text
stringlengths 144
682k
|
|---|
Which electric car is safest?
How safe are electric cars in a crash?
Electric cars also appear to perform better in real world settings, with human drivers and passengers aboard. Injury claims for electric vehicles were about 40% lower than accidents involving identical gas-powered models, according to data from the Highway Loss Data Institute (HLDI).
Why electric cars are not safe?
Electric car Safety
However, the power source of an electric vehicle presents a risk of hazard and manufacturers are developing the corresponding safety features to lessen the risks. The Lithium-ion battery is combustible and can catch fires, it has power cells that can cause short-circuiting if it is damaged.
Do electric cars explode in a crash?
If the battery or battery compartment of an electric vehicle is damaged, it can explode, if wet, or catch fire, which creates a hazardous gas.
What car has the least amount of problems?
Here are nine cars for your consideration with the fewest problems.
1. Nissan Leaf (Top-rated compact car) …
2. Volkswagen Passat (Top-rated midsize car) …
3. Toyota Avalon (Top-rated large car) …
4. Chevrolet Equinox (Top-rated compact SUV) …
5. Toyota 4Runner (Top-rated midsize SUV) …
6. Chevrolet Tahoe (Top-rated large SUV)
Which is safer gas or electric cars?
Studies show electric cars are as safe – some safer – than gas-powered vehicles. … According to the Highway Loss Data Institute, injury claims for electric cars are 40 percent lower than for identical gas-powered vehicles. “The likely reason is that electric vehicles weigh a lot more,” Harkey said.
IT IS INTERESTING: What is the difference between BLDC motor and AC motor?
Blog about car repair
|
1. Please check and comment entries here.
Table of Contents
Topic review
Ca2+ Proteins in Cardiovascular Disease
Subjects: Allergy
View times: 9
Submitted by: XiaoYong Tong
Mechanosensitive ion channels are widely expressed in the cardiovascular system. They translate mechanical forces including shear stress and stretch into biological signals. The most prominent biological signal through which the cardiovascular physiological activity is initiated or maintained are intracellular calcium ions (Ca2+). Growing evidence show that the Ca2+ entry mediated by mechanosensitive ion channels is also precisely regulated by a variety of key proteins which are distributed in the cell membrane or endoplasmic reticulum. Recent studies have revealed that mechanosensitive ion channels can even physically interact with Ca2+ regulatory proteins and these interactions have wide implications for physiology and pathophysiology.
1. Introduction
Despite decades of efforts, cardiovascular disease is still the number one killer in the world. The latest data show that one in six elderly people dies of cardiovascular disease. In 2019, ischemic heart disease and stroke were reported to be the leading causes for disability in the age groups of 50–74 and 75 years or above [1]. As a dominant second messenger, Ca2+ plays an important role in the cardiovascular health and diseases. For example, dietary calcium supplement and its retention reduce cardiovascular response to sodium stress in Black people [2]. There are still some controversies over the cardiovascular effects of high Ca2+ intake in the diet, and whether the relationship between Ca2+ intake and cardiovascular disease risk is J- or U-shape [3]. Ca2+ is pivotal in maintaining the functions of endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells (SMCs) and cardiomyocytes. It controls the contraction or relaxation of arteries and heart and regulates blood pressure and cardiac functions [4][5][6][7].
The cell membrane controls the balance between intracellular and extracellular Ca2+ via various proteins, and thus maintains Ca2+ homeostasis. Plasma membrane Ca2+ ATPase (PMCA), voltage-gated calcium channel (VGCC), Na+/Ca2+ exchanger (NCX), and Orai have been identified as the main calcium regulatory proteins on the cell membrane [8][9][10][11]. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) as an important Ca2+ reservoir in the cell also contains some calcium regulatory proteins. Such proteins in the ER include stromal interaction molecules (STIM), inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor (IP3R), and sarco/endoplasmic reticulum calcium-ATPase (SERCA). All these proteins are critical in controlling cell functions, such as growth, migration, apoptosis, and metabolism [12][13][14]. As a general feedback mechanism, these key Ca2+ regulatory proteins are also regulated by intracellular Ca2+ level.
Mechanical forces are crucial for cardiovascular functions and therefore the discoveries of mechanosensitive ion channels represent a major breakthrough in understanding cardiovascular mechanobiology. In particular, the endothelium in the cardiovascular system is subjected to regular mechanical stimulus evoked by blood flow. The discovered mechanosensitive ion channels including Piezo channels and transient receptor potential (TRP) channels can conduct the entry of cationic ions, particularly Ca2+, in response to the stimulus from shear stress of blood flow [15][16]. Both Piezo and TRP channels are closely linked to the development of cardiovascular disease. In some cardiovascular diseases, such as hypertension, atherosclerosis, or aneurysmal plaques, altered mechanical stress which can directly activate mechanosensitive ion channels has been reported [17].
2. Ca2+ Regulatory Proteins in Cardiovascular System
2.1. NCX
NCX mainly works in the forward mode, which uses the electrochemical gradient driven by Na+ to expel Ca2+ from cells in order to maintain the concentration of Ca2+ required for physiological activities, and the ion stoichiometric ratio is 3Na+:1Ca2+ [18]. There are three types of NCX: NCX1, NCX2, and NCX3 [19]. Structural studies revealed that eukaryotic NCX protein consists of 10 transmembrane helixes. There is a large cytoplasmic regulatory loop between transmembrane helix 5 and 6. This loop includes two regulatory (Ca2+)-binding domains 1 and 2 [20][21], which adjust the rate of from cells to adapt to the dynamic Ca2+ oscillation [20][22][23]. The Ca2+ extrusion usually leads to smooth muscle relaxation, so that the vascular tension is reduced [24]. However, under some extreme conditions, such as high concentration of intracellular Na+ or high positive membrane potential, NCX works in a reverse mode to evoke Ca2+ influx instead of the typical extrusion [22], which can then lead to contraction of SMCs and artery [25][26]. Interestingly, the forward mode of NCX can be changed to its reverse mode by the increase of cytosolic Na+ and membrane potential [27], suggesting a feedback regulatory mechanism may exist [18].
NCX regulates many essential physiological events, such as muscle excitation-contraction or blood pressure regulation [28][29]. The deletion of NCX causes the loss of NCX function in myocardium and consequentially results in embryonic death [24]. The altered expression and regulation of NCXs could disrupt Ca2+ homeostasis and initiate molecular and cellular remodeling in various tissues, which is related to hypertension and heart failure. Inhibitors of NCX can improve myocardial function in patients with heart failure and bring the Ca2+ hyper-responsiveness back to normal in vascular SMCs from hypertensive patients [25][30]. NCX1 in smooth muscle and endothelium could play opposite roles in regulating blood pressure. Arterial blood pressure is correlated with the expression level of NCX1 in vascular SMCs [25]. The increased expression of vascular NCX1 is associated with the vasoconstriction in several animal models of salt-dependent hypertension [25]. Furthermore, reduced arterial myogenic tone and low blood pressure were observed in vascular smooth muscle NCX1 conditional knockout mice. However, for the mice with NCX1 overexpression in vascular SMCs, high blood pressure and vasoconstriction even accompanied with increased expression of transient receptor potential canonical channel (TRPC) 6 were reported [25], which suggests that NCX could control arterial constriction and regulate blood pressure by cross-talking to TRPC6 channels [25]. In the mesentery constricted by phenylephrine, antagonists of NCX reverse mode eliminate acetylcholine-evoked nitric oxide production in intact mesenteric arteries and inhibit acetylcholine- or ATP-induced increase of intracellular Ca2+ in cultured endothelial cells, indicating that the activation of NCX reverse mode can play an important role in mediating the acetylcholine-induced vasodilation in resistance arterial endothelial cells [31].
2.2. Orai
Orai is a highly (Ca2+)-selective ion channel in the plasma membrane formed by four transmembrane domains. Orai family includes Orai1, Orai2, and Orai3 [8]. The calcium release-activated calcium (CRAC) channels are composed of Orai and STIM, representing a typical voltage independent store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) [32][33]. Store-operated Ca2+ channels fine tune Ca2+ entry in both cardiomyocytes and SMCs, and they are activated once the Ca2+ store in ER or sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) is depleted or the level of cytosolic Ca2+ is lowered, thereby facilitating agonist-induced Ca2+ influx. It has also been suggested that STIM1, Orai and TRPC channels could form the molecular basis of SOCE in some types of cells and their intricate interactions control the entry of Ca2+ into cells to regulate numerous physiological processes [34]. Orai1 in plasma membrane and STIM1 in ER conduct Orai-STIM signaling at the membrane junction between ER and plasma membrane, and they are the bona fide molecular components of SOCE and CRAC [8][35]. Once the ER Ca2+ store is depleted, STIM1 protein can move to the plasma membrane and activate Orai and TRPC channels, allowing extracellular Ca2+ to enter the cytoplasm [8][35]. Orai2 and Orai3 channels have been discovered to be key players in regenerative Ca2+ oscillations induced by physiological receptor activation, while Orai1 is not necessarily involved in this process. However, the binding of Orai2 and Orai3 to Orai1 could expand the sensitivity range of receptor-activated Ca2+ signals [36].
Orai plays a critical role in regulating cardiovascular function in both health and disease [34][37][38]. Orai1 protein deficiency leads to heart failure in zebrafish [39]. The knockout of Orai3 in cardiomyocyte causes dilated cardiomyopathy and heart failure in mice [40]. Both Orai1 and Orai3 are the phenotype modulators of vascular SMCs. Orai1 is upregulated in SMCs during vascular injury. The downregulation of Orai1 inhibits SMC proliferation and reduces neointima formation following balloon injury of rat carotids [41]. Orai3 is also upregulated in neointimal SMCs in rat balloon injured carotid artery, and the knockdown of Orai3 inhibits neointima formation [42]. The transformation of vascular SMC phenotypes is one of the pathological characteristics in chronic hypertension, and the synergistic action between Orai and STIM mediates Ca2+ entry and drives the fibroproliferative gene program [43]. Orai facilitates Ca2+ entry and is a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of hypertension [34]. Most cardiovascular diseases are closely associated with cellular remodeling, and Ca2+ signaling pathways have emerged as important regulators of smooth muscle, endothelial, epithelial, platelet, and immune cell remodeling [44]. Ca2+-permeable Orai channel is also important for endothelial cell proliferation and angiogenesis [45][46]. In terms of vascular physiology and functional regulation, Orai1 appears to trigger the increase of vascular permeability, which is an early marker of atherogenesis. Knockdown of Orai1 reduces the histone 1-induced hyperpermeability in endothelial cells [47]. ApoE knockout mice are a common model for atherosclerosis. A high fat diet can upregulate the expression of Orai1 mRNA and protein in aortic tissue. SiRNA knockdown of Orai1 can reduce the size of atherosclerotic plaque [48]. The migration of neutrophil is another hallmark in atherosclerosis, and during this process Orai1 is required for neutrophil migration to the inflammatory endothelium [44]. All these experimental evidence show that Orai1 expression is associated with development of atherogenesis. Moreover, Orai often acts in conjunction with STIM to form CRAC, which can be responsible for many physiological functions or the development of various cardiovascular diseases [34][38][49].
2.3. STIM
STIM is a single pass transmembrane protein residing in the ER. It contains two homologous proteins, STIM1 and STIM2 [50][51]. The function of STIM is to sense the concentration of Ca2+ in ER and makes appropriate response through conformational change to regulate Ca2+ homeostasis [38][52]. STIM1 stays at a closed state when ER lumen is filled with Ca2+ and transitions to an open state when Ca2+ in the ER lumen is decreased [53]. The Ca2+-sensitive domain in the STIM N-terminal senses Ca2+ level of ER ranging from 100 to 400 µM [51][54], and the C-terminal of STIM interacts with Orai to form CRAC channel to induce Ca2+ influx [51][55]. As mentioned above, the interactions between STIM1 and Orai1 regulate physiological and pathological functions [34][38][49].
STIM is involved in both the cardiac physiological functions and the cardiac disease development. STIM is essential for the maintenance of myocardial contractility, and its knockout leads to a reduction in left ventricular contractility. STIM1 is expressed more abundantly in early cardiomyocytes than in somatic cells. Cardiomyocyte-STIM1-specific knockout mice exhibit dilated cardiomyopathy and cardiac fibrosis with increased stress biomarkers and altered organelle morphology in the heart, suggesting that STIM1 can regulate myocardial development and heart function [38]. However, the spatially differential distribution of STIM1-triggered Ca2+ signaling generates the Ca2+ microdomain that regulates myofilament remodeling and activates pro-hypertrophic factors locally, and as a consequence, pathological cardiac hypertrophy is induced [56]. The STIM1-guided Ca2+ signaling is also involved in thrombosis. The aggregation of platelets at the site of thrombosis requires the increase of intracellular Ca2+ concentration. STIM1 is involved in this process through maintaining a high Ca2+ concentration. In addition, STIM1 stabilizes the thrombus by promoting the expression of phosphatidylserine in plasma membrane [38][57]. The upregulation of STIM induces fibroproliferative gene expression and vascular SMC remodeling, which eventually leads to chronic hypertension [43]. The cell proliferation and migration promoted by STIM1 are also involved in atherosclerosis [58][59]. Oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) can increase the expression of STIM1, and then promote cell proliferation and migration in mouse aortic SMCs. Silencing STIM1 inhibits ox-LDL-induced cell proliferation and migration and hence suppresses atherosclerosis [58][59]. The role of STIM1 in the pathogenesis of these diseases suggests that specific inhibition of STIM1 may contribute to the treatment of these diseases. STIM2 is another important protein for health. Studies on STIM2 deficient mice show that they gradually die from 4 to 8 weeks [60].STIM2 has similar functional effects to STIM1 in some aspects. Both proteins can promote vascular remodeling by inducing the transformation of phenotypes in pulmonary artery SMCs [61].
2.4. IP3R
IP3R is a tetrameric channel consisting of four glycoproteins in the ER or SR. So far, three types of IP3R channels have been identified: IP3R1, IP3R2, and IP3R3 [62]. IP3R has four structural regions: IP3 binding region, central regulatory region, transmembrane domain, and C-terminal region. It can be activated by the selective ligand inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate (IP3) and is permeable to Ca2+ [63]. All these isoforms of IP3R can be expressed in vascular SMCs. They are important for the physiological functioning of the cardiovascular system [64]. IP3R is one of the major sources for intracellular Ca2+ release. The overexpression of IP3R enhances ER Ca2+ depletion, which reduces ER intraluminal Ca2+ concentration in the vicinity of STIM1 and then activates Orai ion channels [65]. In response to increased IP3 or decreased Ca2+ in ER, IP3Rs empty Ca2+ stored in the ER and activate Ca2+ inward flow [66]. IP3R also functions on the membrane contact sites between ER and mitochondria to transport Ca2+ from ER to mitochondria. Each isoform of IP3R can mediate this contact and Ca2+ transport, but IP3R2 is the most efficient one in delivering Ca2+ to mitochondria from ER [67][68]. The voltage-dependent anion channel on the outer mitochondrial membrane can also enhance Ca2+ accumulation through physical interaction with IP3R [69], which is vital for the maintenance of mitochondrial function.
Under physiological conditions, IP3R signal controls the contraction, migration, and proliferation of vascular SMCs. However, under the pathological conditions, IP3R is involved in the development of atherosclerosis and hypertension [70]. IP3R is activated following the stimulation of G-protein coupled receptors and binds to STIM1 upon Ca2+ depletion in ER. The association of IP3R-STIM1 increases Ca2+ inward flow [65]. When IP3 binds with IP3Rs, vasoconstriction and hypertension can be induced as a consequence to the increased concentration of cytoplasmic Ca2+ released from the ER. The deletion of IP3Rs reduces the contractile response to vasoconstrictors and even reverses the pathological states [64]. In the heart, IP3R-mediated Ca2+ release ensures the integrity of cardiac excitation-contraction coupling, which forms the basis of the heartbeat [71]. The dysfunction of IP3R in cardiomyocytes leads to the disturbance of local Ca2+ homeostasis, which is closely related to congenital diseases, increased risk of arrhythmia, decreased contractility, or heart failure related arrhythmias [72]. The expression of IP3R is upregulated in atrial fibrillation, and inhibition of IP3R can significantly reduce the occurrence and duration of atrial fibrillation. Therefore, IP3R may emerge as a new target for the treatment of atrial fibrillation [73].
2.5. SERCA
SERCA is a Ca2+ transporter located on SR/ER and is mainly responsible for the transport of cytoplasmic Ca2+ back to SR/ER. SERCA isoform is encoded by SERCA1, SERCA2, or SERCA3 genes. Each isoform may have differential roles in different tissues or cells [74]. There are four functional domains (M, N, P, and A) and a polypeptide chain in SERCA protein. The M domain contains transmembrane components and Ca2+ binding sites, while N, P and A located in the sarcoplasm are responsible for ATP hydrolysis [75]. Each ATP hydrolysis can transport 2 Ca2+ to the ER lumen in exchange for 1 H+ [76]. SERCA2a is the major isoform of cardiac SERCA, while SERCA2b is the major one of vascular SERCA.
The influx of Ca2+ into SR/ER mediated by SERCA2 is necessary for the relaxation of cardiomyocytes and blood vessels. The disruption of SERCA2 activity leads to ER stress and cardiovascular disease [75]. Hormones, phospholamban and sarcolipin are the common regulators of SERCA. Especially, phospholamban plays a major role in regulating SERCA, and its interaction with SERCA2a reduces the binding affinity of SERCA2a to Ca2+ at low cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentration [77]. The downregulation of SERCA2a is found in failing heart and atherosclerotic vessels [78]. The decreased protein level of SERCA2a and p16-phospholamban leads to left ventricular diastolic dysfunction and elevated arterial blood pressure [79]. Activation of SERCA can accelerate the reuptake of Ca2+ by SR, which would improve the diastolic dysfunction of myocardium, and result in strong antiarrhythmic effect [80][81]. Our groups found that the S-glutathiolation of the amino acid residue Cys674 (C674) is key to the increase of the activity in SERCA2 under physiological conditions [82][83], but this post-translational protein modification is prevented by the irreversible oxidation of C674 thiol in pathology hallmarked by high level of ROS, including atherosclerosis, aortic aneurysms, aging and hypertension [82][84][85][86]. The substitution of the SERCA2 C674 by serine causes impaired angiogenesis following hindlimb ischemia by interrupting the physiological functions of endothelial cells and macrophage [87][88], increases blood pressure by inducing sodium retention and ER stress in the kidney [86], exacerbates angiotensin II-induced aortic aneurysm by switching the phenotypes in aortic SMCs [89], aggravates high fat diet-induced aortic atherosclerosis by evoking inflammatory response in endothelial cells and macrophage (our unpublished data), promotes pulmonary vascular remodeling, and protects against left ventricular dilation caused by chronic ascending aortic constriction [90]. All these data imply that the redox state of C674 and the function of SERCA2 are critical to the maintenance of cardiovascular homeostasis.
Currently, there are some ongoing clinical trials for the drugs specifically targeting these Ca2+ regulatory proteins in the cardiovascular system, as shown in Table 1. These trials provide promising opportunities for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases.
Table 1. Current clinical trials for drugs targeting these Ca2+ regulatory proteins in the cardiovascular system according to the ClinicalTrials.gov website (available online and accessed on 12 August 2021).
Ca2+ Regulatory Proteins Treatment Cardiovascular Disease Phase
SERCA AAV1/SERCA2a (MYDICAR) [91] Ischemic cardiomyopathy; non-ischemic cardiomyopathy; heart failure; cardiomyopathies Phase 2
MYDICAR-single intracoronary infusion [92] Heart failure, congestive; ischemic cardiomyopathy; non-ischemic cardiomyopathy Phase 2
MYDICAR [93] Chronic heart failure Phase 2
SRD-001 [94] Congestive and systolic heart failure Phase 1/Phase 2
Istaroxime [95] Heart failure [96] Early phase 1
NCX MYDICAR [97] Chronic heart failure Phase 2
Orai No resource No resource No resource
STIM No resource No resource No resource
IP3R No resource No resource No resource
This entry is adapted from 10.3390/ijms22168782
1. Vos, T.; Lim, S.S.; Abbafati, C.; Abbas, K.M.; Abbasi, M.; Abbasifard, M.; Abbasi-Kangevari, M.; Abbastabar, H.; Abd-Allah, F.; Abdelalim, A.; et al. Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet 2020, 396, 1204–1222.
2. Ernst, F.A.; Enwonwu, C.O.; Francis, R.A. Calcium attenuates cardiovascular reactivity to sodium and stress in blacks. Am. J. Hypertens. 1990, 3 Pt 1, 451–457.
3. Mohammadifard, N.; Gotay, C.; Humphries, K.H.; Ignaszewski, A.; Esmaillzadeh, A.; Sarrafzadegan, N. Electrolyte minerals intake and cardiovascular health. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 2019, 59, 2375–2385.
4. Ottolini, M.; Hong, K.; Sonkusare, S.K. Calcium signals that determine vascular resistance. Wiley Interdiscip. Rev. Syst. Biol. Med. 2019, 11, e1448.
5. Wilson, C.; Zhang, X.; Buckley, C.; Heathcote, H.R.; Lee, M.D.; McCarron, J.G. Increased vascular contractility in hypertension results from impaired endothelial calcium signaling. Hypertension 2019, 74, 1200–1214.
6. Gusev, K.O.; Vigont, V.V.; Grekhnev, D.A.; Shalygin, A.V.; Glushankova, L.N.; Kaznacheeva, E.V. Store-operated calcium entry in mouse cardiomyocytes. Bull. Exp. Biol. Med. 2019, 167, 311–314.
7. Gorski, P.A.; Kho, C.; Oh, J.G. Measuring cardiomyocyte contractility and calcium handling in vitro. Methods Mol. Biol. 2018, 1816, 93–104.
8. Trebak, M.; Putney, J.W., Jr. ORAI calcium channels. Physiology 2017, 32, 332–342.
9. Lariccia, V.; Piccirillo, S.; Preziuso, A.; Amoroso, S.; Magi, S. Cracking the code of sodium/calcium exchanger (NCX) gating: Old and new complexities surfacing from the deep web of secondary regulations. Cell Calcium 2020, 87, 102169.
10. Ferreira-Gomes, M.S.; Mangialavori, I.C.; Ontiveros, M.Q.; Rinaldi, D.E.; Martiarena, J.; Verstraeten, S.V.; Rossi, J. Selectivity of plasma membrane calcium ATPase (PMCA)-mediated extrusion of toxic divalent cations in vitro and in cultured cells. Arch. Toxicol. 2018, 92, 273–288.
11. Gilbert, G.; Courtois, A.; Dubois, M.; Cussac, L.A.; Ducret, T.; Lory, P.; Marthan, R.; Savineau, J.P.; Quignard, J.F. T-type voltage gated calcium channels are involved in endothelium-dependent relaxation of mice pulmonary artery. Biochem. Pharmacol. 2017, 138, 61–72.
12. Krebs, J.; Agellon, L.B.; Michalak, M. Ca2+ homeostasis and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress: An integrated view of calcium signaling. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2015, 460, 114–121.
13. Marchi, S.; Patergnani, S.; Missiroli, S.; Morciano, G.; Rimessi, A.; Wieckowski, M.R.; Giorgi, C.; Pinton, P. Mitochondrial and endoplasmic reticulum calcium homeostasis and cell death. Cell Calcium 2018, 69, 62–72.
14. Schachter, M. Vascular smooth muscle cell migration, atherosclerosis, and calcium channel blockers. Int. J. Cardiol. 1997, 62 (Suppl. 2), S85–S90.
15. Chubinskiy-Nadezhdin, V.I.; Vasileva, V.Y.; Pugovkina, N.A.; Vassilieva, I.O.; Morachevskaya, E.A.; Nikolsky, N.N.; Negulyaev, Y.A. Local calcium signalling is mediated by mechanosensitive ion channels in mesenchymal stem cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2017, 482, 563–568.
16. Ilkan, Z.; Wright, J.R.; Goodall, A.H.; Gibbins, J.M.; Jones, C.I.; Mahaut-Smith, M.P. Evidence for shear-mediated Ca2+ entry through mechanosensitive cation channels in human platelets and a megakaryocytic cell line. J. Biol. Chem. 2017, 292, 9204–9217.
17. Beech, D.J.; Kalli, A.C. Force sensing by Piezo channels in cardiovascular health and disease. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 2019, 39, 2228–2239.
18. Giladi, M.; Tal, I.; Khananshvili, D. Structural features of ion transport and allosteric regulation in Sodium-Calcium Exchanger (NCX) proteins. Front. Physiol. 2016, 7, 30.
19. Héja, L.; Kardos, J. NCX activity generates spontaneous Ca2+ oscillations in the astrocytic leaflet microdomain. Cell Calcium 2020, 86, 102137.
20. Hilge, M.; Aelen, J.; Vuister, G.W. Ca2+ regulation in the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger involves two markedly different Ca2+ sensors. Mol. Cell 2006, 22, 15–25.
21. Liao, J.; Li, H.; Zeng, W.; Sauer, D.B.; Belmares, R.; Jiang, Y. Structural insight into the ion-exchange mechanism of the sodium/calcium exchanger. Science 2012, 335, 686–690.
22. Blaustein, M.P.; Lederer, W.J. Sodium/calcium exchange: Its physiological implications. Physiol. Rev. 1999, 79, 763–854.
23. Philipson, K.D.; Nicoll, D.A. Sodium-calcium exchange: A molecular perspective. Annu. Rev. Physiol. 2000, 62, 111–133.
24. Nishimura, J. Topics on the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger: Involvement of Na+/Ca2+ exchanger in the vasodilator-induced vasorelaxation. J. Pharmacol. Sci. 2006, 102, 27–31.
25. Zhang, J. New insights into the contribution of arterial NCX to the regulation of myogenic tone and blood pressure. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 2013, 961, 329–343.
26. Li, M.; Shang, Y.X. Neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist decreases i in airway smooth muscle cells by reducing the reverse-mode Na+/Ca2+ exchanger current. Peptides 2019, 115, 69–74.
27. Alves-Lopes, R.; Neves, K.B.; Anagnostopoulou, A.; Rios, F.J.; Lacchini, S.; Montezano, A.C.; Touyz, R.M. Crosstalk between vascular redox and calcium signaling in hypertension involves TRPM2 (Transient Receptor Potential Melastatin 2) cation channel. Hypertension 2020, 75, 139–149.
28. Khananshvili, D. Sodium-calcium exchangers (NCX): Molecular hallmarks underlying the tissue-specific and systemic functions. Pflug. Arch. Eur. J. Physiol. 2014, 466, 43–60.
29. Filadi, R.; Pozzan, T. Generation and functions of second messengers microdomains. Cell Calcium 2015, 58, 405–414.
30. Primessnig, U.; Bracic, T.; Levijoki, J.; Otsomaa, L.; Pollesello, P.; Falcke, M.; Pieske, B.; Heinzel, F.R. Long-term effects of Na+ /Ca2+ exchanger inhibition with ORM-11035 improves cardiac function and remodelling without lowering blood pressure in a model of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Eur. J. Heart Fail. 2019, 21, 1543–1552.
31. Lillo, M.A.; Gaete, P.S.; Puebla, M.; Ardiles, N.M.; Poblete, I.; Becerra, A.; Simon, F.; Figueroa, X.F. Critical contribution of Na+-Ca2+ exchanger to the Ca2+-mediated vasodilation activated in endothelial cells of resistance arteries. FASEB J. Off. Publ. Fed. Am. Soc. Exp. Biol. 2018, 32, 2137–2147.
32. Gudlur, A.; Hogan, P.G. The STIM-Orai pathway: Orai, the pore-forming subunit of the CRAC channel. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 2017, 993, 39–57.
33. Nguyen, N.T.; Han, W.; Cao, W.M.; Wang, Y.; Wen, S.; Huang, Y.; Li, M.; Du, L.; Zhou, Y. Store-operated calcium entry mediated by ORAI and STIM. Compr. Physiol. 2018, 8, 981–1002.
34. Bhullar, S.K.; Shah, A.K.; Dhalla, N.S. Store-operated calcium channels: Potential target for the therapy of hypertension. Rev. Cardiovasc. Med. 2019, 20, 139–151.
35. Choi, S.; Maleth, J.; Jha, A.; Lee, K.P.; Kim, M.S.; So, I.; Ahuja, M.; Muallem, S. The TRPCs-STIM1-Orai interaction. Handb. Exp. Pharmacol. 2014, 223, 1035–1054.
36. Yoast, R.E.; Emrich, S.M.; Zhang, X.; Xin, P.; Johnson, M.T.; Fike, A.J.; Walter, V.; Hempel, N.; Yule, D.I.; Sneyd, J.; et al. The native ORAI channel trio underlies the diversity of Ca2+ signaling events. Nat. Commun. 2020, 11, 2444.
37. Zhang, W.; Trebak, M. STIM1 and Orai1: Novel targets for vascular diseases? Sci. China Life Sci. 2011, 54, 780–785.
38. Tanwar, J.; Trebak, M.; Motiani, R.K. Cardiovascular and hemostatic disorders: Role of STIM and Orai proteins in vascular disorders. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 2017, 993, 425–452.
39. Völkers, M.; Dolatabadi, N.; Gude, N.; Most, P.; Sussman, M.A.; Hassel, D. Orai1 deficiency leads to heart failure and skeletal myopathy in zebrafish. J. Cell Sci. 2012, 125 (Pt 2), 287–294.
40. Gammons, J.; Trebak, M.; Mancarella, S. Cardiac-specific deletion of Orai3 leads to severe dilated cardiomyopathy and heart failure in mice. J. Am. Heart Assoc. 2021, 10, e019486.
41. Zhang, W.; Halligan, K.E.; Zhang, X.; Bisaillon, J.M.; Gonzalez-Cobos, J.C.; Motiani, R.K.; Hu, G.; Vincent, P.A.; Zhou, J.; Barroso, M.; et al. Orai1-mediated I (CRAC) is essential for neointima formation after vascular injury. Circ. Res. 2011, 109, 534–542.
42. González-Cobos, J.C.; Zhang, X.; Zhang, W.; Ruhle, B.; Motiani, R.K.; Schindl, R.; Muik, M.; Spinelli, A.M.; Bisaillon, J.M.; Shinde, A.V.; et al. Store-independent Orai1/3 channels activated by intracrine leukotriene C4: Role in neointimal hyperplasia. Circ. Res. 2013, 112, 1013–1025.
43. Johnson, M.T.; Gudlur, A.; Zhang, X.; Xin, P.; Emrich, S.M.; Yoast, R.E.; Courjaret, R.; Nwokonko, R.M.; Li, W.; Hempel, N.; et al. L-type Ca2+ channel blockers promote vascular remodeling through activation of STIM proteins. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2020, 117, 17369–17380.
44. Johnson, M.; Trebak, M. ORAI channels in cellular remodeling of cardiorespiratory disease. Cell Calcium 2019, 79, 1–10.
45. Bai, S.; Wei, Y.; Hou, W.; Yao, Y.; Zhu, J.; Hu, X.; Chen, W.; Du, Y.; He, W.; Shen, B.; et al. Orai-IGFBP3 signaling complex regulates high-glucose exposure-induced increased proliferation, permeability, and migration of human coronary artery endothelial cells. BMJ Open Diabetes Res. Care 2020, 8, e001400.
46. Li, J.; Cubbon, R.M.; Wilson, L.A.; Amer, M.S.; McKeown, L.; Hou, B.; Majeed, Y.; Tumova, S.; Seymour, V.A.; Taylor, H.; et al. Orai1 and CRAC channel dependence of VEGF-activated Ca2+ entry and endothelial tube formation. Circ. Res. 2011, 108, 1190–1198.
47. Zou, M.; Dong, H.; Meng, X.; Cai, C.; Li, C.; Cai, S.; Xue, Y. Store-operated Ca2+ entry plays a role in HMGB1-induced vascular endothelial cell hyperpermeability. PLoS ONE 2015, 10, e0123432.
48. Liang, S.J.; Zeng, D.Y.; Mai, X.Y.; Shang, J.Y.; Wu, Q.Q.; Yuan, J.N.; Yu, B.X.; Zhou, P.; Zhang, F.R.; Liu, Y.Y.; et al. Inhibition of Orai1 store-operated calcium channel prevents foam cell formation and atherosclerosis. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 2016, 36, 618–628.
49. Samanta, K.; Parekh, A.B. Spatial Ca2+ profiling: Decrypting the universal cytosolic Ca2+ oscillation. J. Physiol. 2017, 595, 3053–3062.
50. Feldman, C.H.; Grotegut, C.A.; Rosenberg, P.B. The role of STIM1 and SOCE in smooth muscle contractility. Cell Calcium 2017, 63, 60–65.
51. Fahrner, M.; Grabmayr, H.; Romanin, C. Mechanism of STIM activation. Curr. Opin. Physiol. 2020, 17, 74–79.
52. Soboloff, J.; Rothberg, B.S.; Madesh, M.; Gill, D.L. STIM proteins: Dynamic calcium signal transducers. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 2012, 13, 549–565.
53. Yu, F.; Sun, L.; Hubrack, S.; Selvaraj, S.; Machaca, K. Intramolecular shielding maintains the ER Ca²⁺ sensor STIM1 in an inactive conformation. J. Cell Sci. 2013, 126 Pt 11, 2401–2410.
54. Brandman, O.; Liou, J.; Park, W.S.; Meyer, T. STIM2 is a feedback regulator that stabilizes basal cytosolic and endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ levels. Cell 2007, 131, 1327–1339.
55. Grabmayr, H.; Romanin, C.; Fahrner, M. STIM proteins: An ever-expanding family. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 22, 378.
56. Parks, C.; Alam, M.A.; Sullivan, R.; Mancarella, S. STIM1-dependent Ca2+ microdomains are required for myofilament remodeling and signaling in the heart. Sci. Rep. 2016, 6, 25372.
57. Gilio, K.; van Kruchten, R.; Braun, A.; Berna-Erro, A.; Feijge, M.A.; Stegner, D.; van der Meijden, P.E.; Kuijpers, M.J.; Varga-Szabo, D.; Heemskerk, J.W.; et al. Roles of platelet STIM1 and Orai1 in glycoprotein VI- and thrombin-dependent procoagulant activity and thrombus formation. J. Biol. Chem. 2010, 285, 23629–23638.
58. Fang, M.; Li, Y.; Wu, Y.; Ning, Z.; Wang, X.; Li, X. miR-185 silencing promotes the progression of atherosclerosis via targeting stromal interaction molecule 1. Cell Cycle 2019, 18, 682–695.
59. Mao, Y.Y.; Wang, J.Q.; Guo, X.X.; Bi, Y.; Wang, C.X. Circ-SATB2 upregulates STIM1 expression and regulates vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and differentiation through miR-939. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2018, 505, 119–125.
60. Berna-Erro, A.; Jardin, I.; Salido, G.M.; Rosado, J.A. Role of STIM2 in cell function and physiopathology. J. Physiol. 2017, 595, 3111–3128.
61. Fernandez, R.A.; Wan, J.; Song, S.; Smith, K.A.; Gu, Y.; Tauseef, M.; Tang, H.; Makino, A.; Mehta, D.; Yuan, J.X. Upregulated expression of STIM2, TRPC6, and Orai2 contributes to the transition of pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells from a contractile to proliferative phenotype. Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol. 2015, 308, C581–C593.
62. Zhang, X.; Huang, R.; Zhou, Y.; Zhou, W.; Zeng, X. IP3R channels in male reproduction. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21, 9179.
63. Serysheva, I.I. Toward a high-resolution structure of IP₃R channel. Cell Calcium 2014, 56, 125–132.
64. Lin, Q.; Zhao, G.; Fang, X.; Peng, X.; Tang, H.; Wang, H.; Jing, R.; Liu, J.; Lederer, W.J.; Chen, J.; et al. IP(3) receptors regulate vascular smooth muscle contractility and hypertension. JCI Insight 2016, 1, e89402.
65. Sampieri, A.; Santoyo, K.; Asanov, A.; Vaca, L. Association of the IP3R to STIM1 provides a reduced intraluminal calcium microenvironment, resulting in enhanced store-operated calcium entry. Sci. Rep. 2018, 8, 13252.
66. Boulay, G.; Brown, D.M.; Qin, N.; Jiang, M.; Dietrich, A.; Zhu, M.X.; Chen, Z.; Birnbaumer, M.; Mikoshiba, K.; Birnbaumer, L. Modulation of Ca2+ entry by polypeptides of the inositol 1,4, 5-trisphosphate receptor (IP3R) that bind transient receptor potential (TRP): Evidence for roles of TRP and IP3R in store depletion-activated Ca2+ entry. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1999, 96, 14955–14960.
67. Hamada, K.; Mikoshiba, K. IP(3) receptor plasticity underlying diverse functions. Annu. Rev. Physiol. 2020, 82, 151–176.
68. Bartok, A.; Weaver, D.; Golenár, T.; Nichtova, Z.; Katona, M.; Bánsághi, S.; Alzayady, K.J.; Thomas, V.K.; Ando, H.; Mikoshiba, K.; et al. IP(3) receptor isoforms differently regulate ER-mitochondrial contacts and local calcium transfer. Nat. Commun. 2019, 10, 3726.
69. Szabadkai, G.; Bianchi, K.; Várnai, P.; De Stefani, D.; Wieckowski, M.R.; Cavagna, D.; Nagy, A.I.; Balla, T.; Rizzuto, R. Chaperone-mediated coupling of endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondrial Ca2+ channels. J. Cell Biol. 2006, 175, 901–911.
70. Narayanan, D.; Adebiyi, A.; Jaggar, J.H. Inositol trisphosphate receptors in smooth muscle cells. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 2012, 302, H2190–H2210.
71. Luo, X.; Li, W.; Künzel, K.; Henze, S.; Cyganek, L.; Strano, A.; Poetsch, M.S.; Schubert, M.; Guan, K. IP3R-mediated compensatory mechanism for calcium handling in human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes with cardiac ryanodine receptor deficiency. Front. Cell Dev. Biol. 2020, 8, 772.
72. Stokke, M.K.; Rivelsrud, F.; Sjaastad, I.; Sejersted, O.M.; Swift, F. From global to local: A new understanding of cardiac electromechanical coupling. Tidsskr. Nor. Laegeforen. Tidsskr. Prakt. Med. Raekke 2012, 132, 1457–1460.
73. Xiao, J.; Liang, D.; Zhao, H.; Liu, Y.; Zhang, H.; Lu, X.; Liu, Y.; Li, J.; Peng, L.; Chen, Y.H. 2-Aminoethoxydiphenyl borate, a inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate receptor inhibitor, prevents atrial fibrillation. Exp. Biol. Med. 2010, 235, 862–868.
74. Periasamy, M.; Kalyanasundaram, A. SERCA pump isoforms: Their role in calcium transport and disease. Muscle Nerve 2007, 35, 430–442.
75. Rahate, K.; Bhatt, L.K.; Prabhavalkar, K.S. SERCA stimulation: A potential approach in therapeutics. Chem. Biol. Drug Des. 2020, 95, 5–15.
76. Shaikh, S.A.; Sahoo, S.K.; Periasamy, M. Phospholamban and sarcolipin: Are they functionally redundant or distinct regulators of the Sarco(Endo)Plasmic Reticulum Calcium ATPase? J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol. 2016, 91, 81–91.
77. Periasamy, M.; Bhupathy, P.; Babu, G.J. Regulation of sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase pump expression and its relevance to cardiac muscle physiology and pathology. Cardiovasc. Res. 2008, 77, 265–273.
78. Lipskaia, L.; Keuylian, Z.; Blirando, K.; Mougenot, N.; Jacquet, A.; Rouxel, C.; Sghairi, H.; Elaib, Z.; Blaise, R.; Adnot, S.; et al. Expression of sarco (endo) plasmic reticulum calcium ATPase (SERCA) system in normal mouse cardiovascular tissues, heart failure and atherosclerosis. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 2014, 1843, 2705–2718.
79. Dupont, S.; Maizel, J.; Mentaverri, R.; Chillon, J.M.; Six, I.; Giummelly, P.; Brazier, M.; Choukroun, G.; Tribouilloy, C.; Massy, Z.A.; et al. The onset of left ventricular diastolic dysfunction in SHR rats is not related to hypertrophy or hypertension. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 2012, 302, H1524–H1532.
80. Fernandez-Tenorio, M.; Niggli, E. Stabilization of Ca2+ signaling in cardiac muscle by stimulation of SERCA. J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol. 2018, 119, 87–95.
81. Torre, E.; Lodrini, A.; Barassi, P.; Ferrandi, M.; Boz, E.; Bussadori, C.; Ferrari, P.; Bianchi, G.; Rocchetti, M. Istaroxime improves diabetic diastolic dysfunction through SERCA stimulation. Arch. Cardiovasc. Dis. Suppl. 2019, 11, 234–235.
82. Adachi, T.; Weisbrod, R.M.; Pimentel, D.R.; Ying, J.; Sharov, V.S.; Schöneich, C.; Cohen, R.A. S-Glutathiolation by peroxynitrite activates SERCA during arterial relaxation by nitric oxide. Nat. Med. 2004, 10, 1200–1207.
83. Tong, X.; Ying, J.; Pimentel, D.R.; Trucillo, M.; Adachi, T.; Cohen, R.A. High glucose oxidizes SERCA cysteine-674 and prevents inhibition by nitric oxide of smooth muscle cell migration. J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol. 2008, 44, 361–369.
84. Qin, F.; Siwik, D.A.; Lancel, S.; Zhang, J.; Kuster, G.M.; Luptak, I.; Wang, L.; Tong, X.; Kang, Y.J.; Cohen, R.A.; et al. Hydrogen peroxide-mediated SERCA cysteine 674 oxidation contributes to impaired cardiac myocyte relaxation in senescent mouse heart. J. Am. Heart Assoc. 2013, 2, e000184.
85. Ying, J.; Sharov, V.; Xu, S.; Jiang, B.; Gerrity, R.; Schoneich, C.; Cohen, R.A. Cysteine-674 oxidation and degradation of sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase in diabetic pig aorta. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 2008, 45, 756–762.
86. Liu, G.; Wu, F.; Jiang, X.; Que, Y.; Qin, Z.; Hu, P.; Lee, K.S.S.; Yang, J.; Zeng, C.; Hammock, B.D.; et al. Inactivation of Cys(674) in SERCA2 increases BP by inducing endoplasmic reticulum stress and soluble epoxide hydrolase. Br. J. Pharmacol. 2020, 177, 1793–1805.
87. Thompson, M.D.; Mei, Y.; Weisbrod, R.M.; Silver, M.; Shukla, P.C.; Bolotina, V.M.; Cohen, R.A.; Tong, X. Glutathione adducts on sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase Cys-674 regulate endothelial cell calcium stores and angiogenic function as well as promote ischemic blood flow recovery. J. Biol. Chem. 2014, 289, 19907–19916.
88. Mei, Y.; Thompson, M.D.; Shiraishi, Y.; Cohen, R.A.; Tong, X. Sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase C674 promotes ischemia- and hypoxia-induced angiogenesis via coordinated endothelial cell and macrophage function. J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol. 2014, 76, 275–282.
89. Que, Y.; Shu, X.; Wang, L.; Hu, P.; Wang, S.; Xiong, R.; Liu, J.; Chen, H.; Tong, X. Inactivation of cysteine 674 in the SERCA2 accelerates experimental aortic aneurysm. J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol. 2020, 139, 213–224.
90. Goodman, J.B.; Qin, F.; Morgan, R.J.; Chambers, J.M.; Croteau, D.; Siwik, D.A.; Hobai, I.; Panagia, M.; Luptak, I.; Bachschmid, M.; et al. Redox-resistant SERCA attenuates oxidant-stimulated mitochondrial calcium and apoptosis in cardiac myocytes and pressure overload-induced myocardial failure in mice. Circulation 2020, 142, 2459–2469.
91. SERCA. Available online: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01643330?term=SERCA&draw=2&rank=5 (accessed on 12 August 2021).
92. SERCA. Available online: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01966887?term=SERCA&draw=2&rank=2 (accessed on 12 August 2021).
93. SERCA. Available online: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00534703?term=SERCA&draw=2&rank=1 (accessed on 12 August 2021).
94. SERCA. Available online: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04703842?term=SERCA&draw=2&rank=4 (accessed on 12 August 2021).
95. SERCA. Available online: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02772068?term=SERCA&draw=2&rank=3 (accessed on 12 August 2021).
96. George, M.; Rajaram, M.; Shanmugam, E.; VijayaKumar, T.M. Novel drug targets in clinical development for heart failure. Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 2014, 70, 765–774.
97. Na+/Ca2+ Exchanger. Available online: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00534703?term=Na%2B%2FCa2%2B+exchanger&draw=2&rank=1 (accessed on 12 August 2021).
|
Tangent Plane
Also found in: Dictionary, Thesaurus, Wikipedia.
tangent plane
[′tan·jənt ′plān]
The tangent plane to a surface at a point is the plane having every line in it tangent to some curve on the surface at that point.
Tangent Plane
The tangent plane to a surface S at a point M is the plane that passes through the point M and that is characterized by the property that the distance from this plane to the variable point M’ on the surface S is infinitesimal in comparison with the distance MM’ as M ’ approaches M. If a surface S has the equation z = f(x, y), then the equation of the tangent plane at the point (x0, y0, z0), where z0 = f(x0, y0), has the form
z − z0 = A(x - x0) + B(y - y0)
if and only if the function f(x, y) has a total differential at thepoint (x0, y0). In this case, A and B are the values of the partialderivatives ∂f/∂x and ∂f/∂x at the point (x0y0) (seeDIFFER-ENTIAL CALCULUS).
References in periodicals archive ?
When a finger is close to a CG object, this system calculates a tangent plane slope angles on the surface which the finger is close to.
Similarly the tangent plane equation of the pipe at the point Q is expressed as
The tangent plane at any point in the equatorial plane is parallel to the x-axis so the d[p.sub.ik] at these points lie in the tangent plane.
Caption: Figure 5: The vectors [r.sub.[epsilon]] and [r.sub.[epsilon]] in the local tangent plane to the surface.
The properties of the function f show that this surface does not remain, round the point a, on the same side of the tangent plane, though each parametrized curve [alpha] [member of] [[GAMMA].sup.m.sub.F] (a) stays, around the point a, on the same side of the tangent plane.
constitute the contravariant basis at the point [theta](y), where [[delta].sup.i.sub.j] is the Kronecker symbol (note that [mathematical expression not reproducible] and the vector [[??].sup.[alpha]](y) is also in the tangent plane to S at [??](y)) (cf.
where [U.sup.[??]] is the projection of U on the tangent plane of M.
The tangent plane to w at the point [X.sub.0] = (x([u.sub.0], [v.sub.0]), y([u.sub.0], [v.sub.0]), z([u.sub.0], [v.sub.0]) on w is the plane that contains the tangent vectors [w.sub.u], [w.sub.v] and the point [X.sub.0], and therefore [w.sub.u] x [w.sub.v] is a normal vector of the tangent plane.
a) Sliding type, when the displace is produced in the tangent plane at interface,
The reflection model known as the ray method, is based on the assumption that incident light is specularly reflected by the local tangent plane on the surface.
In particular, this construction guarantees tangent plane continuity, the strong convex hull property, locality and affine invariance.
Because 3D facial animation is composed of various different expression models, the tangent plane and normal vector of the same vertex point also vary with changes in expressions, as shown in Figure 6.
|
Conference Papers | , | October 24, 2018
Don’t do evil: Implementing artificial intelligence in universities
Conference Paper by Mark Nichols and Wayne Holmes. Presented at the 10th European Distance and E-Learning Network Research Workshop, 2018.
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is changing the ways in which we experience everyday tasks, and its reach is extending into education. Promises of AI-driven personalised learning, learner agency, adaptive teaching and changes to teacher roles are increasingly becoming realistic but the ethical considerations surrounding these, and even simpler innovations are far from clear. Various ethical standards are proposed for AI, though these tend to be high-level and generic and do not serve to guide education practice. The multiple agencies concerned with AI analytics are also yet to provide a strong sense of direction. The Open University UK has established an AI working group to explore the contribution AI might make to improving student retention, success and satisfaction. With a specific emphasis on Artificial Intelligence in Education (AIEd), this paper proposes eight principles constituting an open ethical framework for implementing AI in educational settings in ways that empower students and provide transparency.
|
Chase would have became as famous as
Chase BowlingEnglish 10AMs. Cleveland 23December 16, 2006 Success through Manipulation Truman Capote wrote In Cold Blood, which is probably his most famous book. Although it was one of if not his best accomplishments it did not come easy. The only way for Capote to create In Cold Blood was to manipulate both the readers and the characters. The reason why the manipulation of the readers was so important is because how would you create a good book if the readers already know the ending. One way he manipulates the reader is that he makes you feel sorry for the killers by going into great detail of their past. Like when Perry says “There was this one nurse used to call me ‘nigger’ and say there wasn’t any difference between niggers and Indians.
Oh, Jesus, was she an Evil Bustard! Incarnate. What she used to do, she’d fill a tub with ice-cold water, put me in it, and hold me under till I was blue. Nearly drowned” (Truman 132). He also goes into such great detail that you start to believe or hope that the clutters will not be murdered, even though you know it is going to happen. “Before saying her prayers, she always recorded in a diary a few occurrences and an occasional outburst. It was a five-year diary; in the four years of its existence she had never neglected to make an entry, though the splendor of several events and the drama of others had caused her to usurp space allotted to the future.” (Truman 56).
We Will Write a Custom Essay Specifically
For You For Only $13.90/page!
order now
Without this the book would be to boring and never would have became as famous as it is. Now the manipulation of Perry Smith was so that he could get the facts of how the Clutters were murdered. The only was to obtain this information was from one of the murders.
Now in order to get the facts he needed to become.
Leave a Reply
I'm Gerard!
Check it out
|
College graduates celebrate as confetti swirls.
When seeing is believing
Kimberlee D’Ardenne
More than 40% of college students do not graduate after six years. And, though women are more likely to graduate college than men, they remain underrepresented in STEM and business careers.
A new study from the Department of Psychology at Arizona State University has found that achieving academic or career goals is linked to how vividly men and women can visualize future events.
First-year college students who could imagine graduating college in great detail had higher grade point averages in the second year of college and were more likely to continue in STEM and business degree programs. During the first two years of college, men and women diverged in how they visualized postcollege career goals. Men increased the level of detail, but women remained stagnant. The work was published in Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin.
“We found that how vividly students imagined their future initially, and how that visualization changed over time, were both important for academic success,” said Samantha McMichael, a graduate student in the Department of Psychology and first author on the paper. “The differences in how men and women imagined their postgraduation life might help us understand the sex differences we see in STEM and business field. When people vividly imagine the future, they can connect better with their goals and make decisions that benefit their future self rather than their present self.”
The study followed nearly 900 undergraduate students through their first two years of college.
Students completed questionnaires that measured how vividly they imagined themselves graduating from college and five years after graduation. They were surveyed five times: from their first week of freshman year to the fall semester of sophomore year.
The research team also tracked the grade point averages of the students and whether they left a STEM or business program of study.
Students who vividly imagined themselves graduating college at the beginning of their freshman year had higher grades and were less likely to change majors away from STEM and business fields.
“People report higher self-efficacy, or the belief in their ability to do something, for achieving their future goals when they can vividly imagine the outcome of those goals,” said Virginia Kwan, professor of psychology and senior author on the paper. “Imagining the outcome of goals is like a self-fulfilling prophecy.”
The research team expected that college students completing their first year or beginning of their second year would gain clarity in visualizing their postgraduation goals. But this was only the case for men.
“On average, women did not see their postgraduation selves more clearly as they went through college. Why women are losing their focus is an important question that could have implications for them being underrepresented in leaky pipeline fields like STEM and business,” Kwan said.
The research team is currently working on ways to increase how vividly students imagine future academic and career goals.
This study was supported by a grant from the Institute for Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education (R305 A160023).
Morris Okun, Cameron Bunker, Oliver Graudejus and Kevin Grimm of ASU also contributed to the study. Michael Baxter of Montclair State University, a former postdoctoral researcher at ASU, was also part of the research team.
|
Death in Italy
Death comes to us all. What happens to our remains varies widely. For an American, it is very ordinary to think that once someone is buried, that their remains will, well, remain there forever. When something exceptional happens, and a cemetery has to be relocated because a highway needs to go there, it strikes Americans as particularly strange to think of people being exhumed from their “eternal resting place”.
Cremation has only been an option for many Italians recently. The Catholic belief in the bodily resurrection of the dead made that manner of disposal unpopular.
Like almost everything else, post-death treatment has a lot to do with wealth. The wealthy have more attention paid to them, but whereas the tombs of princes may gather the most attention, they are also the least typical. Being entombed in grand architectural style is special.
The land in America appeared to the European settlers to be endless, and unpopulated, at least by Christians. Americans take the dedication of land to the eternal resting place for the ordinary person as a given. In Europe, land was both valuable and limited. The consequence of that meant that ordinary people would be buried in the earth, but only for a time. At the low end of the economic spectrum, bodies would be disposed of in such a way as to use the least amount of resources to dispose of the body and separate the living from the smell. A common grave, a giant pit, into which bodies would be dumped, perhaps with quicklime sprinkled over to keep down the smell. It was ignominious.
The structures in the walls are family resting places.
Burial in a plot for a period of time was quite common, for those who could afford it. For those who cannot afford a tomb into which their body may be placed, there forever to remain, families could maintain ossuaries, which could contain the bones of the family members. he burial plot then became a temporary holding place for a body until the bones could be transferred there. After ten years in the ground, bones take up a lot less space, and the departed can be reunited with their family in that state between that time and resurrection.
Leave a Reply
You are commenting using your account. Log Out / Change )
Google photo
Twitter picture
Facebook photo
Connecting to %s
|
1. The rates of post-flight cooling in 25 saturniid moths of 8 genera ranging in weight from 81 to 2650 mg were measured and compared with cooling rates in sphingids, birds and mammals. 2. The initial and terminal cooling rates of the saturniids did not differ significantly. 3. Large saturniids have relatively smaller thoraxes than small ones. 4. In saturniids the rate of post-flight cooling is inversely related both to thoracic volume and total weight. 5. Cooling rate is less dependent on thoracic volume in saturniids than in sphingids. 6. Weight-specific conductance calculated on the basis of total weight, shows that moths are not as well insulated as birds or mammals. However, when considered on the basis of thoracic weight, the weight-specific conductance of saturniids and sphingids closely approximates that predicted by the regression of weight-specific conductance on total body weight in birds and mammals. 7. Since the insulation of saturniids and sphingids is no more effective for animals of their size than is that of birds and mammals, their high body temperatures during activity appear to depend primarily on high levels of heat production.
This content is only available via PDF.
|
Fantastic Lessons You Can Learn From Law.
The regulation is a body of legislation that is made and also applied by governmental or social institutions to socially control habits in civil culture. It is differentively defined as the art and scientific research of legislation. The law courts have interpretive powers given it by the regulation itself. The court have actually been known to offer essential decisions affecting the legal rights of citizens. In United States, the legislation has evolved via the evolvement of judicial testimonial which gives emphasis on the wide functions of the legislation itself.
In the modern-day culture, the growth of the regulation has actually resulted in many positive elements. Nonetheless, the negative facet of the law is also substantial. It leads to discrimination versus particular groups of people. The bias and also discrimination faced by some individuals as a result of the laws have actually frequently led to the break down of moral values. With the boosting social troubles encountered by the contemporary society, the need for the lawful abilities of lawyers has actually additionally increased.
According to the legal experts, the significance of the court is determined by the capability to interpret the objectives of the people in the court and also choose objectively. According to them, an objective decision-maker would be much better able to compare what is right and what is wrong, whether something benefits society or something that misbehaves. The procedure of deciding might appear straightforward enough, however the repercussions of that choice might seem hard to comprehend.
According to legal experts, the legislations were provided to safeguard civils rights. These civil liberties are essential elements of individual liberty which allow individuals to live their lives without the anxiety of quelched or arbitrary actions being committed against them. But, one might ask why regulations exist in any way. The response to this concern lies in the long description of exactly how legislations were obtained and used. The lengthy description of just how legislations were obtained and also used allows us to comprehend the feature of regulations in the modern culture.
According to the lengthy description of how laws were formulated, justice was viewed as something that was based on morality. Morality describes criteria that direct activities that are considered best or incorrect. According to the lengthy summary of how regulations were acquired, justice describes impartiality – points that are sensible on the grounds of ensuring that some people are not worse off than other individuals. As an example, if two people steal from each other, one of them will be morally justified while the other one will certainly not.
There are lots of reasons why one might commit a criminal offense. If we take into consideration the factors on the basis of principles alone, nonetheless, we will certainly see that there is no reason a person ought to undergo the actions of another individual. A criminal acts out of disgust, vengeance, revenge, as well as with the single purpose to unjustifiably victimize one more person. A criminal does not view this person as being guilty of a criminal offense; he or she thinks about that the other person is morally wrong. And, for that reason, it is not simply a criminal activity however a crime that has been committed out of disgust, retribution, revenge.
In order to comprehend this kind of ingrained idea in criminal law, you would certainly need to try to find the philosophical structures of principles. You can discover these structures in most free courses on law. Nonetheless, you must make certain that the free courses on regulation do not cater basic notions of principles. Otherwise, it is unlikely that you would certainly comprehend what the program is everything about.
An example of such a training course is “Moral Justice: A Testimonial of the Old as well as New ethical Regimes”, by Roger Martin. In this publication, Martin basically goes over the various techniques to justice. He defines it as “the application of universal ethical concepts to details ends” and after that goes on to clarify that there are 3 distinctively contemporary attitudes towards principles. At the very first, we have “the principles of responsibility”; we have “the values of self-involvement”; as well as we have “the principles of reciprocity”. These are not similar, yet they are ethically comparable.
Civil and criminal regulation divide crimes right into different classifications. They likewise distinguish various types of actions. Generally, the classification is based upon the intent of the star. There are a number of types of crimes, consisting of: murder, homicide, arson, assault, battery, robbery, embezzlement, perjury, conspiracy, perjury, Bribery, theft, bogus, assault and battery. Other state regulations may likewise categorize criminal offenses.
Civil law is far more restricted than criminal regulation. Its authority entails disputes over home, agreement conflicts, oversight, damages, and more. Civil laws consist of: landlord/landlord legislations, lessees’ laws, premises obligation regulations, and others. A lot of these legislations were codified in the Constitution, or throughout the duration of the common law.
Criminal regulation includes penalty for criminal activities, consisting of punishment for murder, arson, attack, murder, rape, sexual assault, burglary, embezzlement, vehicle burglary, possession of drugs or various other substances, DRUNK DRIVING, as well as petty crimes. Lawbreaker defense attorney, on the other hand, concentrate on crimes that have actually been billed against someone. Some examples of such criminal offenses are felonies and also misdemeanors. Criminal offenses versus society at large, such as murder, capital murder, terrorism, kidnaping, homicide, as well as pedophilia are additionally consisted of in the checklist. If convicted of a crime, an individual can encounter imprisonment. Browse around this site
Residential property legislation, which includes real estate and also personal effects, regulates purchases between persons. As an example, if I intend to acquire a house, a home mortgage, a cars and truck, or anything else of value, I need to recognize the ins and outs of home regulation. A property attorney, whose specialized remains in realty, can provide me the right and also knowledge concerning property regulation.
Leave a Reply
|
Quick Answer: What Is The Purpose Of An Expository Essay?
What are the 3 purposes of expository writing?
The explanation can take many forms, some of which add audiovisual dimensions to the writing: You can explain a demonstration, give notes for a lecture, give directions, clarify a process, define an unknown element or instruct a reader in some way An expository what is the purpose of a expository essay essay is about
What is the author’s purpose of an expository essay?
What is the purpose and features of expository?
The purpose of exposition (or expository writing) is not primarily to amuse, but to enlighten and instruct. The objective is to explain and analyze information by presenting an idea, relevant evidence, and appropriate discussion. Its essential quality is clarity.
You might be interested: People Who Inspired Me Essay?
What is the most important part of an expository essay?
Key Components of an Expository Essay Thesis statement reveals overall purpose of the writing. Body consists of three or more points, descriptions, or examples. Concluding paragraph restates the thesis and offers the reader the opportunity to reflect further on the topic.
What are the characteristics of an expository essay?
It is written to instruct or enlighten people and also includes relevant evidences and mainly, it gives a clear conception about the topic. It is a type of essay that requires a thorough investigation, along with the delineation of the idea. The structure of this kind of essay will always be concise, clear and cogent.
Why is it important to engage in expository writing?
