered by a licensed and trained psychiatrist, psychologist or mental health professional.
Additionally, support from family and friends is highly recommended to increase therapeutic success.
The preferred method and the most frequent would be Psychotherapy (cognitive-behavioral therapy) often combined with medication.
Why is this blog post about “Borderline Personality Disorder dsm 5” important?
This blog is important because it provides a better understanding of the diagnostic criteria for Borderline Personality Disorder according to DSM 5, potential causes that contribute to developing BPD as well as some of the current treatment options.
Borderline personality disorder can affect a person’s daily interactions in several ways, causing unstable interpersonal relationships, anger, depression (feelings of emptiness) and they can even try to isolate themselves in thinking there is no one that can actually understand them.
Frequently Asked Questions for Borderline Personality Disorder DSM 5 (FAQs)
What does the DSM 5 say about borderline personality disorder?
dsm 5 says that to be able to get diagnosed with Borderline Personality Disorder you must have “A persistent pattern of unstable relationships, self-image, and emotions (ie, emotional dysregulation) and pronounced impulsivity” and meet 5 of the 9 criteria specified.
What is the DSM criteria for borderline personality disorder?
What are the 9 symptoms of borderline personality disorder?
There are 8 related signs/symptoms of Borderline Personality Disorder, and they are:
– Fear of being abandoned or left alone
– Unstable relationships.
– Unclear or shifting self-image
– Impulsive and self-destructive behaviors
– Self-harm
– Extreme mood swings
– A chronic feeling of “emptiness”
– Anger outbursts
Is BPD a lifelong condition?
Borderline personality disorder (BPD) has been conceived as a lifelong and highly disabling disorder.
However, treatment can reduce the symptomatology.
Is BPD worse than bipolar?
BPD is not better or worse than Bipolar disorder.
They belong to different categories, BPD is categorized as a personality disorder and Bipolar disorder is classed as a mood disorder.
However, they both can have suicidal thoughts and are at a higher risk of suicide than the general population.
Recommended Books
1. The Borderline Personality Disorder Survival Guide: Everything You Need to Know About Living with BPD
2. I Hate You–Don’t Leave Me: Understanding the Borderline Personality
3. Mindfulness for Borderline Personality Disorder: Relieve Your Suffering Using the Core Skill of Dialectical Behavior Therapy
5. Stronger Than BPD Journal: DBT Activities to Help Women Manage Emotions and Heal from Borderline Personality Disorder
What we recommend for Borderline personality disorder
Professional counselling
1. ROY H. LUBIT. Medscape [online]: What are the dsm 5 diagnostic criteria for borderline personality disorder (BPD)? Accessed: December 5th of 2019
2. NCBI: Diagnosing Borderline Personality Disorder.
3. VeryWellMind: Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) Criteria for Diagnosis
4. NHS
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Surviving a Long-Term Power Outage
You are currently viewing Surviving a Long-Term Power Outage
Table of Contents
When a disaster strikes, whether it’s natural or human-made, the power grid is often the first thing that takes a hit. In a hurricane-prone state, you might lose electricity hours before the storm makes landfall as high winds knock branches into the lines and short circuit the grid.
In most circumstances, you can count on utility companies to restore your home’s electricity within a few days or weeks at most. Yet what if something knocks out your grid for months or more? Are you ready to survive a long-term power outage? What should you do to survive safely and comfortably while you wait for the powers that be to restore normality?
If your local power grid fails, one of two things will happen. Your home’s water supply may collapse because you’re relying on an electric-powered pump to bring fluid into your property from a well. Alternatively, you might still have liquid flowing from the tap, but the purification station that keeps your water clean may also be without power and unable to make it safe to drink.
Either way, you’re going to be out of luck when it comes to drinking water, at least as it comes from your tap. You’ll need to make sure you have water stored or the tools necessary to purify water you collect while the power is out.
You’ll need at least one gallon of water per person per day if you can’t use your faucets. Half of that will be for drinking, while the other half will be for washing and other hygiene applications. If it’s hot outside, you’ll need more. People with certain needs — such as children pregnant women — may also have different daily recommendations. Plus, you don’t want to forget about your household pet. Your pooch or kitten will get thirsty as the days drag on, too.
If you’re in an area that has natural running water — such as streams, creeks and rivers — or gets a lot of rain, you can use these sources to supplement your stored water, as long as you have a way to purify it. Otherwise, you can get sick from any bacteria or viruses that might live there.
Residential Solar Hydronics
Residential Solar Hydronics
Boiling water can kill off anything that might be harmful. If you have an electric stove and don’t have the means to boil — or it’s far too hot outside to consider using heat for anything — chlorine bleach or iodine tablets can make water safe to drink.
Next comes food. Be sure you have a sufficient supply of goods to keep you and your family healthy while you wait for someone to turn the power back on and for life to get back to normal.
If the power is out, storing meat and other perishable items is only going to work if there’s a snowbank outside to keep it cold. If you’re dealing with a long-term outage, chances are high that the power is out at your grocery store, too, so going shopping won’t be an option, either. Still, you’re not without alternatives.
Most people only have enough food for 1 week
Ideally, you’ll want to have a few weeks worth of non-perishable foods stored in your home. However, if the power is going to be out longer than that — or permanently, in an SHTF scenario — you’ll need to look for other sources of sustenance. You can scavenge from empty stores, but once that resource runs dry, you’ll need to switch to subsistence hunting, foraging, and farming. Your emergency supplies should include things for each of these possible scenarios.
Power Sources for a Long-Term Power Outage
You’ll want to look into alternate power sources before an outage occurs. While you might be content to rough it for a few days, our world runs on electricity. Many of the tools we’ll need to survive and stay informed during an extended outage will need some form of power to keep them running.
Solar panels could be an option if your home gets enough usable sunlight during the year, but they’re powerless — literally — during a storm. They can also be fragile and prone to damage, so you’ll probably want to protect them if you’re looking at a natural disaster, such as a hurricane or tornado.
Generators can also keep you powered, but they require gasoline or diesel fuel to keep working, which can be expensive. It’s also difficult to store these fuels for extended periods because, without stabilizers, they gum up and become useless. For radios and other small electronics, look into models that can be powered with a crank so that you don’t need to worry about batteries, generators or solar panels to stay connected.
Homestead Solar Well Pump
Solar is one of the best sources for off-grid power
Heating and Cooling
Your heating and cooling needs will significantly depend on your location. If you lose power in New York in the winter, keeping yourself and your family warm will be your priority. If you lose power in Florida during the summer, staying cool becomes the order of the day.
Thankfully, for the former, your home is probably equipped with the tools you need to keep yourself warm, whether that means a fireplace, a woodburning stove or both. Fireplaces are more common, with six out of ten new houses including them in the design. Woodburning stoves, on the other hand, are often installed as a primary heat source. Therefore, if you have central heating and air, you probably won’t have a functional stove.
Staying cool is more challenging if you don’t have air conditioning. Keep your windows open to encourage as much airflow as possible, and try to do little during the height of the day. Take a page from Latin American countries that have a siesta in the afternoon.
Relax in the shade, drink a lot of water and try not to do anything while the sun is at its peak. Staying hydrated is the most crucial thing you can do when it comes to staying cool and comfortable during power outages in hot climates.
Hygiene and Sanitation
Hygiene and sanitation are going to be challenging without power. Thankfully, you won’t need to dig a latrine in the backyard. Modern toilets work without electricity unless you spend a lot of money for one of those fancy smart options. If you’ve got water available — even liquid that isn’t safe to drink — you can use it to fill the tank of your toilet and flush. You’ll just have to refill it manually every time you go.
If you’re going to be without power for long periods, fill up your bathtub. Even if it isn’t lined or safe to drink, you can use the fluid to flush your toilet, and the average tub can hold upwards of 100 gallons.
Hygiene will also be a concern, if for no other reason than you’ll be in a small space and no one should have to deal with everyone else’s body odor and bad breath. According to the CDC, personal hygiene after a disaster can help prevent the spread of diseases which could make recovery more difficult. Wash your hands, brush your teeth and do your best to stay clean, even if you can’t take a shower until professionals get the power back on.
Medication and First Aid
Whether you need prescription medication or are concerned about having some headache meds handy if you start to get a migraine, you need to make sure you’re fully stocked before the power goes out. If you’ve got prescriptions to worry about, make sure you get at least a 30-day supply extra before disaster strikes.
In some states, when the government declares a state of emergency, you can get an additional 30 days of your medication even if you’re not due for a refill yet.
Keep a fully stocked first aid kit in with your disaster supplies as well, and know how to use it. You won’t be able to take a trip to the doctor during an extended outage, especially if your physician’s office is within the outage area. Hospitals may have generators for emergencies, but they will likely be overloaded, understaffed and undersupplied, so they should only be considered in a life-or-death situation.
Always Be Prepared for a Power Outage
We take the electricity that powers our lives for granted, but are you ready for what might happen if it goes out for weeks or months at a time? In some cases, it’s no different than preparing for any other natural or man-made disaster.
The key is to be ready for anything, whether that means a month-long event, high winds, nuclear winter or the zombie apocalypse. If prepared for anything that comes your way, you’ll never be surprised by what the universe decides to throw at you. Plus, you’ll be more likely to survive than the rest of the world.
An extended power outage might not be inherently dangerous, but you’ll be a lot more comfortable if you’ve prepared for anything. Follow the guide above to ensure you’ve thought of everything. From food and water to medicine and first aid, you can get your disaster kit ready and ensure the electricity-free days ahead are ones without hassle.
Scott Huntington
Scott Huntington is a writer in Vermont who covers the world of survival, prepping, cars, and more. Follow him on Twitter @SMHuntington or check out his site, Off the Grid
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Theme of Racism in the Movie ‘Crash’: Psychological Significance
Racism is a pervasive evil in the multicultural society of America, with racial discrimination being comply found in employment practices (Barnes and Owen, 2005).
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The film ‘Crash’ is symbolic of the perils of a multi-cultural society and the resultant evils of racism attached to it and is a very strong film, depicting a series of events of the entwined lives of diverse individuals including the Whites, the Blacks, the Asians, the Iranians and the Latinos of New York city. The film is a classic prophetic portrayal of the racism and the resultant stress between the characters, whether the rich or poor, the cops or villains and the resultant psychological problems which surface due to the perceived racial discrimination (Barnes and Owen, 2005).
The film is cast in the city of New York and highlights the issues of prejudice while living in such diverse societies. The director uses co-incidence and disaster to merge the lives of the numerous characters, highlighting the fact that racist prejudices are likely to plague the human mind at some point of time or other. The movie attempts to scrutinize these racist feelings and the likely consequences resulting from them. Research confirms that racism leads to physiological and psychological stress, which in turn has a direct impact on blood pressure levels (Armstead, Lawler, Gorden, Cross, & Gibbons, 1989) and disturbing negative thoughts and emotions like anger and fury (Thompson, 1996). For instance, in the incidents between the racist cop and Newton, the cop manhandles her during a routine traffic stop. However, later in the film, when the cop tries to rescue her from a traffic accident, she resists his approach, prejudiced by the earlier incident that he may be trying to physically assault her again. This is a classic example of how the prejudiced assumptions of people can prevent them from visioning the true person. In another incident, Sandra Bullock is portrayed voicing racist anti-Hispanic comments in the company of Pena’s locksmith. In an ironic scene, later in the film, she falls down the stairs with no one but her Hispanic maid to help her.
Researchers have also affirmed the correlation of racism to total psychiatric symptoms such as somatization and obsessive compulsive symptoms and unnatural fears such as those depicted by the characters under the influence of severe racism (Klonoff, Landrine, and Ullman, 1999). The movie is an effective portrayal of the racial prejudices and preconceived notions deeply embedded in us, which resurface time and again. By way of the ironic turn of events, the movie aims to bring forth the racial fears in humans, and efficiently signals to the casting away of those fears, so that humans are accepted in the true light, not as stereotypes of Latinos, Asians, Hispanics, Blacks or Whites.
Perceived racial discrimination is also believed to result in inter personal sensitivity, depression and helplessness (Branscombe, Schmitt, & Harvey, 1999) as is apparent through the rapid turn of events in the movie.Thus the film is reprehensive of a multi-cultural society which encompasses diverse races co-existing together, yet when a demanding situation arises, the innermost feelings of racism and prejudice dominate the mind. The film reflects the sad tale of the modern society where racism is no longer openly accepted, yet, is harbored in the minds and hearts of the people. In spite of living together, the film depicts the failure of human kind in abandoning the racist feelings for fellow humans, which very often leads to misjudgments and failure to see the actual truth. The film effectively exposes the doubts in the minds of people when dealing with people of different cultures, races, societies and religions, in the face of a disaster.
Armstead, C. A., Lawler, K. A., Gorden, G., Cross, J., & Gibbons, J. (1989). Relationship of racial stressors to blood pressure responses and anger expression in Black college students. Health Psychology, 8, 541-556.
Barnes, Peter W., and Owen Richard Lightsey Jr. (2005). Perceived racist discrimination, coping, stress, and life satisfaction. Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development 33.1: 48(14).
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Branscombe, N. R., Schmitt, M. T., & Harvey, R. D. (1999). Perceiving pervasive discrimination among African Americans: Implications for group identification and well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77, 135-149.
Klonoff, E. A., & Landrine, H. (1999). Cross validation of the Schedule of Racist Events. Journal of Black Psychology, 25, 231-254.
Klonoff, E. A., Landrine, H., & Ullman, J. B. (19991. Racial discrimination and psychiatric symptoms among Blacks. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 5, 329-339.
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You asked: What is the name of the bowl that contains holy water used for baptism?
A holy water font or stoup is a vessel containing holy water which is generally placed near the entrance of a church.
What is the baptism bowl called?
A baptismal font is a basin, vase, or other receptacle in which water is store for the Christian ritual of baptism. … The baptismal font is a very important part of ecclesiastic ritual and architecture. In the Christian world, fonts matter.
What is holy water used for in baptism?
Holy water, in Christianity, water that has been blessed by a member of the clergy and is used in baptism and to bless individuals, churches, homes, and articles of devotion. … A natural symbol of purification, water has been used by religious peoples as a means of removing uncleanness, either ritual or moral.
What holds holy water in church?
Holy water is kept in the holy water font, which is typically located at the entrance to the church (or sometimes in a separate room or building called a baptistery). Smaller vessels, called stoups, are usually placed at the entrances of the church, to enable people to bless themselves with it on entering.
IT IS INTERESTING: Did Martin Luther leave the Catholic Church?
What contains holy water?
Holy water is actually one of the oldest and most spiritually significant items you can find in a church. There are actually several different types of holy water in Roman Catholicism — some, for instance, contain only consecrated salt, while others contain anointing oil, wine, and even ashes.
Why do baptismal fonts have 8 sides?
What does the font symbolize in baptism?
The Baptismal Font
The traditional baptismal font holds the water used for the baptism. It symbolizes the baptismal streams, rivers, or pools of water in centuries past, like the River of Jordan where Christ was baptized by John the Baptist.
Why does holy water burn my skin?
It’s thought the presence of chlorine in holy water added to the ashes may have caused the ‘extraordinary’ burning sensation. “Generally holy water is ordinary tap water that is blessed.
Do you have to be baptized in holy water?
Keeping this in view, do you have to be baptized in holy water? No “holy” water is required for baptism, plain water is enough. The Bible itself begins with phrase saying “Spirit of God was hovering over the waters” — it is belived that from the very beginning God was blessing all waters of the world.
Is holy water drinkable?
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How can I use holy water at home?
You can sprinkle holy water in your home yourself, or call a priest to formally bless your home using holy water as part of the house blessing ceremony. 3. Bless your family. Use holy water to pray and make the Sign of the Cross over your spouse and children before they go to sleep at night.
Is holy water mentioned in the Bible?
As mentioned in section 1, purifying water is mentioned in the Old Testament, which required water to purify ceremonially unclean people (Leviticus 15:1-32, Leviticus 16:1-34, and Leviticus 17:15, and Numbers 19:17).
How can I sprinkle holy water in my house?
Can holy water kill you?
HOLY water from religious shrines – long regarded as having healing properties – could kill susceptible patients, according to the Catholic Herald. The journal warns that the water, drunk by the sick or used to anoint wounds, is a breeding ground for infection.
Does Walmart sell holy water?
Holy Water From the Jordan River – 200 ml 6.8 fl oz. with gift box and certificate / Olive wood cover – –
Can you bless your own holy water?
Some people believe that holy water can only be sanctified by an ordained priest. However, many Catholics believe that if you bless the water with the right prayers and follow the proper rituals, any Catholic can bless water to make it holy. … Non-Catholics can use holy water as well.
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LIFESPAN and HEALTHSPAN: Where are they?
Lifespan and Healthspan are both key themes of overall health. However, it is important to be aware of the differences between the scientific community and the medical community in certain research focuses. The concept of lifespan is more widely known than the health period. This This is a worrying situation, because the healthy period is as important as lifespan in some areas of research, science and medicine, or even more important. Here are some basic knowledge about the healthy period for you to get started.
What is life span?
In the dictionary, "Lifespan" is defined as the average life span of an organism or an object in a specific environment or condition. It is not the exact maximum life span value, but a value based on the relevant existing knowledge of the organism; it is usually based on what has been in the species so far. The longest known life span is used as a rough estimate. This is called the "average life span". It is a statistical concept that is derived by analyzing the mortality data of each race group.
How to measure life?
Life expectancy measures are based on the year of birth, current age, and other demographic factors, including gender. This year, as far as all countries or regions are concerned, Hong Kong people have the highest average life expectancy. Men are about 82 years old and women are about 88 years old.
What is the healthy period?
On the other hand, the healthy period is the duration of a person’s health, more specifically, a state of being in a state of no disease. People have different definitions of true health. The current expected healthy period at birth is 63.3 years old. This data is in 2016. Announced globally by the World Health Organization.
What are the factors that affect our health?
According to research, the health period is measured by a variety of factors in our lives, such as:
• smokes
• Sports activities
• Body mass index (BMI)
• diet
• surroundings
These are the factors that currently exist, and researchers are still looking for other indicators that may affect the length of the health period.
The science of healthy aging
Advances in technology and research have allowed people to invest in healthy aging: maintaining physical and mental health and achieving a good quality of life in old age. As the saying goes, prevention is better than cure.
To a certain extent, the concepts of lifespan and health are inseparable, and similar methods are also promoted in terms of extending healthy lifespan. These methods can be divided into molecular methods and non-molecular methods, such as:
• Maintain a healthy and balanced diet
• Moderate regular exercise
• Smoking and drinking are prohibited (or restricted drinking)
• Anti-aging therapy
• Health supplement
According to recent statistics, most people live longer than before, but they are not healthy. This is the reason why the medical profession has begun to shift its focus to the healthy period, trying to become more familiar with this concept and make people work harder. Stay away from disease, not just focus on the treatment of one disease. S-CELL's [HEALTHSPAN] is the most advanced epigenetic test in the world, and it is the perfect helper for tracking your health status! The secret of longevity lies in your daily life, protecting a healthy life, and looking forward to a healthy future.
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I4.1.1. Examples of the most representative moral laws
© Dr. Eng. Jan Pająk
I4.1.1. Examples of the most representative moral laws
Let us now review the most representative examples of moral laws, the content of which is already identified. In this subsection I am providing several of them. In my opinion they represent almost all basic types of these laws. Thus they should give the reader a reasonable good idea, as to what all moral laws are about. During reading about these laws, one should note several interesting regularities, the summarizing of which is going to be provided in subsection I4.1.2. For example, the most striking such regularity is that each moral law originates from some more general principle of the operation of universe, which usually have the philosophical character. This principle is usually the source of several detailed moral laws, and also several detailed laws of physics. Another striking regularity is, that almost every moral law is very similar to a law of physics. Thus, it is very similar to what is already identified and learned by people (if we still do not know a law of physics, which would be similar to a given moral law, this probably means that the appropriate law of physics still awaits to be discovered). Of course, the moral laws listed here do not exhaust or represent all moral laws in existence, as in operation there is a large number of them, and it is going to keep busy numerous generations of totalizts to identify and to learn all of them. Actually, a clue as to how many different moral laws are there, may give us the total number of already known laws of physics, as every law of physics is simply a gravitational equivalent of appropriate moral law (i.e. laws of physics and moral laws obey the DeBroglie's Principle of the Symmetry of Nature). One may even learn new moral laws by simple translation of physical terminology from laws of physics, into moral terminology used in moral laws. For example, one can translate a physical term "energy" into a moral term "moral energy"; physical term "force" into moral term "feeling" or "emotion"; term "path" or "dislocation" into "motivation"; "form of motion" into "practiced philosophy" (e.g. the "linear motion" into "philosophy of totalizm" while "spinning motion" into "philosophy of parasitism"); "acceleration" into "responsibility"; "mass" into "intelligence"; "gravity" or any other physical field into "moral field", etc. Here are examples of moral laws about the existence of which we already know.
#1. The Principle of Cause and Effect. This is one of the most basic philosophical principles of the intelligent universe. Many detailed moral laws and laws of physics originate from it. It states that "initiative always releases the reply", or that "action always causes a reaction". In order to explain here what this means, let us realize that whatever event takes place in our universe, always this event (means this "cause") triggers also the occurrence of an anti-event (means an "effect") which corresponds to it. Let us use here some well-known examples in order to explain this better:
- Actions and reactions in physics. All actions with an active force (i.e. with "action") always are triggering the appearance of the appropriate force of resistance (i.e. "reaction").
- The force of acceleration and inertia. Amongst phenomena of physics, every appearance of the force that results from accelerating of an object, must be accompanied with the simultaneous appearance of the force of inertia, which opposes to this force of acceleration.
- Generation of energy in the physical world. This generation always must be accompanied with the simultaneous use of similar portion of some other form of energy.
From the Principle of Cause and Effect several detailed laws originate. In case of laws of physics, examples of their manifestations include the physical "law of balance", which states that "incoming must always balance the outgoing". Also in case of moral laws this principle is the source of the entire array of them. Let us now discuss the most important of these detailed moral laws that result from the Principle of Cause and Effect.
#1A. The Boomerang Principle. This is one of the most fundamental out of all moral laws. It acts with the iron hand, and is especially merciless when it gets to punish all immoral sinners. Therefore, in everything that we do, we must in the first instance consider consequences of this law. It states that "whatever feelings you cause in others, unspecified time later exactly the same feelings are also going to be experienced by you". Because, according to what is stated in subsection I5.7, our feelings in turn modify the actions to which we are subjected, Hinduism and Christianity explain the operation of the Boomerang Principle with the rough claim that "whatever you do to others, the same is going to be done to you" (e.g. "who lives by a sword, also dies by a sword"). However, the Concept of Dipolar Gravity explains, that such a formulation of this law is only approximate, because it assumes that the following mechanism of action takes place in every possible case: "whatever someone does to others, this triggers in others feelings that are written into the karma of the doer, then this karma triggers in the doer the same feelings when similar other events take place, but these feelings in turn modify the course of the other events which triggered them on similar principles as magic does, thus causing that these other events become identical to the ones that the doer did originally". But not in all situations this mechanism is going to be triggered to the full - although in many life situations it acts perfectly. Therefore, according to the Concept of Dipolar Gravity, the correct expressing of this law would state something along the lines that "whoever lives by a sword, is going to die from something that feels exactly as being stricken by a sword".
The Boomerang Principle is the moral equivalent of the several laws of physics, that are outcomes of the Principle of Action and Reaction. For example it is an equivalent to the physical "law of balance", which states something along the lines that "whatever outgoes it must be exactly balanced with the incoming". The operation of Boomerang Principle depends on the fact that during doing anything that affects others, we always cause the conversion of physical energy into moral energy (i.e. we turn our action into moral energy). Later this moral energy wants to convert itself back into action, and only waits for an opportunity to do this converting. Of course, independently of converting energy, our action also generates in the counter-world appropriate "karma" algorithms, which describe how this moral energy can convert itself back into action. The moral energy, together with karma algorithms, could be compared to the air compressed (or vacuumed) in a bottle, which slowly pushes a cork, or to the spring in old type of mechanical clocks, which gradually unwinds itself propelling the clock. So whenever an opportunity arises in our vicinity, this moral energy is activating itself through these karma algorithms, and converts itself into action, which is a mirror reflection of action that originally generated this energy. In such a manner the mobility of the moral energy causes that as soon as such opportunity arises, whatever feelings we induced in others, these feelings are returned back to us.
The action of the Boomerang Principles is a proof for the fact, that each our though, attitude, feeling, or action, generates a special kind of the execution algorithm, which is written to our "register", and which in the philosophies of East is called "karma" (in European cultures this algorithm is usually described as the "fate", because it defines precisely what type of feelings that are outcomes of specific events, we are not able to avoid in our life, and thus they must affect us in the future). This karma, after being written into our "register", acts as a kind "magnet", which attracts to us the incoming events that are capable of generating feelings similar to these described by the karma. (What exactly this "register" is, this is explained in subsections I5.2 and I5 - at this stage we can accept that this is what religions call a "soul".) When one of the events that are matching content of our karma, is realized in our close proximity, then the karma causes that we are affected with the outcomes. In turn the affecting us with outcomes of this event causes, that the karma that corresponds to it transfers to the register of another person, which is responsible for inducing this event. In this way karma, since it is once written to our registers, is always realized only once. But it never disappears, because after it is realized it goes to a next person, who is responsible for the event that just affected us. Thus karma never diminishes, but only changes the owner. In order to give here some example, the former murderer is carrying in his/her register the karmatic record, which is going to cause, that when he/she finds himself/herself in the situation, that in the vicinity is going to be committed a form of murder, he/she becomes a target for it. In this way he/she relives all feelings that his/her victim experienced previously. Of course, it can happen, that the whole life of this murderer takes place in circumstances, that such a situation never would eventuate. Then this karma is going to remain in his/her registers until the next life. When finally he/she falls a victim of a murder, his/her karma is rewritten to the register of his/her murderer, who killed him/her. Then this murderer is going to attract to himself/herself a similar murder, and so on. Such sequence of similar events we call a "karmatic chain".
It should be stressed here that the Boomerang Principle informs about returning to us not our actions, but feelings and altitudes that our actions induce in other people. This is the reason, why all feelings with the elapse of time are going to be reciprocated (although not necessarily from their original object). Especially fast this can be noted for feelings of high
intensity - for example for feeling of powerful love, hatred, or the lack of respect, and also for all group feelings - for example racism, group feeling of superiority over others, lack of tolerance, fanaticism, etc. Such feelings usually are returned almost immediately and frequently directly by their original object/recipient. Thus if some group of people (e.g. a nation, race, or family) intensively does not like other group of people, with the elapse of time this other group of people with the similar intensity starts to dislike the original donors of this feeling. In this manner families, races, or nations, which have a high opinion about themselves, and which look at others from above, or which discriminate others in any manner, loose their respect very fast, are not liked any more, and are treated in the same manner by others as they treat others. Similarly single people, which are snobbishly oriented, and who has a low opinion about everyone else, with the elapse of time are isolated, and treated in exactly the same way.
The interesting consequence of the action of the Boomerang Principle is, that some trends, movements, ideologies, and enterprises that exert a significant influence on the fate of many people, cannot be entirely eliminated from our planet. After all, the karma that carries them out never disappears, but only circulates from one person to another, and from one group intellect to another. Thus even if they are eliminated in one country, then they appear in a different country, so that people who under them were voluntarily givers of specific suffering or specific turn of events, in the next their incarnation are the receivers of the same suffering and the same turn of events. Examples of such impossible to eliminate trends, movements, ideologies, and enterprises, are: racism, bureaucracy, corruption, war, concentration camps, etc.