Expository writing is used to provide a reader with explanations, the steps in a process, or reasons to back a thesis. Because of this, it is important for it to be extremely clear so that the reader will have an understanding of the topic when they are finished.
What is expository and example?
In other words, it means to present an idea or relevant discussion that helps explain or analyze information. Some of the most common examples of expository writing include scientific reports, academic essays and magazine articles.
What is an example of expository essay?
How do you end an expository essay?
The conclusion paragraph of an expository essay is an author’s last chance to create a good impression. Concluding Paragraph:
1. Begin with a topic sentence that reflects the argument of the thesis statement.
2. Briefly summarize the main points of the paper.
3. Provide a strong and effective close for the paper.
You might be interested: Often asked: How Will Recycling Help Us Essay?
What is expository approach of teaching?
Expository instruction involves an organized teaching method where information is presented in a specific order. This helps to keep your focus and attention, and lays out all of the information you need to know in a way that helps you to remember it.
How do you analyze expository text?
Whether writing or analyzing expository writing, the key factors to include are the thesis statement, support, overall structure and tone.
1. Thesis. One important aspect of expository writing is the thesis statement: one or two sentences that sum up the main point of the entire essay.
2. Structure.
3. Evidence.
4. Tone.
What is a good expository essay topic?
Best Expository Essay Topic
• What is your dream about the future?
• Describe your first memory.
• What would you do if you could live forever?
• Describe what it is like to live with a pet.
• Define the meaning of life to you.
• Describe the hobby you enjoy doing.
• Describe the next great invention.
• Why do people forget things?
What are the three parts of an expository essay?
An expository essay has three basic parts: the introduction, the body, and the conclusion. Each is crucial to writing a clear article or effective argument. The introduction: The first paragraph is where you’ll lay the foundation for your essay and give the reader an overview of your thesis.
What are the four parts of an expository essay?
Sections of an Expository Essay
• Introduction.
• First body section/paragraph.
• Second body section/paragraph.
• Third body section/paragraph.
• Conclusion.
Leave a Reply
|
about one day | our purpose
One Day
One Day – Taking Pride in The City of Vancouver
A journey of a thousand miles starts with a single step, and One Day believes that one can accomplish a lot in a day. In 2003, Vancouver City Council set targets to reduce community-wide greenhouse gas emissions by six percent in 2012.
There was a need to save the ecosystem from the pollution that was increasing daily. The council outlined strategies on how to reduce these emissions to create a better environment.
Today, the world is facing a pollution problem that has been hard to control. We need to act on this issue before it gets out of hand. There is a need to implement strategies similar to the ones the city of Vancouver did in 2003.
About One Day
One Day is an organization taking small steps towards reducing the energy used at home and on the road to creating the cleanest, greenest, and healthiest space in Vancouver.
One Day is the City of Vancouver's community engagement process that supports the Community Climate Change Action Plan. The organizations listed below were part of the Cool Vancouver Task Force, a group representing a wide range of stakeholders that provide advice and guidance on community development and Corporate Climate Change Action Plans for the City of Vancouver.
Why One Day?
One Day is all about protecting the city and creating the best place to live. As other cities are having trouble with environmental issues, One Day is here to ensure that the residents of Vancouver stay healthy and fit.
The aim is for Vancouver to be a model for how other urban populations should consume energy. If we control our energy consumption, we will be a step further in reducing pollution.
One Day works with partners such as the youth and business groups to create awareness among the people. Educating the masses on the importance of a sustainable energy consumption community is essential for a successful movement.
What's The Plan?
One Day has a detailed strategy for achieving its targets thanks to the help of The Community Climate Change Action Plan. This plan reflects on the input of a wide range of community interests. It provides a comprehensive blueprint of how everyone can work together to reduce energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions.
Specific action plans have been developed for:
This plan can work effectively if everyone recognizes the problem and dedicates themselves to making lifestyle changes to solve them.
Take Action Today!
It is time to take action. Starting with the basic amendments such as switching off light bulbs that are not in use and ensuring that we conserve more energy a day than before. If everyone takes part in making these small conservative strategies, the city of Vancouver will most definitely save much. This is for the benefit of all as a community.
Find out more on the simple steps you can make on cutting down on the energy consumption cost on the official website. Some subsections touch on how to improve energy use at home, in the kitchen, on the road, and many more options.
Under these sections, you will find guides to help you move towards the goal. There are also tips and tricks that one might find beneficial.
We Move Together as A Community
The community has to work together to put Vancouver on the global radar as one of the cleanest and greenest cities. For this to happen, residents have to assist each other wherever they can.
People have to take care of each other. There is a Take Action section where you will get ideas and resources to help you out.
Share Your Success Stories
Success stories are what drives the movement forward. The small victories encourage us to achieve more and keep the faith that the city will someday outshine all other cities.
The city of Vancouver is already transforming into a better place as it features the best facilities, businesses, and casinos. For instance, there is the Fresh Casino . It is home to high-definition games from the best providers such as NetEnt and Evolution Gaming. So open your account and enjoy promotions and bonuses.
|
Chevron Left
Voltar para Use Python Django to Build a Website
Comentários e feedback de alunos de Use Python Django to Build a Website da instituição Coursera Project Network
13 classificações
3 avaliações
Sobre o curso
By the end of this project, you will use Django to build a web application. Django is a Python based web application framework that allows you to quickly build a secure, database-backed dynamic website. It automatically creates database entries based on the model used, and easily handles HTTP requests and responses. Note: This course works best for learners who are based in the North America region. We’re currently working on providing the same experience in other regions....
Filtrar por:
1 — 3 de 3 Avaliações para o Use Python Django to Build a Website
por Rustem A
30 de Ago de 2021
por Miral
3 de Ago de 2021
If you want to have a quick look on Django and want to know how it works, this course is good. Course was just little bit out of sequence else its decent.
por Vasile-Gicu S
21 de Mar de 2021
I've replicated everything on my computer and I've got an ERROR.
Also, it's for ADVANCED programmers.
|
The third island
Açores 47 - cropedThis year we visited Terceira, an island in Azores. After Madeira and the Canary islands, Azores was the third group of islands discovered by Portuguese navigators. Initially, the Portuguese called the whole archipelago Terceiras (the Portuguese word for thirds), but later they renamed it Azores and reserved the name Terceira for the largest island.
Terceira is a perfect destination for a relaxing vacation. There are many beaches to enjoy and hiking trails to explore. Restaurants serve great food for modest prices. And the traditional architecture makes us feel as if we are in a time gone by, when life was simpler and time was not a luxury.
Vitorino Nemésio, a great poet from Terceira, wrote that here you are “at the very bosom and infinitude of the sea, like the medusas and the fish.”
The green valleys of Terceira compete with the beauty of the sea. For Nemésio, this competition is futile because “The islands are ephemeral and dispensable. Only the sea is eternal and essential.”
|
Leadership: The Thousand Year War
May 3, 2009: For the last three decades, Greece and Turkey have been engaged in their own little cold war over Cyprus. But the roots of their conflict, and thus the mutual distrust and sometimes hatred between the two countries, goes back over a thousand years. The threat of an all-out conventional war between Greece and Turkey in the near future is somewhat unlikely, but the two nations are still enemies and age-old rivalries, like those in the Balkans of the 1990s, have a nasty habit of flaring up again at the blink of an eye. The potentially destructive results of such a confrontation are enhanced since the international community continues to sell both nations sophisticated military equipment. Whether these continued sales are a good idea depends on who is asked. Certainly both Greece and Turkey claim that continued procurement and development are necessary to their respective national security commitments.
The conflict over Cyprus was all about a Greece attempt to annex Cyprus in the 1970s, and their defeat by a Turkish invasion of the island. The Cyprus incident itself is only one small addition to the collection of conflicts between Greek and Turk, and certainly not the most bitter of recent confrontations. Certainly the defeat in Cyprus was difficult to stomach, but it was less intense than other wars. If anything, the 1919-1922 Greco-Turkish War is the more important of the 20thcentury conflicts and more integral to understanding why the Greeks feel so much cultural antagonistic towards the Turkish Republic. After World War I, the Allies had promised Greece an large expansion of territory which included Ottoman Empire lands, effectively an attempt to partition the Empire. The Ottoman Empire effectively collapsed and was being divided up between the triumphant Allies, eager for victors justice.
One of the primary motivations for the Greek expansion into Turkish homelands in Anatolia was the idea of the Megali, or Greater Greece. This idea is essentially the same as the concept of the Greater Serbia that fueled the Balkan Wars of the 1990s. The goal is to expand Greek territory into all areas in the Mediterranean with significant Greek populations. Unfortunately for the Greeks, the idea was not achieved and, furthermore, the Greeks suffered a bitter and devastating defeat at the hands of Turkish troops, led by former Ottoman general Kemal Ataturk, who later founded the modern state of Turkey. The war cost Greece extremely heavy casualties, no territorial gains, and forced them to return to their pre-conflict borders, and undertake an exchange of peoples between the two countries. The war was the most humiliating defeat in 20th century Greek military history. This is something the Greeks have never forgotten or forgiven, no matter how much diplomatic progress is made in warming relations between the two countries. Even changes in Greek history textbooks several years ago, that presented a more positive image of Turkey, aroused bitter controversy in the Hellenic Republic, effectively dividing the country into two camps (moderates and nationalists). Ultranationalist attitudes towards the Turks no longer hold an all-consuming grip on the country, but it remains a major part of Greek society that is unlikely to go away anytime soon.
The military buildup itself is of concern. Things are different now, compared to 30, or even 80, years ago. For one thing, the Greeks have a well-trained, well-equipped military that is more than capable of holding its own against the Turks. The Greek military today is certainly more competent than the forces facing the Turks during the 1974 Cyprus crisis. The Greek Army contains around 200,000 active soldiers and can mobilize 300,000 reserve troops. Finances are more disparate and this is one of the major advantages the Turks have over their Hellenic rivals. The Greek annual military budget is almost $10 billion, compared to the more than $30 billion Turkish budget. The Greeks are outnumbered on the ground, where 515,000 Turks confront 400,000 Greeks. To make up for their deficiency in numbers, the Greeks maintain high standards of training and discipline and maintain several excellent special forces formations. Greece has evolved into a regional military power in its own right that is definitely to be reckoned with.
The more worrying aspect of the conflict is the fact that both sides are well-equipped with high-tech arms that the world community continues to sell Greece and Turkey. This is a unique situation in terms of the nation-state standoffs going on in the world. For example, South Korea and North Korea have been, technically, at war for more than half a century, but the Norths capabilities for waging war have declined because of aging equipment, a wrecked economy, and famine. A similar situation exists between Syria and Israel, with the mighty IDF possessing the best weaponry on the market and first-class training, and the Syrians still struggling to modernize their own forces on a meager budget.
Nations continue to sell both Greece and Turkey weapons because neither country is considered by the UN to be a rogue or outlaw nation. Both countries are very pro-Western, maintain relatively good diplomatic relations with the rest of the world, and are, all things considered, not regarded as tyrannical dictatorships bent on regional hegemony. Turkey and Greece maintain, at least for the moment, stable democratic societies, further improving their image on the world stage. Because of this, they get a free hand in procuring equipment.
Despite the seeming detent between the two countries, the standoff between the two countries continues, as a somewhat worried international community looks on. Nonetheless, arms companies continue to sell, both countries continue to buy, and neither side fully trusts each other yet.
Article Archive
Help Keep Us Soaring
Subscribe Contribute Close
|
Can we predict earthquakes or volcanic eruptions?
Is it easier to predict earthquakes or volcanoes?
Earthquakes are not as easy to predict as volcanic eruptions. … An increase in vibrations may indicate a possible earthquake. Radon gas escapes from cracks in the Earth’s crust. Levels of radon gas can be monitored – a sudden increase may suggest an earthquake.
Can earthquake and volcanic eruption be predicted?
Volcanic eruptions and earthquakes are tangible proof that we live on a planet made up of fidgeting tectonic plates. Since most faults and volcanoes occur along plate boundaries, it is fairly easy to predict where in the world they will happen.
Can we predict when a volcano is going to erupt?
Yes and no. Scientists who specialise in volcanoes are called volcanologists. They are growing more and more confident at predicting when volcanoes will erupt in the short-term. … They use monitors to detect movement in the rocks that make up the volcano and in the earth’s crust.
Can animals predict earthquakes?
Continuously observing animals with motion sensors could improve earthquake prediction. Even today, nobody can reliably predict when and where an earthquake will occur. However, eyewitnesses have repeatedly reported that animals behave unusually before an earthquake.
IT IS INTERESTING: What is divination in Chinese religion?
Can we ever predict earthquakes?
Can earthquakes be prevented?
Can you predict a tsunami?
Earthquakes, the usual cause of tsunamis, cannot be predicted in time, … Neither historical records nor current scientific theory can accurately tell us when earthquakes will occur. Therefore, tsunami prediction can only be done after an earthquake has occurred.
About self-knowledge
|
How to Calculate 1/1 Divided by 15/18
Are you looking to work out and calculate how to divide 1/1 by 15/18? In this really simple guide, we'll teach you exactly what 1/1 ÷ 15/18 is and walk you through the step-by-process of how to divide fractions.
For dividing fractions it's also useful to know that the first fraction (1/1) is called the dividend and the second fraction (15/18) is called the divisor.
Let's set up 1/1 and 15/18 side by side so they are easier to see:
1 / 1 / 15 / 18
1 / 1 x 18 / 15
1 x 18 / 1 x 15 = 18 / 15
You're done! You now know exactly how to calculate 1/1 - 15/18. Hopefully you understood the process and can use the same techniques to add other fractions together. The complete answer is below (simplified to the lowest form):
1 1/5
Convert 1/1 times 15/18 to Decimal
18 / 15 = 1.2
Cite, Link, or Reference This Page
• "How to Calculate 1/1 divided 15/18". Accessed on December 6, 2021.
• "How to Calculate 1/1 divided 15/18"., Accessed 6 December, 2021.
• How to Calculate 1/1 divided 15/18. Retrieved from
Preset List of Fraction Division Examples
|
Category: Experiment 25 calorimetry pre lab answers quizlet
Experiment 25 calorimetry pre lab answers quizlet
Experiment 25 calorimetry pre lab answers quizlet
Happy Latinx Heritage Month! Grade Level. Resource Type. Log In Join Us. View Wish List View Cart. Sort by: Relevance. You Selected: Keyword calorimetry. Sort by Relevance. Best Seller. Price Ascending. Price Descending. Most Recent. Digital All Digital Resources. TpT Digital Activities. Made for Google Apps. Other Digital Resources. Grades PreK.
experiment 25 calorimetry pre lab answers quizlet
Other Not Grade Specific. Higher Education. Adult Education. Art History. Graphic Arts. Music Composition.
Experiment 10 Vinegar Analysis Pre Lab Answers Quizlet
Other Arts. Other Music. Visual Arts. Vocal Music. English Language Arts. All 'English Language Arts'. Balanced Literacy. Close Reading. Creative Writing. ELA Test Prep. Informational Text.Design an experiment to test how light affects photosynthetic rates.
To do this you need to know the density of your liquid, but this is given on the final data sheet, page 12 as 1. As students walk in they know it is lab day, so they know to get goggles and an apron for the lab.
The post-lab work will involve calculation and analysis of data and completing post lab work. Answer Since Jefferson Lab is a nuclear physics research facility, it isn't surprising that we're often asked questions about atoms. It almost always takes less time to do an experiment once, slowly and carefully, than to do it as fast as you can over and over until you get it right.
Complete all of the pre-lab questions and write an outline of the lab procedure. Describe a technique for measuring photosynthetic rate. Determine the molarity and the percent by mass of acetic acid in vinegar by titration with the standardized sodium hydroxide solution. When was the potential energy the highest in this experiment and why?
When was the kinetic energy the highest in this experiment and why?. A record of lab work is an important document which will show the quality of the lab work that you have done. Record the value. This experiment is in two parts: Part A involves standardization of an unknown sodium hydroxide solution and part of your pre-lab assignment is to calculate the concentrations of solutions needed for the experiment to work.
Do not leave any residue on the reaction sheet. Record the physical properties of sodium bicarbonate and vinegar before mixing in. Purpose Statement: What is the purpose of this lab? Pre-Lab Questions: 1. Date lab Soc. Label each Zip Loc bag with the treatment type, name of person in lab group, and period number.
experiment 25 calorimetry pre lab answers quizlet
Experiment 10 vinegar analysis report sheet Experiment 10 vinegar analysis report sheet. The 48 experiments in this well-conceived manual illustrate important concepts and principles in general, organic, and biochemistry. If you can't find the data in Wikipedia, try ChemSpider or another source. The metal sample will be heated to a high temperature then placed into a calorimeter containing a known quantity of water at a lower temperature. Do not wander around the room, distract other students, startle other students or interfere with the laboratory experiments of others.
Laravel jwt
Be sure to show all work, round answers, and include units on all answers. TLC involves spotting the sample to be. In this lab, we will examine how single nucleotide polymorphisms SNPs can change our ability to perceive the world around us. Reviewing this would be helpful. Students will also submit results for unknowns that must be within given tolerance limits to receive full credit. Describe how the functional units for beta carotene, xanthophyll, chlorophyll A, and chlorophyll B are different.
Remove matches and papers, and wipe down the surface with water and paper towels. Search Search.Heat is a form of energy that is transferred between objects with different temperatures. Heat always flows from high temperature to low temperature.
Will lord shiva help me
Specific heat can be defined as the amount of heat required q to raise the temperature of one gram of the substance by one degree Celsius. Equation 1. Each pure substance has a specific heat that is a characteristic physical property of that substance. The specific heats of some common substances are provided in Table 1.
The magnitude of specific heat varies greatly from large values like that of water 4. When equal masses of objects are heated to absorb an equal amount of heat, the object with smaller the specific heat value would cause the greatest increase in temperature.
Heat energy is either absorbed or evolved during nearly all chemical and physical changes. If heat is absorbed or enters the system, the process is endothermic and if heat is evolved or exits the system, the process is exothermic. In the laboratory, heat flow is measured in an apparatus called a calorimeter. A calorimeter is a device used to determine heat flow during a chemical or physical change.
A doubled Styrofoam cup fitted with a cover in which a hole is bored to accommodate a thermometer can serve well as a calorimeter See Figure 7. In this experiment you will heat a known mass of a metal to a known temperature and then transfer it to a calorimeter that contains a known amount of room temperature water T c. The maximum temperature reached by the water in the calorimeter T max will be recorded and the temperature change of the water T max - T c and the temperature change of the metal The flow of energy heat between a metal and its environment is described by Equations 3 and 4.
This experiment is done in a team of two. Place mL of room temperature water from a carboy in a mL beaker and set it aside for later use. Next place about mL of tap water into a mL beaker.
Monogram chic font free download
Add boiling chips into the tap water to prevent bumping. Bring the tap water to a gentle boil using a hot plate. Obtain three clean dry 18 by mm test tubes.
Label them runs 1 — 3. Tare one of the test tubes in a beaker. While you are at the balance, mass two additional samples into the test tubes 2, and 3.One technique we can use to measure the amount of heat involved in a chemical or physical process is known as calorimetry.
Calorimetry is used to measure amounts of heat transferred to or from a substance. To do so, the heat is exchanged with a calibrated object calorimeter. The change in temperature of the measuring part of the calorimeter is converted into the amount of heat since the previous calibration was used to establish its heat capacity.
The measurement of heat transfer using this approach requires the definition of a system the substance or substances undergoing the chemical or physical change and its surroundings the other components of the measurement apparatus that serve to either provide heat to the system or absorb heat from the system.
Knowledge of the heat capacity of the surroundings, and careful measurements of the masses of the system and surroundings and their temperatures before and after the process allows one to calculate the heat transferred as described in this section. In a calorimetric determination, either a an exothermic process occurs and heat, q, is negative, indicating that thermal energy is transferred from the system to its surroundings, or b an endothermic process occurs and heat, q, is positive, indicating that thermal energy is transferred from the surroundings to the system.
A simple calorimeter can be constructed from two polystyrene cups. A thermometer and stirrer extend through the cover into the reaction mixture. A calorimeter is a device used to measure the amount of heat involved in a chemical or physical process.
For example, when an exothermic reaction occurs in solution in a calorimeter, the heat produced by the reaction is absorbed by the solution, which increases its temperature. The temperature change, along with the specific heat and mass of the solution, can then be used to calculate the amount of heat involved in either case.
experiment 25 calorimetry pre lab answers quizlet
Scientists use well-insulated calorimeters that all but prevent the transfer of heat between the calorimeter and its environment. This enables the accurate determination of the heat involved in chemical processes, the energy content of foods, and so on.
Lab 4 - Calorimetry
Commercial solution calorimeters are also available. Relatively inexpensive calorimeters often consist of two thin-walled cups that are nested in a way that minimizes thermal contact during use, along with an insulated cover, handheld stirrer, and simple thermometer. Commercial solution calorimeters range from a simple, inexpensive models for student use to b expensive, more accurate models for industry and research. Before we practice calorimetry problems involving chemical reactions, consider a simpler example that illustrates the core idea behind calorimetry.
Suppose we initially have a high-temperature substance, such as a hot piece of metal Mand a low-temperature substance, such as cool water W. If we place the metal in the water, heat will flow from M to W. Under these ideal circumstances, the net heat change is zero:. This relationship can be rearranged to show that the heat gained by substance M is equal to the heat lost by substance W:. The magnitude of the heat change is therefore the same for both substances, and the negative sign merely shows that q Substance M and q Substance W are opposite in direction of heat flow gain or loss but does not indicate the arithmetic sign of either q value that is determined by whether the matter in question gains or loses heat, per definition.
In the specific situation described, q Substance M is a negative value and q Substance W is positive, since heat is transferred from M to W. In a simple calorimetry process, a heat, q, is transferred from the hot metal, M, to the cool water, W, until b both are at the same temperature. A g piece of rebar a steel rod used for reinforcing concrete is dropped into mL of water at The final temperature of the water was measured as Calculate the initial temperature of the piece of rebar.
Assume the specific heat of steel is approximately the same as that for iron, and that all heat transfer occurs between the rebar and the water there is no heat exchange with the surroundings.Titration Lab Answers Quizlet. After finding the concentration of this unknown solution, one can find the pH of the solution, given information about the acid dissociation constant s.
Question Description. Choose the closest answer. Volume of HCl is Maybe you have knowledge that, people have see numerous time for their favorite books in the same way as this antacid analysis and titration lab report answers, but end going on in harmful. For instance, people were interested in Science mentioned these points: - newly equipped chemical lab with its recently purchased substances - equipment suitable for teaching.
The solution being studied is slowly added to a known quantity of a reagent with which it reacts until we observe something that tells us that exactly equivalent numbers of moles of the reagents are present. Calculate the concentration of the unknown base. In this lab exercise, students make measurements using common lab equipment and practice a wide range of calculations. Identifying the pH associated with any stage in the titration process is relatively simple for monoprotic acids and bases.
Favorite Answer. A titration is a controlled chemical procedure that involves adding a known amount of one substance, typically in solution the titrant to another solution, typically until neutralization. Take a mL Erlenmeyer flask from the Glassware shelf and place it on the workbench.
Titration Lab Answers Quizlet
Immediate feedback and automatic grading enriches the learning process. Methyl orange is a good. Titrations are standard chemistry laboratory procedures usually used to determine the unknown concentration of a substance. Analysis of Results. Karl Fischer titration is a specialized type of titration, which is used to determine the water content of a product or substance. Most questions answered within 4 hours.In-PlayFight Winner 3-Way - Includes quote for the draw.
Fight Winner 2-Way - Offered for fights where no draw is possible e. Fight Outcome 5-Way - Refer to pre-game fight outcome. Fight Outcome 4-Way - Offered for fights where no draw is possible e. Fight SpecialsTo Score a KnockdownFor settlement purposes a knockdown is defined as a fighter being KO'd or receiving a mandatory 8 count (anything deemed a slip by the referee will not count). CricketAll MatchesMatches not Played as ListedIf a match venue is changed then bets already placed will stand providing the home team is still designated as such.
Batsman Match RunsThe following minimum number of overs must be scheduled, and there must be an official result (Duckworth-Lewis counts) otherwise all bets are void, unless settlement of bets is already determined. Twenty20 Matches - The full 20 overs for each team. One Day Matches - At least 40 overs for each team. Team Batsman to Score a Fifty in the MatchThe following minimum number of overs must be scheduled, and there must be an official result (Duckworth - Lewis counts) otherwise all bets are void, unless settlement is already determined.
Team Batsman to Score a Hundred in the MatchThe following minimum number of overs must be scheduled, and there must be an official result (Duckworth - Lewis counts) otherwise all bets are void, unless settlement is already determined. Most Run Outs 3-WayPrices will be offered on which team creates the most run-outs whilst fielding. Most Match SixesIf a match is abandoned due to outside interference then all bets will be void, unless settlement is already determined.
Outside interference does not include weather events. Total Match SixesIf a match is abandoned due to outside interference then all bets will be void unless settlement is already determined. Will Team Win By An InningsBets will stand on the official result.
To Score Most RunsBoth players must reach the crease for bets to stand. Session RunsExtras and penalty runs will be included. Wickets LostOne ball must be bowled for bets to stand. Series Correct ScoreBets void if the designated number of matches are not completed.We would like to build your next big idea, let your eMagine-nation work in your favour. This guide will introduce you to all the ways that MailChimp can help you communicate withand growyour audience.
MailChimp offers three different pricing plansForever Free, Monthly, and Pay As You Gothat are designed to help businesses of any size and budget. Billing is based on usage and paid plans give users access to additional features, so consider the size of your list, your sending frequency, and which features matter the most to you when selecting your plan type.
Every MailChimp account, regardless of pricing plan, offers 5 different levels of access for users. In just a few clicks, you can invite other users to join your account, assign user levels, or revoke account access. MailChimp integrates with a number of different e-commerce solutions, including Shopify, Magento, and more. For more about these features, skip ahead to the automation section of this guide or check out our MailChimp for E-Commerce and Getting Started with Marketing Automation guides.
The foundation of great email marketing is a clean, up-to-date list of engaged contacts and customers who have given you permission to send them email campaigns. Each of those contacts will have their own subscriber profile page, with valuable information like social data, member rating, location, activity history, and more.
You can create 3 different types of segments in MailChimpauto-update, static, and pre-builtand they can help you target contacts based on their interests, location, demographics, subscriber activity, purchase history, and a whole lot more.
Any custom segment you create in MailChimp can be saved as an auto-update or static segment.
Experiment 2 Pre-Lab Lecture
Pre-built segments are automatically generated based on list information or subscriber activity. You can also create groups within your list to categorize people by their interests and preferences. Those groups can then be used for building segments and sending email to targeted audiences. By creating groups in your list, you can give customers the opportunity to choose the clothing types that interest them, and then only send them campaigns relevant to those interests.
Your forms can be customized to fit the needs of your business, and MailChimp offers a lot of different field options that will help you collect data from people as they subscribe to your list. So, be strategic by including list fields that can help you learn more aboutand increase relevance foryour customers.
Other form integrations: MailChimp offers integrations with services like Wufoo, WordPress, Squarespace, and more, so you can build forms and reach potential subscribers no matter where they are. Once your list and forms are set up, you can start building an email campaign. Let the beautifully designed campaigns that other MailChimp users send inspire you. Or, check out our Email Design Guide for tips and best practices that will help you convey your message in style.
There are a variety of customizable layouts and pre-built themes that can be used as starting points for your campaign, along with a selection of intent-based featured templates that can help you create the perfect campaign for showcasing products, sharing news or stories, following up with customers, or helping folks get acquainted with your business. And you can always import a template or use our template language to create your own custom-coded solution.
All users have the option to send the campaign immediately or schedule it for a specific date and time. No matter the type of business you operate or what products you sell, you can use MailChimp to create an integrated marketing campaign for your business. In just a few simple steps, you can use the customer data you already have to promote your business, grow your audience, and sell more stuff. And, if you need even more flexibility, you can build an automation based on the unique needs of your business, with your own customized criteria and triggers, so you can reach your audience at exactly the right time, no matter the situation.
Contemporary monologues for teenage females
Or, take a deep dive into key stats like opens, clicks, unsubscribes, social activity, e-commerce data from the Reports page in your account, then easily export your results or share them with a colleague or client. Our Integrations Directory has hundreds of integrations with the web services and platforms that businesses use each day, making it easy to sync your data, import content, grow your list, and more.
thoughts on “Experiment 25 calorimetry pre lab answers quizlet”
Leave a Reply
|
A Guide to Brexit for the American Teen
“BRexit door” by mctjack is marked with CC PDM 1.0
Elisha V
While the US has been on a constant treadmill of national news during the Trump presidency, Brexit has dominated the political landscape in the UK during that same period. Brexit is not just a European issue, but after speaking with many American High School students, I realised that most are unaware or apathetic about Brexit. But in our globalized world, Brexit and the fracturing of the European Union does have serious implications for the US, and it’s important to be aware of such politics beyond American shores.
Jozef Mackie, a WESS PE teacher originally from London and a US resident of nine years, also thinks that Americans can often be tunnel-minded in terms of worldly issues.
“Americans focus on all the issues that need to be resolved at home, rather than learning about what the rest of the world is going through,” Jozef said. “It’s not really their fault since the past four years [of US politics] have been madness.”
Brexit – which stands for British Exit – is the UK leaving the European Union (EU). The British people voted in a 2016 referendum to leave the EU.
The UK – which encompasses England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland – legally left the EU in January 2020 after numerous extensions, but this year has been called a transition period, where most EU law still applies to the UK until a trade deal is finalised. This period expires on January 31 2021, so these next couple of months before then are crucial for finalising a UK-EU “divorce” or “withdrawal” agreement.
The European Union is a collective of currently 27 European countries, formed after WWII in efforts to unite an economically and politically fractured Europe. The eurozone prevents strict borders, allowing for free trade and open-immigration. The EU aims to promote and secure human rights, democracy, stability, and diplomacy, and has developed into a powerful player in international politics.
Leavers, those in support of Brexit, argued that the EU limited Britain’s sovereignty, and the cost of EU membership was too much for what the UK got out of it. On many issues, EU law trumps national UK law, so UK politicians felt too much power was in the hands of the EU executive branch rather than local legislatures. This sentiment is similar to US debates about state versus federal power, an ongoing issue today.
Leavers also claimed that the free-flow of EU immigrants to the UK were stealing public services and job opportunities away from native-born citizens, an anti-immigrant sentiment that we also see in the US. The reality, however, is that Brexit, and the resulting tariffs, inflation, and reduced UK workforce, has and will hurt the economy much more than what this theory claims.
Most in favour of Brexit are part of the Conservative party, the equivalent to Republicans, while those against it are generally part of the Labour party, the equivalent to the Democrats. Remainers, those opposed to Brexit, view the EU as an important regulator and protector of human rights, democracy, economic stability, and unity. Euroscepticism was prevalent in conservative UK politics long before Brexit, as illustrated by the UK’s refusal to adopt the euro currency like all other EU countries do.
How (Does it Affect the US, EU, and the world) ?
Dating back to colonial America, the US and Great Britain have always been interconnected and impacted by the other’s actions – Brexit is no exception.
The EU is a vital US ally, and many worry that Brexit will initiate a further unraveling of the EU. The UK has the closest relationship with the US out of any European country, and therefore gave US interests a “voice” in European politics. Brexit will certainly disrupt US-EU dynamics.
Although the US constitution doesn’t outline that states can unilaterally decide to secede from the union, Brexit has inspired several US independence movements, from Vermont to Texas, and most prominently, Calexit
The EU’s “eurozone” allows virtually free movement across EU countries. Brits and EU citizens will not now need costly visas to travel and live in the EU and the UK, respectively. This will also drive travel prices up for Americans, too.
In addition to leaving the EU economic and immigration systems, Brexit means that UK citizens can no longer enjoy day-to-day EU systems, like the EU’s free health insurance system, EU’s driving licenses, and, most relevant to students, higher education – hundreds of thousands of European university students will no longer enjoy reduced tuition, and the same goes for British students in EU universities.
One of the biggest Brexit issues is about the UK’s only land border. The eurozone allows Ireland and Northern Ireland to share an open, “soft” border, but stricter border regulations between Ireland, an EU country, and Northern Ireland, which is part of the UK and no longer an EU country, have been up in the air since.
Our globalised worlds means that Brexit has and will affect global trade markets, which consequently affects almost every country on the globe. The UK will no longer be in the European Economic Area, a tariff-free trade zone which allows for things like efficient supply chains and cheap European products. As supply chains between the UK and EU countries get more expensive, so do the price of those imported finished goods for people across the world.
2016 was a surprising year for the US and the UK, and the past four years witnessing the effects of the Brexit referendum and Trump’s election have been anything but straightforward. Brexit signifies a larger shift in international politics, one that turns away from globalisation and unity, and towards populism, anti-immigration, and individualism.
|
China celebrates centenary with military displays, cultural programs, and a fiery speech
July 1st is an important for China as it is the day Hong Kong was handed back to China from British rule. It is also the date on which the Communist Party completes a century and 100 years of celebrations of Communism have begun in Beijing. Patriotic shows at Tiananmen Square and a fiery speech by President Xi kickstarted the celebrations.
There was a huge gathering of citizens at Tiananmen Square. Children, party members and health care workers gathered to together to sing patriotic song including Socialism is Good and Without the Chinese Community Party, There Would Be No New China.
Ceremonial band matches, a gun salute and raising the national flag were other important events that took place. There was a sea of red as flags, banners and more were used to decorate the square. There were also huge hammer and sickle emblems and signs with the dates 1921 and 2021 commemorating the centennial celebrations. There was also a show of muscle power. Fighter jets and helicopters rode overhead.
President Xi Jinping made a strong yet sublime statement with his clothes, dressing in a grey buttoned suit, in a style reminiscent of late chairman Mao Zedong. He addressed the gathering and Chinese citizens in an approximately hour-long speech.
He spoke of what the West would consider as contentious issues including the “reunification of Taiwan” a description that would not go down well with either Taiwan or the U.S., who consider the country to be independent. He also spoke of social stability in Hong Kong. Here, China has managed to quell home grown rebellions with an iron fist and the major political representatives in Hong Kong are pro-China.
He also had veiled threats for the rest of the superpowers in the world, mainly the U.S. He warned foreign forces that their heads would get bashed if they attempted to bully China.
Although Wuhan was the first city to be identified with the start and spread of the coronavirus, China has grown the most economically and recovered the fastest from the detrimental effects of the pandemic. It is asserting itself in the world as well as in space with recent successes as the rest of the world is still on a path of recovery in the aftermath of COVID-19.
Follow us on Google news for more updates and News
Full Disclaimer
Get the most important breaking news and analyses for Free.
Thank you for subscribing.
Something went wrong.
|
• Monday, Dec 06, 2021
• Last Update : 10:48 am
OP-ED: What of their rights?
• Published at 12:23 am October 5th, 2021
animal rights
A legal perspective on animal welfare
A few months ago, a well-known social media page was involved in a controversy for animal abuse, even though initially that page was very famous for its content on their pets. According to different pet welfare organizations, the pet owner mishandled the animals, didn’t provide them with proper nutrition, and the page provided wrong information about animal care through its videos.
In 2019, the government passed the Prani Kalyan Ain, 2019 to ensure welfare for animals against abuse, cruelty, and misappropriation which, in section 4, describes the rational responsibilities of animal owners and caretakers towards the animals. Unnecessary cruelty towards animals, dismemberment, the extermination of ownerless animals without reason, training animals for performances, trading, and commercialization of animals without concerned authority's permission; all these are punishable offenses according to this Act.
The contents of section 6 are noteworthy because the scenarios described in it are the ones that commonly occur with pet owners. Notably, in 6 (1) (Dha), it states that no animal can be used for sporting or entertainment purposes without the permission of authorities; the mentioned page was said to inherently violate this specific section by using pets in various ways to entertain its social media followers.
Covid making matters worse
Yet another crisis had arisen regarding the care of animals in the Covid-19 lockdowns. Social distancing and lockdowns have unintended consequences. In pet shops and menageries across the country, animals kept for sale are not getting proper treatment.
The long periods of complete lockdowns left these helpless animals tied or caged, and without food or treatment within closed and limited spaces. With the lockdown in place, shop owners were not able to open the shops and provide enough care to the animals.
This stands in violation of the “rational responsibility” doctrine as stated in the Prani Kalyan Act, 2019. Though lockdowns have been lifted and the government has allowed the shop owners to open shops, still, the steps taken have not been enough. Steps need to be taken and with utmost prudence, if we are to stop these unwanted abuses on innocent animals.
The Prani Kalyan Act, 2019 is a timely and efficient statute made by our government. But unfortunately, the implementation has not been as efficient. On both public and personal levels, violations of this law occur either by intent or ignorance.
To stop these violations and ensure implementation of the law, the Fisheries and Livestock Ministry has yet to play a large role. Coordination is required on governmental, non-governmental, and private levels.
For individuals who own pets, a proper check-and-balance is needed, and they must be held accountable by the authorities. There should be a registry of such individuals, and a monitoring agency to keep tabs on the animals’ status of living.
Earnest pet owners, animal activists, and other stakeholders need to work with the authorities to create awareness against animal abuse and the statute itself.
A common penchant for cruelty against these innocent animals is seen at many places, which needs to be stopped or at least reduced, and here social media can play a great role. People can be made aware of kindness towards animals through these social media platforms easily, but also, misinformation through these platforms can also cause harm to the animals' welfare, so we have to be cautious about what we share in the virtual world.
Muhtasim Fahmid and Ibnat Fairuz are students of law and freelance contributors.
Facebook 263
blogger sharing button blogger
buffer sharing button buffer
diaspora sharing button diaspora
digg sharing button digg
douban sharing button douban
email sharing button email
evernote sharing button evernote
flipboard sharing button flipboard
pocket sharing button getpocket
github sharing button github
gmail sharing button gmail
googlebookmarks sharing button googlebookmarks
hackernews sharing button hackernews
instapaper sharing button instapaper
line sharing button line
linkedin sharing button linkedin
livejournal sharing button livejournal
mailru sharing button mailru
medium sharing button medium
meneame sharing button meneame
messenger sharing button messenger
odnoklassniki sharing button odnoklassniki
pinterest sharing button pinterest
print sharing button print
qzone sharing button qzone
reddit sharing button reddit
refind sharing button refind
renren sharing button renren
skype sharing button skype
snapchat sharing button snapchat
surfingbird sharing button surfingbird
telegram sharing button telegram
tumblr sharing button tumblr
twitter sharing button twitter
vk sharing button vk
wechat sharing button wechat
weibo sharing button weibo
whatsapp sharing button whatsapp
wordpress sharing button wordpress
xing sharing button xing
yahoomail sharing button yahoomail
|
pre-cancerous lesions of the vocal folds
carcinoma of the vocal folds
The most common site for laryngeal carcinoma are the vocal folds; they are the voice sound source, therefore even a small lesion can cause early symptoms as the voice sound will be impaired. If a voice impairment lasts longer than 2-3 weeks it is advisable to consult an otolaryngologist or phoniatrician to ascertain the vocal folds conditions. As the diagnosis of glottic carcinoma and of pre-cancerous lesions is an early one, a mini invasive trans-oral treatment can be performed in most cases.
The laser CO2 with robotic Acublade technology allows a precise excision of the lesion in a single operation without the necessity of further treatments if the lesion can be totally removed under microscopic vision. The CO2 laser has the best technical characteristics to avoid heat injury to the healthy tissue surrounding the neoplastic lesion. Avoiding thermic injury is crucial to preserve the voice as much as possible.
The type of tissue excision depends on the depth and extension of the neoplastic lesion. Voice therapy is of help after surgery, but rehabilitation can be achieved also by augmenting the resected vocal fold by surgical techniques such as the autologous fat injection that allows to re-establish volume and elasticity in the scarred vocal fold, if needed.
|
Meaning of Wahhabi in English:
Pronunciation /wəˈhɑːbi/
Translate Wahhabi into Spanish
nounplural noun Wahhabis
(also Wahabi)
• A member of a strictly orthodox Sunni Muslim sect founded by Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab (1703–92). It advocates a return to the early Islam of the Koran and Sunna, rejecting later innovations; the sect is still the predominant religious force in Saudi Arabia.
‘He founded the Wahhabi sect of Islam, which is still followed in Saudi Arabia.’
• ‘The majority of the citizens and the ruling family are Sunni Muslims, specifically Wahhabis.’
• ‘It stays in power through a bargain with the conservative Wahhabi Muslim religious establishment.’
• ‘The rise of a Shiite-dominated Iraq supported by American power could well create new alliances between Sunnis and Wahhabis.’
|
Manure Manager
Features Applications Business/Policy Swine United States
Combining Mortalities
Under current rules and regulations, the animal capacity and land base of both farms may together constitute a large CAFO
July 22, 2013
By Dale Rozeboom
When a farmer moves dead animals from one Michigan farm to another, it results in the nutrients of one farm being transferred to another. The two farms are then considered one large CAFO. Margaret Land
During a recent Michigan State University Extension program, a Michigan farmer shared that he owns a swine operation with animals on two different farms, located several miles apart. The farmer hauls his dead animals from one farm to the other where he recently installed a rotary drum composter for mortality handling. Individually, neither farm is considered a large confined animal feeding operation (CAFO), and neither is currently permitted by the Michigan Department of Environmental Quality (MDEQ). Each has its own land base for spreading manure and its own nutrient management plan.
The farmer knew that his mortality management plan, which includes combining mortalities, was in compliance with the Bodies of Dead Animals Act in Michigan. However, the MDEQ informed the farmer that since he was moving the dead animals from one farm to the other farm, his mortality management plan resulted in the comingling of production area waste. Because nutrients of one farm are being transferred to another, the two farms are considered one large CAFO. He was advised that he needed to apply for a National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit, but the farmer wondered if he was given the correct information and asked: “Is this correct?”
“Yes” is the answer to the farmer’s question. Under current rules and regulations, when dead animals are composted together at one farm, the animal capacity and land base of both farms may together constitute a large CAFO. This swine operation, on two farms, would need to apply for a CAFO NPDES permit if the combined capacity was greater than 2,500 swine each weighing 55 pounds or more.
The Bodies of Dead Animals Act 239 of 1982 (BODA) states that “composting methods shall be used to compost only the normal natural daily mortality associated with an animal production unit under common ownership or management.” Historically, this has allowed mortality from different farms under common production management and ownership to be composted at a shared facility located at one farm. The law is intended to allow for the economical, effective and safe management of a farm’s mortality.
The Natural Resources & Environmental Protection Act (NREPA) states that “two or more AFOs under common ownership are considered to be a single AFO for the purposes of determining the number of animals at an operation, if they adjoin each other or if they use a common area or system for the disposal of wastes.” In the NREPA rules, “production area waste” means manure and any waste from the production area. “Production area” includes “any area used in the storage, handling, treatment, or disposal of mortalities.” Therefore, mortalities are considered production area waste.
Representatives from MDEQ, MSU Extension, Michigan Natural Resources Conservation Service and the Michigan Department of Agriculture and Rural Development have discussed why BODA and NREPA place a multiple-site operation under common ownership and sharing a common composting facility into a permitted CAFO situation. The outcome of that discussion is available in a “BODA-NREPA Mortality Composting Briefing,” available online.
Dale Rozeboom is with Michigan State University Extension. For more information, visit or call 1-888-MSUE4MI (1-888-678-3464).
|
Gut bacteria may play a key role with regard to the anti-seizure effects of low-carb, high-fat diets, according to a new study.
It's the first research to establish an association between seizures and gut microbiota, which is the 100 trillion or so bacteria that live inside a person's intestines.
One such low-carb diet is the ketogenic diet, proven by many to be highly effective in losing weight quickly. Beyond that, this diet has also been linked to fewer seizures in epileptic children, especially those who are not particularly responsive to traditional anti-seizure medications. Until now there's never been a clear explanation as to why.
The laboratory of Elaine Hsiao, a UCLA professor, was used by a team of researchers to carry out a hypothesis that assumes the ketogenic diet alters the gut microbiota, a process that's supposedly triggers the diet's anti-seizure benefits. The team sought to know whether gut bacteria is indeed responsible for the diet's anti-seizure effects, and if so — how?
Why Ketogenic Diets Prevent Seizures
In an epilepsy study involving mice, published in the Cell journal, the researchers found that ketogenic diets changed the rodents' gut bacteria in less than four days, causing the mice to have fewer seizures.
Beyond that, the researchers also needed to test whether it was actually the altered gut bacteria that caused the diminished rate of seizures, so they tested the ketogenic diet on two variants of mice: one germ-free and one treated with antibiotics to clear the gut bacteria out.
In both cases, the ketogenic diet no longer became effective against seizures, said lead author Christine Olson, a UCLA graduate student in Hsiao's laboratory.
"This suggests that the gut microbiota is required for the diet to effectively reduce seizures."
These Two Types Of Bacteria Species Are Important
Then they went further, identifying the nucleotides from the DNA of gut bacteria to find out the kinds of bacteria that were there and at what levels after administering the ketogenic diet. They found that Akkermansia muciniphila and Parabacteroides species both play important roles in the diet's anti-seizure effects. To test, they gave the bacteria to germ-free mice.
The results? The diet's anti-seizure benefits were restored, but more importantly, both bacteria species are needed to be given at the same time — or else the ketogenic diet would be useless against preventing seizures. Ultimately, that suggests both bacteria must be present together to perform anti-seizure functions.
These findings are significant, but there's more work to be done, according to Hsiao.
"The implications for health and disease are promising, but much more research needs to be done to test whether discoveries in mice also apply to humans," she said.
Many people believe a ketogenic diet is one of the most effective weight loss methods there is, though some doctors are wary about its potential dangers given that it involves consuming high-fat foods. For people with epilepsy, it could be very helpful.
"The ketogenic diet can be considered as an option for children with intractable epilepsy who use multiple antiepileptic drugs, and is a treatment of choice for seizures associated with glucose transporter protein deficiency (ie, De Vivo disease) and pyruvate dehydrogenase complex deficiency," according to a 2010 study. However: "The diet's strictness, unpalatability, and side effects limit its use and adversely affect both patients' compliance and clinical efficacy."
What do you think about the ketogenic diet? As always, if you have anything to share, feel free to sound them off in the comments section below!
ⓒ 2021 All rights reserved. Do not reproduce without permission.
|
The adjective ferocious means more than merely angry or active. Picture the wildest, most savage animal you can imagine — it's a ferocious beast.
Although we most often think of the word ferocious as referring to wild animals, it can also be used to describe anything characterized by an extremely high level of energy or even violence. For example, you might endure ferocious winds during a hurricane and fans at a soccer match often display a ferocious devotion to their team.
Definitions of ferocious
1. adjective
marked by extreme and violent energy
synonyms: fierce, furious, savage
Word Family
|
Client Information | Veterinary Specialist Services
Patient's can on occasion require nebulisation. Nebulisation is the process of creating a mist from a liquid. The mist can then be inhaled into the lungs of a pet. This can be used either to provide humidity to an airway or can be a way of administering a medication. This video demonstrates how to use an inhaler for your dog.
|
Kalpana Kalpana (Editor)
1937 Ben Gurion letter
Updated on
Share on FacebookTweet on TwitterShare on LinkedInShare on Reddit
1937 Ben-Gurion letter
The 1937 Ben-Gurion letter is a letter written by David Ben-Gurion, then head of the executive committee of the Jewish Agency, to his son Amos on 5 October 1937. The letter is well known by scholars as it provides insight into Ben-Gurion's reaction to the report of the Peel Commission released on 7 July of the same year. It has also been subject to significant debate by scholars as a result of scribbled-out text that may or may not provide written evidence of an intention to "expel the Arabs" depending on one's interpretation of whether such deletion was intended by Ben-Gurion.
The original handwritten letter is currently held in the IDF Archive.
The letter was originally handwritten in Hebrew by Ben-Gurion, and was intended to update his son, Amos, who was then living on a kibbutz, on the latest political considerations. In the letter, Ben-Gurion explains his reaction to the July 1937 Peel Commission Report by providing arguments for why his son should not be concerned about the recommended partition of Mandatory Palestine. The Commission had recommended partition into a Jewish State and Arab State, together with a population transfer of the 225,000 Arabs from the land allocated to the Jewish State. Ben-Gurion stated his belief that partition would be just the beginning. The sentiment was recorded by Ben-Gurion on other occasions, such as at a meeting of the Jewish Agency executive in June 1938, as well as by Chaim Weizmann. In the letter, Ben-Gurion wrote:
"Does the establishment of a Jewish state [in only part of Palestine] advance or retard the conversion of this country into a Jewish country? My assumption (which is why I am a fervent proponent of a state, even though it is now linked to partition) is that a Jewish state on only part of the land is not the end but the beginning.... This is because this increase in possession is of consequence not only in itself, but because through it we increase our strength, and every increase in strength helps in the possession of the land as a whole. The establishment of a state, even if only on a portion of the land, is the maximal reinforcement of our strength at the present time and a powerful boost to our historical endeavors to liberate the entire country".
The Peel Commission had allocated the Negev desert to the Arab state on account of the very limited Jewish settlement in the region. Ben-Gurion argued in the letter that the allocation of the Negev to the Arab State would ensure it remained barren because the Arabs "already have an abundance of deserts but not of manpower, financial resources, or creative initiative". Ben-Gurion noted that force may need to be used to ensure the Jewish right to settle in the area since "we can no longer tolerate that vast territories capable of absorbing tens of thousands of Jews should remain vacant, and that Jews cannot return to their homeland because the Arabs prefer that the place [the Negev] remains neither ours nor theirs."
Disputed text
Benny Morris, in his 1988 The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem, 1947-1949 quoted from Ben-Gurion's letter in the paragraph discussing the Negev: "We must expel Arabs and take their places...", having taken the quote from the English version of Shabtai Teveth's 1985 Ben-Gurion and the Palestine Arabs. Criticism from Efraim Karsh later discussed the scribbled-out text immediately before the wording, which, if included, would reverse the meaning of the quote.
Morris later explained, "The problem was that in the original handwritten copy of the letter deposited in the IDF Archive, which I consulted after my quote was criticized, there were several words crossed out in the middle of the relevant sentence, rendering what remained as "We must expel the Arabs". However, Ben-Gurion rarely made corrections to anything he had written, and the passage was not consonant with the spirit of the paragraph in which it was embedded. It was suggested that the crossing out was done by some other hand later and that the sentence, when the words that were crossed out were restored, was meant by Ben-Gurion to say and said exactly the opposite ("We must not expel the Arabs....')."
As to the general tenor of the critique, Morris later wrote that "the focus by my critics on this quotation was, in any event, nothing more than (an essentially mendacious) red herring – as elsewhere, in unassailable statements, Ben-Gurion at this time repeatedly endorsed the idea of 'transferring' (or expelling) Arabs, or the Arabs, out of the area of the Jewish state-to-be, either 'voluntarily' or by compulsion. There were good reasons for Ben-Gurion's endorsement of transfer: The British Peel Commission had proposed it, the Arabs rebelling in Palestine were bent on uprooting the Zionist enterprise, and the Jews of Europe, under threat of destruction, were in dire need of a safe haven, and Palestine could not serve as one so long as the Arabs were attacking the Yishuv and, as a result, the British were curtailing Jewish access to the country."
Ilan Pappe, in his 2006 article The 1948 Ethnic Cleansing of Palestine, published as a preamble to his later book The Ethnic Cleansing of Palestine, quoted Ben-Gurion as having written, "The Arabs will have to go, but one needs an opportune moment for making it happen, such as a war". In the first edition of the full book the inverted commas were around only the words "The Arabs will have to go". It was later stated by Nick Talbot that the second part of the sentence, mistakenly originally published in inverted commas, was a "fair and accurate paraphrase" of the sources Pappe provided, a July 12, 1937, entry in Ben-Gurion's journal and page 220 of the August–September 1937 issue of New Judea. Pappe's error was first pointed out by Benny Morris in 2006, and taken up by advocacy group CAMERA in 2011. The Journal of Palestine Studies wrote in 2012: "This issue is the more cogent in view of an article (by a CAMERA official) that claims that the quote attributed to Ben-Gurion (as it appears in the JPS article) is a complete fabrication, a 'fake'. Even taking into account the punctuation error, this contention is totally at odds with the known record of Ben-Gurion’s position at least as of the late 1930s." CAMERA had provided the original, handwritten letter by Ben-Gurio and charged not only that the pertinent phrase had been incorrectly translated but also that the article incorrectly interpreted the context of the letter.
1937 Ben-Gurion letter Wikipedia
|
When Should I increase the intensity of my workout?
What should your workout intensity be?
Is it better to increase intensity or duration?
Endurance versus Intensity
A study of 201 overweight women published in the “Clinical Journal of Sports Medicine” found that longer duration exercise at a moderate intensity had a more profound effect on weight loss than training for less time at a higher intensity.
What are the 5 intensity levels?
Low intensity: heart rate is 68-to-92 beats per minute. Moderate intensity: heart rate is 93-to-118 beats per minute. High intensity: heart rate is more than 119 beats per minute.
Measuring intensity
• Low (or light) is about 40-54% MHR.
• Moderate is 55-69% MHR.
• High (or vigorous) is equal to or greater than 70% MHR.
How do you build intensity?
5 Ways To Increase Your Training Intensity
1. Use Heavy Weight.
2. Increase Your Time Under Tension.
3. Decrease Your Rest Periods.
4. Use Supersets, Circuits, and Dropsets.
5. Mentality.
Why is intensity important in a workout?
Intensity is probably the most important element of your workout because when you work out at a sufficient intensity, your body grows stronger and you’ll see changes in your weight, body fat percentage, endurance, and strength. Exercise intensity is usually measured as low, moderate, or vigorous.
THIS IS INTERESTING: How do you strengthen your elbow muscles?
What is the intensity of push ups?
Phillips. With a regular push-up, you lift about 50% to 75% of your body weight. (The actual percentage varies depending on the person’s body shape and weight.) Modifications like knee and inclined push-ups use about 36% to 45% of your body weight.
What are the 3 intensity levels?
Exercise is categorized into three different intensity levels. These levels include low, moderate, and vigorous and are measured by the metabolic equivalent of task (aka metabolic equivalent or METs).
How do you determine intensity level?
Intensity is defined to be the power per unit area carried by a wave. Power is the rate at which energy is transferred by the wave. In equation form, intensity I is I=PA I = P A , where P is the power through an area A. The SI unit for I is W/m2.
Design your body
|
Sunday, July 04, 2021
Calvin Coolidge, Thomas Jefferson, James Otis, and remembering how dependent our Constitution & America is, upon our understanding of our Declaration of Independence!
Before getting to my annual reposting of Calvin Coolidge's speech on the "Inspiration of our Declaration of Independence", and to the Declaration itself, I first want to make two points. The first, which I went into a little bit of detail yesterday, is that the Declaration of Independence is the vehicle through which we become one people, Americans, and that it's inheritance is not one of blood, but of ideals. To affirm:
,is your ticket in to the American body-politic, it is your passport to recite the later phrases with the rest of us, so that 'We The People' are able to form a more perfect union because we do hold these truths to be self-evident. It is how we are made 'e Pluribus Unum - Out of many, One' people, and our diverse origins and differences are transformed into interesting footnotes to our lives, rather than defining - or dividing - features of them.
The second point, is that our independence wasn't begun on July 4th 1776, that was simply the end of the beginning. And in what seems more terrifyingly clear to me this year of 2021, more than any previous one in my memory, is how central to America that the Declaration of Independence is, and to there being Americans in it, and for either of those to continue on for long into the future.
I'm not talking about each person having a copy of it - the document itself is meaningless and useless without a people who understand it. The Declaration of Independence only came into being in the first place, because there was a people along the eastern seaboard who understood its meaning well before it was written. Thomas Jefferson later commented that he made no attempt to be innovative or 'revolutionary' when writing it, but only that he intended it "... to be an expression of the American mind..." - is it an expression of yours?
John Adams, in the first quotation below, recalled that in his opinion the American Revolution actually began in 1761, when James Otis spoke against the 'Writs of Assistance' to an assembled crowd, calling out a wealth of classical allusions and a sweeping summation of history and of legal gems, which roused all of his listeners through a torrent of eloquence so profound that Adams thought it had sparked the revolution 'then and there'. Otis too expressed only the common content and passions of "the American mind", and so I ask you, if a new James Otis were to speak to us like that today, how many people living here in America would recognize any of what he summarized or recognize why it was important? Would those modern listeners be more likely to be moved by his eloquence... or to shrug it away with a texted 'TLDR' ('Too Long Didn't Read')?
How likely is it that we can long have either America or Americans in it, without the Declaration of Independence being both known and understood by at least a majority of them? And how well can it be understood by a people who've been 'educated' out of any familiarity with that history, its important ideas, and a perspective that values profound truths eloquently expressed?
Don't bother muttering against our schools, they have dropped the ball, intentionally, and they cannot be looked to for help in picking it back up. It's you who needs to do this, beginning with yourself, and counting on no one else to fill the contents of your own mind with what it has until now lacked. The internet is open to you, and I've provide the links you need here to get started. You and no one else are responsible, for America continuing to be populated with Americans... or at least with one (who can then tell another).
July 4th 1776, was the end of the beginning of America's Independence, it's up to you to ensure that July 4th 2021 isn't the beginning of its end. And to ensure that... you need to start back at the beginning. And where our independence began, according to a fellow that was in attendance at both events, John Adams, was when James Otis spoke against King George's 'Writs of Assistance' back in 1761, which as Adams recalled it,
",,,But Otis was a flame of fire! With a promptitude of Classical Allusions, a depth of research, a rapid summary of historical events & dates, a profusion of Legal Authorities, a prophetic glance of his eyes into futurity, and a rapid torrent of impetuous Eloquence he hurried away all before him. American Independence was then & there born. The seeds of Patriots & Heroes to defend the Non sine Diis Animosus Infans; to defend the Vigorous Youth were then & there sown. Every Man of an immense crouded Audience appeared to me to go away, as I did, ready to take Arms against Writs of Assistants. Then and there was the first scene of the first Act of opposition to the Arbitrary claims of Great Britain. Then and there the Child Independence was born. In fifteen years i.e. in 1776. he grew up to Manhood, & declared himself free.,,,"[emphasis mine]
I point that out, because it underlines the importance of what is perhaps most remarkable about what the Declaration of Independence's author, Thomas Jefferson, considered to be the least remarkable aspect of it - that he intended the Declaration as an expression of ideas that were familiar and commonly understood, by the majority of Americans, of that time, as Jefferson wrote to a friend in later years, about what it was meant to accomplish:
That is why we are unique in the annals of human history, as being a nation founded upon ideas (those twits mouthing on about 'inherent American anti-intellectualism' can kiss my patriotic ass). And those common ideas, and their influence, continued to serve as strong guides for the later creation of our Constitution, can be easily found in even a cursory reading, between the charges of the Declaration of Independence against King George, and their reflection in our Constitution and the amendments to it, and ...
"To prove this, let Facts be submitted to a candid World."
• The first three articles of our Constitution, divides Govt into three branches, which prevent any one person or wing from attaining a monopoly of power over the others.
• This is what our Constitution was expressly designed to forbid, which unfortunately is what the pro-regressive Administrative State, was erected upon it to encourage (as was our politically instituted educational system) - proof that Laws that do not live in the hearts and minds of the people, cannot protect them against themselves
"HE has kept among us, in Times of Peace, Standing Armies, without the consent of our Legislatures. HE has affected to render the Military independent of and superior to the Civil Power."
• Congress has control of organizing and funding the military budget, and while the Executive has command of the military, he can not do much, for long, without the further consent of the people's representatives, and in all ways, the military is under civil control.
"FOR quartering large Bodies of Armed Troops among us"
"FOR protecting them, by a mock Trial, from Punishment for any Murders which they should commit on the Inhabitants of these States"
"FOR cutting off our Trade with all Parts of the World"
"FOR imposing Taxes on us without our Consent:
"FOR depriving us, in many Cases, of the Benefits of Trial by Jury"
, and if you take the time to read both, you will find many, many, more points of harmony between the two.
But enough, onto Calvin Coolidge's speech, and a happy Independence Day to you all!
The Inspiration of the Declaration of Independence
Given in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on July 5, 1926:
President Calvin Coolidge
While the written word was the foundation, it is apparent that the spoken word was the vehicle for convincing the people. This came with great force and wide range from the successors of Hooker and Wise, It was carried on with a missionary spirit which did not fail to reach the Scotch Irish of North Carolina, showing its influence by significantly making that Colony the first to give instructions to its delegates looking to independence. This preaching reached the neighborhood of Thomas Jefferson, who acknowledged that his "best ideas of democracy" had been secured at church meetings.