Consequences of the Boomerang Principle include a wide range of outcomes. Let us list here some examples, which most frequently manifest themselves in the everyday life:
a) The consequence of the Boomerang Principle, which can be noted frequently in real life, is that "every action, which tries to hold back, or delay the realization of karma that is already generated, in the final effect always cause the acceleration of this realization of karma". For example, if we have a personal enemy, and in our karma lies the confrontation with him/her, than all our efforts to avoid this enemy cause, that we confront him/her even faster. (Chinese for the description of this situation have an excellent proverb which states that "if you have an enemy, then all roads become narrower" - what we should interpret as that "if you have an enemy, than the more you try to escape from him/her, the faster you confront him/her". In the original Cantonese dialect this proverb sounds approximately like this: "Yin kar low chak".)
b) In item 1C another moral law is described, which also results from the same Principle of Cause and Effect. It states that "karma once written must be once realized". Therefore, whatever is written into us with the use of karmatic algorithm, it becomes our "destiny", and we never can escape from it. This in turn has several consequences. For example people, who with the use of ESP methods are able to read our karmatic records, are also able to learn what awaits us in the future. Similarly, in the moment when we learn how to build devices that are able to read our karmatic records (for the idea of such devices see subsection D3.4 /?/ of treatise [7/2]), we also are going to be able to read, what is going to happen to us in the future - only that we are not going to be able to determine with these devices the approximate time, when this is to happen (but the time we can determine precisely with the use of time vehicles).
c) The Boomerang Principle causes that every action which in subsection JA5.1 is called a "totaliztic good deed", even if immediately does not change the level of our moral energy (e.g. because it is the good deed of a type "inspiration"), still in the final effect it is to cause the increase of this energy in us at some stage. In turn every action, which in subsection JA5.2 is called the "totaliztic sin", even if it immediately does not cause the decrease of the level of our moral energy, because a direct victim of it falls someone else (e.g. it is the totaliztic sin of "exploitation" type), still in the final effect it is going to cause somehow the decrease of this energy in us. Thus, it is not important whether we do any action in an open manner, or do it anonymously, whether we know a person for which we do it, or whether it affects someone whom we completely do not know, whether the recipient of this action is going to reciprocate it or not; always the long term final effect will be the same for us - the return of our action is going to come back to us like a boomerang. This in turn leads to one of the most important recommendations of totalizm that is described in subsection JA5.3: "if you wish to lead fulfilled and happy life, do as many totaliztic good deeds as only possible, while try to avoid committing totaliztic sins as much as you can".
#1B. The moral law of Obligatory Defense. It states that "if anyone attack you actively without your provocation, than you have a moral obligation to defend yourself with the use of similar force and similar methods of fight, that your attacker is using on you". This moral law realizes to us, that the universe was intentionally build in such a manner, while the moral laws were intentionally designed so, that everyone who is attacked actively, has a duty to defend himself/herself, and that the duty of undertaking the self-defense is completely agreeable with the intensions of the universal intellect and even written into the content of moral laws. The law of Obligatory Defense is a moral equivalent of the "action and reaction law" from physics, which teaches us that e.g. "if someone hits a wall, this wall is going to defend itself and simultaneously is going to hit back with exactly the same force". The existence and operation of the moral law of Obligatory Defense reveals, that the defense against someone's aggression is not only an expression of the survival, or the command of logic, but also an obligation of the moral life, the fulfilling of which is ordered to us by content of moral laws.
In matters of aggression and defense, the various philosophies tried to interpret the intentions of the universal intellect in different manners. For example the philosophy of Christianity claims, that the intention of the universal intellect is, that all people attacked aggressively should not defend themselves at all - as an example consider the biblical claim that "if someone hits you in one cheek, expose for hitting also another one". The commonly known is also the philosophy of a different religion, which believes that the intension of their God is a constant aggression against adherers of other religions - in order to express this view the symbol of this religion is a sword. Unfortunately, the majority of philosophies speculate their interpretations of the intensions of the universal intellect without any actual analyses of the world around us, and without any analyses of laws that rule this world. But if, as this is done by totalizm in subsection JC11.1 /?/ of this series of monographs, someone analyses the universe around us and analyses laws that prevail in it, then it turns out, that they very clearly indicate, what actually is the intention of the universal intellect. Unfortunately, in order to discover this intention, it is necessary to know the so-called "canon of consistency" described in subsection JB7.4, or more strictly it is necessary to know that in our universe the action of all laws is perfectly consistent, and therefore for example laws of physics and moral laws are agreeable with each other in every detail. But this "canon of consistency" was only discovered and described by totalizm - therefore only totalizm is able to determine the real intensions of the universal intellect regarding aggression and defense. After all, these intensions are expressed by analogies between the laws of physics and the moral laws. If, as this is done by totalizm, someone analyses thoroughly this intension, than it turns out that the universal intellect orders with the content of moral laws that those attacked without provocation must effectively defend themselves. This intellect realizes also through moral laws, that while defense is a "moral" action, aggression remains completely "immoral" - unless the re- attacking of the offender is only one of necessary forms of defense, which takes place only after someone was attacked first. Thus attack is "moral" when a reply with an attack becomes the only alternative for securing a permanent peace and for preventing the further attacks of the same enemy. Thus, according to moral laws, the one being attacked has a duty to defend himself/herself, although if no one attacks us first, then it if "immoral" to show an aggression. These exact intensions of the universal intellect are expressed with laws that this intellect established - and this is done simultaneously in many different ways. For example it is expressed with the law of "action and reaction" from physics, combined with the "canon of consistency". These intensions are also expressed with the fact revealed in analyses from subsection JC11.1 /?/, that defense carries all attributes of a good deed, not attributes of a sin. Furthermore, such intensions are indirectly written into the formation of immoral parasitism and into the attributes which characterize parasitism as an anti-moral philosophy. It is clear that the universal intellect deliberately imposed on the parasitism the function of a constant aggressor of others, whose purpose is to constantly inspire totalizm to strive towards continuous development and improvement of its morality and knowledge - as this is explained in subsection JD11.
The law of Obligatory Defense realizes, that the moral life depends not only on promotion of peaceful co-existence with everyone who lives in peace and friendship with us. But it depends also on making impossible for evil to transfer into our living space, means on the ability to effectively defend ourselves from those aggressors who attack us and who wish to disturb our moral life. If evil attacks us, moral behavior depends on giving to this evil the deserved reprimand, so that it is not allowed inside of our living space and is unable to disturb our peace. In turn these two aspects of the moral life, i.e. (1) practicing peace towards these who live in peace, and (2) decisive reprimanding with a defensive fight all those who attack us, imposes onto totalizts the duty of mastering two totally different classes of skills, namely (1) skill of moral, peaceful and friendly co-existence with all those, who wish peace and live in peace, and (2) the skill of effective defense fight with all those aggressors who attack us and who want a war. (The topic of agreeability of defense with the content of moral laws is also elaborated in details in subsection JC11.1. /?/)
#1C. The Law of Unavoidable Fulfillment of Karma. It states that "karma once generated by us, must once return to us" (in simplified version this can be expressed as "the pain which we cause in others, must be equal to the pain that others cause in us"). This law means that normally there is no way of escaping karma, which someone already written into his/her registers by the previous actions. Therefore this karma is going to fulfil, even if the person who carries it has a perfect excuse for whatever he/she has done (e.g. generated it on a direct order from someone else), if for his/her actions he/she received the absolution of sins from leaders of all possible religions, or if he/she would try to escape from the responsibility by traveling in time (and, for example, by trying to kill his/her own mother before she gave birth to him/her), or even if he/she would show the absolute remorse and the improvement of his/her further behavior. From the point of view of moral laws, the realization of karma is the same automatic as the action of a computer, or the outcomes of forces of gravity. Moral laws grant no forgiveness, and give no absolution to sins. For example, if someone gives a hypothetical command "shoot him", according to the action of moral laws, in the case of carrying out this command, in the final effect three people are to die, namely: the victim just being shot, the executor who took on himself/herself the karma of a personal carrying out this execution, and also the person who generated in himself or herself the karma of judgment of the victim, and issuing the command "shoot" (but his death would occur in the result of a complex chain - firstly someone would order to him the command to shoot in circumstances that he would not be able to refuse, then he would get shot in the effect of a karma that he would generate after he was forced to shoot). It is also worth to notice that the law discussed here is the source of many limitations that exist in traveling through time - see subsection M1.
#1D. The Law of Asking. It states that "in order to receive anything, one needs firstly ask for it". This law causes that practically without previous asking for something with our actions, stands, or words, we never receive anything. In the physical world the manifestation of this law is a physical version of the "cause and effect". According to it, in order to e.g. have bread, we firstly need saw crops, then we need to harvest grain, then we need to transform grain into flour and make bread out of it. In case of moral actions, it is because of this Law of Asking, people who wish to receive some kind of a favor from the universal intellect, firstly must ask for this favor either with their prayers, or with their actions, longing, day dreams, etc. Because of this law, superstitions do not work for people who do not believe in them - because with their behavior and thoughts they do not ask for correct omens, and even if they receive them, they still do not believe in them. Finally, the action of this law is already written into the culture of people, and for example no-one is going to receive a new job or a deserved holiday, unless asks for it - e.g. by writing an appropriate application.
#1E. The Law of Inspiring with Unexpected Arrival. It concerns random events, which arrive to us from the outside world, i.e. such which are not provoked by our own actions and thus which do not represent an immediate outcome of these actions. It states that "out of all events which may affect us in a random manner, for realization always are chosen these ones, for the arrival of which we conscientiously are not ready, thus which are going to surprise us in unreadiness". For this law, the cause is our lack of readiness to accept an incoming event, while the effect is the arrival of this event, to inspire us in this way to prepare ourselves better in the future. This moral law allows to eliminate the undesirable events by an ordinary analysis and predicting them on the conscious level. If we deduce what actually can happen, and then we thoroughly prepare for the arrival of these events, we are eliminating their arrival (means this law acts along the known Roman proverb, stating that "if you wish peace you need to prepare for a war"). It should be noted, however, that the action of this law does not eliminate the arrival of events that we predicted on the sub-conscious level (e.g. through fears, omens, ESP, etc.), which we are afraid of - but consciously we are not prepared to their arrival and we do not protect ourselves from their consequences. In order to eliminate chances of occurring such undesirable events, we must predict them on the conscious level, and also must undertake some actions aimed at preventing us from their consequences (i.e. "God help those who help themselves").
#1F. The Law of Cause-Effect Chain. It states that "all events which happen in our lives, and all situations in which we find ourselves, are effects of a whole chain of our previous thoughts, intensions, actions, and knowledge, that we gathered so-far, while our thoughts and behaviours taking place during these events, provide next causes for further events and situations which are to arrive in the future". In this law it is vital to notice that every event (i.e. every effect) is combined from a whole chain of causes, not just from a single cause. It is important to realize this, because according to this law, whatever affects us has a multidimensional and continuous character, although our science accustomed us to a simplified thinking that it has a single dimension and a discrete (non-continuous) character. Therefore, if for example on a road an accident takes place, currently we consider only chronologically the most recent cause, e.g. who hit whom. Only in very exceptional situations we also consider a cause that proceeds this one, e.g. whether one of the drivers was drunk. (While in case of discovering that in a given situation this "drunk" driver was also the "innocent" one, immediately there is a moral dilemma, what to do with such a case - currently in many countries the guilty is always the drunk one, even if he/she was absolute innocent, and it was not him/her who caused the accident.) But of one considers such events from the point of view of moral laws, than it turns out that for each such an effect, the number of causes can grow infinitively. For example, let us consider such an event that "someone died because of hanging". Chronologically the most recent cause of his/her death was hanging. But before this happened, there was a previous cause in the chain, namely that he/she was sentenced to death by some kind of court. But even this was not a last cause, as before that he/she was accused (and sometimes even conclusively proven) that he/she killed someone. But even before he/she was accused, or proven to be guilty, he/she must find himself/herself in a wrong place at a wrong time, etc., etc. This chain can be extended infinitively.
If someone analyses this type of cause-effect chains, than it turns out, that moral laws do not act on the principle of a single cause and a single effect. Rather they act on the principle of "accumulation of a sum of energy from many causes, which (the energy) after reaching a specific threshold value causes the release of the affect that corresponds to this cause". In turn this "energy based" principle of operation of moral laws explains why, e.g. one criminal does something and immediately he/she is cought (because previously he/she accumulated the sufficiently high energy of causes), while another criminal commits the same crime many times and he/she gets away with it (because his/her previous actions generated energy of a different type).
The Law of the Cause-Effect Chain tries to express several different aspects of the fate that affects us in our lives. Depending on the aspect, which it concerns, the formulation of this law can assume the shape of one of several specific versions of this law. Here are some of these versions:
- The law of purpose and relevance of every single event. It states that "in our life every single event, even this least significant one, results from our actions and thoughts in the past, and has specific meaning for a chain of other events, which are to take place in the future". This version of the Law of Cause-Effect Chain tries to express one of the most important aspects of the intelligent universe, which states that "nothing in our lives happens by a chance, or because of a coincident, but everything has important causes and goals". Thus everything that affects us, is the result of something else, that earlier we did, or wished for, or thought, and it is simultaneously a bridge to whatever is to happen in the future. According to the Concept of Dipolar Gravity in life does not exist such a thing as a "coincidence", or an "insignificant event" which would not introduce any consequence to our life. For more details see also subsection JC7.
The law of purpose and relevance has many consequences. One of the rarely realized out of them, is that everything that is significant for us, in the final effect usually turns out to wait just in front of our nose, while we tried to find it out in the big world. Other consequence is the purpose and correctness of sources of our inspiration. If for example creators of a whole range of films present the idea of occupation of Earth by some evil aliens, practically this means, that there is a need and reason for inspiring people with this idea. In turn when someone unexpectedly receives a letter with an article inside, usually this means that this article contains an important information or idea, which should supply the recipient with the required intellectual inspiration. Similarly, the multiple encountering of the same information in various sources, usually means that this information has a vital significance for us, and that better is we analyse it thoroughly. The next consequence of the law of purpose and relevance is the significance of "random" events. For example, if we throw something out with a great reluctance, immediately a day later we are going to need it badly. If someone offers some assistance to us, soon afterwards we find this assistance extremely helpful (especially if we do not use it - see subsection JA5.3, which states that "preventing someone from doing a totaliztic good deed is a totaliztic sin").
The law of independence of temporary effect from our intensions. It states that "the outcomes of every our action are not only dependent on our intentions, but also on our moral energy and karma, and thus on all our previous actions and intentions". The action of this law is described by many proverbs, e.g. by Polish "People shoot but devil carries the bullets" (i.e. "Czlowiek strzela ale kule nosi diabel" - see [9]). It tries to express a different aspect of the Law of Cause-Effect Chain, which states that the outcome of every our action can be completely different than we originally planned (sometimes even completely opposite to that planned one), because this results is influenced not only by what we intended at the moment when we carry out a given action, but also it is influenced by our current level of moral energy and our karma - means everything that we thought, wished, or did in the past (sometimes even very distant one). According to this law, e.g. if we shift back in time, and try to kill our own mother before we were born, it would turn physically impossible, because it would make impossible the fulfillment of karma that we accumulated before this shifting back in time. Thus only these our actions are going to produce the desirable outcomes, the results of which do not prevent the fulfillment karma of ourselves, and all other people affected by them.
#2. The Principle of Counterpolarity. This is another fundamental principle of the intelligent universe. It is also the source of numerous detailed moral laws, and laws of physics. Their examples are going to be provided here. This Principle of Counterpolarity states that "in our universe nothing can be generated with a single polarity only, and therefore everything is always generated with the balanced amounts of both poles". To explain what this means, whatever is generated in this universe, it always is generated with the same amount of positives, as negatives of it (or Ns and Ss, or INs and OUTs). Let us use here several examples, in order to explain this better:
- Positive and negative electricity. If we generate electricity, we do not generate one type of charges, e.g. only positive charges, but we always generate also the opposite charges, e.g. negatives, in the same numbers as the previous ones.
- Magnetic poles. The formation of only a single magnetic pole (e.g. only "S") is impossible without forming also the opposite pole (i.e. "N"), and vice versa.
- Inlets and outlets. If something has an outlet, or is subjected to outgoing, it must also have an inlet, or earlier must be subjected to incoming, and vice versa.
The action of the Principle of Counterpolarity extends also to feelings. According to totalizm feelings are like electromotive forces (EMF) in electric cells, i.e. they always create two opposite poles, out of which one reveals itself immediately - when we generate this feeling, while the second appears only after certain time. This results from the mechanism of feelings described in subsection I5.5. According to it, generation of any possible feelings simultaneously builds up a potential for corresponding anti-feeling, which is to break loose soon after a given feeling is released. If for example we experience love, this love creates a potential on our counter-bodies, which later is to be experienced as hatred. If we experience pain, simultaneously with experiencing it, we also generate the same amount of potential for pleasure, and vice versa (the mechanism involved in generation of anti-feeling to a given feeling is explained in subsection I5.5).
Apart from feelings, counterpolarity also manifests itself in almost all other moral phenomena. E.g. doing any type of good, causes the same amount of bad consequences, and vice versa. Etc., etc. The reason why, for all moral phenomena we usually do not notice these anti-poles, is that in all moral phenomena they typically manifest themselves differently than in physical phenomena. For example, in all physical phenomena, whenever we release one pole, we simultaneously must also release the other pole. Therefore, in order to create a flow of electricity, we need to create a close circuit in which both charges flow simultaneously in both directions. The same is with physical forces. But in moral phenomena, such release of anti-feeling takes place in a different time, can be directed at different objects by our motivations, or can be revealed into different areas, may take a different form, etc. For example, when we experience love today, we can release the corresponding hate tomorrow at the same person, or we can use our motivations to keep this hate under control for some time, and release it at a completely different person several days later.
The Principle of Counterpolarity is a moral equivalent to the physical "law of equilibrium" which states approximately that "in the state of equilibrium the sum of all actions must balance to zero". For those who learn how to utilize practically this moral law, it has an enormous range of different applications. For example it provides a starting equation, which allows to express mathematically, or to quantify, the majority of moral laws. It also provides a totaliztic recipe how to neutralize unwanted feelings, how to withstand undesirable pressures, how to put up a moral and peaceful resistance, etc.
The Principle of Counterpolarity exerts a powerful influence on practically every aspect of our lives. One of the areas of such influence, which we normally are not aware of, and therefore which is worth explaining here in more details, are feelings. The mechanism of feelings is discussed in subsection I5.5 of this monograph. According to this mechanism, whenever someone experiences any aware feeling, he/she simultaneously charges his/her counter-body - without even knowing it, with the same amount of unaware anti-feeling, which only awaits to strike someone. This aware feeling, and unaware anti-feeling, accumulated on our counter-bodies, can be imagined as a kind of opposite electric charges - positive and negative (or as a couple of mutually opposing forces - action and reaction) accumulated in our physical body, and in our counter-material body. The aware feeling is formed into a type of lightning bolt, which we direct mentally, and strike the selected object with it. In the result, when this feeling is a pleasant one, the stricken object experiences pleasure, but when it is unpleasant, the stricken object experiences unpleasantness. In turn the unaware anti-feeling accumulates in our counter-body, and awaits for an occasion to strike some close object. Therefore, if for example we experience a feeling of love to someone, we can imagine it as a spark of positive electricity which strikes the person whom we love, and which forms pleasant experiences. But without knowing this, together with this love we also generate the anti-feeling of hatred of an equal amount, which accumulates in our counter-body, and which only awaits to strike someone near us. If there is no-one onto whom we could discharge this anti-feeling, the unpleasant bolt of hatred may accidentally strike the very person we loved only a while earlier. Because of this unaware anti-feeling, many couples in love viciously argue shortly after they made love (hence the English proverb: "The course of true love never runs smooth"; or a Polish proverb: "kto sie lubi ten sie czubi" approximately meaning "these who love must also quarrel"). Also because of this mechanism, the football fans are causing street fights shortly after on a stadium they euphonically discharged their admiration to the favorite football team.
The Principle of Counterpolarity practically invalidates the whole to-date approach to feelings, which was disseminated by various philosophies, religions, naturalistic groups, official science of psychology, etc. After all, the majority of them were encouraging us to generate love - completely being unaware that according to this principle, when we experience love we simultaneously generate the equal amount of destructive hatred. Slightly more agreeable with this principle is Buddhism, which encourages us to avoid the generation of any feelings, which are above-threshold. Unfortunately it does not explain why, while by promoting the reserve towards feelings, it deprives the adherers a very important ingredient of pleasures and fun of life, and also the basic source of physical health. Only the philosophy of totalizm started to discover the similarities of feelings to physical forces and electrical charges, and started to indicate laws that govern feelings. Totalizm also discovered that the generation of uniformly varied feelings, is not only the natural consequence of leading a normal, healthy, and happy life, but also a basic condition of sustenance of our body in the life energy, and therefore the basic requirement of maintaining a physical health (see the description of health consequences of feelings, presented in subsection I5.6). Therefore totalizm directs the attention not towards utopian generating only love at all costs (as various home-grown gurus are trying to teach us, thus completely disregarding the Principle of Counterpolarity and the mechanism of generation of feelings), or towards ascetic suppression of all feelings (as Buddhism teaches us), but towards learning laws that govern feelings, and towards skilful using these laws to increase the quality of our lives. Totalizm teaches us that with feelings we should deal in the same way as engineers deal with physical forces or electrical charges - i.e. we should learn laws that govern their behavior and then utilize these laws in our everyday life.
The method of peaceful resistance is just one of many possible methods of self- defense, which results from the practical applications of the Principle of Counterpolarity. This method is very effective in all situations, when someone is attacked verbally, or via any subversive campaign, and when the attackers are adherers of a parasitic philosophy. If the attacked person adheres to totalizm, the method described here provides an excellent means of moral defense, which is peaceful, and thus which does not require the mastery of methods of fight. Thus, this method can prove useful to totalizts, as many of them fail to acquire skills of active defense fights, while simultaneously moral laws oblige them to carry out their defense when they are attacked. In cases of such attacks, the Principle of Counterpolarity recommends to do as follows: a) allow the aggressors to generate as much negative feelings as they wish, and to spread as many lays as they may like, b) do not charge our body with any feelings at all, or, if we are able, charge ourselves with only pleasant feelings - the easiest way to accomplish this is to tell ourselves that the attackers are actually "poor little things" as they allow evil to manipulate on their feelings and actions in such a powerful manner, and also to remind ourselves, that the real reason of all our problems are different - not these ones who bring these problems onto our heads, c) concentrate on consequences of problems that are caused by the aggressors, not on people that cause these problems - trying to logically and coldly determine how these consequences affect us, and also how they affect all other people around us, d) impartially and without any negative feelings: tell/inform everyone around that such-and-such people are attacking us, how exactly they are attacking us, what consequences these attacks are going to bring for us, and what consequences they are going to bring to all other people around us. Although the sparse information regarding feelings outlined here does not allow to explain exactly at this point how this method of peaceful resistance works, generally it utilizes numerous similarities existing between feelings and physical forces, plus it utilizes the way that the Principle of Counterpolarity works. In order to summarize this explanation briefly, our aggressors always charge their bodies with a lot of unpleasant feelings, and attack us with them (these unpleasant feeling we can imagine as a cloud of hurtful lightning bolts that they direct to strike us). If in response to these feelings we also charge our bodies with unpleasant feelings, our own feelings are confronting feelings of attackers, and thus we accept the attack on ourselves, trying to withstand it alone. But if we do not charge our bodies with any feelings in response to a given attack, or we charge them only with pleasant feelings (e.g. we feel sorry for the attackers, or we like and appreciate good points in them), then we do not accept bolts of feelings that were directed at us (in all moral and intellectual matters: similar attracts while opposite repels). Thus these bolts of feelings pass by us with no effect, and spread into our environment (this we can imagine that, because we are not charging ourselves with any feelings that would attract these deadly incoming lightning bolts, they pass near us without actually hitting us and without doing any harm). So, if simultaneously we tell everyone around us the entire truth about the attack, and about the consequences this attack is going to bring to us and to others, our environment forms a kind of closed circuit, which generates feelings that are to neutralize feelings of aggressors. Therefore, it is our environment, which is going to fight down these aggressors for us. The self-defense method described above works almost miracles, and it always surprises me in action, because its results manifest themselves in manners, which at our level of knowledge sometimes cannot be explained. For myself it already proved itself surprisingly effective (e.g. in the first attempts of firing me from the job at the beginning of 2000, which are described in subsection A1 of treatise [7/2]). However, initially it is very difficult to implement correctly, because we have a natural tendency to response with the same feelings as these generated towards us by our attackers. But when used correctly, it is a perfect illustration of the Principle of Counterpolarity. For example, if we manage to induce in ourselves only positive feelings towards our attackers, than we actually attract towards ourselves also the positive feelings, which attackers generate together with the negative ones, but which they try to direct elsewhere. Therefore such positive feelings compel attackers to feel positively towards us, and even to assist us in our defense. Of course, while implementing this method, we need to remember that the final outcome is depending on such factors as: a) how well we managed to extinguish the unpleasant feelings in ourselves (i.e. the stronger are our unpleasant feelings, the smaller is the response of our environment and the larger portion of attack we need to take on ourselves), b) how many people we managed to brief into a given attack, c) how well we managed to deduce and to present the true implications that a given attack has for us and for other people, d) what is the state of morality in people who support our side. The above it is worth to supplement with the speculation that perhaps the famous Christian rule "to expose the other cheek, when we were hit into the first one" is a very crude and imperfect way of expressing this method of peaceful defense.
The Principle of Counterpolarity is one of the primary principles of the intelligent universe. From it a whole range of secondary laws and principles originate. Let us discuss here several examples of such detailed moral laws, which are secondary for this principle.
#2A. The law of two-sided swords. It is a moral equivalent to physical "law of equilibrium". It states that "the sum of all positive and negative (short term and long term) consequences of every event or action must balance to zero if it is considered in the absolute frame of reference". According to it nothing in our universe can have only positive, or only negative consequences, while the expression "this is good" or "this is bad" are true only if understood as the substitutes for the expressions "this is moral" and "this is immoral".
The law of two-sided swords is expressed in numerous proverbs, the exhausting list of which is provided in publication [9]. In order to provide here some examples, in the English language such proverbs state that "out of something bad there is always something good", or that "every cloud has a silver lining", or proverbs which claim the exact opposite of this, e.g. that "there is a thorn in every rose", or the Dutch proverb "De één z ̇n brood, is de ander z ̇n dood" that can be translated that "the bread for one is a death for others". What all these proverbs are trying to express, is just the essence of the law of two-sided sword, means the fact that in the absolute and long term sense, "good does as much bad, as bad does good", that "everything contains in itself also the exact opposite", and that "every problem contains its own solution". In order to list here several illustrations for the law of two-sided swords, the example of it can be: drinking an alcohol (initially pleasure and feeling high, then hangover and suffering), support to someone poor whom we allow to earn some money (the negative consequence is our lost of this sum of money, the positive consequence that compensates this loss is the induction of appreciation from the poor, the creation of the credit of good will, earning the return via the Boomerang Principle, etc.), eating a sweet (a pleasant taste at the moment of eating, but the pain of tooth and the bad taste afterwards), or going to a dentist (initially the pain and suffering, but then the peace and health).
The law of double-sided swords can be described mathematically. Examples of such mathematical expression of it can be the following equation:
ΣP - ΣN = 0 (1I4.1.1)
where ΣP represents the sum of positive consequences for a given person (for example a sum of moral energy which was generated by a given event or action), while ΣN represents the sum of negative consequences of a given event or action, for a person who introduced it to the circulation (for example the sum of physical energy that was used in order to realize a given action or event).
#3. The Energy Conversion Principle. This moral principle states that "whenever in a closed system there is a conversion between moral and physical energies, the sum of both types of energies before and after the conversion remains unchanged". This can be expressed as:
EB + PB = EA + PA (2I4.1.1)
where: EB and EA are moral energies before and after the conversion, while PB and PA are physical energies before and after the conversion. (Note that physical energies are potential energy and kinetic energy, which are defined and mathematically expressed in exactly the same manner as present science defines and expresses them.) The moral energies EB and EA from the equation (2I4.1.1) are defined by the formula (2A6):
E = FS + Ση(μ/μr)frsr
where subsequent symbols carry the following meaning: (F) are feelings, while (S) are motivations of a giver (this means that (F) and (S) are feelings and motivations generated within the person who is causing a conversion of energies under the analysis); (fr) i (sr) are feelings (fr) and motivations (sr) of receivers (that means these are feelings and motivations which are induced in any one out of the people who receive products of the activity that causes this particular conversion of energies) - note that in formulas for moral energy, the upper case Latin letters concern the giver, while lower case Latin letters concern the receiver of a specific moral activity. Symbol (Σ) means the process of summing along all recipients of a considered activity (e.g. if the giver is a teacher, then symbol (Σ) would mean the sum of feelings (fr) multiplied by motivations (sr) that were generated in all students of this teacher). Coefficient (η) represents the efficiency of the telepathic communication between the giver and the receiver of the analyzed activity. (Note that if receivers do not see the giver with their own eyes, the value of (η) drops so much, that practically it can be assumed η=0. For this reason for all activities carried out without the visual contact between the giver and receivers, a simplified equation is in power which takes the form (1A7): E = FS). Coefficients (μ/μr) are
expressing the moral compatibility of the giver and a receiver, that means the mutual ratio of their levels of saturation with moral energy. Note that the feeling (fr) not always must be positive and in some cases can be highly negative (i.e. when a given action caused an envy or hatred), even if the intensions of it were positive - i.e. when the giver generated positive feeling (F). Similarly the motivation (sr) of the receiver not always must be positive and in some negatively motivated people it can take negative values (e.g. represent intentions of causing pain, represent a disapproval of a given action, etc.). Therefore, there are situations when acting within the sight of recipients of our efforts, instead of increasing our moral energy (E), we can decrease this energy. (For this reason "totalizm", as well as some religions - the creators of which knew about the action of the Energy Conversion Principle, do not recommend doing good deeds in a manner that recipients know who did them - they state that good deeds should be done anonymously.)