That these ideas were prevalent in Virginia is further revealed by the Declaration of Rights, which was prepared by George Mason and presented to the general assembly on May 27, 1776. This document asserted popular sovereignty and inherent natural rights, but confined the doctrine of equality to the assertion that "All men are created equally free and independent". It can scarcely be imagined that Jefferson was unacquainted with what had been done in his own Commonwealth of Virginia when he took up the task of drafting the Declaration of Independence. But these thoughts can very largely be traced back to what John Wise was writing in 1710. He said, "Every man must be acknowledged equal to every man". Again, "The end of all good government is to cultivate humanity and promote the happiness of all and the good of every man in all his rights, his life, liberty, estate, honor, and so forth . . . ." And again, "For as they have a power every man in his natural state, so upon combination they can and do bequeath this power to others and settle it according as their united discretion shall determine". And still again, "Democracy is Christ's government in church and state". Here was the doctrine of equality, popular sovereignty, and the substance of the theory of inalienable rights clearly asserted by Wise at the opening of the eighteenth century, just as we have the principle of the consent of the governed stated by Hooker as early as 1638.
When we take all these circumstances into consideration, it is but natural that the first paragraph of the Declaration of Independence should open with a reference to Nature's God and should close in the final paragraphs with an appeal to the Supreme Judge of the world and an assertion of a firm reliance on Divine Providence. Coming from these sources, having as it did this background, it is no wonder that Samuel Adams could say "The people seem to recognize this resolution as though it were a decree promulgated from heaven."
Happy Independence Day America! **************************
In Congress, July 4, 1776.
For Quartering large bodies of armed troops among us:
For cutting off our Trade with all parts of the world:
For imposing Taxes on us without our Consent:
For transporting us beyond Seas to be tried for pretended offences
Button Gwinnett
Lyman Hall
George Walton
North Carolina
William Hooper
Joseph Hewes
John Penn
South Carolina
Edward Rutledge
Thomas Heyward, Jr.
Thomas Lynch, Jr.
Arthur Middleton
John Hancock
Samuel Chase
William Paca
Thomas Stone
Charles Carroll of Carrollton
George Wythe
Richard Henry Lee
Thomas Jefferson
Benjamin Harrison
Thomas Nelson, Jr.
Francis Lightfoot Lee
Carter Braxton
Robert Morris
Benjamin Rush
Benjamin Franklin
John Morton
George Clymer
James Smith
George Taylor
James Wilson
George Ross
Caesar Rodney
George Read
Thomas McKean
New York
William Floyd
Philip Livingston
Francis Lewis
Lewis Morris
New Jersey
Richard Stockton
John Witherspoon
Francis Hopkinson
John Hart
Abraham Clark
New Hampshire
Josiah Bartlett
William Whipple
Samuel Adams
John Adams
Robert Treat Paine
Elbridge Gerry
Rhode Island
Stephen Hopkins
William Ellery
Roger Sherman
Samuel Huntington
William Williams
Oliver Wolcott
New Hampshire
Matthew Thornton
No comments:
|
Paper Packaging Uses Three Billion Trees a Year - Canopy
Paper Packaging Uses Three Billion Trees a Year
What we’re doing to change that
We lose three billion trees every year to paper packaging. Lee-Ann Unger, Senior Corporate Campaigner, and head of our Pack4Good initiative discusses what all this paper packaging means for the planet and what we each can do to change it.
As we head into the holiday season, what are some things you’d like people to know about packaging?
Paper packaging, although often touted as sustainable, can have an incredibly high ecological footprint. As a society, we use huge amounts of packaging. Whether it’s the package we touch or the boxes used behind the scenes that we never see that get goods to a warehouse, for example, it all adds up. What we also don’t see is that ecommerce shopping requires, on average, seven times more packaging. We’re facing an unprecedented time with the global climate and biodiversity crises and keeping forests standing, especially Ancient and Endangered Forests, is more important than ever.
• We lose three billion trees every year for paper packaging. This breaks down to:
• 250,000,000 trees cut down every month
• 342,465 trees cut down every hour
• 95 trees cut down every second
• Three billion trees cut down each year is the equivalent to these areas being cleared each year:
• Approximately 2.5 times the size of the state of New York (141,300 km2).
• Nearly the same size as Germany (357,022 sq km).
• Approximately the same size as Japan (377,975 km2).
• If the total amount of trees used for paper packaging each year were stacked end to end, it would wrap around the Earth 1,037 times.
• If the total amount of trees used for paper packaging each year were stacked end to end, it would be the equivalent distance of 54 trips from the Earth to the moon and back.
How much carbon (average) do the trees lost for paper packaging represent?
The logging of three billion trees each year produces approx 2,750,000,000,000 pounds of CO2, equivalent to the CO2 produced by 250,000,000 cars each year.
This is just a small amount less than the same number of passenger vehicles in China (292 million cars by mid-2021), which is the country with the most cars in the world.
What can people do about it?
Speak with the companies you’re making purchases from. Let them know you care about forests and want to support solutions. There are alternatives that utilize recycled and post-consumer recycled inputs, as well as innovative fibres, including agricultural waste, to make strong and versatile packaging while taking the pressure off of forests, lowering carbon emissions, and enabling a circular economy.
So, the first thing you can do is let companies know that you care about the amount of packaging they use and ask them to reduce it. The second is to make them aware that paper packaging has a huge ecological footprint and alternatives are available.
What makes Pack4Good unique?
Roughly 60% of paper that’s produced is used for packaging. We’re working with global brands to transform their supply chains and to develop sustainable solutions to ensure that the world’s Ancient and Endangered Forests don’t end up as pizza or shipping boxes.
The United Nations Environment Program states that forests are roughly 30% of the solution to global climate change. Knowing the impact paper packaging has on the world’s forests, we must reduce our packaging and look to alternatives if we’re going to tackle the climate crisis.
What do you find most fulfilling in your work?
I knew from a young age that working to conserve forests was what I wanted to do. Although I grew up in the city, I’ve always been drawn to animals and forests. Our work at Canopy is a unique model of change and has proven to be very effective. Working with the corporate sector to create collective change results in incredible conservation gains. It helps to scale up the alternatives to paper packaging that reduces pressure on forests. Canopy meets people and brands where they are and works collaboratively towards the change that we need to see.
I live in Clayoquot Sound, British Columbia, amongst some of the most awe-inspiring Ancient Forests in the world. I get up every day and see what we’re protecting. Living in a place where you see the incredible interconnection of biodiversity in the natural world, along with the destruction of forests, calls on me every day to work to create change and seek the solutions we need.
Anything you want to say to Canopy supporters?
Thank you. Your support and interest and passion in these issues helps create the collective action needed. Everything you do, from talking to companies about packaging, to talking with friends about this work, to contributing your personal resources, it’s all important. You make this work possible.
What’s your favorite thing about a forest?
I cannot pick just one thing. The more we learn about the interconnectedness of forests, the more I love them. From the family structures that trees create, to the ways that salmon keep the ocean and forests tied inextricably together. It’s real-life magic.
|
TOOL: Material – Reflection Layer (VRay)
Material: Reflection Layer
This section is about how to add and edit the refection layer. Please click on the red cup in the scene. Click on Edit button under Material selections in properties.
Adding Reflection Layer
1. Click on the “+” next to Cup_red under Scene Materials to pull out all the layers. Right click on Reflection Layer. Select “Add new layer” to add a new reflection layer for this material. There will show Reflection under the material control section, as it shows on the second image below.
Adding a Reflection Layer
Adding a Reflection Layer - Step 1
2. To remove a new added layer, right click on the layer you wish to remove then select remove.
Adding a Reflection Layer - Step 2
3. By Default the reflection layer has a fresnel map which varies the amount of reflection based on the viewing angle. If that map is removed then the reflection is constant over the whole material. Since the reflection color is set to white this leads to complete reflection on the whole material. This is a good setting for chrome or a mirror, but not most materials.
Reflection Layer example
4. Now we will go through the specifics of the fresnel map. Click on Reflection on the right section, and then click on the m box to set reflection.
Fresnel map properties
5. If it is not already enabled scroll down the box next to Type, and then select Fresnel. Fresnel IOR is to control the reflection intensity. Keep the default value of 1.55, then click Apply.
Fresnel IOR
Fresnel IOR
6. Click on the Material Preview again. The Material now has reflection quality with the same color on it.
Reflection Layer Properties
Reflection Layer example
7. Notice the “m” on the right side of the Reflection is now changed to “M”. That means the Map has some other characteristics associated with it now. Please use the same method and apply Fresnel to other colors and render it. The white spot on the cup is the Rectangular light from above.
Reflection Layer example
8. Below image rendered with Fresnel IOR set to 2.5, it has more reflection and looks more like a metal texture now. The cup has some black reflection due to the default setting of the background color is black. Under V-Ray Option, change the color under Environment>Background to white and see what will you get.
Reflection Layer example
Fresnel Reflections
Fresnel Reflections are a naturally occurring phenomenon that states that an object becomes more reflective the greater the angle at which it is seen. An example of this principle would be a window that is seen from straight ahead as opposed to at an angle. Through manipulating the Index of Refraction (IOR) the reflective characteristics of an object can be changed. A lower IOR means that a larger angle is needed between the observer and the surface before the object begins to reflect. A higher IOR means that a smaller angle is needed, which in turn causes the object to reflect sooner. To have your renderings be more physically correct it is recommended to have the IOR of an object correspond to its actual IOR.
Below are six rendered samples each with a different Fresnel IOR. The last one is a rendered with full reflection to create a chrome material.
Fresnel Reflection examples
Source: VRay
|
Covid-19: The Unwanted Thanksgiving Day Guest
The risk of Covid starts with the level of infection in your community. If high or rising,of course, you have to be more careful. If low or dropping, you can be less worried. The whole adventure revolves around your personal tolerance for risk.
If you are healthy, young and fully immunized, especially with a booster, you can take more risk. If you have actually had test-positive Covid, that counts as one injection.
Remember that your immunity begins to wane after 3 to 6 months.
If you have an immune deficiency, such as age more than 60, obesity, or a variety of immune associated illnesses, you should be more careful.
If you have decided to go to one or more holiday venues, you might consider reducing your exposure for a week before, or possibly take a rapid test the day before you go, as a courtesy to the other guests. At the party, you can choose to be as close to a window, or fan, as possible, or prefer those groups who are outside. Wearing a mask might also be helpful, and at least will tell the other guess that you are worried.
The catch 22 is that if you are really worried you might consider not attending the gathering. Distancing to more than six or 9 feet is still a good idea, but makes you seem like a Grinch, and is difficult at a party. Do remember that the greater the density of people the greater your risk. If you are a host, especially in an area where Covid is rampant, your guests should be vaccinated. You might consider asking your guests to get a rapid test the day before they come.
If you have children who are unvaccinated, you might ask them to wear a mask, and keep their distance from the guests. You could open the window a crack to improve the ventilation in the room, and hold as much as possible of the gathering outside your house. You could ask the guests to wear masks when they are not eating. The N-95, KN-95, and KF-94 masks are all excellent, and will protect the people who wear them to some degree, and be very protective against their spreading the Covid virus.
After the gathering, especially if good protocol has not been followed, you might be alert to the possibility of an infection within a week to 10 days following the party. If you develop symptoms, a prompt rapid test is advisable. If positive, you can check with your doctor about the possibility of IVIG, or other medications. If negative, and the symptoms persist, the test should be repeated, since they are not 100% reliable.
There are a couple of oral tablets that are on the verge of being approved. You might ask your doctor about fluvoxamine, an already approved medication.
Immunization is not a ironclad guarantee against getting the infection, or spreading it. Unfortunately, Covid is still lurking in the background, and gatherings for the holidays should be evaluated on a risk-reward basis.
For an interesting discussion of this topic, I would recommend the Sunday, November 21, 2021 edition of the New York Times, where three knowledgeable people discuss individual situations.
—Dr. C
|
Reports | , | November 15, 2019
Explainable AI: the Basics – Policy Briefing
Report produced by The Royal Society. 32 pages.
Recent years have seen significant advances in the capabilities of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies. Many people now interact with AI-enabled systems on a daily basis: in image recognition systems, such as those used to tag photos on social media; in voice recognition systems, such as those used by virtual personal assistants; and in recommender systems, such as those used by online retailers.
As AI technologies become embedded in decision-making processes, there has been discussion in research and policy communities about the extent to which individuals developing AI, or subject to an AI-enabled decision, are able to understand how the resulting decision-making system works.
Some of today’s AI tools are able to produce highly-accurate results, but are also highly complex. These so-called ‘black box’ models can be too complicated for even expert users to fully understand. As these systems are deployed at scale, researchers and policymakers are questioning whether accuracy at a specific task outweighs other criteria that are important in decision-making systems. Policy debates across the world increasingly see calls for some form of AI explainability, as part of efforts to embed ethical principles into the design and deployment of AI-enabled systems. This briefing therefore sets out to summarise some of the issues and considerations when developing explainable AI methods.
There are many reasons why some form of interpretability in AI systems might be desirable or necessary. These include: giving users confidence that an AI system works well; safeguarding against bias; adhering to regulatory standards or policy requirements; helping developers understand why a system works a certain way, assess its vulnerabilities, or verify its outputs; or meeting society’s expectations about how individuals are afforded agency in a decision-making process.
Different AI methods are affected by concerns about explainability in different ways. Just as a range of AI methods exists, so too does a range of approaches to explainability. These approaches serve different functions, which may be more or less helpful, depending on the application at hand. For some applications, it may be possible to use a system which is interpretable by design, without sacrificing other qualities, such as accuracy.
There are also pitfalls associated with these different methods, and those using AI systems need to consider whether the explanations they provide are reliable, whether there is a risk that explanations might deceive their users, or whether they might contribute to gaming of the system or opportunities to exploit its vulnerabilities.
Different contexts give rise to different explainability needs, and system design often needs to balance competing demands – to optimise the accuracy of a system or ensure user privacy, for example. There are examples of AI systems that can be deployed without giving rise to concerns about explainability, generally in areas where there are no significant consequences from unacceptable results or the system is well-validated. In other cases, an explanation about how an AI system works is necessary but may not be sufficient to give users confidence or support effective mechanisms for accountability.
In many human decision-making systems, complex processes have developed over time to provide safeguards, audit functions, or other forms of accountability. Transparency and explainability of AI methods may therefore be only the first step in creating trustworthy systems and, in some circumstances, creating explainable systems may require both these technical approaches and other measures, such as assurance of certain properties. Those designing and implementing AI therefore need to consider how its use fits in the wider sociotechnical context of its deployment.
Table of Contents
• Summary
• AI and the black box
• AI’s explainability issue
• The black box in policy and research debates
• Terminology
• The case for explainable AI
• Explainable AI: the current state of play
• Challenges and considerations when implementing explainable AI
• Different users require different forms of explanation in different contexts
• System design often needs to balance competing demands
• Data quality and provenance is part of the explainability pipeline
• Explainability can have downsides
• Explainability alone cannot answer questions about accountability
• Explaining AI: where next?
• Stakeholder engagement is important
• Explainability might not always be the priority
• Complex processes often surround human decision-making
• Annex 1: A sketch of the policy environment
|
My parents had two 40 year-old douglas firs in their garden in Berlin-area in Germany. One has died in a process of 3 years and has now been removed.
It all started with some resin bleedings in 6 meters high 3 years ago. Then the needles got brown. This year the tree did not recover at all.
While removing the tree we found an insect and we are wondering whether they are the cause and what can be done to prevent the other tree from dying the same way (it has just started to bleed as well).
Unfortunately we did not take a picture and so we can only a drawing to help identification. The insect measures 15mm long and 2mm large. It was all black and connected to its head it had a kind of shovel. Which might have been used to dig into the tree and making the wholes which lead to the bleeding.
enter image description here
"schwarz" means black, whether it had 6 or more legs we are not sure anymore. Two of them had been kept in a box for about 4 week without dying.
EDIT: I got the information that the tree stopped growing already 5 years ago (no new top growth has been observed since, whereas the neighbor tree continued normally (up to now).
No black sap has been observed coming out of the wounds. Only clear resin.
Here's a picture of the sad moment (click for a full-size version), right is the still active tree now showing the same symptoms apart from the growing stop.
While the drawing you have uploaded doesn't match any Douglas Fir specific beetles I've been able to locate online, the damage you described sounds very much exactly like the kind of damage a bark beetle infestation would produce. Beetles that attack trees generally lay eggs just under the bark, and their larvae will then eat their way through the living part of the tree, the cambium, until the damage becomes so great that the tree can no longer transport enough sap to all of its branches - and then the tree begins to die. The dying may take a few seasons to finalize.
As the beetles do their damage under the bark, woodpeckers of various types will bore holes through the bark covering to get to the larvae under it, which is a large part of their natural diet. The holes you were seeing may have been from the beetles, but if they were lined up in rows part the way up the tree trunk, they were more likely made by woodpeckers.
I wish I could give you more information, but without actual pictures it is more difficult to pinpoint the exact cause of your parent's tree's death. Plus, the types of bark beetles that are prevalent in Germany are likely different than those which attack Douglas Fir here in the states. Even so, the damage is the same as is the result.
Here is a link to the type of beetle that most often infests Doug Fir here.
It's likely that the beetle/s you saw are unrelated to the death of these Douglas firs - it's far more likely to be phytophthera ramorum infection, currently a spreading and big problem in Europe and the UK. As yet, I am not aware of any serious borer beetles, particularly not on softwood trees like fir, in Europe - Douglas Fir is susceptible to P. ramorum, there are many so affected in the UK, though the commonest victim so far is Japanese Larch. The symptoms you describe fit with phytophthera infection - lesions appear which exude or weep, often black exudate, sometimes clear and resinous in conifers, needles brown and die, branches die back as the infection spreads. Withered shoot tips occur, though if the infection started high up, you may not have noticed those.
I have no idea whether P. ramorum is notifiable in Germany, it is in the UK, but the second affected tree should be removed as soon as possible and the wood disposed of safely to try to prevent further spread. There may be local advice about disposal if it is P. ramorum - as a point of interest, Larch forests have been and currently are being ripped out in various parts of the UK (and I believe other countries) to try to contain the spread, along with large areas of wild growing rhododendron, a host plant for phytophthera.
UPDATED ANSWER: Plant death will occur, but the time that takes is variable - depends on size and susceptibility, and the fact that it may have been present for longer than the owner of a plant has realised, particularly on large trees. Once a diagnosis has been made, removal of plants is, or should be, prompt, without waiting for them to die on their own. Inspection of interior wood from a branch you've removed often reveals dark streaking.
UPDATE 2: I don't suppose you still have any wood left from the previous tree, if it's been removed, which you could inspect for signs of infection. The pattern of its dying would certainly hint at phytophthera of some description (there's more than one variety), but if you want certainty, the inspection by and advice of a qualified tree surgeon or arboriculturalist should be sought. Unless you have some local service who might be interested - in the UK, that would be the Forestry Commission Pathology Disease Diagnosis Service, or directly to DEFRA. I imagine you must have some equivalent there.
The other possibility is simple canker which has set in for some reason - either way, the end result is the same, but its quite important to establish whether or not it's a case of phytophthera of some sort. If its P. ramorum, other shrubs in your parents' garden may well be at risk, and it's still a quarantine pathogen (I just checked). Interestingly, I discover it's now becoming a major problem in the USA, where it's more difficult to establish the cause because there, they have various borer beetles that we don't have in Europe (yet, at least) which may cause similar symptoms.
• And would you confirm the time-frame of 3 years between first symptoms and completely dying? and that the second one has not been infected right away but only 3 years later (they have been planted 4 m apart)
– Patrick B.
Jul 25 '14 at 13:49
• @PatrickB. It's variable, anything up to 5 years, sometimes more, sometimes a lot less. You need to inspect the interior wood, there's usually dark streaking
– Bamboo
Jul 25 '14 at 15:20
• I could add two more details after interviewing my parents. See my updated question.
– Patrick B.
Jul 26 '14 at 5:31
• @PatrickB. - updated answer again - if you get a diagnosis, specially if it is phytophthera, I'd be very interested to know...
– Bamboo
Jul 26 '14 at 10:39
Your Answer
|
Eric Vernier/Flickr
World News
The Paradox of Greece and Italy in the Euro Crisis
Much of the attention about the European Sovereign Debt Crisis (ESDC) focuses on the issue of Greece defaulting on its public debt and the possibility of it being the first country to leave the Eurozone. However, the threat of Italy’s economic instability represents a greater concern for the European Union (EU). As Europe’s financial woes escalate the countries to bear to mind are Greece, Portugal, Spain, Ireland, and Italy, but the last stands out because its situation is unique. As one of the founding members of the European Steel and Coal Community (ESCC) and the European Economic Community (ECC), Italy’s issues represent a serious problem about the core foundations of the EU.
Greece which joined the EU in the 1980s represents a trend that is commonplace among the countries. When the ESCC was formed by the Les Six (Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands, West Germany, France, and Luxemburg) in the 1950s the goal was to tie the economies of Western European closer together.
The result was the creation of a custom union that linked the most developed European economies together, which has evolved into the current monetary union. Along with the Treaty of Rome came the creation of an institution that came to identify the concept of being part of “Europe.” From the onset, economic policy has been the key factor that unites “Europe.”
Participating members are expected to adhere to a set of sound economic principles. The simplified version is that members would try to limit public debt to 60% of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and annual budget deficits to less than 3% of GDP. The key point is that the original members had existent developed and diverse industrialized economies.
The concept of being a “European” country made membership into the EEC highly desirable, especially to the “Les Six” underdeveloped neighbors. The “Mediterranean Countries” (Greece, Portugal, and Spain) sought to join to gain this national prestige. The issue was that until the 1970s military authoritarian governments that largely ignored economic development ruled these countries. When they made the transition to democracy, their first objective was to seek membership into the ECC, in order to gain access to financial institutions that would allow them to become developed nations. By the mid-1980s, they had made significant social and economic progress to join. Upon membership, these countries gained easy access to financial aid with luxurious terms from Brussels, which they spent to improve their infrastructure and social programs.
With the establishment of the EU in 1993 by the Maastricht Treaty and its expansion into Eastern Europe, the “Mediterranean Countries” faced competition for easily accessible lines of credit. By this time, the majority of these countries were experiencing rapid economic growth, which enabled them to continue their nondiscretionary spending habits. The prime example of this would be Greece, which precarious deficit spending habits only became known after the Great Recession burst its growth “bubble.” The restriction of credit because of the banking crisis has tied the hands of these government’s policymakers because deficit spending had been an important part in their long-term economic plans especially in case of a recession.
When Greece proceeded to seek a bailout from the International Monetary Fund and the European Central Bank, it was required to make severe budget cuts to meet calls for austerity, which have since resulted in another recession. While Greece’s situation remains an extreme example in the EU, its economic situation is closely related to Portugal and Spain in that the recession has resulted in massive unemployment and large budget deficits.
The situation in Athens has caught the majority of the attention about the ESDC, but the political, social, and economic links that tie it together with Spain and Portugal are nonexistent when it comes to Italy. The issue with Italy is that it has the second largest debt-to-GDP ratio, the first being Greece. However, in comparing the two countries’ financial history a different trend is illustrated. Italy’s budget deficit spending has only resulted in an increase in its debt-to-GDP ratio from 91% in 1990 to 117% in 2011, while Greece’s actions have resulted in an increase of 40% since 2000.
Italy’s current woes are not caused by overzealous government expenditures but are the result of a decade of sluggish economic growth. The Great Recession saw Italy lose 6% of its GDP in six consecutive quarters of loss, which it quickly recovered. However, the country is still running budget deficits that have placed it as a prime target for calls for austerity. The issue here is that balancing government budgets have become a one size fits all solution for the ESDC. In the case of Greece, austerity made sense at first because it was a cure for reckless government spending, but in the case of Italy, its financial policies have resulted in economic stagflation a situation only exaggerated by this solution.
The best way to put this paradox into perspective is to pose the question “What does it mean to be Europe?” The current crisis illustrates the fundamental inner divisions that exist in the EU. On one side, there is the group that forms the nucleus of the EU, the Western European countries that have come to dominate the institutions and policies of the larger collective. On the other, there exists the group that forms the appendages, those members that have joined during the rapid expansion of the EU over the last twenty-five years. The current crisis is not a revelation of any fundamental flaw of the whole but the result of adherent weakness that separate these two groups. Greece’s problems are caused by economic practices that are indigenous towards the “Mediterranean Countries.”
While substantial, they do not represent a threat as significant as Italy’s financial issues. Italy’s economic situation is a mirror image of the problems that afflict the core of the EU, the “Les Six.” Over the past two decades, every founder of the EU (the exception being Germany) has experienced slow economic growth and staggering public debt. An unresolved issue that will likely go unabated no matter what path Greece takes. What remains to be illustrated is to what depths each group is willing to go to further the concept of “Europe.” One thing remains clear though, austerity is not a long-term solution but only mitigation.
|
One of the best articles I read recently was about a technique my favourite scientist used to learn something new. It’s called the Feynman Technique.
I’ve decided to start applying it and putting it to the test regularly.
To start with, I’ll be explaining how Reflection works.
Why Reflection? Its something I’ve been doing quite a bit of over the past year haha.
So, here we go.
There’s just one catch, I have to pretend I’m explaining how reflection works to a toddler ( read the article )
I had to spend some time reworking this and reading up. This exercise was totally worth it. This is nowhere close to where it should be, but, atleast I know how little I about this now.
This is the simplest explanation in ~2000 words I could come up with. Do keep in mind that I’m explaining this to a ~5 year old.
Reflection of light
You know when you’re standing in front of a mirror and can see yourself in front of you. That’s reflection.
When you’re in front of that mirror, you’re actually seeing a slightly different version of you, one where your right hand is the mirror versions left hand and your left hand is the mirror versions right hand.
All objects in the world reflect, how well they reflect depends on how smooth their surface is and how opaque they are.
You can tell how smooth a surface is by rubbing your hand across the surface, you can tell how opaque an object is by asking yourself, “How well can I see through this object?”
Different objects in the world have different colors because they reflect that particular color back to you.
So, how does reflection work?
You see, light behaves as a wave, much like water or sound. A wave has a beginning, we call it a wavefront, and this is the first part of the wave that interacts with any object in its path.
When a light wave comes into contact with something that is both smooth and opaque (this is the best scenario, not the only scenario), it bounces off it in a direction that is the mirror image of the direction at which it hit the surface at.
Try throwing a ball at a wall from an angle, see how it bounces off it in a particular direction? It’s a bit like that.
You can see effects of reflection all around you, try looking at a mirror from a weird angle, you’ll be able to see the objects that are on the other side of that weird angle.
Even on the device you’re reading this on, you can probably see a bit of reflection of yourself coming back to you, but, since the screen is not fully opaque, you’re mostly seeing this text.
All of this is reflection.
This is the gist of reflection with some simple examples.
I haven’t gotten into the details of normal, angle of incidence etc because the principle of it all is what I’ve tried to get into here.
Would love to hear any comments/criticism/feedback, I’m just trying to improve here.
Thanks for reading
|
Is environmental sustainability with AI a possibility?
AI concept design
Artificial intelligence (AI) is one of the most promising technologies in the world. So much that its adoption has grown exponentially over the past decade. Thanks to large investments in AI, it has gradually become a mainstream technology. Today, medium to large-sized companies are using artificial intelligence to minimize their environmental footprint and make their processes sustainable.
Environmental sustainability is a hot topic among board members and CEOs around the world. This trend is primarily driven by the increasing faith shown by investors in projects pertaining to environmental sustainability. Environment sustainability will continue to remain one of the key priorities for every investor. In fact, Goldman Sachs has made “sustainable finance” a core of its businesses.
In this article, we will take a look at how AI can help us attain environmental sustainability goals.
SEE ALSO: 6 important questions to ask your AI security solutions vendor
What is artificial intelligence?
Artificial intelligence (AI) is a cutting-edge technology that has the ability to clone and mimic human capabilities. Some of these abilities include learning from experience, identifying objects, understanding and responding to language, decision making, and problem-solving. Machines are blending these capabilities together to perform complex tasks such as driving cars.
In many ways, AI’s meteoric rise in popularity can be attributed to its successful deployment in a myriad of applications. For example, Alexa can now ask Siri to set up your calendar.
Here are some noteworthy examples of how different companies are leveraging AI to create a sustainable future.
• IBM is leveraging the benefits of AI to make better and accurate weather forecasts. Ever since the company turned to AI, it has made 30% more accurate forecasts. This information helps players involved in the renewable energy space to improve facility management, maximize renewable energy production, and minimize carbon emissions.
• Google makes use of an AI model that decreases the energy consumption of its resource-heavy data centers. This has decreased the energy cost of cooling by around 40%.
• In 2019, Microsoft offered support for six Australian projects that were aimed toward addressing the issues related to agriculture, biodiversity, water, and more.
AI’s role in Sustainable Development Goals
Apart from the environmental goals, AI is expected to play a pivotal role in achieving Sustainable Development goals. Right from eradicating hunger and poverty to attaining sustainable energy, AI will be a catalyst for reaching these objectives.
As of now, the United Nations has defined a total of 17 Sustainable Development Goals. These goals can be categorized into three main pillars – Society, Economy, and Environment.
You can also read about the different AI innovations that are promoting environmental sustainability.
How can AI address environmental challenges?
Numerous studies have shown that AI has tremendous potential to fast-track global efforts to save the environment. In addition, artificial intelligence will also help us preserve resources by enabling seamless development of greener transportation, monitoring deforestation, CO2 removal, and predicting weather conditions.
AI will be used to overcome the most difficult environmental challenges in the future. Some of these include:
Ocean health
A whale underwater in an ocean
• AI-driven robots are being used to track a bunch of ocean parameters such as temperature, pH, and pollution levels.
• There is growing evidence that AI can collect data from different locations within the ocean that are hard to reach. This information can be used to protect endangered species. In addition, AI can also help you track illegal fishing.
Biodiversity and conservation
• When you bring satellite imagery and AI together, it can identify the changes in vegetation, land use, the fallout of natural disasters, and forest cover.
• Moreover, AI can be used to track, monitor, and identify invasive species. Machine learning models and computer vision are used to track their presence.
• Predictive software is increasingly used to assist anti-poaching units.
Water problems
• Again, AI used in conjunction with satellite imagery can pave the way for accurate prediction of the subsurface water conditions and droughts.
• Water scientists have turned to AI to determine water usage in a predefined geographical area. This approach can also help in making informed policies.
Clean air
• Air purifiers that are driven by AI can save environmental data and record air quality to improve filtration efficiency.
• Data pulled from radar sensors, cameras, vehicles, and cameras AI can be utilized to improve air pollution.
Why are big companies prioritizing sustainable investment?
Solar panels installed to generate clean energy
There is no doubt that climate change is an imminent threat to our planet. However, due to advancements in technology along with substantial research, the impact of climate change is very evident today.
Technologies like the internet have democratized data. As a result, the current generation of investors, shareholders, and employees are aware of how their actions can impact the environment.
Apart from the environment, sustainable investments also influence the political, social, and cultural aspects of the community. Modern-day stakeholders are pressing for system-wide changes that are encouraging the use of renewable energy, reducing water pollution, and curbing deforestation.
In addition, they are also taking strides toward eradicating toxic workplace culture, poverty, data mismanagement, and nonethical marketing.
These stakeholders are demanding change, which is why we are seeing a lot of big companies make sustainable investments.
At present, around 200 of the largest companies in the world are investing in ESG consulting. This equips them to make informed strategic decisions that minimize social, governance, and environmental risk, and fuel sustainable growth.
AI-driven sustainability challenges
As we have seen, AI offers numerous opportunities and benefits. It can help us reduce emissions, prevent deforestation, create green transportation, and also predict natural disasters.
However, it can also affect human lives as it promotes unethical surveillance, authoritarianism, and optimizes resource allocation.
Hence, it is important to formulate policies that ensure that AI is used responsibly. There is a dire need to implement independent regulations that keep an eye on how AI is being used across the globe.
Another area where AI-driven sustainability is taking a hit is energy consumption. Artificial intelligence requires great amounts of energy, and a lot of companies have little idea about how to measure environmental impact.
Moving forward, companies should find ways to measure AI’s impact on the environment and create more awareness around it.
SEE ALSO: 8 things you didn’t know you relied on Artificial Intelligence for
For the latest, IT news, keep reading iTMunch!
Image Courtesy:
Feature Image Source:
<a href=””>Background vector created by starline –</a>
Image 1 Source:
Image 2 Source:
Subscribe to our Newsletter!
Previous article8 research-backed benefits of video gaming you should know about
Next articleAfter Twitter, TikTok tests a tipping feature for select creators
Riddhi Jain is a technology content writer. She is based in India and has been working as a content writer since 2018. Riddhi has been writing content in the tech domain since May 2020 and can’t get enough of it. Riddhi has pursued most of her education from her hometown, Indore. She has graduated as a Bachelor of Business Administration and discovered her love for writing blogs while pursuing an internship during college. Once she discovered her love for writing, she went on to improve this skill set (and hasn’t stopped since). Riddhi’s writing relationship with iTMunch began in May 2020. This is where she developed a knack for writing content for the technology domain. She's an expert in tech content writing who has written over 700 blogs for iTMunch in just a year. Riddhi loves diving deep into tech sub-domains like financial technology, marketing technology, HR technology, Artificial Intelligence and gaming technology. She loves staying updated with the latest and upcoming trends in digital marketing, digital payments, fintech, gaming, web design and app development. She cherishes writing about futuristic technologies like blockchain and cryptocurrency, NFTs, Internet of Things, Facial Recognition, Machine Learning, Edge Computing, etc. Riddhi also likes to keep an eye on what’s going on with the tech titans like Google, Facebook and Apple. One of her major interests is in staying updated with the latest IT startups and the groundbreaking technologies they’re coming up with. When Riddhi is not writing content, she is binging on documentaries on Netflix (check out ‘The Great Hack’, ‘Seaspiracy’, and ‘What the Health’). She also likes reading books once in a while (Yuval Noah Harari and Michelle Magorian are some of her favorite authors). Riddhi also likes listening to podcasts like The Tim Ferriss Show (do listen to the ones with guest Naval Ravikant) and The Joe Rogan Experience.
|
advantages and disadvantages of wan network
Disadvantages of LoRaWAN. One of the best examples of a WAN is the Internet (a WAN that grows larger day by day). You can get a high data transfer rate that can increase your company productivity. audio, video and image data. A MAN may be wholly owned and o⦠Network is a medium that connects multiple computer systems with a common communication link. To make the connection between the ⦠WAN has more security problem as compare to MAN and LAN. The advantages of a Wide Area Network are its size and speed, but it is often expensive and complicated to set up and maintain, requiring a trained network expert. The LAN is an interconnection of small devices covering shorter distances or area.It is used in home offices or schools to share common resources such asprinters, internet, memory etc. Update files and data are available on the servers of various software companies. Managing a large network is complicated, requires training and a network manager usually needs to be employed. Contains devices like mobile phones, laptop, tablet, computers, gaming consoles, etc. So all the coders and office staff get updated version of files within seconds. Since WAN has more technologies combined to each other, it faces more security issues ⦠LAN is a short form of local area network. Distribute workload and decrease travel charges: Another benefit of wide area network is that you can distribute your work to other locations. Most of WAN wires go into the sea and wires get broken sometimes. Introduction: The set of computers or devices connected together with the ability to exchangedata is known as computer network. In some areas, ISP faces problems due to electricity supply or bad lines structure. . Wide area networks, generally called WANs, are mostly public, leased or privately-owned networks. A dedicated connection is a communications medium or other facility dedicated to a particular application such as telephony operation or internet service providing. The network technology based on transmission can be done using the two concepts like point-to-point and multipoint. It’s an amazing article in support of all the online visitors; they will get benefit from it I am sure. And in this article, we will cover all about Wide Area Networks (WAN). It is difficult to maintain the network. Following are the benefits or advantages of MAN: â¨It utilizes drawbacks of both LAN and WAN toprovide larger and controllable computer network. Sending local emails: On MAN you can send local emails fast and free. . Drawbacks or disadvantages of WAN. WAN is designed to allow sharing of information over a broad geographical region. Following are the disadvantages of WAN: Initial investment costs are higher. 6. It is designed for customers who need a high-speed connectivity, normally to the internet, and have endpoints spread over a city or part of city. Advantages and Disadvantages, What is Bus Topology? If a computer is a standalone computer, physical access becomes necessary for any kind of data theft. Advantages & Disadvantages, What is Tree Topology? â¨It helps in cost effective sharing ofcommon resources such as printers etc. Having a private WAN can be expensive. LAN is used to make the connection of computers within one building. A dedicated link or the internet can be used to establish a link between networks. As data transferred on the internet can be accessed and changed by hackers so firewall needs to be enabled in the computer. It is faster than the circuit switched network. Typically, WANs are interconnected LANs. Network Performance Consistency: Equally important, your data does not have to compete with other Internet data for bandwidth as your communications travel between destinations. Personal area network (PAN) is an interconnection between different devices like smartphone, tablet, computer and other digital devices. These access points, manage network traffic which is flowing to and from the connected devices. Hi there very nice site!! Local area networks are constructed for small geographical areas within the range of 1-5 km such as offices, schools, colleges, small industries or a cluster of buildings. 7. â¨It helps people interface fast LANs together.This is due to easy implementation of links. Centralizes IT infrastructure â Many consider the WAN advantages at the top. LoRaWAN network size is limited based on parameter called as duty cycle. Disadvantage of WAN are : Setting up the network could be expensive. Any organization can form its global integrated network using WAN. One key difference between a LAN and a WAN is that LANs are built, owned and operated by individual companies and organizations but unlike LANs, WANs are owned by third-party service providers a company wanting to connect its geographically dispersed LANs must subscribe to a WAN service providers such as a telephone company to use or lease it’s WAN carrier network services. Another key difference between WANs and LANs technologies is scalability. The best example of a Wide Area Network is the Internet which connects many smaller LANs and MANs through Internet service providers. Software companies work over the live server to exchange updated files. Advantages & Disadvantages, What is Mesh Topology? Definition of campus area network (CAN) CAN is a type of computer network in which different computers and devices are interconnected with each other. A metropolitan area network (MAN) is a network with a size between a LAN and a WAN. Some type of personal area networks is wired like USB while others are wireless like Bluetooth. PAN is used for a personal purpose like data sharing among devices and it has a range of 10 meters. Disadvantages. Excellent job. To transfer data from any computer over the internet we use some technologies including: Wan covers a large geographical area of 1000 km or more If your office is in different cities or countries then you can connect your office branches through wan. This is the simplest and low-cost option for a computer network. Point to Point Topology in Networking â Learn Network Topology. The solution to this is to purchase a dedicated line from ISP. It is extensively used to design and troubleshoot. Ultimate Guide on Computer Engineering Terms, What is Point to Point Topology? It involves a lot of resources to fix lines under the sea. The networking are of two types viz. Some people can also inject a virus into the computer so antivirus software needs to be installed. Between your wit and your videos, I was almost moved to start my own blog (well, almost…HaHa!) Like LAN we can share software applications and other resources like a hard drive, RAM with other users on the internet. CAN is also known as corporate area network when it is installed in a large company. Customers often face connectivity issues or slow Internet speed issues. CAN is made by combining small LANâs (Local Area Networks). I am a blogger and freelance web developer by profession. WANs offer a distinct privacy and security advantage. Advantages of WANS. It requires skilled technicians and network administrators. Following are the disadvantages of LoRaWAN: It can be used for applications requiring low data rate i.e. WAN is made with the combinations of LAN and MAN. . Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) Diagram Advantages of a metropolitan area network (MAN) Below are some of the benefits of MAN:-Less expensive: It is less expensive to attach MAN with WAN. Before going into the main topic let me first discuss what is LAN. Maintaining a network is a full-time job which requires network supervisors and technicians to be employed. Therefore business offices situated at longer distances can easily communicate. Following are the drawbacks or disadvantages of SD-WAN:â¨SD-WAN requires IT staff for planning, design, implementation and maintenance. The further the distance, the slower the network. A typical Wi-Fi LANoperates one or more wireless access points that devices within coverage area connect to. . It also reduces your travel charges as you can monitor the activities of your team online. ISP (Internet service provider) can give you leased lines by which you can connect different branch offices together. Advantages of a Wide Area Network (WAN) WAN offers privacy and security. There are more errors and issues due to wide coverage and ⦠Setting up WAN for the first time in office costs higher money. A good example of a MAN is part of the telephone company network that can provide a high-speed DSL line to the customer. The bottom line? A typical Ethernet LAN consisting of an ethernet cable to which all the machines are attached, like in our school labs, number o⦠Other security software also needs to be installed on different points in WAN. This design is incredible! The network is a medium that connects multiple computer systems with a common communication link. It normally covers the area inside a town or a city. It is a broadband technique which provides the same upstream and downstream. In this technique generally, data is transferred through a single connection or single path. Purchasing the network cabling and file servers can be expensive. â¨Like LAN and WAN, it also offers centralized management⦠In ISP (Internet service provider) head office many of internet lines, routers are mixed up in rooms and fixing issues on the internet requires a full-time staff. CAN is smaller than WAN (Wide Area Network). Privacy and Security: As mentioned above, a WAN provides a direct, dedicated connection through which your data can pass. Advantages of WAN. Advantages & Disadvantages, What is Ring Topology? A lot of application to exchange messages: With IOT (Internet of things) and new LAN technologies, messages are being transmitted fast. In circuit switches network every time before transferring data over the Wide area network, the new connection gets setup, after the data transfer the connection gets closed. I love to blog and learn new things about programming and IT World. There are more advantages than disadvantages which is to be expected with a new disrupting technology. Certain aspects of a WAN can be costly, but there are ways to trim those costs so that they are affordable. Wonderful .. I’ll bookmark your blog and take the feeds additionally? This limits opportunities for others to intercept your data as it is in transit between locations. DISADVANTAGES Security Concerns One of the major drawbacks of computer networks is the security issues that are involved. Moreover it is used for chatting between PC usersusing LAN based applications. Wide Area Network as its name suggests it must be able to grow as needed to cover multiple cities, even countries, and continents whereas Local Area Network as its name suggest it is able to cover single campus, single office, or a single building. Man .. Beautiful .. I really enjoyed what you had to say, and more than that, how you presented it. Cell switching operates in a similar way to packet switching but in this type of network data transfer is in fixed size which is up to 155 Mbps. A lot of web applications are available like Facebook messenger, WhatsApp, Skype by which you can communicate with friends via text, voice and video chat. . Disadvantages of a wide area network (WAN) Security problems: Wide Area Networks faces more security problem as compare to LANs and MANs. I’m satisfied to seek out numerous useful information right here in the publish, we want develop more strategies in this regard, thanks for sharing. â¨MAN requires fewer resources compare to WAN.This saves the implementation cost. Advantages and Disadvantages, What is Star Topology? In our home, school, officeâs LAN, wireless broadband routers perform the functions of an access point. It provides the connection between ISP to a customer through a telephone line. If you get leased lines for your company then it gives high bandwidth than normal broadband connection. WAN technology has grown and expanded over the years. The transmission of data is carried out with the help of hubs, switches, fiber optics, modem, and routers. Leased Lines provides very high-speed data transmission up to 64Gbps. â whereas WANs cowl larger areas, like cities, and even enable computers in several nations to attach. Reduce Network Complexity and Empower Your Hybrid Cloud with a Modern, ... A zero-trust environment is important to business continuity, Product Video: Enterprise Application Access. Because only two parties are involved, the entire bandwidth of the connecting link is reserved for two nodes. For implementing a Wide Area Network, connection has to be made between two areas, which are geographically apart. The Advantages and Disadvantages of WANs WANs Grow and Expand. In point to point topology, two network (e.g computers) nodes connect to each other directly using a LAN cable or any other medium for data transmission. â¨It provides higher security compare to WAN. Packet switched network uses the virtual connection for transferring of information, first it creates a connection for data transmission and used it as a permanent connection. There are three basic types of switched connections: […] is categories into three types such as Local Area Network (LAN), Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) and Wide Area Networks (WAN). One of the big disadvantages to having a WAN is the cost it can incur. A network is categories into three types such as Local Area Network (LAN), Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) and Wide Area Networks (WAN). Security is a real issue when many different people have the ability to â¦
Developers of systems intended for the Internet of Things are faced with the question as to which connection technology should be used.
General Advantages and Disadvantages of Wide Area Network. WAN has many technologies combined with each other which can create a security gap. As WAN covers a lot of areas so fixing the problem in it is difficult. A network is categorized into four types such as Local Area Network (LAN), Metropolitan Area Network (MAN), Wide Area Networks (WAN) and Personal Area Network (PAN).. And in this article, we will cover all about Personal Area Network.. What is Personal Area Network: In MAN data is easily managed in a centralized way. A Wide Area Network (WAN) is a computer network that connects computers within a large geographical area comprising a region, a country, a continent or even the whole world. Cell switching can handle multiple data types, i.e. â¨The system is not 100% immune from slow performance. The most important consideration to be addressed at the very first stage of implementing a WAN is, whether a public or a private network is to be used. It is the same as a digital subscriber line but the only difference is that upstream and downstream occurs at different time. Too cool! All office branches can share the data through the head office server. Now everyone with computer skills can do business on the internet and expand his business globally. MAN gives the good efficiency of data. Also refer advantages and disadvantages of Software Defined Networking >> for more information. There are many types of business like a shopping cart, sale, and purchase of stocks etc. And in this article, we will cover all about Local Area Network […]. Computer accessories include printers, scanners, game consoles etc. Wide area network (WAN) is a type of network that provides transmission of voice, data, images, and videos over the large geographical area. As the names suggest, LANs are for smaller, additionally localized networking â in a home, business, school, etc. Security. â¨There is possibility of jitter and packet loss. Advantages & Disadvantages, Network Operating System- Advantages and Disadvantages of NOS, Network Operating System – Types, Advantages & Disadvantages of NOS, Local Area Network | Advantages and Disadvantages of LAN (2019), It is a dedicated point to point connection which provides pre-establish WAN communication path through. You obviously know how to keep a reader entertained. In basic LAN (Local Area Network⦠They provide a useful way of sharing resources between the end users such as the long-distance transmission of data, voice, image, and information over large geographical areas. You get continuous access to all the b⦠Due to it's typically massive size, WAN's are almost always slower then a LAN. For example, you have an office in the U.S then you can hire people from any other country and communicate with them easily over WAN. SD WAN ⦠Your company doesn’t need to buy email, files, and backup servers, they can all reside on head office. Advantages and Disadvantages of Computer Networking Last Updated: 19-12-2018 Computer network is defined as a set of interconnected autonomous systems that facilitate distributed processing of information. It may involve purchasing routers, switches, and extra security software. As a WAN provides a dedicated, direct and encrypted connection for data transmission, it increases the security of the system. Here are the benefits/ pros of using WAN: WAN helps you to cover a larger geographical area. Letâs understand it with the help of an Example: PCâs, laptops and workstations in an office are generally inter-connected with each other by using LAN networks through which we can share data files, software, e-⦠You can get back up, support, and other useful data from the head office and all data are synchronized with all other office branches. wired networking andwireless networking. Advantages and disadvantages of mobile computers, Advantages and disadvantages of quantum computers, Advantages and disadvantages of freeware software, Advantages and disadvantages of workstation, Advantages and disadvantages of iOS operating system, Advantages and disadvantages of multi-core processors, What is software development life cycle (SDLC), Difference between access point and router, Advantages and disadvantages of wide area network (WAN), Difference between assembly language and high level language, Advantages and disadvantages of local area network (LAN), What is wireless metropolitan area network, Wireless metropolitan area network example, What is internet of things (IOT) with examples, Sequential access vs direct access vs random access in operating system, Advantages and disadvantages of windows operating system, Advantages and disadvantages of metropolitan area network (MAN), importance of social media in finding jobs, Advantages and disadvantages of windows operating system - IT Release, Advantages and disadvantages of Linux operating system, Advantages and disadvantages of android operating system - IT Release, Advantages and disadvantages of menu driven interface, ISDN (Integrated service digital network), Large telecommunications companies like Airtel store IT department. WAN has many technologies combined with each other which can create a security gap. A WAN (Wide Area Network) network can be established in many ways but there are two main types of WAN connections. Disadvantages of a wide area network (WAN) Security problems: WAN has more security problem as compare to MAN and LAN. One of the key disadvantages of WANs is a security issue when many different people have the ability to use information from other computers. Local area network is a network for connecting computers and other computer accessories with each other. A WAN eliminates the need to purchase email or file servers for all sites. Large telecommunications companies like Airtel store IT department. A wide area network (WAN) can ⦠â¨SD-WAN do not offer any on-site security functionality. upto about 27 Kbps. LANs are usually quicker and safer than WANs, however WANs entertain us with widespread connectivity. In web hosting, we share computer resources among many websites. It is defined as percentage ⦠To switch locations, you only need to set up one of your office file offices. Security is often marketed as a simple aspect of SD WAN deployment but careful considerations should be made based on all areas of the business. We will discuss the features of each network type, as well as their advantages/disadvantages below: L ocal A rea N etworks (LAN) Local area networks (or LAN's) are usually located in ⦠Needs firewall and antivirus software:
Dole Cshp Online Application, Cartoon Gorilla Images, Commercial Picnic Tables, Temperature In Iceland In August, Oxidation Number Of Zinc, Credit Portfolio Manager Salary Ameris Bank, Sweet Potato Tower, Hungarian Strudel Dough Recipe, Diploma Mechanical Engineering,
Leave a Reply
Your email address will not be published.
|
Exactly What Is Fitness And How Is It Not The Same As Other Desired States?
Exercise and fitness refers to a medical condition of properly-getting and health insurance and, specifically, your skill to complete specific aspects of ordinary exercises, careers and physical activities. Being a lot more unique, exercise and fitness entails proper physique action, correct strength, well-balanced position,speed and endurance, and suppleness. The actual physical components of physical fitness incorporate your muscle strength, cardiac workout, and the body composition. These factors are typically significant in relation to staying healthful and lifestyle a proactive way of living. Overall, it is the blend of many of these factors that define an overall fitness program.
If you have any type of questions regarding where and ways to use Visit Web Page, you can call us at the webpage.
Fitness involves not merely physical operations but additionally psychological kinds. One’s cognitive physical fitness can be explained as one’s capability concentrate, emphasis, and also be effective. Mental physical fitness, contrary to muscular physical fitness, is not really influenced by experiencing muscle tissue. This is the chance to feel, factor, and put on what a single learns in the helpful method. To put it differently, the concept of “the environmental physical fitness associated with an organism” is “the capability to utilize facts through the atmosphere.”
Some scientists are convinced that it comes with an necessary link between the workout of any organism and its particular surroundings. The idea of all-natural assortment suggests that microorganisms that can survive and modify will move on their conditioning genes to generations to come. This concept was established proper within the 1980s from the research of geneticist John Scott Hamilton. He indicated that humans who could survive and survive under various the environmental circumstances were actually almost certainly going to successfully pass with their workout traits to future generations. This has now been proven accurate of a multitude of organisms, as well as flies, worms, birds, amphibians and mice and in many cases plants.
Fitness specialists highlight which the definition of “suit” is relative, because it relies on that is while using phrase. When an individual notifys you they are physically fit, they can in fact indicate “athletic” or “tough.” A more appropriate classification could well be “ideal for vigorous exercising,” or “using a volume for vigorous exercise.”
Fitness trained professionals also mention that a concise explanation of workout should be explanatory in lieu of descriptive. A description that is also normal will make it vague, even though a detailed description that could be very certain can leave out crucial features that do not promote the explanation. A good example of an explanatory description is, “getting fit.” Even though this classification could mention some health and fitness properties of your person, it can not point out any sort of instruction or conditioning program that this human being may well have.
Fitness pros also have suggested a meaning of workout that is predictive. This hypothesis organic selection permits history thru health and fitness genes staying handed down from creation to age group. The power of your group to pass on conditioning traits could be affected by environmental ailments and human being treatment. Therefore, it can not present an total quality, despite the fact that a hypothesis of conditioning that could be predictive could reveal the effects of some conditioning reports. Some researchers utilize this theory of all natural assortment to describe particular well being results.
Some workout experts discuss that there is only one concise explanation of health and fitness and that is certainly specific exercise. Individual health and fitness signifies the capability of an organism to operate by yourself plus in its surroundings. Fitness might be understood to be the capacity of an organism or specific to perform the tasks needed for existing. Conditioning will depend on all the organism and environment wherein the project must be done, however most microorganisms have the capacity to do these projects. Some organisms are a lot more effective at carrying out a number of projects than the others, although some organisms are perfectly suited to performing all projects, even jobs which would place their existence in serious risk.
Study regarding workout is often revealed concerning a idea-purely natural collection, adaptive health and fitness, and attribute health and fitness. Each features its own classification that means a particular sort of physical fitness. Men and women who never reveal precisely the same health and fitness description would not discuss exactly the same level of fitness.
If you have any kind of inquiries concerning where and the best ways to make use of https://www.amazon.com/dp/B01N0TFFNA, you can contact us at our own site.
Far more strategies from advised publishers:
Simply click the up coming post
my review here
click now
|
Science Model Paper 1 Class 10
Science Model Paper Science Model Paper for class 10 List two difference between acquired and inherited traits. Explain why Danger signals are red in colour? Convex mirrors are commonly used as rear-view mirrors. what is meant by power of accommodation od the eyes? how is it related to the focal length of the eye lens? the water in deep-sea … Read more
Ads Blocker Image Powered by Code Help Pro
Ads Blocker Detected!!!
I Have Disabled the AdBlock Reload Now
|
Back to Top
Skip to main content
AI in Oil & Gas Production: Advancing an Industry into the Future
Through cooperation with its partners, NETL is working to advance the optimization and implementation of artificial intelligence and machine learning technologies into the nation’s energy sector.
With nearly a million wells across the country producing roughly 11 million barrels of crude oil and 4.3 million barrels of natural gas liquids per day, the United States now stands as the world’s largest producer of these resources. New technologies in the field, such as hydraulic fracturing, have greatly contributed to this production boom, the industry faces new challenges in efficiency and predicting well production.
Applications of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML), so prevalent in other industries, increasingly shows promise.
This has been the focus for Chung-Yan Shih, Ph.D., a senior data scientist at NETL (Leidos), whose research has helped reveal how ML can offer answers energy producers as they strive to meet these challenges to keep up with demand.
Shih said the ability to predict well productivity is vital because it drives the business decisions of energy producers. However, obtaining accurate predictions presents difficulties due to the resources being underground. Even the best estimates come with significant unknowns especially considering that no two wells are the same depending on their location, production time, design, and resource extraction technology employed.
AI and ML algorithms can help overcome these challenges by making sense of multiple data sets. Taking all these variables into account, they can calculate a well’s estimated ultimate recovery and predict its performance prior to drilling. These advantages can give producers more certainty when deciding where and where not to drill.
“Currently, ML is being explored and tested widely in the oil and gas field,” Shih said. “With more technologies being validated in the operations and made publicly available as open-source or commercial packages, smaller companies and entities that might not have the research and development capabilities can use the tools and models to enhance their operations.”
He said the U.S. Department of Energy aims to become a world-leading enterprise for AI, a task NETL has embraced. Through multiple studies, Shih’s research showed how machine learning could use existing data to determine production key drivers, such as the varied geology or where to drill. Furthermore, AI appears to provide the means to estimate production for future well development on a given site.
Oil and gas producers employ ML to predict features such as faults, stratigraphy, porosities, and more. Add ML to traditional techniques has improved experts’ subsurface interpretations. Drilling and completion optimization have also benefited from ML models, which helped predict the optimal conditions for drilling and the best strategies for well completion.
Shih said this research can help NETL identify potential research and development projects to improve resource recovery, such as well stage and spacing optimization, or the impact of different compositions of fracture fluid. These hold the promise of not only increasing production but also reducing waste and cost.
He noted that while these new arenas of technology continue their maturation processes regarding energy production, they will eventually assist in various processes in all facets of the industry, and mastery of its usage will be widespread among the work force.
“I’m pretty sure, in the long run, the use of AI/ML will become almost universal once matured because it will help in almost every aspect,” he said.
“Once it’s ready for prime time, large-scale planning of operations can be greatly assisted by machine learning, which also has the potential to transform worker training. Right now, companies require a specialist, such as a data scientist, on staff to use these tools. However, in the future, you can expect everyone to be trained in its use to some degree of proficiency.”
As for predicting productivity, Shih said there are still challenges to overcome, such as obtaining the ideal level of data to have true accuracy in real-world situations. However, the use of AI/ML can provide a fresh way to think about and tackle a problem or validate the assumptions of subject experts in the field, such as reservoir engineers and geologists. Energy-related uses don’t stop with oil and gas production and can extend into environmental integrity and automation.
“The lessons learned and approaches can be applied to carbon capture and storage (CCS). These two areas face similar challenges in understanding the subsurface,” Shih said. “Right now, AI and ML efforts are also blooming in the CCS field. Both fields can benefit each other when technologies mature as cross-cutting support. Additionally, these tools can be used from descriptive to predictive analyses, where the AI and ML recommends what to do or executes the action. Like self-driving cars, autonomous drilling and operation might be realized as the technology matures.”
With the right tools for well production, data management technology and a well-trained work force, the types of problems that AI and ML can overcome are virtually limitless. The forward-looking approach is just one way NETL works to discovery, integrate and mature technology solutions to enhance the nation’s energy foundation and protect the environment for future generations.
|
He was killed on the courthouse steps. Now, a Virginia county honors its first Black elected leader.
• Oops!
Something went wrong.
Please try again later.
• Oops!
Something went wrong.
Please try again later.
·8 min read
In this article:
• Oops!
Something went wrong.
Please try again later.
• Oops!
Something went wrong.
Please try again later.
The Charlotte County, Va., courthouse has a long history, with plenty of historical markers to show for it. There's one for Patrick Henry's last public debate, which took place there in 1799. There's a statue honoring Confederate soldiers, and a replica of a 19th century cannon to commemorate veterans. There are two big bronze plaques in front of oak trees planted to memorialize the 1902 Virginia constitutional convention.
The small town surrounding the courthouse is itself a kind of historical marker, renamed Charlotte Court House to highlight the 198-year-old brick building, designed by Thomas Jefferson himself.
But look around for a sign marking the 1869 murder that took place on the courthouse steps - a murder that made international news - and, until recently, you would have come up empty.
That will change Saturday, with the unveiling of a new historical marker honoring Joseph Holmes, the first Black man to win an election in Charlotte County, who was born enslaved and shot down in broad daylight.
The unveiling ceremony will include a choir singing spirituals and remarks by his descendants.
Video: What Juneteenth can tell us about the value of Black life in America
"[The ceremony] is recognition of his accomplishments," said Kathy Lee Erlandson Liston, a local resident and retired archaeologist who has spent years delving into Holmes's story after a request from one of those descendants. "It is justice for him - revealing the names of his killers - and it's a homegoing for a man who never received the proper funeral and what he should have received."
Holmes was born enslaved around 1838. Liston's research indicates he was likely enslaved by the Marshalls, a wealthy White family - possibly by Judge Hunter Holmes Marshall, who owned the Roxabel plantation, or his cousin, John Marshall.
It is unknown how exactly Holmes gained his freedom, but by the late 1860s, records show he was working as a shoemaker and had married and started a family. He could read and write and even bought 11.5 acres of his own land, not far from where he used to toil unpaid.
He also became active in the Republican Party. He served as a delegate at party conventions, wrote op-eds pushing White Republicans toward more radical reforms guaranteeing Black civil rights and was elected to the Virginia Constitutional Convention of 1867-1868.
Formerly Confederate states were required to pass new state constitutions guaranteeing civil rights before they were allowed to be readmitted to the Union, and Holmes helped write Virginia's. He reliably voted for the most radical reforms, and as a member of the Committee on Taxation and Finance, he probed and tried to stop corruption, earning him vocal enemies in White newspapers.
(The Constitutional Convention of 1902 - the one with the two plaques and the memorial oaks at the Charlotte County courthouse - was held largely to take back all the rights Black people had gained in the previous one.)
In early 1869, Holmes was back in Charlotte County, working on getting schools built. On May 3, four local White men were heard bragging that they had shot a Black man and threatening to kill Holmes. When Holmes found out, he went to the courthouse to get warrants for the men's arrests.
Instead, he encountered the men there. One struck him with the butt of his pistol and then shot him in the chest. At least two more shots rang out from the group of four men. Holmes crawled from the steps and died just inside the courthouse doors.
Lisa Henderson is a direct descendant of Holmes's brother, Jasper Holmes, who fled the county shortly after the murder. While growing up in North Carolina, she heard about the distant relation who was killed in Charlotte County. She tried to learn what she could about him online, but she suspected there was more.
Liston, the archaeologist, moved to Charlotte County in the 1990s after purchasing a former plantation there. As she went through old papers that came with the property, she noticed the last names of people enslaved there were the same as many of her current neighbors. She started gathering their oral histories and sharing what she could find. She worked with community members to identify people buried in the Black cemetery on her property.
Liston, who is White, posted her discoveries on Black genealogy websites. She began to be contacted by African Americans across the country looking for details on ancestors from Charlotte County. That's how she heard from Henderson in 2012.
Within two days, Liston had found the original statements made by witnesses of the murder, which had been misplaced for more than a century. She went on to discover most of what's known about Holmes's life and death, and even what happened to his killers.
The killers, according to witnesses, were the brothers John Marshall and Griffin Stith Marshall, their cousin William Boyd and a friend named Macon Morris. The brothers were the sons of Judge Hunter Holmes Marshall and grew up on the Roxabel plantation.
Three of the men were eventually indicted for Holmes's murder, but none ever stood trial. They all fled, and authorities never looked too hard for them, Liston said.
News of the killing made headlines throughout the country, and even reached Australia, Liston has found in her research, but most people she knows in Charlotte County had never heard of it.
Charlotte County has fewer than 12,000 residents and just one stoplight, Liston said, "which we've only had for a few years." For the most part, county residents have supported her efforts to get the marker put up, she said.
But there has been some pushback.
A few residents have questioned why she is bringing up such an unflattering moment in the county's history. And at a March 2020 board of supervisors meeting where Liston had requested a letter of support for her historical marker application to the Virginia Department of Historic Resources, one board member, Gary Walker, suggested the courthouse lawn had enough plaques and monuments already.
"I'm just wondering how many other requests we open the door to, that Uncle So-and-So or Granddaddy So-and-So did a lot for Charlotte County 160 years ago, too?" Walker can be heard saying on an audio recording of the meeting. "Not that he's not a worthy recipient, don't anybody get me wrong, I'm not saying that." Walker was the only board member to vote against the letter of support for the marker.
In 2006, Walker was among the board members who voted to approve the cannon's placement on the courthouse lawn by the Sons of Confederate Veterans, a fact first reported by Cardinal News. He is also a co-owner of the Roxabel plantation - where two of the killers were raised - which is now being marketed as a wedding venue.
Reached by telephone, Walker said his co-ownership of the plantation did not influence his decision on the Holmes marker. Rather, he felt there were other Black residents who were also worthy of a marker, including Dabney N. Smith, who was elected to the Virginia House of Delegates in 1881.
"I certainly think Mr. Holmes is worthy, and I think he's fine, but what are we going to do about Mr. Smith?" he said. "Other than the fact that Mr. Holmes was killed on the square makes it exciting to talk about, that doesn't mean he meant more to Charlotte County than Mr. Smith."
Walker said the community is discussing what to do about its Confederate soldier memorial, and at a recent meeting, Walker requested the board get a price quote on what it would cost to move it behind the courthouse.
Holmes died on the courthouse steps because he believed in American ideals like the rule of law, Henderson said. He was "working within the system" and was at the courthouse trying to obtain a warrant when he was killed, she noted.
Liston said Holmes's murder wasn't the only thing that made him noteworthy. "He was so much more than that. That murder should not define Joseph Holmes," she said.
Fittingly, the unveiling coincides with the anniversary not of Holmes's death, but of the day he won election to the constitutional convention.
Walker said he'll be there Saturday "with bells on," ready to "celebrate this plaque."
Henderson said she is grateful to Liston for her work, and her family is proud of the marker. But the marker also makes a broader statement, she said: that while Black history and its national heroes are important - Martin Luther King Jr., Rosa Parks and the like - there are a lot of other heroes people don't ever hear about.
"Everywhere that we lived, everywhere we were enslaved, everywhere we were freed, there are these incredible stories, and men and women who made choices and risked their lives to make a better way," she said.
Related Content
O Canada, we missed you
The movie business may be struggling, but you wouldn't know it at these thriving independent theaters
|
Topic: SciencesStatistics
Last updated: July 28, 2019
People who oppose the Death Penalty have long argued that the system of putting criminals on death row is unfair, favoring the white and the wealthy.
The startling statistics behind the death penalty and death row inmates is a large factor in their argument. This paper is going to tell about the people who have been executed and the people who are currently on death row.It will not only focus on the statistics amongst the races but also will discuss the average age, social status, and educational achievement of the people sentenced to die, the difference in the crimes that got them sentenced, and the small amount of women who have been faced with this court decision. The sentencing of death is claimed to have double standards based on these characteristics. I will present the facts and let you, the reader, form your own opinion on whether or not these claims against the death penalty are true or not.Surprisingly, the ages of the people who have been faced with the death penalty does not really very.
We Will Write a Custom Essay Specifically
For You For Only $13.90/page!
order now
The average age at the time the crime is committed is 30. The numbers adding to this average, for the most part, are pretty consistent in staying very close to this number. The average age of inmates on death row is 40. 87 and the average age at the time of execution is 42. 75. Inmates are on death row for an average of eleven years and five months. According to www.
deathpenalty/history. org, juveniles have played a small role in the death penalty but it has been an important one. The first juvenile ever executed was back in 1642.Only three hundred and forty nine out of the nineteen thousand confirmed executions since 1608 have been juveniles. There are fifty-eight that are currently on death row. The cases of these children have allowed the states that carry out the death penalty to put an age limit on the people they can execute. Seventeen out of the states that support the death penalty use 18 as the minimum age, five use the age seventeen, and the last seventeen states use the age sixteen.
The youngest person that the state of Texas has executed was 24, the oldest was 62, and the average age that Texas executes is 39.Women have also played a very little role in the Death Penalty. Of the nineteen thousand executions only five hundred and fifteen have been women. That is less than three percent.
The race of people is said to be a large and illegal factor in deciding if a person should be sentenced to live or die. According to www. coadp. org, an African American is four times more likely to be sentenced to die than a white man. There have been one hundred and seventy four black people killed when they had a white victim and only twelve white people killed when they had a black victim.Looking at these statistics, I”m sure that people think that those who argue injustice because of race are crazy because the numbers are highly in favor of white people.
The numbers are indeed higher but I don”t think that when people see these charts, they are considering the fact that the number of people and the percentages are close between the African Americans and the Caucasians, but African Americans only make up twelve percent of the population today.I did notice through out my studies that the white males that are on death row or have been executed have committed, in my opinion, ay more Cruel and unusually crimes than the black men. This is said to be true by some, and is also one of the greatest arguments against proving that there are racial disparities involved in the sentencing of the death penalty. The social status of current and late death row inmates has a sort of trend to it. They say at www. coadp. org that there is a double standard for the rich and the poor.
They say the trend is of people who are poor, low in social status, and have very little resources. The people who argue this say that basically the whole court system is unfair to those without money. They are not able to afford good lawyers and there for receive court appointed ones. They are not able to afford the appeals process or fund further investigation. They are also seen as a threat to some in our society and are said to be more likely to be placed on death row for this very stereotype.Some say that poor people are also seen, if not a threat, than nothing.
They are seen as nothing because people believe if you don”t have money, you don”t really have a role in society so they are seen to have more reason to commit these crimes for things like money, possessions, revenge. The level of education that most of the people received before their sentencing may also have a lot to with why the crime happened, and may also aid in the decision to execute.13.
9 percent have an achievement level of eighth grade or less, 37. percent achieved ninth grade through eleventh. 38. 2 percent got their high school diploma or GED, and only 10. 1percent have had any college at all. People who are today called profilers are people who compose a profile that most likely fits the suspect that police are going to be looking for by the scene of the crime and the manner in which the crime was carried out.
These profilers say that the first three things they determine are the race, age, and social status of the possible perpetrator.Now that you have read this I hope that you are little bit more aware of the importance of the profile within the death penalty and you understood a little bit more about the death penalty itself. It is a difficult thing to argue because although there is a large amount to discuss, both sides have equally good arguments. The facts about the death penalty are startling.
I thought before this project that I supported the death penalty, but after all the information that my group and I dug up, I don”t know which way I”m leaning.The race, age, sex, and social status of the people sentenced has been said to be more helpful to prosecutors in court than hard evidence. Unfortunately, these characteristics are still, even though declared unconstitutional, the major determining factors in many decisions through out society. So to argue this in one aspect of society you would have to get it turned around in almost every aspect and I feel that no matter how hard people try to fight it, these characteristics and the judgments passed on them, are always going to be there.
I'm Erick!
Check it out
|
Menu Close
The trouble with singing the debt song is the tune may change
In the 1996 election, it was the size of Australia’s foreign debt (Peter Costello argued that it was catastrophically high).
In the 2004 election, it was the interest rate (as John Howard put it, “I will guarantee that interest rates are always going to be lower under a Coalition government”).
Presently it is the government budget deficit (as Tony Abbott would have it, we have a “budget emergency”).
Sloganeering of this kind, faithfully reported by an uncritical media, is useful. It helps win elections.
But the focus often shifts after the election. Incoming governments soon realise that foreign debt, interest rates and, in the short run budget deficits, are determined by factors outside their direct control. There is also implicit acknowledgement that, despite their earlier assertions to the contrary, single-number measures are an inadequate measure of economic success or failure; the costs of achieving these single-number targets outweigh the benefits.
Take foreign debt as an example. Net foreign debt measures the net amount Australians – business, government, and private individuals – owe foreigners (overall net foreign liabilities are a larger amount as it also includes equity investments). In March 1996, net foreign debt stood at $192 billion, or 37% of GDP. By September 2007, just before the Howard government lost office, it had risen to $577 billion, or 53% of GDP. It currently stands at 51% of GDP.
Were a government committed to cutting foreign liabilities, a starting point would be to recognise that the increment to foreign liabilities is the balance on the current account of the balance of payments – the difference between current receipts from foreigners for goods, services and income, minus current payments to foreigners.
Absent short-term valuation effects arising from exchange rate changes, a reduction in foreign liabilities requires a positive balance on the current account. In turn, the size of the current account balance depends on the interest payments on the existing debt, and the difference between exports and imports of goods and services.
Not much can be done about flows of interest payments. The stock of debt is the result of past decisions, while interest payments on the debt are determined by the rates required by foreign lenders.
What about the trade balance – the balance between exports and imports?
In an open trading economy like Australia’s, with low tariffs and export assistance, increasing the trade balance means that domestic demand must be restrained while exports grow. This politically unpalatable situation “works” because soft domestic demand generally implies lower imports.
This combination of events has recently been illustrated with the release of the March national accounts. In the March quarter, exports of goods and services increased, while imports fell. It was this turnaround in the trade balance which underpinned real GDP growth.
Although the trade balance recorded a small surplus, it wasn’t large enough to offset the outflow of interest payments on our existing debt; the current account remains in deficit, and the stock of net foreign liabilities continues to rise.
As the accounts show, continued low levels of domestic demand, pursued with sufficient vigour, might be effective in generating a current account surplus, but at a high political cost.
This brings us to the second reason why election slogans sometimes fade away. Maybe the indicator – foreign debt in the present example – wasn’t so problematic after all.
In the early 1990s there was a lively debate in academic circles, led by John Pitchford at the ANU, which supported this view. He started from the perspective that prices at which borrowing and lending decisions are made generally reflect the corresponding social costs and benefits.
To illustrate the argument in a standard mortgage market, if the lender and borrower are both fully aware of their financial circumstances, and the terms of the loan are set accordingly, then it is not clear why an increase in household indebtedness is cause for concern.
Applying this argument to international credit markets, the “consenting adults” view of Australia’s foreign debt was that, providing the terms are correctly priced, reducing foreign debt should not be a target for policy.
Whether Mr Costello relied on this argument for his change of heart is not clear.
What is clear is that the premise on which the consenting adults view is based – that terms are correctly priced – does not always apply.
This is particularly the case with borrowing by Australian banks and the States and Territories. Being regarded as too big to fail, the big four Australian banks enjoy the benefits of an implicit government guarantee which enables them to borrow on better terms than would otherwise be the case. Similarly for the states.
During the global financial crisis, these guarantees became explicit. State and bank borrowing was guaranteed by the federal government. Banks were charged a fee for this service with the larger banks paying a lower fee than smaller, regional banks.
In some respects, this is a curious way to run an insurance scheme. After all, most insurance companies are justifiably reluctant to write household insurance policies as the bushfire comes over the hill.
The “consenting adults” view and Costello’s benign neglect of foreign debt would have greater force if the terms on which the banks and states borrow on international markets more closely reflected social costs. For the banks, the costs would be shared between shareholders and customers, rather than having risks borne by taxpayers.
If the Coalition wins government in September it may well be that, as with Mr Costello’s earlier change of views on foreign debt, Mr Hockey takes a more nuanced approach to the federal budget deficit and government debt.
The costs and benefits of deficit reduction will get more careful analysis, particularly as deficit reduction measures are likely to be more costly in a slowing economy. One can only hope that the debate will move on from whether or not particular forecasts have been met.
Want to write?
Register now
|
LANG 403 Decolonizing Language and Culture
This course will examine the history of the relationship, laws, and treaties between the United States government and Native American tribes. The effects of Native American boarding schools on culture and language loss will be examined. A timeline of United States policies outlining the key points of Native American education, self-determination, and tribal sovereignty will also be explored as well as current trends in Native language and cultural revitalization efforts on behalf of tribal people.
|
Women of the italian renaissance essay
If a woman did not conform to their husband she would be called a shrew. Beauty and especially the beauty of women, was a subject of great interest in the milieu of the educated elite, and it became fashionable not only to read and write poems about beautiful women, but also to commission and collect paintings representing imaginary beauties.
She was a very abusive women. A display of diner was not an empty gesture of vanity, but a significant means through which women made their position visible to the eyes of society.
As pope, Alexander VI attempted to use Lucrezia as a pawn in his game of political power. Not only did she collect on a much larger scale than other consorts, but more to the point she departed from the types of objects — religious painting, decorative arts — usually patronized by women in her position.
A display of diner was not an empty gesture of vanity, but a significant means through which women made their position visible to the eyes of society. It also tries to make accessible to the modern viewer some of the meanings which were the common currency of the period, and to uncover some of the problems with which artists grappled.
Women were to be prim and proper, the ideal women. This is considered to be the beginning of contemporary times. This characterization lead most men of the time to regard women as mysterious at best, and untrustworthy at worst.
Columbia University Press, Famous women of the Era. According to these authors, at least some women experienced the Renaissance, although in notably different ways than their male counterparts—with choices and challenges unique to their gender.
Victoria and Albert Museum
Where she could enjoy the pleasures of solitude or the company of a few chosen friends, surrounded by beautiful paintings and exquisite works of art. Katherine is just the opposite.
Women of the Italian Renaissance Essay Sample
In history, women provide no more than a backdrop to the political and social story of the Renaissance. She mastered Greek and Latin and memorized the works of the ancient scholars. They are frightened of her. She also provided moral leadership during periods when Ferrara was in danger of being taken by its enemies.
Sometimes her words and actions are extremely violent. Catherine worked relentlessly to secure and promote the rights of her children, the stability of France, and the survival of the Valois monarchy.
Works Cited Hull, Suzanne. Women living in convents as nuns worked by producing gold and silver thread, and often selling it to secular women who used it in their embroidery.
Religious images A discussion of the representation of women in Renaissance painting cannot ignore the importance that religion had in the lives of people from all strata of society.
Another incentive has been the wealth of documentation on this patron which includes a detailed inventory of her collection and its manner of display, as well as correspondence already mentioned. Moreover the amount of money which Isabella paid, and was prepared to pay, for these pieces was certainly greater than it was for her paintings.
It is most likely that she resisted the pattern of marriage and annulment which her father forced upon her during her early life, despite the advantages of mobility and influence it bestowed upon her.
Women of all classes were expected to perform, first and foremost, the duties of housewife. Only women of the highest class were given the chance to distinguish themselves, and this only rarely. For women, female saints offered examples of womanly virtues and religious dedication which were difficult to equal.
She became patron of the arts and entered into close friendships with several Italian poets, including Ludovico Ariosto who composed a poem for her wedding and featured a portrait of Lucrezia in his masterpiece. In the case of representations of the nude, they will often knowingly move the viewers to lust.
It is also reassessing the degree to which women enjoyed power and independence at this period. This, at least is the one aspect of her activities that has received most attention, particularly her dealings with painters such a Mantegna.
Images of the Virgin Mary and of female saints can help us to gain an insight into the way in which women, and men too, experienced religion. Forgotten lists of accomplished women began to surface, and historians paid more attention to the role of women as patrons, purchasers and creators of art.
Essay: The Role of Women During the Renaissance Period
Free italian renaissance papers, essays, and research papers. My Account. Your search - Independent Women Courtesans in the Italian Renaissance Prostitution is normally thought of as anyone who sells his or her body for money. You may also sort these by color rating or essay length.
Your search returned over essays for "italian. As with courtship, betrothal, and marriage rituals, those attending the arrival of children were accompanied by gift-giving. Prescriptive literature emphasized the importance of family and, specifically, children for maintaining the health of the civic body.
In Book 2 of Leon Battista Alberti’s I. Italian and Northern Humanism Essay. Leslie C. Lee HIEU June 23, Italian and Northern Humanism During the age known as the Renaissance, humanism was a thriving force within Europe. The above passage says a lot about women in the Renaissance.
The role of women was a very scarce role. Women were supposed to be seen and not heard. Rarely seen at that. Women were to be prim and proper, the ideal women.
Females were able to speak their. The medieval and Renaissance collections at the V&A have many objects that reveal the lives of women. Ranging from jewellery to ceramics, most are precious items that would have belonged to the wealthy. This reflects what has survived but also what was collected by the Museum.
Interest in the role. Essay about Renaissance Man and Renaissance Women Words | 3 Pages experienced a period of cultural rebirth known as the Renaissance, marking the transition from medieval times to modern times.
Women of the italian renaissance essay
Rated 5/5 based on 90 review
The Renaissance Term Paper Topics
|
Solar and wind farm
Farming Alternatives – Renewable Energy: Solar and Wind
Back to Blogs
Current ongoing issues such as, climate change, population growth, changes in policy, trade agreements and trade flows, means that farmers find themselves, and indeed their livelihoods, often at the mercy of many different, wider forces. Therefore, it is imperative that the contemporary farmer is able and willing to adapt their business, in accordance with, what is currently at least, an increasingly challenging and changeable agricultural industry and business environment. Certainly, a progressive and exciting way in which many farmers could and already are, adapting or supplementing their business, is through the farming of Renewable Energy.
Farming Renewable Energy
Historically, many farmers have already been producing a form of Renewable Energy through the growing of corn, used to produce Ethanol. However, there are now a growing number of farmers utilising their land to harvest more modern Renewable Energies, such as Solar or Wind, to supplement their business or, as a complete alternative, to the more traditional farming practices. Indeed, farming renewable energies, such as Solar and Wind, can potentially provide farmers with a long-term secure and guaranteed income.
Renewable Energy: Solar and Wind
There are obviously, two primary forms of renewable energy that a farm business could adapt to, which could not only save them money, but also, provide a generous and secure, long-term income:
• Solar
On a daily basis, the Earth receives a truly enormous amount of energy from the sun; Certainly, to illustrate this, the entirety of the energy stored in the Earth’s reserves of oil, natural gas and coal, equals approximately, the energy from just twenty days of sunshine.Although different regions of the planet, such as desserts, get more sun than others and therefore, have the potential for harvesting more solar energy, most areas receive enough sunlight to make solar farming practical.In those areas that receive much sunlight, farming solar energy can be a viable standalone agricultural business enterprise. However, even in those areas that receive less sunlight, there are several ways in which harvesting solar energy can supplement a farm business, by feeding back into the national grid, saving money on electricity bills, for instance.Moreover, solar energy can be utilised to aid in the lighting and heating of greenhouses and farm buildings, etc.In addition, it should be noted that, the cost of installing solar panels, has become much cheaper in recent years, making solar an extremely viable and attractive option for farm businesses.
• Wind
Of course, wind power has a long and rich historical association with farming; however, over the past few decades, there have been huge advances in wind turbine technology, resulting in the ability to generate massive amounts of energy.A single, modern wind turbine installed on an agricultural site with just good average wind speeds, can provide further income for a farm, or indeed, reduce running costs, by providing the farm with supplementary power.In addition, unlike farming solar, wind turbines do not require much in terms of land; thereby, enabling for the continuation of crop and livestock farming, for instance, which can be done around turbines.However, it should be stressed that currently, purchasing and installing a wind turbine is not cheap; that said, the returns over time, should greatly offset the initial cost.
The renewable energy options that make most sense for a farm, for instance, solar and/or wind, will of course depend greatly on myriad factors, such as cost and the geographic location of the farm, which will determine average sunlight hours and optimal weather conditions. Nevertheless, as solar and wind technologies continue to advance at an ever-greater pace, factors such as, cost and geographic location, should prove to be much less of an obstacle to farms adapting to solar and wind energies, moving forward.
|
LS Price Increase Launch
The Price of all “Learn Spring” course packages will increase by $40 at the end of this week:
1. Overview
Naming a Spring bean is quite helpful when we have multiple implementations of the same type. This is because it'll be ambiguous to Spring to inject a bean if our beans don't have unique names.
By having control over naming the beans, we can tell Spring which bean we want to inject into the targeted object.
In this article, we'll discuss Spring bean naming strategies and also explore how we can give multiple names to a single type of bean.
2. Default Bean Naming Strategy
Spring provides multiple annotations for creating beans. We can use these annotations at different levels. For example, we can place some annotations on a bean class and others on a method that creates a bean.
First, let's see the default naming strategy of Spring in action. How does Spring name our bean when we just specify the annotation without any value?
2.1. Class-Level Annotations
Let's start with the default naming strategy for an annotation used at the class level. To name a bean, Spring uses the class name and converts the first letter to lowercase.
Let's take a look at an example:
public class LoggingService {
Here, Spring creates a bean for the class LoggingService and registers it using the name “loggingService“.
This same default naming strategy is applicable for all class-level annotations that are used to create a Spring bean, such as @Component, @Service, and @Controller.
2.2. Method-Level Annotation
Spring provides annotations like @Bean and @Qualifier to be used on methods for bean creation.
Let's see an example to understand the default naming strategy for the @Bean annotation:
public class AuditConfiguration {
public AuditService audit() {
return new AuditService();
In this configuration class, Spring registers a bean of type AuditService under the name “audit” because when we use the @Bean annotation on a method, Spring uses the method name as a bean name.
We can also use the @Qualifier annotation on the method, and we'll see an example of it below.
3. Custom Naming of Beans
When we need to create multiple beans of the same type in the same Spring context, we can give custom names to the beans and refer to them using those names.
So, let's see how can we give a custom name to our Spring bean:
public class MyCustomComponent {
This time, Spring will create the bean of type MyCustomComponent with the name “myBean“.
As we're explicitly giving the name to the bean, Spring will use this name, which can then be used to refer to or access the bean.
Similar to @Component(“myBean”), we can specify the name using other annotations such as @Service(“myService”), @Controller(“myController”), and @Bean(“myCustomBean”), and then Spring will register that bean with the given name.
4. Naming Bean With @Bean and @Qualifier
4.1. @Bean With Value
As we saw earlier, the @Bean annotation is applied at the method level, and by default, Spring uses the method name as a bean name.
This default bean name can be overwritten — we can specify the value using the @Bean annotation:
public class MyConfiguration {
public MyCustomComponent myComponent() {
return new MyCustomComponent();
In this case, when we want to get a bean of type MyCustomComponent, we can refer to this bean by using the name “beanComponent“.
The Spring @Bean annotation is usually declared in configuration class methods. It may reference other @Bean methods in the same class by calling them directly.
4.2. @Qualifier With Value
We can also use the @Qualifier annotation to name the bean.
First, let's create an interface Animal that will be implemented by multiple classes:
public interface Animal {
String name();
Now, let's define an implementation class Cat and add the @Qualifier annotation to it with value “cat“:
public class Cat implements Animal {
public String name() {
return "Cat";
Let's add another implementation of Animal and annotate it with @Qualifier and the value “dog“:
public class Dog implements Animal {
public String name() {
return "Dog";
Now, let's write a class PetShow where we can inject the two different instances of Animal:
public class PetShow {
private final Animal dog;
private final Animal cat;
public PetShow (@Qualifier("dog")Animal dog, @Qualifier("cat")Animal cat) { = dog; = cat;
public Animal getDog() {
return dog;
public Animal getCat() {
return cat;
In the class PetShow, we've injected both the implementations of type Animal by using the @Qualifier annotation on the constructor parameters, with the qualified bean names in value attributes of each annotation. Whenever we use this qualified name, Spring will inject the bean with that qualified name into the targeted bean.
5. Verifying Bean Names
So far, we've seen different examples to demonstrate giving names to Spring beans. Now the question is, how we can verify or test this?
Let's look at a unit test to verify the behavior:
public class SpringBeanNamingUnitTest {
private AnnotationConfigApplicationContext context;
void setUp() {
context = new AnnotationConfigApplicationContext();
void givenMultipleImplementationsOfAnimal_whenFieldIsInjectedWithQualifiedName_thenTheSpecificBeanShouldGetInjected() {
PetShow petShow = (PetShow) context.getBean("petShow");
In this JUnit test, we're initializing the AnnotationConfigApplicationContext in the setUp method, which is used to get the bean.
Then we simply verify the class of our Spring beans using standard assertions.
6. Conclusion
In this quick article, we've examined the default and custom Spring bean naming strategies.
We've also learned about how custom Spring bean naming is useful in use cases where we need to manage multiple beans of the same type.
LS Price Increase Launch
Generic footer banner
Comments are closed on this article!
|
27,32 DAYS
The moon is a fascinating object. So is space travel. The exhibition was inspired by both. It showed 28 pictures resonating with the cycle of the moon. Here we show a selection.
Planting moon
The photos might also bring a feeling of alienation. Are the astronauts terrestrial? The photos were made during the pandemic, which might strengthen that feeling of solitude. The pandemic itself caused feelings of loneliness and strangeness, but also generated polarization and conspiracy theories. The importance of science was never more obvious, and yet it suffers great pressure.
The fascination for the moon often goes hand in hand with myths and superstition. You’ll find references in the photos to scientific aspects such as the moon's effect on ebb and flow, as well as superstitious and fictional beliefs such as the supposed effects of the moon on agriculture, lunacy, women’s fertility, laundry that would fade with a full moon, people becoming more aggressive during the full moon nights, et cetera.
A mooning incident
The moon’s sidereal period—that is, the period of its revolution about earth measured with respect to the stars—is 27,32 days. The time interval in which the phases repeat—say, from full to full—is the solar month, 29.53 days.
De val van Icarus
|
Readers ask: Where Does Hair Grow From?
Where does hair growth begin?
The anagen phase, known as the growth phase, is when the hair physically grows approximately 1 cm per month. It begins in the papilla and can last from three to five years. The span at which the hair remains in this stage of growth is determined by genetics.
Does hair grow from the root or the ends?
Where does hair form from?
You might be interested: Often asked: What Does Apple Cider Vinegar Do For Your Hair?
What structure does hair grow from?
Hair structure The hair root is in the skin and extends down to the deeper layers of the skin. It is surrounded by the hair follicle (a sheath of skin and connective tissue), which is also connected to a sebaceous gland. Each hair follicle is attached to a tiny muscle (arrector pili) that can make the hair stand up.
Does your hair change every 7 years?
How do you know new hair is growing?
What Are Signs Of New Growth? You may know that baby hair is typically a similar short length all around your mane. If you see that you have new wispy hairs along your hairline that are soft and healthy, it’s a clear indicator that your mane is growing.
Is hair a dead cell?
As the hair begins to grow, it pushes up from the root and out of the follicle, through the skin where it can be seen. But once the hair is at the skin’s surface, the cells within the strand of hair aren’t alive anymore. The hair you see on every part of your body contains dead cells.
Does cutting hair help it grow?
You might be interested: How Long Do You Leave Bleach On Hair?
Is washing hair everyday bad?
Most people don’t need to wash their hair daily, or even every other day. The basic answer, according to Seattle-based integrative dermatologist Elizabeth Hughes, is that you should wash it once it’s oily and feels unclean to the touch.
How many hairs grow in a day?
Does women’s leg hair stop growing?
Since our estrogen levels drop as we reach middle to later age, body hair growth corresponds by becoming sparser and thinner, too. In fact, most people will see a significant slow down in the production of leg and arm hair. And it turns out that body hair can go gray just like the hair on your head.
Does hair naturally grow in layers?
In general, hair grows about a half-inch a month. You can get an idea of how long it will take your layers to grow out if you measure the length from your shortest layered piece to the longest piece of hair. That being said, the more damage the layered pieces are the longer they will take to grow.
Is hair a structure?
You might be interested: Quick Answer: How To Lighten Dark Hair?
Why do we have pubic hair?
Yes, pubic hair does have a purpose. Above all else, it lessens friction during sex and prevents the transmission of bacteria and other pathogens. Everyone has pubic hair, but we all make different decisions as to what we do with it. Some people prefer to let it grow, while others trim it, shave it, or wax it.
Is hair considered skin?
|
Serway, Raymond. Physics for Scientists and Engineers, with modern-day Physics. Brooks/Cole publishing Company; fifth Edition, 1999: 338.
You are watching: What is the diameter of a bowling ball
"A usual bowling ball can have a massive of 8 kg and also a radius of 12cm."24cm(ten-pin)
Professional Bowlers Association member Guide and also Rules and Regulations . 15October2007: 62.
"The circumference of a ball may not exceed twenty-seven (27) inches. The ball diameter should remain constant."21.83cm(ten-pin)
Ottwell, Guy. The thousands Yard version or the earth as a Peppercorn. London: global Workshop, 1989"A standard bowling round happens to be simply 8 customs wide, and makes a nice huge Sun, so ns couldn"t resist placing it in the picture."20.32cm(ten-pin)
Bowling Balls and Bowling Equipment."Regulation bowling balls are 8 ½ inches in diameter and weigh 8 to 16 pounds."21.59cm(ten-pin)
What space the Different varieties of Bowling Balls?"Ten-pin bowling balls are generally eight and a fifty percent inches in diameter and also contain 3 finger holes. Five-pin bowling balls on the various other hand, have actually no finger holes and also are five inches in diameter."21.59cm(ten-pin)12.7cm(five-pin)
Skittles, nine Pines. The Online overview to timeless Games."The discus-shaped cheese, too, is huge varying indigenous 8 ½ come 12 inch in diameter and weighing between nine and also twelve pounds yet none-the-less, the cheeses room thrown in order the they struggle the skittles straight without touching the floor first."21.59-30.48 cm(nine-pin)
Even despite baseball is well-known as the nationwide pastime in the united States, much more people walk bowling than go to baseball games. Bowling is a year-round sports in i beg your pardon players role a sphere down a long, narrow lane and shot to tear down a group of pins. Over there are number of variations the bowling, yet the most common form is known as tenpins. In this game, ten pins stand in a triangular sample at the end of the alley. A game consists of ten frames and also the bowler who knocks under the many pins is the winner. In every frame, a bowler has two opportunities to knock down all ten pins. If the all the pins go under on the very first try, the bowler scores a strike. If the bowler knocks them all down within two tries, the person scores a spare. If the ball drops into the gutter prior to reaching the pins, the bowler scores nothing. This is dubbed a gutter ball. The round for this game cannot exceed 21.8cm in diameter.
Nine-pin bowling is the oldest kind that bowling and is very similar to ten-pin bowling. The is also referred to together Skittles. Skittles differs from ten-pin bowling in the knocking over the nine pins counts together a strike, no a spare. This game additionally has variations follow to the region. It is most typical in Austria, Switzerland, Serbia, Slovenia, Croatia, Hungary, and also Liechtenstein. The ball for this game ranges indigenous 21.6cm come 30.5cm in diameter.
Canadians created their own game, called five-pin bowling, in 1909. The was produced to quicken the pace of the bowling video game so it could fit right into a having lunch break. Every pin has actually a suggest value ranging from two to five depending on its position. A player has three chances to hit the pins end in each frame. A rubber band is placed approximately the neck of each pin, allowing much more pins to be knocked down. Five-pin bowling balls perform not have actually finger holes and also are smaller. The ball used in this video game is 12.7cm in diameter.
See more: Is A Baseball Diamond Is A Square ? A Baseball Diamond Is A Square With Side 90 Ft
Marwa Elfa -- 2009
The Physics FactbookEdited by valley ElertWritten through his students
No problem is permanent.
PrefacesInstructionsTopic indexaccelerationangular velocityareadensitydimensionelectric currentelectric fieldelectric voltageelectrical resistivityenergyforcefrequencyfrictionlengthmagnetic fieldmassmoneynumberpowerpressurerefractionrestitutiontemperaturetimevelocityAuthor indexSpecial topicsContact the editorAffiliated websites
|
From LEGOs to Ziploc: The Science of the Snap Fit
New research reveals how that familiar click of two things locking together works.
two sets of hands, one from a child, putting toy bricks together.
Media credits
Wove Love/Shutterstock
Katharine Gammon, Contributor
(Inside Science) -- Pen caps. IKEA furniture. Snaps on a baby’s onesie. Our world is filled with everyday examples of the snap fit. That's the term used to describe bringing things together by clicking separate parts. ("Listen for the strong click," my kid’s teacher tells them in kindergarten to encourage pen caps to find their proper home.)
Yet as ubiquitous as the snap fit is, the mechanics of how it works hadn’t been studied deeply. A new paper changes that, by diving into the physics of snap fits.
Hirofumi Wada, a physicist at Ritsumeikan University, in Kusatsu, Japan began to see snap fits everywhere he looked in the house he shared with his wife and three kids: Lego blocks, Ziploc bags in the kitchen, plastic covers when replacing batteries in kids toys. He started to wonder how it works. Not long after, Wada’s student, Keisuke Yoshida, was playing around with objects in the lab, and found a simple cylinder made from a curved sheet of plastic created the dynamics for a snap fit experiment.
More examples of everyday physics from Inside Science
New Theory Says We’ve Been Wrong About How Bubbles Pop
Why Towels Get So Stiff When You Dry Them on the Line
Snap, Crackle, Pop: What Rice Cereal Can Tell Us About Collapsing Ice Shelves
The researchers used that system to show a rich variety of snapping behavior, which Wada said was totally unexpected. They used a cylinder and a thin plastic sheet that had been treated with hot water to bend to the shape of the cylinder, and measured the forces at work as the sheet bent over the cylinder and eventually slammed into place. They identified at least four different sequences as the snap happened -- the strongest force happened when the sheet bent wildly, about to click into place. The paper was published this month in the journal Physical Review Letters.
"We are physicists and like to study a simplified system in detail," said Wada. He said that while the team doesn’t have a specific application in mind, they hoped to reveal how a snap fit may function at its simplest level, which could be useful for creating better industrial designs in the future.
In any snap system, the key thing is that you want it to be easy to push on and harder to pull off -- known as the locking ratio -- said Dominic Vella, an applied mathematician at Oxford University in the U.K., who was not associated with the new paper. He added that the new paper shows how getting a good snap fit depends on the interaction between the geometry of the object and its ability to deform and then return to its original shape.
The research combines beautiful work: a simple experimental setup and the collection of striking results, said Pierre-Thomas Brun, a chemical and biological engineer at Princeton University, who wasn’t involved in the research. "That’s the signature of this lab -- using super-elegant tabletop experiments which unpack a lot of interesting and not necessarily simple results," he said, adding that the project takes mundane objects and shows that there is more than meets the eye.
While it focuses on the fundamentals, the paper does mention a few new applications where snap fits could take the place of excess plastic or glues that are harmful to the environment. If pieces of construction materials could simply lock together in place, there would be no need for adhesives to stick them together.
Another potential application is in robotics. Instead of grasping an item -- something that has proven to be tricky -- a robot in a warehouse or on a job site could simply click-lock onto an object. It wouldn’t work for helping humans move from the bed to the shower, but could be used for moving groceries or packages. "It’s an easy way to grasp on to a crate and move it somewhere," said Brun.
There’s not a really good answer to why physicists haven’t gotten inside the question of snap fits before, said Vella. One reason could just be that these systems have worked -- and there wasn’t much impetus to investigate why. "You try it, it works and so people might not feel the need to go deeper than that," said Brun. "But of course, when you go deeper, you can have a better understanding of the fundamentals of these things and in turn that can lead to more optimized applications."
Wada is also interested in investigating what he calls the "type-II snap" which has the opposite qualities: it’s easier to pull apart and challenging to push together. He thinks it could be a building block for new metamaterials. He’s also interested in rigorously investigating how a plastic ball joint works. "In any structure, form and function are always intimately coupled and much needs to be studied from the viewpoint of physics."
Article-resident newsletter signup form
Keep up to date with the latest content from Inside Science
Author Bio & Story Archive
|
What is Bhakti Yoga?
(July 1, 2010)
What is Bhakti Yoga
Bhakti Yoga deals with the spiritual aspect of the human psyche. The term ‘Bhakti’ is used to describe a devotee, that is someone who devotes his or her life for what he or she perceives to be holy. The practice of Bhakti Yoga is a path where devotion is given to all living things and particularly to all human beings. A person who practices Bhakti Yoga is one who is likely to be extremely tolerant and forgiving of other people’s mistakes and misdemeanors. Bhakti Yoga followers are known as Bhakti Yogis.
The practice of Bhakti Yoga relates to a person putting his or her needs behind the needs of those around him or her. This devotional attitude is reflected in the words and actions of a Bhakti Yogi. Bhakti Yogis avoid angry confrontations, preferring to solve conflict with a calm mind. The concept of Bhakti
Yoga is an altruistic concept and it is not uncommon for one to find a Bhakti Yogi performing tasks for others without expecting any favors in return, nor expecting any reward for the tasks performed. According to the teachings of Bhakti Yoga, the reward is in the doing of the task itself and in the joy that that task brings to others around.
A Bhakti Yogi tends to revere the relationships that are experienced throughout life and these relationships are holy to the Bhakti Yogi. Therefore the relationship between a Bhakti Yogi and another person would be one of devotion such that the other person appears to be holy or like a god to the Bhakti Yogi. This relationship can be had between a couple, between a parent and child or between a master and servant. The virtues of Bhakti Yogi became extremely popular in ancient India and there is a period in Indian history when the Bhakti movement became popular and was practiced by many kings of the time.
Bhakti Yogis often blend their behavior with those of a Karma Yogi and these two methods of living one’s life are closely related because the performing of a task for a person and the deification of that person are often intertwined in the thinking of a Bhakti Yogi. Bhakti Yogis gain their spiritual bliss from the wholesome relationships they share with the people they revere and consider being holy. The teachings of the Bhagavad Gita, one of Hinduism’s sacred books outlines the attitude and behavior that a Bhakti Yogi must follow.
Submitted by A on July 1, 2010 at 06:20
Yoga PosesFind Pose
|
Spacecraft thermal design
From Thermal-FluidsPedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Because spacecraft operate in the vacuum of space, convection and conduction exchanges with the environment are not possible, and radiative exchange is the only available mechanism for energy transfer. Spacecraft are exposed to solar energy except when in the Earth's shadow, so they generally absorb solar energy through part of their orbit unless they are actively oriented to minimize solar absorption. Controlling the temperature of a satellite requires a careful balance between absorbed and emitted radiation.
Another application of radiative heat transfer for spacecraft is in the design of radiators to reject waste heat. The net rate of heat rejection per unit area, q", is the difference between the emitted and the absorbed radiative fluxes. To minimize the absorbed flux, the radiator can be oriented edge-on to the sun, so that the energy absorbed comes only from the Earth and from space. Space itself has an apparent background temperature of 4K, and radiation from this source can be neglected. The heat rejection rate from the space radiator is
q = q''A = \left( {2\varepsilon \sigma T_{rad}^4 - {{q''}_{Earth}}} \right)A\qquad \qquad(1)
Note that the factor of two enters the equation because both sides of the radiator emit energy, but only one side is exposed to the Earth's radiation. If the spacecraft is far from Earth or other planets so that q''Earth = 0, then the radiator area required to reject a certain rate of energy is
A = \frac{q}{{2\varepsilon \sigma T_{rad}^4}}\qquad \qquad(2)
For a given radiator temperature T, choosing a radiator coating with the largest possible value of emissivity, ε , will allow the smallest possible radiator area. Clearly, a higher heat rejection temperature can greatly reduce the required area for heat rejection because of the fourth-power relation.
Further Reading
External Links
|
Pennsylvania and the War of 1812
Pennsylvania and the War of 1812
Victor Sapio
• Description
• Author
• Info
• Reviews
In this study of Pennsylvania and the War of 1812, the author sees the political ambitions of the Republicans, rather than economic, diplomatic or expansionist motives as the primary impetus for the outbreak of the war. Fearful of the Federalists' growing strength, the Republicans exploited the friction with England to maintain their power and to secure the reelection of Madison to the presidency. In this strategy, Victor A. Sapio shows, Pennsylvania played a crucial but hitherto unrecognized part. The strongest Republican state, its politicians influential in their party's stance, Pennsylvania provided the largest number of votes for war, and willingly and consistently supported its prosecution.
Victor Sapio:
Victor A. Sapio is assistant professor of history at Western Carolina University.
|
I just started Unix System Programming with Standard ML and starting on page 22 Shipman begins to explain a pure functional way of avoiding the constant state changes of typing at a keyboard:
A lazy stream is an infinite list of values that is computed lazily. The stream of keystrokes that a user presses on the keyboard can be represented as an infinite (or arbitrarily long) list of all of the keystrokes that the user is ever going to press. You get the next keystroke by taking the head element of the stream and saving the remainder. Since the head is only computed lazily, on demand, this will result in a call to the operating system to get the next keystroke. What’s special about the lazy stream approach is that you can treat the entire stream as a value and pass it around in your program. You can pass it as an argument to a function or save the stream in a data structure. You can write functions that operate on the stream as a whole. You can write a word scanner as a function, toWords, that transforms a stream of characters into a stream of words. A program to obtain the next 100 words from the standard input might look something like apply show (take 100 (toWords stdIn)) where stdIn is the input stream and take n is a function that returns the first n elements in a list. The show function is applied to each word to print it out. The program is just the simple composition of the functions. Lazy evaluation ensures that this program is equivalent to the set of nested loops that you would write for this in an [imperative] program. This is programming at a much higher level than you typically get with [imperative] languages.
I take it he doesn't mean just a list of the 26 letters of the alphabet, rather, something more like every possible word and combination thereof, i.e., similar to the theoretical possibility of finding yours and everyone's birthday if you look hard enough in the irrational never-repeating infinite stream of $\pi$ places. That is, somewhere in the infinite series of $\pi$ decimal places is your birthday mmddyyyy-style. Is this in fact what is meant here? Also, is this in any way related to infinite recursion?
In a similar vein, I once was told that no functional language is truly pure, and he gave the example of a function that "goes out" and gets the exact time from an atomic clock. Is this the same sort of issue, where, e.g., an infinite list of possible times is available for a list operation?
No, that's not what the author means. The author means the specific sequence of characters the user will actually type. If the user is about to write a letter to Al that might be:
'D'::'e'::'a'::'r'::' '::'A'::'l'::rest
The point is that you conceptually have "all" of the characters, and you can (with a bit of care) process this list like any other list.
• $\begingroup$ Thank you, but then what has this approach won in terms of functionally pure versus imperative. I assume this approach keeps state from changing. Can anyone direct me to a tutorial on this subject? $\endgroup$
– 147pm
May 24 '19 at 4:36
Your Answer
|
Finland was not at the top of the PISA league tables in the latest assessment. So what does this mean for the future?
Here, Pasi Sahlberg explains that Finland never cared about being first.
What it wanted most was to have the kind of education that was best for youth development.
What will happen now that its scores have dropped?
Sahlberg writes:
Finland should not do what many other countries have done when they have looked for a cure to their ill-performing school systems. Common solutions have included market-based reforms, such as increasing competition between schools, standardization of teaching and learning, tougher test-based accountability and privatization of public schools. Instead, Finns must protect their schools from the Global Educational Reform Movement (GERM) that has failed to help schools to get better in other countries. The better way for Finland is to ensure that schools are able to cope with increasing inequality, that teachers have tools to help students with individual needs, and that all schools get support to succeed.
PISA results are too often presented as a simple league table of education systems. But there is much more that the data reveal. The Finnish school system continues to be one of the most equitable among the OECD countries. This means that in Finland, students’ learning in school is less affected by their family backgrounds than in most other countries. Schools in Finland remain fairly equal in learning outcomes despite the rapid growth of non-Finnish speaking children in schools.
|
CNDLSTKS - Editorial
Pair Of CandleSticks
Div-2 Contest
Author: John Nixon
Tester: John Nixon
Editorialist: John Nixon
A candlestick is a type of price chart used in technical analysis
that displays the high, low, open and closing prices of
Candlesticks reflect the impact of investor sentiment on security
prices and are used by technical analysts to determine
when to enter and exit trades.
We have been given an array of distinct positive integers called as
prices. Each integer in the array denoted by prices[i]
represents the high price in the candlestick.
You have to connect two candlesticks in such a way that
all the candlesticks between them have a height smaller
than the minimum height of the two.
The task is to find the total number of pairs of such
For the given array of High Prices of candlesticks we need to find pairs of prices such a way that the other prices between them are smaller than the pair of prices we picked and count how many such pairs exists in given prices array.
For solving the giving problem we need to make certain observations
1. Every adjacent pair satisfies our conditions, if n is our size of the Price's array there will be minimum of (n-1) pairs satisfying
2. To find other than adjacent pairs we need to pick two numbers u,v such that the other numbers between u&v in the given array are lesser than u&v
To go ahead with our second observation we loop through all the elements in the prices array and set a sub-max value to the next price from where we are starting the loop .
We check if the price we started is greater than the next price in the list if yes , we start a new loop from where we saw a price less than the start price and continue this loop while updating our sub-max value if necessary and keeping a res variable to keep a track of such pairs whichever satisfy our conditions.
finally we add (n-1) to our res value to include our adjacent pairs too.
Setter's Solution
import sys
import os
def totalPairs(n, values):
res = 0
for i in range(n-2):
sub_max = values[i+1]
if values[i] > values[i+1]:
for j in range(i+2, n):
if values[i] > sub_max and values[j] > sub_max:
res += 1
sub_max = max(sub_max, values[j])
return res
if __name__ == "__main__":
n = int(input())
values = list(map(int, input().split()))
start_time = time.time()
answer = totalPairs(n, values)
Feel free to share your approach here. Suggestions are always welcomed. :slight_smile:
@jbn_6972 there’s no submit button?
I even tried :- To Submit
Check it out now
|
1. Why is psychology considered a science?
2. A scientist has formed the following hypothesis: Students who listen to music while studying will take longer to complete their reading and remember less of it. Once she has constructed her hypothesis, what are the three steps that she should follow to complete her experiment? State the steps and give an example of how to complete each step.
3. A professor assembles a group of volunteers to compare two methods of studying. One group spends an hour a day on the first subject (such as psychology), then an hour on the second (chemistry), and so forth. The other group goes back and forth, with a few minutes on each topic, repeating the sequence until completing the same total study time as the first group. At the end of a week, the professor tests each student’s knowledge of each subject. Identify the independent variable and the dependent variable.
4. Describe an example to demonstrate that even if a gene is known to produce an undesirable result, a change in the environment can largely prevent that outcome.
5. What types of evidence do researchers usually examine when trying to estimate the heritability of a human characteristic?
6. Describe the gate theory of pain.
The gate control theory of pain asserts that non-painful input closes the “gates” to painful input, which prevents pain sensation from traveling to the central nervous system. Therefore, stimulation by non-noxious input is able to suppress pain.
7. Suppose we are trying to measure someone’s ability to detect weak stimuli. When we present extremely weak stimuli (sights, sounds, or touches), this person almost always reports that they were present. Before we draw any conclusions about this person’s apparently great sensitivity, what else do we need to know?
8. Describe how classical conditioning could explain drug tolerance.
Essay Writing Service
|
Best answer: How entrepreneur help in the development of the country with example?
How does entrepreneur help in the development of a country?
They explore and exploit opportunities,, encourage effective resource mobilisation of capital and skill, bring in new products and services and develops markets for growth of the economy. In this way, they help increasing gross national product as well as per capita income of the people in a country.
What is the role of business in the economy of a country?
In any market economy, business plays a huge role. Business is the engine of an economy. Business provides jobs that allow people to make money and goods and services that people can buy with the money they make. Without business, the economy would be very inefficient and/or very primitive.
Why entrepreneur is important to economy?
IMPORTANT: What is the most important financial statement for small business?
What is entrepreneur in your own words?
Entrepreneur: “A person who starts a business and is willing to risk loss in order to make money.” This is the Merriam-Webster definition open_in_new of the word “entrepreneur.” But it’s so much more than that, isn’t it? It’s about passion. It’s about recognizing opportunities and generating innovative, creative ideas.
What is the role of business in society?
The role of a business is to produce and distribute goods and services to satisfy a public need or demand. Society does not exist without some form of an economy, and businesses are what make up the economic system of the world. …
What is the role of business in economic development essay?
The cornerstone and prosperity of any society depends on business. Through business, companies create resources that enable social development and welfare. Businesses provide goods and services that our daily lives depend on and also create employment. …
What will happen if business are not present in the economy?
Answer: Without businesses, people would not have goods and services that they could buy. … The government will provide jobs and goods and services, but it will not do so efficiently. The government might not provide the things that people want.
To help entrepreneurs
|
How to be a more compassionate human being
• November 26, 2021
A new survey has revealed that compassion and empathy are the keys to being a compassionate person.
The survey, conducted by the National Geographic Society, found that more than half of people surveyed feel that empathy is the most important factor to consider when it comes to caring for others.
This was despite a survey conducted last year by the Pew Research Center that found that only 13% of Americans feel that caring for someone who has a disability is as important as caring for a friend or family member.
The report, titled Empathy: The Next Great Challenge to a Healthy and Happy World, found empathy is a “must-have trait” for everyone.
The poll found that 58% of respondents said they are “very” or “somewhat” or strongly “very,” depending on how they responded.
While compassion is often viewed as a trait that can be learned, the survey found that people are more likely to express empathy when they feel they have something to gain from someone.
In other words, they feel empathy for others who have less.
The National Geographic survey also found that nearly two-thirds of respondents felt that their compassion for others was the most valuable trait to have.
While empathy is often seen as a “force multiplier” that can boost an individual’s chances of success, it can also lead to emotional distress.
The results of the survey were released last week, so the next time you see a story about someone who is having a difficult time in their life, ask yourself if you could be the person they could be if you were caring for them.
The researchers found that empathy can be a powerful tool for people who are experiencing mental health challenges.
A 2014 study by University of Pennsylvania psychologist and social psychologist Jonathan Haidt found that many people experience a range of negative emotions during times of emotional distress such as anger, fear, and shame.
People who have experienced emotional distress are also more likely than people who don’t to report having suicidal thoughts.
They are also less likely to report feeling helpless and feeling like their lives are a burden.
When people have a strong desire to help others, empathy can play a positive role in the relationship, according to the National Zoo’s animal psychologist.
“We want to have empathy in the relationships we’re in, and we need to be able to recognize that empathy exists,” says Dr. Jonathan A. Smith, a social psychologist and animal behavior expert.
“A lot of times, people are just looking for someone to blame for something, or someone to praise for something.”
In other news: A new study reveals that people who eat chocolate regularly have more empathy than those who don\’t.
(The Atlantic)
|
Skip to content
Melanie Ensign
Artwork: Susan Haejin Lee
Effective communication is not about what you say
How to craft the messages people need to hear to get the right results.
Photo of Melanie Ensign
Discernible logo
Melanie Ensign // Founder & CEO, Discernible
Everyone knows communication is essential to projects of all types. But many of us struggle to communicate effectively. Poor communication often leads to misunderstandings and frustration. A common misperception is that merely saying something—whether through written, visual, or oral communication channels—is enough. You, as the message sender, made the information available, so you’ve fulfilled your end of the interaction, right? Not quite.
It’s common to think of communication as broadcasting a message, but effective communication is focused on what people need to hear in order to reach the outcome you need. The outcome of any communication is what determines how effective it is. Simply pushing out a message or publishing information is not enough to measure its impact. There’s a huge emphasis on writing in software development and many developers view writing skills as critical to their work, but if we’re not assessing the outcome of what we say we could end up talking to ourselves. The same can be said for all the public talks we give about our projects.
How another person might process the information we share matters for driving outcomes and a good communicator tailors their message to maximize the receiver’s understanding. With this approach, priority is given to how someone else perceives the message because a misunderstanding can cause delays or costly mistakes.
What does effective communication look like?
While fundamental communication is something we all do as human beings, there’s an entire field of study—including an academic and professional discipline—dedicated to understanding and improving the effectiveness of how people communicate with each other. From this discipline emerged several models of communication to explain what it is and how it works. One of the most universally recognized models was developed by Harold Lasswell in 1948.
Who ➡️ says what ➡️ to whom ➡️ with what effect?
The aspect of “to what effect” emphasizes the point that simply distributing information isn’t enough. Before we send messages to other people, we have a responsibility to consider how someone else will interpret what we’re about to say and whether our choice of words, timing, context, and channel are suited to helping the other person process and understand the information.
Communicating for desired outcomes
An outcome is the effect, consequence, or impact of communication, and it represents the perspective of who we’re communicating with, often expressed as a quantifiable change in attitude or behavior. In contrast, the individual messages we send (email, pull request, spoken word, Phab comment, social media posts, etc.) are outputs. We can count outputs to measure what we did, but outcomes are the measurement of whether we made the impact we wanted.
So, when we’re communicating with colleagues and contributors on a project, the best way to start is with the question, “what do I need this person to do?” For example, a message like “please review” may not get you the same result as a more specific request to review for correctness or compatibility with an upcoming code change.
Sometimes what we need someone to do is communicate the information to someone else, which is very common for senior leaders who need managers to carry messages on their behalf. In that case, we need to optimize our communication decisions to reduce the potential for meaning to be lost or changed as it moves from person to person.
Once we have a clear outcome identified, we then need to consider what specific information is needed from us to make that action possible. If you don’t know, ask. “What do you need from me in order to do X?” A best practice is to include a suggested communication path for recipients who need more information or clarity if your initial message isn’t enough.
When metacommunication steals the show
A lot of focus is put on the words we use when communicating, but metacommunication (nonverbal or written cues) associated with any message also impacts its effectiveness. In fact, an entire conversation may be going on beneath the surface of what we intend to communicate.
For example, when we send a message—the time of day or day of the week—can cause different interpretations among recipients. Did we send it first thing in the morning, late at night, or over the weekend? Are we having the conversation within the context of a specific project or did we engage out of band using a different platform?
For verbal communications, things like our tone of voice, body language, and facial expressions also carry meaning that either enhance or distract from the words we say. Additional contexts should also be considered, including whether we’re communicating with an individual, a group, a large audience, or even publicly. How and when we attempt to communicate plays a significant role in how well information is understood by the people who need it.
Understanding metacommunication is important for improving overall communication skills. It’s impossible to improve the effectiveness of our communications without the capacity to understand how communication works, including the elements that can affect the meaning of what we say.
Choosing the right communication channel
The tools we use to communicate and the context in which we send and receive messages influences how other people process that information. In 1964, Canadian communication theorist Marshall McLuhan first proposed that a medium itself carries meaning. Certain communication channels used by developers carry inherent or assigned messages, such as PagerDuty for incidents needing immediate attention or GitHub where input is solicited from private or public groups.
When choosing which communication channel to use, there are several things to consider. First and foremost is your audience. Are there personal circumstances, such as blindness, deafness, or a reading condition that need to be considered? What about language barriers or cultural norms? All these things matter just as much as what you eventually say.
Additionally, the inherent characteristics of communication channels dictate whether they’re advantageous to use in certain situations:
• Synchronous vs. asynchronous: Do you need an immediate response or is it helpful to give others more time to process and respond to the information? If you’re not currently communicating with the recipient, is it worth interrupting what they might be doing right now?
• Written vs. verbal: Written communication can lack important context that helps others understand your meaning, particularly when it comes to complex ideas. Verbal discussions also give you an opportunity to confirm in real-time that everyone is on the same page. On the other hand, documentation is a critical part of good project management communication.
• One-to-one vs. one-to-many: How many people need to understand the same information? Do they need it at the same time or in a specific sequence? Thinking about this early, and taking time to conduct communication planning in project management, can save you headaches down the road when you need more people to take action.
• Concise vs. comprehensive: How much context do you need to provide within your message? Short instructions don’t need lengthy emails, but a curt message on Slack without sufficient detail can be easily misinterpreted. Either way, when using written communication, be careful to avoid stream of consciousness, which can distract or dilute a message. Get to the point quickly and don’t ramble on and on.
• In-band vs. out-of-band: How important is it that the communication happens on the same platform or inside the same context as the work itself? Commenting on a Phab ticket, for example, permanently documents important information directly to a task. In contrast, a traditional doc outlines how tasks are assigned or how decisions are made.
• Search capabilities: Finally, how easily do you need to be able to locate specific messages in the future? Some channels have better retention or search capabilities for when you need to revisit a discussion later. It’s possible you may need to use multiple channels to combine the benefits of verbal communication and searchable written messages.
When you don’t have control over which communication channel to use, it’s important to know the advantages and disadvantages of the one you have to use so that you can optimize communications for the desired outcome. For example, your organization or project may have a cultural norm or policy for using Slack for team communications, but many people experience notification fatigue on Slack and turn them off. Or your message may be perceived with an inaccurate level of urgency due to the immediacy of Slack alerts. In this case, it’s helpful to provide context within your message such as labeling it urgent or non-urgent, or assigning specific SLAs to different Slack channels so everyone knows where urgent messages can be found.
No matter what, never initiate communication with “hey!’ or “we need to talk” without additional information in the same message. Research shows that many people respond to the ambiguity of these messages with anxiety levels similar to being chased through a dark alley at night.
Pro Tip: Regardless of which communication channel you choose, it can be helpful to briefly explain your choice in your message. For example, “I’d like to set up a video call so we can talk through the complexity of the issue without delay,” or “I’m reaching out over email so you can respond at your convenience.”
It can take time to internalize this way of thinking about communications. But if you think about the above points before each output you send, you’ll quickly find yourself communicating more clearly and effectively.
After leading security, privacy, and engineering communications at Uber, Melanie founded Discernible to help even more organizations adopt effective communications strategies to improve technical communication and risk-related outcomes. She coaches executives and engineers to cut through internal politics, dysfunctional inertia, and meaningless metrics in order to build relationships and influence beyond their immediate organizations.
Additionally, Melanie is the press department lead for DEF CON, the world’s largest hacker con. She is also a certified rescue scuba diver and brings to her work many lessons learned preparing for and navigating unexpected, high-risk underwater incidents.
About The
ReadME Project
Follow us:
Nominate a developer
Support the community
|
ArtsAutosBooksBusinessEducationEntertainmentFamilyFashionFoodGamesGenderHealthHolidaysHomeHubPagesPersonal FinancePetsPoliticsReligionSportsTechnologyTravel
The Message of North Korea's "Failed" Satellite Launch
Updated on August 20, 2013
Stalemate and ceasefire in the civil war between North Korea and South Korea
Stalemate and ceasefire will prevail in the civil war between the South Korea and North Korea.
This is the message delivered by North Korea through its “failed” satellite launch in April this year.
Before the attempted launch, North Korea was warned by the United States and the United Nations that sanctions would be imposed on North Korea if it proceeded with the launch. The attempted launched was seen by the U.N. and U.S. as a step further in the development of nuclear weapons capability of North Korea.
And even before the attempted launch the United States cancelled a scheduled food aid for North Korea.
Earlier on, a nuclear summit was held in South Korea that called on North Korea to scuttle its nuclear weapons program. In response, North Korea announced it would launch a commercial satellite after the summit. It launched a commercial satellite on April 7 this year that disintegrated in space. How could the launch fail when North Korea had successfully launched a satellite some years earlier? This "failed" launch is a signal.
A negotiating committee is in place involving the United States, Russia, South Korea, North Korea, and China, among others, dealing on the nuclear weapons of North Korea.
The perception is that Russia and China are in the same side of the fence with North Korea.
Focused issue
The issue on focus now is the nuclear weapons of North Korea. It is an issue that other countries would espouse including Russia and China. The world community could be harnessed to bring pressure on North Korea to scuttle its nuclear weapons program.
It appears that North Korea is not willing to give up its advantage over South Korea.