In order to explain in simple words the significance of the Energy Conversion Principle, it is providing mathematical foundations which realize that whenever we carry out an activity which generates any moral energy, then we simultaneously must contribute to this activity the equivalent amount of physical energy, and vice versa. It is because of this principle that whenever we climb "uphill" in the moral field, we must put a noticeable physical effort into this climbing, whereas whenever we slide "downhill" of the moral field, we do this effortlessly, and with generating a noticeable amount of pleasure.
The Energy Conversion Principle is the moral equivalent of the physical "principle of conservation of energy", which states that "when a rigid body, or a system of rigid bodies, moves under the action of conservative forces, the sum of the kinetic energy and the potential energy of the system remains constant". This moral principle is equally important as its physical counterpart, and can be utilized in countless occasions when moral effects of anyone's actions are to be calculated or quantified. For example, it can be used for determining the amount of mental work being equivalent to a given physical work. After all, according to equation (2I4.1.1), every type of mental work depends on the motion of our intellects within the moral field, and therefore it must cause the conversion of physical energy into moral energy. (Of course the direction in which this conversion occurs, meaning whether it disperses or generates moral energy, is described by the mechanism of feelings - as this is explained in subsection I5.5 of this monograph.) Actually the Energy Conversion Principle forms one of the basic principles of the new discipline named "totaliztic mechanics", which is described in chapter JE of this series of monographs. This new discipline allows us to calculate such matters as amount of someone's effort when this person wishes to reach the state of nirvana, or amounts of moral energy generated during various physical activities, etc. In turn having a tool which allows such calculations, gives moral phenomena the same power of utilization, as currently physical phenomena have. Thus, the only reason why people still break moral laws and continually get punished for this breaking, is that the knowledge about these laws, although already published and available for people for a long time, is blocked from being disseminated.
#3A. The moral law of earning everything. It states that "in life we need to earn everything - the gains which someone is getting without previous earning, is in the material sense either wasted or must be earned later with pain, effort, and shortages". The more exact illustration of this law was contained in treatise [7]. The action of it is observed by people for centuries, and is even expressed with numerous proverbs (see [9]). For example it is expressed with the proverb "No pain no gain". This law has several detailed versions, which relate to its action in different life situations. Their examples include:
- The law of total justice. It states that "everyone receives in life whatever he/she
- The law of wasting gifts. It states that "all gifts are wasted, unless the receiving person previously earned them, or unless their long-term effects are going to be negative proportionally to their value".
- The law of worthlessness of unearned benefits. It states that "all benefits accomplished by someone without previous earning, are going to be wasted, or the bill for them is going to come later". This law is especially respected in some Eastern cultures, for example in Chinese culture. Because of it, Chinese even divide money into "good money" and "bad money". For example, money originating from theft, cheating, black mailing, extortion, lottery, etc., are considered by them to be "dirty", and Chinese believe that they are going away very fast, without giving any satisfaction to the owner, or become a source of some troubles and unpleasant consequences that are proportional to their value.
- The law of intellectual inertia (the effort consuming attribute of every change). It states that "every change of the currently existing situation (i.e. the intellectual status quo) requires putting an effort, which is proportional to a number of people affected with this change" (means literally: F=ma). From this law results, that introduction of new ideas, proofs, or views, always receives an intellectual resistance, that the views or scientific theories which are once introduced into the circulation, are then very difficult to withdraw or to change - even if they turn to be wrong, etc. In order to illustrate here how merciless is the action of this law, let us assume for a while, that the reader knows and accepts the evidence presented in monographs from series [5] that "the tunguska explosion from 1908 was caused by the blasting of propulsors in a cigar-shaped flying complex of three UFOs type K6". But at any attempt of repeating of this evidence to friends, this person will probably be corrected and reassured, that is at wrong because the tunguska explosion was caused by the fall of a huge meteorite - as such explanation was disseminated in the first publications on this explosion.
#4. The Principle of Moral Purpose. It states that "all laws of our universe, including into this also moral laws, are so designed, that obeying them in all our actions leads us and the universe to the constant development and continuous moral improvement". Therefore all actions, which are agreeable with these laws, at the moment of realization must be difficult to accomplish, effort consuming, or pain inducing. Thus undertaking such efforts can occur only in cases when the strength of someone's intellect dominates over natural inclinations of the body of this person. In turn everything that at the moment of realization is easy, fast, and pleasurable, must simultaneously be directed against moral laws. Therefore the supporting of our natural tendencies to "move along the line of the least intellectual resistance", means accepting in life only what is pleasurable, easy, and fast, is going to lead to a simultaneous disobedience of moral laws - see the philosophy of "totalizm" described in chapters JA, JB and JC of this series of monographs. Expressing the above in the form of much simple statements, "everything that is moral is always difficult", and "everything that is fast, easy, and pleasurable, for sure is immoral".
The Principle of Purpose is also one of the primary principles of the intelligent universe. Also from it various other laws and principles of the secondary level originate. Let us discuss now some examples of the detailed moral laws, which are secondary in relationship to this principle.
#4A. The law of most beneficial course of events. It is probably the most difficult to prove out of all moral laws. The only theoretical premise for the existence of it results from the definition of moral laws provided in subsection I3.6. However, the actual action of this law I observed not only on myself, but also I noted on my relatives and friends during analyses of actual their life experiences. The action of this law could be expressed in the following way: "out of the huge number of various events that we could be affected with in every moment of our lives, selected and realized are for us only these events, which provide the fastest and the most effective spiritual development for us, and also for all other people who are going to be affected with their outcomes or who are going to be aware of our fate". This is because of the action of this law, all people are always satisfied with their fate and would not change it for life of anyone else. The above law can be expressed with several other formulations. Here are some of them:
- "In life we always receive whatever in the absolute sense is the most beneficial for us", even if at the moment when we receive it, we do not take it as being beneficial. Thus, if we are affected by the unpleasant events, then they obey the proverb "out of something bad is always something good" - therefore in difficulties we should seek their teaching power and the future positive consequences they are to bring.
- "In life everyone receives guidance", only not everyone takes notice of them. These guiding information is passed to us with the means and possibilities of our world, thus for many people it remains unnoticeable.
- "In life we always are affected by events that we did not predicted" - as this was already pointed to us by the law discussed before. An excellent proverb which expresses this says "it is unexpected that always happens". In my personal view, the reason why events that were not predicted, are dominating over events which are predicted, is that due to continuous bombardment of us with events which we would not predict, the universal intellect forces us to train our own mind in the analysis and prediction of all possibilities that can happen in a given situation. It is worth to add here that in some Eastern cultures (e.g. in the Chinese one), mechanisms were worked out, which constantly remind ordinary people to consider possibilities of appearing of unexpected, and thus to prevent mentally the release of it. These mechanisms are based on superstitions. In these cultures a very complicated system of superstitions was developed, which direct people's attention into omens and various signs of warnings. This system in turn forces people to constantly consider the possibility of appearing of some unexpected event. In turn by considering such possibility, it turns this event into a "predicted" one, and thus prevents its release.
- "Be appreciative for everything", even if it is not exactly what you wanted or what you expected. Everything what we receive is always served in amount, quality, and manner, which is the most appropriate for our good, and for our spiritual development. Also if we receive something, we should compare it to whatever others received. After all, the known Buddhist saying states that "Cling not to nothing for at the end everything goes away" (see [9]). But we should learn by the analysis of fate of other people.
- "Let us learn on our own errors and let us carefully analyze each our defeat". If in life we are affected by some kind of defeat, it happened in a given moment and extend at least for two reasons, i.e. in order to let us learn that (1) something is wrong with our actions, and we should work towards correcting it, and (2) we previously did something that according to the Boomerang Principle or with the Maximal Teaching Effect now is bringing to us just such a return - thus in future we should be careful not to repeat such an action.
- "In the duration of a single lifespan almost all generated karma is paid back". We should be prepared that almost everything that we do now, is going to be returned still in this lifetime, so that for a next life almost no karma is carried out. It is worth to notice that to the carrying out to another lifetime, only this karma is designated, which is impossible to be returned in this lifetime (for example childless people cannot receive the return that they generated towards their own parents, while the castrating woman cannot receive her return until she is incarnated as a man).
- "For a given person all events which affect it are subjectively balanced in sense of their positive and negative influence (relating to actual level of a given person)". Chinese this principle of balancing call "Yin and Yang". The above means that for example if someone receives a gift, which was awaiting for a long time, then together with this gift some other event will arrive, which for the receiving person is going to spoil the reception, in this way subjectively balancing the pleasurable (good) with unpleasant (bad) effects of receiving this gift. In turn if a person is affected by a disaster or a loss, it is going to be connected (via time or via causes) with some other positive event, which is going to subjectively balance the negative consequences. On the same principle every famous piece of art has some detail which spoils it, while every technical device has not only drawbacks, but also advantages. The action of the above principle of balancing is reflected by numerous proverbs and sayings. Let us quote some of them: "When one door closes another opens", "what goes round comes round". This principle also manifests itself in the law that states "the more primitive is a given civilization, the more supernatural intervention is in its affairs". This laws results from the fact that in primitive civilizations do not exist scientific or technical achievements, that would balance the bad events that affect them. Therefore, in order to still balance these events, the universal intellect must use the divine intervention. In turn in civilizations that are highly developed scientifically and technically, there are various methods of balancing of bad events without the necessity of resorting to divine intervention. Therefore in the highly developed civilizations, the ratio of supernatural phenomena in everyday life rapidly drops down.
#4B. The Law of Maximal Teaching Effect of every event. This law is the result of combining together the Principle of Cause and Effect, with the law of most beneficial course of events. It states that "every event which affects us, is carefully selected from the point of view of the type of effects that it brings to us, their intensity, power and ways of affecting us, and the exact moment and circumstances when this event happens, so that the teaching power of it is maximal, while the moral lesson that it teaches us concerns simultaneously the maximal number of levels and problems". From this law results, for example, that if something falls down, it falls in a manner that causes the most damage and thus is giving us several different moral lessons at the same time, that flu always gets people in the less appropriate moment - when everything becomes really urgent, or that problems usually arrive in packs and concern many matters at once so that they most effectively force us to think our matters over and to reflect. It is worth to notice here, that because of this unique action of the Law of Maximal Teaching Effect: a) "all attempts to push onto others the responsibility or guilt for our own defeats and errors, is the avoidance of accepting the moral lesson that was just applied to us - thus in the future this lesson is going to be repeated with much higher power", and b) "every defeat and unpleasantness that affects us in life, we turn into our personal gain and the feeling of accomplishment if we manage to realize the content of moral lesson that it supposed to teach us".
The Law of Maximization of Teaching Effect is characterized by one very vital attribute, which should be explained here. This is the fact that the Law of Maximization of Teaching Effect has the power to extend the Boomerang Principle for additional unpleasant experiences, and to generate "creditory karma". This means that it has the power to cause that some unpleasant experiences that affect us in life, not necessarily must originate from the Boomerang Principle and not necessarily are written in our karma, but they simply can be served to us "in addition", to give us a mortal lesson in the area which definitively needs to be learned either by us, or by someone who observes our fate (this lesson is so selected, that it is maximally teaching for us and for possibly widest audience of people who are aware of our fate).
From the to-date analyses of the mechanism, with which this Law of the Maximization of Teaching Effect extends its actions above of whatever we have in our karma, it appears that this law is a kind of cause-effect reversal of the Boomerang Principle. In order to explain this mechanism here, if we are affected by an event for which we have no karma as yet, than this event generates in us a so-called "creditory karma". This creditory karma has this property, that it can be materialized, although does not need to. It causes, that only in cases, when in the future we commit something that is programmed in it, than for this action we are not going to pay back - because we already payed it earlier. But if we do not commit such thing voluntarily, then this karma does not need to be materialized. This in turn means, that in cases when according to the Law of Maximal Teaching Effect something affects us, than we receive for this event a karmatic credit, which we can use up later. It is worth to notice, that because of the existence of this creditory karma, it constitutes one out of several possible mechanisms of breaking down the "karmatic chains". Our learning of these mechanisms is very vital, because their practical utilization allows the gradual improvement of the world in which we live.
The interesting aspect of the Law of Maximal Teaching Effect, which I managed to observe during cases known to me when it was released, is that people who are to be affected with some undesirable experience for which they do not have karma, are always somehow asked for permission to get this experience. This asking is not obvious and open, but it takes place at the subconscious level, by checking whether a given person accepts the evil that is just coming at him/her. If someone subconsciously rebels against a given experience, and does not want to accept it, then it is not served, and there is some divine intervention which either modifies it, or completely eliminates it. Thus experiences which are outcomes of this law, are only served to those people, who by their subconscious acceptance or resignation, or through decisive selection, accept the unpleasant experience which they do not deserve with their earlier behaviour.
Out of all possible reasons of releasing the action of this law, especially vital is the voluntarily release. It takes place always in cases, when a given person undertakes a conscious decision, that should voluntarily undergo through some kind of undeserved suffering, in order to serve as an example to others, or to direct them into a proper path, or to realize to them an important lesson, etc. There is a lot of examples of such voluntarily releases of this law. In order to indicate at least some of them here, they include: Socrates (Greek philosopher from Athens, c. 470 B.C. - 399 B.C.), Jesus, Scotsman Sir William Wallace (1270- 1305), Joanne D'Arc, Father Kolbe (who voluntarily let himself killed by Germans in a concentration camp to spare the life of another prisoner), Mother Teresa. In every case of a voluntarily release of this law, the moral impact of it is huge - this is another evidence that behind the action of moral laws stands the universal intellect, which maintains the memory of those who obey laws that it imposed on people.
#4C. The Law of Multidimensional Moral Consequences. It also results from the Principle of Purpose, or more strictly from the fact that nothing in life happens by a coincidence, and every event that affects us has several deep reasons and purposes. The result of this law is that all events which affect us in life, always have many moral dimensions, means that they serve several moral purposes simultaneously. This multidimensional nature of events causes, that the same event always provides us with several different moral lessons for several different topics (although we not always realize all these lessons). For example, if we get a powerful flu, when we would not listen mum and we dressed too light, when we kissed someone who just had a flu, and when landing in a bed makes impossible for us to meet members of our gang, than the subsequent dimensions of the same moral lesson called "flu" realize to us: start to listen to what mum is telling, start to notice the requirements of a hygiene, and revise our relationship with gang members. Therefore, the content of the Law of Multidimensional Moral Consequences can be expressed in the following way: "everything that affects us in life, has more than one major purpose, and more than one moral consequence". This law orders us to seek consequences and goals others than the ones that are obvious, in everything that we are affected with. In fact the number of levels that we are able to detect in a given event, is an indicator of our moral maturity. For example, moral ignorant always sees in a given event only the most obvious and the fist level - i.e. whether this is pleasant or unpleasant for him or her (e.g. in eating a sweet he/she sees only the level: "tasted good" or "how unappetizing"). People in the first stadium of learning totalizm start to see also the next level of long-term consequences (e.g. in eating a sweet, they also see the influence into teeth or diabetes - thus they start to realize also the operation of the law of two- sided sward). Finally people with an advanced knowledge of totalizm start to realize consequences of even further level (e.g. in eating a sweet they start to see the effort and love of mother who bought it, the morality and moral energy of the factory which produced it, etc.).
#4D. The Law of Superiority of moral laws over physical laws. It is the outcome of the superiority of the counter-world over our physical world. It states that "in all cases of collisions of laws, and also in relation to intellects that have over-critical amount of moral energy, laws of physics are under control of moral laws". The action of this law is manifested in several different manners. Here are explanations for some of them.
- The deformation of physical laws which is progressing with our age. Laws of physics are working precisely according to their content only in case when from their outcomes does not depend the fulfillment of any moral law. Therefore in our young age, when we still do not have accumulated a high karma, or do not have the level of moral energy that is any different from normal - and thus which would affect the action of physical laws, many events that we observe are ruled exclusively by laws of physics. But proportionally as with the progress of our age, the accumulation of our karma is growing, and the level of our moral energy becomes either higher or lower than normal, this two factors (i.e. karma and moral energy) cause the change of action of laws of physics. Therefore for older people, the action of laws of physics is not so unambiguous as for young people. Many phenomena and effects, which according to laws of physics would work in a given manner, actually for older people start to work in a completely different manner, and sometimes fully contradictive to laws of physics.
- The possibility of mental redirecting the action of laws of physics. People with very uniform accumulation of karma, or with decisively different from average level of moral energy, just by their taking part in some events and by thinking about the outcome, can influence the cause of appropriate laws of physics. This includes people either very good in moral sense, and thus having especially high level of moral energy (e.g. saints, high priests, innocent children, legendary virgins, people doing many totaliztic good deeds, healers, people practicing martial arts, etc.), or people specially evil, and thus characterized with almost a complete lack of moral energy (e.g. people very envious or aggressive, exploiters, despotic dictators, long-term unemployed, executioners, etc.). Therefore in the presence of such people, improbable events may take place, such as for example the correct use by a layman of a device that requires a lot of skills and training, or a complete impossibility to use a device that one knows perfectly, unexpected work of a device which should not work at all (from this law originates the well-known folk claim that "gun once per year shoots without ammunition"), or the jamming and disintegration of devices after someone touches them, results of experiments that are opposite to expected, telekinesis, appearance or disappearance of aggressiveness in animals, rapid recuperation or illness, opening body with hands - means "bloodless operations" (which are only possible by healers who accumulated especially high level of moral energy), etc.
- Moral modification of laws of physics. Laws of physics work according to their content only when no moral law modifies their outcomes. But there can be situations when outcomes of laws of physics would be contradictive to someone's karma. In such situations outcomes of laws of physics are either cancelled (e.g. by shifting time backwards - as below this is described in relationship to outcomes of head-on collisions of cars), or these laws completely refuse to work . A drastic example of cancellation of outcomes of action of laws of physics was reported to me by my close friend Dr J. (Bob) Valkenburg (P.O. Box 39, Te Kuiti, New Zealand). In 1995 together with his friend (Refris Templer) he was driving a car at a high speed. When he was overtaking a cyclist and thus moved on the other side of the road, from another direction a fast moving truck emerged. The car of my fried had a head-on collision with this truck. For the duration of around 15 seconds my friend and his companion were experiencing the state of blackout and being shifted somewhere, and the physical absence in the area of accident. Then both find themselves again in the car, driving the same point of the road, but there were no a cyclist or a truck any more in there. (On the basis of my research to- date I am convinced that there was a shift of time for my friend and his companion - see subsection M1, combined with the simultaneous de-synchronization of their time and time of a cyclist and a truck.) As a curiosity I should add here that I know in person many more people (at the time of writing this paragraph - as many as three), who take part in fatal car accidents, but for whom the fact of occurring of this accidents was subsequently annulated in almost an identical manner. A next person known to me, who driving a car also had a head-on collision with another car, and then the entire event was shifted back in time and erased, is Mrs. Enid Tata of New Zealand. The third such person I got to know, would not allow to publish his name. As a child he used to ride his childish bicycle down the road that passed by his home. One day during such riding he went straight under wheels of a huge truck that emerged from the opposite direction. For a short duration he experienced blackout and would not know what happened to him. When he wake up he was lying in his bed in the house - in one piece and without a slightest damage. After he told surprised parents the entire event, they all went to see the area of this accident. They found his bicycle in there - whole smashed and flattened with wheels of a truck. I also heard about a fourth similar case, but it was slightly different. I was visiting a friend from Roxburgh, New Zealand, while family of his friends was also there. A lady from this family told us their experience that they just had with their car. During driving it they took a short cut of a corner and went onto a wrong side of the road. From the opposite side emerged a fast moving car. But before there was a head-on collision, something happened and they all felt as if they are floating in the air. Afterwards they found themselves on a correct side of the road, while there was no any other car in the vicinity. Actually this event I heard before any other one. Thus I did not realize that there is a repetitive pattern in such events, and also I did not ask for details of these people.
#5. Principle of Personal Responsibility. The action of laws of physics is based on the principle, that the responsibility for everything lies beyond the object that completes a given action. For this reason, for example the responsibility for the fact that a river flows in a complicated manner lies in forces of gravity, in the rotation of Earth, in the geology of the land, etc. - means in everything but the river itself. This principle of laws of physics, that the responsibility for everything must be pushed away on something or someone else, are trying to cultivate also people who in their personal philosophies are following the line of the least intellectual resistance - means who adhere to the philosophy of parasitism described in chapter JD. According to their claims, the responsibility for everything lies in other people, in the prevailing laws and regulations, in circumstances, etc. - means in everything and everyone except for themselves. But moral laws define the location of responsibility in a completely different manner. According to moral laws, the direct responsibility for everything lies in the doer who completes a given action. In this way moral laws are making accountable everyone - they do not consider whom can be charged with responsibility for a given action or event, but they always punish or reward the direct doer of this action or event. This drastic change of location of responsibility in moral laws, when compared to laws of physics, is expressed with the use extremely important Principle of Personal Responsibility. This principle states that: "we ourselves take the personal and undivided responsibility for everything that we do in our lives, and also for everything that according to moral laws we should do - but we neglected doing it".
The above we should supplement with the information that totalizm and the Concept of Dipolar Gravity define the responsibility as a moral equivalent to the idea of "acceleration" from physics and classical mechanics - see also descriptions from subsection JA8, JA2.3 and JE3.5 /?/. In the light of totalizm, taking the responsibility is a moral action which is the equivalent of accelerating our own motivations. In turn pushing responsibility away is the equivalent of a rapid deceleration our motivations. As such, the concept of responsibility is by itself a very significant "indicator of the moral correctness" - see descriptions in subsection JA2.3.
The Principle of Personal responsibility is also a source of detailed moral laws. Let us state here some examples of them.
#5A. The law of personal responsibility for our ignorance. Because one of the more vital moral laws states that "constantly lift your knowledge of moral laws", the content of the law of personal responsibility for our ignorance can be defined in a following manner: "ignoring to learn the action of any of moral laws does not release anyone from the personal responsibility for obeying this law and for suffering all consequences in case this law is broken". Expressing this in other words, tolerance of our own ignorance in any area, e.g. of the knowledge of laws of universe, is a serious moral crime for which a given person (and also a given group, organization, nation, or civilization) is going to be punished, through subjecting it to increasingly weighty situations, in which these laws are going to be executed with ever increasing power. The outcome of the action of this law is that from our initiative, responsibility, thoroughness, consistence, openness to truth and new knowledge, depends how our life is going to unfold. We should not expect that someone should, or that something is going to assist us to direct or to settle this life. We also should not push responsibility for our defeats at someone or something else. The key for our happiness and success lies in our own hand.
#5B. The law of personal responsibility for each single our action. Moral laws charge us with the personal responsibility for the entire activity that we lead, or for the lack of action in situations when the moral acting was required from us. It can be expressed with the wording that "for moral laws all effects of our actions remain our personal responsibility, independently onto whom or what we would try to push this responsibility". For example, many people show in their lives the tendency to do various atrocities, if they only have some excuse, justification, or a pretext for them. And so many people is ready to start killing, torturing, oppressing, putting down, or exploiting others, if they only do it because of the order of their superiors, or in the name of interests of the nation, country, or company, or because of the recommendation of leaders of their religion, or because they were taught so by their lecturers and textbooks, etc. But according to moral laws, it is not vital what excuse someone has for a given behavior, because always he/she takes the personal, full, and unavoidable responsibility for everything that is doing. Thus in the effect of these laws, everyone unavoidably receives a response, which is an exact equivalent and consequence of whatever was done. The effects of the law of personal responsibility for each single our action are manifesting themselves in several different manners. Here are explanations for some of them.
- "From the responsibility one does not escape". Thus if someone did something, for what - according to moral laws - he/she must then take the responsibility, than wherever this person would hide this responsibility is going to find him/her.
- "The escape from responsibility accelerates the arrival of it". If someone tries to escape the responsibility that falls on him/her, than all actions aimed at avoiding it, only accelerate the arrival of it. It is expressed by various proverbs, e.g. "the attempts to ignore a problem cause this problem to grow".
#6. The Principle of Rewarding Moral Behavior and Punishing the Immoral Behavior. It states that "whenever in the real life a situation of a conflict between two sides appears, with one side acting morally while other one - immorally, then the action of a group of moral laws is initiated, which in various ways support and reward the side which acts morally, but simultaneously limit and punish the side that acts immorally".
Moral laws that belong to the principle discussed here, are these ones that cause the frequent appearance of phenomena which border with small miracles. I personally many times in my life had an opportunity to notice manifestations of action of moral laws that result from this principle, and they always induced my deepest astonishment. They demonstrate the occurrence of small-scale miracles, which literally appear at our wish, and which show their power to serve only us. Therefore, for me personally the discovery and confirmation of the actual operation of this principle, together with moral laws that stem from it, was a huge astonishment. It realized to me, that behind the action of moral laws, a super-intelligence is hiding. So moral laws do not act blindly and automatically like physical laws.
The action of every moral law that stems from this principle, is always conditioned by various requirements. These requirements are so designed, that they make impossible to enjoy benefits of these laws by people who do not act morally. Therefore in order to cause the operation of these laws in the real life, the best way is to initiate this operation via the use of methods of our moral acting that are especially devoted to them. Examples of just such methods are described in subsections W6.1 and W6.2.
Until now I managed to identify and to formulate several moral laws that result from the Principle of Rewarding Moral Behavior and Punishing the Immoral Behavior. Here are these laws:
#6A. The law of a highway through a sea. The name of it refers to probably a well-known to the reader case described in the Bible, when waters of the Red Sea parted to form a path for Israelites that were escaping from the Egyptian slavery. The reason for just such a name is the fact, that in real life the action of this law is a reflection of that Biblical situation. This is because the discussed moral laws states that "if in the situation of a conflict between two sides, one of which acts decisively morally while other one - decisively immorally, the side which acts morally is put into a situation without exist by the side that acts immorally, then moral laws automatically form a safe exit from such a trap, even if for this purpose they need to form a highway through a sea". However, for benefiting from the fruits of this law, one needs to know that this safe exit from the trap situation formed automatically by moral laws, is always well hidden. Therefore, in order to use it, the side that acts morally must firstly put an effort in finding it. But this exit never is allowed to be used by the side which acts immorally, even if this side puts a significant effort to find it.
In order to explain in other words the essence of the above moral law, it acts exactly as this is described in the Bible for Moses and Israelis when they cross the Red Sea through the road that was formed after water parted. Whenever anyone with evil intentions intends to destroy someone that acts morally, then this moral law initiates the action, and forms the path especially for the use of this side which acts morally and was put into a given trap. But the problem is, that this escape path, or a safe exit from a difficult situation, is always well hidden. In order to find it, it is necessary to put a bit of intellectual effort into the search. The reason is, that the side which acts morally must prove through such searches, that really wants to find the exit from this difficult situation and that trusts in power of the universal intellect to create appropriate exit. So-far people did not know about the existence and operation of this moral law. So usually, when pushed into a corner, they gave up and did not seek the exit. While this exit actually was waiting for them hidden somewhere nearby. Therefore now, when the operation of this moral laws is finally discovered, we must remember that if we act morally, then this safe exit from the situation always awaits for us and we only need to find it.
I discovered the action of this moral law gradually, after I formulated around 1999 the so-called "method of a blind samurai" that is described in subsection W6.1. The operation of this method is based on the action of the law discussed here. It depends on a fast finding a path around any obstacle that stands on our way to a moral goal. Since the times when I developed this method, I applied it hundreds of times in my everyday life. It turned out to be extremely effective. During using it I noticed with astonishment, that in many cases a way for an easy walking around a difficult obstacle, appeared rapidly in places, where normally this way was absent. After I analyzed these cases I finally started to understand, that such exits from difficult situations are formed automatically by moral laws, separately for each case of such difficult situations that look as if they have no exit at all. For more details see the description of the "method of a blind samurai" provided in subsection W6.1.
#6B. The law of automatic transformation of a moral victory into a physical victory. This law states that "if in a real life exists a situation of confrontation or fight between two sights, out of which one acts morally while the other - immorally, and during this confrontation the side that acts morally accomplishes a moral victory, but physically becomes defeated, then with the elapse of time this physical defeat becomes automatically transformed into physical victory by the action of moral laws themselves". A best example of operation of this law was the death of Jesus. “Serpents” managed to defeat Jesus physically through his crucifixion with telepathically manipulated Jews - as evidentially reveals this Figure O7 /?/. But Jesus was victorious over these “serpents” morally. So with the elapse of time his moral victory was automatically transformed into a physical victory through the sole action of moral laws. A large number of similar cases, that confirm the repetitive work of this law in every case that pertain to it, we know from everyday life and from textbooks of history. These who accomplish physical victories, but are defeated morally, with the elapse of time have their physical wins automatically transformed into defeats. In turn moral victories of their opponents, with the elapse of time are automatically transformed into the physical victories.