It is unlike in the SALT negotiations between the United States and Russia to cut back on their nuclear weapons arsenal based on the principle of “no advantage.” This was the point of the meeting between Russia, lead by Leonid Brezhnev, and the United States, lead by Henry Kissinger, held in Brezhnev’s office on March 25,1974. Still the U.S. would stand to hold on to 1,100 MIRVed ICBM to 1,000 that of Russia.
However, North Korea needs the food aid that the United States had cancelled.
Conditions at hand
North Korea would not give up its nuclear advantage over South Korea; North Korea needs food aid; American subsidiaries in South Korea fear unification between South Korea and North Korea; Russia and China might be reluctant to pressure North Korea to give up its nuclear weapons advantage.
American subsidiaries in South Korea constitute the barrier in the Korea problem. American subsidiaries have gathered support from the United States government and the United Nations.
American subsidiaries want the elimination of nuclear threat posed by North Korea. In case of rapprochement between South and North Korea there is a possibility of their unification. In a general election, delegates from the South would win most of the seats, assuming a presidential or parliamentary system, because the South is more populous. However, nuclear weapons are instruments of intimidation.
So the first line of self-protection for subsidiaries is prevention of the unification between the South and North Korea. When the South and the North are united there is a possibility of nationalization of American subsidiaries, at worst, and a meddling on their management, at best. Meddling in management can comprise increase in labor wages and non-repatriation of profits. Labor in the third world (so-called) is paid only 10% of that paid for labor in developed countries. Repatriation of profits (sending profits gained in South Korea to the U.S.) constitute a big drain in the resources and wealth of South Korea.
Presently, a subsidiary in South Korea is controlling 45% of the world market for flash memory being used in the new models of mobile phones and laptops. A big company in Japan manufacturing random access memory has filed for bankruptcy because of the competition from South Korea and failed analysis of market trends.
Samsung is the largest manufacturer of television in the world.
This website uses cookies
Show Details
LoginThis is necessary to sign in to the HubPages Service.
AkismetThis is used to detect comment spam. (Privacy Policy)
Google AdSenseThis is an ad network. (Privacy Policy)
Index ExchangeThis is an ad network. (Privacy Policy)
SovrnThis is an ad network. (Privacy Policy)
Facebook AdsThis is an ad network. (Privacy Policy)
AppNexusThis is an ad network. (Privacy Policy)
OpenxThis is an ad network. (Privacy Policy)
Rubicon ProjectThis is an ad network. (Privacy Policy)
TripleLiftThis is an ad network. (Privacy Policy)
|
Global Systems Accounting Beyond Economics
Submitted by Arthur Dahl on 24. November 2021 - 19:10
Dahl, Arthur Lyon
Global Systems Accounting Beyond Economics
Arthur Lyon Dahl
Version 3, 24 November 2021
Key proposals
• A new system of global accounts relevant to human and natural well-being should be developed using relevant science-based non-financial currencies.
• Eight initial indicator forms of capital and associated currencies are identified to respect both planetary environmental boundaries and minimum social and economic standards.
• These accounts could become the basis for global taxes on damaging activities and payments for social contributions and environmental regeneration in the common interest, with the financial system serving primarily to interlink the capital accounts in an integrated dynamic global system aiming for human and natural well-being and sustainable development.
• Development of these accounting systems will provide the basis for the gradual replacement of the present financial system using only monetary measures such as GDP.
Despite significant efforts over the last 50 years to create forces of integration in a world that has become a single economic system while remaining socially and politically fragmented, the forces of disintegration are continuing to win out, increasing wealth has not benefited half the world population, and our environmental decline continues. We need to identify the root causes of our problems and the transformation that is needed to succeed in the urgent transition required to address the global environmental crises of climate change, biodiversity loss and pollution, the human crises of poverty, hunger, education, unemployment and inequality and all the related social crises representing existential threats to our future. We are trapped in an economic paradigm that calculates everything in terms of monetary profit and loss, capital and interest, return on investment and the theoretical efficiency of the market. The ultimate indicator in this system is GDP and its endless growth as the solution to all our problems. Yet these factors and measures have no inherent relationship to human or planetary well-being. The solution would be to develop an alternative set of accounts more organically related to the functioning of the biosphere, the desirable direction of human society, and the rights of everyone to a life of dignity and fulfilment.
This paper is a thought piece to stimulate reflection and discussion. It takes a systems perspective but makes no claim to originality. There has been no academic search for prior knowledge. Its aim is simply to encourage creative thinking on better ways forward.
Accounting is a rational way to determine the state and trends in a system or process, while generating indicators useful for management. There is no reason why it should be applied only in terms of monetary currencies. These proposals suggest ways to apply this tool to measuring and motivating human and natural well-being, the real aim and purpose of development.
Principles of accounting and indicators
In designing new forms of accounts, we can apply the conceptual tools of economic accounting. Since indicators are important in telling us where we are and suggesting where we want to go, we can start with basic accounting principles and relevant indicators. Capital is a measure of the standing stock of a resource, that can either be static, like a mineral in the ground or a gold bar, or dynamic like a forest or investment in a factory, able to maintain itself, grow and provide beneficial services. Interest is extracting wealth from capital, either diminishing static capital (unsustainable) or harvesting part of the increase in wealth (sustainable). Debt is when we borrow capital with a promise to reimburse it at some future time, generally with interest. The assumption is that the direct investment of the capital, or some other source of income, will allow reimbursement. We usually think of all this in terms of financial wealth, but capital and its services or benefits can be of many kinds, contributing to the functioning and well-being of the biosphere and human society. Considering wealth or benefit only in narrow financial terms is a materialistic approach and the cause of many of our problems.
A critique of the present system
The fundamental fault of relying on accounting in the present financial system is that it favours profit or interest in monetary units (dollars, etc.) over all other benefits. The stock market links capital value to return on investment as dividends or interest, regardless of the purpose of the company. Profit is the basic aim of the banking system and corporations, and is seen as an end in itself. Money is borrowed through loans with interest determined by risk, and invested in what are expected to be productive activities generating further wealth. There is no inherent link to any other measures of well-being or of services provided. With risks increasing and interest rates down, central banks have pumped great quantities of money into the system to prevent its collapse, inflating government debt while the stock market hits record highs. Since wealth generates wealth in this system, the rich get ever richer and nothing filters down to the middle classes, not to mention the poor. A giant debt bubble has built up between government debt, corporate debt and consumer debt, with no imaginable possibility of reimbursement, only postponement of a reckoning to some indefinite future as debts are rolled over with further borrowing.
Development aid, in terms of capital transfer to poor countries, is largely as loans, but this seldom goes into activities generating adequate financial returns in weak and perhaps corrupt economies, and increased risk means higher interest, which accumulates in a vicious circle of debt. Apart from the exploitation of a neocolonial economic system that removes more wealth than it creates, developing country governments must spend much of their available income on debt servicing, and are unable to invest in infrastructure or to meet basic human needs like health care and education. This even impacts development at the local level. Money is often available, but projects aiming for a measurable economic return are lacking. Moreover, donor criteria requiring financial return on investment or reimbursement of loans for projects will also extract wealth from the local economy and ignore all the other non-cash benefits that may be more important to a local community.
Underlying values and principles
To design a new system, we need to start with the underlying values and principles that define our human purpose. These are presently identified by our global society as human rights and obligations. Achieving these is what human well-being is all about. In summary, the foundational principle of justice includes the right of everyone to human dignity, and to equitable treatment leaving no one behind, with special attention to women, children, the disabled and those otherwise marginalised. This expresses the fundamental truth that we are one human family and citizens of this planet in all our diversity, above any other more limited identity.
Following on from this, everyone has the right to the necessities of life such as food, water and shelter, and to the possibility to develop her or his capacity to contribute to human well-being and social advancement. These should not be conditioned by any artificial limitation such as nationality, ethnicity, religion or place of birth.
As the now-dominant species in our biosphere, we have the responsibility for the care and management of the natural world upon which we ultimately depend for our survival. This requires learning to live within planetary boundaries, moderating our material civilization, restoring past damage, and enhancing the regenerative capacities of nature that ultimately provide all the resources necessary for life and civilisation. This is what is meant by sustainability and is defined in the Sustainable Development Goals.
The human species is distinguished by its intellectual capacity for science, art, culture and spirituality, the intangible dimensions of life and civilisation beyond our material existence. This dimension values the realities of our physical world revealed by science, together with respect for truth as the foundation for trust and trustworthiness. Enriching, preserving and transmitting this heritage of learning and knowledge must be another central process as we imagine our way forward.
For the environment, three major environmental accounting systems for climate change, biodiversity loss and pollution would already provide major drivers both to internalize environmental costs and to fund environmental restoration and regeneration. A set of social and economic accounts for basic income (poverty), food, health, work, and knowledge/education would capture some significant dimension of human well-being. Other accounts could be developed in the future as needed.
Environmental accounting
Carbon accounts
Looking at the climate change crisis, the present focus is to put a price on carbon to create a motivation to economise on its release. This is subject to the same flaw as the financial system, thinking in terms of money. What is needed is a whole accounting system with carbon as the currency. The planet became suitable for animal life when plants removed enough carbon from the atmosphere and stored it in the ground to bring down the planetary temperature to be suitable for life. The global carbon budget has since been in balance until recently, with animals releasing CO2 and plants absorbing it.
Extraction of fossil fuels has upset this balance, raising the carbon concentration in the atmosphere to dangerous levels. A proper carbon accounting system would consider the biomass of the planet and stored organic carbon as the carbon capital stock. Plant-dominated ecosystems maintain that capital and provide ecosystem services as well. Excess carbon in the atmosphere is carbon debt, and all releases of carbon dioxide and methane increase that carbon debt. We are living beyond our means in terms of carbon accounting. In this framework, countries with biological resources have the most carbon storage capital and should be valued accordingly, with incentives for environmental regeneration to increase stored carbon stock. All activities that destroy biological resources or release fossil carbon are increasing carbon debt and should be penalized accordingly.
The carbon accounts can be linked to the financial system, since the sale of fossil energy generates monetary wealth that can be taxed, and those taxes could be used to reward carbon removal. Since excess carbon in the atmosphere continues to cause harm, there should be a carbon tax not only on new releases of fossil carbon, but also an annual tax on historic emissions until the carbon is removed, like paying interest on a debt. Where a specific responsible entity (state or corporation) can no longer be identified, this would become a public responsibility of the fossil energy consuming countries. Conversely there should be corresponding payments for carbon capture and sequestration, whether by natural systems, environmental regeneration or technology. Note how differently this would rate industrialized and developing countries, with corresponding incentives.
Science should be able to estimate the amount of carbon in the atmosphere and the flows corresponding to inputs and withdrawals. It would not be necessary to measure the total geological carbon stock. The total carbon accounting system would provide the basis for quantifying national responsibilities and the corresponding payments by or to those directly responsible, especially in the private sector and civil society, generating positive and negative incentives to achieve a stable carbon balance. Countries with high per capita fossil energy use would pay the most, supporting mitigation and adaptation in poor countries.
Biodiversity accounts
Similarly, one could imagine a biodiversity budget and accounting system, with natural ecosystems and their component species the capital, and every reduction in biodiversity increasing debt. Species extinctions would be bankruptcies and should be penalized accordingly. The accounts could be based on biological inventories and measures of ecosystem services such as oxygen production, carbon sequestration, the balance or imbalance in ecological systems, remotely-sensed imagery of natural and cultivated systems and their dynamics, etc. This would provide an objective scientific basis for the biodiversity capital stock and accounting changes. Where the lost of biodiversity, such as deforestation, generates financial income, this should be taxed, with the revenues directed to biodiversity conservation and restoration.
Pollution accounts
A pollution budget system would consider a clean environment as capital to be maintained. All releases of pollution would increase debt. The environment has some capacity to clean itself of some pollutants, as a kind of wealth generation, but persistent pollutants are becoming an enormous debt burden on the future that is not presently accounted for. The quantification of pollution debts would permit the implementation of the polluter pays principle, with the damage to health and the environment from pollution no longer an externality to be ignored.
Initially, accounts would be developed for some of the main pollutants already well known and identified in international conventions, such as Persistent Organic Pollutants, mercury and plastics, as well as nitrogen and phosphorus for which planetary boundaries have been exceeded. Taxes on releases could go to finance cleanup measures, while creating a negative incentive for further production. For example, there could be a tax on nitrogen fertiliser production, and perhaps its use in industrial-scale agriculture, to reflect its environmental costs.
Social and economic accounting
For social sustainability, a similar set of accounts could be created for major dimensions of human well-being, again using as “currencies” direct measures of well-being and social values.
Minimum living standard (wealth) accounts
Addressing poverty has been the top priority since the Brundtland Commission popularised sustainable development in 1987, and is the top Sustainable Development Goal, yet extreme poverty is increasing again with the pandemic, and half the world population struggles to make ends meet. The social capital here could be defined as every human being having a guaranteed minimum income to make up any shortfall in earnings from employment or subsistence. There is adequate wealth in the world, so this is a matter of a universal social safety net without any conditions such as nationality, handicap or migration status.
Statistics on poverty are reasonably well developed to measure the debt side of the accounts. More work is needed to create adequate measures of individual wealth, especially since much escapes from national control. Graduated income and wealth taxes could transfer a share of that wealth adequate to meet the needs of the poor.
Food accounts
Food security is a growing problem, linked to poverty, crop failures and rising food prices. Food should therefore be considered another form of capital necessary for human well-being, with accounting of food production, distribution and waste, paying attention to meeting the nutritional needs of all. With the population still increasing, soil degradation and water shortages rising, extensive overfishing, and the limits of planetary food production closer, a comprehensive global assessment of food production is necessary. This needs to include measures of efficiency, with high inefficiency in meat production, as well as contributions to and impacts of climate change. With a goal of universally-adequate human nutrition, the set of food accounts could be the basis for controls or taxes on unsustainable production methods and commercial foods of low nutritional value, and support to maintain and regenerate food production capacities guaranteeing a decent income to both subsistence and commercial farming and fishing.
Health accounts
Health is another essential requirement for well-being. A health budget would treat human health and productivity as capital, and all activities that damage health would increase debt. This is only presently measured as increasing financial costs of the health care system, not as a loss of human well-being. Tobacco use and narcotic drugs presently generate financial profits, because the human health impact is not integrated into the accounting system with rewards and punishments. Pollution also impacts the health budget, as do all the impacts of climate change on health, so there are interlinkages possible between accounts from an overall systems perspective.
The existing framework of health statistics can provide the basis for this accounting, although more work may be needed to collect statistics on good health and life expectancy as the desirable outcome, to balance all the data on disease and morbidity. A multicultural perspective would consider all the contributing factors to good health, beyond the curative approach of Western medicine.
Work/employment accounts
We start from the principal that every human being has some capacity to contribute productively to society, and should both receive the education necessary to develop that capacity and the opportunity to use that capacity with some form of meaningful employment. Work is not just to earn money, but has a social function for human dignity, to be of service to others, and even to develop what might be called higher spiritual or moral qualities. Obviously this definition of work goes far beyond present definitions of wage employment to include social services like housekeeping, raising children, care for the elderly, subsistence food production, and many environmental and cultural services. The goal in this accounting system would be to maximise every person’s productive potential throughout their life as the ideal capital stock.
The employment accounting system would value all these contributions, and apply to all genders, ages, capacities and situations as full employment. Unemployment is a form of debt, reducing this capital and the society’s capacity to generate further wealth, as does marginalizing part of the population because of gender, ethnicity, handicap or other biases. Indicators and positive and negative incentives would be the drivers for a more inclusive and productive society.
Knowledge and education accounts
Beyond the purely material and social dimensions of well-being, humanity has through its intellectual capacity developed a vast storehouse of knowledge, science, art and culture that are intangible yet essential parts of human reality. Unlike material wealth, these distinctly human dimensions increase in value the more they are shared. Knowledge in a book serves no purpose until it is read. The beauty of art must be seen, and music heard. Scientific knowledge must be accessed and used to solve problems and create new knowledge.
Our present materialistic society has tried to turn knowledge, science and art into intellectual property, sold to those who can afford it, which is to deny its true social value and to exclude those who cannot pay for it. This creates a kind of knowledge debt relative to the broader benefits of open access.
Another unique feature of this form of capital or wealth is that it must be transmitted, primarily through education. Every person is mortal, and their acquired knowledge is ultimately lost. Each new generation starts over to receive relevant knowledge through formal or informal education.
The accounting system in this area would both measure the standing stock and preservation of various forms of knowledge and culture, but more importantly the dynamics of access to knowledge including through new technologies, creation and storage of new knowledge, and its effective transmission from generation to generation. These processes operate at multiple levels from the global and national to local communities and within families. This is an enabling condition for empowering people and creating many forms of human well-being. More needs to be done to define this accounting system because of the intangible nature of the subject, but an increasing number of educational statistics, knowledge inventories and uses of big data may suggest ways forward.
New global definition of wealth
Together, all these forms of capital would become the basis for a new global definition of wealth expressed in a set of complementary currencies, no longer subject to manipulation in the national interest of states, and founded on scientific standards of human and natural well-being. The relative weighting of the forms of capital could be adjusted to the priorities of the moment. Carbon accounts would clearly weigh more in our present climate emergency. A pandemic would raise the weighting and priority of the health accounts. These decisions would be the responsibility of institutions of global governance, in the same way that national central banks take decisions to ensure national economic well-being under the oversight of national governments. The proposals here could easily evolve from what we have already built and available capacities (see transitions below).
In this new framework, money would return to being a currency of exchange between parts of the system, a means and not an end in itself. Logically this would mean a single global currency to eliminate all the defence of national interests and speculation. People still need to earn wages, profits are a legitimate measure of efficiency in providing a service, capital investment should generate a moderate level of interest, and the financial system should be sized accordingly. As shown above, the capital defined in the different accounting systems often generates wealth that is converted to monetary units. What is needed is a better balance of inputs and outputs, revenues generated and contributions received.
The main thrust of these proposals is to replace the complete reliance on the present economic system and its exclusively financial accounting exemplified by GDP, by constructing and proposing a better system in its place.
Fundamental systems transformation to a new paradigm is never an easy process. Change is difficult, and there will always be winners and losers. Our present materialistic system dominated by a financial economy reflects self-centred values of national or personal interest, greed and competition, while these proposals aim towards a more human-centred, just and sustainable future. This is the challenge even the best-intentioned leaders face today. Climate science says that we must turn the corner within a decade. But what do we do with those millions of people whose jobs and lives depend on the fossil fuel industry, the consumer society, the military-industrial complex, and all the other parts of the economy that depend on unsustainable activities or are not contributing to human betterment? The system is extremely powerful and fights to maintain itself. The transition will inevitably be catastrophic one way or another.
However, it is not that we are at a standing start. The world has already gone a long way towards defining the necessary components of global common interest, for which accounting systems are needed, in the structures already created for elements of global governance in the United Nations system and other international agreements. The UNFCCC and IPCC could evolve into a global central bank for carbon accounts. The CBD and other conservation conventions, with their scientific advisory bodies, would be responsible for biodiversity accounting. UNEP and related conventions would become a global environment agency to manage the pollution accounts and other aspects of global biosphere accounting that would link to carbon and biodiversity accounts for management of the overall health of the planet’s natural systems and life support services. The FAO would be responsible for food accounting to ensure that the planet produced adequate food for everyone through sustainable methods and that it was properly distributed to ensure that no one went hungry. The WHO would be charged with ensuring the health capital of all humanity, and that global risks like the pandemic threatening that capital were addressed in the common interest. The ILO would have oversight of the human capacity to generate wealth and well-being through work and employment globally, ensuring that systems were in place everywhere to give every person some useful skill and the means to use it to earn her or his living through some meaningful service. The development organizations like UNDP and the World Bank could be reoriented to redress the present imbalance in global wealth and to devise mechanisms to guarantee a universal minimum income and eliminate poverty. UNESCO and related institutions would manage the accounting of the global capital of science, culture and knowledge to ensure its increase, preservation and transmission through education.
This list is not exhaustive, and there are certainly other dimensions of social and environmental health and well-being that should be included in the accounting system of an ever-advancing civilization. Obviously such institutions would not manage everything, applying principles of national autonomy and subsidiarity to encompass the wonderful diversity and creativity of human institutions at multiple levels from global to local. They would be responsible for accounting for the global common interest in their area of concern, and of signalling and motivating the maintenance and increase in global capital and wealth, and thus human well-being.
Author Profile
Dr. Arthur Lyon Dahl ( is an environmental scientist, President of the International Environment Forum, on the Advisory Board of the Global Governance Forum, and a retired Deputy Assistant Executive Director of UNEP, with 50 years' experience in international organisations. He participated in the 1972 Stockholm Conference on the Human Environment, organised the Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environment Programme (SPREP), served in the secretariat for the 1992 UN Conference on Environment and Development (Rio Earth Summit), coordinated the UN System-wide Earthwatch, and lead the development of indicators of sustainable development. His recent work concerns proposals for UN reform, co-authoring the 2020 book "Global Governance and the Emergence of Global Institutions for the 21st Century" (Cambridge University Press) and recently “Towards a Global Environment Agency: Effective Governance for Shared Ecological Risks” for the Climate Governance Commission:…
Last updated 24 November 2021
|
Project Summary
Microtubules, which are polymers of a protein called tubulin, are a key component of the cellular cytoskeleton. In vitro, microtubules readily polymerize from tubulin subunits to lengths of 5-20 microns, and are easily functionalized and imaged. These properties make microtubules ideal tools for engineering self-assembling nano-scale systems.
The ability to form self-assembling physical networks on the micro-scale has potential applications in signal transduction. Functionalizing microtubules with metallic particles can potentially create pathways capable of conducting electromagnetic signals.
We use microtubules to form a self-assembling microscale network, using microspheres as nodes, and microtubules as linkers. To achieve this, streptavidin-coated beads were mixed with biotinylated microtubules in a flow cell. The microtubules linked beads up to 30 microns apart (4 times the bead’s radius) and gave rise to networks. A conductive bead-microtubule network provides unique advantages over a static, prefabricated model since the microtubule-bead system can dynamically reorganize in response to stimuli.
|
X.1: Capitalism, Socialism, and Communism
Share this page
Capitalism, Socialism, and Communism
What are the Merriam-Webster definitions of capitalism, socialism, and communism?
Capitalism: an economic system characterized by private or corporate ownership of capital goods … [and] by prices, production, and the distribution of goods that are determined mainly by competition in a free market.
Communism: a final stage of society in Marxist theory in which the state has withered away and economic goods are distributed equitably. (Merriam-Webster)
Many confuse capitalism with greed. But Max Weber, a founder of modern sociology, clarified the distinction. That is, he said capitalism is the re-investment of profit for growth of a business, while greed is the accumulation of profit for personal spending. He said greed is common among capitalists, but it is just as common among all people. It is even common among beggars and socialists. (Weber [1930] 2005, xxxi)
A greedy capitalist can spend his profit on personal consumption when he needs to re-invest that profit in his business. In such a case, that business will probably fail.
There are two kinds of successful capitalists: entrepreneurs and manipulators.
Industry creates new wealth. And entrepreneurs succeed financially by being more industrious and creating more wealth than other people. So they increase the total wealth of society. Moreover, we all get richer by letting them get even richer than ourselves. It is extremely ignorant to hate entrepreneurs, thinking there’s only a fixed amount of wealth to be distributed. That is, we do not get poorer just because they get richer.
On the other hand, manipulators only increase their own wealth while decreasing others’ wealth. For example, they succeed financially by extracting favors from politicians, cheating their customers, vendors, and employees, and underhandedly destroying their competitors.
No nation has ever met the Merriam-Webster definition of communism by distributing goods equitably.
Some nations call themselves “communist”, but they have always distributed the best goods to the communist party leaders. These leaders succeed financially at their society’s expense, so they are pure manipulators.
So-called communist countries have actually been socialist, by Merriam-Webster’s definition. And the central planning economics of socialism, that is, state control of the means of production, has failed miserably in every nation that has tried it. That is, it has failed for the people, but not for the higher ranks of party insiders.
In recent decades, China has increased its society’s wealth by adopting some policies that resemble capitalism. In practice, that means some party insiders (mostly military leaders) have been allowed to run state-owned businesses. They have even been allowed to use profit-based and competition-based methods.
Welfare states do not meet the definition of socialism – they do not control the means of production.
Welfare states are those which re-distribute some of the wealth or income of some richer people to some poorer people. Many European welfare states did very well financially for a few decades. But after that, debt began forcing them into extreme austerity measures. In addition, America’s welfare system (which includes corporate welfare) is headed down the same debt-burdened road.
The inherent vice of capitalism is the unequal sharing of the blessings. The inherent blessing of socialism is the equal sharing of misery. (Churchill 1945) – Winston Churchill
Socialist governments traditionally do make a financial mess. They always run out of other people’s money. (Thatcher 1976) – Margaret Thatcher
Why is there so much confusion and misinformation regarding the definitions of capitalism, socialism, and communism?
This site is for discussing how to improve our political system. It is NOT for discussing party politics or political figures. So if you have a non-partisan question or comment, feel free to leave it below.
Next post
Churchill, Winston. 1945. BrainyQuote. Winston Churchill Quotes. http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/quotes/w/winstonchu101776.html (Accessed July 4, 2017).
Merriam-Webster. http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary (Accessed January 8, 2016).
Thatcher, Margaret. 1976. “TV interview for Thames TV This Week on Feb. 5, 1976”. Wikiquote. https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher (Accessed January 8, 2016).
Weber, Max. [1930] 2005. The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism. Trans. Talcott Parsons. London and New York: Routledge. Taylor & Francis e-Library edition. http://www.tandf.co.uk/libsite/productInfo/eBooks (Accessed July 4, 2017).
Leave a Comment
|
Technology Provided by the Iron Age
Iron was favored over bronze throughout history because it could be formed into thin and detailed structures which could not be achieved when casting bronze. This is important because it meant that iron blades could be worked and therefore sharpened to a much more refined degree than bronze which was brittle. Iron is also more readily found, a metal which could be found locally around the world and did not depend upon an immense, trading network. By 400 B.C., iron tools and iron objects became ubiquitous throughout various civilizations with the effects of this new technology felt upon the cutting edge of agricultural technology. Iron is more practical than bronze as bronze needs to be melted down and recast if broken in opposition to iron which could be taken to a fire, hit with a hard object, and repaired to the point at which it becomes functional once again. These aspects helped iron to gain favor worldwide as the metal of choice for building and advancing society. As the Iron Age progressed, knowledge about where iron deposits are found became better understood with more and more iron becoming available upon the open market. This is important because the more readily available a particular type of artifact is, the younger the item typically presents as. As time progressed, iron became akin to plastic of the modern day, being cost effective and readily available to manufacture virtually anywhere. Iron tipped wooden plows allowed for more difficult soils to be farmed, which meant that more land could be cultivated making iron truly an agricultural and commercial revolution in the ancient world. Despite lasting for a period of 1000 years, the Bronze Age was quickly replaced with the more effective and efficient Iron Age. The issue of total replacement is complicated as bronze was not only used for tool making, it also helped to create an elite class and was used for spiritual and ceremonial objects as well as visual displays of prestige and wealth. Iron tools several hundred years later, failed to achieve the same intrinsic value within society that bronze once had as it was less rare and precious and therefore less valuable. Iron tools however were highly practical unlike their bronze counterparts, a feature which plagued agriculture and society as a whole
The Rationale Behind the President’s Chosen to be Depicted at Mount Rushmore
Mount Rushmore used a combination of dynamiting and jackhammering. It was the largest sculpture of its time. From left to right, George Washington was chosen as the father of the U.S., Thomas Jefferson as the father of U.S. law, Abraham Lincoln as the father of equality for all U.S. citizens, and Theodore Roosevelt who made the U.S. a world power
The Traditional Sherpa’s of Mount Everest
The Tallest Mountain On Earth
The Oldest Artwork in Human History
Near the Ardeche River (pronounced “arr-desh”) in southern France, less than 0.5 kilometers away, 3 explorers set out a few days before Christmas in 1994. While seeking drafts of air emanating from the ground which would point to the presence of caves, these explorers found a subtle airflow which was blockaded by rocks. The explorers found a narrow shaft which was cut into the cliffside, so narrow in fact that their bodies could just barely squeeze through it. Deep inside the cave the explorers stumbled upon the oldest known cave paintings in human history, twice as old as any other artistic depiction made by human hands. The cave itself had been perfectly sealed for tens of thousands of years which is why this 32,000 year old artwork was found in pristine condition. In honor of the lead discover Jean-Marie Chauvet (pronounced “zhan mah-ree sho-vee”), the cave was named “Chauvet Cave”. The French Ministry of Culture controls all access to the cave, an intervention which was rapidly implemented as this discovery was immediately understood as an enormous scientific find, perhaps one of the greatest anthropological and artistic discoveries ever made. Scientists and art historians are typically the only members of the public permitted access to Chauvet Cave, with archeologists, paleontologists, and geologists being the most common interdisciplinary teams provided entry
The Discovery of the Sunken S.S. Titanic
European Neolithic Mining Practices
The Advent of the Worlds First Parliament in Iceland
The Annual Hindu Rain Festival of Ambubachi Mela
For 3 days each June, typically always starting upon June 22 and ending upon June 26, but fluctuating due to various influences, the Hindu festival of Ambubachi Mela is observed. Sadhu’s, that is, holy men of the Hindu faith, and pilgrims from all over India gather at the Kamakhya Temple (pronounced “kah-mah-kee-yah”) in Guwahati, India, a site located upon a hill near the Brahmaputra River, to pray for rain. It is believed by Hindus that the presiding goddess of the temple, Devi Kamakhya, who is the Mother Shakti, goes through her annual cycle of menstruation during this festival. The Kamakhya Temple becomes closed for 3 days during the mela as it is believed by Hindus that the Earth, commonly associated as Mother Earth, becomes unclean for 3 days and therefore should be secluded in the same format that some traditionally practicing Hindu women seclude themselves during their own menstrual cycles. During these 3 days, some restrictions are observed by the Hindu devotees (e.g. cessation of cooking, cessation of performing worship which is referred to as “puja”, cessation of reading holy books, cessation of farming etc.). After 3 days, Devi Kamakhya is bathed by cleaning the statue which represents her with red pigment flowing from her vaginal canal, alongside other rituals which are carried out to ensure that the devi retrieves purity. The doors of the Kamakhya Temple are reopened on the 4th day and devotees are permitted to enter Kamakhya Temple to worship Devi Kamakhya. The devotion of these pilgrims is believed to bring rain and fertility back to the Earth
|
Best Answer
3/10 + 8/15 = 9/30 + 16/30 = 25/30 = 5/6
User Avatar
Wiki User
2012-09-20 04:22:48
This answer is:
User Avatar
Study guides
20 cards
A polynomial of degree zero is a constant term
See all cards
J's study guide
2 cards
What is the name of Steve on minecraft's name
What is love
See all cards
Steel Tip Darts Out Chart
96 cards
See all cards
Add your answer:
Earn +20 pts
Q: What is three tenths plus eight fifteenths?
Write your answer...
Related questions
What is three tenths plus four fifths?
four fifths is equal to eight tents, so three tenths plus eight tenths is eleven tenths, or one and one tenth
What is one half plus three tenths?
.8 or eight tenths
What is one fifteenths plus two fifteenths?
three fifteenths
What is three fifths plus three tenths?
What is 1 fifteenths plus 9 tenths?
¹/₁⁵ ⁺ ⁹/₁₀ =²/₃₀ ⁺ ²⁷/₃₀ = ²⁹/₃₀
When adding fractions with the same denominator why do you only add numerators?
Three books plus five books equals eight books. Three bananas plus five bananas equals eight bananas. Three houses plus five houses equals eight houses. Three tenths plus five tenths equals eight tenths.
What is 9 tenths plus 2 fifteenths?
It is 1 1/30.
What is the fraction of two and three tenths plus one half?
Two and eight tenths.
What is three fifths plus eight tenths?
11 15
One third plus one fifth?
8/15, 8 fifteenths
What does three and one half plus four and three tenths equal?
seven and eight tenths. you have to change one half to five tenths and then add the whole numbers and then the fraction
What is 0.2318 expanded in word from?
Two tenths plus three hundredths plus one thousandth plus eight ten thousandths
How much is sixteen and forty-eight hundredths plus three and two tenths?
What is the sum of eight and nine tenths and nine and eight tenths?
The sum of (eight and nine tenths) plus (nine and eight tenths) is (eighteen and seven tenths). 8.9 + 9.8 = 18.7
What is the fraction five eights plus three fifteenths?
three fourths
What is one half plus three tenths simplified?
One half is five tenths. Add three tenths, gives eight tenths. Simplify that by dividing the two values by their highest common factor, which is 2. That gives you four fifths.
What is one over eight tenths plus eight tenths?
2.05 or 41/20.
What is three-fives plus one-third?
fourteen fifteenths
What is six and four ninthths plus two and two sixths?
the answer is eight and six fifteenths
What is three tenths plus 6 tenths?
9 tenths
Two-tenths plus what equals 1?
.8 or eight-tenths
What is eight sixths plus three tenths?
8/6+3/10 = 49/30 or 1 and 19/30
How do you show your work for two fifths plus three tenths?
Multiply two fifths by two to get a common denominator. Then you will have 4 tenths plus three tenths. then add straight across and you will get seven tenths.
What is the answer to five and five twelves plus six and three tenths?
76 and three tenths.
What is thirty two seventy fifths plus thirty two fiftieths?
Sixty-seven and eight fifteenths
|
Skip to main content
Quantitative sequencing clarifies the role of disruptor taxa, oral microbiota, and strict anaerobes in the human small-intestine microbiome
Upper gastrointestinal (GI) disorders and abdominal pain afflict between 12 and 30% of the worldwide population and research suggests these conditions are linked to the gut microbiome. Although large-intestine microbiota have been linked to several GI diseases, the microbiota of the human small intestine and its relation to human disease has been understudied. The small intestine is the major site for immune surveillance in the gut, and compared with the large intestine, it has greater than 100 times the surface area and a thinner and more permeable mucus layer.
Using quantitative sequencing, we evaluated total and taxon-specific absolute microbial loads from 250 duodenal-aspirate samples and 21 paired duodenum-saliva samples from participants in the REIMAGINE study. Log-transformed total microbial loads spanned 5 logs and were normally distributed. Paired saliva-duodenum samples suggested potential transmission of oral microbes to the duodenum, including organisms from the HACEK group. Several taxa, including Klebsiella, Escherichia, Enterococcus, and Clostridium, seemed to displace strict anaerobes common in the duodenum, so we refer to these taxa as disruptors. Disruptor taxa were enriched in samples with high total microbial loads and in individuals with small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO). Absolute loads of disruptors were associated with more severe GI symptoms, highlighting the value of absolute taxon quantification when studying small-intestine health and function.
This study provides the largest dataset of the absolute abundance of microbiota from the human duodenum to date. The results reveal a clear relationship between the oral microbiota and the duodenal microbiota and suggest an association between the absolute abundance of disruptor taxa, SIBO, and the prevalence of severe GI symptoms.
Video Abstract
Hundreds of studies have linked the human microbiome to specific diseases. In metabolic diseases or gastrointestinal (GI) disorders (e.g., irritable bowel syndrome [IBS], Crohn’s disease, malabsorption) that can cause GI symptoms, such as pain, bloating, and diarrhea, the small intestine instead of the colon may be the primary site of microbial interactions related to disease. Studies have focused on stool primarily for its ease of access and the fact that it has the highest density of microbes out of any human sample type [1]. The stool microbiome has been shown to be a good proxy for the large-intestine microbiome, but is known to differ substantially from the small-intestine microbiome [2, 3]. Compared with the large intestine, the small intestine has several physiological differences that indicate its potential relevance for microbial interactions. The surface area of the small intestine is greater than 100 times that of the large intestine, underlining its role in nutrient absorption. Additionally, the mucus layer of the small intestine is much thinner and more diffuse [4], potentially allowing closer interactions between microbes and the host. Finally, the small intestine is the main site for intestinal immune surveillance by lamina propria dendritic cells [5] and Peyer’s patches [6], contributing to the body’s response to both commensal and pathogenic microbes.
Although mouse studies have been an insightful proxy for understanding the large-intestine microbiome of humans, the coprophagic behavior of mice [7] and many other animal models results in a substantially different small-intestine microbiome compared with humans [8]. For example, the total microbial load of the human small intestine is generally thought to be low, around 102–106 CFU/mL [1], whereas microbial loads in laboratory mice are nearly 109 CFU/mL [8, 9]. In humans, culturable levels above 103–105 CFU/mL from duodenal aspirates are used as the clinical determination of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) [10]. SIBO has been shown to correlate with IBS and GI symptoms such as bloating, constipation, and diarrhea [11, 12]. Physiologically, SIBO has also been linked to slow intestinal transit [13], higher body mass index (BMI) [14], and reduced stomach-acid levels [15]. Standard-of-care treatments for SIBO often include antibiotics and diets designed to reduce the amount of rapidly fermentable products in the small intestine [16]. However, reoccurrence of symptoms after antibiotics is common and adherence to strict diets is often difficult for patients [17]. Only recently has a connection between the relative abundance of specific microbial taxa, generally from the Enterobacteriaceae family, and SIBO begun to be uncovered [18].
The difficult nature of sampling most of the gastrointestinal tract has resulted in a limited number of studies analyzing the microbial composition of the human small intestine. Several studies have relied on sampling from ileostomy bags [19, 20], but such sampling will not be fully representative of the small-intestine microbiome [21]. More recent studies sample directly from the intact small intestine through an endoscopic procedure and have begun to unravel unique relationships between small-intestine microbes and disease [18, 22,23,24,25]. An added challenge when quantifying individual microbial taxa from samples of low total microbial biomass is that it can be difficult to distinguish true small-intestine microbes from contamination (e.g., from the oral cavity while sampling or from reagents during sample processing). Additionally, the wide range of total microbial loads in the small intestine across individuals highlights the value of using absolute rather than relative microbial loads when investigating potential associations between small-intestine microbes and physiological factors [9, 26, 27].
In this study, we selected a cohort of 250 individuals from the REIMAGINE study [3] to assess the absolute microbial loads in the human duodenum and their potential relationship with factors related to health and disease. We also surveyed the oral microbiome in a subset of 21 individuals from this cohort to understand the relationship between microbial taxa at these two body sites. We utilized our recently developed digital PCR anchored 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing method to provide absolute taxon abundances and filter out contaminants in samples with low microbial abundance [9]. We also used our optimized sample-collection procedure with a custom double lumen sterile closed catheter system and optimized processing steps to minimize oral, gastric and dead microbial contamination [28]. We hypothesized that by capturing the absolute microbial abundances of the human duodenal and oral microbiome we would be able to better understand the makeup of the human duodenal microbiome, improve the understanding of the underlying community structure of SIBO, and determine how microbial load and composition correlate with upper GI symptoms.
We studied the microbiome of the duodenum and its potential relationship with health and disease in a cohort of 250 patients enrolled in the REIMAGINE study at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center. All patients undergoing esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) without colonoscopy preparation as standard of care were eligible to enroll, resulting in patients with a wide range of GI conditions. We grouped the reason for endoscopy into 11 broad categories (Table S1). The most common (45% of the patient population) reasons for endoscopy were to rule out cancer/polyps and GERD/dyspepsia workup. No healthy controls are currently approved to be included in the study due to the risks associated with the EGD procedure. Summary statistics for patient demographic data and selected metadata categories from the enrollment questionnaire are included in Table S1.
Total microbial load of the duodenum across patients with GI symptoms is log-normally distributed
A digital PCR-based determination of total microbial load [9, 29] from 250 human duodenal aspirates revealed samples that spanned loads from our detection limit of ~ 5 × 103 rRNA gene copies/mL up to nearly 109 copies/mL. The overall distribution of total loads was log-normal with mean = 6.13 Log10 copies/mL and standard deviation = 1.12 Log10 copies/mL (Fig. 1A, B). A quantile-quantile (QQ) plot was constructed to compare the sample distribution to a log-normal distribution (Fig. 1B). Data from our samples aligning with the y = x line on a QQ-plot indicate a high similarity between the sample distribution and a theoretical log-normal distribution [32]. Neither age nor gender significantly correlated with total microbial load (Fig. S1). Total microbial load also did not correlate with patient reported intake of probiotics supplements or yogurts, smoking, or usage of proton pump inhibitors (Fig. S2, Table S2). Current antibiotic usage appeared to lower the average total microbial load, but antibiotic usage in the previous 6 months had no impact (Fig. S2, Table S2).
Fig. 1
Microbial load distribution across 250 human duodenal aspirate samples. A Histogram of the total microbial load in 250 duodenal aspirate samples overlaid with a kernel-density estimate. B Quantile-quantile plot comparing the sample distribution of the log10-transformed total microbial load in duodenal aspirate samples to a normal distribution. C Kernel-density estimate plots showing the absolute abundance distribution for the taxa with greater than 50% prevalence in duodenal aspirates. Prevalence (defined as a taxon’s frequency of occurrence in our dataset) and number of samples with each genus are labeled next to the distribution. A legend indicates strict anaerobes (red line through O2) and the location each genus is commonly found (saliva and/or stool) [30, 31]. Classification of taxa as common in stool or saliva was determined by prevalence of ≥ 50% (stool data are not included in this study) in the 16 participants for whom we had paired samples
Digital PCR anchored 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing [9] (hereafter quantitative sequencing) provided absolute taxon abundances in each sample and a statistical framework for differentiation between real and contaminant taxa (Methods). We first compared the culture counts from aerobic (MacConkey agar) and anaerobic (blood agar) plates to the total load of microbes expected to grow on these plates (Fig. S3). For aerobic plating, we observed a bimodal distribution of combined Escherichia-Shigella, Enterobacteriaceae, Enterococcus, and Aeromonas bacterial load from quantitative sequencing and culture and a high correlation between the two measurements (Spearman, 0.61, P < 0.001, N = 244). For anaerobic plating, we observed lower concordance (Spearman, 0.35, P < 0.001, N = 244) between quantitative sequencing and culture. This discrepancy could reflect the difficulty in culturing many intestinal microbes [33], especially anaerobes that are initially collected and processed in aerobic environments.
Next, we analyzed the log-transformed absolute-abundance distributions for the most prevalent genera in our dataset (Fig. 1C). We define prevalence as a taxon’s frequency of occurrence in our dataset. Streptococcus was present in all 250 samples and followed an approximately log-normal distribution with a mean load that was half an order of magnitude below that of the mean total microbial load and an equal standard deviation. Other genera showed wide-ranging distributions that deviated from normality. For example, Porphyromonas appears bimodal with two local maxima whereas Haemophilus exhibits a long tail towards higher microbial loads. The 23 most prevalent genera in this study are also commonly found in the oral microbiota [30]. A subset of these genera (Streptococcus, Veillonella, Prevotella 7, Haemophilus) are also commonly found in stool samples, indicating possible survival of these genera throughout the entire GI tract [31]. The majority of prevalent genera are either strict or facultative anaerobes, indicating that parts of the duodenal environment are likely anoxic in this patient population.
Direct transmission of microbes from saliva to duodenum
To investigate whether many of the taxa found in the duodenum originated from the oral cavity we analyzed a subset of 21 patients for whom we had paired saliva and duodenum samples that were collected during the same hospital visit. Digital PCR revealed that the total microbial load in saliva was roughly 2.5 orders of magnitude higher than the total load in the duodenum (Kruskal-Wallis, P < 0.001).
Further, the range in saliva total loads was 3 orders of magnitude smaller than the range in total loads of the duodenum samples (Fig. 2A). No significant correlation was observed between the total microbial loads in paired saliva and duodenum samples (Fig. 2B). In this study, all samples were collected with a custom double-sheathed catheter via endoscope (see “Methods” section) that moves beyond the outer sheath before aspirating duodenal fluid. This custom catheter should limit oral microbiota contamination of the duodenum during the procedure. Additionally, the optimized sample-processing protocol (see “Methods” section) should eliminate extracellular DNA from swallowed dead bacteria.
Fig. 2
Relationship between saliva and duodenal aspirate microbiomes. A Total microbial load of 21 paired duodenal aspirate and saliva samples. B No significant correlation between the total microbial load of 21 paired duodenal aspirate and saliva samples. C Percentage of taxa in duodenal aspirate samples also present in paired (same patient) vs the average of all non-paired saliva samples (Kruskal-Wallis, P < 0.001). D Volcano plot showing the ratio of relative abundances of species in duodenum vs saliva samples. The red dashed line indicates a significance threshold at q = 0.1 (Kruskal-Wallis with Benjamini-Hochberg correction). Undefined Streptococcus sp. classified as S. pneumoniae with 80% confidence and one base pair mismatch to common Streptococcus taxon found in all samples
To evaluate the direct transmission of microbes from saliva to duodenum, we compared the shared taxa between paired (same patient) and randomly paired samples from the same dataset. On average, 89% (± 6% S.D.) of the taxa in the duodenum were also found in the paired saliva sample, whereas only 66% (± 9% S.D.) were found in the average of all non-paired comparisons (Fig. 2C, Kruskal-Wallis, P < 0.001), suggesting direct transmission of oral taxa to the duodenum. We then looked for genera that were proportionally enriched in either saliva or duodenum samples. Campylobacter was present in 21/21 saliva samples but only 10/21 duodenum samples. The absence of Campylobacter in about half of the paired duodenum samples indicates the oral cavity may be the preferred niche of Campylobacter or that Campylobacter has a high sensitivity to the antibacterial properties of the stomach and small intestine [34] (Fig. 2D). In contrast, an undefined species of Streptococcus was only found in duodenum samples (6/21) (Fig. 2D). A breakdown of the difference between duodenal and saliva abundance of all taxa is provided in Table S3. These differences in the relative abundance of specific taxa of microbes between paired saliva and duodenum samples also provide evidence against oral contamination in the duodenal samples.
Taxa co-correlations reveal disruptor taxa
We assumed that the taxa with the highest absolute abundance would have the highest potential for impacting the host. Thus, we began by analyzing the relationships between the top 20 most abundant genera. A co-correlation heatmap of these taxa revealed several distinct motifs (Fig. 3A): (1) taxa whose absolute loads had a high correlation with total load, (2) taxa whose absolute loads had a higher co-correlation with another taxon’s absolute load than with total microbial load, (3) taxa with a mutually exclusive relationship with almost all other abundant taxa. Examples of the first motif are in the first column/row of the co-correlation heatmap in Fig. 3A. Correlation with total load was often an indicator of a prevalent taxon because the variance in total microbial load was larger than the variance in relative abundance. When two taxa have a higher co-correlation with each other than with total load (motif 2), it potentially indicates these taxa share preferred environmental factors or directly cooperate. One group of these co-correlating taxa that included several Prevotella species and a species of Porphyromonas matches a known shared metabolic niche in the oral cavity [35, 36] (Table S4).
Fig. 3
Co-correlations reveal which taxa co-occur in high abundance and which can be considered disruptor taxa. A Co-correlation matrix of the top 20 most abundant genera and total microbial load. Only significant correlations (q < 0.1, Benjamini–Hochberg correction) are shown. Color of each marker is determined by the sign of the Spearman’s correlation coefficient and size of each marker is determined by the magnitude of the coefficient. Disruptor taxa labels are bolded. B Clustered co-correlation matrix of the top 16 genera ranked by the difference between their maximum abundance and mean abundance. Two common genera in the dataset are shown at the bottom for reference. The color of each square indicates the Spearman correlation coefficient from negative (blue) to positive (red). Disruptor taxa labels are bolded. Taxa with known relevance to human health are indicated. Enterobacteriaceae and Escherichia-Shigella are unique sequence variants from the Enterobacteriaceae family but only Escherichia-Shigella could be classified at the genus level. HAI=hospital acquired infection; IBS, irritable bowel syndrome; IBD, inflammatory bowel disease; HACEK, Haemophilus, Aggregatibacter, Cardiobacterium, Eikenella, Kingella
Several genera stood out as having no significant correlation with almost all other abundant taxa (motif 3): Enterobacteriaceae, Escherichia-Shigella, Clostridium sensu stricto 1, and Lactobacillus (Fig. 3A). For clarification, throughout the manuscript our references to Enterobacteriaceae and Escherichia-Shigella refer to unique sequence variants from the Enterobacteriaceae family, but only Escherichia-Shigella could be classified at the genus level. Based on evidence from a previous study [18] using the REIMAGINE cohort that found Klebsiella in several samples, we decided to measure the abundance of Klebsiella via qPCR in all samples containing a high abundance (at least 105 16S rRNA gene copies/mL) of Enterobacteriaceae. We found that the majority (16/22) of the samples with a high abundance of Enterobacteriaceae contained Klebsiella (Fig. S4A). Furthermore, in the samples containing Klebsiella, there was a high correlation (Pearson, 0.88, P < 0.001) between Klebsiella load and Enterobacteriaceae load (Fig. S4B). These taxa appeared to disrupt the commonly observed microbial structure (i.e., the prevalent taxa that generally co-correlate with one another) of the duodenal microbiome. This pattern of mutual exclusivity can be represented algorithmically by sorting all taxa by the difference between their maximum abundance and their mean abundance. Practically, this means that these disruptors are relatively rare (i.e., present in a small fraction of samples), but when they are present they usually dominate, excluding other common taxa. A clustered heatmap of the top 16 taxa as ranked by the difference in their maximum and mean abundances reveals two taxonomic signatures (Fig. 3B). The first signature in the top left of the heatmap contained the mutually-exclusive taxa from the co-correlation heatmap, along with Enterococcus, Romboutsia, Aeromonas, and Bacteroides. The second signature contained taxa that were generally found in lower abundance, many of which are from the HACEK (Haemophilus, Aggregatibacter, Cardiobacterium, Eikenella, Kingella) group of organisms associated with infective endocarditis [34]. However, the second group also clustered with more common taxa in this dataset, such as Prevotella and Fusobacterium. Thus, we initially labelled all eight of the taxa in the first taxonomic signature as “disruptors” (Fig. 3B, bolded taxa) because their presence appeared to be mutually exclusive with many other common taxa.
Aerobic disruptor taxa displace strict anaerobes and decrease diversity
After performing the co-correlation analysis, we ran a principal component analysis (PCA) on the absolute taxon abundances to investigate the drivers of variance in the dataset (Fig. 4A). Total loads spanned 5 orders of magnitude, accounting for most of the variance. Total load cleanly separated samples along the PC1 axis. The second most explanatory axis, PC2, strongly correlated with the Shannon diversity index of samples (Spearman, 0.74, P < 0.001, N = 250). Ranked feature loadings for PC2 (Fig. 4B) indicated that many of the disruptor taxa (dark blue) are the main drivers of separation in the positive direction of PC2 whereas the five taxa driving most of the separation in the negative direction (light blue) of PC2 consisted of four strict anaerobes (Porphyromonas, Leptotrichia, Prevotella, Prevotella 7) and one obligate aerobe (Neisseria). It should be noted that many more taxa were strongly associated with the negative direction of PC2 than the positive direction. This separation matches well with the mutual exclusivity seen between the disruptor taxa and other organisms in the co-correlation analysis. The two disruptor taxa with the highest loads are aerobic pathogens from the Enterobacteriaceae family and the taxa most associated with the negative direction of PC2 were strict anaerobes, so we next took a closer look at the composition of strict vs facultative anaerobes in each sample. We found a nearly 1:1 correlation between the strict and facultative anaerobe loads across all samples (Fig. 4C). Additionally, the fraction of strict anaerobes in a sample was strongly correlated (Pearson, 0.71, P < 0.001, N = 250) with Shannon diversity (Fig. 4D), indicating that the disruptor taxa appear to be mutually exclusive with strict anaerobes and the “bloom” of absolute abundance of disruptors decreases Shannon diversity. Furthermore, in half of the samples containing the two most common disruptor taxa (Enterobacteriaceae and Escherichia-Shigella), the total microbial loads were greater than 107 16S rRNA gene copies/mL, indicating a clear enrichment of disruptor taxa in samples with higher than average total microbial loads (Fig. 4E). This signature of higher than average total microbial loads and mutual exclusivity with other microbes has been observed in some pathogenic microbial species [37, 38].
Fig. 4
Strict anaerobes and disruptor taxa control diversity. A PCA plot of absolute microbial abundances at the genus level with the top two correlated metadata variables overlaid. B Feature loadings for principal component 2. Top five value-ranked genera in each direction (positive and negative) are highlighted and labeled. C Correlation between the strict anaerobic microbial load and facultative anaerobic microbial load. D Relationship between the percentage abundance of strict anaerobes and Shannon diversity index. E Empiric cumulative distribution function (ECDF) plot for Enterobacteriaceae (N = 33), Escherichia-Shigella (N = 24), Campylobacter (N = 59), Lactobacillus (N = 42), and the common taxa Prevotella (N = 104)
Absolute load of disruptor taxa correlates with SIBO and GI symptoms
To determine whether disruptor taxa are associated with disease or GI symptoms we began by looking at patients with and without SIBO (SIBO classification was made based on aerobic culture results, ≥ 103 CFU/mL of duodenal aspirate [10]). Coloring the PCA plot by SIBO classification indicates a clear enrichment of patients with SIBO in the positive direction of the disruptor taxa axis (Fig. 5A). We observed slightly but not significantly higher total microbial loads in samples from patients with SIBO vs without SIBO (Fig. 5B). However, comparing the absolute abundance of specific taxa between the SIBO and non-SIBO samples by Kruskal-Wallis showed that the three taxa whose abundances differed the most between SIBO and non-SIBO (Enterobacteriaceae, Escherichia-Shigella, and a Clostridium which, based on the V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene, was classified as Clostridium perfringens) were also the three most common disruptor taxa in all samples (Fig. 5C). This enrichment of disruptor taxa, but not total microbial load, in SIBO samples indicates that overgrowth of specific taxa drives the current clinical classification of SIBO. Additionally, using disruptor taxa load as the criterion for SIBO classification agreed well (80%) with the classification by the gold-standard method, aerobic aspirate culture (Fig. S5). Lactobacillus abundance was similar in SIBO and non-SIBO samples (Fig. 5C) even though it co-correlated with many of the disruptor taxa (Fig. 3B). Most of the non-SIBO samples that clustered with SIBO samples on the upper part of the PC plot contained Lactobacillus (Fig. 5A). Lactobacillus does not grow on the aerobic (MacConkey agar) plates used for SIBO classification, which could explain why these samples cluster together by sequencing but are not classified as SIBO by culture.
Fig. 5
Disruptor species are dominant in SIBO samples and correlate with GI symptoms and the inflammatory cytokine IL8. A Principal component analysis (PCA) of absolute microbial abundances at the genus level. Colors indicate non-SIBO (grey) or SIBO (orange) participants as determined by culture. “X” markers indicate samples from non-SIBO participants that contained Lactobacillus. The PC1 axis correlates with total load and the PC2 axis correlates with the abundance of disruptor taxa. B Histogram with overlaid kernel-density estimate of the total microbial loads in samples from SIBO and non-SIBO participants. C Volcano plot indicating the taxa that differed between SIBO and non-SIBO samples. The red dashed line indicates the significance threshold at q = 0.01. D Correlation between PC2 (disruptor axis) and patient-reported symptom scores (on a 0–100 scale). The red dashed line represents significance threshold at q = 0.05. E Correlation between PC2 and patient serum cytokine levels. The red dashed lines represent the significance thresholds at q = 0.05. F Boxplot indicating increasing average total microbial load with increasing number of disruptor taxa with loads greater than 104 rRNA gene copies/mL (not including Lactobacillus). A significant difference between total load in samples with zero disruptor taxa and total load in samples with at least 1 disruptor taxa was observed (P < 0.001). G Percentage of samples from patients with either 0 symptoms or 5–6 symptoms (out of 6 categories) for individuals with varying loads of disruptor taxa (not including Lactobacillus)
Patient-reported GI symptom scores (on a 0–100 scale) were correlated with the disruptor taxa axis (PC2). Bloating, incomplete evacuation, and constipation had the highest correlation with the disruptor taxa axis, whereas correlations between urgency, excess gas, or diarrhea and the disruptor taxa axis were much weaker (Fig. 5D). There was a weak positive correlation between the disruptor taxa axis and serum interleukin 8 (IL8) levels (Spearman, 0.24, P < 0.001, N = 232), indicating a potential neutrophil-related response (Fig. 5E). However, none of the symptoms or cytokines had a significant correlation with the total load axis (PC1). One taxon, which based on the V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene was classified as C. perfringens, was the only one that, when present in patients, coincided with a significant increase (Kruskal-Wallis, P = 0.039) in serum IL8 levels (Fig. S6). However, there were only 9/250 samples with C. perfringens, limiting our ability to draw conclusions about this relationship. Although the two disruptor taxa with the highest absolute abundance (Enterobacteriaceae and Escherichia-Shigella) were enriched in high total microbial load samples, Lactobacillus did not follow this trend. Lactobacillus was found in samples with total microbial loads that were similar to the total loads of samples containing common taxa like Prevotella (Fig. 4E). Additionally, in patients with high disruptor taxa loads (after excluding Lactobacillus load) the presence of Lactobacillus at greater than 5 × 104 copies/mL negatively correlated with bloating symptoms (Fig. S7). These two facts led us to believe Lactobacillus likely has a more nuanced relationship with the host than the other taxa we classified as disruptors. Thus, we removed Lactobacillus from our list of disruptor taxa in our analyses of the association of disruptors with total load (Fig. 5F) and GI symptoms (Fig. 5G). When multiple disruptor taxa were present, there was a significant increase in total microbial load (Kruskal-Wallis, P < 0.001; Fig. 5F).
Patient-reported symptom scores are inherently qualitative, so to test whether disruptor taxa loads were correlated with more severe GI symptoms, we turned the 0-100 scores into a binary yes/no variable, representing a severe symptom, by drawing a threshold at the median score reported for each symptom (Fig. S8). We then calculated the percentage of patients with zero severe symptoms and the percentage of patients with many severe symptoms (people reporting severe symptoms in 5–6 of the 6 symptom categories) as a function of disruptor taxa loads (Fig. 5G). We made three observations. First, at higher disruptor loads, patients were more likely to have more severe GI symptoms. Second, none of the patients with disruptor loads greater than 107 copies/mL (N = 10) had zero symptoms whereas 60% of them had 5 or 6 symptoms. Of the patients without disruptor taxa (N = 153), 23% had zero symptoms and 30% had 5 or 6 symptoms. Disruptor loads may also be higher as a function of age, all but one of the individuals with disruptor loads greater than 106 copies/mL (N = 23) were older than 50 (Fig. S9). The absolute and relative abundances of disruptor taxa did not correlate (Fig. S10), preventing the clear connection between abundant symptoms and high absolute loads of disruptor taxa from being observed when analyzing only relative abundances.
In this study, we utilized quantitative sequencing to determine the total and taxon-specific loads from the duodenum of 250 patients undergoing EGD as standard of care. We showed that the total microbial load in the duodenum of these patients spans 5 orders of magnitude and follows a log-normal distribution. Paired saliva-duodenum samples revealed that on average 89% of the taxa in the duodenum were also present in paired saliva samples, suggesting potential transmission of taxa from the oral cavity. Co-correlation analysis of the most abundant taxa revealed a distinct taxonomic motif of “disruptor” taxa that, when present, dominate over other taxa. The most common of these disruptor taxa were aerobic pathogens from the Enterobacteriaceae family and were negatively correlated with the presence of strict anaerobes and diversity. In addition to the apparent community disruption, disruptor taxa were enriched in many patients classified as having SIBO and high loads of disruptors correlated with a high prevalence of severe GI symptoms.
Human vs mouse small-intestine microbiome
Several findings from this study emphasize how different the small-intestine microbiome is between mice and humans. Our previous study revealed that the coprophagic nature of mice resulted in total microbial loads spanning approximately one order of magnitude from 5 × 108–5 × 109 16S rRNA gene copies/mL [8] in the small intestine while our human cohort spanned 5 orders of magnitude with a median of 106 copies/mL (Fig. S11). Additionally, neither the most common disruptor family, Enterobacteriaceae, nor any of the taxa with at least 50% prevalence in this study were commonly found in our previous study examining microbial loads in the mouse small intestine [8]. Instead, in that study we found that the mouse small intestine was dominated by Lactobacillus and, as a result of coprophagy, several stool microbes [8]. The total microbial load of stool is similar between mice and humans [39] and they both share several common taxonomic groups [40]. These differences should be considered when using mice to model human health or disease impacted by the small intestine.