The moral law discussed here is enormously important. This is because it introduces a number of practical consequences. For example, it illustrates that the universal justice is NOT blind like the justice of people, but acts intelligently. In this case, with the use of moral laws this universal justice gives a significant advantage to these ones, who defend themselves morally against an aggressor that physically dominates over them with force. It evens chances in a fight between a weak assaulted, and a powerful aggressor. This law illustrates also, that the defense is a highly moral activity and is supported by moral laws, while the aggression is immoral and is combated by moral laws - what is explained in subsection JC11.1 /?/.
The first signs of the operation of this law I noted personally in Timaru in 1999. At that time the management of my employer over there instigated against me a long campaign of immoral actions aimed at removing me from the job. I write about this campaign in subsection A4, and in treatise [7/2]. In my pedantically moral defense against this aggression, I intuitively was using the method described in subsection W6.2 /?/, although at that time I had no principles of it formulated yet. My defense was shockingly effective, in spite that I had against me the entire management of my employer. I lost physically this continuous defense only at the end of 2000, when I was made redundant from the job over there. Beginning from that time, I started to gather and analyze observational facts about the action of the law discussed here. The present form of this law I managed to formulate in December 2003, when I developed an effective method of defense that practically utilizes the action of this moral law. I called this new method with the name of the "method of Jesus", because Jesus was the first on Earth who used it in an intended and fully aware manner. The "method of Jesus" is extremely effective in all fights and confrontations. It allows to win a morally justified fight with even the most powerful enemy. It is enough that a physically weaker participant wins the fight morally. In turn moral laws automatically transform this moral win into a physical win. More details about this law and the "method of Jesus" that implements it practically provides subsection W6.2 /?/.
#6C. The Law of Partnership Ladder. It acts during a dynamic selection of partners. This moral laws states that "in case when we change our partners, our next partner is going to be much more moral from the previous one - if in our last partnership we were this side which is more moral from our previous partner, or our next partner is going to be less moral from our previous one - if in our last partnership we were less moral than our previous partner". In other words, our new partner is going to be better suiting our current moral level in a given area of partnership, than was our previous partner. In this definition by the term "partner" one must understand any person, institution, animal, or even an object, with which we temporally are going into a kind of relationship. For example it can be our wife or husband, sympathy, boss, employer, subordinate, client, teacher, student, friend, acquaintance, neighbor, car, television set, telephone, cow, horse, dog, cat, etc. In order to explain the action of this law, let us consider a hypothetical situation of a married couple, who started the life together, in the marriage matters initially being on the same moral level. But with the elapse of time morality of each one of them has changed, so that this couple was forced to take a divorce (see the consequences of "moral creeping" or "moral tearing apart" described in subsection JD1.2 /?/). To simplify the matter, let us assume hypothetically that the morality of the first member of this couple went down, while the morality of the second one - got improved. According to the action of the law described here, the next partner of the first member of this couple (means the one who decreased own morality) is going to have much worse morality than the original partner. In this way the morality of this next partner is going to be more adequate to the current (lower) level of morality of this former family member. In turn the second member of this family (who improved the morality) is going to receive a next partner, which is going to have much higher morality than the original partner. Because life depends on constant changes of our partners, therefore by dynamic comparison of partners which we receive in a given point of time, with partners that we had in past, we can monitor our current morality related to a given area of our life activities. Thus we can also deduce, which aspect of our current morality requires work at a given stage of our life.
The above can be expressed in a very simplified form. If a given partnership is disintegrating, than next partners of the same couple (for the same type of partnership) are going to be better or worse, depending on who was morally undergrown and who was morally overgrown in the previous partnership. This in turn means that change of our partners is like climbing a ladder. Depending how we behave while standing on a given step, with our next partnership we either are going to be advanced one step higher, or degraded one step lower. Of course, every partnership limits itself to selected aspects of morality of both sides. Therefore the effect of carrying it out into the future partnership only occurs in this next partnership, which concerns the same moral aspects (e.g. the present treatment of our emotional partner defines the caliber of our next emotional partner, while our treatment of, let say, our boss, defines the caliber of our next boss).
I also observed a very interesting mechanisms of executing in everyday life the law described here. From my observations it appears, that in case of attempt of starting a partnership by two candidates with much different moral levels, the side which refuses this attempt - thus practically which makes impossible starting a given partnership, is always characterized by morality which is too low. This leads to a very comforting conclusion, that "if someone refuses our offer of partnership, practically this means that he/she is not good enough for this partnership" (such a behavior probably results from the law of earning everything).
As a curiosity it is worth to add here, that according to my analyses, the Law of Partnership Ladder acts also for animals, and even for devices, buildings, and for any other objects, especially these more favored, or extremely vital to someone's style of living. For example, if a farmer has a very efficient and tamed cow, or working and obedient horse, or a family has a very intelligent dog or a car that rarely breaks down, in case of arrival of unavoidable change, the next animal or device is going to behave better or worse depending on the moral attitude of this farmer and his/her family to the predecessor (means depending how they treated this predecessor). In old times many believes and folk practices existed that resulted from this aspect of the moral law discussed here. For example, they boiled down to treatment of important animals and objects like members of own family or like close friends. (In Malaysia even today a special type of ritual dagger called "kris" is treated as a friend, and every Friday it is "fed" with a juice from small lemon and with smoke from incense.)
Because all group intellects are also subjected to moral laws, the Law of Partnership Ladder acts for such group intellects as well. For example, a type of leaders that in a specific period of time rule a given country, nation, or organization, depends on the current level of group morality of all members of this group intellect. Thus leaders of a high caliber are ruling only these countries, nations, or organizations, the group morality of which in a given period of time is sufficiently high. (I.e. "a high caliber of leaders must be earned by all people who are led by these leaders", and "the morality of leaders is always representative to a group morality of people who are led by these leaders".) Because the moral state of a society can change rather rapidly in a dynamic political conditions, in such unstable circumstances subsequent leaders can display even quite significant differences in their moral level.
#6D. The law of punishing those who blame unjustly. The work of this law causes, that "if the blame for causing our pain we push onto someone completely innocent, then we are going to feel this pain twice as intensely as we would feel it if we push the blame onto someone who is truly guilty of this pain". The mechanism of acting of this law is based on the action of karma explained in subsection I4.4. Namely, in each case when we emotionally blame someone for our pain, the karma for this pain is sent to registers of this someone. But if this person is innocent, and receives this karma without actually deserving it, the organ of conscience of this person is sending a copy of this karma back to us. This copy in turn duplicates our pain and consequences of it. Such and no other action of this moral law obviously was designed by the universal intellect to inspire people for searching the true causers of every their pain, and also to discourage people from blaming for each their suffering nearest "escape goats" which happen to accidentally found themselves nearby. In turn the fact that this moral law works with an iron consequence in every case which applies to it, gives to our hands a very effective method of decreasing at least by half, and sometimes even to zero, the pain that we currently experience. This decrease of the pain we accomplish due to a simple charging the blame for this pain onto those who really caused it. As I already confirmed it many times, the effect of the use of this method in practice is truly astonishing.
Of course, our learning of moral laws from definition never is going to be finished and
final. Surely the list of these laws provided in this subsection does not contain neither their final formulations or do not represent their complete list. From my to-date research it appears that the best manner for realizing the existence of moral laws (i.e. for their discovery), and for leading our lives according to them, is to: (1) consult our conscience (intuition), (2) analyze proverbs of various nations (thus the need for monograph [9], which is devoted to such analysis), (3) interpret in the light of the Concept of Dipolar Gravity the content of various religious texts, (4) analyze the real fate of real people, and also (5) translate into the moral terminology the content of known laws of physics. As this is postulated in subsections JA10, D4.2 /?/, I4.1.2 and I5.3, our conscience (intuition) is pre-programmed for the obedience of moral laws, only that by the falling into various temptations, ambitions, and desires, with the elapse of time we learn how to suppress it. In turn proverbs in their majority are simply interpretation of the action of moral laws related to specific life situations - see [9]. Various old religious texts can be explained as ancient equivalents to present textbooks, which to readers of a specific level of awareness try to explain the existence and operation of the counter-world, the universal intellect, and moral laws. Finally the analysis of fate of real people whom we know in person gives to us the obvious illustration to the action of moral laws. (However, at this point it should be remembered, that heroes from books, journals, films, and from other invented - means non-real creativity, usually do not respect the action of moral laws. Therefore basing our lives on their model would be highly unwise and leading to notorious breaking of moral laws. Thus totalizm decisively discourages following whatever "pieces of art" are stating, as this almost never is entirely based on the fate of real people.)
The awareness of the existence of moral laws, and the knowledge of operation of the most important of them, gives to our hands much greater control over our own life. If we know about the existence of these laws, and simultaneously we notice that in our life something does not go as it should, then it forces us to consider, the obeying of which moral laws we ignored, and what steps we should undertake to improve our situation in the future.
Moral laws influence the fate of people in a very weighty manner. Their iron consequence of action causes that fate of individual people always must be contained somewhere between two extremes, which could be called "the model of narrowing spiral", and "the model of expanding spiral".
The model of life, which can be symbolized by the narrowing spiral, is characterized for intellects, which constantly break moral laws (i.e. thus according to subsection JD1.2 /?/ they follow the downhill philosophical life-cycle). In the result, as time elapses these intellects gradually get "trapped" by punishing consequences of continuous breaking of these laws. Their lives become increasingly difficult, while the replies of the environment to their actions increasingly harmful. Therefore with the elapse of time these intellects become increasingly sour, disillusioned, and evil. Such a model of life sometimes is also called "Kafka model", because it is disseminated and emphasized in works of the Czech writer of the Jewish origin (who used to write in German) called Franz Kafka (1883-1924).
The model symbolized by the expanding spiral is characteristic for intellects, which always try to obey moral laws (the obedience of which was taught to them by parents, religion, own intuition, ethics, rightness, etc.). Therefore, with the elapse of time the replies of the environment to their actions are increasingly pleasant for them, opening for them many more possibilities and pleasant consequences. Their previous accomplishments are also mobilizing them to even higher obedience of moral laws, thus increasing their personal happiness, feeling of success, fulfillment, etc.
Of course, in the real life every person can follow a path, which lies somewhere between these two extremes, as in some parts it is going to be obeying moral laws, in other
part - breaking them. Only especially perfect and especially evil people are going to follow exactly one of these two models.
It should be added here, that because of the existence of the "group morality", fate of all separate groups of people (such as families, factories, organizations, nations, countries, civilizations, etc.) also are subjected to the action of moral laws, thus also are following one of the above models. This is because of this model, that at the very end of every civilization which practices the institutional parasitism, and thus which constantly breaks moral laws, always lies the self-destruction.
=> I4.1.2.
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I4.1.1. Examples of the most representative moral laws - von tina - 30.10.2015, 22:45
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Total Number of words made out of Masks = 14
Masks is an acceptable word in Scrabble with 11 points. Masks is an accepted word in Word with Friends having 12 points. Masks is a 5 letter medium Word starting with M and ending with S. Below are Total 14 words made out of this word.
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1). ma 2). ka 3). as 4). am
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The Süleymaniye Mosque in Istanbul of Sultan Suleyman the Magnificent.
Süleymaniye, Mosque, Istanbul, Sultan, Suleyman, Architecture, Islam,
The Süleymaniye Mosque in Istanbul.
The Süleymaniye Mosque (Turkish: Süleymaniye Camii) is one of the great mosques in İstanbul. It was built by order of Sultan Suleyman the Magnificent in a very short construction period between the years 1550 and 1557 and is an important work of the architect Sinan.
The Süleymaniye Mosque in Istanbul. Built by order of Sultan Suleyman the Magnificent.
The Franks have so changed the terms of the Turkish language, that they are hardly to be recognized. Moslem, which signifies a “professor of the true faith,” they have corrupted into Mussulman, and Mesjid, the temple in which he worshipped, into mosque!
When the Turks appropriated to themselves the great Christian church of Santa Sophia, they made it the model of all their future religious edifices. The general outline is a Greek cross, enclosed ill a quadrangle. This is surmounted with a large dome in the centre, to represent, as the modern Greeks say, the great wound in our Saviour’s side; the four smaller domes at the angles, depicting the smaller wounds in his hands and feet.
This form the Turks usually observe, without any reference to its origin; but they have added members peculiar to themselves. They hold bells in abhorrence, and invite their congregations to prayer by the human voice only. For this purpose certain slender towers shoot up from the angles of the edifice, where the Muezzin ascends by interior stairs, and from a circular gallery round the shaft calls together the faithful. These towers are denominated Menar or Minareh, an Arabic word which signifies a “beacon or light-house” to guide the true believer.
The Muezzin puts his hands behind his ears, and from the hollow of his palms shouts out his invitation, walking round and repeating to the four points of the compass, “There is but one God, and Mohammed is his prophet:-come to prayers-come to salvation.” This cry, called the Ezan, is repeated five times a day at regular intervals; and as it issues from every minaret, and perhaps two thousand mouths at the same moment, it fills all the air with a solemn and supernatural sound, and regulates all the arrangements of the people, who have no public clocks to direct them.
Besides the common mosque of the city, there are thirteen eminently distinguished. They are called Djami Selatyn, or “Imperial mosques,” because they have been erected by some sultan as the highest act of piety. They are always distinguished by their magnitude, magnificence, and the number and beauty of their minarets. While the smaller mosques have but one, they have never less than two, and generally four. But of all these Djami, that erected by Soliman II. is the most splendid among the mosques, as its founder was among the sultans. He was called” the magnificent,” and his temple justifies the appellation.
Koerner, Valide, Solimanie, Mosque, Istanbul, Turkey, Architecture, Islam,
Ernst Karl Koerner. Valide and Solimanie Mosque, Istanbul Turkey.
The Christian church of Saint Euphemia, at Chalcedon, in which the grand council had been held, was celebrated for its size and architectural ornaments. It contained on that memorable occasion 630 bishops in its nave, and was the most distinguished of Christian churches after Santa Sophia: when that edifice was dedicated to the Prophet by his predecessor, Soliman could not appropriate any of its parts to his new erection; so he dilapidated the church of St. Euphemia for the purpose, and built his mosque with its materials. It was commenced in 1550, and took five years to build it.
It would be difficult to convey, by any description, a perfect idea of a building so vast and complicated. A notice of its prominent features must suffice. It is a quadrangle, 234 feet long, and 227 wide. The great dome by which the edifice is surmounted, is flanked or supported by two hemispheres, one on each side, and over each aisle are four smaller ones. A broad flight of marble steps leads to the great door, before which is a facade, which particularly distinguishes this temple. It consists of six pillars of Egyptian porphyry, of immense size and singular beauty.
Attached to the edifice are four minarets in front and rear, having galleries ornamented with tracery; and by a singular irregularity, two, having but two galleries, are shorter than the others which have three. Beside it are splendid mausolea, surmounted with domes, under which repose the bodies of the founder and his Sultana. At the head stands a knob covered with his turban, richly ornamented with precious stones, and near it is suspended the Alcoran, from which an Imam reads a daily portion, for the consolation of him whose ashes repose in tho tomb, and who is supposed to hear it. Over one of the gates is an inscription recording its erection. It states that it was built by “the glorious Vicar of Allah, existing by the authority of the mystic Koran, the tenth of the Ottoman emperors, for the faithful people who served the Lord.” It concludes with a prayer, “That the imperial race may never be interrupted on earth, and enjoy eternal delights prepared in paradise.”
This mosque, like most others, is surrounded by two areas; one of which, planted with trees, is a common thoroughfare usually filled with groups of people. Here soldiers sometimes encamp, and men of war pitch their tents within the precincts of the mussulman’s God of peace. Here, also, small merchants expose their wares, and no one casts out those who “buy and sell.” Here even a Giaour (Infidel) may pass unobstructed, and the infidel hat be seen mixed with the sacred turban.
Solimanie, Mosque, Istanbul, Sultan,Soliman, Architecture, Islam,
Solimanie, or Mosque of Sultan Soliman.
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About Us
Here at the Anxiety to Freedom blog, our goal is to give you the help and information you need to make progress with your mental and physical health by providing you with high quality content aimed to educate you about Anxiety. You can live a normal life! However you must first take steps to help yourself. The information below is a great place to start!
What is an anxiety disorder?
Anxiety disorders are more than just feeling nervous or worrying. They are considered a mental health disorder that is both psychological and physiological. Anxiety disorders are divided into five categories, as follows:
Generalized Anxiety Disorder: Chronic and exaggerated worry and tension, even when there is no particular provocation. People with GAD may be unable to relax or reduce their concerns, even when they recognize that their anxiety is more intense than the situation warrants.
Panic Disorder: Episodes of terror, or panic attacks, which include life-threatening thoughts and very uncomfortable physical sensations. When fear of panic attacks causes people to restrict their lives to designated “safe zones,” or they are afraid to be far from a familiar place or person, the condition is called agoraphobia. Panic disorder may lead to phobias when the sufferer starts to avoid the situations in which panic has occurred (or they project it may occur).
Specific Phobias: An aversion or avoidance of specific objects or territorial situations. Even when people know the fear reaction is not rational, such as fear of bugs, or heights, the dread of approaching the thing or territory may prohibit participation in significant aspects oflife.
Social Phobia: An intense fear of humiliation, or embarrassing yourself in front of others. The most common social fear is the fear of speaking in public, but social phobia may occur in any social context (such as signing your name or making eye contact) in which you project that people will see something about you and judge you.
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Disturbing, unwelcome thoughts or images, often combined with repetitive rituals that you feel you cannot stop (for fear that something bad will happen). The compulsive behavior may seem to give momentary relief to the anxiety, but often becomes anadded source of distress.
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: PTSD can manifest as a reliving of past trauma in nightmares, flashbacks or disturbing recollections. Symptoms may show up as depression, detachment, irritability, or difficulty feeling emotional closeness.
Who gets anxiety disorders?
Anxiety disorders are the number one mental health disorder among women and second only to alcoholism among men. They affect people of all ages and ethnic backgrounds, as well as children. Studies done in the eighties indicated that over 28 million Americans suffer from anxiety disorders but more recent surveys suggest much higher figures; in fact, anxiety is the epidemic of this decade. Research indicates that the genetic predisposition to anxiety may be inherited.
How do I know if I have an anxiety disorder?
All people experience anxiety at times. Anxiety is an important aspect of our natural survival response. The fight or flight response, which is produced by an increased secretion of adrenaline and several other stress hormones, can make us more alert to danger, or sharpen our senses in response to a threatening situation. With an anxiety disorder, the body’s defense system is reacting in an extreme and intense way that is not appropriate the situation. What should be a survival mechanism has become maladaptive. When faced with challenging situations, disappointments, losses or uncertainties, it is natural to experience some anxiety. However, if your anxiety level interferes with your ability to cope with everyday situations, prevents you from relaxing or enjoying activities that once brought you pleasure, or causes you to withdraw from significant aspects of your life, you may be suffering from an anxiety disorder. If this is the case, it is wise to do some reading about anxiety and to consult with a doctor, health advisor, therapist or other professional expert.
Can I get better? What kind of treatment will be most helpful?
Anxiety disorders are highly treatable. For example, the National Institute of Mental Health statistics indicate that over ninety percent of people who suffer from panic attacks can get significant and lasting relief through a combination of education, professional guidance, and medication where indicated. There are some variations in the programs for working with people who suffer from anxiety, but the following are the standard and proven effective building blocks of a cognitive-behavioral treatment plan.
Relaxation: Using breathing and relaxation techniques to reduceadrenaline and stress hormones and to develop a calming response.
Cognitive restructuring: Transforming thought patterns and core beliefs that trigger the anxiety response.
Desensitization or exposure therapy: Making step-by-step incremental behavioral changes which enable you to successfully return to areas which have been anxiety-producing or which you have avoided.
Life skills: These include skills which empower and renew your self-expression, such as assertiveness and communication skills. These skills can be learned through educational programs, therapy sessions, or if these are not available, through self-help oriented books or tapes. While some people prefer to work exclusively with a therapeutic approach, for others, medication is a valuable or necessary part of healing.
It is important to understand that if you have a problem with anxiety, it is not your fault. Do your best to refrain from self-blame or shame. Your condition stems from a combination of the body and physiology you were born with, and the psychological and intellectual strategies that developed to cope with your experiences. Instead of focusing on things that you had no control over, put your attention on taking responsibility now to get the information, training and support that can help you heal. Although those of us who experience high anxiety may always have sensitive nervous systems, we can pursue effective treatments to balance our nervous system, to change our anxiety reactions to more calming responses, and live fulfilling, pleasurable lives.
The above information is taken from the Anxiety Disorders pamphlet from the National Institute of Mental Health and from Journey from Anxietyto Freedom by Mani Feniger. Please email your own questions to [email protected]. More information will be added to this column as you send us requests. We welcome your feedback.
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Sökning: "Outdoors"
Visar resultat 1 - 5 av 106 avhandlingar innehållade ordet Outdoors.
1. 1. Teachers' intention for outdoor education : conceptualizing learning in different domains
Författare :Birgitta Wilhelmsson; Christina Ottander; Gun Lidestav; Claes Malmberg; Oleg Popov; Gunilla Näsström; Umeå universitet; []
Nyckelord :Outdoors; teaching; knowledge; intentions; Bloom s taxonomy; pedagogiskt arbete; educational work;
Sammanfattning : In Sweden there is a growing interest among teachers to locate teaching outdoors. This is linked to beliefs about the potential for outdoor environments to reinforce learning, since the encounter with nature becomes more holistic. Outdoors, all the senses are involved in knowledge-building and activity experiences. LÄS MER
2. 2. Characterization, toxicity and treatment of wood leachate generated outdoors by the wood-based industry
Författare :Henric Svensson; Linnéuniversitetet; []
Nyckelord :AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES; LANTBRUKSVETENSKAPER; LANTBRUKSVETENSKAPER; AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES; Wood leachate; Log yard runoff; Stormwater; Toxicity; Artemia salina; Vibrio fischeri; Constructed wetlands; Forestry and Wood Technology; Skog och träteknik;
Sammanfattning : Wood is a natural raw material, and would hardly be considered a risk to the environment. However, the handling of wood materials on an industrial scale has been shown to have a negative impact on water bodies that run-off from industrial sites that process wood-based materials. LÄS MER
3. 3. Influence of lifestyle behaviours on bone mineral density among young healthy women: A two-year study. A Tentative Salutary Model
4. 4. Assessment and Mapping of Environmental Degradation Factors in Outdoor Applications -A Part in the Prediction of Service Life for Wooden Building Components
Författare :Johan Norén; KTH; []
Nyckelord :Service life prediction; outdoors wood applications; Scheffer climate risk index;
Sammanfattning : .... LÄS MER
5. 5. From experiences of the outdoors to the design of healthcare environments. : a phenomenological case study at nursing homes
Författare :Anna Bengtsson; Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet; Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet; []
Sammanfattning : This thesis strives to create opportunities within landscape architecture to promote the development of the outdoors as a resource for health and well-being in healthcare settings. The overall aim is to describe users’ experiences of contact with the outdoors in healthcare environments, and from this generate frameworks and tools for use in the design processes of such environments. LÄS MER
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Beethoven Reinterpreted With Car Horn Honks
Imagine Beethoven’s work reinterpreted. What does it sound like? What instruments would be involved? You can’t imagine what non-musical instruments can be used to reinterpret one of classical music’s godfathers.
What’s one of the first impressions that most people have when they visit abroad, particularly highly populated areas like India? Traffic is something that catches many people by surprise in India, with the incredible amount of cars on the busy roads. One of the most obvious sounds a traveler will hear while on the streets in India is car horns.
Our friend here named Kurt noticed this as well, and decided to do something with the large amount of sounds available to him. Using modern technology, he took note of the types of horn frequencies, keys, and sounds by recording them and reassembling the notes to pair with classical music, particularly Beethoven.
We’ve experienced Beethoven in a wide variety of capacities, but this video marks a new high for utilizing technology to pay tribute to classical music while also composing reinterpreted sounds you that might not typically attribute to Beethoven or any other classical composer.
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• Your one stop for college news and resources!
Careers, Your Career
How Do I Become a Teacher?
How Do I Become a School Teacher?
You’ve found yourself reading this article because you’re considering becoming a school teacher, which is ideal as we are going to talk through the route towards becoming a school teacher!
First, however, if you have not yet entirely decided if a teaching job is right for you and your life, ask yourself these questions:
• Do I have a desire to teach?
• Will I be able to complete all the teacher requirements?
• Is the general teaching salary acceptable?
• Do I have the patience and willingness required to give students the best education?
How much time does it take to become a teacher?
The time it takes to become a teacher varies drastically, mostly based on the students’ age and education level. You may not need experience and more than the basic certification to teach younger children.
As you would expect, the older the pupils are, the longer it takes for aspiring teachers to get qualified to teach them. In general, it will take at least four years to become qualified to teach, including the time it takes to earn the minimum degree and certification requirements.
How much do teachers earn?
It is difficult to put an exact sum on how much teachers earn. Their salaries differ even more than the education levels. Teaching salaries vary by age level, degree, school district, length of employment, subject matter, and many other factors. It can be safely assumed that teaching paychecks go up as the students’ age increases. As a teacher, you will have two or three months free during the summer break, during which you can work a part-time job if you need the money. The average teaching salary for the US was about $61,000 for 15 years of experience.
Different kinds of teacher for different kinds of people.
In the first three teaching levels (early childhood, preschool, and elementary), the students are younger and the curriculum is broader. Therefore, a teacher here would be responsible for instructing across multiple subjects. Future teachers of middle school and high school levels instead must specialize in a particular area (biology, geography, etc.), as these students’ widening knowledge calls for it. Special education teachers are those who instruct children with various learning disabilities and developmental disorders.
What degree does a teacher require?
Prospective teachers will need to earn an accredited bachelor’s degree at the very least. Elementary school teachers usually major in elementary education. For those wanting to teach older students at higher grade levels, they will major in the subject that they wish to teach.
Learning how to become an elementary school teacher, preschool teacher or early childhood teacher will be easier than understanding and learning how to become a high school teacher. The salary you receive will generally reflect this gap in difficulty.
Which degree is best?
Now that you have decided to dedicate your career to teaching, it is crucial that you pick a major that lines up with the level of education or speciality that you are most interested in teaching your future students. To become a History teacher you will need a bachelor’s degree in education, preferably with a major in history. To become an English teacher you will need a bachelor’s degree in English. For a Maths teacher, you will need a bachelor’s degree in education with a concentration on mathematics. To become a science teacher, you will be best set up by a bachelor’s degree in education in the specific scientific field that you intend to teach.
How to get a teaching certificate
Once you have your degree, you will need to obtain a teaching certificate in order to be licensed as a teacher. In most states, the route to getting a teaching certificate goes as follows:
• Obtain a relevant bachelor’s degree.
• Complete a district- or state-approved teacher preparation program.
• Pass required exams in the school district and/or state
• Submit a state teaching license application.
Check the US Department of Education website for resources state by state.
Experience is crucial
Obtaining teaching experience is a requirement for most teachers. It may seem bizarre that you will need classroom experience before you have been licensed and accredited as a teacher.
Most future teachers (depending on location) need a certain number of hours of supervised classroom teaching experience if they want to get licensed. Similar to flight hours before becoming a full-fledged pilot, these student teaching hours can come during your studies or after you graduate. This can begin as a teaching assistant, a good way to understand the dynamics of a classroom, as well as how to effectively interact and communicate with your students.
SEE ALSO: How Do I Become a Lawyer?
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The mind is one of the most fascinating areas to study, in no small part because of its complexity. It has been a topic in every time period and every culture. It is discussed by academic scholars, medical doctors, philosophers, religious leaders, and friends over coffee.
Dark and Normal Matters will show you a theory of mind that represents science as a melding and correlation of philosophies from many disciplines written by way of articles. In this way, the mind is discussed within logical frameworks that may promote understanding and ultimately transform how reality is perceived and how we impact it.
Learn more about Dark and Normal Matters
• The Mind and the Universe
This theory’s tenet is that the mind is a fundamental entity without beginning or end with infinite potential that is not entirely conceivable. Nevertheless, through infinite potential existing, the mind causes change to occur.
According to this theory, the mind without a principle of organization, through infinite potential, causes change as dark energy, dark matter, and normal matter. These are potential energies because of their relationship to the mind. In this Universe, there is roughly 68% dark energy, dark matter makes up about 27%, and about 5% is normal matter.
Arguably, the mind can be explained in part by an abstract idea, the law of conservation of energy: the mind cannot be created or destroyed, but potential energies convert or transform from one form into another.
• Energies with states of mind
This theory refers to dark energy, dark matter, and normal matter as mind dark energy, mind focal points of dark matter (FPDMs), and mind normal matter. Associated with these energies are states of mind that correspond with intelligence.
* With the pure awareness state, mind dark energy corresponds to pure awareness as unpatterned (homogeneous) intelligence.
* With the pure mental state, mind focal points of dark matter (FPDMs) corresponds to primordial consciousness (synonymous with proto-consciousness or unconsciousness) as patterned intelligence.
* With the mental images state, mind normal matter corresponds to conscious events as patterned intelligence.
• Through embodied states of mind, consciousness exists in the form of conical electromagnetic radiation (EMR)
According to this theory, consciousness exists through the interplay of embodied energies (i.e., embodied states of mind) and in the form of conical electromagnetic radiation (EMR). An embodied state of mind occurs when mind normal matter encapsulates (i.e., embodies) mind a focal point of dark matter (FPDM), and the substrate for all embodied states is mind dark energy.
Through each embodied state of mind, conical EMR is generated that acts as a space-filling field with all the information needed to build a version of the Universe. In this theory, consciousness and the Universe are not separate. Instead, embodied interdependent relationships modify consciousness and represent how versions of the Universe evolve.
• Each 'mind’ observing ego is a viewpoint of consciousness that defines conscious events as an individual.
According to this theory, the reader of this website is a ‘mind’ observing ego that is an emergent property of consciousness. The emergence of each ‘mind’ observing ego acts as a unique viewpoint of the mind through an embodied state of mind. Because these viewpoints exist, there is a potential to link different embodied states of mind through the perception of consciousness.
Each ‘mind’ observing ego as an individual of a particular embodied state has a role to play in consciousness. It defines the change contained within conical electromagnetic radiation (EMR) that is the form of consciousness of an embodied state. Through a 'mind' observing ego, the conscious events of consciousness are perceived. As such, in an embodied state of mind, a version of the Universe is projected like a bubble all around each ‘mind’ observing ego.
Phenomena (e.g., living organisms, places, and things) are simply events that happen in certain embodied circumstances that are devoid of intrinsic existence. As such, there is a difference between the way an individual (i.e., a ‘mind’ observing ego) perceives the world and the way it really is.
• Interoception and Feelings of Knowing fundamental interoceptive patterns (FOKs-FIPs)
Interoception is the perception of the body's internal state. The individual (i.e., a ‘mind’ observing ego) senses and integrates interoceptive signals. FOKs-FIPs represents an individual's perception of a very restricted range of interoceptive signaling. This signaling represents intuitive feelings that may not be rationally understood and which the individuals can experience both as vague and with a sense of certainty. As such, FOKs-FIPs importantly differ from more basic interoceptive experiences (e.g., hunger, thirst, respiratory and cardiac signals). A Feeling of Knowing a fundamental interoceptive pattern (FOK-FIP) is a specialized type of interoceptive awareness. It is hypothesized to play a critical role in an individual's behavior, emotional experiences, and cognitive functioning.
• A components map model with interoceptive markers (IMs) is a framework for conceptualizing interoceptive cognition
Interoceptive cognition is understood as a broad range of information processing activities through an embodied state of mind. It is cognition significantly related to the Feelings of Knowing fundamental interoceptive patterns (FOKs-FIPs). According to this model, a restricted range of interoceptive signaling (i.e., FOKs-FIPs) is critical in shaping a sense of embodied self and feelings.
The components map model with IMS (Click here) sets out the different layers of cognitive processes through numbered components and where interoception acts as a substrate of mental content. Interoception is not a simple process but instead has several facets (e.g., sensing, interpreting, and integrating information about the state of inner body systems). FOKs-FIPs (e.g., pleasant, unpleasant, or neutral) play a crucial role in interoception and cognition.
A chain of cause-and-effect in this model consists of cognitive cycles represented by the numbered components in a series or sequence. With each cognitive cycle, an individual (i.e., a 'mind' observing ego) senses the current situation and interprets it regarding ongoing interoceptive goals. The events of interoceptive cognition represent the constant change of an embodied state that may be unpredictable. However, change is constrained through a narrower range of interoceptive signaling (i.e., FOKs-FIPs).
The FOKs-FIPs are presented as a model that could guide interdisciplinary research, and numbered interoceptive markers (IMs) are included to improve the study of embodied cognition.
• Through reactions, a 'mind' observing ego (i.e., an individual) makes decisions.
Cognitive flexibility is broadly defined here as the ability of an individual (i.e., a 'mind' observing ego) to adapt behaviors in response to changes in the embodied environment. This flexibility occurs through reactions that translate to thought patterns.
Envisioned through the components map model with interoceptive markers (IMs) is an individual's behavior through reactions that represent how decisions are made. Through reactions, an action response is selected, and thus decisions are made that are key to understanding how the perceptions of a ‘mind’ observing ego are created.
Reactions result in interactions between unconscious and conscious events and accompanying feedback loops. Without reactions, a ‘mind’ observing ego of an embodied state cannot make decisions, and it cannot perceive, think or feel.
Reactions act as cognitive actions capable of producing effects, and they interrelate. As such, reflexivity leads to habitual reactions, which leads to volitional reactions capable of producing effects:
1. Reflexive reactions: An unconditioned response with an assumed degree of automaticity and a high degree of reflexivity. Reflexive reactions create an intuitive sense of position and motion state in physical space via the embodied internal state and proprioceptive senses.
2. Habitual reactions: A combined response as a reflexive reaction followed by an impulsive reaction (i.e., a sudden reaction without planning and impulse action). Habitual reactions represent an over-practiced response experienced with a high degree of having little mental choice due to reflexivity.
3. Volitional reactions: A conditioned response with a degree of agency. An individual decides on and commits to a particular course of action through volitional reactions. As such, things are perceived as if they were caused to happen. There are two volitional reactions: An impulsive reaction and a reaction with forethought.
• A ‘mind’ observing ego (i.e., an individual) and the concept of self.
When individuals think nonconceptually, they derive their "sense of self."
This process may be envisioned through the components map model with interoceptive markers (IMs) (Click here). At the gateway level (i.e., the level with components 4 and 5), through awareness of Feelings of Knowing fundamental interoceptive patterns (FOKs-FIPs), a sense of embodied self and feelings is ultimately shaped. As a nonconceptual thought process and by way of affective states' patterns (i.e., component 4), FOKs-FIPs vary in duration, intensity, specificity, and arousal level.
Nonconceptual thinking occurs automatically through reflexive reactions at the gateway level and where conscious events may include: proprioception (i.e., sense of movement and position), exteroception (e.g., sight, sound, smell, touch, taste, and sense pain), moods, and emotions (e.g., fear, happiness, sadness, anger, surprise, embarrassment, jealousy, guilt, or pride) without detail but instead as a vague knowing. As such, a knowing without specifying why these perceptions exist. Thinking of this sort may be summarized here as free from conceptual limitations resulting from entertaining subject and object concepts. Notably, before the gateway level (i.e., components 1, 2, and 3), individuals think preconsciously, and thus information for ideas, although readily accessible, are not yet actively defined. Accordingly, before the gateway level, ideas in which a 'mind' observing ego as an individual is not actively thinking.
Above the gateway level, a 'mind' observing ego (i.e., an individual) through volitional reactions (i.e., impulsive reactions or impulsive reactions followed by reactions with forethought) thinks conceptually. When individuals think conceptually, they derive their "conceptual self" through three-dimensional imagery. Because of conceptual thought or memory (i.e., components 6 or 7), a close relationship exists between a ‘mind’ observing ego of a particular embodied state and three-dimensional imagery of a living organism (e.g., woman, man, or another animal). As such, the living organism represents a process where the nonconceptual "sense of self" (occurring at the gateway level) through cognitive broadcasting gets transformed above the gateway level into aspects of the conceptual self (e.g., me, myself, and I).
Conceptual thought (occurring above the gateway level) is thinking based on abstract cognitive processes: dealing with ideas rather than events that include fundamental units of thought (e.g., true or false, believed, desired, hoped for) from an individual's perspective. Included is conceptualization, or the process of forming a concept of something that provides for analytical or problem-solving ideas and symbols (a mark, word, or sign that, through a mental process, links an idea, 'object,' or relationship).
Questions And Answers
1. Why are you interested in formulating theories and having them published in peer-reviewed journals?
Part of the problem-solving process is to recognize patterns and relationships that act as small critical…
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2. Why are Feelings of Knowing fundamental interoceptive patterns (FOKs-FIPs) important?
An individual’s sensitivity to this narrower range of interoceptive signals is not without its price. When…
Read more
3. Are you saying I am not a human being?
According to this theory, you are not, and an embodied state of mind is behind every…
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During iontophoresis, a medical device uses mild electrical currents to deliver medication across biological membranes, often while your affected body part is submerged in water.
Iontophoresis is most commonly used to treat hyperhidrosis disorder, a condition that results in persistent and excessive sweating.
The currents are often delivered to the hands, feet, or armpits to block your sweat glands temporarily. Some feel a slight tingling sensation during the procedure, but the electrical current isn’t strong enough to shock you.
This sweating may occur in certain situations, such as during warm weather or physical activity, or without any trigger at all. It can also be caused by medical conditions, such as hyperthyroidism or menopause.
Aside from treating hyperhidrosis, iontophoresis may also be used to treat sports injuries by delivering anti-inflammatory medications directly into the skin.
Everyone sweats, but some people sweat more than others. People who frequently experience excessive or constant sweating for no apparent reason may have a condition called hyperhidrosis disorder.
Iontophoresis is one type of treatment that can be used to relieve symptoms of this condition. People with hyperhidrosis may undergo several iontophoresis sessions per week, each lasting about 20 to 40 minutes.
Doctors aren’t exactly sure why iontophoresis helps people with hyperhidrosis. However, it’s believed that the procedure blocks sweat from coming out of the sweat glands, temporarily stopping sweating.
Though iontophoresis is most often used to treat severe sweating, it may also be used to treat a variety of sports injuries.
Adding anti-inflammatory medicines to the water during iontophoresis can ease heel pain and other soft-tissue injuries.
The electrical current helps the skin easily absorb the medications. Iontophoresis can be especially effective in reducing swelling around the joints and relieving pain.
However, sprains or bursitis may respond well to this type of treatment.
Iontophoresis doesn’t require any special or advanced preparation. However, make sure to tell your doctor if you:
• are pregnant
• have epilepsy
• have a heart condition
• have a pacemaker or other metal implants, such as artificial joint replacements
You may not be able to undergo iontophoresis if you have any of the above medical conditions or devices. If this is the case, your doctor will recommend other options.
If you can undergo iontophoresis, it helps to apply a small amount of petroleum jelly to any cuts or scratches on your skin before beginning a session. This will protect open wounds from irritation during treatment.
If you’re performing an iontophoresis treatment at home, it’s also beneficial to add a teaspoon of baking soda to the water beforehand. This will regulate the pH level of the water and help ensure treatment is effective.
When being used as a treatment for hyperhidrosis, iontophoresis is often performed at a doctor’s office. However, you may be able to perform the treatments at home if you purchase the machine.
You’ll place the affected body part in a basin of water. Your healthcare provider will then turn on the machine and increase the current until you feel a slight tingling sensation on your skin. This shouldn’t cause any pain.
Most iontophoresis sessions for hyperhidrosis last 25 to 45 minutes. However, you’ll likely need more than one session to notice a change in your symptoms.
Some people with hyperhidrosis require treatments on a regular basis. Your doctor will schedule a series of sessions based on your symptoms. They may recommend that you buy a portable machine to use at home.
When being used as a treatment for a sports injury, iontophoresis is always performed at a doctor’s office. Your healthcare provider will add an anti-inflammatory medication to a basin of water, and you’ll place the injured area in the water.
Then, your doctor will apply a mild electrical current to the medicated water. You’ll feel a tingling sensation from the electrical current, but it shouldn’t be painful.
Most iontophoresis sessions for sports injuries last 10 to 15 minutes. Your doctor may order several sessions per week until your injury begins to heal.
Iontophoresis is a safe and painless procedure. Some people may experience side effects as a result of iontophoresis, but the effects usually aren’t serious.
The most common side effect is dryness of the skin. Blistering, peeling, and irritation might also occur on the skin.
However, these side effects can usually be treated by applying moisturizer to the skin after each session. An over-the-counter hydrocortisone cream can also help make you more comfortable.
Iontophoretic devices have been used to deliver a variety of anti-cancer agents.
These devices have shown promise in pre-clinical and clinical studies for retinoblastoma (a type of eye cancer), skin, bladder, and pancreatic cancers.
Chemotherapeutic agents to treat head and neck cancers can also be delivered using iontophoresis.
Local iontophoretic chemotherapy treatment leads to the reduction of drug side effects and is suggested for drugs that are too toxic when delivered systemically.
Anti-cancer drugs that can be administered via iontophoretic devices include cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil, which are used to treat skin cancer.
Other anti-cancer drugs, including imatinib mesylate and STAT3 siRNA complex can also be administered via iontophoresis.
Iontophoresis is generally effective in treating hyperhidrosis. People often undergo 20- to 40-minute treatment sessions several times per week until sweating decreases to a desirable level.
At that point, treatments are scheduled less frequently, usually about once per week.
Iontophoresis treatments must be done regularly and before sweating increases to maintain results.
Ongoing iontophoresis treatments for sports injuries are only needed until an injury begins to heal.
Most people with sports injuries undergo a handful of 5- to 10-minute treatment sessions over the span of a week or two to promote healing.
After that point, physical therapy, rest, and proper nutrition will continue aiding the healing process.
In a study involving a patient with basal cell carcinoma, the effectiveness of the iontophoresis treatment was confirmed by biopsies, which revealed no evidence of basal cell carcinoma.
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Fela 1997 Deaths
Nigerian musician
Nigeria's best-known musician used his music, which combined elements of rock, funk, jazz and traditional African music, to criticize his country's military regime and corruption. His outspoken opposition to the government came to a head in 1977 when 1,000 soldiers bombarded his home, burning it to the ground. Fela was badly beaten, and his mother thrown from her bedroom window. She died a year later from injuries sustained in the fall. From that point on, Fela remained a bitter enemy of Nigeria's government. His recordings include ?M.A.S.S.? (Music Against Second Slavery), ?B.B.C.? (Big Blind Country) and ?V.I.P.? (Vagabonds in Power).
Born: 1938
Died: 1997
Joey Faye1997 DeathsGeorge Fenneman
1997 Deaths
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Pets firework safety warning
THE Scottish SPCA is warning that fireworks can have a serious impact on the welfare of domestic, farm and wild animals.
Saturday, 27th October 2012, 1:09 pm
The charity is also urging anyone holding firework displays to be careful and considerate to help avoid any animals coming to harm.
Scottish SPCA Chief Superintendent Mike Flynn said: “The current legal noise limit for a firework is 120 decibels. A typical pneumatic drill measures around 100 decibels and people are advised to wear ear protectors when exposed to anything above 80 decibels.
“A dog’s hearing is twice as sensitive as a human’s and a cat’s three times, which means the sudden bang from a firework can be terrifying.
Anyone holding a firework display should warn their neighbours in advance so they can make adequate provisions for their pets.”
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Is True Pricing the answer to depleting natural capital?
What is natural capital and should we pay for it? Nature's resources are essential to the global economy, as well as supporting all life on this planet. The Earth provides us with countless goods and services at zero cost everyday, we can't keep treating it like it'll never run out.
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"Only when all products are True Priced will the market incentivise prevention and remediation of social and environmental costs" – Michel Scholte, True Price Foundation
We can't keep treating our natural capital like it is inexhaustible. It is hard to put a perfect value on natural capital. Still, we must try because people will continue to abuse it as long as it remains free. The true cost of a product is calculated from its manufacture plus the cost of the negative external impact its production has on society and the planet. Externalities such as greenhouse gas emissions, declining biodiversity, water pollution and the exploitation of communities. Externalities so far that are not being paid for by the sectors that contribute most to them. According to social enterprise The True Price Foundation, if the true cost to natural capital is the problem, then True Price could be the solution.
Roadmap to True Pricing
The True Price Foundation envisages a three-phase plan:
Phase 1 - True costs are made transparent. Disclosing information about the external costs of production allows the consumer to make informed choices and encourages the producer to improve their processes and reduce their impact.
Phase 2 - Voluntary remediation where consumers could pay the value of the remaining external costs. This added revenue would be directed to curative measures such as reforestation or clean-up activities.
Phase 3 - Requires the government to put tax and subsidy frameworks in place to incentivise the entire economy to move to a more sustainable one, inspired by the actions created by the previous phases.
The move towards True Pricing is a long-term goal, but phase 1 is already beginning organically. Many companies, such as shopping app Klarna, already declare their CO2 insights to customers to raise awareness of carbon emissions. Carbon pricing could assign a monetary value to those emissions, and a True Price could be calculated. This information can be used for internal decision making and communicating to consumers about sustainability. Thus, letting consumers see the environmental costs and letting them vote with their wallets. If all companies adopted this model, they would soon revise their business models in a responsible direction.
SDG 14
At the G7 summit in June, leaders ambitiously pledged to halt and reverse biodiversity loss by 2030. With the '30x30' commitment to protecting 30% of the ocean by 2030, they acknowledged that they must start dealing with marine pollution and protect marine ecosystems for the future of this planet. Biodiversity loss and climate change are interlinked and pose equally pressing challenges. Our ocean is both the victim of climate change, and it can be our most potent weapon against it. Ocean plastic is a very visible problem. Still, for all the bottles floating on the surface, the real damage is happening beneath the waves.
Open-source resource
The ocean is one of the greatest open sources of natural capital on our planet. It provides protein for over a billion people, gives us oxygen to breathe and water to drink. Thousands of ships use it as transport everyday, yet no one pays a penny.
Without our ocean absorbing heat, the earth would be a whopping 36 degrees warmer than it is now. The WWF estimates that marine goods and services could amount to $2.5 tr/yr, making the blue economy the seventh-largest in the world - if we could monetise it, of course! In terms of carbon, coastal habitats such as mangroves, seagrasses and salt marshes can sequester more than tropical rainforests. According to the IUCN, in the last 200 years, the ocean has soaked up around 30% of the total CO2 emissions. This absorption alters calcium carbonate levels, lowering the pH, causing ocean acidification. Alongside global warming, habitat destruction, pollution and overfishing, ocean acidification has a devastating effect on marine species, ecosystems and the livelihoods of people who depend on the blue economy.
Blue Investment
True Pricing could be a way to remediate the damage done to our ocean. Driving blue investment could provide nature-based solutions, building resilience against climate change. The expanded aquaculture of seaweed, for example, would be an effective way of removing carbon while reducing ocean acidification. Prevention, however, is always better than cure. Searious Business, a circular plastic company, based in the Netherlands, believes closing the tap on single-use plastic would allow the ocean to rejuvenate itself, with little interference from man. If plastic were True Priced with its end-of-life in mind, producers would be forced to redesign their packaging and business models to lower their impact. Consumers would change their behaviour, and revenue could be ploughed back into regeneration.
We must start paying back our debt to natural capital and invest now to stop the triple threat of plastic pollution, global warming and rising CO2 and restore the blue economy on which we all depend.
Emma Samson
Marketing Communications Manager, Searious Business
Emma Samson is British expat living in the Netherlands. She works for Searious Business – a company committed to bring plastic pollution back to zero. She is proud to join the fight against ocean plastic by spreading the word to the ears that matter.
Searious Business are game-changers in the plastics industry. A social enterprise business founded in order to prevent plastic pollution, their work involves systemic change on an international level, and accelerating brands towards circular plastic use.
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Gray Whales are Frolicking along the San Diego Coastlines
Gray whales are one of the most interesting sights to see off the coast of San Diego each winter. From mid-December to April, these whales pass by San Diego as they migrate from the Bering and Chuckchi seas in the Arctic to the warmer lagoons on the Baja peninsula where they calve and breed. They typically leave the Arctic in the late fall as it begins to freeze over.
Gray whales travel 10,000 to 12,000 miles round trip, one of the longest migrations of any mammal. They are relatively slow whales, traveling 80 to 100 miles on any given day, taking approximately two months to reach their destination. Also of interest, is that the whales eat very little on their journey. The nutrient rich waters of the Arctic are home to their preferred food, so they spend the summer feeding and building up the 8 inches of blubber they use to sustain themselves through the migration.
The gray whale is a baleen whale and is the sole species in the family Eschrichtiidae. Baleen is a keratin-like substance, similar to human hair and nails, that hangs in plates from the top of their mouths. Gray whales are the only baleen whale known to feed almost exclusively on the creatures at the bottom of the ocean. They roll onto their right side (though some individuals are “left-handed” and roll to the left) and take a mouthful of seafloor sediment containing amphipods (small crustaceans); the water and silt are sieved out through the baleen and, with the help of the tongue, the remaining food is swallowed.
Unlike the humpback whale, which is commonly recognized for its acrobatics, the gray whale is fairly predictable in its behavior. Gray whales typically take several breaths on the surface and dive for up to 10 minutes before they resurface and expel air in a distinctive heart-shaped blow. Every now and then, a gray whale will launch its massive body—40 tons of muscle and blubber—out of the water and breach. When it dives, the gray whale shows its flukes which can be up to nine feet wide, an impressive sight.
The gestation period for the gray whale is 12 to 13.5 months and calves are born every 2 to 3 years. Soon after birth, the calf is infested with barnacle larvae and lice. The barnacles anchor themselves into the skin and form very prominent colonies of distinctive white craters on the top and sides of the whale’s head. Between the barnacles crawl enormous quantities of small pinkish crustaceans, the whale lice. The gray whale is host to three different species of these crustaceans, two of which, again, are found solely on the gray whale. If the animal dies and is washed ashore, the lice and barnacles die with the whale, their only viable world.
Endangered Species
The gray whale was listed as endangered under the U.S. Endangered Species Act in 1973. However, there is good news for this once endangered species: the population has rebounded from near extinction during commercial and aboriginal whaling to approximately 20,000 individuals today. According to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), the population is nearing the “carrying capacity” for the ecosystem, meaning the current population will most likely stay at this level if food sources remain consistent.
To see these animals in their natural habitat join our Museum Whalers, our trained naturalists, on a whale watching cruise with Hornblower Cruises and Events. Ships depart daily from the San Diego Navy Float at 970 North Harbor Drive, San Diego, CA 92101.
For more information or to purchase discounted vouchers through theNAT, click here. Season ends in April so act soon!
Posted by Janet Morris.
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How do I convert Excel data to calendar?
How do I convert Excel data to calendar?
Import Excel into a Google Calendar
1. In Excel, go to File > Save As.
2. The Save As dialog box appears.
3. Make the Save as type CSV.
5. Click OK.
6. Click Yes.
Can you create a monthly calendar in Excel?
You can craft your own calendar in Excel from scratch, but the easiest way to create a calendar is using a pre-made calendar template. Templates are useful because you can edit each day to include special events, and then print each month whenever you like. Select File > New.
How do I make an annual calendar in Excel with formulas?
See screenshot: 6. Select a blank cell for displaying the start date of month (here I select cell B6), then enter formula =DATE(A2,A1,1) into the formula bar, and press the Enter key. Note: In the formula, A2 is the cell contains the certain year, and A1 is the Combo Box contains all months of a year.
Can you populate a calendar from Excel?
Microsoft Excel provides time-saving calendar templates, including fill-in calendars, which enable you to enter reminders to keep you organized. Select a template that includes cells for monthly, weekly or daily entries. The templates copy to an Excel worksheet that you customize with the ribbon’s editing tools.
Is there a calendar template for Excel?
Many calendar templates are available for use in Microsoft Excel. A template provides a basic calendar layout that you can easily adapt for your needs. An Excel calendar template may have one or more of these features: Calendar printing on one page or twelve pages (thirteen pages for school year calendars).
How do I create a yearly schedule in Excel?
How to Create a Yearly Calendar in Excel
1. Launch Excel and click the “File” tab.
2. Double-click the file folder with the year for your desired calendar.
3. Scroll through the calendar templates available for that year and double-click one, such as “Calendar creator any year” in the 2012 folder.
How do I create a weekly schedule in Excel?
How to Create a Schedule in Excel
1. Start Excel and open a new, blank workbook.
2. Select the cell range A1:E2, then select Merge & Center in the Alignment group of the Home tab.
3. Type “WEEKLY SCHEDULE” into A1:E2, change the font size to 18, and select Middle Align in the Alignment group.
How to create a monthly calendar in Excel?
On the Insert menu, click Module. Copy the Visual Basic for Applications code below into the module sheet. On the File menu, click “Close and Return to Microsoft Excel.” Click the Sheet1 tab. On the Tools menu, point to Macro, and then click Macros. Click CalendarMaker, and then click Run to create the calendar.
How to convert Excel to ICS calendar files?
You will need to download the following software to follow along with this tutorial. Open your Excel file using Microsoft Office Excel. Go to the “File” menu, select “Save As” and choose “Other formats”.
Where do I Save my Excel calendar template?
Click the Download button on the template page, open the template file in Excel, and then edit and save your calendar. Note: By default, a template file download goes into the Downloads folder on your computer. You may want to copy the template file to a different location so that you can easily find it later.
How many calendars are in an Excel spreadsheet?
For the newer Excel XLSX versions, use the download links listed above. Each of the Excel files includes a yearly calendar worksheet followed by 12 monthly calendars on separate worksheets.
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What Is Trypsin Substrate?
Using the anti-trypsin inhibitor to enhance its effectiveness in drug development, Pepsin and Trypen, SET Effects on the Chain of Trypses and more about what is trypsin substrate.. Get more data about what is trypsin substrate.
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The consumers body is not being able to efficiently and fully utilize the product if trypsin inhibitor is present.
See our study on What Is Travel Nursing.
Pepsin and Trypen
The pepsin and trypsin are different in that the pepsin is produced by the stomach and the trypsin is produced by the exocrine glands of the pancreas. pepsin and trypsin function in acidic and alkaline medium. The main proteolytic enzyme in the body is plisn.
The pepsin is produced by the gastric mucosa. The specificity for the linkages in the aromatic or carboxylic L-amino acids is shown by Pepsin. The C-terminal of the phenylalanine and leucine is where the hydrolysis of the peptide linkages occurs.
trypsin is used in tissue dissociation, cell harvesting, and in vitro studies of the body's biological processes. The trypsin is the proteolytic enzyme found in the pancreatic juice, while the Pepsin is the major type of proteolytic in the gastric juice. The properties and function of pepsin and trypsin are different.
SET Effects on the Chain of Trypses
SET splits the bonds of the trypsin chain with the help of the peptide bonds. The amidase activity for Bz-l-Arg-NHPhNO2 is 200 times greater than that of cattle trypsin, and the esterase activity for Bz-l-Arg-OEt is the same. SET is affected by Tos-Lys-CH2Cl and Tos-Arg- CH2Cl.
See also our study on What Is Travel Essentials.
Comparing the structure and composition of trypsin-chymotryphasin
The small pieces of the food that is made up of proteins are broken down in the stomach by the proteases. The breakdown of the proteins is aided by the phosphatases. The building blocks of a molecule are linked by bonds of a specific type of molecule.
The goal of the digestion of the proteins is to degrade them to the amino acids that are needed in cellular metabolism. Both trypsin and chymotrypsin are very similar in structure and composition. The main difference is the material they use.
Biological applications of trypsin
trypsin is used to resuspend cells adherent to the cell culture dish wall during the process of harvesting cells. Trypsin is used to remove the cells from the plates. Trypsin can be used to break down casein.
The milk becomes translucent if trypsin is added to a solution of milk powder. The amount of time needed for the milk to turn translucent can be used to measure the rate of reaction. Trypsin is used in biological research to digest the proteins into the peptides.
See also our post about What Is Transport For London Slogan.
What is the challenge?
The challenge is not so much doing the exercises as it is understanding what you are doing, why you are doing it, and what the results mean.
The role of trypsin in cancer progression and survival
Trypsin helps us digest the food. trypsin breaks down in the small intestine, which is where the process of digestion began. It may be referred to as a proteolytic enzyme.
Mild cases can go away in a few days without treatment, but severe cases can cause serious problems, including infections and death. There is more research being done on trypsin. Some research shows that trypsin may have a role in cancer progression, but other research shows that it promotes proliferation, invasion, and metastasis in various cancers.
Trypsin is an essential component for your body to digest and repair tissue, including bones, muscles, cartilage, skin, and blood. trypsin can help injury recovery. It is possible to identify healthy problems such as pancreatitis and cystic fibrosis by measuring the amount of trypsin your body.
A good story about What Is Travel Behaviour.