Value of quantitative analysis
The nearly 5 orders of magnitude spread in total microbial loads in the duodenum of these patients revealed the value of utilizing an absolute abundance measurement technique when analyzing microbial communities. Analyzing absolute abundances of individual taxa also let us filter out likely contaminants using Poisson loading statistics, which is critical for samples with low microbial abundance, such as those sometimes found in the human small intestine [41, 42]. The range of total loads in saliva and in stool each appear to be smaller than in the duodenum, closer to two orders of magnitude, which likely relates to differences in residence times, nutrient availability, and host defenses at these two sites compared with the small intestine [39]. Another benefit of using absolute rather than relative abundance measurements is the improved accuracy of correlations between microbes and host phenotype. For example, the 10 patient samples with the greatest disruptor loads had the highest prevalence of severe GI symptoms, but these samples had relative abundances of disruptor taxa that ranged from 8 to 97%. This wide range of relative abundances made samples with high disruptor loads indistinguishable from samples with intermediate disruptor loads when analyzing relative abundances.
Microbial connection between oral cavity and small intestine
The majority (89%) of identified microbial taxa in the paired duodenum samples were also present in the paired saliva samples. Our data supports the hypothesis of oral-duodenal transmission of microbes but a larger paired study utilizing shotgun metagenomic sequencing techniques would provide stronger evidence for this claim. Survival of microbes after ingestion is likely dependent on many host factors, including stomach-acid levels, bile secretions, antimicrobial-peptide production, and GI motility. The bimodal taxon abundance distributions (Fig. 1C) observed for some taxa, including Prevotella, may indicate two subsets of patients with distinct stomach and/or duodenal environments that allow for differential abundance of specific taxa. For example, Campylobacter concisus, one of the most common oral Campylobacter species, is known to be sensitive to both stomach and bile acids [34]. Therefore, one could hypothesize that if a patient had low levels of stomach or bile acids some C. concisus may survive ingestion. Low-acid conditions could also allow many other bacteria to survive transit to the duodenum, resulting in higher total microbial loads in the small intestine. We suspect we observed something similar in our samples; the Campylobacter genus was only found in samples with greater than average total microbial loads (Fig. 4E). However, we did not observe a relationship between total microbial loads in the duodenum and the patients’ use of proton pump inhibitors (PPI), which are known to reduce acid production. PPI impact on survival of microbes between the oral cavity and duodenum may be dependent on how recently the PPI was taken, however this information was not collected from patients in the REIMAGINE study. A conclusive comparison of the relative importance of various factors affecting bacterial survival in the duodenum would require additional information on small-intestine secretions of bile acids and antimicrobial peptides in these patients.
Several common oral microbes have been implicated in GI diseases when present in stool [30, 43]. A high microbial load in the small intestine could increase the likelihood of these microbes surviving all the way down the GI tract. The shared taxa between the small intestine and oral microbiota in our paired saliva-duodenum samples provides evidence that blooms of opportunistic pathogens in the mouth could also lead to colonization in the SI [30]. In this study, only 1 of the 21 paired duodenum-saliva samples contained disruptor taxa in the duodenum, but these taxa were not present in the corresponding saliva sample. Several Enterobacteriaceae species have been identified in oral samples [44] but usually at a low frequency in healthy populations. Many Enterobacteriaceae species are introduced into the gut from contaminated food and water sources [45] which would likely result in only transient oral residence. However, persistent oral Enterobacteriaceae species have been linked to the use of dentures and the presence of periodontal disease [46]. All the taxa we classified as disruptors in this study are more frequently found in stool than in the small intestine or oral cavity [30, 31]. Further studies should be performed to determine the source of disruptor taxa in the upper GI tract.
A number of taxonomic groups we identified in the duodenum have members known to be opportunistic pathogens. Beyond disruptor taxa, several taxa from the HACEK group of organisms [47] associated with infective endocarditis were found in high abundance in the duodenum. The route that these and other opportunistic pathogens take to reach the blood stream is not clear but our data show that the HACEK organisms are not limited to the oral cavity. The same traits that allow them to colonize the mouth and heart (biofilm production [48], and general resistance to most host secretions) likely contribute to their ability to survive in the small intestine. Additionally, in mouse models, the transmission of opportunistic pathogens, like Klebsiella, from the oral cavity to the intestine has been shown to induce inflammation [30]. The oral cavity presents a potential reservoir for a wide range of opportunistic pathogens that have been linked to GI disorders.
Potential relationship between oxygen and disruptor taxa
Several colonic GI disorders are linked to increased oxygen levels in the lumen resulting from decreased epithelial integrity and inflammation [49]. However, the barrier properties of the small intestine, an absorptive organ, are different from those of the colon. To our knowledge, shifts in absolute abundance of microbes capable of aerobic respiration and anaerobes have not been quantitatively studied previously in the human small intestine. The highly correlated abundance of both strict and facultative anaerobes that we observed could be a function of the oxygen gradients in the gut from the epithelial surface to the center of the lumen [50]. In our study, when diversity collapsed and disruptor taxa bloomed, the microbial composition shifted away from strict anaerobes to taxa capable of aerobic respiration. One clear outlier was a Clostridium classified as C .perfringens, which is a strict anaerobe but was highly correlated with the Enterobacteriaceae genera classified as disruptors. Previous mutualistic relationships between aerobic and anaerobic species that could help facilitate colonization have been observed in other studies with Bacteroides fragilis and either Klebsiella pneumonia or Escherichia coli [51, 52]. We have previously hypothesized that the surprising coexistence of aerobe-anaerobe communities can occur in multi-stable systems, and that these communities can persist due to hysteresis [51]. Although multi-stability and hysteresis have not yet been documented in the gut microbiome, this phenomenon could explain the unexpected coexistence and persistence of aerobe-anaerobe communities in the small intestine.
Disruptor taxa predict SIBO classification and likelihood of GI symptoms
Clinically, SIBO is classified by culture of duodenal aspirates on aerobic MacConkey agar or measurement of exhaled hydrogen and methane after intake of a fermentable sugar solution [10, 53]. The main disruptor taxa (Enterobacteriaceae) grow well on MacConkey agar plates, which may explain the high correlation between SIBO classification and samples with disruptor taxa. It is commonly hypothesized that overgrowth of these taxa in the small intestine is responsible for the gas production detected during a breath test, and our study further supports this understanding because we found a correlation between bloating symptoms (attributable to gas production) and disruptor taxa. Future studies should determine whether individuals with and without high loads of disruptor taxa yield positive breath test results. Our findings support a strong relationship between overgrowth of specific disruptor taxa and GI symptoms in subjects with SIBO. High total microbial load alone in the small intestine was not associated with GI symptoms usually observed in subjects with SIBO and other GI conditions and diseases. Microbial culture is never perfect and will not capture all taxa associated with SIBO and GI conditions. However, our data suggest that SIBO diagnosis via microbial culture should focus on quantification of a specific group of disruptor taxa (Enterobacteriaceae) rather than total microbial load. Additionally, SIBO diagnosis via quantitative sequencing should focus on the absolute abundance of the seven disruptor taxa identified in this study.
Lactobacillus seemed to be an exception among the disruptor taxa in several ways. It commonly co-occurred with other disruptors; however, it was also present in many “normal” samples at low abundance. Additionally, when present at high total loads in the presence of other disruptor taxa, Lactobacillus load had a negative correlation with bloating score. However, Lactobacillus also dominated several samples that had no other disruptor taxa but had high symptom scores. It should also be noted that individuals taking probiotics (N = 49) did not have increased prevalence or abundance of Lactobacillus in the duodenum. Overall, finer taxonomic resolution may be required to decipher the role of different Lactobacillus species and strains. Their impact on human health is likely also dependent on the overall microbial community and host environment.
Although most patients in this study have various GI complications that could result in abdominal symptoms independent of a microbial component, patient samples with high loads of disruptor taxa had a substantially higher likelihood of having many severe GI symptoms. However, total microbial load alone did not associate with GI symptoms. Of the 13 cytokines and chemokines measured, only IL8 levels were significantly higher in the serum of patients with disruptor taxa, potentially indicating an associated local inflammatory process. Future studies that analyze biopsy transcriptomes would be needed to determine whether there is an associated host response, such as immune infiltration or epithelial stress responses in regions with disruptor taxa and/or high total microbial loads.
We initiated this study with four expectations, only one of which was supported by our data. Because mice are coprophagic and humans are not, we expected to see a dramatic difference between mouse and human small-intestine microbiomes. We indeed observed large quantitative and qualitative differences between the two. However, we were more surprised and educated by the three expectations that were shown to be incorrect. First, we expected microbial load in the human duodenum to have a bimodal distribution, with low microbial loads for non-SIBO patients and much higher load for SIBO patients, which our findings did not support (Fig. 5B). Second, because stomach acid and bile acid secretions isolate the duodenum from the upper GI tract and because the unidirectional flow of digesta and the ileocecal valve isolate the small intestine from the colon, we expected to find a unique population of microbes in the duodenum. We were surprised by the extent to which the oral microbiota appeared to influence the small-intestine microbiota (Figs. 1C and 2). Third, we expected to see microbiomes dominated by taxa generally thought of as commensals like Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium. We were surprised by the prevalence and abundance of taxa known to be human pathogens (Figs. 1C and 3B), especially given that the small intestine is an immune-rich, absorptive organ with a loose mucus structure that likely permits substantial exposure to microbial cells and microbial-associated proinflammatory molecules.
An acknowledged limitation of the study is that there are no healthy controls. All participants had some GI condition warranting the EGD procedure, which could bias our dataset and mask our ability to perceive relationships between microbial abundances and patient symptoms. New sampling techniques may be required to reduce the procedural risk involved with sampling healthy controls. Additionally, all collected samples in this study were from the lumenal contents of the duodenum. Distal regions of the small intestine may reveal further insights, and mucosal biopsies could be more indicative of mucosa-associated microbes that interact closely with the host. Although short amplicon sequencing allowed for more samples to be included in this study, utilizing shotgun sequencing approaches to reveal species- and strain-level resolution could provide additional insights, especially with regard to disruptor taxa and potential transmission of taxa from saliva to the duodenum. Additionally, DNA-based analyses can only inform which microbes are in a sample, not whether they are actively performing a function. RNA-based analyses, either 16S rRNA or meta-transcriptomics, may shed additional light on which microbes are resident vs transient members of the duodenum and what functions they are performing. Finally, to truly unravel the connection between oral-to-small intestine microbial transmission and small-intestine microbe-host interactions, a more extensive characterization of the host is needed. Specifically, studies are needed to establish how variations in stomach acid levels, bile secretions, and GI motility impact the abundance and composition of small-intestine microbiota and in turn how the abundance and composition of small-intestine microbiota impacts immune and epithelial cell responses.
This study, with its acknowledged limitations, provides the largest dataset of the absolute abundance of microbiota from the human duodenum to date. We show a clear relationship between the human oral microbiota and that of the duodenum. Furthermore, absolute taxon abundances in the duodenum reveal a distinct subset of disruptor taxa, associated with human pathogens, that appear to displace common strict anaerobes. These same disruptor taxa are enriched in some individuals classified with SIBO and the absolute abundance of these disruptor taxa were associated with more severe GI symptoms. Future studies are needed to establish the host factors that control total microbial load in the duodenum, the mechanism of appearance and persistence of disruptor taxa, and how these disruptor taxa interact with the host.
Study population and design
The REIMAGINE (Revealing the Entire Intestinal Microbiota and its Associations with the Genetic, Immunologic, and Neuroendocrine Ecosystem) study was conceived to explore the relationships between the small-intestine microbial populations and different conditions and diseases [3]. Male and female subjects aged 18–80 years undergoing standard-of-care upper endoscopy (esophagogastroduodenoscopy, EGD) without colon preparation were prospectively recruited. All subjects were required to fast (from both solids and liquids, including water) starting at midnight the night before the procedure. The study protocol was approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, and subjects provided written informed consent prior to participation (IRB Protocol: 00035192). Data presented here represents a retrospective analysis of this prospectively collected information.
Prior to EGD, all subjects completed a study questionnaire documenting demographic information and family and medical history, including GI disease and bowel symptoms, medication use, use of alcohol and recreational drugs, travel history, and dietary habits and changes. Subjects also reported any known underlying conditions, such as GI diseases and disorders, neurologic disease, hematologic disease, autoimmune disease, kidney disease, heart disease, and cancer. All medical information provided by subjects was verified through audits of medical records. All data were de-identified prior to analysis.
Blood collection and analysis
After completing the study questionnaire, fasting blood samples were collected in BD Vacutainer SST tubes (Becton Dickson, Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA). Levels of circulating pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines were analyzed on a Luminex FlexMap 3D (Luminex Corp., Austin, TX, USA) using a bead-based multiplex panel that included: GM-CSF, IFNγ, IL10, IL12P70, IL13, IL1B, IL2, IL4, IL5, IL6, IL8, MCP1, and TNFα (EMD Millipore Corp., Billerica, MA, USA, cat. #HCYTOMAG-60K).
Saliva and small-intestine lumenal sample collection
Prior to EGD procedure, saliva was collected in a sterile 5 mL tube. During the EGD procedure, samples of duodenal lumenal fluid were procured using a custom-designed sterile aspiration double-lumen catheter (Hobbs Medical, Inc.) [28]. Duodenal aspirates (DA) were collected using a custom-designed sterile inner catheter which was pushed through a sterile bone wax cap only after the endoscopist entered the second portion of the duodenum, in order to reduce contamination from the mouth, esophagus, and stomach. After collection, samples were immediately placed on ice and transferred to the laboratory for further analysis.
Aspirate processing and microbial culture
Prior to microbial culture, an equal volume of sterile 6.5 mM dithiothreitol (DTT) prepared with RNase and DNase PCR-grade sterile water was added at a 1:1 ratio to each saliva and duodenal aspirate (~ 1 mL) and the samples were vortexed until fully liquified (~ 30 s) as described previously [28]. A 100-μl aliquot of each duodenal sample (DA + DTT) was then serially diluted with 900 μL sterile 1× PBS and plated on MacConkey agar (Becton Dickinson), and on blood agar (Becton Dickinson). Plates were incubated at 37 °C for 16–18 h under aerobic (MacConkey) or anaerobic (blood agar) conditions. Plates without bacterial growth after 18 h were re-incubated for an additional 18 h. Colony forming units (CFU) were then counted electronically using a Scan 500 (Interscience, Paris, France). Saliva + DTT and the remainder of each DA+DTT were centrifuged at maximum speed (> 13,000 RPM) for 5 min. The supernatant was removed, and 1 mL of sterile Allprotect reagent (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany) was added to the microbial pellet and then stored at − 80 °C.
DNA isolation
On the day of the DNA isolation, DA pellets were thawed on ice and processed as described previously [28]. Microbial DNA was isolated using the MagAttract PowerSoil DNA KF Kit (Qiagen) on a KingFisher Duo (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA), and quantified using Qubit dsDNA high sensitivity and Qubit dsDNA BR Assay kits (Invitrogen by Thermo Fisher Scientific) on a Qubit 4 Fluorometer (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA).
16S rRNA gene sequencing
Extracted DNA was amplified, barcoded, and sequenced as described previously [8, 9, 29]. Briefly, amplification of the variable 4 (V4) region of the 16S rRNA gene was performed in 20 μL duplicate reactions with: 8 μL of 2.5× 5Prime Hotstart Mastermix (VWR, Radnor, PA, USA), 1 μL of 20× Evagreen (VWR), 2 μL each of 5 μM forward and reverse primers (519F, barcoded 806R, IDT, CoralVille, IA, USA), 3.5 μL of water, and 3.5 μL of extracted DNA template. A CFX96 RT-PCR machine (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Hercules, CA, USA) was used to monitor amplification reactions and all samples were removed in late exponential phase (~ 10,000 FRU) to minimize chimera formation and non-specific amplification [9, 54, 55]. Amplification was performed under the following cycling conditions: 94 °C for 3 min, up to 50 cycles of 94 °C for 45 s, 54 °C for 60 s, and 72 °C for 90 s. Several samples were rerun after diluting the template as they showed non-exponential amplification in the undiluted sample, a sign of PCR inhibition. Amplified duplicates were pooled together and quantified with KAPA library quantification kit (Roche, Basel, Switzerland) and then all samples were pooled at equimolar concentrations with up to 96 samples per library. AMPureXP beads (Beckman Coulter, Brea, CA, USA) were used to clean up and concentrate libraries before final library quantification with a High Sensitivity D1000 Tapestation Chip (Agilent, Santa Clara, CA, USA). Illumina MiSeq sequencing was performed with a 2 × 300 bp reagent kit by Fulgent Genetics (Temple City, CA, USA).
Raw reads were demultiplexed by Fulgent Genetics. Demultiplexed forward and reverse reads were processed with QIIME 2 2020.2 [56]. Loading of sequence data was performed with the demux plugin followed by quality filtering and denoising with the dada2 plugin [57]. Dada2 trimming parameters were set to the base pair where the average quality score dropped below thirty. All samples were rarefied to the lowest read depth present in all samples (45,386 reads) to decrease biases from varying sequencing depth between samples [58]. The q2-feature-classifier [59] was then used to assign taxonomy to amplicon sequence variants (ASV) with the Silva [60] 132 99% OTUs references. Resulting read count tables were used for downstream analyses in IPython notebooks (see “Data availability” section).
Klebsiella-specific qPCR
Primers specific for the Klebsiella gltA gene [61] (F: 5′-CAGGCCGAATATGACGAATTC-3′, R: 5′-CGGGTGATCTGCTCATGAA-3′) were first informatically evaluated for coverage across Klebsiella pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, and Klebsiella aerogenes via Primer-BLAST [62]. This primer set was found to have a perfect match against strains from all three tested Klebsiella species. These primers were also evaluated in the lab for specificity against Escherichia coli. No amplification after 40 cycles was observed with a DNA equivalent of ~ 106 E. coli cells from the Zymo microbial community DNA standard (Zymo Research, Irvine, CA, USA). Klebsiella qPCR was performed in 10 μL reactions with 5 μL of Ssofast Evagreen Supermix (Bio-Rad Laboraties), 0.5 μL of 10 μM gltA primers, and 3.5 μL of water. A CFX96 RT-PCR machine (Bio-Rad Laboratories) was used for amplification with the following cycling conditions: 95 °C for 3 min, 40 cycles of 95 °C for 15 s, 62 °C for 30 s, and 68 °C for 30 s. Estimated conversion of cycle threshold (Cq) to copies/μL was performed where a Cq of 22.4 equals 1000 copies/uL. Klebsiella load was then calculated by adjusting for dilutions and normalizing to the collected sample volume.
Absolute abundance
The total microbial load (bacteria and archaea) of each sample and the absolute abundance of each taxon in individual samples was determined as described previously [9, 29]. Briefly, the Bio-Rad QX200 droplet dPCR system (Bio-Rad Laboratories) was utilized to measure the 16S concentration in each sample with the following reaction components: 1X QX200 EvaGreen Supermix (Bio-Rad), 500 nM forward primer, and 500 nM reverse primer (519F, 806R) and thermocycling conditions: 95 °C for 5 min, 40 cycles of 95 °C for 30 s, 52 °C for 30 s, and 68 °C for 30 s, followed by a dye stabilization step of 4 °C for 5 min and 90 °C for 5 min. The final concentration of 16S rRNA gene copies in each sample was corrected for dilutions and normalized to the extracted sample volume.
For each sample, the input-volume-normalized total microbial load from dPCR was multiplied by each amplicon sequence variant’s (ASV) relative abundance to determine the absolute abundance of each ASV. No correlation between collected sample volume and measured bacterial load was observed. The average of all sample volumes for a specific sample type was used for a few samples (11 duodenum, 10 saliva) that were missing the starting volume information. A 95% confidence interval of input volumes for duodenum samples ranged from 0.18 to 1.93 mL indicating that the estimated input volume measurement would likely be up to 4× off in either direction while the total microbial load ranged 40,000X. Similarly, a 95% confidence interval of input volumes for saliva samples ranged from 0.36 to 1.28 mL indicating that the estimated input volume measurement would likely be up to 2× off in either direction while the total microbial load ranged 82X.
Poisson quality filtering
Two separate quality-filtering steps based on Poisson statistics were used to determine the statistical confidence in the measured values. First, a 95% confidence interval was calculated from the repeated measures of water blanks. Samples with a total microbial load below the upper bound of this confidence interval were removed from further analysis.
Second, the limit of detection (LOD) in terms of relative abundance was determined for each sample. Sequencing can be divided into two separate Poisson sampling steps. First, an aliquot of sample is taken from the extracted sample and input into the library amplification reaction. The LOD of the library amplification step was determined by multiplying the total microbial load from dPCR by the input volume into the library amplification reaction and then finding the relative abundance corresponding to an input of three copies. Poisson statistics tells us that the likelihood of sampling one or more copies with an average input of three copies is 95%. The second Poisson sampling step in sequencing arises from the number of reads generated from the amplified library. The accuracy of the second Poisson sampling step was previously shown [9] to follow a negative exponential curve, LOD = 7.115 read depth−0.115, between the total read depth and relative abundance at which 95% confidence of detection is observed. The minimum of the two described LODs (first determined per sample by total load, and second by sequencing depth) was then determined for each sample. For each sample, the abundance of any ASV with a relative abundance below the LOD was set to zero. After filtering, data tables for each taxonomic level were generated.
Data transforms and dimensionality reduction
For PCA, all absolute taxon abundances were log-transformed. To handle zeros, a pseudo-count of 0.1 reads was added to all taxon relative abundances before multiplying by each sample’s total microbial load as determined by digital PCR. PCA was performed with the sklearn.decomposition.PCA function in Python. Ranked feature loadings for each taxon on a given principal component were determined by scaling the corresponding eigenvector by the maximum transformed value for that principal component axis.
Statistical analysis and correlations
Group comparisons (e.g., SIBO vs. no SIBO, saliva vs. duodenum) were analyzed using the non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis rank sums tests with Benjamini–Hochberg multiple hypothesis testing correction using SciPy.stats Kruskal function and statsmodels.stats.multitest multipletests function with the fdr_bh option.
Correlation coefficients were either Spearman or Pearson and corresponding P values for all correlations were determined with scipy.stats.spearmanr or scipy.stats.pearsonr functions. Multiple hypothesis testing was performed for each group of correlations (e.g., taxa co-correlations, cytokine correlations) separately using the Benjamini–Hochberg procedure.
Availability of data and materials
Sequencing data generated during this study are available in the National Center for Biotechnology Information Sequence Read Archive repository under study accession number PRJNA674353. Raw data for each figure and IPython notebooks for data processing and figure generation are available through CaltechDATA:
1. 1.
Donaldson GP, Lee SM, Mazmanian SK. Gut biogeography of the bacterial microbiota. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2016;14(1):20–32.
CAS Article PubMed Google Scholar
2. 2.
Yasuda K, Oh K, Ren B, Tickle TL, Franzosa EA, Wachtman LM, et al. Biogeography of the intestinal mucosal and lumenal microbiome in the rhesus macaque. Cell Host Microbe. 2015;17(3):385–91.
CAS Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
3. 3.
Leite GGS, Weitsman S, Parodi G, Celly S, Sedighi R, Sanchez M, et al. Mapping the segmental microbiomes in the human small bowel in comparison with stool: a REIMAGINE study. Dig Dis Sci. 2020;65(9):2595–604.
CAS Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
4. 4.
Johansson MEV, Sjövall H, Hansson GC. The gastrointestinal mucus system in health and disease. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2013;10(6):352–61.
CAS Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
5. 5.
Ko H-J, Chang S-Y. Regulation of intestinal immune system by dendritic cells. Immune Netw. 2015;15(1):1–8.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
6. 6.
Rios D, Wood MB, Li J, Chassaing B, Gewirtz AT, Williams IR. Antigen sampling by intestinal M cells is the principal pathway initiating mucosal IgA production to commensal enteric bacteria. Mucosal Immunol. 2016;9(4):907–16.
CAS Article PubMed Google Scholar
7. 7.
Ebino KY. Studies on coprophagy in experimental animals. Jikken Dobutsu. 1993;42:1–9.
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
8. 8.
Bogatyrev SR, Rolando JC, Ismagilov RF. Self-reinoculation with fecal flora changes microbiota density and composition leading to an altered bile-acid profile in the mouse small intestine. Microbiome. 2020;8(1):19.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
9. 9.
Barlow JT, Bogatyrev SR, Ismagilov RF. A quantitative sequencing framework for absolute abundance measurements of mucosal and lumenal microbial communities. Nat Commun. 2020;11(1):2590.
CAS Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
10. 10.
Pimentel M, Saad RJ, Long MD, Rao SSC. ACG Clinical Guideline: Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth. Official J Am Coll Gastroenterol | ACG. 2020;115:165–78.
11. 11.
Lupascu A, et al. Hydrogen glucose breath test to detect small intestinal bacterial overgrowth: a prevalence case–control study in irritable bowel syndrome. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2005;22(11-12):1157–60.
CAS Article PubMed Google Scholar
12. 12.
Shah A, et al. Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth in irritable bowel syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis of case-control studies. Official J Am College Gastroenterol | ACG. 2020;115:190–201.
13. 13.
Roland BC, et al. Small intestinal transit time is delayed in small intestinal bacterial overgrowth. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2015;49:571–76.
14. 14.
Roland BC, Lee D, Miller LS, Vegesna A, Yolken R, Severance E, et al. Obesity increases the risk of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO). Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2018;30(3):e13199.
CAS Article Google Scholar
15. 15.
Su T, Lai S, Lee A, He X, Chen S. Meta-analysis: proton pump inhibitors moderately increase the risk of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth. J Gastroenterol. 2018;53(1):27–36.
CAS Article PubMed Google Scholar
16. 16.
Quigley EMM, Murray JA, Pimentel M. AGA clinical practice update on small intestinal bacterial overgrowth: expert review. Gastroenterology. 2020;159(4):1526–32.
CAS Article PubMed Google Scholar
17. 17.
Pimentel M, Chang C, Chua KS, Mirocha J, DiBaise J, Rao S, et al. Antibiotic treatment of constipation-predominant irritable bowel syndrome. Dig Dis Sci. 2014;59(6):1278–85.
CAS Article PubMed Google Scholar
18. 18.
Leite G, Morales W, Weitsman S, Celly S, Parodi G, Mathur R, et al. The duodenal microbiome is altered in small intestinal bacterial overgrowth. PLoS One. 2020;15(7):e0234906.
CAS Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
19. 19.
Jonsson H. Segmented filamentous bacteria in human ileostomy samples after high-fiber intake. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 2013;342(1):24–9.
CAS Article PubMed Google Scholar
20. 20.
Zoetendal EG, Raes J, van den Bogert B, Arumugam M, Booijink CCGM, Troost FJ, et al. The human small intestinal microbiota is driven by rapid uptake and conversion of simple carbohydrates. ISME J. 2012;6(7):1415–26.
CAS Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
21. 21.
Hartman AL, Lough DM, Barupal DK, Fiehn O, Fishbein T, Zasloff M, et al. Human gut microbiome adopts an alternative state following small bowel transplantation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009;106(40):17187–92.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
22. 22.
Chen Y, Ji F, Guo J, Shi D, Fang D, Li L. Dysbiosis of small intestinal microbiota in liver cirrhosis and its association with etiology. Sci Rep. 2016;6(1):34055.
CAS Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
23. 23.
Saffouri GB, Shields-Cutler RR, Chen J, Yang Y, Lekatz HR, Hale VL, et al. Small intestinal microbial dysbiosis underlies symptoms associated with functional gastrointestinal disorders. Nat Commun. 2019;10(1):2012.
CAS Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
24. 24.
Zmora N, et al. Personalized Gut Mucosal Colonization Resistance to Empiric Probiotics Is Associated with Unique Host and Microbiome Features. Cell. 2018;174:1388–405.
CAS Article Google Scholar
25. 25.
Chen RY, Kung VL, Das S, Hossain MS, Hibberd MC, Guruge J, et al. Duodenal microbiota in stunted undernourished children with enteropathy. NewEngl J Med. 2020;383(4):321–33.
CAS Article Google Scholar
26. 26.
Knight R, Vrbanac A, Taylor BC, Aksenov A, Callewaert C, Debelius J, et al. Best practices for analysing microbiomes. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2018;16(7):410–22.
CAS Article PubMed Google Scholar
27. 27.
Morton JT, Marotz C, Washburne A, Silverman J, Zaramela LS, Edlund A, et al. Establishing microbial composition measurement standards with reference frames. Nature Commun. 2019;10(1):2719.
CAS Article Google Scholar
28. 28.
Leite GGS, Morales W, Weitsman S, Celly S, Parodi G, Mathur R, et al. Optimizing microbiome sequencing for small intestinal aspirates: validation of novel techniques through the REIMAGINE study. BMC Microbiol. 2019;19(1):239.
CAS Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
29. 29.
Bogatyrev SR, Ismagilov RF. Quantitative microbiome profiling in lumenal and tissue samples with broad coverage and dynamic range via a single-step 16S rRNA gene DNA copy quantification and amplicon barcoding. bioRxiv. 2020.
30. 30.
Atarashi K, Suda W, Luo C, Kawaguchi T, Motoo I, Narushima S, et al. Ectopic colonization of oral bacteria in the intestine drives TH1 cell induction and inflammation. Science. 2017;358(6361):359–65.
CAS Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
31. 31.
Schmidt TSB, Hayward MR, Coelho LP, Li SS, Costea PI, Voigt AY, et al. Extensive transmission of microbes along the gastrointestinal tract. eLife. 2019;8:e42693.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
32. 32.
Ghasemi A, Zahediasl S. Normality tests for statistical analysis: a guide for non-statisticians. Int J Endocrinol Metab. 2012;10(2):486–9.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
33. 33.
Lagkouvardos I, Overmann J, Clavel T. Cultured microbes represent a substantial fraction of the human and mouse gut microbiota. Gut Microbes. 2017;8(5):493–503.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
34. 34.
Ma R, Sapwell N, Chung HKL, Lee H, Mahendran V, Leong RW, et al. Investigation of the effects of pH and bile on the growth of oral Campylobacter concisus strains isolated from patients with inflammatory bowel disease and controls. J Med Microbiol. 2015;64(4):438–45.
CAS Article PubMed Google Scholar
35. 35.
Marcotte H, Lavoie MC. Oral microbial ecology and the role of salivary immunoglobulin A. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 1998;62(1):71–109.
CAS Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
36. 36.
Hojo K, Nagaoka S, Ohshima T, Maeda N. Bacterial Interactions in Dental Biofilm Development. J Dent Res. 2009;88(11):982–90.
CAS Article PubMed Google Scholar
37. 37.
Hopkins EGD, Roumeliotis TI, Mullineaux-Sanders C, Choudhary JS, Frankel G. Intestinal Epithelial Cells and the Microbiome Undergo Swift Reprogramming at the Inception of Colonic Citrobacter rodentium Infection. mBio. 2019;10(2):e00062–19.
CAS Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
38. 38.
Argüello H, Estellé J, Zaldívar-López S, Jiménez-Marín Á, Carvajal A, López-Bascón MA, et al. Early Salmonella Typhimurium infection in pigs disrupts Microbiome composition and functionality principally at the ileum mucosa. Sci Rep. 2018;8(1):7788.
CAS Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
39. 39.
Contijoch EJ, Britton GJ, Yang C, Mogno I, Li Z, Ng R, et al. Gut microbiota density influences host physiology and is shaped by host and microbial factors. eLife. 2019;8:e40553.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
40. 40.
Nguyen TLA, Vieira-Silva S, Liston A, Raes J. How informative is the mouse for human gut microbiota research? Disease Models Mechanisms. 2015;8(1):1–16.
CAS Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
41. 41.
Caruso V, Song X, Asquith M, Karstens L. Performance of Microbiome Sequence Inference Methods in Environments with Varying Biomass. mSystems. 2019;4(1):e00163–18.
CAS Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
42. 42.
Glassing A, Dowd SE, Galandiuk S, Davis B, Chiodini RJ. Inherent bacterial DNA contamination of extraction and sequencing reagents may affect interpretation of microbiota in low bacterial biomass samples. Gut Pathog. 2016;8(1):24.
CAS Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
43. 43.
Gevers D, Kugathasan S, Denson LA, Vázquez-Baeza Y, van Treuren W, Ren B, et al. The treatment-naive microbiome in new-onset Crohn’s disease. Cell Host Microbe. 2014;15(3):382–92.
CAS Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
44. 44.
Goldberg S, Cardash H, Browning H, Sahly H, Rosenberg M. Isolation of Enterobacteriaceae from the Mouth and Potential Association with Malodor. J Dent Res. 1997;76(11):1770–5.
CAS Article PubMed Google Scholar
45. 45.
Smith JL, Fratamico PM. In: Caballero B, Finglas PM, Toldrá F, editors. Encyclopedia of Food and Health. Oxford: Academic Press; 2016. p. 539–44.
Chapter Google Scholar
46. 46.
Gonçalves MO, Coutinho-Filho WP, Pimenta FP, Pereira GA, Pereira JAA, Mattos-Guaraldi AL, et al. Periodontal disease as reservoir for multi-resistant and hydrolytic enterobacterial species. Lett Appl Microbiol. 2007;44(5):488–94.
CAS Article PubMed Google Scholar
47. 47.
Sharara SL, Tayyar R, Kanafani ZA, Kanj SS. HACEK endocarditis: a review. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2016;14(6):539–45.
CAS Article PubMed Google Scholar
48. 48.
Karched M, Bhardwaj RG, Asikainen SE. Coaggregation and biofilm growth of Granulicatella spp. with Fusobacterium nucleatum and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans. BMC Microbiol. 2015;15:114.
Article Google Scholar
49. 49.
Rigottier-Gois L. Dysbiosis in inflammatory bowel diseases: the oxygen hypothesis. ISME J. 2013;7(7):1256–61.
CAS Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
50. 50.
Litvak Y, et al. Commensal Enterobacteriaceae Protect against Salmonella Colonization through Oxygen Competition. Cell Host Microbe. 2019;25:128–39.
CAS Article Google Scholar
51. 51.
Khazaei T, et al. Metabolic multi-stability and hysteresis in a model aerobe-anaerobe microbiome community. Sci Adv. 2020;6(33):eaba0353.
52. 52.
Dejea CM, Fathi P, Craig JM, Boleij A, Taddese R, Geis AL, et al. Patients with familial adenomatous polyposis harbor colonic biofilms containing tumorigenic bacteria. Science. 2018;359(6375):592–7.
CAS Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
53. 53.
Rezaie A, Buresi M, Lembo A, Lin H, McCallum R, Rao S, et al. Hydrogen and Methane-Based Breath Testing in Gastrointestinal Disorders: The North American Consensus. Am J Gastroenterol. 2017;112(5):775–84.
CAS Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
54. 54.
Acinas SG, Sarma-Rupavtarm R, Klepac-Ceraj V, Polz MF. PCR-induced sequence artifacts and bias: insights from comparison of two 16S rRNA clone libraries constructed from the same sample. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2005;71(12):8966–9.
CAS Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
55. 55.
Suzuki MT, Giovannoni SJ. Bias caused by template annealing in the amplification of mixtures of 16S rRNA genes by PCR. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1996;62(2):625–30.
CAS Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
56. 56.
Bolyen E, et al. QIIME 2: Reproducible, interactive, scalable, and extensible microbiome data science. Peer J. 2018;6:e27295v27292.
Google Scholar
57. 57.
Callahan BJ, McMurdie PJ, Rosen MJ, Han AW, Johnson AJA, Holmes SP. DADA2: High-resolution sample inference from Illumina amplicon data. Nat Methods. 2016;13(7):581–3.
CAS Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
58. 58.
Weiss S, Xu ZZ, Peddada S, Amir A, Bittinger K, Gonzalez A, et al. Normalization and microbial differential abundance strategies depend upon data characteristics. Microbiome. 2017;5(1):27.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
59. 59.
Bokulich NA, Kaehler BD, Rideout JR, Dillon M, Bolyen E, Knight R, et al. Optimizing taxonomic classification of marker-gene amplicon sequences with QIIME 2's q2-feature-classifier plugin. Microbiome. 2018;6(1):90.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
60. 60.
Quast C, Pruesse E, Yilmaz P, Gerken J, Schweer T, Yarza P, et al. The SILVA ribosomal RNA gene database project: improved data processing and web-based tools. Nucleic Acids Res. 2013;41(Database issue):D590–6.
CAS Article PubMed Google Scholar
61. 61.
Clifford RJ, Milillo M, Prestwood J, Quintero R, Zurawski DV, Kwak YI, et al. Detection of Bacterial 16S rRNA and Identification of Four Clinically Important Bacteria by Real-Time PCR. PLoS One. 2012;7(11):e48558.
CAS Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
62. 62.
Ye J, Coulouris G, Zaretskaya I, Cutcutache I, Rozen S, Madden TL. Primer-BLAST: A tool to design target-specific primers for polymerase chain reaction. BMC Bioinformatics. 2012;13(1):134.
CAS Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Download references
We thank the Caltech Bioinformatics Resource Center for assistance with statistical analyses, Jenny Ji for related analyses and Natasha Shelby for contributions to writing and editing this manuscript. We acknowledge OpenMoji for use of the saliva and stool graphics in Fig. 1. We thank Stacy Weitsman, Walter Morales and Maria Jesus Villanueva-Milan from MAST for assistance with sample processing and data curation from the REIMAGINE study. We also thank the Gastroenterology team at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center for assistance with patient recruitment and endoscopy procedures.
This work was supported in part by the Kenneth Rainin Foundation (2018-1207), the Jacobs Institute for Molecular Engineering for Medicine, and a National Institutes of Health Biotechnology Leadership Pre-doctoral Training Program (BLP) fellowship from Caltech’s Donna and Benjamin M. Rosen Bioengineering Center (T32GM112592, to J.T.B.). The funders had no role in the design of the study, the collection, analysis, and interpretation of data, nor in writing the manuscript.
Author information
Conceptualization, J.T.B., G.L., R.M., M.P., and R.F.I.. Methodology, J.T.B., G.L., S.C., R.S., C.C.. Formal analysis, J.T.B.. Investigation, J.T.B, G.L., and A.E.R. Resources, G.L. Data curation, J.T.B., and G.L. Writing—original draft, J.T.B. Writing—review and editing, J.T.B., G.L., A.R., R.M., M.P., and R.F.I. Visualization, J.T.B. Supervision, M.P., and R.F.I. The author(s) read and approved the final manuscript.
Corresponding author
Correspondence to Rustem F. Ismagilov.
Ethics declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate
The study was reviewed and approved by the Cedars-Sinai Medical Center IRB (Protocol #00035192). All participants provided written informed consent prior to participation.
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
Competing interests
The quantitative sequencing technology described in this publication is the subject of a patent application filed by Caltech. R.F.I. receives patent royalties from Bio-Rad related to droplet digital PCR.
Additional information
Publisher’s Note
Supplementary Information
Additional file 1: Figure S1.
Total microbial load breakdown by age (A) and gender (B). Figure S2. Distribution of total microbial load from subpopulations of patients: taking probiotics (N=49), active smokers (N=16), taking antibiotics in the past 6 months (N=100), or taking proton pump inhibitors (PPI, N=106). Figure S3. (A) Scatterplot comparing aerobic culture load from MacConkey plates to total load from 16S quantitative sequencing of only the subset of bacteria that are known to grow on MacConkey plates (Escherichia-Shigella, Enterobacteriaceae, Enterococcus, and Aeromonas)1. (B) Scatterplot comparing anaerobic culture load, from blood agar plates, to total load from sequencing of prevalent bacteria that are expected to grow on blood agar plates (Prevotella, Streptococcus, Fusobacterium, Escherichia-Shigella)2. Red dashed line indicates limit of detection of quantitative sequencing method. N = 244. (Six patients in the study were lacking culture data). Figure S4. (A) Cycle threshold (Cq) values yielded by qPCR with Klebsiella-specific primers. Duodenum aspirate samples were classified via quantitative sequencing as containing Enterobacteriaceae (“Entero +”, N=22) or not containing Enterobacteriaceae (“Entero –”, N=8). (B) Total loads of Enterobacteriaceae (copies/mL) in duodenum aspirates as a factor of the approximate Klebsiella load (copies/mL). Enterobacteriaceae measurements are calculated based on 16S rRNA gene copies (8 copies/genome) and Klebsiella measurements are calculated based on the citrate synthase gene (gltA, 1 copy/genome). Figure S5. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve using absolute loads of seven disruptor taxa (Enterobacteriaceae, Escherichia-Shigella, Clostridium sensu stricto 1, Enterococcus, Romboutsia, Aeromonas, Bacteroides) identified in the sequencing data for SIBO classification. SIBO classification was made based on gold-standard aerobic culture results, ≥103 CFU/mL of duodenal aspirate. Data points are connected by a line between each consecutive point. Figure S6. IL8 levels in samples with and without a Clostridium which, based on the V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene, was classified as C. perfringens. Figure S7. Relationship between Lactobacillus load and bloating symptoms in samples containing additional (non-Lactobacillus) disruptor taxa. Figure S8. Violin plots with data points overlaid for patient-reported symptom scores. Binary threshold for determining whether severe symptoms exist was set at the median score reported of each symptom, shown by the red-dashed lines. Figure S9. Disruptor taxa load separated by patient age: 18-39 (N=40), 40-49 (N=31), 50-59 (N=58), 60-69 (N=67), 70-83 (N=54). Figure S10. Relationship between absolute abundance (greater than 105 copies/mL) and relative abundance of disruptor loads (Spearman, P=0.09, not significant). Figure S11. Comparison of total microbial load between human duodenum, mouse duodenum, and mouse duodenum where the mice had coprophagy prevented via tail cup. Mouse data from Bogatyrev et al. 20203. Reported P-values are from Kruskal-Wallis test. Table S1. Summary statistics for the patient cohort used in this study. All patients are from the REIMAGINE study4. Table S2. P-values from significance tests (Kruskal-Wallis) comparing total microbial load between selected subgroups of individuals. Significance is indicated with an asterisk. Table S3. Comparison between prevalence and relative abundance of all taxa in paired saliva and duodenum samples (N=21 participants). Table S4. Two groups of taxa (light blue and dark blue) that have stronger co-correlations with another taxon than with total load. Significance values for all correlations and co-correlations were P < 0.001.
Additional file 2.
Rights and permissions
Reprints and Permissions
About this article
Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark
Cite this article
Barlow, J.T., Leite, G., Romano, A.E. et al. Quantitative sequencing clarifies the role of disruptor taxa, oral microbiota, and strict anaerobes in the human small-intestine microbiome. Microbiome 9, 214 (2021).
Download citation
• Duodenum
• Saliva
• Human small intestinal microbiome
• IBS
• SIBO
• Enterobacteriaceae
• Lactobacillus
• Constipation
• Bloating
|
I've recently been practising on a piano (I usually play the guitar or the bass) to figure out what the pianist in our jazz band does and I must say I like it a lot (the heavy feel of the keys under one's fingers especially). I can comp on the tunes we play at the moment but I would like to take it a step further and learn major and melodic minor scales on the piano. I've tried figuring out a major scale (G flat it was, I think) and I used the tetrachords I know from my guitar playing and tried to work my way through the Gb scale (moving up ionian, down dorian and then up phrygian etc...) and then I thought "Wow! That worked!" and then I thought "Wow! There are 11 more keys to go and I can't just move my hand up or down like I do on the guitar!" Could a pianist please tell me how you lot go about learning all those fingerings? Should I stop thinking in terms of tetrachords and think tones? The task seems herculean!
"All those fingerings" are actually pretty consistent. (They certainly didn't look that way when I first started working on scales!) Each scale has seven different notes. All of them are fingered with some sequence of 1, 2 and 3 (thumb, index, middle) and 1, 2, 3 and 4 (ring), one of each per octave. Also, you never use your thumb on black keys.
The differences occur at the ends of the scale. Since you never use your thumb on black keys, scales that begin on a black key start the sequence somewhere in the middle.
C has no black keys, so it's the best scale to use to learn the sequence. (But also, since it has no black keys, it's one of the hardest to master, since you don't have the black keys as reference points.) In two octaves, the fingering goes like this:
Right hand: 123123412312345 Left hand: 543213214321321
This fingering is the most common, used for (I'll stick to major scales) C, G, D, A and E.
B has a black key on the 5th scale degree, so the left hand reverses the sequence, using 4 to start:
While the right hand uses the same fingering as C.
Conversely, F has a black key on the 4th scale degree, so the right hand reverses the sequence, using 4 to end:
While the left hand uses the same fingering as C.
Scales that start on black keys use a combination of 123 and 1234, starting at a different point in the sequence in such a way as to avoid having to use the thumb on a black key.
So, Bb:
RH: 212312341231234 LH: 321432132143212
RH: 212341231234123 LH: 321432132143212
RH: 231231234123123 LH: 321432132143212
RH: 231234123123412 LH: 321432132143212
RH: 234123123412312 LH: 432132143213212
There are, of course, the harmonic and melodic minor scales as well (and the other modes, if you want to experiment with those). You can find all of the major and minor scales written out with fingerings in most exercise manuals. Here's a pdf file of the Hanon exercises. Scales start on page 50.
• Thanks! I try to learn the scales AND move through the modes while I'm at it. Would you say that the fingerings have to change or do I just move my hand up or down one note across the keyboard and keep to the same fingerings: if I start the ionian mode with finger 1 of the RH, do I go dorian with finger 2 as the first finger or do I move my hand up so that finger one falls on D?
– user45784
Dec 3 '17 at 8:47
• @user45784 First, to answer your question: keep the same fingerings as much as possible. If you're doing D dorian, finger it the same as C major. If you're doing Db dorian, finger it the same as Db major, because the keys fall under the fingers the same way (all you're doing is dropping each thumb a half step, playing e instead of f and b instead of c). No sense reinventing the wheel, in other words. (more)
– BobRodes
Dec 3 '17 at 20:49
• If you want to work out fingerings for different modes, I would say follow these rules: 1. Finger RH 123123412312345, LH 543213214321321 where possible. 2. If this fingering would put the thumb on a black note, shift the sequence so that you start with a different finger. 3. Keep the sequence of 123 and 1234 (or the reverse) somewhere in the scale fingering. 4. Finger each octave of scale notes the same, except at the start and finish, find the fingers that work best. Good luck!
– BobRodes
Dec 3 '17 at 20:50
You should checkout Czerny etudes for piano. Although it isn't jazz, it really helps developing correct finger positions which will help with any other scale down the line. Hope it helps.
When you move your improvisations across the neck of the guitar key-independently, you lose some material: open string notes and their harmonics. Since they have particularly solid sustain and a distinct sound (and a distinct pitch as well when playing in higher positions), they are important music material. So viewing the guitar as freely transposable is limiting its possibilities, too.
That being said: you need to be at home with the notes and the keys like a speed typewriter is at home with his typewriter's key layout. The end game is thinking about notes and music, with the fingers catering for doing the execution on the keys.
Yes, that means 12 scales (actually more). If you find that disheartening, there are keyboards that are much more regular. For piano type instruments, there is the comparatively rare "Jankó keyboard" (look it up). But the only regular keyboard instrument with significant distribution I know of is the chromatic button accordion (think of a 16-string guitar tuned in minor thirds). In its five row (think of four frets) incarnation, you can design your improvisations on three rows, and then indeed you can move its "shape" to any pitch you want in a manner similar to what you do on the guitar now.
Of course, if you play the piano for its percussive sounds with individual loudness, the tight hand shapes on a button accordion keyboard (even if you have a midified version with velocity sensitivity) will not be a good match. It's a more natural controller for continuous-tone instruments.
This could be a great opportunity to expand your improvisation from scale-based to melody-based. Guitar technique encourages the former.
Yes, on keyboard there are a few scales that share the same fingering, but plenty that are individual. But it's not THAT hard. There are patterns, dictated by the positions of the black notes - in scale playing (but not chord playing) the thumb avoids the black notes. In Gb major you found the easiest scale to play on keyboard! The fingering HAS to be 2,3,4,1,2,3,1,2. The only question is WHICH of the white notes between the two black blocks you choose to put your thumb on. C major is hard. There are so many possible fingerings that you're tempted to just 'wing it' each time, instead of settling on a consistent fingering which will deliver reliable fluency.
Your Answer
|
Header Ads
Header ADS
(1918 - 1920)
The conclusion of the Peace of Brest-Litovsk and the consolidation of the Soviet power, as a result of a series of revolutionary economic measures adopted by it, at a time when the war in the West was still in full swing, created profound alarm among the Western imperialists, especially those of the Entente countries.
The Entente imperialists feared that the conclusion of peace between Germany and Russia might improve Germany's position in the war and correspondingly worsen the position of their own armies. They feared, moreover, that peace between Russia and Germany might stimulate the craving for peace in all countries and on all fronts, and thus interfere with the prosecution of the war and damage the cause of the imperialists. Lastly, they feared that the existence of a Soviet government on the territory of a vast country, and the success it had achieved at home after the overthrow of the power of the bourgeoisie, might serve as an infectious example for the workers and soldiers of the West. Profoundly discontented with the protracted war, the workers and soldiers might follow in the footsteps of the Russians and turn their bayonets against their masters and oppressors. Consequently, the Entente governments decided to intervene in Russia by armed force with the object of overthrowing the Soviet Government and establishing a bourgeois government, which would restore the bourgeois system in the country, annul the peace treaty with the Germans and re-establish the military front against Germany and Austria.
The Entente imperialists launched upon this sinister enterprise all the more readily because they were convinced that the Soviet Government was unstable; they had no doubt that with some effort on the part of its enemies its early fall would be inevitable.
The achievements of the Soviet Government and its consolidation created even greater alarm among the deposed classes the landlords and capitalists; in the ranks of the vanquished parties—the Constitutional-Democrats, Mensheviks, Socialist-Revolutionaries, Anarchists and the bourgeois nationalists of all hues; and among the Whiteguard generals, Cossack officers, etc.
From the very first days of the victorious October Revolution, all these hostile elements began to shout from the housetops that there was no ground in Russia for a Soviet power, that it was doomed, that it was bound to fall within a week or two, or a month, or two or three months at most. But as the Soviet Government, despite the imprecations of its enemies, continued to exist and gain strength, its foes within Russia were forced to admit that it was much stronger than they had imagined, and that its overthrow would require great efforts and a fierce struggle on the part of all the forces of counter-revolution. They therefore decided to embark upon counter-revolutionary insurrectionary activities on a broad scale: to mobilize the forces of counter-revolution, to assemble military cadres and to organize revolts, especially in the Cossack and kulak districts.
Thus, already in the first half of 1918, two definite forces took shape that were prepared to embark upon the overthrow of the Soviet power, namely, the foreign imperialists of the Entente and the counterrevolutionaries at home.
Neither of these forces possessed all the requisites needed to undertake the overthrow of the Soviet Government singly. The counter-revolutionaries in Russia had certain military cadres and man-power, drawn principally from the upper classes of the Cossacks and from the kulaks, enough to start a rebellion against the Soviet Government. But they possessed neither money nor arms. The foreign imperialists, on the other hand, had the money and the arms, but could not "release" a sufficient number of troops for purposes of intervention; they could not do so, not only because these troops were required for the war with Germany and Austria, but because they might not prove altogether reliable in a war against the Soviet power.
The conditions of the struggle against the Soviet power dictated a union of the two anti-Soviet forces, foreign and domestic. And this union was effected in the first half of 1918.
This was how the foreign military intervention against the Soviet power supported by counter-revolutionary revolts of its foes at home originated.
This was the end of the respite in Russia and the beginning of the Civil War, which was a war of the workers and peasants of the nations of Russia against the foreign and domestic enemies of the Soviet power.
The imperialists of Great Britain, France, Japan and America started their military intervention without any declaration of war, although the intervention was a war, a war against Russia, and the worst kind of war at that. These "civilized" marauders secretly and stealthily made their way to Russian shores and landed their troops on Russia's territory.
The British and French landed troops in the north, occupied Archangel and Murmansk, supported a local Whiteguard revolt, overthrew the Soviets and set up a White "Government of North Russia."
The Japanese landed troops in Vladivostok, seized the Maritime Province, dispersed the Soviets and supported the Whiteguard rebels, who subsequently restored the bourgeois system.
In the North Caucasus, Generals Kornilov, Alexeyev and Denikin, with the support of the British and French, formed a Whiteguard "Volunteer Army," raised a revolt of the upper classes of the Cossacks and started hostilities against the Soviets.
On the Don, Generals Krasnov and Mamontov, with the secret support of the German imperialists (the Germans hesitated to support them openly owing to the peace treaty between Germany and Russia), raised a revolt of Don Cossacks, occupied the Don region and started hostilities against the Soviets.
In the Middle Volga region and in Siberia, the British and French instigated a revolt of the Czechoslovak Corps. This corps, which consisted of prisoners of war, had received permission from the Soviet Government to return home through Siberia and the Far East. But on the way it was used by the Socialist-Revolutionaries and by the British and French for a revolt against the Soviet Government. The revolt of the corps served as a signal for a revolt of the kulaks in the Volga region and in Siberia, and of the workers of the Votkinsk and Izhevsk Works, who were under the influence of the Socialist-Revolutionaries. A White-guard-Socialist-Revolutionary government was set up in the Volga region, in Samara, and a Whiteguard government of Siberia, in Omsk.
Germany took no part in the intervention of this British-French-Japanese-American bloc; nor could she do so, since she was at war with this bloc if for no other reason. But in spite of this, and notwithstanding the existence of a peace treaty between Russia and Germany, no Bolshevik doubted that Kaiser Wilhelm's government was just as rabid an enemy of Soviet Russia as the British-French-Japanese-American invaders. And, indeed, the German imperialists did their utmost to isolate, weaken and destroy Soviet Russia. They snatched from it the Ukraine—true, it was in accordance with a "treaty" with the Whiteguard Ukrainian Rada (Council)—brought in their troops at the request of the Rada and began mercilessly to rob and oppress the Ukrainian people, forbidding them to maintain any connections whatever with Soviet Russia. They severed Transcaucasia from Soviet Russia, sent German and Turkish troops there at the request of the Georgian and Azerbaidjan nationalists and began to play the masters in Tiflis and in Baku. They supplied, not openly, it is true, abundant arms and provisions to General Krasnov, who had raised a revolt against the Soviet Government on the Don.
Soviet Russia was thus cut off from her principal sources of food, raw material and fuel.
Conditions were hard in Soviet Russia at that period. There was a shortage of bread and meat. The workers were starving. In Moscow and Petrograd a bread ration of one-eighth of a pound was issued to them every other day, and there were times when no bread was issued at all. The factories were at a standstill, or almost at a standstill, owing to a lack of raw materials and fuel. But the working class did not lose heart. Nor did the Bolshevik Party. The desperate struggle waged to overcome the incredible difficulties of that period showed how inexhaustible is the energy latent in the working class and how immense the prestige of the Bolshevik Party.
The Party proclaimed the country an armed camp and placed its economic, cultural and political life on a war footing. The Soviet Government announced that "the Socialist fatherland is in danger," and called upon the people to rise in its defence. Lenin issued the slogan, "All for the front!"—and hundreds of thousands of workers and peasants volunteered for service in the Red Army and left for the front. About half the membership of the Party and of the Young Communist League went to the front. The Party roused the people for a war for the fatherland, a war against the foreign invaders and against the revolts of the exploiting classes whom the revolution had overthrown. The Council of Workers' and Peasants' Defence, organized by Lenin, directed the work of supplying the front with reinforcements, food, clothing and arms. The substitution of compulsory military service for the volunteer system brought hundreds of thousands of new recruits into the Red Army and very shortly raised its strength to over a million men.
Although the country was in a difficult position, and the young Red Army was not yet consolidated, the measures of defence adopted soon yielded their first fruits. General Krasnov was forced back from Tsaritsyn, whose capture he had regarded as certain, and driven beyond the River Don. General Denikin's operations were localized within a small area in the North Caucasus, while General Kornilov was killed in action against the Red Army. The Czechoslovaks and the White-guard-Socialist-Revolutionary bands were ousted from Kazan, Simbirsk and Samara and driven to the Urals. A revolt in Yaroslavl headed by the Whiteguard Savinkov and organized by Lockhart, chief of the British Mission in Moscow, was suppressed, and Lockhart himself arrested. The Socialist-Revolutionaries, who had assassinated Comrades Uritsky and Volodarsky and had made a villainous attempt on the life of Lenin, were subjected to a Red terror in retaliation for their White terror against the Bolsheviks, and were completely routed in every important city in Central Russia.
The young Red Army matured and hardened in battle.
The work of the Communist Commissars was of decisive importance in the consolidation and political education of the Red Army and in raising its discipline and fighting efficiency.
But the Bolshevik Party knew that these were only the first, not the decisive successes of the Red Army. It was aware that new and far more serious battles were still to come, and that the country could recover the lost food, raw material and fuel regions only by a prolonged and stubborn struggle with the enemy. The Bolsheviks therefore undertook intense preparations for a protracted war and decided to place the whole country at the service of the front. The Soviet Government introduced War Communism. It took under its control the middle-sized and small industries, in addition to large-scale industry, so as to accumulate goods for the supply of the army and the agricultural population. It introduced a state monopoly of the grain trade, prohibited private trading in grain and established the surplus-appropriation system, under which all surplus produce in the hands of the peasants was to be registered and acquired by the state at fixed prices, so as to accumulate stores of grain for the provisioning of the army and the workers. Lastly, it introduced universal labour service for all classes. By making physical labour compulsory for the bourgeoisie and thus releasing workers for other duties of greater importance to the front, the Party was giving practical effect to the principle: "He who does not work, neither shall he eat."
All these measures, which were necessitated by the exceptionally difficult conditions of national defence, and bore a temporary character, were in their entirety known as War Communism.
The country prepared itself for a long and exacting civil war, for a war against the foreign and internal enemies of the Soviet power. By the end of 1918 it had to increase the strength of the army threefold, and to accumulate supplies for this army.
Lenin said at that time:
"We had decided to have an army of one million men by the spring; now we need an army of three million. We can get it. And we will get it."
Powered by Blogger.
|
The aim of this short course is to get you up and running with Python.
New to programming? By the end of this course, you'll be able to write an instruction set in Python that will be passed to a computer so that the computer can run these instructions.
The course is divided into 5 milestones:
1. You'll download and install Python on your computer.
2. You'll learn to write “Hello world” and run it.
3. You'll learn about programming concepts and constructs, such as assignments and loops.
4. You'll learn about conditionals.
5. You'll learn about logical operators and try out a program called FizzBuzz.
Want to keep going after you've learnt the basics? You'll find lots of options about what to do next.
|
A software factory is an organized assortment of specialized computer software assets which usually assists in developing software products or software packages in respect to a number of, internally identified end-users requirements during an assembly imcsoftwarefactory.com process. The advantages of such a manufacturing approach arises when ever users contain specified application requirements and cannot conveniently find ready-made solutions in the market. For example, in case a single wants to produce a custom-made database application, it would be impossible to integrate this sort of application with an existing, off-the-shelf internet application software program. Users need a ready-made answer which they are able to use in building the required app using the programming language of their choice. In that scenario, growing the required software program products from day one becomes inevitable.
The idea in back of a software manufacturing facility comes into play if your company decides to develop a custom-made software product line, which demands no former experience or perhaps understanding of programming languages and platforms. Instead of starting with a product development job which is as well as a specs definition period, where requirements information is normally gathered and analyzed to provide a basis for that layout of a cool product package, the software manufacturing idea is followed. This is then an implementation phase where developed software product complies with the specified end-users requirements. On this phase, a total and repeatable process framework is integrated, consisting of different steps just like testing, the usage testing, verification and repair. As each step of the process in the process is usually executed constantly, software items emerge at the end of each spiral with strong functionality.
There are three basic stages involved in what is software manufacturing facility development. They are an initial product requirement definition, a credit application block advancement and an online software manufacturing management. Following the completion of these levels successfully, one can say that one has a ready-to-use software product line.
Leave a Reply
|
A smart way to predict building energy consumption
Credit: CC0 Public Domain
In a time of aging infrastructure and increasingly smart control of buildings, the ability to predict how buildings use energy—and how much energy they use—has remained elusive, until now.
Researchers from Saudi Arabia, China and the United States collaborated to develop a smarter way to predict through a method that involved artificial systems, computational experiments and parallel computing. They published their results in IEEE/CAA Journal of Automatica Sinica.
"Generally, it is challenging to predict energy precisely due to many influential environmental factors correlated to energy-consuming such as outdoor temperature, humidity, the day of the week, and special events," said Abdulaziz Almalaq, paper author and assistant professor in the Department of Electrical Engineering in University of Hail's Engineering College in Saudi Arabia.
"While environmental parameters are useful resources for energy consumption , prediction using a large number of a building's operational parameters, such as , major appliances and heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC) system parameters, is a quite complicated problem, compared with prediction using only historical data."