The Type of Action that Trypsin and Cymotrypses Have
Trypsin and chymotrypsin are two types oftrypsin that cleaves the bonds of the peptides. zymogens are inactive forms of the exocrine glands of the pancreas. The serine endopeptidase chymotrypsin has a large number of large hydrophobic residues.
It is produced by acinar cells of the pancreas and is inactive. The action of trypsin is what causes the chymotrypsinogen to be activated. The two main types of chymotrypsin are A and B.
trypsin is used in many applications. chymotrypsin is used in many different ways. Trypsin cleaves the bonds of the peptides at the C-terminal basic amino acids.
chymotrypsin cleaves the bonds of the large phenylalanine, tryptophan, and tyrosine to the large strontium, which is a component of the nucleus. The pancreas makes trypsin and chymotrypsinactive form. The type of action that trypsin and chymotrypsin have is the main difference.
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Is there a correlation between overactive bladder and UTIs?
Overactive Bladder and UTIs
By Board Certified Urologist Yana Barbalat
Overactive bladder (OAB) is essentially a symptom complex characterized by urgency, frequency, and occasionally urge incontinence. Urgency is really a hallmark feature in patients with OAB. Overactive bladder is most often “idiopathic”- meaning, without a known cause. However, it can also be caused by neurologic disease, certain bladder irritants such as coffee and soda intake, and UTIs! People who have UTIs often experience symptoms of OAB, during the time of their infection. Occasionally, even after the UTI is already treated, patients will continue to have urgency for a while until the bladder lining is fully healed. However, most patients who get UTIs void normally when they are not infected and do not have OAB unless they have an infection.
Many people believe that patients with chronic UTIs, will develop chronic OAB. Thankfully, that’s not really the case and as soon as the UTI is treated and the bladder has healed, the OAB symptoms do disappear. In my practice, where I see many patients with both UTIs and chronic overactive bladder, most people who have OAB, do not necessarily get recurrent urinary tract infections, and vice versa. However, because age puts you at increased risk for both UTIs and OAB, many elderly patients do have both conditions.
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20 tips to learn how to better read and write with the iPad
As as student, the iPad can help you overcome many difficulties and offers you many solutions to help you with your writing or improve your ability to read.
These solutions are classified into three parts: Read, Write & Understand.
Here they are. And they are all free!
1. Use Speak selection
Go to to activate Speak selection.
You can then read any piece of text on the iPad. Handy when you can’t pronounce or recognize a word.
2. Use Shortcuts
Use this shortcut to display a web page with the Open Dyslexic font. Useful if you are dyslexic and you have a problem reading online.
3. OpenDyslexic font
Download the OpenDyslexic font to display all your documents with this font specially designed for dyslexic students.
If you don’t know how to install a font, visit this page: How to use custom fonts on iPhone and iPad.
4. Reader mode
Read comfortably using Reader mode. To do this, tap the four small lines in the address bar in Safari. You will thus avoid any unnecessary distraction (advertisements, navigation menus, etc.).
5. Convert a web page into a PDF
By doing this, you will be able to export the page, read it in offline mode and even annotate or highlight passages you want to remember. To do this, since iOS 13, take a screenshot and choose then save your PDF with the app of your choice.
6. Office Lens
With Office Lens from Microsoft, you can take a picture of a document (a book for instance) or a whiteboard and scan it. From now on, you can share this picture to the built-in Immersive Reader and change the font (the Comic Sans is great for dyslexic students), change the size, detach syllabes, display nouns in purple, verbs in red and much more. You can use Picture Dictionary, translate, read out loud the text as well.
7. Use the Speak recognition fonction
It may happen that you cannot write a word and you cannot find its spelling in your dictionary. In this case, record your voice. The iPad will recognize the word for you and at the same time give you its spelling. To do this, press the small microphone at the bottom of the keyboard next to the space bar.
8. Create shortcuts
If you have trouble typing quickly, create shortcuts. For instance, to write your email address quickly, create a shortcut like “yh” and by writing this you will get “[email protected]”. To do this, go to .
9. Turn your handwriting into block letters
Hand write with Notability and turn your handwriting into block letters. Write by hand, select your text using the ✄ icon, press the selection and in the menu that appears, choose .
10. Fluently
As one can read on the website:
Fluently is an online text editor with a multilingual translator, dictionary, and thesaurus built-in.
So if you need to write (and not only to translate like you would using Google Translate) and format a document, your are at the right place.
11. Google Docs
Everyone knows Google Docs but it’s worth remember it: you are not alone. If you get through the blank page anguish, remember that you can share your document with a friend who can help you. Also remember your teacher can read what you are writing and provide you feedback and advice. So think of it!
12. MindNode
Traditional note-taking may be difficult for youngest students. With MindNode, which is a mind mapping app, you can jot down your thoughts, create some kind of picture of your ideas and export them as rich text.
13. Check your spelling
Check your spelling, if you are a French speaker, with le bon patron. Of course, you can find many spell checkers (such as Grammarly or Language Tool). But the reason why I’m suggesting my students to use Le bon patron is that they can get explanations both in French or in English so when they are more confident with one or other language, this is helpful.
The English version of Le bon patron is SpellCheckPlus.
14. Use a dictionary
For French speakers, go to Larousse and search for the word you want to know the spelling. Also think to check conjugation as well with the Bescherelle. To avoid typing “Larousse” ou “Bescherelle” every time you need to visit these pages, create a favorite. To do that, press the rectangle icon located in the upper-right corner of your screen (the one with a little arrow pointing to the top) and choose .
15. Phonetic search
For French speakers only.
Do a phonetic search by using the Académie française dictionary. Type the word you are looking for spelling and choose . The dictionary will find the right spelling for you!
16. Built-in dictionary
Use the built-in dictionary (to add a dictionary, go to ). To use it, press a word to make it appeared and choose .
17. Create your own dictionary
Create your own dictionary and memorise the vocabulary you’ve learn while working or reading. In Notes, create a folder labelled Dictionary and create as many notes as there are letters in the alphabet. To sort these notes in an alphabetic order, go to .
18. Google Translate
Translate words you don’t understand. Use Google translate or Word reference to find the meaning of a word. Don’t try to figure out the meaning of a complete text. Instead, try to understand a word, a group of words or even a sentence. You can even translate a paper document with the augmented reality feature of the app.
19. Google translate in a spreadsheet
By using the formula Google Translate in Google sheets, you will be able to get a translation of the words you don’t know.
Depending on which language you want, the function should look like that: .
You can even create some kind of automatic research of the translated word by using this function: .
By doing this, you create swiftly and automatically a dictionary without having to write a lot of things!
20. Otter
Having a Zoom videoconference with your students? Consider using Otter which provide a real-time transcript so students don’t have to take notes and can keep focused on what you say. Transcribing your Zoom meeting can also help those that are deaf or hard of hearing.
Moreover you can listen to your transcript of course but you can also highlight text or comments it. Very convenient!
Only for English teachers (Otter only supports English) using their computer.
Teacher and Director of Academic Research & Innovation @ Lycée International de Londres Winston Churchill
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Appendix B. Common Exploits and Attacks
Table B-1 details some of the most common exploits and entry points used by intruders to access organizational network resources. Key to these common exploits are the explanations of how they are performed and how administrators can properly safeguard their network against such attacks.
Null or Default PasswordsLeaving administrative passwords blank or using a default password set by the product vendor. This is most common in hardware such as routers and BIOSes, though some services that run on Linux can contain default administrator passwords (though Red Hat Enterprise Linux does not ship with them).
Commonly associated with networking hardware such as routers, firewalls, VPNs, and network attached storage (NAS) appliances.
Common in many legacy operating systems, especially OSes that bundle services such as UNIX and Windows.
Administrators sometimes create privileged users in a rush and leave the password null, a perfect entrypoint for malicious users who discover the user.
Default Shared KeysSecure services sometimes package default security keys for development or evaluation testing purposes. If these keys are left unchanged and are placed in a production environment on the Internet, any user with the same default keys have access to that shared-key resource, and any sensitive information contained in it.
Most common in wireless access points and preconfigured secure server appliances.
CIPE (refer to Chapter 6 Virtual Private Networks) contains a sample static key that must be changed before deployment in a production environment.
IP SpoofingA remote machine acts as a node on your local network, finds vulnerabilities with your servers, and installs a backdoor program or trojan to gain control over your network resources.
Spoofing is quite difficult as it involves the attacker predicting TCP/IP SYN-ACK numbers to coordinate a connection to target systems, but several tools are available to assist crackers in performing such a vulnerability.
Depends on target system running services (such as rsh, telnet, FTP and others) that use source-based authentication techniques, which are not recommended when compared to PKI or other forms of encrypted authentication used in ssh or SSL/TLS.
EavesdroppingCollecting data that passes between two active nodes on a network by eavesdropping on the connection between the two nodes.
This type of attack works mostly with plain text transmission protocols such as Telnet, FTP, and HTTP transfers.
Remote attacker must have access to a compromised system on a LAN in order to perform such an attack; usually the cracker has used an active attack (such as IP spoofing or Man-in-the-middle) to compromise a system on the LAN.
Preventative measures include services with cryptographic key exchange, one-time passwords, or encrypted authentication to prevent password snooping; strong encryption during transmission is also advised.
Service VulnerabilitiesAn attacker finds a flaw or loophole in a service run over the Internet; through this vulnerability, the attacker compromises the entire system and any data that it may hold, and could possibly compromise other systems on the network.
HTTP-based services such as CGI are vulnerable to remote command executions and even interactive shell access. Even if the HTTP service runs as a non-privileged user such as "nobody", information such as configuration files and network maps can be read, or the attacker can start a denial of service attack which drains system resources or renders it unavailable to other users.
Services sometimes can have vulnerabilities that go unnoticed during development and testing; these vulnerabilities (such as buffer overflows, where attackers gain access by filling addressable memory with a quantity over that which is acceptable by the service, crashing the service and giving the attacker an interactive command prompt from which they may execute arbitrary commands) can give complete administrative control to an attacker.
Administrators should make sure that services do not run as the root user, and should stay vigilant of patches and errata updates for applications from vendors or security organizations such as CERT and CVE.
Application VulnerabilitiesAttackers find faults in desktop and workstation applications such as e-mail clients and execute arbitrary code, implant trojans for future compromise, or crash systems. Further exploitation can occur if the compromised workstation has administrative privileges on the rest of the network.
Workstations and desktops are more prone to exploitation as workers do not have the expertise or experience to prevent or detect a compromise; it is imperative to inform individuals of the risks they are taking when they install unauthorized software or open unsolicited email attachments.
Safeguards can be implemented such that email client software does not automatically open or execute attachments. Additionally, the automatic update of workstation software via Red Hat Network or other system management services can alleviate the burdens of multi-seat security deployments.
Denial of Service (DoS) AttacksAttacker or group of attackers coordinate against an organization's network or server resources by sending unauthorized packets to the target host (either server, router, or workstation). This forces the resource to become unavailable to legitimate users.
The most reported DoS case in the US occurred in 2000. Several highly-trafficked commercial and government sites were rendered unavailable by a coordinated ping flood attack using several compromised systems with high bandwidth connections acting as zombies, or redirected broadcast nodes.
Source packets are usually forged (as well as rebroadcasted), making investigation to the true source of the attack difficult.
Advances in ingress filtering (IETF rfc2267) using iptables and Network IDSes such as snort assist administrators in tracking down and preventing distributed DoS attacks.
Table B-1. Common Exploits
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Friday, June 20, 2014
Will baking soda help you train harder? By Jerry Brainum
Depending on which study that you look at, sodium bicarbonate (better known as baking soda) is either an efficient ergogenic aid, or just another way to induce nausea. Sodium bicarb acts to alkalinize or reduce acidity. It is made in the body, and used to help maintain a narrow range of acid/base levels in the blood. Either excessive alkaline or acidic blood is very harmful to health. Sodium bicarb is often administered to patients suffering from heart attacks, in which a lack of sufficient oxygen flow to cells results from a failure of the heart to sufficiently pump blood leading to increased blood acidity. From an athletic standpoint, while there are several causes of muscle fatigue, increased acidity is definitely one of them. Increased muscle acidity is the result of anaerobic metabolism, whereby waste products of muscle metabolism boost local acidity in muscles. This, in turn, interferes with the activity of certain energy-related enzymes, which cannot function in an acidic environment.
While lactic acid has often been accused in the past of being the primary instigator of increased muscle acidity, in fact only the acid portion of lactic acid is the true culprit. Lactate itself is a reusable fuel, where it is released into the blood from exercised muscle, sent to the liver, and then reconverted into glucose in a process known as the Cori cycle. The actual process of converting lactate into glucose is known as gluconeogenesis. So the actual acidity from lactic acid are hydrogen ions. These hydrogen ions cause a drop in both muscle and blood pH levels, meaning higher acidity. In the muscle, this leads to lower rates of glycolysis, or use of glucose as a fuel; an interference with the activity of calcium ions required for muscular contraction; and an increased feeling of overall fatigue in the muscle.
Although sodium bicarb doesn't work in the muscle itself, it does impart an alkalosis, or acid-lowering effect in the blood. This lowers levels of hydrogen ions in the blood. But the sodium bicarb also tends to promote exit of lactic acid out of the muscle and into the blood, and this is where the ergogenic effect comes into play. Since the increase of metabolic acid occurs mainly during higher intensity, short-term activity, the ergogenic effect of sodium bicarb is most evident for shorter duration events, such as sprints. But not all studies of sodium bicarb have found a definite improvement after its use. A recent analysis of prior studies that have involved sodium bicarb use in sports found that it was ergogenic in 38% of the studies.
Since weight-training and bodybuilding exercise normally features a short period of high intensity, and since the major cause of fatigue appears to be increased muscle acidity (felt as a burning sensation in the trained muscle), it would initially appear that sodium bicarb would be an ideal ergogenic aid for use in bodybuilding and other weight-training activity. Several studies have examined whether sodium bicarb may be useful for those engaged in weight-training. The results have been mixed, with some studies showing increased repititions done, less feelings of fatigue after using sodium bicarb. Other studies, however, have not shown any improvements.
One primary reason for the lack of response after ingesting sodium bicarb is that since it works by neutralizing excessive acidity, for it to work you need to impose a level of exercise intensity high enough to significantly boost muscle acidity levels. Several of the prior studies that showed no effects after using sodium bicarb did not provide sufficient intensity levels for the bicarb to do anything. In actuality, you would need to use enough weight to stress the muscle, and do each exercise to failure as a means of producing an intensity level high enough to truly test the effects of bicarb.
This was precisely what was done in a new study that involved 8 men experienced in weight training. They ingested either 0.3 milligrams of sodium bicarb per kilogram of bodyweight, which is the standard dose for athletic purposes, or a placebo consisting of salt water. Both treatments were separated by 48 hours, and both drinks were mixed with 5 milliliters per kilogram of bodyweight flavored, sweetened water provided in a opaque flask. The men then did 3 sets of bench press and back squat using 80% of one-rep max weight done to complete muscle failure. The results showed that when the men consumed the sodium bicarb solution, they were able to complete additional reps in the squat compared to the salt water placebo. But when they did the bench press five minutes after the squat exercise, no improvement was noted. The men did a similar number of reps on the first set of both the squat and bench press, but did more reps on the second and third set of the squat. The study authors suggest that the failure protocol used in the exercises explains the clear ergogenic effect of sodium bicarb. Why the bicarb didn't work for the bench press wasn't explained, but it may be related to the larger muscle mass of the legs compared to that used when doing a bench press. More muscle mass means more muscle acidity.
Should you consider regular use of sodium bicarb to enhance workout performance? While baking soda is not expensive compared to high priced "pre-workout" supplements, routine use of sodium bicarb would not be a good idea because of the high sodium content of baking soda. In fact, it is the high sodium content of baking soda that has limited its use among athletes, since many have experienced gastrointestinal distress following the use of sodium bicarb. But there are ways around this. If you ingest a high carb meal, 120-150 minutes prior to exercise, and at that time consume a dose of 0.3 grams of sodium bicarb per kilogram of bodyweight mixed with 7 milliliters of water per kilogram of bodyweight, the risk of gastrointestinal distress drops significantly. Most of the problems that have occurred with ingestion of sodium bicarb have involved ingesting it too close to exercise or sports activity.
Recent research suggests that sodium bicarb is synergistic with beta alanine, which works to boost levels of carnosine, an intramuscular buffer in muscle. Creatine also lowers muscle acidity, and the combination of sodium bicarb and creatine offers a potent weapon against premature training fatigue, and would likely allow you to train with an increased level of intensity, which translates into increased muscle and strength gains. Adding caffeine to the mixture would make it even more potent, with the amount of caffeine being 300-400 milligrams.
Duncan, M.J, et al. The effect of sodium bicarbonate ingestion on back squat and bench press exercise to failure. J Strength Cond Res 2013: in press.
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Sunday, June 1, 2014
Does fasting high intensity interval training burn more fat? by Jerry Brainum
There are two basic types of aerobic training, long-slow distance (LSD) and high intensity interval training (HIIT). With the long-slow distance, you exercise at a constant level of intensity, usually based on your age and fitness level, for a set amount of time. The HIIT training is characterized by short bursts of high intensity exercise, as shown by a higher pulse rate and exercise intensity, interspersed with brief recovery periods, where you slow down, and let your pulse drop down. The main advantage of doing HIIT training as opposed to the more conventional LSD type of aerobics, is that you get the same, or better results with far less investment of training time. Indeed, studies show that just 6 HIIT training sessions over a 2-week period resulted in the same changes in muscle oxidative capacity as doing continuous moderate intensity aerobics that required 3-fold as much training time, and 9-times more training volume. A recent study showed that doing HIIT of 10x 60 second intervals at 90% of maximum heart rate led to an immediate increase in insulin sensitivity as measured by a lower resting glucose level in diabetics.
So it appears that you can get the same, or even superior benefits with HIIT compared to conventional LSD training. The notable advantage of HIIT is far less time in the gym. In addition, from a bodybuilding perspective, you also are less likely to slip into an overtraining state from doing HIIT compared to hours of conventional aerobics.
A current issue of aerobic training is whether you should exercise in a fasted state, or eat something prior to training. Some believe that exercising in a fasted state permits more fat oxidation, especially when done first thing in the morning. The idea here is that glycogen levels are low in the when you awaken, and thus it's easier to tap into fat stores when you exercise at that time. One study found that 6 weeks of conventional aerobic exercise in the fasted state produced changes that resulted in greater muscle oxidative enzymes (required for fat oxidation or "burning."), and also increased glucose and fatty acid transport capacity. Young men who engaged in fasted aerobics didn't gain weight despite consuming a higher fat and calorie intake.
Based on these findings, a new study had 16 overweight, obese women engage in HIIT for 6 weeks. They used the 10x 60 seconds HIIT protocol, during which they raised their heart beat levels to 90% of maximum for 60 seconds, followed by a recovery period in which they slowed down (they were on stationary bikes) for another 60 seconds. They did 10 bouts of this per session, three times a week for a total of 18 sessions. But eight of the women consumed a meal prior to the exercise session, while the other eight did the exercise in a fasted state. The women who ate consumed a meal an hour prior to exercise, while the fasted women ate their last meal before exercise the evening before, but did eat a meal an hour after the exercise. The meals consisted of 439 calories, with 74% of the calories derived from carbohydrates.
The results showed that both groups showed similar beneficial changes, and that eating the meal prior to training had no effects on these changes.Specifically, the women showed reduced fat in their thighs and abdominal regions. And they got this from only 30 minutes of exercise a week. HIIT may be more efficient at lower body fat levels because of increased release of hormones that promote fat mobilization, such as epinephrine and norepinephrine. HIIT also leads to a higher post-exercise oxygen consumption, which means a higher resting metabolic rate compared to conventional aerobics. One recent study also suggested that HIIT produces a greater decrease of appetite after training, which means less total food consumption.
One change that didn't occur was an increase in insulin sensitivity. This effect more often happens in men, and is related to a greater depletion of existing glycogen stores. When women exercise, they are more efficient at preserving glycogen levels. In fact, they use up to 50% less glycogen then men during high intensity exercise. In addition, about 25% of people just don't get any change in insulin sensitivity following exercise, and another 15% show a decline in insulin sensitivity. But since abdominal fat, especially the deep-lying visceral fat, is related to insulin sensitivity, and since all the women in this study did lose significant amounts of abdominal fat, the odds are that their insulin sensitivity was improved, but the effect was more subtle.The women also showed lean mass gains in their legs, which never occurs with conventional aerobics.Gains in lean mass, or muscle, are known to boost insulin sensitivity.
So for those who lack the time to engage in long aerobic sessions in an effort to reduce excess body fat levels, HIIT may be the best way to go.
Gillen, JB, et al. Interval training in the fed or fasted state improves body composition and muscle oxidative capacity in overweight women.Obesity 2013;21: 249-2255.
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Last modified: March 23, 2019
How, Despite Overwhelming Public Support, the Waste Industry Has Undermined Recycling
By Mike Garfield - from - June/July 2006
Ten years ago, the future was smiling on America's recyclers. Across the country, local governments were reeling from sky-high trash prices, beefed-up landfill regulations, and virulent community opposition to new incinerators and waste dumps. Giving up years of resistance, they turned to recycling in droves.
In the early 1990s, city after city embraced the reduce-reuse-recycle ethic, and families got used to sorting their jars, cans and papers from the rest of their trash. Recycling even entered the vernacular. Between 1990 and 1998, the national recycling rate skyrocketed from 16% to 28% of all garbage. Michigan's rates lagged behind the national levels, but still rose to their current 20% level.
At the very time that recycling moved into America's mainstream, however, two fundamental changes in the waste industry began to undermine its potential.
Better, More Efficient, and Cheaper Service?
Until the 1980s, most large- and medium-sized cities ran their solid waste programs with their own municipal crews and managers. But faced with budget shortfalls and impressed by Reagan-era economic philosophy, hundreds of cities contracted with private waste haulers who promised them windfall savings. In Michigan, only a handful of cities - mostly those with powerful municipal unions - have held onto their publicly-run trash services, according to James Frey, principal and owner of Resource Recycling Systems, a solid waste consulting firm. And the many fast-growing suburbs in southeast and west Michigan had never established a municipal collection service in the first place.
Did they save money? Some certainly did. Some public sector programs were poorly managed and posed easy targets for privatizers who argued that market competition would always provide better, more efficient and cheaper services. But whenever a municipality contracted out its trash and recycling service, sold its trucks, and reassigned its staff, the market had one less competitor - the public sector provider. In the worst case, private bidders would secure municipal contracts with low-ball bids, see the public unit mothball its own department, acquire its private sector competitors, and then charge monopoly prices in subsequent contracts.
Indeed, for some small communities, the glow wore off quickly. The Village of Chelsea, a tiny Washtenaw County town of less than 10,000 persons, contracted out its trash collection service earlier than most. But they grew disenchanted with their service providers, according to John Elliott, the Village's current Solid Waste Department Supervisor. Their last hauler, based in Jackson, "would pick up in Jackson, then handle our routes, and dump for free at our landfill." The Village decided that it could provide the service at lower cost than a contractor, and has done so for the last decade.
Most communities, however, are unwilling to "get back into the business." No matter how dissatisfied they might be with their contractors, most local governments are reluctant to get back in the business after selling their trucks and equipment, and eliminating their staff positions. By 1997, more than half of U.S. municipal solid waste services were provided by private contractors. With this shift to the private sector, cities relinquished some control over their programs, and lobbying for better recycling programs grew more complex.
The Acquisition Craze
At the same time that the waste industry was making inroads in the public sector, the industry itself was undergoing a dramatic transformation. An industry dominated by small family-owned businesses was taken to Wall Street, and it has never looked back.
When cities contracted for trash collection 20 years ago, odds were high they'd hire a small local hauler. Southeast Michigan municipalities hired companies like Clarkston Disposal, Mr. Rubbish, Diamond D and City Management. In the 1970s and 1980s, two trash companies - Chicago-based Waste Management, Inc. (WMI) and Houston-based Browning-Ferris Industries (BFI) - adopted a radical business strategy which transformed the industry, and the pace of change has accelerated even more in recent years. Both companies went public in the 1970s, and used their stock to finance the acquisition of hundreds of local haulers. In short time, WMI and BFI had become global corporations with diversified businesses. By 1988, WMI and BFI were ranked among the Fortune 500 list of the world's largest companies, with Waste Management among the top hundred.
But the acquisition craze ran its course as the trash giants failed to continue providing outstanding returns to investors. They should have foreseen the problem, according to Peter Anderson, president of Recycle Worlds, a Wisconsin-based consulting firm, in an article in the industry trade journal MSW Management, because "trash collection simply has no economies of scale above that found on the regional level that could affect the premiums that had to be paid to close on all their acquisitions."
The giants kept profits high through price-fixing and predatory pricing tactics. After years of escaping prosecution with slaps on the wrist, they were forced in 1988 to settle a class-action antitrust lawsuit for $50 million. Nor were they America's greenest companies. Both industry leaders ran up hundreds of environmental violations at their landfills and other facilities. But antitrust and environmental violations couldn't guarantee profitability. When the giants overbuilt landfills in the early 1990s and suffered losses in their hazardous waste operations, their profits tumbled. They gave up the field to a new generation of consolidators who would eventually overtake them.
Most prominent of the new generation was a cast-off from the last. John Drury, BFI's president, was called a "dinosaur" and forced out of the company by CEO William Ruckelshaus over Drury's refusal to support recycling programs. Drury found his way over to the Dallas-based start-up USA Waste Services. According to Anderson:
"While the colossus that became Waste Management had actually been created by the aggregation of 3,000 small, family-owned haulers over 20 long years, [Drury] had the support of investors to implement the idea of merging with other regional consolidators to race to the finish line in record time. He may also have had the insight that a seemingly innocuous upstart could slip under the Justice Department's radar screen, while Waste Management or BFI might have felt that they risked being hung out to dry by the Justice Department acting under its merger review authority."
Remarkably, the strategy succeeded, and within four years, USA Waste (and another young regional consolidator, Allied Waste) had grown so strong that they merged with, and assumed management control of, respectively, Waste Management and BFI. The new #3 and #4 industry players -Republic Waste and Vivendi/Superior - were beefed up by government-forced divestitures of the new WMI and Allied/BFI. Beyond the top four, the field has grown sparse, and, by 1999, only 13% of the country's solid waste market was controlled by privately held companies.
Recycling Not their Core Business
While the waste companies assured local governments that they could provide high-quality, low-cost recycling programs, they've jumped at opportunities to cut back those very programs.In the late 1980s and early 1990s, WMI and BFI both thought that recycling programs could improve their public image, which had been battered by price-fixing scandals, major antitrust violations and overt links to organized crime. During this period, the two waste giants christened their programs "Recycle America" and "Recycle Now," built dozens of recycling facilities, plastered recycling trucks all over their annual reports, and BFI dumped John Drury.
But the recycling bubble burst a few years later, as the new regional consolidators grew fast and commodity markets took a dive. The industry leaders make ten times as much profit on their landfill operations as they do on their recycling programs, according to a 1997 report by Deutsche Morgan Bank, so the new management at WMI, Allied/BFI, and the others have cut recycling services in the name of shareholder return. According to Anderson, "Waste Management found in the early 1990s that embracing recycling was a way to reburnish its public image from a damaging class action antitrust suit it had lost. Now that recycling's no longer in vogue, and since the takeover by USA Waste, the focus is on increasing waste volumes, not diversion. . . . The dynamics on Allied are the same as for Waste."
The waste industry maneuvers against recycling were soon buttressed by a small, but prominent, group of right-wing thinktanks, industry lobbyists and conservative commentators. The Cato Institute, Reason Foundation, and other right-wing organizations issued reports that not only attacked the economic benefits of recycling, but even the environmental benefits. Little by little, the anti-recycling attacks worked their way into the mainstream media. They opened into full flower with John Tierney's 1996 New York Times Magazine cover story titled "Recycling is Garbage." Tierney's article was sharply and widely criticized (the Times acknowledged receiving a record number of letters about the story, mostly negative), but the seeds of doubt were planted.
It had taken 20 years to persuade local communities to invest in recycling programs. The public had just grown used to sorting recyclables. But now we were handed messages that the recycling movement was founded on a hoax.
With the waste industry lobbying to downsize recycling programs and the public confused about their benefits, municipalities started to axe services. According to a new report by the Institute for Local Self Reliance (see excerpts, page 11), New York City has recently cut its collection service back from weekly to bi-weekly; Washington, D.C. has temporarily dropped pick-ups during budget shortfalls. Twelve states report that local communities have quit collecting glass bottles and jars, and six states say locals have quit collecting plastic containers. In Michigan, Oakland County's recycling rates have fallen so far short of the County's 50% recovery goal that county planners are now slashing the goals-all the way down to 30%!
Industry P.R. officials and anti-environmental naysayers argue that recycling can't compete in the marketplace, but what they won't tell you is that the market is rigged. In a 1999 study, the Grassroots Recycling Network found that 13 federal taxpayer subsidies provide over $2.6 billion per year for timber harvesting, hard rock mining, and fossil fuel production. These subsidies for virgin materials extraction put scrap recycled materials at a major competitive disadvantage.
Even on an uneven playing field, recycling can sometimes save cities money. But recycling is only cost-competitive with landfill disposal when cities invest seriously in it, and develop programs with high participation and recovery rates. By Jim Frey's calculations, "on a cost-per-ton basis, when a recovery system reaches the 40-45% level, the system achieves economies of scale that make its costs comparable to landfills."
Unfortunately, not enough North American cities have reached the 40-45% level, even though some have surpassed 50%, and a handful have topped 60%. (See chart, page 9.) In low-recovery towns, however, recycling is viewed as a luxury that may be first on the chopping block when city leaders need to find budget cutbacks.
Future Up for Grabs
As a result, many cities find themselves in a quandary. They may want to ramp up their recovery programs, but they've contracted their waste services to the private sector, and none of the trash companies in their region are interested in providing high-recovery programs. Do they have to buy new trucks, hire new employees, and re-start their own in-house services? Do they have any other recourse?
Maybe, say experts. If you're in the right place, and you play it smart, cities can push their recovery levels up to the point where they start to see financial returns. "Privatization is not the heart of the issue," says Peter Anderson, "consolidation over landfills is." Some regions still have a high-recovery service provider, whether it be one of the remaining nonprofit recyclers or a for-profit recycler. "And if you contract right, you can reduce the easy ways that the waste industry can hurt you."
Even in the current industry environment, Jim Frey finds that "there are ways to do public-private partnerships that break the chain of monopoly and set up incentives for aggressive recycling. But the public agency needs to keep control of the incentives."
Some communities have introduced economic incentives into their hauling contracts. For instance, weight-based fees give a recyclables hauler the financial incentive to encourage greater participation and recovery. In contrast, most contracts reimburse haulers based on the total number of households served. That actually acts as an incentive against higher recovery, since the hauler makes more money by finishing routes quickly. Many communities also employ economic incentives for waste reduction in their programs' financing. Nearly 4,000 U.S. communities use "pay-as-you-throw" systems where household pay solid waste fees based on the amount of trash they generate-the more trash, the higher the fee. Old-fashioned property tax funding for solid waste programs provides the user with no incentive to recycle.
Local officials, though, won't wade through the complexities of solid waste contracting for the sake of recycling unless their constituents demand better programs. And, on that point, there may be grounds for optimism. After lying dormant for nearly ten years, activists are taking to the streets again to promote recycling.
Bill Sheehan, coordinator of the Grassroots Recycling Network (GRRN), a national coalition of recycling and environmental activists, points to a series of campaigns that have once again mobilized public interest in support of recycling. GRRN's started a campaign last year to pressure Coca Cola to honor its promise to use recycled content in its plastic bottles. "The campaign has engaged over 10,000 consumers, and generated over 40,000 letters and emails to Coke," says Sheehan. "Ten local governments, including the Cities of Los Angeles and San Francisco, have endorsed the campaign."
Sheehan says that GRRN is making plans to work with forestry activists, and it is planning a major new initiative to expand bottle bill programs around the country. At the local level, he says, an aggressive and media-savvy campaign for "zero waste" was organized in Boulder, Colorado by the nonprofit recycler EcoCycle with impressive results. Activists are organizing initiatives elsewhere in communities around the country. While the situation is more complex today than in recycling's early years, the message is the same: recycling and waste reduction create huge environmental benefits, produce more jobs than waste disposal, and can be cost-competitive with landfills and incinerators.
Back in Michigan, recycling activists butt up against an unfriendly governor and legislature, over-built disposal capacity, and a market dominated by the major waste companies. Activists mobilized in the mid-1990s to fight new landfill sitings, again a few years later to protest waste imports from distant states and Ontario, and - in a small handful of communities - to lobby for better recycling programs.
Ironically, the same consolidation trend which bruised recycling programs might now get bit back. As the industry drops service, their customers look elsewhere. "We now get calls every day from businesses that want to recycle, or from ones that have had a service dropped, and they're desperate for a solution," said Tim Brownell, board chair and interim director of Recycle Ann Arbor. "They call us from Livonia, Canton, 30 and 40 miles away. People are losing options, but are committed to recycling, and they don't want to give it up."
Peter Anderson goes even further, arguing that recycling might be the "soft underbelly" of the waste industry. He posits that the consolidators - soon to run out of smaller firms to acquire - will soon have to charge inflated monopoly prices to their customers. In turn, recycling will become more affordable.
Recycling catapulted into the mainstream through the vocal support and political involvement of thousands of grassroots activists across the country. With the success of the movement, the activists were gradually replaced by public sector managers, corporate officials, and industry consultants. Today, facing a more complex set of challenges, recycling will never reach its full potential without a rejuvenated grassroots movement. Working outside the limelight, the future of recycling is up for grabs.
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Your question: Why do footballers die of heart attacks?
Why do athletes die of heart attacks?
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, although not usually fatal, is the most common cause of heart-related sudden death in people under 30. It’s the most common identifiable cause of sudden death in athletes. HCM often goes undetected. Coronary artery abnormalities.
Why do some footballers have heart attacks?
Why does sudden cardiac arrest strike active sportsperson? Structural or electrical abnormalities can cause sudden cardiac arrest in sportspersons. These abnormalities may be inherited or must have remained undiagnosed. For athletes with an abnormal heart condition, exercise can be a trigger.
Why do footballers suddenly die?
Up to 90% of all non-traumatic sudden deaths in sport are due to disorders of the cardiovascular system. … The most common causes of SCD in young athletes are the cardiomyopathies (heart muscle disorders) which account for almost 40% of all deaths reported in the literature.
What football player had a heart attack?
Danish footballer Christian Eriksen has spent his third night in hospital having tests, following a cardiac arrest during a European Championship match on Saturday.
Is sudden death painful?
Some people may have a racing heartbeat or feel dizzy or lightheaded just before they faint. Within an hour before sudden cardiac arrest, some people have chest pain, shortness of breath, nausea (feeling sick to the stomach), or vomiting.
THIS IS IMPORTANT: You asked: Who is the most famous German footballer?
Can a healthy person die suddenly?
The sudden death of a previously healthy young individual is a rare but tragic event. Every year about one in 100,000 people aged between one and 35 dies suddenly of a natural cause. The vast majority of sudden death cases in the young are caused by diseases of the heart.
Why do cardiac arrests happen in the bathroom?
Using the toilet
If your heart function is already compromised, this could be a trigger for sudden cardiac arrest. Going to the bathroom can also trigger something called a vasovagal response. Using the bathroom puts pressure on the vagus nerve, which can sometimes slow your heart rate.
How long can your heart stop before you die?
Most people regard cardiac arrest as synonymous with death, he says. But it is not a final threshold. Doctors have long believed that if someone is without a heartbeat for longer than about 20 minutes, the brain usually suffers irreparable damage.
How can you avoid a heart attack?
What can I do to lower my risk of heart disease?
1. Control your blood pressure. High blood pressure is a major risk factor for heart disease. …
2. Keep your cholesterol and triglyceride levels under control. …
3. Stay at a healthy weight. …
4. Eat a healthy diet. …
5. Get regular exercise. …
6. Limit alcohol. …
7. Don’t smoke. …
8. Manage stress.
What is wrong with Eriksen?
Christian Eriksen suffered a cardiac arrest and “was gone” after collapsing on the pitch during Denmark’s Euro 2020 game against Finland, the Danish team doctor has confirmed.
Football expert
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I have a few questions regarding the meaning of the verb phrases propped up on/ propped against.
Oxford Dictionary gives the following sentences to illustrate the usage of the verb prop.
1. The old man lay propped up on cushions.
2. He lay propped against the pillows.
I take the predicates of the two sentences to mean the same thing: They both lay (on their beds, most likely,) their heads somewhat raised at an angle, cushions/the pillows supporting them. Or is there any difference between the two?
1. She propped herself up on one elbow.
In this one, the woman being described was lying on her side (on her bed or on the floor, you cannot know,) head resting on her hand, arm bent at the elbow. Or could the sentence be interpreted in different ways? (She was sitting at her desk staring out the window, maybe?)
• You should add the applicable definition(s) of prop, which might help explain the meaning.
– user3169
Nov 25 '15 at 5:31
• My Oxford Dictionary has only one definition for prop (verb): to support an object by leaning it against sth, or putting sth under it.; to support a person in the same way
– goldbrick
Nov 27 '15 at 13:22
If something is propped up or propped against, it is neither horizontal nor vertical, but diagonal.
• If you want to emphazise the not horizontal aspect, the "supported from below", use
propped up
• If you want to emphazise the not vertical aspect, the "leaning against", use
propped against
So the old man from your example is described as either supported by the pillows ("p. up") or leaning against the pillows ("p. against") - both can describe the same scenario but with a slightly different perception.
In general, I would tend to favour "against" for more vertical objects (a painting propped against the wall), but this is no fixed rule.
• So will "propped up on the pillows" be used here? And what do you think about "propped up with the pillows"? Jun 2 '19 at 11:44
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What does an independent study mean?
What does an independent study mean?
Independent study is an alternative to classroom instruction consistent with a school district’s course of study and is not an alternative curriculum. Independent study is voluntary, many school districts offer this type of education, but some do not.
Is independent study better?
Independent study can be a great option for some students; however, it may not be the right option for every student who is not thriving at a traditional school. Some students might be better served in an educational option that is classroom-based and offers a smaller learning environment and more individualization.
How do you survive online classes?
Tips to survive online classesFind a space to do your schoolwork. This is difficult as sometimes relaxing and school don’t always go hand in hand. Make specific time blocks of the day to complete work. If doing school at night is more your thing, go for it! Find a quiet place. Limit social media and stay off your phone. Set Goals.
How do you kill time in online classes?
How to Pass Time in Class Listen actively and take notes. Interact in class and ask questions. Illustrate your notes. Complete your homework for another class. Organize and create a to-do list. Doodle in the margins of your notebook. Read something interesting. Engage in some creative writing.
What do online classes do when bored?
Posted by Basia PadloPull your hair or pinch yourself. Wear as few items of clothing as possible. Hide more interesting reading material. Suggest holding class outside. Send text messages on your cell phone. Make paper airplanes. Keep a list of words with dirty meanings. Take notes with your nondominant hand.
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The American Occupation
Becoming an Interpreter
"The teachers that were still there were amazed ."
"I had left most of my clothing and belongings at school, so I asked for a four-day pass to get my things. The Company commander said he needed me, so he sent a jeep to collect my things, which only took one day. The teachers that were still there were amazed that I was an interpreter for the American Army. I still remember my English teacher who did not want to pass me in his class, mainly because I had an American accent."
Editor's Note: When it became clear that the American Army was getting closer to his school, Eugene fled across the countryside on his bicycle, heading back toward Hannover and his grandmother. However, when he got to the village of Aerzen, recently captured by the American Army, he showed his American passport to the G.I. on duty, and the Army hired him as an interpreter. As an Army interpreter, Eugene became the middle-man between the Allied occupational authority and local Germans. He surprised his former school teachers with his new-found occupation.
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The Soul of Eugene Marais and the Origin of a “Revolutionary Theory”
Eugene Marais
How can one describe a man as brilliant as Eugene Marais? Perhaps accounts of such men are best left to the bards. Robert Ardrey, who wrote a lengthy introduction to Marais’ The Soul of the Ape, was a bard (or, more accurately, a playwright) for much of his career. I will leave the task to him:
Eugene Marais was a human community in the person of one man. He was a poet, an advocate, a journalist, a story-teller, a drug addict, a psychologist, a natural scientist. He embraced the pains of many, the visions of the few, and perhaps the burden was too much for one man… As a scientist he was unique, supreme in his time, yet a worker in a science then unborn.
A South African, Marais’ first book, The Soul of the White Ant, was a compilation of a series of articles about African termites originally published between 1923 and 1925 in his native Afrikaans (the same word is used for “soul” and “mind” in Afrikaans). His work was crudely plagiarized by Maurice Maeterlinck, winner of the Nobel Prize for literature in 1911, in his Life of the White Ant. The incident is described in a preface to Marais’ book by his translator:
About six years after these articles appeared, Maurice Maeterlinck published his book The Life of the White Ant, in which he described the organic unity of the termitary and compared it with the human body. The theory created great interest at the time and was generally accepted as an original one formulated by Maeterlinck. The fact that an unknown South African observer had developed the theory after many years of extensive labor was not generally known in Europe.
Marais’ masterpiece, The Soul of the Ape, is the first prolonged scientific study of primates in the wild (in this case, the baboon) ever published. Although he had published vignettes of his life with baboons in a little volume called My Friends the Baboons, the unfinished manuscript of his great work was not discovered and published until over a quarter of a century after his death. Like The Soul of the White Ant, the work virtually sparkles with remarkable hypotheses. Some were wide of the mark. Others were of enduring brilliance, and one such has recently been reborn, unattributed and described as a “revolutionary theory.”
Marais devised the terms “phyletic memory” and “causal memory” to describe his observations of animal behavior. The former referred to instinctive behavior. As Marais put it,
There are many analogies between memory and instinct, and although these may not extend to fundamentals, they are still of such a nature that the term phyletic memory will always convey a clear understanding of the most characteristic attributes of instinct.
By causal memory Marais meant the higher cognitive ability we usually associate with the term, or, as he described it, “the ability to memorize the relation of cause and effect.” He believed that this type of memory had assumed a dominant evolutionary role in primates, giving them the ability to quickly adapt to rapidly changing environments. As he noted in the case of his baboons, who quickly learned to avoid men with guns after their first encounter with them,
Here we have behavior shaped entirely by the new memory. The animal is burdened by no ready-made hereditary memory useful only in meeting customary events in its environment and likely to become highly disadvantageous in the presence of new and unaccustomed conditions.
As I alluded to earlier, Marais’ idea recently had a curtain call on an episode of Nova’s Becoming Human series, where it is described as a “radical new theory,” and attributed to paleoanthropologist Rick Potts. To the best of my knowledge, Potts himself never made such a claim. However, according to the account in Becoming Human, the brain size of human ancestors had “flat-lined” for around four million years after they had first begun walking on two legs. Then, over a period of no more than half a million years, there had been a remarkable increase in brain capacity. Asking the rhetorical question, “Why this sudden take off,” Nova goes on to describe research confirming “wild climate changes” in Africa during the period. For example, core samples indicated that a massive lake had appeared, disappeared, and reappeared on the same spot many times under climactic conditions of constant flux, including radical changes over periods of as little as a thousand years. Enter Rick Potts, who, in Nova’s account, had just formulated a “bold theory of human evolution,” according to which our ancestors had acquired large brains in the process of “adapting to change itself.” Elaborating on this theme, once again touted as a “revolutionary idea,” Nova describes the process as an “adaptation to versatility,” by which our ancestors rapidly acquired big brains and high intelligence in response to these cataclysmic climate swings.
I will let Marais himself answer this claim to “revolutionary ideas.” In The Soul of the Ape, published in 1969, he writes:
If now we picture the great continent of Africa with its extreme diversity of natural conditions – its high, cold, treeless plateaux; its impenetrable tropical forests; its great river systems; its inland seas; its deserts; its rain and droughts; its sudden climatic changes capable of altering the natural aspect of great tracts of country in a few years – all forming an apparently systemless chaos, and then picture its teeming masses of competing organic life, comprising more species, more numbers and of greater size than can be found on any other continent on earth, is it not at once evident how great would be the advantage if under such conditions a species could be liberated from the limiting force of hereditary memories? Would it not be conducive to preservation if under such circumstances a species could either suddenly change its habitat or meet any new natural conditions thrust upon it by means of immediate adaptation? Is it not self-evident that in a species far-wandering, whether on account of sudden natural changes, competitive pressure, or through inborn “wanderlust,” those individuals which could best and most quickly adapt themselves to the most varied conditions would be the ones most likely to survive and perpetuate the race, and that among species, one equipped for distant migrations would always have a better chance than a confined one? Are not all the elements present to bring about the natural selection of an attribute by means of which a species could thus meet and neutralise one of the most prolific causes of destruction?
This is not advanced as a demonstrable theory. It is no more than an attempt to show that it is hardly possible to imagine conditions existing anywhere in nature at any time which would not in some degree tend towards the evolution of such an attribute. If these present conditions are self-evidently likely to select it, how much more likely, for instance, would not its birth and growth have been during the earlier history of the planet, during the Pleistocene period, when cataclysmic movements of its crust and great and repeated climatic changes still belonged to the usual and customary category of natural events.
So much for Nova’s “revolutionary idea.” Perhaps we should not be surprised by this particular case of scientific amnesia. After all, Marais’ name is closely associated with that of a man of similar talent and genius; Robert Ardrey. Ardrey dedicated his first book, African Genesis to him, and, as noted earlier, wrote a lengthy and charming introduction to The Soul of the Ape. Unfortunately, Ardrey smashed the singularly implausible notion of the Blank Slate rather earlier than was convenient to fit the narrative of the modern community of “experts” in human behavior, according to which that brilliant deed was only begun more than a decade after the appearance of African Genesis by E. O. Wilson with his Sociobiology. As a result, Ardrey has become an unperson among them, and anyone associated with his memory is, no doubt, suspect as well.
No matter. The genius of Marais speaks for itself. Ardrey wrote a much better farewell to him than I could have done:
Just as a remarkable guest, one of vision and many anecdotes and a remote madness, might spend an evening by our fire, then glance at his watch and rise, so Marais takes his leave. There is a suddenness that is part of our knowledge that we shall never see him again. And we watch through the curtains as our visitor from times past walks down the path, touching things with his cane. Beyond the gate he turns down the road to the right, swinging his cane more freely. He passes under a streetlamp and vanishes in the darkness beyond the trees. Whom else did he ever visit? Where else did he go?
Author: Helian
4 thoughts on “The Soul of Eugene Marais and the Origin of a “Revolutionary Theory””
1. It is either the eternal, the inevitable tragedy of mankind or the promise of its survival, that the books of gifted men,as Robert Ardrey’s,are all but forgotten,hidden behind the curtain of selfdelusion, the romantic fallacy, which seems to be a better suited philosophy of life on this planet for the many than the pristine reasoning of a few.
2. A response for Mr. Mertens; Is it because the nation of humans without a territory have written fables that condemn its reader to believe or suffer in the afterlife that the romantic fallacy still clings to life. Or that on any given night more TV watchers view the evening soup opera than pbs because fantasy is much more digestible than reality. Or that being mature enough to accept the ultimate truth is too painful. Or etc……
3. How did romantic become synonymous with fallacy. There is observation and deduction, elevated by insight and empathy, history is littered with fallacy; likewise science; there is no such thing as pristine reasoning, but the best is independent.
4. I don’t know of anyone who really considers them synonymous. Ardrey defined the term “romantic fallacy” as “…the central conviction of modern thought that all human behavior, with certain clearly stated exceptions, results from causes lying within the human experience.” In other words, he was referring to the Blank Slate orthodoxy that prevailed at the time.
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Which databases are OK for development?
Database developer John C. Stemberger said he’s been using Oracle Database and Microsoft SQL Server databases for years.
“I’ve been using them for everything from web development, to emailing documents, to reporting on the performance of applications,” he said.
“And I’m really happy with it.”
But there are times when using a database is not ideal, and there are other alternatives to SQL.
If you’re using an SQL server database, you might want to avoid using Oracle or Microsoft.
“If you’re going to be working on the Web and you’re doing a lot of data-driven work, you probably want to do the same thing with SQL,” said Stembergers software development manager at the Chicago Public Library.
“It’s just a different way of working.”
The Database of the Future That’s where the Database of The Future comes in.
The database is an open source, open-source platform.
The software can be used by any developer who has an internet connection.
Stenderger said that it’s a great way to have a database that’s open to the public.
“With the new Oracle database, they have really open access to their data,” he told ABC News.
“There’s no barriers between you and the code and the data that you’re creating.”
The database’s main purpose is to store and search data for applications.
“You can’t really have a good search engine unless you can search your own data, and it’s not easy to search through your own information,” said Celine Ponce, a consultant for the database.
“So you really have to use the database to be able to have those search results.”
There are two main database engines that come with the Oracle database.
One is called “Oracle Database”, and the other is called the “Oracle Platform”.
If you install Oracle Database on your system, it will run in the background, without any user interaction.
That means you can do a lot with it.
If the database is on your machine, it won’t even know what it’s supposed to do.
If your application has multiple databases, each with its own configuration files, then you’ll have to manually install the correct database for each.
If Oracle Database isn’t installed, you can use the “default” database.
But, if it is, you’ll need to use a custom database.
For example, if you’re developing an email application, you may want to have multiple databases for each of your email accounts.
You’ll also want to keep a database of your personal data that isn’t stored in your company’s servers.
You can use SQL databases for this, but you’ll want to be careful when using them.
“That means you’ll end up having to do more work,” said Ponce.
“Because you have to maintain all your data in your own database.”
But you can always use a more generic database if you want to build your application with some common features.
“But if you’ve got something that’s not SQL that you don’t need, you have the flexibility of building that in,” said James Clark, a database expert at Microsoft.
Clark said it’s very difficult to design a database without the ability to load data from a variety of sources.
“They’re very well-supported by vendors.
You have to build it yourself, and that takes time,” said Clark.
Oracle also makes it easy to add a database to the system.
If that’s what you need, then all you need to do is add a new database to your system.
You just create a new instance of the database, then use the new database’s data type.
The Oracle Database comes with a wide variety of features.
It can store and store data in a variety, and store it in a very large number of different formats.
You don’t have to worry about making sure that you have everything you need.
“One thing that makes the database unique, and the reason why I say that is that you can add and remove databases,” said John Stendergers software developer.
“When you add a DB to the database that has some features that you might need, that’s all that needs to happen,” he added.
“The database will be able access any data that it needs to access.
If it’s using a SQL database, it’ll be able query all the tables that it can access, and you don’st have to write code to query those tables.”
If you need a specific data structure, you don,t have have to make sure that it is represented in a database.
You simply create a custom object and assign it a data type and then the database will handle the rest.
“All the database has to do in a nutshell is to create a table, put it in the database and assign a data field,” said Suresh Bhattacharya, a Microsoft consultant.
“Then the database handles the rest.”
But that’s a small subset of what Oracle Database has to offer.
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Thursday, 23 March 2017
At home they are to do all sorts of household chores like cooking, washing, cleaning, harvesting etc. Role of Women in Society The role of women in society has been greatly overseen in the last few decades but now are coming to a more perspective to people. In the early days women were seen as wives who were intended to cook, clean, and take care of the kids. They were not allowed to vote while men took care of having jobs and paying any bills that had to be paid. Soon enough it caught on that women should have a bigger role than what other people thought women should have. They faced discrimination like and other race that faced it. Women would voice their opinion in any way possible so that they could reach their goal and they did.
Gender equality is, first and foremost, a human right. A woman is entitled to live in dignity and in freedom from want and from fear. Empowering women is also an indispensable tool for advancing development and reducing poverty. Empowered women contribute to the health and productivity of whole families and communities and to improved prospects for the next generation. The importance of gender equality is underscored by its inclusion as one of the eight Millennium Development Goals. Gender equality is acknowledged as being a key to achieving the other seven goals. Yet discrimination against women and girls - including gender-based violence, economic discrimination, reproductive health inequities, and harmful traditional practices - remains the most pervasive and persistent form of inequality. Women and girls bear enormous hardship during and after humanitarian emergencies, especially armed conflicts. There have been several organizations and institutions advocating for women, promoting legal and policy reforms and gender-sensitive data collection, and supporting projects that improve women's health and expand their choices in life.
Men have a tendency to leave their wives due to the fact that they had their child and the father was not committed enough or not ready to be a “father.” Women are faced with more responsibly than men but also are faced with a lot more problems than men because they look a woman as a bearer of children. It is a fact that men shouldn’t abuse their wives and its true, but they still are. Abortion is also another problem that women are faced with. Morality is an issue with this as women are sometimes not ready to be a mother and their husbands or boyfriends have already left them. Men usually just walk away from the situation but women have to choose to either have the baby or have it “aborted”.
Today women are playing important role in all spheres of life. They are no longer confined within the four walls of their parents' or husbands house. They have come out of the kitchens and are working hand in hand with men in all the development programs of the government. By receiving higher education they are becoming pilots, doctors, engineers, hospitality professionals, teachers, administrators etc. They have been able to prove their worth. They not only do their household work but also work outside of their houses. They are contributing much to the economy of the country. Now it has come to the realization of the men that true development of the country is not possible keeping half of population idle at home. So it needs no telling that women are playing a great role in the socioeconomic condition of our country. Women have made vast improvements in their lifestyles in the past few decades from holding positions in governments to simple things like getting a job and supporting themselves.
Alias Dr.ABS Taal Jr.
Tuesday, 14 March 2017
The Casamance region is in the southern region of Senegal which, although connected in the East to Senegal, is separated from the rest of Senegal by the Gambia. The Casamance Conflict is a low-level conflict that has been waged between the Government of Senegal and the Movement of Democratic Forces of Casamance (MFDC) since 1982.
History reveal that Cassamance was once colonized by the Portuguese before they moved to Guinea Bissau as Senegal was colonized by the French likewise The Gambia too by Britain.
The Portuguese signed a document with the people of Cassamance stating their regaining of independence from Protugal. When the Portuguese left for Bissau, the people of Senegal then advised the people of Cassamance to give up their documents in order to join together and form one government till later, since Cassamance lacks the expertise and know how on running a nation. Which the people of Cassamance did without as per request since they are neighbors.
After a while, renowned freedom fighters by the names Emil Bajan &JamakunSenghore realized that there was once an agreement as per the handing over of documents for the freedom and the liberation of Cassamance for independence. Both Emil Bajan and Labe Jamakun Senghoreasked about the wear about of the document to the Senegalese President then Abdou Joof in order to facilitate the Independence of Cassamance. During the struggle for the freedom and independence of cassamance at the initial stage, Emil Badjan was injected which results to his death, as he was challenging the Senegalese to give him the signed documents. Then, Labe Jamakun Senghore also took up the challenge and struggled extremely hard for Cassamance and its people to regain Freedom and Independence as per the agreement made by the Purtuguesetoo. In the struggle he was seen as a treat to the Senegalese too and that also lead to his death. As a result to which inspired the people of Cassamance fighting for their independence remains an untold story in Africa.
Abdou Joof
In 2006, there exists a bilateral agreement between the President of Senegal, then Abdoulie Wade and the rebel group with the object of laying down arms and join together to form one great Senegal. But then, some of the rebels thought it wasn’t a great idea to abide by the proposal brought forward by the Senegalese government which led to division among the rebel groups as they have different aims and objectives in the struggle. Those various divided groups were led by Sirlif Sarjo, Kamugai Jatta, and Paul Sambou etc. But among all groups, the one led by Sirlif Sarjo became the strongest group with the strongest motive of leading Cassamance to independence at all cost resulting to war for decades. Sirlif became the headache of the Senegalese since he stands firm and mastermind the revolution that is still fighting for the liberation of Cassamance with his rebel group named MFDC.
Salif Sarjo
Sirlif is a reasonable man who drew my attention the day he released about eleven arrested Senegalese soldiers during the brutal invasion. The event was then witnessed by the Gambian government under the leadership of President Yahya A.J.J. Jammeh and Amnesty International. He spoke at length about the purpose of their existence claiming that the Senegalese government only sent the natives of Cassamance residing in the Senegalese forces to invade Cassamance resulting to brothers picking up arms and fighting against each other. Sirlif further stated that since the rebellion was formed, known of the international Medias went to Cassamance to ask about what conspired between them and the Senegalese people but rather depends on the information provided by the Senegalese which he strongly advocated that would not end the war in Cassamance. He also opened rooms for dialogue to end the long existing chaos that Cassamance is subjected to for decades.
This war between the rebels of Cassamance and the government of Senegal started long since and the cassamance people would never stop until they regain what rightfully belongs to them. Who feels it, knows it, the people of Cassamance are subjected to pain and agony, brutality and corruption from the Senegalese government. Some days in history, the Senegalese government invaded Cassamance capturing and killing innocent women and children calling them rebels, burning down houses to ash, destroying their animals, louting their resources and other sources of living. This is when the revolution was mastermind by Sirlif to protect the integrity of the people of Cassamance and they revolved against the Senegalese forces which lead to the death of many. The Cassamance story is very sad as a good number of people lost their lives and property, thanks to the Senegalese government for their brutality, subjecting innocent women and children to vacate seeking for refuge in nearby countries.