According to Almalaq, the environmental parameters are useful but limited. For example, two identical buildings in identical settings may have very different energy consumptions based on how the buildings are used. Even if both buildings are maintained at the same temperature, one building's HVAC system will need to use more energy if that building is holding an event with a few hundred people.
"The accurate prediction of energy consumption at a specific time under many outside and inside conditions becomes an essential step to improve energy efficiency and management in a smart building," Almalaq said.
Almalaq and his team used hybrid deep learning algorithms, coupled with artificial systems, computational experiments and parallel computing theory based on complex, but generic, systems. When tested using real building at the University of Colorado Denver, the method significantly helped improve management.
"The analysis performed in this paper showed that the hybrid deep learning model is a powerful artificial intelligence tool for modeling multivariable complex systems," Almalaq said. "It has the potential to be applied in different areas, such as the smart office, the smart home and the smart city."
Explore further
A new smart-facade lift for older buildings
More information: Abdulaziz Almalaq et al. Parallel building: a complex system approach for smart building energy management,IEEE/CAA Journal of Automatica Sinica. Volume: 6 , Issue: 6 , November 2019. ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8894753
Provided by Chinese Association of Automation
Citation: A smart way to predict building energy consumption (2020, January 15) retrieved 6 December 2021 from https://techxplore.com/news/2020-01-smart-energy-consumption.html
Feedback to editors
|
Getting to Know the Trans Community
Photograph courtesy of
Transgender individuals come from all backgrounds and cultures. To break down societal ideas about the trans community, it is important to first be aware of and understand the stereotypes and misconceptions they face. This article will attempt to debunk some of the most prevalent of these.
First: what does trans mean? “Trans,” or “transgender,” is an umbrella term used to describe individuals whose gender identity is not in alignment with their sex assigned at birth. Depending on the region, culture and gender identity, different terminology is used to refer to individuals in the transgender community worldwide, such as male-to-female (MTF), female-to-male (FTM), nonbinary and genderqueer.
One common stereotype faced by the trans community is that you can tell someone’s gender just by their appearance. Each person has a unique way of expressing their personality, style and sense of self. There exist a wide variety of ways to express oneself in the current era, so traditional methods or standards of expressing gender identity might not apply to every person you meet.
Another misconception is that trans people are radical liberals. As Article One of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights states: “All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.”
Contrary to popular belief, one’s gender identity is not intrinsically tied to one’s political or religious beliefs.
It is also presumptuous to assume that transgender women can never become mothers or fathers. The fact that some transgender women cannot (or opt not to) give birth to a child does not necessarily mean that they cannot become mothers. Gauri Sawant – who was featured in a Vicks advertisement in India – challenged this notion and is raising her adopted child with equal, if not more, love and care than any biological mother would provide for her own child.
Respect comes in many forms and is a key aspect of allyship. Some of the essential ways to show respect include using appropriate terminology, chosen names and correct pronouns. For any information regarding the transgender community, you can contact the helpful folk at The Gender and Sexuality Student Services. You can also click here for donations towards the Transgender community.
|
How do you calculate Upagrahas in Vedic astrology?
How is Gulika calculated?
How Gulika or Mandi is calculated. Divide the duration of the day into 8 parts. The seven parts are ruled by the lords of the days and there is no lord of the eighth part. The part which is lorded by the Saturn is Gulika or Mandi.
How many Upagraha are there?
With the exception of Yamakantaka the rest eight upagrahas are malefics and produce bad results. Yamakantaka is powerful in conferring benefits same as Jupiter but the other eight have evil influences in the bhavas (houses) they are found to occupy.
How is Pranapada calculated?
Prānapada is a certain sensitive point which can be obtained by adding twice the birth-time (in vighatis) to (a) the Sun’s longitude, (b) the Sun’s longitude + 240 degrees or (c) the Sun’s longitude + 120 degrees according as the Sun is in a moveable, fixed or common sign; the duration of one Prānapada is 15 vighatis …
What is bhava chart?
In almost all traditional practice, the twelve houses (bhāva) of a chart have the same boundaries as the twelve signs in the chart; in other words, each sign is a house in the chart. The beginning of each house is the 0th degrees of the sign and the end is the 30th degree of the sign.
IT IS INTERESTING: What do the Chinese zodiac signs represent?
What is Yamakantaka?
In Vedic Jyotish Yamakantaka is described as the son of Bristpati (Jupiter) and thus considered to be very much auspicious in giving its results. If it is associated with any Planet by conjunction it increases the auspicious results of that Planet by many times. It gives sudden and unexpected benefic events.
What does Upagraha mean?
/upagraha/ mn. moon countable noun. A moon is an object like a small planet that travels around a planet.
What is UpaKetu?
Meanings of UpaKetu: Magic, god of love, peacock, above or beyond Ketu. The Effects of UpaKetu in Houses from Chapter 25 of Brihat Parashara Hora Shastra: The First House: Skillful in all knowledge, happy, good speaker, agreeable and very affectionate.
What is PP in Vedic astrology?
It is a special point in the horoscope that can be a part of any house in the natal chart. It is the midpoint between the Rahu and the Moon. This is a concept I understood and used it to understand my life was through an astrology consultant, Sanjeev Gadhok from Astro 786. It is also a unique part of Vedic astrology.
What is hora lagna?
One Ghati = 24 Minutes hence 2.50 Ghati means 24×2.50=60.00 Minutes. Hence divide the time of birth from sunrise by 60 minutes [to divide this convert time from sunrise in minutes] and add the quotient into longitude of Sun, This will give Hora Lagna. Example native born at 09.23 AM, Sunrise at 06.35 AM.
What is my Indu Lagna?
Indu lagna is also known as the ascendant of wealth & Prosperity. Indu lagna is analyzed to determine the financial situation of a native. It is used to determine the wealth and prosperity of the native. In Uttar Kalamrit for every planet one root number is allotted to calculate Indu Lagna.
IT IS INTERESTING: What zodiac signs are attractive?
About self-knowledge
|
Horses running on public lands.
Little Owyhee HMA
Horses within the HMA are descendants of ranch horses that either escaped or were released into the area. The majority of the horses exhibit a bay, brown, black, or sorrel color pattern. However, there are also a number of palominos, buckskins, pintos, grays, roans and white horses.
Location: The Little Owyhee HMA is located in eastern Humboldt and western Elko counties, approximately 40 air miles northeast of Winnemucca, Nevada.
Size:;The area consists of 452,518 acres of BLM land and 7,766 acres of a mix of private and other public lands for a total of 460,284 acres.
Topography/Vegetation: The area is within the Columbia Plateau and Great Basin physiographic regions. On many of the low hills and ridges that are scattered throughout the area, the soils are underlain by bedrock. Elevations within the HMA range from approximately 4,500 feet to 6,100 feet. The majority of the HMA lies within 5,000 to 5,500 feet elevation. The climate is continental and semi-arid with cool, moist winters and warm, dry summers. Precipitation ranges from 6 to 14 inches, occurring primarily in the winter and spring. Average annual temperature ranges from 43 to 47 degrees Fahrenheit.
Vegetation is almost entirely the sagebrush-grass types typical of the cold desert and Great Basin. Low sagebrush and big sagebrush predominate throughout the greatest portion of the areas. Other plant species include downy brome, Thurber needlegrass, Indian ricegrass, bluebunch wheatgrass, squirreltail, bluegrass, spiny hopsage, green rabbitbrush, grey rabbitbrush, bud sagebrush and winterfat. Forage species for wild horses are primarily the perennial grasses: needlegrass, ricegrass, wheatgrass, squirrel tail, and bluegrass.
Wildlife: The area is also utilized by domestic livestock and numerous wildlife species. Typical wildlife species found in the area include chukar, partridge, sage grouse, mule deer, pronghorn antelope, coyotes, jackrabbits, and various species of birds, rodents and reptiles. The area is used as winter range for deer and provides valuable forage during migration periods. The North Fork of the Little Humboldt River Wilderness Study Area (WSA) is also located within the HMA.
AML: 194-298
Featured Album
Owyhee Gather 2016
|
The Importance of Learning Media Literacy Skills in an Ever-Changing Media Landscape
By BridgeUSA
Depictions of the 21st century have often included flying cars and robots as examples of advancements in society. Hardly did they mention universal access to information, online portals providing availability to everyone’s thoughts, and the usage of these platforms to influence public behavior. Every aspect of society has needed to respond and react to this rapid evolution of technology within the last two decades.
Portable laptops and cell phones have placed the internet within an arm’s length at any given moment, and our reliance on these devices for knowledge, communication and productivity leaves us susceptible to the consequences of misinformation and misplaced trust. The last few years have demonstrated to us in many ways that perceptions can be fabricated, information can be misconstrued, and too many people lack the tools required for basic media literacy.
Several traditional ways of identifying untrustworthy media sources are now outdated. I remember when I was younger and trying to identify reputable sources for school projects, I could easily flag websites for appearing obviously underdeveloped. Now, graphic design apps and website builders make it easy for anyone to create infographics and websites that have at least a superficial appearance of credibility. With access to these tools, people can disguise misinformation and sneak it past old mental filters. In addition, misinformation is no longer coming just from scammers trying to steal your money, but also from groups of people who work to distort narratives, push certain agendas, or even turn a profit. That type of messaging is more subtle and harder to detect.
Media outlets do this through many different tactics, including using a spin on words, adding sensationalism to headlines, and using flawed logic to come to conclusions not justified by the given evidence. The problem with outlets doing this is that it creates audiences with a different perception of events, who then may go and spread that information themselves. Misunderstanding and conflict ensue when one group is being told one story, and the other is being told something else. We’ve seen this over and over again between left and right-leaning media sources.
Another popular mechanism for misinformation is click bait stories. These stories are written with misleading headlines to catch a reader’s attention through often emotional or alarming statements, and they generate a lot of profit because of that. Despite being mostly inaccurate, click bait stories are very prominent in mainstream media, accounting for 25% of news articles in 2016. While online platforms are getting better at filtering these types of stories, many users are still unaware of what to look for when deciding if a story is accurate or not.
In the face of this difficulty, it is clear that it is important to equip as many people as possible with media literacy skills. Some schools have already implemented media literacy classes on their campuses. These courses teach students to look at sources, fact check information, and ask further questions about articles they are reading.
While media literacy classes in primary schools and even universities might be helpful, they can be difficult to update at the same rate that the media landscape changes. So, perhaps we need to shift the expectations of media literacy education from schools and institutions to the very platforms where they are needed.
Sometimes Google lets us know that a website we’re about to enter is suspicious. What if they could offer more information that engages and educates us in addition to this warning?
What if public figures, journalists or social media influencers spoke up about the importance of media literacy by showcasing some consequences of trusting misinformation in an action-packed and engaging way?
Twitter recently implemented a feature that pauses people from retweeting links they haven’t yet opened, in an attempt to limit or slow the sharing of unverified information. This is a good first step, but could they do more?
All of these are questions we could be asking of our online platforms, but it’s also important for us as individuals to learn how to navigate the misinformation that is currently out there. Here are some tips for spotting misinformation, and navigating the digital media world:
– Look at where the article you’re reading came from, and who wrote it. If the author is unlisted, or they use too many unnamed sources throughout the piece, consider cross-checking the information.
– Pay close attention when reading stories about emotional events or polarizing topics. Some news outlets will cherry pick information to help construct a story that they know their audience will agree with. This can lead to confirmation bias in many readers.
– It’s always important to look at information from different sources, even the ones you don’t agree with. Other news sources may be able to answer questions you have, and can provide a different understanding of issues being talked about.
There may not yet be a universal approach to spotting misinformation, but we can each take steps to become more aware about the information we are consuming every day. As technology continues to advance, and the media landscape with it, subjective information may be more prominent within our society. It is up to us to educate ourselves, and do our own research on these topics. Having audiences who are divided by the information they receive is dangerous for our democracy, and poses a challenge as we strive to work together and find solutions for the future.
|
Where is the Hesitancy Coming From?
Providing effective health promotion in the Black community has been a struggle for a long time. Dating back to historical studies such as the 1932 Tuskegee experiment, in which Black men were intentionally left untreated for syphilis3; to prominent figures such as Henrietta Lacks, whose cells were secretly stolen to help inform cancer research4; it can be understood why the Black community is hesitant to trust the health care system, when historically their health was not prioritized. The historical mistreatment of Black individuals, as well as the passing of misinformation on Black health and the discreditation of Black pain, has given the Black community every confirmation to not trust the health care system and those who operate within it.
There are several myths related to the Black community that are still passed around in the medical community today. These myths have a huge impact on how people of color are treated in the medical world:
1. Symptoms for Black individuals are the same as they are for the white community. Medical schools tend to only study disease and illness in the context of white populations and communities, which doesn’t provide an accurate representation of the entire population.
2. The idea that race and genetics solely determines risk in health. You may hear things like Black people are more likely to have diabetes, but it is more accurately due to social determinants of health, such as the environment a person is living in, the stress they are under (i.e. racism) and the care they are able to receive. Race’s influence on health and access to health care are not actively discussed or studied in the medical community, which causes doctors to study Black individuals, and their health, as one large group instead of individually or with a community focus.
3. Black patients can’t be trusted. This is due to the stereotypes and misinformation passed through the medical community. According to Wallace’s findings, the medical community tends to believe that Black patients are untruthful about their medical condition and are there seeking something else (i.e. prescription medication).
4. The previous myth also feeds into the fourth; that Black people exaggerate their pain or have a higher pain tolerance. This includes believing that Black people have thicker skin, and their nerve endings are less sensitive than that of white people. To reinforce ideas like this, a research study has shown that 50% of the 418 medical students questioned believe at least one racial myth when it comes to medical care. Myths like these create a barrier in health care, and when thinking back to myth two, it is understandable why the Black community may have higher rates of health conditions.
5. Lastly, Black patients are only there for medication. Historically, Black patients are viewed as addicts, and pain is less likely to be properly treated in Black patients. This does not only factor into adult health but really starts when patients are children. In a study of about one million children with appendicitis in the US, researchers found that, compared to white children, Black children are less likely to receive pain medications for both moderate and severe pain.2 Again, going back to myth two, this points to social determinants of health (i.e. the access of appropriate care) that influences a Black patient’s short-term and long-term trust in the system.
Now, stepping into the world of COVID-19 and the vaccine, there’s a lot of reasonable hesitancy around trusting the government and more importantly, trusting the health care system to supply proper care. This not only stems from the historical mistreatment of Black people in the health system, but also from the treatment Black communities receive from all systems in the United States. We have seen videos that seemingly show police brutality, have learned about cases that showcase the lack of justice in our country’s judicial system, and have seen through the recent insurrection at our nation’s capital when systems of power are challenged. Looking at recent laws, policies, and violence and how the media reports these issues, it can be seen why people of color and their communities are reluctant to believe the health care system is looking out.
Then what should we do? How do we get more Black people and people of color to trust the health system and overcome the reasonable doubt? While there are several steps to truly building trust, a big step is increasing representation in the health care system. Representation can also greatly influence trust. One study found that from a group of 1,300 Black men that were offered a free health screening, those who saw a Black doctor were 56% more likely to get a flu shot, 47% more likely to agree to a diabetes screening, and 72% more likely to accept a cholesterol screening.5 If this shows anything, it is that when you can see yourself in someone, it makes a huge impact on being comfortable. Along with racial representation, we also need more education around health equity and providing equitable care for physicians. Through these thoughtful changes to our health care system, that trust can be built, but it will take time and lots of work.
So, as a Black woman, will I get vaccinated? The answer is simply yes and here’s why – I feel it is the right thing for me to do to protect myself, my loved ones, and my community. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) found that when compared to the white community, Black persons are 1.4 times more likely to have cases of COVID-19, 3.7 times more likely to be hospitalized, and 2.8 times more likely to die from COVID-19.1 So, while getting a vaccine can be unknown and scary, the facts of COVID-19 are also scary. If you find yourself questioning if you want to get the vaccine, do your research, talk to your circle, and ask questions. You can also check out the CDC’s website, where they respond to the myths and the facts of the COVID-19 vaccine.
1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, CDC. (Feb 12, 2021). Hospitalizations and death by race/ethnicity. Retrieved from
2. Wallace, A. (Sep 30,2020). Race and Medicine: 5 Dangerous medical myths that hurt black people. Retrieved from
3. Nix, E. (Dec 15, 2020). Tuskegee experiment: The infamous syphilis study. Retrieved from
4. (Sept 1, 2020). Henrietta Lacks: Science must right a historical wrong
5. Torres, N. (Aug 10, 2018) Research: Having a black doctor led men to receive more effective care. Retrieved from
|
Reduce, reuse, and recycle is a big part of the social conversation around green businesses. However, it’s difficult for businesses to know where to start. A story that begins with the Chemistry Department at illinois State University can provide inspiration for any business. Plus, it shows that there are innovators out there that can help your business, warehouses, or retail stores go green.
Check out Custom Earth Promos when you’re ready to go green, using promotional products, recycled bags, and more. With these tips and more, you can change the face of your business.
Sustainable Warehouses
When the faculty and students of the Chemistry Department at Illinois State looked around, they realized their base processes were not eco-friendly. They started small, only buying what they needed. For example, they bought the exact items required, never storing bulk items. If they needed reusable bags, they just bought those bags instead of purchasing indiscriminately. Their inventory system cut down on spending, waste, and storage needs.
This principle works well in warehouses where space is at a premium.
Reducing Water Waste in Warehouses
Take the sustainability concept a step further. A new water pump cut back on water waste. For example, Illinois State’s Chemistry Dept. saved 429,000 gallons of water in a year. This is a simple way for the department to reduce consumption.
If businesses or warehouses wanted to take the same route, it might also use a water capture and filtration system to produce its own water. This reduces strain on the local water system, protecting the environment.
Reusing Everything
While your business should purchase reusable products, use recycled items, and recycle with the local waste management system, you can do more. Reuse everything you have. Think big. Did you know the filling in Kit Kats is Kit Kats? They don’t waste anything. If you can find a way to reuse something you would otherwise throw out, do it.
Order Today
You can order recycled and reusable products for your business, warehouses, stores, and more today. Plus, you can take steps to make your processes greener, protect the environment and save money.
|
This word stigma and mental Illness go hand and hand, for so many years long before I was born and even before my parents were born there has been such a stigma attached to mental illness. People didn’t talk about it and people lived in shame because of it, afraid, alone, acting and dying inside. The sad part is they have no reason to feel this way at all. Negative emotion is felt by all of us and negative emotions control people who struggle with mental illness, depression, anxiety and so on.
How did it happen that people stopped talking openly about their feelings, there emotions? Why is it that so many of us just feel that we have to hold this in side and not talk? Happy feelings we talk about openly and with pride and then we let them go as fast as they came with out a second thought. But the negative emotions and bad feelings we think about over and over and let grow inside of us and control us and destroy us hold us back and stop us from growing into the people we were met to be.
What makes these negative emotions and feelings so strong? we feel we have to hold on to them for so long when they cause us so much pain? The stigma behind depression and mental illness is so strong because of the way we were taught to view it, and keep it a secret and not be open and shine a light on it and take it’s power away. Although now a day’s things are starting to change and people are starting to talk and I am one of those people. I have to tell you I will not stop talking because the more I talk the more people I reach and then those people start to talk and sooner or later we will all feel free to open up and talk. I dream of the day that we are completely open about these so called taboo issues it motivates me to do my part and break this stigma that has been placed on mental illness
I have a simple and easy thing that all of us can do. It is plan and simple and it is one of my pet pev’s, no it is a trigger. It is the way that we use the word depression. People will often say when it is a cloudy day it is so depressing out side.. When a sad song comes on the radio it is a depressing song turn the channel. Something bad happens in life and it is soooo depressing. When this happens it makes my heart jump and my mind reacts and I feel a scene of humiliation.. Why? because depression is being minimized. It strikes me in the heart that people think of it in such a un serous way. That people who suffer with depression and mental illness really have no problems at all it is as easy as the sun coming out and changing that frown up side down.. well let me ask a simple question would you switch that word depression with Cancer.. or M.S. or C.F. ? or any other illness that kills people?
Lets stop minimizing depression because it kills people and start saying what we feel.. Because a cloudy day or a sad song or something that happen in the news doesn’t make you feel like you shouldn’t get out of bed, doesn’t make you feel like you don’t deserve happiness, doesn’t make you feel like an outsider, doesn’t make you feel like you have no ware to turn…and it does not make you feel like there is no way out… It just makes you feel sad..So say that 😊.
I would like to think we could all do our part in breaking the stigma behind depression. Minimizing it and using it out of context , throwing it around so easily in conversations were it doesn’t apply isn’t helping. But start talking openly about your emotions and how we truly feel.. that does help. We are all human and we all feel emotion good, bad, ugly it is all there inside of us. Once we start talking and being aware of our emotions the stigma behind depression and mental illness has no chance at surviving. We can all do our part to help each other by being honest and open about how we feel. Break the stigma and start talking, Living life and being happy! Thats what were here for.
“Only with open conversation can we break the stigma behind depression, Lets start talking and kill it together”
Darcy Patrick.
25 views0 comments
Recent Posts
See All
|
How many tags are in HTML?
How many tags are in HTML?
There are 142 and 132 HTML tags according to Mozilla Developer Network(MDN) and respectively….Total Number of HTML tags.
Reference Website Total number of HTML tags 132 119 115 113
What are the 5 HTML tags?
List of HTML 5 Tags
Tag Description
It defines a footer for a section.
It defines a header for a section.
It defines the main content of a document.
It specifies the marked or highlighted content.
What are the 3 main tags in HTML?
These are html, title, head and body. The table below shows you the opening and closing tag, a description and an example. These are the tags you put at the beginning and end of an HTML file.
What is P tag in HTML?
: The Paragraph element The
What are the two types of HTML tags?
There are two types of list- an ordered list and an unordered list. Tag <ul> is used for unordered list. Tag <ol> is used for the ordered list. Here, <li> is list item tag. Items in the ordered list are listed by ascending numbers. 7) How to Add Images to your HTML page? Here is Simple syntax for adding an image in your HTML page.
What does a list start with in HTML?
HTML lists allow web developers to group a set of related items in lists. An unordered list starts with the <ul> tag. Each list item starts with the <li> tag. An ordered list starts with the <ol> tag.
What are the three main parts of HTML?
HTML tags contain three main parts: opening tag, content and closing tag. But some HTML tags are unclosed tags. When a web browser reads an HTML document, browser reads it from top to bottom and left to right. HTML tags are used to create HTML documents and render their properties.
Where do you put the tags in HTML?
In an HTML document, all tag names are differentiated from other simple text. The tag names are enclosed in between angle brackets or a ‘less than’ and a ‘greater than’ symbol, (<) and (>).
What are the categories of HTML tags?
There are two types of tags in HTML:1. Paired tags. example: ( )2. Unpaired tagsexample: ( , ) there are two types: 1. Paired Tags2. Unpaired Tags. Paired and Unpaired tags.
What is the full name of the TR tag in HTML?
• Definition and Usage. The tag defines a row in an HTML table. A element contains one or more or elements.
• Browser Support
• Global Attributes. The tag also supports the Global Attributes in HTML.
• Event Attributes. The tag also supports the Event Attributes in HTML.
• More Examples
• Related Pages
• Default CSS Settings
What does the HTML tag &Lt?
A common usage of the is to display HTML code within a web page. To display HTML code, you need to use the correct HTML entities to ensure the HTML code is actually displayed (and not rendered) by the browser. Specifically, you need to use < in place of the less-than symbol (<) and > in place of the greater-than symbol (>). Like this:
|
Where can stick insects be found?
Where can stick insects be found?
Phasmids are found in a range of habitats and have adapted to both resemble and feed on a variety of plant species. Some, such as the Goliath Stick Insect are found in the forested areas of eastern Australia, there are also species which occur in arid, coastal and monsoonal environments.
Where are walking sticks found?
Walking sticks are found on every continent except Antarctica. They mostly live in temperate and tropical regions. Within these areas, the stick insect usually inhabits woodlands and tropical forests, where it hides on trees in plain sight.
What states can you find stick bugs?
Distribution. This walkingstick is native to North America. Its range extends from the Atlantic coast from Maine to Florida, as far west as California and northwards to North Dakota. It also occurs in Canada (where it is the only stick insect) being present in Alberta, Manitoba, Ontario and Québec.
Are stick bugs rare to find?
This giant stick insect is so rare only three females have ever been found in the wild. An adult female “Ctenomorpha gargantua” from the first captive-reared generation, measuring 56.5 cm in total length.
What is the lifespan of a stick insect?
How long will my stick insects live? Your stick insects should be mature at 6 months and should live for around a year.
Are stick insects good pets?
Stick insects make great pets. They are fascinating, educational and quite easy to keep, however, there are a few things you will need to consider before buying one. one. Good ventilation and surfaces that can be climbed easily are important features.
Do walking sticks bite humans?
Can a Walking Stick Cause Injury? Though walking sticks are not known to bite, some walking stick species, for instance, the American stick insect (Anisomorpha buprestoides), found in the southeastern United States, can spray a milky kind of acidic compound from glands on the back of its thorax.
Are walking sticks dangerous?
Venomous Walking Sticks While most species of walking stick insects are completely harmless, in the southeastern United States there are some species that have the ability to spray defensive venom when they think they are being threatened. These walking sticks can aim the spray into your pet’s eyes and mouth.
What eats a stick bug?
What are some predators of Stick Insects? Predators of Stick Insects include birds, rodents, and reptiles.
Do stick insects need sunlight?
The short answer is… Yes, stick insects do need light. Although nocturnal by nature, they require a day/night cycle to thrive.
How long do pet stick insects live?
twelve months
Can you touch stick bugs?
Most of the 3,000 species of walking sticks resemble small, brown twigs or sticks. The delicate insects must be handled carefully because their legs can easily break off.
Where do stick insects live in the world?
Many stick insects have wings, some spectacularly beautiful, while others resemble little more than a stump. A number of species have spines and tubercles on their bodies. Found predominantly in the tropics and subtropics—although several species live in temperate regions—stick insects thrive in forests and grasslands, where they feed on leaves.
What kind of insect looks like a stick?
The stick insect is a Phasmid – insects that eat leaves and resemble leaves or sticks. It is a master of disguise and remains still during the day. Look for them at night by torchlight when they’re feeding, or after a storm or a windy day when they may have been blown from their branches.
Where do the wings of a stick insect come from?
The wing bugs of a stick insect are on its back and contain the developing wings. Especially before the last molt you can see that they get quite big and thick. During the last molt the wings will come out of the wing buds and will be inflated to produce the full size wings of the stick insect.
Which is the biggest stick insect in Australia?
The stick insect is a Phasmid – insects that eat leaves and resemble leaves or sticks. It is a master of disguise and remains still during the day. The biggest stick insect in Australia is the Ctenomorpha gargantuan.
What kind of bugs live on a stick?
1 Giant Prickly Stick Bug. The giant prickly stick bug can only be found in Australia. 2 Vietnamese stick insect. 3 New Guinea Spiny DEVIL Stick Insect. 4 Malayan jungle nymph. 5 Thorny Stick Insect. 6 Diapheraodes Gigantea. 7 Pope Valley timema. 8 Smooth stick insect.
Where can I buy stick insects in Australia?
How big is the biggest stick insect in the world?
Size Stick insect species, often called walking sticks, range in size from the tiny, half-inch-long Timema cristinae of North America, to the formidable 13-inch-long Phobaeticus kirbyi of Borneo. This giant measures over 21 inches with its legs outstretched, making it one of the world’s longest insects. Females are normally larger than males.
How big can a walking stick bug get?
Depending on the species, walking sticks can grow from 1 to 12 inches (2.5 to 30 centimeters) long, with males usually growing bigger than the females. Stick insects are the biggest insects in the world—one species measures over 20 inches (51 centimeters) long with its legs outstretched. Range.
|
For 10¢ a day you can enjoy ads
free while helping to build churches and support pastors in Uganda.
Click here to learn more!
Bible Commentaries
Gray's Concise Bible Commentary
Book Overview - Jude
by Arend Remmers
The author is named as Jude, the brother of James. He probably means the James wrote the epistle of that name and is, therefore, the Lord's brother.
Purpose. False teachers were boldly teaching their heresies in the meetings of the congregation. These men were also very immoral in conduct and the epistle is written to expose their errors and to exhort his readers to contend for the true faith and to live worthy lives. In many points it is very similar to the second letter of Peter.
Date. It was probably written about A. D. 66. At any rate it must have been written before A. D. 70 when Jerusalem was destroyed, as Jude would hardly have failed to mention that event along with other examples of punishment, 5-7.
Introduction, 1-4.
I. The Fate of Wicked Disturbers, 5-16.
1. God punishes the wicked, 5-7.
2. He will destroy these men, 8-16.
II. How to Contend For the Faith, 17-23.
1. Be mindful of the enemies, 17-19.
2. Be strong (built up in the faith), 20-21.
3. Maintain an evangelistic spirit, 22-23.
Conclusion, 24-25.
For Study and Discussion. (1) Make a list of all the words and phrases occurring in threes, as mercy, love, peace, or Cain, Baalam, Korah. (2) Make a list of all the different things taught about the evil workers mentioned, 8-10, 12, 13. 16, 19. (3) What the apostles had foretold concerning them.
|
• Saad Atique
What are Cryptocurrencies?
Updated: Sep 8
Not many people know or understand the term ‘Cryptocurrencies’, but almost everyone knows and heard about Bitcoin.
If you are among those, let me tell you that Bitcoin is also a cryptocurrency, and it was the first-ever cryptocurrency on the market.
However, at present, it is not the only one out there, and there are numerous cryptocurrencies with growing popularity. If you want to know the basics about cryptocurrencies, this read is for you. Stick to it to get the answers.
What is Cryptocurrency?
A cryptocurrency is a virtual product or currency secured by cryptography, and it is not possible to counterfeit or double-spend these currencies.
Moreover, almost all cryptocurrencies are decentralized and rely on innovative blockchain technology.
Cryptocurrencies are not issued or governed by any central authority. It means they are free from government interference and manipulation.
How Does Cryptocurrency Work?
A cryptocurrency is different from other currencies such as the Dollar, Yen, or Euro. Furthermore, the currency is not physical, fully encrypted, and decentralized.
Similarly, no authority manages or maintains its values. Instead, these tasks are performed by cryptocurrencies users online.
Besides, all crypto transactions are recorded and verified through a digital program known as the blockchain.
How many cryptocurrencies are available on the market?
There are 10,000 different cryptocurrencies available on the market that users can trade publicly, as per a report issued by CoinMarketCap.
And still, cryptocurrencies continue to thrive, nurturing money through various offerings of coins.
Reports show that the accumulated value of available cryptocurrencies presently is around $2 trillion. Of this, the total value of Bitcoin is about $900 billion.
Why are they so popular throughout the world?
Cryptocurrencies have several attractions for all types of users. Here are some significant reasons for their immense popularity:
• Many people see cryptocurrencies as the future’s currency, especially Bitcoin. Hence they are racing to get the currency now and before they become hard to access and valuable.
• Similarly, some think that cryptocurrencies will eliminate or reduce the impact of central banks as these banks can reduce the value of money through inflation in the future.
• Besides, many like the innovative technology that cryptocurrencies features, the blockchain. People assume that it is much more secure than conventional payment systems.
• A lot of people buy them as they think demand is growing for cryptocurrencies and so they will be able to sell them at a later date for a higher price.
Advantages and Downsides of Cryptocurrency
Cryptocurrencies offer various benefits to holders. The biggest advantage of this digital currency is that it makes the transfer of funds between two parties effortless and without any third person such as the government or a bank.
Transfer of funds are guaranteed and protected via public and private keys and other incentive systems such as Proof of Work or Stake Proof.
Furthermore, cryptocurrency systems have a user's "wallet" or account address along with a public key. In contrast, its private key is only available to the owners so that they can verify and sign transactions.
Another significant benefit of cryptocurrencies is that funds can be transferred with minimal charges and rapid speed.
Cryptocurrency's perceived anonymous nature is a big hurdle to greater adoption. A lot of people consider them to be used by money launderers and terrorists for nefarious activities. This couldn't be further from the truth.
Transactions recorded on blockchains are totally transparent and it is very easy for law enforcement to track down where transactions are going from and to. Furthermore, if a bad actor was to try and cash out, the transaction can be traced right the way to the bank account that they use.
The majority of criminal money is still held in cash as its impossible to trace.
Cryptocurrencies can also be volatile. Price volatility makes them difficult to use as actual currencies (would you accept a payment that could be worth 20% less the next week? Or pay in a currency that could be worth double in a month?), but it makes them potentially great investments if you can manage the risk correctly.
How do I invest in cryptocurrencies?
You can spend months, maybe years, researching which cryptocurrencies you think will do well, buy them on an exchange and store them securely.
Or, alternatively, you can let us do the heavy lifting for you. Our DeFi Infrastructure Fund is available for everyone to invest in on ICONOMI platform. It features a diverse array of cryptocurrencies and is actively managed with the aim of producing better returns than Bitcoin (its currently achieving 3 times the returns of Bitcoin).
Final Thoughts
Cryptocurrencies are enjoying the limelight right now, but remember; these currencies are still in their initial stage.
Remember that investing in anything new and unknown includes many challenges, and above all final outcome can be surprising, so be well prepared, especially if you intend to invest in cryptocurrencies.
Or leave us to manage your investments on your behalf.
9 views0 comments
Recent Posts
See All
|
To darn is to stitch up a small hole in a piece of clothing. Instead of throwing your worn-out socks away, you can just darn the holes in their toes.
When you darn your socks or sweaters, you use a needle and thread to close small holes in the woven fabric. There's even a specific stitch known as a "darning stitch," in which you first weave the thread with the grain of the fabric, and then fill in the other "woven" direction. The result is a sturdy patch made only of thread. Darn comes from the Middle French darner, "mend."
Definitions of darn
1. verb
repair by sewing
darn socks”
see moresee less
type of:
bushel, doctor, fix, furbish up, mend, repair, restore, touch on
2. noun
sewing that repairs a worn or torn hole (especially in a garment)
synonyms: mend, patch
see moresee less
type of:
sewing, stitchery
needlework on which you are working with needle and thread
3. noun
something of little value
synonyms: hoot, red cent
see moresee less
type of:
ineptitude, worthlessness
having no qualities that would render it valuable or useful
Word Family
|
In 1709 when Napoleon Bonaparte executed his coup de’ etat and seized power in France he was thirty years of age, short , of medium build, quiet and determined, with cold gray eyes and rather awkward manners. He had been born at Ajaccio in Corsica on August 15, 1769, just after the island had been purchased by France from Genoa but before the French had fully succeeded in quelling the stubborn insurrection of the Corsicans. Belonging to a prominent Italian and numerous Italian families, his name at the outset was written Napoleon di Buonarpate. He had been selected along with the sons of other Corsicans families to be educated at public expense in France. In this way he received a good military education at Brinne and at Paris.
During his youth he dreamed of becoming the leader of a movement for Corsican independence, but the outbreak of the French Revolution afforded him a wider opportunity for his ambition. Already an engineer and an artilleryman he sympathise with the Jacobins during the Revolution and acquired from the Italian Campaign of 1796 the reputation of being the most brilliant general of the French Republic.
Throughout his career Bonaparte professed himself to be the: son of the Revolution: the champion of the ideals of “Liberty, equality and fraternity.” It was to the Revolution that he owed his position in France and it was to France that he claimed to be preserving the fruits of the Revolution. Yet in practice, he emphasizes equality rather than liberty and by interpreting fraternity in a rather national than international sense. “What the French people want.” He declared “is equality, not liberty.” In the social order, he maintained the achievements of the Revolution, and recognised no distinction of class. But in the political order, he was more despotic than the monarchy of Louis XIV.
In 1802 Bonaparte was made Consul for life with the approval of a popular plebiscite. Two years later, his subservient Senate proposed that his office be made hereditary and its title changed from Consul to Emperor and the proposal was ratified by another plebiscite. On December 2, 1804 amid imposing ceremonies in the medieval cathedral of Notre Dame, in the presence of Pope Pius VII who had come from Rome to grace the event, General Bonaparte placed a crown upon his own head and assumed the title of Napolean I, emperor of France.
FACTORS FOR HIS SUCCESS: His success was due in large to the extra ordinary opportunity which French Politics at that time offered, but it was due, likewise to certain qualities of the young General.
i. He was thoroughly convinced of his own abilities, Ambitious, selfish and egoistical, he was always thinking and planning how he might become world famous. Fatalistic and even superstitious he believed that he was a “ man of destiny”
ii. Bonaparte possessed an effective means of satisfying his ambition. He was heir to the militarism of the French Revolution and he made himself the idol of his conscript soldiers. He spoke to the subaltern in a tone of good fellowship, which delighted them all, as he reminded them of their common feats of arms.
iii. He was unscrupulous. Knowing he desired, he was ready and willing to employ any means to attain his ends. No love for theories or principles, no fear of God or man, no sentimental aversion to bloodshed, nothing could deter him from striving to realize his vaulting but self centred ambition.
FIRST CONSUL OF FRENCH REPUBLIC: His new role was to devise an instrument a government to take the place of the constitution of the Year III. It concealed his dictatorship under a veil of popular force. It provided the three “Consuls”, the first of who was Genera, Bonaparte and the others named by him. The Consul appointed a Senate, which decided any conditional question and which also selected from lists chosen by popular voting, a Tribunate and a Legislative Body. The Tribunate discussed proposed legislation without voting upon it; the Legislative Body voted without discussion. Only the First Consul could proposed legislation. Bonaparte’s constitution was ratified by a popular plebiscite and became known as the Constitution of the Year VIII of the Republic.
1. Centralised administration
Bonaparte transferred the local government of departments and smaller districts( arrondissements) from elective officials to prefects and sub- prefects, appointed by himself. Local elective councils continued to exist, but they sat only for a fortnight in the year and dealt merely with the assesement of taxes; they might be consulted by the prefect but they had no check upon him. All mayors of cities and villages were designated by the prefects or directly by the central government. This highly centralised administration of the country afforded the people little direct voice in public affairs, but it possessed the advantage of assuring prompt and uniform execution of government decrees.
2. Treaty with the Church of France (Concordat with the Church): Bonaparte was determined to gain the political support of the large number of conscientious French Catholics who had been alienated by the anti-Christian measures of the revolutionaries. After protracted negotiations and against the wishes of the French radicals, a settlement was reached in a concordat (1801) between Pope Pius VII and the French Republic, whereby the Pope for his part, concurred in the confiscation of the property of the Church and the suppression of the monasteries and the state undertook to pay salaries of the clergy. The First Consul would nominate the bishops and the Pope would invest them with the office; the priest would be appointed by the bishops. In this way the Catholic Church was officially restored in France but it was tied to the national government more tightly than during the time of Louis IV.
3. Civil code of laws (1804): One of the fondest hopes cherished by the French revolutionaries was to clear away the confusion and discrepancies of the numerous legal systems of the old regime and to reduce the laws of the land to a simple and uniform national code, so that everyone who could read be able to know what was legal and what was not. Surrounding himself with legal advisors, the first Consul brought out a civil code (1804) which was followed by codes of civil procedures and criminal procedure, a penal code and a commercial code. The simplicity of these codes commended them not only to France, but to the greater part of continental Europe. The Civil Code preserved the social conquest of the Revolution such as civil equality, religious toleration, equality of Inheritance, emancipation of serfs, abolition of feudalism and privilege. Although the civil code retained many harsh punishments and that the position of woman was made distinctly inferior to that of man, but, on the whole, the French codes long remained a most convenient and enlightened set of laws.
4. National education: Primary or elementary schools were to be maintained by every commune under the general supervision of the prefects or sub-prefects
i. Secondary or grammar schools were to provide a special training in French, Latin and elementary science and were to be subject to control by the national government
ii. Lycees, or high schools were to be opened in evry important town and instruction given in the higher branches of learning by teachers appointed by the state
iii. Special schools such as technical schools, civil service schools and military schools were brought under regulation
iv. The university of France was established to maintained uniformity throughout the new educational system. Its chief official were appointed by the First Consul and no one might open a new school or teach in public unless he was licence by the university
v. The recruiting station for the teaching staff of the public schools was provided in a normal school organised in Paris. All these schools were directed to take the bases of their teaching the ethical principles of Christianity and loyalty to the head of the state. Despite continued efforts of Bonaparte, the new system was handicapped by lack of funds and experienced lay teachers, so that at the close of the Napoleanic era, more than half of the total number of French children still attended private schools, mostly those conducted by the Catholic Church.
5. Public works: Bonaparte proved to be a zealous benefactor of public works. He improved the means of communication and trade within the country and promoted the economic welfare of large classes of the inhabitants. In 1811 he could enumerate 229 broad military roads which he constructed, the most important of which thirty in number, radiated from Paris to the extremities of the French territory. Numerous substantial bridges were built. The former networks of canals and waterways were perfected. The principled seaports, both naval and commercial, were enlarged and fortified, especially the harbours of Cherbourg and Toulon. State palaces were restored and redecorated, monuments were erected. The city of Paris was beautified. The Louvre was completed and adorned with works of art brought from the spoils of victory from Italy, Spain and the Netherlands.
I. Renewal of Franco-British War: The British had struggled to maintain their control of the sea and the superiority of trade and industry which attended it. Now, when Napoleon extended French influence over the Belgian and Dutch Netherlands, along the Rhine and throughout Italy and even succeeded in negotiating an alliance with Spain, Britain was threatened with the loss of valuable commercial privileges in all those regions and was further alarmed by the colonial projects of Napoleon. In May 1803, therefore Great Britain Declared war. The immediate cause was Napoleon’s refusal to cease interfering in Italy, Switzerland and Holland. Napoleon welcomed the war and under William Pitt( the younger) who headed the ministry of England the Third Coalition was formed in 1805 by Great Britain, Austria, Russia and Sweden to overthrow Napoleon. Before the troops of the third Coalition could threaten the eastern frontier of France, napoleon abandoned his projected invasion of Great Britain, broke up his armaments along the Atlantic coast and marched his army upon Austrian near the town of Ulm in Wurttemberg. There on October 20, 1805, the Austrian commander with some 50,000 men, surrendered and the road to Vienna was open to the French. On October 21, the allied French and Spanish fleets, issuing from the harbour of Cadiz, encountered the British fleet under Lord Nelson and in a terrific battle off Cape Trafalgar were completely routed. Lord Nelson loses his life in the conflict.
II. War with Austria: Occupying Vienna he turned northwards into Moravia where Francis II and Alexander I had gathered an army of Austrians and Russians. On Dec, 2, 1805, Napoleon overwhelms the allies at Austerlitz. The immediate result of the campaign of Ulm and Austerlitz was the withdrawal of Austria from the Third Coalition. Late in December 1805, the emperor Francis II and Napoleon signed the Treaty of Pressburg. Austria ceded Venetia to the kingdom of Italy and recognized Napoleon as its king and also resigned the Tyrol to Bavaria an outlying provinces in western Germany to Wurttemberg. Both Bavaria and Württemberg were converted into kingdoms . By the treaty of Pressburg, Austria lost 3,000,000 subjects and large revenues and reduced to the rank of second rate power.
III. War with Prussia: Stung by the refusal of Napoleon to withdraw his troops from southern Germany Frederick William III in 1806 declard war against France. The Prussian army with 150,000 strong under the aged Duke of Brunswick advanced against the 200,000 veterans of Napoleon, the resulting battles of Jena and Auerstadt proved the superiority of Napoleon’s army over the Prussian. Napolean entered Berlin in triumph and took possession of the greater part of Prussia.
IV. End of the Third Coalition: In June 1807, at Friedland Napolean defeated the Russians. The Tsar Alexander at once sued for peace. At Tilsit Napolean and Alexander arranged the terms of peace for France, Russia and Prussia. Prussia had to pay the price of the alliance between French and Russian emperor. From it was taken the portion of Poland which was erected into a Granduchy of Warsaw, fewer than one of Napoleon’s German allies, the Elector of Saxony. Prussia was despoiled of half of its territories and compelled to reduce its army to 42, 000 men and to maintain French troops on its remaining lands until a large war indemnity was paid. Tilsit destroyed the third coalition and made napoleon master of the continent.
V. Reorganization of Germany: It was in Germany that Napoleon’s achievements were particularly striking. From 1801 to 1803, the Diet authorized the confiscation throughout southern Germany of ecclesiastical lands and free cities. One hundred and twelve formerly independent states lying east of the Rhine were wiped out of existence and nearly one hundred others on the west bank were embodied in France. Thus the number of German states was reduced from more than three hundred to less than one hundred and the states which mainly benefited , along with France were Bavaria, Wurttemberg, Baden and Saxony, all of which Napoleon desired to use an equipoise against Austria and Russia.
In 1806, pursuant to Napoleon’s wishes , the kings of Bavaria and Wurttemberg, The Grand- Dukes of Baden, Hesse- Darmstadt and Berg the Archbishop of Mainz and ninety nine minor princes virtually seceded from the Holy Roman Empire and formed : Confederation of the Rhine” under the protection of French emperor , whom they pledged to support with an army of 63000 men.
VI. Continental system: The Continental system had been foreshadowed under the Directory and in the early days of the Consulate. It was not until the Berlin Decree (November 1806) that the first major attempt was made to define and enforce it. In this decree, Napoleon proclaimed a state of blockade against Britsh Isles and closed French and allied ports to ships coming from Great Britain or its colonies. The Berlin Decree was further strengthened by decrees at Warsaw( January 1807), Milan ( December 1807) and Fontainebleau( October 1810)
The Milan decree ordered the confiscation of any British manufactured goods found in the Napoleonic states. In retaliation British government replied with “ orders in council”( January- November 1807), which declared all vessels trading with France or its allies liable to capture and provided further that in certain instances neutral vessels must touch at a British port.
DOWNFALL OF NAPOLEAN: Napoleon attained the height of power in 1808 and after that his decline began, Many factors were responsible for the rapid fall:
i. Napoleons character: One important factor was the limitation of individual genius. It is true that Napoleon was a genius but it is also true that he was a human being. It was impossible for him to do everything himself and since he was growing older , more corpulent and less able to withstand exertion and fatigue, fonder of affluence and ease. His success made him egoistical.
ii. Nature of Militarism: A second defect lay in the nature of militarism upon which the Napoleonic empire was constructed the new militarism was essentially tyrannical and as years passed by and the deadly campaigns repeated themselves, the number of patriotic volunteers declines, the emperor resorted to force conscription, forcibly taking away thousands of young Frenchmen from productive pursuits at home and strewing their bones throughout the continent. As time passed Napoleon’s grand army was rendered less homogeneous and less effective by the inclusion of Poles, Germans, Italians, Dutch Spaniards and Danes.
iii. Continental System: Another cause of his failure was the continental system Napoleon regarded England as the Enemy no.1 and to humble her numerous decrees were issued, which boomerang on France. His determination to exclude English goods and nationals from Portugal and Spain forced him to interfere in these countries./ the physical features and of the country and the constant flow of help from England by sea, enabled the people of Portugal and Spain to beat back French troops from the peninsula. The victories of the Duke of Wellington destroyed the myth of Napoleons invincibility.
iv. Russian Campaign: Napoleon’s Russian campaign was also another factor for his downfall. Disagreement between Tsar Nicholas Alexander of Russia and Napoleon erupted and in June 1812, Napoleon crossed the Nieman River and began invasion of Russia. His forces were superior in numbers, organization and equipment. Russian forces kept on retreating and Napoleon made a triumphal entry into the city, but the city was set on fire through carelessness and barracks and foodstuffs were destroyed, most of the inhabitants fled and the city was pillaged by French troops as well as by Russians, the lack of supplies, compelled Napoleon on October 22 to evacuate to Moscow and retrace his steps towards the Nieman. Napoleonic retreat from Moscow is one of the most terrible episodes in history and led to his downfall. His grand Army was completely destroyed along with his prestige. It was his retreat from Moscow in a helpless condition that encouraged his enemies to join hands and bring about his fall.
v. Battle of the Nations (1813): The Battle of the Nations in 1813, at Leipzig on October 16-19 marked the collapse of Napoleon’s power outside France. His empire and puppet states crumbled like a house of card. With the remaining defeated army Napoleon resisted and prolonged the struggle on French soil. Within a month, Paris surrendered to the Allies which was formed by Great Britain, Russia, Austria and Prussia on March 1, 1813; thirteen days later Napoleon signed with the allied sovereigns the personal treaty of Fontainebleau, by which he abdicated his throne and was exiled to the island of Elba with an annual pension of two million Francs for himself.
vi.Battle of Waterloo and Napoleons final defeat: on February 26, 1815, Napoleon slipped away from Elba with some 700 men and manages to elude the British guardships, disembarked at Cannes on March 1 and advanced northward. The four great powers solemnly renewed their treaty of alliance and signed a declaration to defeat Napoleon. On June 18, he fought the final great battle of his remarkable career at Waterloo against the combined force of British, Dutch and Germans under the command of Arthur Wellesley, Duke of Wellington.
IMPORTANCE OF THE BATTLE OF WATERLOO: The battle of Waterloo has been one of the world’s decisive battles since it united almost al Europe against Europe and secondly Waterloo added the prestige to the naval pre-eminence which Great Britain already enjoyed and established the reputation of Wellington as victor over Napoleon.
EXILE AND DEATH OF NAPOLEON: ON June 21 Napoleon arrived in Paris, defeated and dejected. The following day Napoleon abdicated the second time in favour of his son and the provisional government of France. On July 15, the day following the anniversary of the fall of the Bastille, Napoleon was despatches on another British warship to the rocky island of St. Helena in the South Atlantic. Here he lived five and a half years. On May 5, 1851, Napoleon died on the island of St. Helena.
INTRODUCTION: In March 1814, the enemies of Napoleon entered his capital with triumph. The overthrow of Napoleon brought with it one of the most complicated and difficult problems over presented to statement s and diplomats. As all the nations of Europe has been affected by the enterprises, so all were profoundly affected by his fall During that period boundaries were changed rapidly and refashioned therefore the defeat of Napoleonic regime must be followed by the reconstruction of Europe . The reconstruction was foreshadowed by the treaties concluded with each other by each other as they entered the Great Coalition, particularly important were the Treaties of Paris and Vienna.
Treaty of Paris: On May 30th 1814 was concluded the Treaty of Paris between the Allies on the one hand and France under Louise XVIII on the other.
i. According to the treaty the boundary of France were to be those of January 1, 1792 with slight additions towards the southeast in Savoy and in the north and north east.
ii. On the other hand she was to relinquish all her conquest beyond that line, which meant the extensive territories of Netherlands, Italy, and parts of Germany, containing in all a population of about thirty two millions.
iii. The distribution of this territories was to be determined later , but it was already decided in principle and slated in the treaty,
iv. that the Netherlands should form a single state by the addition of the Belgian provinces to Holland , Lombardy and Venetia should go to Austria, Republic of Genoa should be incorporated in Sardinia, the states of Germany should be united in a federation, England should keep Malta and certain French colonies, returning others, German territories on the left bank of the Rhine , united to France since 1792 should be used for the enlargement of Holland and as compensation to Prussia and other German states, Italy were to go to Austria.
The definite elaboration of these intentions of the Allies was to be the work of a general international congress to be held later in the year in Vienna.
The congress of Vienna (September 1814- June 1815) was one of the most important diplomatic gatherings in the history of Europe, by reason of the number, variety and gravity of the questioned presented and settled. It was due to the recognition of the decisive part played by Austria and of the commanding personality of Metternich that Vienna was chosen as the scene of the international congress. There were the emperors of Austria and Russia, the kings of Prussia, Bavaria, Wurtermberg, Denmark, a multitude of lesser princes and all the diplomats of Europe of whom Metternich and Tallyrand were the most important. All the powers were were represented except Turkey. The Congress of Vienna was not a congress in the ordinary meaning of the word. There was never any former opening nor any general exchange of credentials. The signatories of the treaty of Chaumont would decide all
matters among themselves and then present their decision merely as perfunctory
ratification. But Tallyrand threatened to nullify the program of the “ Big Four”( Austria,
Prussia, Russia and great Britain) by invoking the treaty of Paris in favour of a full and free
congress of all the powers , which was backed by Spain, Portugal, Sweden and the lesser
A. Principle of Legitimacy and Compromise:
i. A ‘Final Act’ was signed in June 1815, embodying what is commonly called
the peace settlement of Vienna. Accordingly, the treaties of Vienna
recognised the restoration of the Bourbons in France, in Spain and in the two
Sicilies , of the House of Orange in Holland, of the House of Savoy in Sardinia
and Piedmont, of the Pope to his temporal possessions in central Italy and of
various German princes whose territories had been included in the
Confederation of the Rhine. Likewise , Austria recovered the Tyrol and other
lands of which it had been despoiled and the loose Swiss confederation was
restored under a guarantee of neutrality. Great Britain appropriated, along
with certain French and Spanish trading posts, the important Dutch colonies
of Ceylon and South Africa and a part of Guiana.
ii. To compensate the Dutch and to erect a stronger state on the northern
frontier of France, the southern( Austrian) Netherlands were joined with
northern( Dutch) Netherlands under the rule of the restored Dutch prince of
Orange, now recognised as the King of United Netherlands.
iii. To compensate Austria for the surrender of its claims on the southern
Netherlands, it was given a commanding position in Italy. The territories of
the historic republic of Venice( including the Illyrian provinces along the
eastern coast of the Adriatic) and the duchy of Milan( Lombardy) were
transferred outright to the Habsburg Empire and members of the Habsburg
family were seated upon the thrones of the small central states of Tuscany,
Parma and Modena
iv. Sweden as compensation for the cession of Finland to Russia and of
Pomerania to Prussia, secured Norway from Denmark, whose protracted
alliance with napoleon merit a severe punishment
v. Prussia’s gained were significant, it recovered all the German territories of
which it had despoiled by Napoleon and in addition it acquired Swedish
Pomerania, two-fifths of Saxony, the whole of Westphalia and most of the
Rhineland. These cession were intended to make Prussia a bulwark against
France but in the long run they did more. They provided it with mineral
resources of the greatest economic importance during the ensuing century
and in conjunction with the surrender of” congress of Poland” to Russia, they
tend to transform Prussia from a half –slavic, thoroughly agricultural state
into the leading industrial state of Germany.
|
Palm Oil Engineering Bulletin No.137 (May - Aug 2021) p24-29
The Role of Liquid Entrainment and its Effect on Separation Efficiency in Palm Oil Fractionation
Elina Hishamuddin* and Saw Mei Huey*
Palm oil is one of the most unique oils and fats. The oil consists of a wide array of triacylglycerols (TAG) which predominantly contribute to its distinct physical and chemical properties. In its natural state, palm oil is semisolid at room temperature which allows the oil to undergo fractionation to enhance its characteristics while increasing its functionality as an ingredient in a multitude of edible and non-edible applications (Deffense, 1985; Deffense, 1998). Over the last half century, the fractionation process has become the dominant modification process for the Malaysian palm oil industry, together with the steady growth in palm oil production (Kellens et al., 2007). Palm oil fractionation produces a liquid fraction (palm olein) and a solid fraction (palm stearin), which are two major palm-based fractions produced and traded from Malaysia (Parveez et al., 2020). In 2020, Malaysia produced over 14.2 million tonnes of refined, bleached and deodourised (RBD) palm oil while the production of RBD palm olein and RBD palm stearin were in excess of 10.1 million tonnes and 2.9 million tonnes, respectively, in the same year (MPOB, 2020). Palm oil can also undergo fractionation in multiple stages to further produce various fractions with improved quality and at a higher degree of selectivity, as shown in Figure 1 (Kellens et al., 2007; Deffense, 2009).
Author information:
|
The Charlotte News
Saturday, May 22, 1954
Site Ed. Note: The front page reports that in Geneva, South Korea had finally agreed this date to elections throughout the country, but had proposed conditions which the Communists were sure to reject. South Korea proposed, through its Foreign Minister Pyun Yung-tai, a 14-point plan for unification of Korea, but stipulated that any elections would have to be supervised by the U.N. and then the results also certified by the U.N., the Communists having already ruled out any U.N. role in Korean peace plans. The South Korean proposal also provided that Chinese Communist troops would have to be withdrawn from North Korea at least a month before the elections, while some U.N. forces would remain in Korea until a unified government achieved effective control over the entire peninsula, another condition which the Communists were sure to reject. Another provision proposed that representation in the all-Korean legislature would be in direct proportion to the population of all of Korea, ensuring control by the South, which at present had about 20 million people, whereas the North had only four million. The proposal rejected that of North Korean Foreign Minister Nam Il, which called for Communist-type elections to be carried out by an all-Korean commission on which North and South Korea would have equal representation. The South also rejected the North's proposal for it not having named a particular date for the elections, only calling for withdrawal of all foreign forces from Korea.
From Hanoi, it was reported that French fighter aircraft and bombers this date had heavily pounded Vietminh bases in the vital Red River Delta, following the fall of one of three French defense outposts. The French planes, both from land and carrier bases, attacked the Vietminh's main highway communications leading to the delta and Hanoi, while fighter planes blasted truck convoys. A French high command spokesman said that he could not estimate how heavy the Vietminh movements were from the fallen French fortress at Dien Bien Phu into the delta area, which protected Hanoi and Haiphong. The spokesman said that the Vietminh were not marching on Hanoi. The fallen outpost which had been taken by the Vietminh the previous day had held out for nearly three weeks. Two other outposts were encircled and still holding out in the southeastern part of the delta, on the fringes of the strategic rice bowl area where Communist activity had been increased since the fall of Dien Bien Phu.
General Curtis LeMay, chief of the Air Force Strategic Air Command, in an address to the Armed Forces Chemical Association in Washington, said the previous day that "the readiness of our strategic bombers to strike back on a global scale is a considerable factor … in discouraging the spread of a limited war." He said that SAC planes could take off in any type of weather and fly directly to within a few hundred feet above any designated target on the globe, hitting the target when they got there. He said that the Administration's military policy was based on the concept of "massive retaliatory power", as a deterrent to Soviet aggression, and that his command had the mission of "swift and certain retaliation", that in the event of a total war, his strategic bombers would have the task of striking at enemy airbases and atomic installations, destroying the enemy's striking power at its source, as well as wrecking the enemy's industrial capacity and seeking to prevent the advance of enemy ground forces. In another speech before the same group, Civil Defense director Val Peterson said that 22 million Americans could be killed or wounded by an all-out Russian atomic, chemical and germ weapons attack, and that between 40 and 100 of the country's major cities could be struck at the outset of such an attack. He said that the American people could "dig, die or get out of their cities" in the event of such an attack, and he urged civil defense drills, such as those conducted in Indianapolis and Columbus, O.
Senator McCarthy said this date that he would not criticize the President for "pulling down the Iron Curtain" over Administration discussions affecting his dispute with the Army, referring to an executive order to all executive branch personnel not to provide Congressional committees with statements regarding private executive department conversations and related documentation. The Senator was set to deliver a major address at Fort Atkinson in Wisconsin this night. He said that if the Senate hearings continued, he would like to have five newsmen subpoenaed, Homer Bigart of the New York Herald-Tribune, columnist Joseph Alsop, Phil Potter of the Baltimore Sun, and Murrey Marder and Al Friendly of the Washington Post, on the basis that testimony before the subcommittee had revealed that Army general counsel John G. Adams had discussed with those journalists Army announcements released in connection with the dispute between the Senator and the Army. He said that he would review the course of the dispute in his address before a Chamber of Commerce dinner, at which time he would announce whether he would continue with the hearings despite the President's order, the hearings set to resume on Monday after a week-long recess. He said that he would testify in the matter but that the appearance of his assistants, usual chief counsel for the subcommittee, Roy Cohn, and staff assistant Francis Carr, would be up to each of them, in view of the Army's "stacked deck", as he described the situation in the wake of the President's order. In Chicago the previous day, the Senator had said that the Republican Party was "committing slow and painful suicide before the television cameras". He said that the demand of Senator Stuart Symington, one of three Democrats on the Investigations subcommittee, that the transcripts of conversations relating to the case monitored by the Army should be made public, represented a change in the subcommittee rules on which the Democrats had agreed prior to the start of the hearings, under which, he said, none of those transcripts would be made public until they had been submitted to subcommittee counsel and opposing counsel and the Attorney General had reviewed them and removed irrelevant material. The Senator found it to be a test of the good faith of the Democrats on the subcommittee.