The real trick to good governance is to place the needs of the masses above everything else; to lead not just with words but with action. Actions define priorities. It’s the only way politicians can successfully bring us the long sought dividend of democracy.It is time for all Africans to come up with tangible solutions in order to safe Cassamance. What this tomorrow looks like depends on our action today.
But using our voices on paper, exercising our power and demanding action through nonviolence can help restore peace in Cassamance.NOW !!.
By: Saidina Alieu Jarjou
Alias Dr.ABS Taal Jr.
To: The President of the Republic of The Gambia
Cc: The Chairman Independent Electoral commission
Cc: Minister of Interior
From: Saidina Alieu Jarjou, the Ghetto Spokesperson
Date: 03rd March, 2017
Re: REQUEST FOR THE INMATES TO VOTE?
I take this golden opportunity to congratulate you on your victory and celebration of the independence of our dear mother land under your visionary leadership in the smiling coast.
Your Excellency Sir, being the chief servant of the Gambian people. I think that it is quiet important to bring to your attention issues that will make The Gambia huge. As per your philosophy “one Gambia, one people, and one nation”.
You Excellency, once again may I remind you that there are many inmates in various prisons across the countries who are Gambians. I deem it necessary for them to take part in the fourth coming parliamentary election since they are Gambians too.
The inmates encompass a large portion of the population, whom are not represented since they don’t vote for the person of their choice who shall represent them at such important tradition such as Presidential, Parliamentary and Councillorship. In other to make The Gambia the last place of hope on earth.
Your Excellency, I am appealing to you and your administration to make a SWOT analysis and a feasibility study to access the impact of my request as per the voting of the inmates.
The Gambia belongs to us The Gambians both those home and abroad, and by putting our thoughts on paper we shall reach at a solution.
Finally I take this superb prospect to thank you on your dynamic headship style in ensuring all Gambians the freedom of expression.
Thank you
Saidina Alieu Jarjou
The Ghetto Spokesperson
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K12 LibreTexts
3.4: Concluding Paragraph
• Page ID
• The conclusion paragraph of an expository essay is an author’s last chance to create a good impression. Hence, it is important to restate the thesis statement at the beginning of the paragraph in order to remind the reader of your topic and explanation. Since it is at the end of the paper, the conclusion paragraph also should add a sense of closure and finality to the clarification of the paper. It is important to re-emphasize the main idea without being repetitive or introducing an entirely new idea or subtopic. While you can conclude your conclusion paragraph by suggesting a topic for further research or investigation, do not make this question the focus of the paragraph. Thus, you should briefly and concisely reiterate the strongest clarifications of the paper, reminding the reader of the validity of your thesis or explanation and bringing closure to your paper.
Concluding Paragraph:
• Begin with a topic sentence that reflects the argument of the thesis statement.
• Briefly summarize the main points of the paper.
• Provide a strong and effective close for the paper.
Things to always do Things to never do
• Stress the importance of the thesis.
• Include a brief summary of the main idea.
• Be concise.
• Provide a sense of closure.
• Rework your introduction or thesis statement.
• Use overused phrases.
Example:In summary...” or “In conclusion...
• Announce what you have written in the body of the essay
Example: “In this paper I have emphasized the importance of...”
• Apologize.
Example: “Although I do not have all the answers...”
• Make absolute claims.
Example: “This proves that the government should...”
You may feel that the conclusion paragraph is redundant or unnecessary; However, do not forget that this is your last chance to explain the significance of your argument to your audience. Just as your body paragraphs strive to present the significance of each fact or quote you use, your conclusion paragraph should sum up the significance of your argument. Thus, you should consider making a bold statement in your concluding paragraph by evoking a vivid image, suggesting results or consequences related to your argument or ending with a warning. Through using these components, you not only make your conclusion paragraph more exciting, but you also make your essay and your argument, more important.
Review Questions
1. What are three of the main purposes of an introductory paragraph?
2. What should you never do in an introductory paragraph?
3. How should you refute counterpoints?
4. What is the formula for a well-argued body paragraph?
5. What should you include in a conclusion paragraph? What should never include in a conclusion paragraph?
Points to Consider
1. Write an expository essay about your favorite movie or book, paying special attention to why a certain book or movie is your favorite. Be sure to adequately summarize the movie or book in order to provide a concise and comprehensible explanation. Additionally, be sure to use concrete details and examples to explain why you enjoy the book or movie you are writing about. Simply summarizing the plot will not explain to the reader why the book or movie is entertaining to you.
2. Write an expository essay about a historical event, indicating at least three factors that contributed to its development. For instance, you could discuss how factors, such as World War I, led to the Women’s Suffrage Movement. A factor could be an event, an individual or a movement that is historically significant. In order to properly show how certain factors caused or contributed to a specific event, you must clarify both the factors and the event itself.
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Drones can be a source of disturbance to wintering waterbird flocks
Credit: CC0 Public Domain
Newly published research, in Bird Study, carried out by the British Trust for Ornithology (BTO) in Scotland, shows that wintering waterbirds, such as ducks, geese, swans and wading birds can easily be scared into flight by drones.
In recent years, drone technology has improved rapidly, while at the same time the drones themselves have become ever cheaper and produced in ever greater quantities. Drones are now being used for recreational photography, surveillance, ecological research, remote sensing and even to deliver packages. The mass proliferation of drones and the increasingly likelihood of commercial and recreational drone use taking place close to wildlife creates a new and potentially significant source of disturbance to .
Such disturbance, which could affect rare and protected species, causes birds to waste energy and reduces their feeding time. In extreme cases, birds might stop using an area altogether, and be forced to feed elsewhere, where feeding opportunities may be poorer or the risk of predation higher. This could be particularly harmful during the cold winter months, when vast numbers of waterbirds come to Britain from the Arctic to feed up before the breeding season.
BTO scientists flew a commercially available quadcopter drone towards flocks in coastal, freshwater and arable crop farmland habitats. While one researcher flew the drone at a standard speed and height towards the flock, another observed the flocks through a telescope to record any responses to the drone as it approached, including alarm calls, signs of heightened alert levels and taking flight.
The BTO team found that larger flocks were more likely to take flight than smaller flocks, and large flocks also took flight at a greater distance from the drone than smaller flocks. This is probably because the larger the flock, the more likely there is to be a sensitive individual present—in almost all cases, once one bird had responded to the drone, the rest of the followed.
The researchers also found that the habitat the birds were in had a strong effect on responses. Birds at inland lochs where there was already lots of human activity were very unlikely to respond to the drone, while birds at coastal sites were more likely to respond. Birds in arable farmland were particularly sensitive—flocks feeding in this habitat are probably most susceptible to disturbance because of the need to be on the lookout for predators.
Lead author, David Jarrett, said: "While we expected that the drone would cause large flocks to flush, we were surprised that birds hardly seemed to respond to the drone at all at those inland lochs where there was already lots of human activity taking place. Hopefully this research can be used to help inform guidance and regulations on drone use in proximity to wild birds."
Britain hosts internationally important flocks of waterbirds outside the . While it has been thought that drones could be useful in monitoring their numbers, the disturbance caused by such monitoring would have to be carefully evaluated. If use were to become more frequent at important sites for our wintering waterbirds, and did not become accustomed to this novel form of disturbance, then the resulting increases in energy expenditure and stress would be likely to negatively affect their populations.
Explore further
Engineers teach a drone to herd birds away from airports autonomously
More information: David Jarrett et al. Behavioural responses of non-breeding waterbirds to drone approach are associated with flock size and habitat, Bird Study (2020). DOI: 10.1080/00063657.2020.1808587
Provided by Taylor & Francis
Citation: Drones can be a source of disturbance to wintering waterbird flocks (2020, September 1) retrieved 6 December 2021 from https://phys.org/news/2020-09-drones-source-disturbance-wintering-waterbird.html
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How can I lead to miscarriage?
How can I lead to miscarriage?
What causes miscarriage?
1. Infection.
2. Exposure to environmental and workplace hazards such as high levels of radiation or toxic agents.
3. Hormonal irregularities.
4. Improper implantation of fertilized egg in the uterine lining.
5. Maternal age.
6. Uterine abnormalities.
7. Incompetent cervix.
What automatically causes a miscarriage?
Chromosomal abnormalities are the most common cause of early miscarriage. They are detected in 50 to 85 percent of miscarried pregnancy tissue, which, as standard practice, is usually analyzed after a miscarriage takes place, to help determine the cause. Most people have 23 pairs of chromosomes.
Are there any things that can cause a miscarriage?
While smoking is one of the most common things that cause miscarriage, it is also known to cause stillbirth, premature delivery and low birth weight in the baby. What you can do about it: Trying to quit smoking is a difficult process for most individuals.
Is it common for women to miscarriage early in pregnancy?
But the real number of miscarriages is likely greater as many of them happen quite early during pregnancy and by that time many women don’t get to know they were pregnant. Miscarriage is quite common, but it is undoubtedly a difficult experience.
What causes miscarriage in the second trimester of pregnancy?
One of the causes of miscarriage during the second trimester of pregnancy is a weakened cervix also known as the incompetent cervix or cervical incompetence. In this condition, the cervical muscles are weaker and are not able to hold the fetus. It may occur as a result of a previous injury to the cervix such as after a surgery.
What does it mean when you miscarry before 20 weeks?
A miscarriage is the loss of pregnancy before 20 weeks’ gestation. Babies born before 20 weeks do not have developed enough lungs to survive. Most miscarriages happen before week 12. If you have a natural miscarriage, it means you miscarry the contents of your uterus without medical interventions such as surgery or medication.
What can you do to purposely cause a miscarriage?
• this is actually one of the most popular ways to miscarry.
• Blue and Black Cohosh They are herbs and it’s their terrible taste which induces a miscarriage.
• Cinnamon The third answer to “how to cause a miscarriage” is cinnamon.
• Parsley It’s the vitamin C in the herb which helps to miscarry.
What can you take if you have a miscarriage?
Some options to manage miscarriage include: There are drugs, like misoprostol, that can help start the miscarriage if it’s not starting on its own. They work by making the uterus contract and expel the fetal tissue, placenta, and other contents through the cervix. The pills can be taken orally or inserted into the vagina.
Can you do anything to prevent a miscarriage?
5 Steps to Decreasing the Chance of Recurrent Miscarriages Prepare for Conception. The first step is to prepare your body with fertility cleansing. Eat a Nutrient Dense Fertility Diet. The next step is to nourish and build up your body to be a healthy, baby-friendly body. Apply Fertility or Abdominal Massage. Build a Healthy Foundation. Herb & Supplement Program for Recurrent Miscarriage.
How can you still have a miscarriage?
• kicks or other blows to the abdominal area
• Belly-flopping onto a hard surface
• driedhennapowder or carrot seed soup
• Yoga or acupuncture
• Lifting heavy weights
• while drinking gin
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Polluted water can cause
Our experienced publishing editors guide you through the process. Find out what to expect during your book publishing journe Check Out our Selection & Order Now. Free UK Delivery on Eligible Orders Health: According to the United Nations, every year there are more deaths caused by polluted water than all types of violence combined, including war. Waste from humans and animals that contaminates water carries bacteria and viruses that cause the spread of diseases such as typhoid, cholera and giardia Water pollution can be defined as the introduction of pollutants into a body of water. These can cause detrimental effects on the organisms that live in the water body or interact with the water. However, the causes of water pollution can occur from natural processes or phenomenon too. Toxins introduced into the water can travel up the food chain
Waterborne pathogens, in the form of disease-causing bacteria and viruses from human and animal waste, are a major cause of illness from contaminated drinking water. Diseases spread by unsafe water.. Water pollution can cause the death of the animals found in the water. It can kill various types of animals such as whales, dolphins, fishes, and even birds. If an animal gets killed, all other animals will be affected, and the system will be disrupted
The presence of contaminants in water can lead to adverse health effects, including gastrointestinal illness, reproductive problems, and neurological disorders Infectious diarrhea is one of the most common diseases caused by water pollution. It causes frequent passage of loose, water stools that can cause dehydration and death to young children and infants. The most common cause is a water-borne virus, but bacteria and parasites from water contaminated with feces are also common causes Drinking polluted water exposes people to specific water contaminants that could lead to certain waterborne diseases. Water-related illnesses include waterborne diseases that are caused by pathogens such as viruses, bacteria, and protozoa. Some of these sicknesses also arise from the toxins produced by harmful algae and cyanobacteria Drinking contaminated water sources and/or dirty water can cause numerous health concerns. Read more to increase your awareness. Water contamination can occur to city water supplies, well water supplies, and fresh water sources, such as lakes, streams, and rivers. Consuming contaminated water can cause numerous effects Water disinfection can also cause the formation of dangerous byproducts, such as bromates, haloacetic acids and trihalomethanes — all of which can increase your risk of cancer. Other byproducts, such as chlorite, can cause anemia and nervous system problems in babies and children. Even weather can adversely affect water quality
On the other hand, drinking water with high levels of carbon tetrachloride can cause problems with the liver. Another industrial pollutant benzene is suspected to be linked with diseases such as low blood platelets and anemia, and an increased risk for cancer. Chlorobenzene is a chemical that can be found in dyes and insecticides Normal Causes of Water Pollution Sometimes, water contamination, can happen through characteristic causes like volcanoes, green growth blossoms, creature waste, and residue from tempests and surges. Human Causes of Water Pollution A considerable measure of water contamination originates from human movement Polluted water can cause all sorts of deadly diseases such as cholera and hepatitis. Governments need to clean the water, and this costs a lot of money. The bottom line is that water pollution is becoming a bigger problem. Soon it will affect more than just a few coastal towns or countries without access to clean water
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1. ated due to pollution, it can..
2. ation causes algae to grow in lakes or marine environments, the newly introduced nutrients stimulate the growth of plants and algae, resulting in low levels of oxygen in the water. This lack of oxygen, called eutrophication, slows down plants and animals and can create dead zones where water is free from life
3. Water Pollution is defined as the changes in physical, chemical, or biological characteristics of water that cause harmful effects on humans as well as aquatic species. Sometimes some unwanted substances are added to water that is not suitable for the bodies that make use of such water
5. ants in water can lead to health issues, including gastrointestinal illness, reproductive problems, and neurological disorders
6. ation of drinking water by nitrate is a growing problem in many agricultural areas of the country. Ingested nitrate can lead to the endogenous formation of N-nitroso compounds (NOC), which are potent animal carcinogens
7. ate the quality of water are known as 'Water Pollutants' such as human excreta, wastes from household kitchens, toxic and radioactive substances, etc. Most of the water pollution occurs due to wastes released by chemical factories, oil factories or oil spill accidents
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Water pollution can be defined as the contamination of water bodies. Water pollution is caused when water bodies such as rivers, lakes, oceans, groundwater and aquifers get contaminated with industrial and agricultural effluents. When water gets polluted, it adversely affects all lifeforms that directly or indirectly depend on this source Water Pollution Causes And Effects. Presently, pollution of water resources is a significant problem, as it kills aquatic microorganisms, plants and animals by destroying the entire aquatic ecosystems. Industrial Effluents. Industries use water as a solvent for washing. Industrial wastewater contains a variety of chemicals, depending on the. Water pollution is when waste, chemicals, or other particles cause a body of water (i.e. rivers, oceans, lakes) to become harmful to the fish and animals that need the water to survive. Water pollution can disrupt and negatively impact nature's water cycle as well. Natural Causes of Water Pollutio Our experienced publishing editors guide you through the process. Every great book starts with an ide As this expert guide on the dangers of water pollution explains, a major cause of groundwater pollution in the US and beyond is the use of fertilizers and pesticides in agriculture. When farms use fertilizers and pesticides, this can seep into the groundwater and reach drinking water supplies that are held beneath the Earth
Water pollution, to a larger extent, can be controlled by a variety of methods. Rather than releasing sewage waste into water bodies, it is better to treat them before discharge. If the secondary treatment of water has been carried out, then this can be reused in sanitary systems and agricultural fields The algae in water pollution can be toxic to humans, animals, and fish who are consuming polluted water. Algae play an important role in the food chain of aquatic life, hence if the type and the number of algae if been altered will affect the organisms in the food chain fish being included in it The consumption of polluted water can cause many serious health conditions. Among others, it can lead to cholera, hepatitis or typhoid fever. Thus, water pollution poses a serious threat to the health of humans as well as to the health of animals
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Sewage & waste water: Domestic households, industrial and agricultural practices produce waste water that can cause pollution of many lakes and rivers. Sewage is the term used for wastewater that often contains feces, urine and laundry waste. There are billions of people on Earth, so treating sewage is a big priority. Sewage disposal is a major problem in developing countries as many people in.
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Surface Water Pollution Causes . Bodies of water can become polluted in a number of ways. Point source pollution refers to contaminants that enter a waterway via a single, identifiable source. Watersheds and flooding. When water enters the watershed too quickly for the land to absorb it, flooding can occur. Floods can result from rapid melting of winter snows, severe thunderstorms, tropical storms, and other precipitation events. In the United States, flooding causes billions of dollars in damages and takes dozens of lives every year The effects of thermal pollution are diverse, but in short, thermal pollution damages water ecosystems and reduces animal populations. Plant species, algae, bacteria, and multi-celled animals all respond differently to significant temperature changes. Organisms that cannot adapt can die of various causes or can be forced out of the area
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For example, high levels of nitrates in water can cause blue baby syndrome, a potentially fatal illness in infants. In Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries alone, the environmental and social costs of water pollution caused by agriculture are estimated to exceed billions of dollars annually It can stain a home's pipes and bathroom fixtures and even discolor fabrics in the laundry. Acidic water can easily corrode a home's plumbing, and basic water forms unsightly scale deposits. Agriculture. Agricultural runoff is a tremendous cause of water pollution — it is the leading cause of compromised water quality in the United States. Water pollution occurs when contaminants infiltrate a body of water such as a lake, river, or ocean and hurt the quality of that water. A small amount of a contaminant may have little effect on a large body of clean water, but if there is a huge amount poured in or a small amount added each day over a long period of time, then it can become a. Water pollution is the contamination of water bodies, usually as a result of human activities. Water pollution results when contaminants are introduced in natural environment. By releasing inadequately treated waste water into into natural bodies can lead to degradation of aquatic ecosystem. Water pollution is the leading worldwide cause of death and water borne disease
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Water pollution is hazardous to human health. For those it doesn't kill, contaminated water can cause disease. In total, water pollution caused 1.8 million deaths in 2015 and sickened about 1 billion. Even swimming in polluted water can pose a risk to human health, with 3.5 million Americans contracting skin rashes, pinkeye, respiratory. Pollution. One of the major causes of water scarcity is rampant water pollution. The contamination of water bodies such as lakes, rivers, oceans, and groundwater, due to human interference is known as water pollution. The main contributors to this pollution are the mismanaged sewage, oil spills, agricultural runoffs, landfill leakages, and.
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Water resources are facing a series of threats that are caused by human activity. According to GreenFacts, they include pollution, climate change, urban growth, and landscape changes such as deforestation. The removal, destruction or impairment of ecosystems are one of the greatest causes that will influence the water resources. In this. Can cause slight increase in blood pressure in some adults. Probable carcinogen. Manganese: Occurs naturally as a mineral from sediment and rocks or from mining and industrial waste. Causes aesthetic and economic damage, and imparts brownish stains to laundry. Affects taste of water, and causes dark brown or black stains on plumbing fixtures 4. Diarrhea. Infectious diarrhea is one of the most common diseases caused by water pollution. It causes frequent passage of loose, water stools that can cause dehydration and death to young children and infants. The most common cause is a water-borne virus, but bacteria and parasites from water contaminated with feces are also common causes There are many different causes of water pollution but almost all can be traced back to human activity. Industrial waste - such as chemicals and toxic pollutants (including lead, mercury, sulfur, asbestos) are often drained into fresh water, leading to rivers, canals, lakes and the sea Water pollution from and to agriculture. Water quality in agriculture, in other words water pollution from and to agriculture, is a focus area for Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), under which different global and national projects and programs are identified. FAO looks at agriculture as a cause and victim of water.
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The causes of water pollution include a wide range of chemicals and pathogens as well as physical parameters. Contaminants may include organic and inorganic substances. Elevated temperatures can also lead to polluted water. A common cause of thermal pollution is the use of water as a coolant by power plants and industria Operation Water Health looks at common health issues surrounding drinking water in Canada and around the world and is designed for a health, science, and social studies collaboration. Operation Water Pollution focuses on how water pollution occurs and how it is cleaned up and has been designed for a science and social studies collaboration Air Pollution. Air pollution is caused by releasing various gases into the atmosphere, finely divided solids, or finely dispersed liquid aerosols at rates that exceed the environment's natural capacity to dissipate and dilute or consume them. These compounds can achieve concentrations in the air that cause unwanted effects on health and economy
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1. ate private wells through groundwater flow, waste water seepage and flooding. Drinking water with radionuclides can cause toxic kidney effects and increase the risk of cancer. Fluoride can be present in many aquifers and can be found in private wells. Fluoride can be helpful in preventing tooth decay
2. 10 Common Diseases caused by Bad Polluted Water. Article by Parulkhani, July 26, 2014. Water is one of the nature's most essential gift to mankind. The basic need for survival of human being is 'water. Water is life. It is important for the sustenance and growth of human beings as well as of all animals and plants
3. Pollution is the introduction of harmful materials into the environment.These harmful materials are called pollutants. Pollutants can be natural, such as volcanic ash.They can also be created by human activity, such as trash or runoff produced by factories. Pollutants damage the quality of air, water, and land
4. Microbial water pollution is a major problem in the developing world, with diseases such as cholera and typhoid fever being the primary cause of infant mortality. 4. Organic matter and nutrients causes an increase in aerobic algae and depletes oxygen from the water column
5. Domestic households, industrial and agricultural practices produce wastewater that can cause pollution of many lakes and rivers. Sewage is the term used for wastewater that often contains faeces, urine and laundry waste
6. Two of the major causes for water pollution in the world are: 1. Agricultural pollution in the form of nutrient pollution, and; 2. Waste water and sewage pollution resulting from untreated sewage and waste water (some estimates indicate 80% of waste water is released into the environment globally without treatment)
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Water pollution is the contamination of water such that it is unfit for use by humans and dangerous for the animals to live in. Water contamination affects groundwater, lakes, rivers, and oceans too. Important Causes Of Water Pollution. Water makes an approximate of 71% of the total mass of earth Water pollution is caused due to several reasons. Here are the few major causes of water pollution: Sewage And Waste Water: Sewage, garbage and liquid waste of households, agricultural lands and factories are discharged into lakes and rivers. These wastes contain harmful chemicals and toxins which make the water poisonous for aquatic animals. Soil pollution can happen in any number of ways. The other types of pollution also feed into soil pollution. Acid rain can contaminate the soil and contaminated water can get absorbed by the soil. In turn, pollutants in the soil can contribute to air and water pollution as well. Everything always comes full circle
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Pollution can cause environmental pollution, soil and groundwater poisoning, or the death of animals. People have always been cruel. For example, prolonged breathing can lead to respiratory infections, pneumonia, and other illnesses. Also, pollution can affect big-time lakes and big-time oceans so some people can't catch fish to eat or get fresh water to drink Groundwater pollution (also called groundwater contamination) occurs when pollutants are released to the ground and make their way down into groundwater.This type of water pollution can also occur naturally due to the presence of a minor and unwanted constituent, contaminant or impurity in the groundwater, in which case it is more likely referred to as contamination rather than pollution The resulting hot water can cause thermal pollution. Thermal pollution can have a disasterous effect on life in an aquatic ecosystem as temperature increaces decreace the amount of oxygen in the water, thereby reducing the number of animals that can survive there. Water can become contaminated with toxic or radioactive materials from industry. Global Warming and Water Pollution. An increase in water temperature can result in the death of many aquatic organisms and disrupt many marine habitats. For example, a rise in water temperatures causes coral bleaching of reefs around the world. This is when the coral expels the microorganisms of which it is dependent on. This can result in.
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1. Further reading: Diseases Caused by Water Pollution. In humans, an accumulation of toxic chemicals can damage: the liver. kidneys. reproductive and endocrine system. nervous system. thyroid gland and cause various cancers. This accumulation can happen by drinking polluted water or eating seafood that has accumulated these toxins in its tissues
2. Water pollution with arsenic in India and other parts of the world, for example, causes serious health problems. Likewise, bathing in the Ganges river is dangerous for health, because, in addition to being able to swallow polluted water, which contains harmful substances, this is a vector of diseases, including simple gastric problems and much.
3. The pollution of the sea are mainly produced by causes that come from the mainland: sewage, oil spills, sewage, septic tanks, and industries are the main pollutants of the ocean.. Marine pollution affects marine ecosystems, wildlife health, and human well-being. T serious yen consequences for him Marine ecosystem . A polluted ocean is harmful to the animals living in it
Main Causes of Water Pollution in Africa. Agriculture plays a major role in water contamination. Farming results in the release of large quantities of organic matter, agrochemicals, sediments, and drug residues. The use of fertilizers and excreta at farms cause nitrates and phosphates to enter bodies of water, leading to eutrophication Fish waste can be incorporated back into the ecosystem on land, but throwing waste into the water can cause contamination. Indiana American Water is committed to keeping Hoosier water quality at its highest level. Water quality is not only important for humans, but for our fish populations, too. By investing in the necessary infrastructure and. Water pollution is a serious public health problem. When our waterways become polluted, microorganisms and other contaminants can cause serious illnesses. Just by looking at the water, it may be difficult to tell if a waterway is polluted - here are some signs to watch for that will help you identify water pollution. Fish Kil There are many causes of water pollution. Water pollution has a negative impact on our environment. Knowing what the causes of water pollution are will help us to stop the pollution and to protect our environment so it can be enjoyed by many generations to come. Many rivers are polluted due to water flowing into them from industry or through. Chemicals found in polluted water can cause serious health issues including different forms of disease, illness and cancer. Some drinking water may contain high levels of nitrates and arsenic which can be toxic at higher levels of concentration. Nitrates and arsenic levels in water are normally regulated by cities and municipal townships but.
The causes of water pollution can be divided into two different groups based on their origin:-Point Source: Point source of pollution is generated from a definite identifiable source like the discharge pipe of domestic or industrial sewage to a water body. This type of pollution can be easily identifiable and can be legally control through. Waste pollution can occur via a single point/source, or via dispersed/multiple points or sources (for example, agricultural runoff of pesticides and fertilizers might pollute various water sources at multiple points) There's many different causes for waste pollution - the mismanagement (littering and inadequate disposal) of waste, the.
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1. ation of water by an excess amount of a substance that can cause harm to human beings and/or the ecosystem. The level of water pollution depends on the abundance of the pollutant, the ecological impact of the pollutant, and the use of the water. Pollutants are derived from biological, chemical, or physical processes
2. ation in drinking water is one of the most commonly found water pollutants today. The traces of lead in drinking water can cause joint pain, visual abnormalities, gastrointestinal problems and natal defects in the newly-born children. Even after boiling the water, the traces of lead will remain the same. Similarly, chlorine and.
3. ated waters can be expensive. Considering the global economic downturn, spending money on treating conta
41 Super Easy Ways to Stop Air Pollution - Conserve EnergyWaterfall Pollution Stock Images - Image: 11878364Impact of Air Pollution on Gardening — Lisle news, photosWhat You Should Know About Surfing (Literally) Making YouUSGS CIRC 1161 subpage: NutrientsBest Ocean Pollution Quotes
Oil pollution. *Devastating to local marine life like birds, fish, and marine mammals. *Does not dissolve in water but gathers together as a thick sludge. *Can cause fish to suffocate. *Marine birds' feathers can get coated with oil, preventing their ability to fly. *Marine mammals can also get coated with oil Like other diseases on this list, it is commonly caused by contaminated water, especially that which is contaminated with human feces. It can also, however, be spread from person to person. In severe cases, diarrhea causes dehydration that can lead to death. Treatment involves giving lots of fluids and the use of oral rehydration salts Water pollution can cause an entire ecosystem to collapse if left unchecked. Eutrophication: Chemicals in a water body, encourage the growth of algae. These algae form a layer on top of the pond or lake Children are exposed to lead in paint, dust, soil, air, and food, as well as drinking water. If the level of lead in a child's blood is at or above the CDC action level of 5 micrograms per deciliter, it may be due to lead exposures from a combination of sources. EPA estimates that drinking water can make up 20 percent or more of a person's. Main causes of the cholera are the bacteria available in polluted water, hard water ingestion containing cholera causing germs. Swimming in dirty unsafe water can cause cholera Instead, viruses that cause human diseases can only reproduce inside human cells (see Figure 15.1 Viruses in the Human Body). Hepatitis A is one of the more well-known food-contaminating viruses. Sources include raw shellfish from polluted water, and food handled by an infected person
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