The President's request to lower the voting age from 21 to 18 was doomed by 24 Democratic Senators this date, most of whom were from the South. Supporters of the measure in the Senate were only able to muster 34 votes, when a two-thirds super-majority was required for the constitutional amendment to be passed in each house before being submitted to the states for ratification by three-fourths of them. The measure was still pending in the House, but it was believed futile for the body to consider the amendment, given the Senate outcome. No Republican voted against the measure in the Senate, though Senators Hugh Butler of Nebraska and George Malone of Nevada were paired against it. Only seven of 47 Democrats in the Senate had voted in favor of it, while seven others were paired in favor. The opponents were led by Senator Richard Russell of Georgia, who found it "an implied insult" to the governors and legislatures of all of the states. Georgia was the only state in the union at the time which allowed 18-year olds to vote. Senator Russell said that he was not against extending the voting age to 18, but believed it should be left to each state to make the decision.
Atlanta black political leader Austin Walden, in a press interview in advance of a two-day closed strategy session by NAACP national and regional leaders, advised black leaders to move slowly, but firmly, in planning a program of action in response to the Brown v. Board of Education decision of the Supreme Court, holding continued public school segregation unconstitutional under the Fourteenth Amendment Equal Protection Clause. He advised not bringing to a sudden end segregation but waiting until the Court would hear from the states impacted by the decision regarding their plans for implementing the decision, oral arguments having been scheduled on the matter for mid-October. He advised state NAACP leaders to discourage immediate lawsuits to force admission of black students to public schools, colleges and universities, at least until the fall. He said that they did not wish to add to the emotional instability of those supporting segregation, but also did not want to have to apologize for the Court's decision.
Meanwhile, Attorney General Eugene Cook of Georgia, who had stated earlier in the week that the decision was demoralizing and contrary to legal precedent and social customs, had called for a meeting of state attorneys general to study courses of action, stating that the meeting would not stress defiance of the Court's decision. Governor Thomas Stanley of Virginia had invited other governors to meet in Richmond during the first week of June for an exchange of information on the decision.
In Frankfurt, Germany, the chief U.S. prosecutor abruptly halted further action in a prosecution involving the January 7, 1946 ax and arson murders of three U.S. Army officers, pending full study of the case, after a deputy prosecutor had filed murder charges the previous day against a former Army captain, indicating that he was forwarding extradition papers to the U.S. High Commission in Bonn.
Near Fayetteville, N.C., two Fort Bragg soldiers had been killed this date when their automobile collided with a tractor-trailer truck, with one of the soldiers, a corporal, having been the driver of the automobile, while his passenger was a private. The truck driver was not seriously injured.
In Jacksonville, N.C., the severely lacerated wife of the Marine captain stationed at Camp Lejeune, who had gone berserk the previous day and killed his three children and assaulted his wife with a hatchet before stabbing himself to death in the throat with a butcher knife, had regained consciousness and was showing some improvement, though remaining in serious condition. Police had not been able to establish a motive for the captain slaying the children and stabbing his wife.
In London, evangelist Billy Graham would conclude this night his evangelical crusade in Britain, with two venues, White City Stadium, holding 60,000 people, and Wembley Stadium, holding 100,000, reserved for his final appearances. It was impossible to find a ticket for either meeting, and the BBC had promised to broadcast the evening sermon at Wembley for those who were unable to attend. Railways would run "Billy Graham special trains" and the London Transport had set up expanded service, usually reserved for cup final matches at the climax of each year's soccer season. A disused subway station at White City Stadium was being opened for the day, and extra buses would be placed on five lines. The crusade's services had begun on March 1 at Harringay Arena, attracting considerable skepticism from local churchmen and citizens who wondered whether London was too sophisticated for evangelism. The previous day, however, the Archbishop of Canterbury, Dr. Geoffrey Fisher, published a statement saying he regarded the campaign of Dr. Graham to have been, on the whole, "a very humble, sincere and fruitful work of evangelism", noting with approval that he had avoided all "unwise exploitation of the emotions" and had sent people touched by him to their regular Christian life and fellowship in their churches.
In Emeryville, Calif., a female impersonator, replete with makeup and fancy underclothes, played the role of a decoy for a pair of robbers the previous day. The man dressed as a female entered a liquor store and ordered an expensive bottle of scotch, and while the owner was filling the order, two men entered the store and told the owner that it was a stick-up. The owner grabbed the man dressed as a woman and held him as a shield, as he reached for a revolver, whereupon the two robbers fled, at which point the female impersonator broke away and likewise fled. Police officers apprehended the three suspects a few blocks away, and they offered no resistance. You can't blame them. They had gotten their idea from watching "Dragnet".
From New York, Associated Press reporter Roy Kohn—not to be confused with the Investigations subcommittee chief counsel Roy Cohn—, tells of the latest regarding animals in the news, that soft-hearted zoo-men were going for hard-shelled armadillos, that sore-armed dancers picked pythons over pumas, and that duck-billed Cecil was re-wooing Penelope the platypus, in various spots in New York State, Baltimore and Toronto. He provides detail of the happening.
On the editorial page, "The South Respects the Law" indicates that the South's reaction to the Brown decision the previous Monday, holding continued segregation in public schools unconstitutional, had been an admixture of disappointment, surprise, maturity and seriousness. Some shrill voices had been raised, but calmness had characterized the response of most of the press, political leaders and the public. The ruling was being respected, rather than mocked.
It finds that attitude apparent in the state Democratic convention in Raleigh two days earlier, where the keynote address of Winston-Salem attorney Irving Carlyle had drawn applause when he said that, as good citizens, the state had no other course than to obey the law as laid down by the Court, that to do otherwise would cost the state its respect for law and order. The delegates had acted similarly by tabling a resolution which criticized the decision, instead condemning "without reservation, every effort of men, singly or in organized groups, to set themselves above the law."
It finds that the responsible attitude of Southerners deserved the notice of authorities who would eventually be charged with enforcement of the Court's order for desegregation. It finds unnecessary the convening of any special session of the General Assembly by Governor William B. Umstead to consider the school segregation problem, that after the Council of State, the State Board of Education and the State Department of Public Education had studied the problem, and after the Supreme Court's further hearing of the matter to determine the method of implementing the decision, oral arguments on which were to take place in mid-October, legislative action would then be necessary, but not before the regular session of the 1955 General Assembly convening in January.
It indicates that the legislators elected the following Saturday would probably bear a heavy responsibility for working out an orderly integration of the schools and that the obligation should be maintained in mind by voters when they cast their ballots.
"Other Senators Should Support Gillette" indicates that Senator Guy Gillette the previous day had blamed Senator McCarthy's excesses on the U.S. Senate, itself, noting that the Constitution provided that no person should be deprived of life, liberty or property without due process of law under the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments, charging that Senator McCarthy had violated constitutional liberties of citizens.
The Senate could curtail the power of Senator McCarthy by taking away authority delegated to his Government Operations Committee and its Investigations subcommittee, could prescribe rules under which the committees operated and could withhold their funding and change their personnel. But thus far, the Senate had been reluctant to curb any power enjoyed by Senator McCarthy. Only one Senator, J. William Fulbright of Arkansas, had voted against providing funds for the Government Operations Committee. Senator Gillette's speech had indicated that one more Senator had decided that the Senate should take stronger action against Senator McCarthy. Senator Ralph Flanders of Vermont, in a speech two months earlier, had strongly denounced Senator McCarthy, suggesting that a move presently against him from within the Senate would garner support from both parties. It urges other Senators to step forward and finally "cut down to size the dangerous, reckless man who has degraded the Senate."
By the end of the year, that would occur, with Senator McCarthy's censure, the beginning of the end of his waning power, though still continuing to hold some sway over the foolish and stupid of the country who enjoyed hearing from demagogues, somehow fancying that the outspoken demagogue is telling them the "truth" simply by the fact of being loud, brash, divisive and willing to say any damn thing which comes to mind as politically expedient of the moment, no matter how false, demeaning and repugnant to civility it is—a malady from which a large part of the country still obviously suffers.
"Two Industries' Effect on N.C. Wages" indicates that Duke University professor Dr. B. U. Ratchford, in an address before editorial writers recently in Chapel Hill, had urged that the state, to expand its industrial employment and increase its average industrial wages, had to attract more complex industries which demanded higher skills and required larger capital investment while paying higher wages.
It points out that in 1939, there had been three electrical and electronics equipment plants in the state, employing 66 persons, that by 1947, there were 11 such plants employing 5,023 persons, and now there were 40, employing 22,000 persons. During the previous seven years, those plants had invested 42 million dollars in new construction and plant modernization, demanding considerable skill in their workforce and paying fairly high wages, averaging $71.55 weekly, compared to between $41.29 and $56.55 paid to the North Carolina hosiery and textile workers, and between $36.87 and $62.08 paid to the tobacco workers, textiles and tobacco accounting for two-thirds of the state's manufacturing jobs.
Garment manufacturers were moving south to get away from the rackets, while also paying lower wages, with garment workers in New York averaging about $60 per week, against the national average ranging from $43 to $59 in 1952, depending on the type of garment. The previous November, the average pay in the industry in North Carolina ranged from $34.27 to $37.47, with the average Southern wage in that industry being $24.
It concludes that the state needed the kind of high-paying industry typified by the electrical and electronics equipment manufacturers and that the garment industry should receive no particular welcome as long as it was paying only around half to two-thirds that paid New York workers. It indicates that it was yet another example of an intrastate industry which should be covered by a state minimum wage law, similar to the Federal minimum wage law.
"Vote Next Saturday" indicates that civilians could cast absentee ballots in the general election in the fall, but that only service personnel and hospitalized veterans could cast absentee ballots in the upcoming May 29 primary, thus urges people to get out and vote, providing the polling hours and counseling that if one did not vote, that person could hardly put the blame for the kind of officeholders elected on anyone but themselves and others like them.
A piece from the Sanford Herald, titled "On Doodle-Bug Fishing", quotes a writer for the Greensboro Daily News, that it had been the first time in 60 years that no one had invited the writer or prompted him to go fishing on Easter Monday, but that there was grass high enough in the backyard to land a doodle-bug.
The piece proceeds to explain how to go doodlebug fishing, including a chant, "Doodle-bug, doodle-bug, house on fire." It explains that there had been a simpleminded individual in the writer's community who was quite a doodlebug catcher, who chanted, "Doodle-bug, doodle-bug, have some pie."
We think somebody may have been nipping at the brandy.
Drew Pearson indicates that the President had become almost grumpy about the subject of Alaskan statehood, that recently a member of the Alaskan Senate had called at the White House to remind the President that the Republican platform had called for statehood for both Hawaii and Alaska, and that the Alaskan people wanted action, not promises. The President had retorted sharply that he fully appreciated that interest, but that statehood for Alaska was not a one-sided question, that there were other considerations which had to be taken into account, though not elaborating. It was reported that one of the considerations was security, but some observers had pointed out that the White House had not been concerned about security until after the Senate had voted 57 to 28 to approve statehood for both Alaska and Hawaii, and that the President's primary concern was that Alaska would send two Democratic Senators to Washington, whereas Hawaii would likely send two Republicans. Meanwhile, a backstage deal had been worked out between Senator Lyndon Johnson and Senator William Knowland, the respective Senate leaders, whereby Senator Johnson would appoint "weak" Democratic Senators to the House-Senate conference committee set to reconcile the bills, and that those Senators would agree with the Republicans to eliminate Alaskan statehood and approve only Hawaiian statehood.
Representative Daniel Reed, chairman of the House Ways & Means Committee, was trying to formulate a deal with the White House to kill reciprocal trade agreements, having secretly offered to help pass the President's Social Security program provided the President would abandon his campaign to liberalize the reciprocal trade agreements. A lot of business firms objected to reciprocal trade, claiming that tariffs were already too low. Mr. Reed had been dragging out the hearings on the Social Security program expansion, awaiting White House response to his proposal, which had not yet come. The President was receiving pressure from his Wall Street backers who wanted to ease trade barriers. But the President's political advisers felt differently, pointing out that the Social Security program was worth several million votes. It was extremely doubtful, they argued, that President Eisenhower could pass both the Social Security and reciprocal trade over the formidable opposition of Mr. Reed.
Mr. Pearson indicates that Robert E. Lee, a friend of Senator McCarthy, appointed to the Federal Communications Commission by the President, and confirmed after vigorous Senate debate and criticism from Mr. Pearson's column on the ground that he had an unsavory role in the 1950 Maryland Senatorial race, leading to the defeat of Senator Millard Tydings after Senator McCarthy had poured in money derived from Texas oilmen and the Chicago Tribune, and had distributed a composite photograph of Senator Tydings supposedly appearing beside former American Communist Party leader Earl Browder. Mr. Lee had confided to a friend that he hoped to be like Justice Hugo Black, who, shortly after his appointment by FDR in 1937 to the Supreme Court, had come under fire for having briefly been a member of the Klan in the 1920's but having become a great Justice and recognized defender of civil rights. Mr. Lee indicated that he hoped in his small way to do likewise on the FCC. Mr. Pearson indicates that Mr. Lee appeared to be trying hard to achieve that goal, that speaking before the Industrial Communications Association recently, he had told them that the Government could not set aside certain wavelengths for factory communications, comparing it to allocating public roads for the exclusive use of individual trucking and transportation companies. He advised them to use Western Union, Bell Telephone and normal business channels instead. Mr. Lee had also started a quiet campaign against wiretapping, pointing out that a recording of a tapped telephone conversation could be changed, edited and distorted, just as the cropped photo of Secretary of the Army Robert Stevens and Private G. David Schine, eliminating two other men from the picture, making it appear initially that only the two were present. Mr. Lee believed that Attorney General Herbert Brownell had not taken account of that possibility when he proposed legalization of wiretapping in cases involving national security, at the discretion of the Attorney General.
Joseph & Stewart Alsop indicate that the partnership between Britain and the U.S., which had been the basis for free world strength through the previous eight postwar years, was now nearer the breaking point than most people supposed. Extreme mutual bitterness prevailed in the highest and most responsible quarters of both Governments, unlike anything which had preceded since the Anglo-American alliance had been formed during World War I. The reason for it was the crisis in Indo-China and whether the free world could afford a Munich-type peace in the Far East.
They find that the first fault had been that the Eisenhower Administration had waited too long to face the facts in Indo-China, and that when the facts finally had to be faced, Secretary of State Dulles had gone to the European capitals to try to muster support for a Far Eastern alliance, catching them by surprise in asking for "united action" to save Indo-China from Communism. The result was resentment on the part of the British, but regardless, prospects were still not bad on April 10 when Secretary Dulles had gone to London to discuss his plan for united action. Foreign Secretary Anthony Eden had argued that the final decision had to be put off until the Communists could be given a chance to offer an acceptable Asian settlement at the Geneva peace conference, which was to start on April 26. Mr. Eden made two important commitments, however, which gave great satisfaction to Secretary Dulles, first that the British agreed in principle to united action to save Indo-China, provided an acceptable settlement could be obtained at Geneva, and second, promising that Britain would join in immediate discussion of the ways and means to bring about that united action, to show to the Communists that the West meant business.
But then Mr. Eden abandoned his second commitment to Secretary Dulles, having agreed that joint talks would begin on April 19, just before Mr. Dulles would depart for Geneva, with representatives from France, the Anzus countries and the interested Asian nations about to begin those conversations when word came from the British Embassy in Washington that British Ambassador Sir Roger Makins had been instructed not to join the discussion. The problem was covered up temporarily by converting the conference into one on Korea, but the sudden change by Britain left the West without any hand to play at Geneva.
The problem in Britain appeared to have been in British politics, with the Conservative Government fearing public opinion at a time when a general election was likely impending. Word was officially passed in London that Mr. Dulles had been bluffing and that Congress would never go along with united action or any other kind of action to save Indo-China, displeasing to the U.S. policymakers who were in complete earnest about the matter. Also troubling to U.S. policymakers was the British veto which prevented American airstrikes to relieve the French Union troops defending Dien Bien Phu. Then came quickly the fall of the fortress and the complete intransigence of the Communist negotiators at Geneva, causing Anglo-American relations to reach a nadir.
Now there were separate Franco-American discussions of the conditions for U.S. intervention in Indo-China, with U.S. Ambassador to France Douglas Dillon and French Prime Minister Joseph Laniel leading those discussions, begun at the request of the French. The discussions had led to an American policy decision, which had been revealed in the President's Wednesday press conference, that if necessary, the U.S. would intervene to save Indo-China, even if the British did not join in that intervention.
They conclude that the independence of recent U.S. actions, the danger that they might lead to a Far Eastern war, had alarmed and outraged Britain, while in Washington, there was equal outrage and alarm over Britain's apparent willingness to accept a Far Eastern peace reminiscent of Munich, which U.S. policymakers believed would set off a chain reaction of catastrophe for the free world.
Marquis Childs, in Geneva, indicates that it would likely be the last conference between the West and the Communists for a very long time, as failure appeared evident in seeking to resolve the outstanding differences over Korea and Indo-China.
Under the containment policy of the Truman Administration, when Dean Acheson had been Secretary of State, both the President and the Secretary had resisted efforts to have an East-West meeting of heads of state, on the ground that failure of such a meeting would strengthen the position of those arguing that the only resort was to have a preventive war. Mr. Childs regards the drift toward such an impasse not out of the question in the wake of Geneva.
Outwardly, the U.S. position would be to continue to try to effect reconciliation of the position of the Communists at one extreme for a simple cease-fire in Indo-China and the position of the French for a controlled armistice at the other extreme. It was likely, just as the West viewed the Communist position as intransigent, that the Communists, both the Russians and Chinese, viewed the American position likewise. There was some ground for that latter view, as there had been no progress in the effort to persuade South Korean President Syngman Rhee to concede, for bargaining purposes, that supervised elections should be held in both North and South Korea, supervised by the U.N. Since the Communists resisted U.N. supervision, President Rhee could safely agree to such a concession, on the belief that the Communists would not accede. (As the front page reports this date, the South Koreans had finally so agreed.) Furthermore, the U.S. position had not been easy to sustain, with wavering and doubtful allies on the one hand and the wall of Communist inflexibility on the other. There had been seemingly contradictory statements from various U.S. sources, and the French had given out so many conflicting statements about the Communist proposals on Indo-China that it was no wonder that the U.S. could not formulate a clear plan.
U.S. officials had developed a great sensitivity to press reaction, reminiscent of the latter phase of the Truman foreign policy, when Secretary Acheson had felt that the press was unduly critical of him, such that he could do nothing right. In Geneva, one heard bitter complaints about the press and the failure of U.S. newspapers to support the American position, adding to the propaganda issuing from the Communists.
Even the consistently pro-American and influential magazine, The London Economist, in an editorial titled "Alliance in Danger", listed successive bluffs by Secretary Dulles which had been called, with the result of frightening U.S. allies much more than impressing the Communists.
Mr. Childs concludes that U.S. diplomats in Geneva had at least to go through the motions of a conference, despite little hope of any constructive outcome. It was unlikely, however, that Mr. Dulles and his colleagues would again place themselves in such a difficult position across the conference table from the Communists.
A letter writer, 80 years old, complains that downtown Charlotte did not offer the shopper or stranger anything worthwhile, no benches or restrooms. He noticed that older people wandered around with no place to sit down to chat with old friends, that older people did not wish to stay in their houses or their rooms all day, and that if a person stopped on the sidewalk to discuss the weather, the police would tell them to move on. He wants Charlotte to move out of the "hick stage" and set aside a place downtown where the weary shopper, the stranger, the crippled, and the elderly could get some comfort. He finds it comparable to much smaller towns.
A letter writer from Marion indicates that he had been a carrier-salesman of the newspaper for two years and had received the annual "Trip to Charlotte" award, and while there had seen the newspaper in action and the efficiency of the circulation department. The newspaper had been received in his home for 12 years and he had always found it efficient in its reporting and editorialization, but in a recent edition, had found five full-page ads among 26 total pages, and 12 ads taking up between one-third and one-fourth of a page, a ratio generally maintained, he found, during the previous six months, prompting him to wonder whether the newspaper could not cut down on the ads. He compliments the editorial page.
A letter from the director of music education in the Charlotte City Schools thanks the newspaper for its help in promoting their recent Music Festival, expressing the belief that sometimes what appeared in print was more important than actually attending the performances, which the majority of people did not do.
A letter writer from Maxton responds to a letter writer of the previous Saturday who had objected to the entertainment menu on tap for President Eisenhower during his visit in Charlotte on May 18, indicating his belief that the President, after the daily hearings transpiring in Washington in the Army-McCarthy dispute, probably welcomed the change, with a group of amateurs performing for him, as the President had campaigned in 1952 on it being a time for a change in Washington.
Framed Edition
[Return to Links
Links-Date Links-Subj.
|
1. Please check and comment entries here.
Table of Contents
Topic review peer-reviewed
Global Passenger Transport Futures
Subjects: Others
View times: 76
Submitted by: Patrick Moriarty
The entry (Version 3) has been published on 10.3390/encyclopedia1010018
Global passenger transport expanded over 14-fold between 1950 and 2018, so that now it is not only a major energy user and CO2 emitter, but also the cause of a variety of other negative effects, especially in urban areas. Global transport is subject to two contradictory forces. On the one hand, the vast present inequality in vehicular mobility between nations should produce steady growth as low-mobility countries raise material living standards. On the other hand, any such vast expansion of the already large global transport task will magnify the negative effects of such travel. The result is a highly uncertain global transport future.Keywords: Air transport; climate change; electric vehicles; global transport; Information Technology; transport forecasting; transport fuels; vehicle energy efficiency
1. Introduction
Possible global passenger transport futures are important to consider both because of the economic importance of this sector, and because of the environmental/social costs generated, many of which presently go unpaid. Before the 2020 pandemic, most forecasts were upbeat about the continued growth of global passenger transport. Pre-pandemic, the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) forecast passenger car numbers growing from 1133 million in 2018 to 1969 million in 2040. In their late 2020 report, the OPEC forecast for 2040 had dropped slightly to 1936 million, but the 2045 forecast was for 2119 million passenger vehicles, with strongest growth in countries outside the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)[1] For air travel, Airbus in 2019 forecast an average 4.7% annual growth globally out to 2038[2].
Given the great inequalities in ownership of vehicles and plane travel throughout the world, it might be argued global passenger transport will continue to rise strongly as predicted by OPEC and Airbus, as presently low-mobility countries catch up with the OECD. However, present high levels of travel come at a high cost, not all of which is covered by users. Fossil fuels overall receive an estimated global subsidy of US$ 5.3 trillion in 2015[3]. Much of this subsidy was for CO2 emissions, including those from passenger transport. But passenger transport incurs a number of other costs: oil supply security fears; the global toll of road fatalities and injuries; air and noise pollution, especially in urban areas; the heavy uptake of urban land for transport infrastructure; and even the health implications from the lack of exercise caused by the replacement of walking and cycling by motorised modes. [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22]
Climate researchers sometimes speak of a ‘carbon pie’—the maximum allowable global CO2 emissions to avoid serious climate change[4]. Many papers have discussed the equitable division of this ‘pie’ between the world’s nations or even individuals. This idea of limits has prompted Swiss advocacy of a ‘2 kW society’, in which Swiss average power use per capita is reduced to 2 kW by year 2050[5]. Given passenger transport’s many costs—particularly CO2 emissions—it might be time for high-mobility countries to analogously consider a ‘4000 p-k society’, with average vehicular travel levels per capita of 4000 passenger-km (p-k). (One passenger-km is generated when one passenger travels one km.)
2. Transport patterns: Past and present
In 1900, global vehicular passenger travel was only about 0.2 trillion p-k (tp-k)—see Table 1. Nearly all of this travel was by rail. Even given a nearly 5-fold rise in global population, a roughly 240-fold growth in travel from 1900 to 2018 is extraordinary, and has been termed ‘hypermobility’[6]. In 1950, nearly all the world’s cars were found in North America; today, both car manufacturing and ownership is more evenly spread around the globe. Nevertheless, huge ownership inequalities persist, with the US owning over 700 light passenger vehicles per 100 population, compared with less than 20 in many low-income countries, especially in tropical Africa.
Table 1. Global passenger travel-related data 1900, 1950, 2018.
Population (billion)
Total travel (tp-k)
Public transport (tp-k)
Private transport (tp-k)
Air transport (tp-k)
Passenger cars (m)
Pass. cars/1000 pop.
1Author’s estimates. Sources: [1, 4].
Although in 1900, coal fuelled most of the world’s trains, by mid-century, oil-based fuels were dominant, with some electric traction for urban public transport. This oil dominance has continued to this day, despite increased use of natural gas (NG), bioethanol, and electric vehicles (EVs). Table 2 gives a percentage breakdown of fuels transport fuels, for both passenger and freight, for 1973 and 2018. Alternative fuels are mainly used by surface passenger transport. Transport, both passenger and freight, in 2018 used 29.1% of global final energy demand, compared with 23.1% in 1973[7]. Transport’s share of energy-related CO2 in 2018 was somewhat smaller, at around 24%[7].
Table 2. Global transport final energy demand by fuel, 1973 and 2018.
1973 (%)
2018 (%)
Natural gas
All transport fuels
Recent developments, however, cast doubt on the future of NG and biomass-based alternative fuels, as well as petroleum. Even though these fuels are still increasing their share, this situation may not last for much longer. A number of countries (and cities) plan to ban internal combustion engine vehicles, some as early as 2030, usually for air pollution reasons[8][9] [8, 9]. The choices would then be between EVs and hydrogen fuel cell vehicles (HFCVs). Although at various times both have found favour, at present EVs have won out—at the end of 2019 they numbered 7.2 million (of which 47% were in China), compared with only a few thousand HFCVs [10]. The key advantage for EVs is the ubiquity of electric grids; batteries can be (slowly) charged from domestic power points. The global number of private slow chargers now number 6.5 million, public slow-charging stations about 0.6 million and public rapid-charging stations over 0.26 million[10].
Improvements in vehicular energy efficiency are often seen as an important means for simultaneously cutting oil use, and the resulting air pollution and CO2 emissions, and large gains are theoretically possible[8][11]. Although steady improvements have been made in vehicle engine efficiencies, for 20 OECD countries between 2000 and 2017, including the largest, no significant change in energy efficiency (MJ/p-k) occurred for light duty vehicles[7].。 Reasons include the shift to larger vehicles, higher performance, and more energy used for auxiliary purposes such as power steering.
3. Future transport
Two decades ago, Schafer and Victor[12] forecast the world’s travel future out to 2050, mainly based on three assumptions. First, that on average people everywhere allocate roughly 1.1 hours per day for travel by all modes including non-vehicular travel. Second, that at least in high-income countries, travel expenditures form a roughly constant share of household disposable income. Third, that global real GDP would continue to grow at a constant rate. Given the three assumptions, it follows that total travel will continue to rise in line with total income, and that because of the daily travel time limit, faster modes would replace the slower ones. In short, car travel would replace non-motorised modes and surface public transport, and air travel (together with very fast rail) would replace long-distance surface travel. Unfortunately, faster modes are also more energy intensive[13].
The peak in per capita surface travel reported in a number of OECD countries and cities[14], together with the rapid growth in air travel provides some support for their approach. Their global-level forecasts for 2020 and 2050 were around 53 tp-k and 103 tp-k respectively[12]. The 2020 global estimate of 53 tp-k, may well have proved fairly accurate—were it not for the 2020 pandemic. Although their first two assumptions seem reasonable, the evidence is contradictory[15]. Further, no allowance is made for possible economic growth declines, or the need for transport to reduce CO2 emissions. The conclusion is that—unlike planetary movements—future transport levels cannot be predicted; they are still very much open to policy interventions.
The global coronavirus pandemic, and the resulting lockdowns in many countries, caused a significant drop in travel compared with 2019. Air travel, especially international services, has been particularly hard hit. Nor does the International Air Transportation Association (IATA), forecast a rebound to business-as-usual anytime soon. The industry expects losses of US$ 118.5 billion in 2020, and US$ 38.7 billion in 2021. ‘Passenger numbers are expected to plummet to 1.8 billion (60.5% down on the 4.5 billion passengers in 2019). This is roughly the same number that the industry carried in 2003’[16].
During the lockdown and travel restrictions in many countries, people who could work from home were encouraged or required to do so. Working from home with the aid of Information Technology has been discussed for decades, but has never been popular[17]. However, in 2020 it became the only option for many workers and students. Even before the coronavirus pandemic, some researchers were questioning the need for air travel, often because of its carbon footprint (see, for example[18][19]. With on-line conferencing becoming common, its several advantages over conventional conferences are becoming clearer[20]. It is much cheaper: the virtual attendee saves on air fares and accommodation. This low cost has enabled more attendance from post-graduate students and those from lower-income countries. It also means that time-pressed individuals can attend from their own homes or offices. Finally, it gets around the problems of visa difficulties and travel bans because of pandemics or politics. Internet learning was also heavily used during lockdowns at all levels of education, and in the post-pandemic era, it seems likely that more work and (especially tertiary) education will be done from home compared with 2019.
Technical fixes are unlikely to solve passenger transport’s many challenges. As Table 2 shows, fossil fuels are being replaced far too slowly, and renewable energy may never be able to supply anywhere near present energy consumption levels[21]. Energy efficiency improvements are offset by the shift to less efficient, faster modes, by rising car ownership in non-OECD countries, and by energy rebound effects as fuel efficiency rises for a given mode. It may be that the observed replacement of travel by internet use will prove to be only temporary. Nevertheless, this large-scale global natural experiment did show that much travel replacement was possible; if for various reasons travel must be reduced, the internet could prove an important means of coping with reduced travel.
4. Conclusions
Before 2020, the future for world transport looked set to continue the steady growth seen over the past decades, with only minor and short-lived interruptions. Car ownership was steadily spreading from the OECD countries to the rest of the world and air travel was growing rapidly. The pandemic has driven home the fragility of forecasts based on past extrapolation.
Even before the 2020 watershed year, there were signs that major changes to the global transport system could occur. There was concerns about passenger and freight transport’s large and rising share of global CO2 emissions, and about energy security in oil-importing countries (and even about oil depletion, if technical fixes such as carbon dioxide removal and/or geoengineering enabled fossil fuel use to continue unabated). If predicting transport futures is increasingly difficult, we must resort to normative planning. Given that technical solutions are unlikely to help much, a ‘low transport future’[22] with OECD vehicular transport levels cut to 4000 p-k per capita by 2050, is proposed.
1. Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC). 2020 OPEC World Oil Outlook 2045; OPEC: Vienna, 2020. Available online: http://www.opec.org (accessed on 1 December 2020). (Also, earlier reports.)
2. Global Market Forecast 2019-2038; Airbus: 2019. Available online: https://www.airbus.com/aircraft/market/global-market-forecast.html (accessed on 1 December 2020). (Also, earlier forecasts).
3. Coady, D.; Parry, I.; Sears, S.; Shang, B. How large are global energy subsidies? World Dev. 2017, 91, 11–27.
4. Moriarty, P.; Honnery, D. New approaches for ecological and social sustainability in a post-pandemic world. World 2020, 1, 191–204; doi:10.3390/world1030014.
5. Haldi, P.-A.; Favrat, D. Methodological aspects of the definition of a 2 kW society. Energy 2006, 31, 3159–3170
6. Urry, J. Mobility and proximity. 2002, 36(2), 255-274.
7. International Energy Agency (IEA). Key World Energy Statistics 2020; IEA/OECD: Paris, 2020. (Also, earlier editions).
8. Moriarty, P.; Honnery, D. Prospects for hydrogen as a transport fuel. J. Hydrog. Energy 2019, 44, 16029-16037.
9. Martin, B.; Pestiaux, J.; Schobbens, Q.; et al. A Radical Transformation of Mobility in Europe: Exploring the Decarbonisation of the Transport Sector by 2040; September 2020. Available online: http://newclimate.org/publications/ (accessed on 2 December 2020).
10. International Energy Agency (IEA). Global EV Outlook 2020; IEA/OECD: Paris, 2020. Available online: https://www.iea.org/reports/global-ev-outlook-2020 (accessed on 1 December 2020).
11. Moriarty, P.; Honnery, D. Energy efficiency or conservation for mitigating climate change? Energies 2019, 12, 3543; doi:10.3390/en12183543
12. Schafer, A.; Victor, D. The future mobility of the world population, Res. A 2000, 34(3), 171–205.
13. Gabrielli, G; von Karman, T. What price speed? Specific power required for propulsion of vehicles, Engin. 1950, 72(10), 775–781
14. Millard-Ball, A.; Schipper, L. Are we reaching peak travel? Trends in passenger transport in eight industrialized countries. Rev. 2011, 31 (3), 357-378.
15. Moriarty, P. Household travel time and money expenditures. Road & Transp. Res. 2002, 11(4), 2-11.
16. International Air Transportation Association (IATA). Deep Losses Continue Into 2021; IATA; 2020. Available online: https://www.iata.org/en/pressroom/pr/2020-11-24-01/ (accessed on 3 December 2020).
17. Moriarty, P. Reducing levels of urban passenger travel. J. Sustain. Transp. 2016, 10(8), 712-719, DOI: 10.1080/15568318.2015.1136364.
18. Abbott, A. Virtual science conference tries to recreate social buzz. Nature 2020, 577, 13.
19. Gossling, S.; Hanna, P.; Higham, J.; et al. Can we fly less? Evaluating the ‘necessity’ of air travel. Air Transp. Mgt 2019, 81, 101722.
20. Price, M. Scientists discover upsides of virtual meetings. Nature 2020, 368 (6490), 457-458.
21. Moriarty, P.; Honnery, D. Feasibility of a 100% global renewable energy system. Energies 2020, 13, 5543.
22. Moriarty, P.; Honnery, D. Futures 2008, 40, 865–872.
|
Beneficial ingredients
So-called flavonoids, such as naringin, are known to have cardioprotective and hepatoprotective effects. They reduce the degree of inflammation caused by obesity, especially in adipose tissues, and reduce blood fat and cholesterol levels.
Naringin is a natural ingredient,
is typically extracted from the inside of the grapefruit skin – its bitter taste is well known to us all. It is one of the bioflavonoids, or flavonoids more broadly, discovered by Albert Szent-Györgyi. It is a powerful antioxidant with many known disease-preventing and health-promoting effects.
Naringin – why is it good?
Reduces inflammation caused by obesity. Weight gain, fat accumulation and, in turn, the development of adipose tissue can trigger macrophage and mastocyte infiltration of adipose tissue, and activated cells (immune and adipocytes) release inflammatory mediators into their environment (e.g. TNF-α) and, through them, into the bloodstream (Yu et al., 2006). By perpetuating this process, obesity, and with it the further build-up of adipose tissue, creates a permanent inflammatory process, primarily in adipose tissue. In the blood of obese people, the most abundant cytokine (intercellular messenger) is TNF-α, which is responsible for the development of insulin resistance (Stephens et al., 1993) and damage to pancreatic β-cells (Lin et al., 2013). Flavonoids such as naringin act by inhibiting the formation of these inflammatory mediators (Kawaguchi et al., 2004, Hirai et al., 2008), reducing the extent of inflammation.
Reduces blood levels of fat and cholesterol. Even in high fat diets (Shin et al., 1999, Jung et al, 2003, Pu et al., 2012).
It has heart and liver protective effects. The cardioprotective effects of flavonoids are well known (Qin et al., 2008, Mojzisová et al., 2009). Administration of naringin prevented isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction, reduced lipid peroxidation, increased antioxidant enzymes and reduced inflammatory cells and fibrosis (Rajadurai and Prince, 2006). In addition to the cardioprotective effect, it also has direct hepatoprotective effects, with Naringin administration significantly reducing the amount of enzymes released by disintegrating liver cells in cases of artificial cadmium and chromium poisoning (Renugadevi and Prabu, 2010, Pari and Amudha 2011).
Choline is an essential building block of cells. It has many functions, including being involved in the transport of fats and is essential for normal fat metabolism. Choline was added to the list of essential nutrients in 1998 as it is essential for the normal functioning of the body and for maintaining health. It is found in both plants and animals. As an essential molecule, it has many functions in living organisms. In its deficiency, liver and muscle damage can be observed, as well as neurological disorders in newborns.
Choline – why is it good?
It is involved in fat metabolism as a methyl donor. Choline is essential for biochemical processes in the liver, acting indirectly as a methyl group donor in cells. These chemical processes are necessary for the biosynthesis of fats and the regulation of biochemical processes in the cell. Necessary for the development of the nervous system in the foetus. It is well known that folic acid is a vitamin that protects the foetus, but few people know that folic acid and choline interact strongly with each other. If either is missing, the other cannot function properly. Choline requirements have been shown to increase significantly during pregnancy. The amount of choline in amniotic fluid can be up to ten times the amount in the mother’s blood. Because the foetus is growing very fast, it needs to build a lot of cells, which uses a lot of choline.In addition, brain growth starts in the third trimester and continues for the first 5 years of life. The brain is particularly rich in places that require more choline due to rapid development. Women with low choline intake had a four-fold increased risk of developing an open spine, and a correlation was hypothesized for differences in memory and learning abilities between people.
Detoxification. As a methyl donor, the methyl group, when attached to foreign toxins, allows their elimination from the body, thus contributing to the maintenance of normal liver function. A component of the cell wall. It is essential for building the phospholipids found in the cell walls of all living organisms and is also involved in communication between cells. It is heart-protective. High levels of homocysteine in the blood tend to trigger processes that damage the blood vessel walls, cause inflammation and are therefore a possible risk factor for coronary heart disease (angina, heart attack). The molecule formed from choline, betaine, is required for the synthesis of cysteine and methionine (both sulphur-containing essential amino acids) from homocysteine, thereby reducing homocysteine levels. A neurotransmitter. Acetylcholine is essential for the normal transmission of impulses to the brain and muscles – and therefore for their function.
Whey protein
It is now well known that whey proteins have antibacterial, antiviral and antioxidant effects, protect against certain circulatory diseases and cancers, and boost the body’s immune defences. However, fewer people know that it also plays an important role in effective weight loss. Whey protein is called fast protein because it is absorbed quickly and provides high amino acid levels immediately. All this has a number of positive physiological effects.
Whey protein – why is it good?
It gives you a sense of well-being and controls your blood pressure and sugar levels. A very high proportion of branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs, also found in popular supplements for athletes) and a combination of biologically active peptides (i.e. molecules of 2-50 amino acids, such as whey protein) play a role in regulating blood pressure, satiety, short-term food intake, glycaemic control and blood glucose.
It lowers blood pressure and slows gastric emptying, reduces appetite. Whey proteins are biologically active peptides with multiple physiological functions. They inhibit an enzyme called ACE, which both lowers blood pressure and has an effect on fat synthesis in fat cells. Whey proteins also stimulate the synthesis of hormones in the intestinal tract (Ghrelin, CCK, GIP, GLP-1, PYY, PP) which slow gastric emptying and promote the development of fullness (Hartmann and Meisel, 2007, Meisel, 2004, Pupovac and Anderson, 2002). The overall effect is to alter blood glucose, amino acid (BCAA), urea and insulin levels (Chungchunlam, 2015).
Helps to build muscle. It triggers the body’s protein synthesis, thus promoting the building of new muscle. So, with extra protein, we keep the muscle we have – muscle mass is also reduced during weight loss – and even help new muscle tissue to form. This is important because more muscle burns more calories.
Whey protein – why is it special?
It contains a specially produced, purified whey protein fraction that has not been damaged in any way (e.g. heat, acid, drying, etc.) and therefore retains its original composition, shape, conformation and biological effect.
Using whey to fight obesity!
Several scientific articles have confirmed that “consumption of milk and dairy products reduces the risk of obesity, metabolic syndrome (a cluster of symptoms of several interrelated metabolic disorders) and type 2 diabetes (non-insulin-dependent diabetes)” (Pereira et al., 2002, Drapeau et al., 2004, Azadbakht et al., 2005). Despite this, milk consumption is falling worldwide, and with it the risk of obesity grows.Research supports that the beneficial effects of milk are mainly due to milk proteins (Luhovyy et al., 2007, Moore, 2004, Akhavan et al., 2009).
Whey is a by-product of the dairy industry, and for a long time it was seen as a by-product – added to animal feed, made into whey cheese, or simply thrown away. When you think that around 145 000 000 tonnes of whey are produced in the world every year, throwing it away is not only a serious waste, but also a serious environmental pollution. In animal use, whey has been found to be one of the most easily digestible and balanced amino acid contents of protein feeds it promotes the digestion of plant parts that are difficult to digest and biological usability, the growth of calves, and positive changes in bacterial flora. With the recognition of its beneficial properties, research into its human applications began. Most whey, 90-93%, is water and contains lactose, whey proteins and salts, mainly calcium.
Milk sugar (lactose)
Lactose has prebiotic properties, promoting the growth of the “good” bacteria that make up the intestinal flora, thus reducing the activity of pathogenic bacteria. It also supports the normal functioning of our immune system and plays an important role in weight management. Lactose is broken down into monosaccharides by the enzyme lactase in our intestinal tract, which are then absorbed in the small intestine. Many lactose intolerant people give up dairy products altogether, but studies have shown that they can drink a cup of milk a day without any consequences, especially when consumed with meals (Byers and Da, 2005).
Lactose – why is it good?
Good for your weight and immune system. Ingesting lactose causes the micro-organisms that can use lactose to proliferate in our intestinal flora. Fortunately, these are the microbes that are mainly valuable for us (e.g. bifidobacteria), suppressing less useful, sometimes harmful species (Davis et al., 2011). The shift in intestinal microflora towards ‘good’ bacteria contributes significantly to better immune function and to weight control by influencing fat metabolism (Joyce et al., 2014, Fu et al. 2015).
„Less sugar” It has a lower glycaemic response than glucose or cane sugar (Bowen et al., 2006).
An important prebiotic. It is utilised by the microflora in the large intestine and produces compounds that are beneficial to the human body. Even for lactose-intolerant people, the maximum dose that can be ingested without any adverse side effects is about 10-15 g lactose/day (Corgneau et al., 2016; Macfarlane et al., 2008; Venema, 2012). Below this amount, bacteria can break down lactose properly and produce substances that can be used by the body.
Protects bones. It promotes the passive absorption of calcium, which is a natural part of whey, for example, and thus contributes to the development of healthy bones (Guéguen and Pointillart, 2000). This is particularly important when we want to lose weight and eat less food, and not always in the most varied way.
További blogbejegyzések
Előző bejegyzés:
Következő bejegyzés:
|
Centuries-old Native dugout canoe housed at Hoċokata Ti in Shakopee
By Keith B. Anderson
This article was originally published in Hennepin History, Vol. 80, No. 2, 2021
Dugout canoe in museum exhibit behind two museum information panels
Dugout canoes were vital resources for early Minnesota Native Americans. Carved from a variety of wood species, the canoes helped tribes navigate waterways and gather food, including rice. Photos courtesy Shakopee Mdewakanton Sioux Community
Since first opening its doors in July 2019, the Shakopee Mdewakanton Sioux Community’s Hoċokata Ti [ho-chokah-tah-tee] cultural center has provided the tribe with an important place to gather and celebrate their heritage. The cultural center features a public exhibit, Mdewakanton: Dwellers of the Spirit Lake, which tells the history of Mdewakanton Dakota people from the tribe’s perspective, something that is highly unique in museum settings.
When visitors walk through the center’s exhibit, they learn about the history of Dakota people through a series of displays of cultural objects, from Native regalia to artifacts from pre-contact periods to a caramel-colored dugout canoe. Like all great museum objects, the canoe has a rich history dating back hundreds of years. Long before the advent of crisscrossing freeways, freight trains, and light rail lines, Native Minnesotans — including Dakota people — used canoes to travel along river tributaries, fish, and gather rice. Waterways have long been important to the Dakota, who settled villages near water, which is essential for sustaining life. These canoes were more than modes of transportation: they were lifelines.
From tree to transportation
Creating a dugout canoe was no small feat and required careful workmanship. Hardwoods trees like oak, basswood, or cottonwood were preferred because of their density and durable fibers. Traditionally, people chose readily available trees that had the best buoyancy qualities. Interesting enough, the canoe on display at Hoċokata Ti is made of white pine, a soft wood, not in abundance near Lake Minnetonka, where the canoe was recovered. While more susceptible to rot than an oak-based canoe, white pine is lighter and easier to work than a hardwood. Nevertheless, the canoe is heavy — it took six staff members to bring the piece into the exhibit.
Only one other canoe has been discovered in Lake Minnetonka, according to the Maritime Heritage Minnesota Dugout Canoe Project Report, completed in 2014. In that report, the other Lake Minnetonka canoe is referred to as the Lake Minnetonka North Arm Dugout Canoe (21-HE-438). The description provided by the original collector for the canoe in the Shakopee Mdewakanton Sioux Community’s collection reads: “An old Dakota dugout canoe. It was found stuck in the mud at the bottom of Lake Minnetonka in the 1930s.” Dugout canoes were also discovered along miles-long rivers and lakes in the Minnesota River valley throughout the 1900s.
Long before freeways and freight trains traversed Minnesota’s landscape, hollowed-out canoes were important transportation and food-gathering vessels for Native Americans.
Creating dugout canoes
Native people used carefully controlled fire to hollow out the tree log. The maker would scrape out the burned wood with a shell or stone tool, then burn more wood, extinguish the flames, and scrape more. Crosswise cuts were made inside the trunk roughly a foot apart after the wood was properly seasoned, effectively splitting the wood lengthwise. Stone axes, bone knives, and clamshells were used to refine the design. The process took many days. More recently, metal axes have been commonplace to shape a flat bottom with straight sides. Long before freeways and freight trains traversed Minnesota’s landscape, hollowed-out canoes were important transportation and food-gathering vessels for Native Americans.
After creating a canoe with the proper shape and adequate carving for seating, the maker would leave the canoe to “season” throughout a drying and oiling process. Native people preserved their canoes for the winter by submerging them in water. Doing so seasoned and stored the canoe through the long, harsh Minnesota winters.
Carbon testing dates canoe to 18th century
The Shakopee Mdewakanton Sioux Community did carbon testing on the canoe to determine its age. This process involves extracting a small wood sample to be examined under a microscope and testing it using accelerator mass spectrometry. Minute detailing of this kind helps researchers identify the specific type of wood. The result of that testing found the canoe was most likely made between 1721 and 1818, making it relatively young compared with other dugout canoes discovered in the state.
Telling Dakota history
Cultural centers like the Shakopee Mdewakanton Sioux Community’s Hoċokata Ti are vital hubs for cultural heritage, language, and historical context. Many misconceptions exist about Native American communities. Tribal cultural centers and exhibits provide an opportunity for tribal governments and their citizens to maintain and preserve their ancestors’ artifacts, tell their own stories, and promote greater cross-cultural understanding. Cultural centers serve as a valuable tool to help rewrite the popular narrative on Native American arts and cultures by providing accurate information about their tribe’s unique history, accomplishments, government structure, and belief system.
Keith B. Anderson is the chairman of the Shakopee Mdewakanton Sioux Community.
Discover Hoċokata Ti
What is it?
Hoċokata Ti (ho-cho-kah-tah-tee) is an important hub of heritage, language, and history. Museum exhibiting an assortment of traditional Mdewakanton Dakota cultural artifacts. Gift shop featuring a variety of Native-made art, music, beaded and quilled items, books, and craft supplies.
Hoċokata Ti means “the lodge at the center of the camp” in Dakota.
July 2019
Managed by:
Shakopee Mdewakanton Sioux Community
Square feet:
2300 Tiwahe Circle, Shakopee, MN
Museum hours:
Wed.–Sat., 10 a.m.–4 p.m.
|
I.1: America’s Representative Democracy
Share this page
American Representative Democracy
1. Government by two gangs (political parties) has replaced government by the people’s representatives.
3. Rich and powerful elites dominate both parties.
4. Each party wipes out the previous accomplishments of the other, so little ever gets done.
5. The American people are more and more divided along party lines, which often coincide with racial lines.
6. The polarized media constantly provokes all these divisions.
7. The political divisions are leading to more and more hate and violence.
8. Corporations are swelling like balloons and swallowing smaller businesses.
9. Governments are swelling like balloons and swallowing smaller governments.
10. Most people don’t believe anything government officials say anymore, whether Republican or Democrat.
11. Most people don’t believe anything journalists say anymore, whether liberal or conservative.
12. And so on!
You can call me stubborn, but I refuse to believe in unsolvable problems.
After all, we put men on the moon.
I also don’t believe in permanent solutions, because people are selfish by nature. That means they will always find loopholes to get around the safe-guards, so we have to constantly update them. And we seriously need to update our republic, our representative democracy. But liberals and conservatives have fiercely different ideas about how to go about it.
America’s founders were men of unbelievable genius and patriotism. They created political solutions that have served us extremely well for almost 250 years. But over time those solutions are coming apart at the seams. In spite of all that, even with political theater and corporate interference preying upon the U.S. Constitution, our society has accomplished wonders. Through America’s influence, much of our world today enjoys the highest living standards and the largest middle class in history.
It would be foolish to make sudden or drastic changes to our constitution, but is that even necessary? We have no need to be in a hurry to fix our system like our founders were. They wrote the U.S. Constitution in only four months! And it was written by a very small group of men. By contrast, we can spend the next decade or even the next generation or so rethinking how we want our government to work. And anyone who wants to get involved can do so through the modern marvel of the internet.
Our founders knew we can’t solve social problems by trying to convince people to think or behave differently.
Humans can’t change human nature. We can only design the structure of government to divide power into different hands. Ambition must oppose ambition – power must oppose power. Our founders crafted our government according to the Separation of Powers doctrine, in which they expected the executive, legislative and judicial branches to oppose each other in a three-way balance of power.
That division has worked well, but the real division of power in America’s representative democracy has turned out to be between the two major political parties. The founders designed our system to prevent parties from gaining traction, but now parties are in control!
What works and what doesn’t work in America’s representative democracy?
How can we re-organize it to ensure that the rich and powerful don’t crush the interests of average people? Can we restructure our government to protect us from tyranny without turning it into that very tyranny itself? How can “we, the people” take back control from the political parties and the power players that control them?
Can conservatives and liberals live together without shoving their views down each other’s throats? Is it possible for people with different political views to live out their own values without somebody forcing one-size-fits-all solutions that don’t fit anybody? Believe it or not, there are real answers to all of these questions!
To the next post
4 thoughts on “I.1: America’s Representative Democracy”
1. I loved this clean, logical & non partisan approach to our country’s problems… Solutions are my desire as well. Please keep me posted.
• Please continue to read my posts, and tell me your views and ideas. The only way we will ever solve anything is together. My opinions are worthless by themselves.
2. How can we solve the issue of power imbalance without some type of wealth redistribution? And, John, I am interested in what your definition of “community” is.
3. My definition of community is Jane Jacob’s definition of an urban district, plus Jefferson’s concept of true local sovereignty, and extended to suburban and rural areas. See the posts in my “local sovereignty” category. Wealth redistribution should be handled in part by dividing tax revenues to communities based on population. Also we need true equal opportunity. Children should not be responsible for their parents’ failures. Please continue the conversation….
Leave a Comment
|
Scroll to navigation
Test2::Formatter(3perl) Perl Programmers Reference Guide Test2::Formatter(3perl)
Test2::Formatter - Namespace for formatters.
A formatter is any package or object with a "write($event, $num)" method.
package Test2::Formatter::Foo;
use strict;
use warnings;
sub write {
my $self_or_class = shift;
my ($event, $assert_num) = @_;
sub hide_buffered { 1 }
sub terminate { }
sub finalize { }
sub supports_tables { return $BOOL }
sub new_root {
my $class = shift;
The "terminate" and "finalize" methods are optional methods called that you can implement if the format you're generating needs to handle these cases, for example if you are generating XML and need close open tags.
The "terminate" method is called when an event's "terminate" method returns true, for example when a Test2::Event::Plan has a 'skip_all' plan, or when a Test2::Event::Bail event is sent. The "terminate" method is passed a single argument, the Test2::Event object which triggered the terminate.
The "finalize" method is always the last thing called on the formatter, except when "terminate" is called for a Bail event. It is passed the following arguments:
The "supports_tables" method should be true if the formatter supports directly rendering table data from the "info" facets. This is a newer feature and many older formatters may not support it. When not supported the formatter falls back to rendering "detail" instead of the "table" data.
The "new_root" method is used when constructing a root formatter. The default is to just delegate to the regular "new()" method, most formatters can ignore this.
• The number of tests that were planned
• The number of tests actually seen
• The number of tests which failed
• A boolean indicating whether or not the test suite passed
• A boolean indicating whether or not this call is for a subtest
The "new_root" method is called when "Test2::API::Stack" Initializes the root hub for the first time. Most formatters will simply have this call "$class->new", which is the default behavior. Some formatters however may want to take extra action during construction of the root formatter, this is where they can do that.
The source code repository for Test2 can be found at
Copyright 2019 Chad Granum <>.
2021-04-29 perl v5.32.1
|
AT&T Project AirGig plans to spread 5G through the power grid
By Jules Wang September 20, 2016, 3:56 pm
Big Orange wants to hit several birds sitting on a power line with a few tiny plastic antenna units.
AT&T is launching Project AirGig into the public, its effort to spread internet service wirelessly through the United States power grid. Affordable antenna units are supposedly able to redistribute wireline and wireless signals around or near, but not directly through medium-voltage cables. Nothing needs to be plugged into the power lines themselves and no new spectrum needs to be licensed.
The company believes that these signals can help it deliver last-mile service while eliminating the need to install towers and fiber. Internet of Things purposes are also a big consideration as well.
The antenna units have radios that switch traffic as needed, helping spread 4G LTE and unlicensed 5G signals around.
AT&T has over 100 patents protecting its technology and has been lab testing this technology over the past decade. It expects field trials to start next year.
Source: AT&T
Latest Articles
|
skip to Main Content
By Trisha Gura
Many scientists venture out with a desire to make a mark on a field. Many succeed with papers, patents and products. But few get the chance to impact a person directly, and fewer still, a person in one’s own family.
Postdoctoral researcher James Bowman, PhD, at the Institute for Protein Innovation, did just that with a collaboration to study a rare and elusive disease.
Affecting only about 1 in 80,000 newborns, Shwachman-Diamond syndrome is inherited and marked by a failure to thrive, pancreatic deficits and bone marrow failure. Its symptoms, like poor growth and fevers, typically appear in infants by four to six months of age. With treatment and regular monitoring, children with SDS can lead fulfilling lives. However, five percent will develop leukemia, with the risk rising to 30 percent of patients by 30 years of age.
“It’s horrible to watch these children develop cancer,” says pediatric oncologist Alyssa Kennedy, MD, PhD, at Dana-Farber/Boston Children’s Cancer and Blood Disorders Center. She joined the laboratory of pediatric hematologist Akiko Shimamura, MD, PhD, “to figure out what can help predict who goes on to develop leukemia and why.”
Shimamura had spent 20 years painstakingly building a registry of blood and bone marrow samples from SDS patients of all ages. “I realized that there are certain mechanistic questions you can ask in the laboratory,” Shimamura says. “But if you really want to understand the disease, you have to partner with the patients.”
Joining forces with Coleman Lindsley, MD, PhD, an expert in genomic analysis at Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Kennedy and Shimamura began to probe the genetic mutations that drove specific stem cells to develop into cancer-prone cells.
Mutation after Mutation
Most SDS patients carry mutations in their SBDS genes, which normally provide cells with the instructions for producing a critical protein that assembles cell structures called ribosomes. Made up of two parts, or subunits, ribosomes carry out the vital function of making proteins. The SBDS protein preps the ribosome’s large subunit by removing another protein called EIF6 that caps the subunit and prevents its interaction with the small subunit.
“SBDS is almost like a little bottle opener that kicks off the bottle top (EIF6) to get what you want,” says Kennedy, “which is the mature ribosome.”
When the gene is mutated, as in Shwachman-Diamond syndrome, the ribosomal subunits remain “capped,” immature and unable to make proteins. The result is a body-wide defect in stem cells that shows up in patients as bone marrow failure, among other symptoms.
What the Boston Children’s team learned, and perhaps the most fascinating aspect of this biochemical story, is that stem cells are resilient. To survive SDS, they acquire more mutations, one set of which can reverse the defect. These rescue mutations arise early in an infant with SDS and most commonly in the capping gene, EIF6. In 110 patients studied, the investigators identified 265 EIF6 mutations that arose after their primary SBDS mutations.
These mutations came in two flavors. The first stopped the production of EIF6 before the cell could finish making it, leading to a shortened stub of a capping protein. Lacking the cap on the large subunit, it could once again join its smaller partner and make a functional ribosome. In other words, the second mutation (EIF6) reversed the damage of the first (SBDS).
The second type of mutation, called a missense mutation, introduced an error in the EIF6 code. It allowed the full-length SBDS protein to form, albeit with an anomaly. What was the defect, and how did it rescue the SDBS mutation that marked the disease?
For answers, Shimamura approached IPI’s Chris Bahl, a protein structure and design expert whose laboratory was located, literally, down the street. Shimamura believed Bahl might help her by deploying a computational approach to ascertain what the mutant EIF6 proteins were doing to fix ribosome assembly.
James Bowman, pictured working on EIF6 structure analysis
All in the Family
On the day that Shimamura discussed her goals with Bahl, Bowman was working in the tissue culture room. Unbeknownst to Shimamura or Bahl, Bowman had a cousin, Annabel, who had been born with a “mystery illness that nobody could really figure out.” Annabel’s father (Bowman’s uncle and godfather) had Googled the girl’s symptoms, such as failure to thrive. He came up with a rare genetic disease, Shwachman-Diamond syndrome. It bore a striking overlap with Annabel’s symptoms.
Initially, the doctors were skeptical: “everybody Googles stuff and thinks they have things figured out,” Bowman concedes. But a subsequent genetic test confirmed that Annabel did indeed have SDS. Even more uncanny, Annabel, who lives in Seattle, became a patient of Shimamura, who later moved from Seattle Children’s to Boston Children’s Hospital.
And now, Shimamura was standing in Bahl’s lab looking for a computational protein engineer, which Bowman was, to help her unravel the mystery of the rescue EIF6 proteins. Bowman quickly realized that Shimamura’s registry contained his cousin’s tissue samples, albeit carefully de-identified. That meant by participating in this study, Bowman would directly impact Annabel’s life.
“It was just crazy how serendipitous and how small of a world Boston science is,” he says. “Without even searching, you get an opportunity like this.”
Under the guidance of Bahl, Bowman created a model of EIF6 protein using similar known structures from yeast, slime mold and archaebacteria. Through computer modeling, he learned that the EIF6 missense mutations affected protein function in two ways. One destabilized the protein, making the “cap” too flimsy to prevent ribosomal subunit joining. The other impaired its binding to the large subunit, making it too loose to hold on.
There are others like Annabel. Anna (pictured here) was born with a mutation in her SBDS gene.
The results, recently published in Nature Communications, illuminated a new direction for therapy, currently relegated to bone marrow transplant. If the team could find agents that mimic the genetic crippling of EIF6, making a patient’s caps too flimsy or loose, investigators could help treat the disease and prevent its other, more sobering consequence: cancer.
Preventing Cancer
When ribosomal joining is impaired, cells respond by activating a stress pathway that involves the tumor suppressor p53. In essence, p53 prevents damaged cells from reproducing or forces them to commit cell suicide. In SDS, EIF6 mutations rescue the ribosome assembly defect, spurring improved stem cell production. At the same time, EIF6 mutations are not associated with the conversion of SDS into cancer. Something else is the culprit.
Through genetic studies, Kennedy found that “something else” is the second most common crop of mutations that occur in SDS patients: those in the TP53 gene, which encodes the p53 protein that controls cell division and survival. Mutations in TP53, like EIF6, initially rescue cell growth and reproduction. Unlike EIF6, however, TP53 mutations fail to improve ribosome assembly and can be found in patients’ blood-producing stem cells when leukemia develops.
All humans have two copies of any gene, one maternal and the other paternal. Kennedy observed that patients had to acquire mutations in both copies of TP53 for blood-producing cells to become cancerous. She could detect that malignant transition several years before the development of leukemia. Thus, testing for these so-called “bi-allelic mutations” might identify patients at high risk of leukemia; they might benefit from early intervention with a bone marrow transplant.
Another key finding was that TP53 mutations were not observed in cells that had acquired EIF6 mutations. This suggests that correcting the SDS defect with EIF6 therapy might keep stem cells fitter for longer. Their risk of developing cancer-causing TP53 mutations would diminish because the SDS defect had already been rescued by EIF6 alteration.
Confused? Shimamaura, citing a colleague, explains it this way: an SBDS mutation is like blowing the transmission on a car (the stem cells) that should be motoring down the highway (making proteins). Adding in a TP53 mutation revs the car back up but tragically drives it off the road into a cancer ditch. By contrast, EIF6 mutations keep the car going and on the highway. By promoting the good repair via EIF6 therapy, the cells bypass the bad one, TP53.
“This is really exciting,” Shimamura says. “We actually have a target that we can try to develop into a novel therapeutic for bone marrow failure that also prevents leukemia.
The impact would be large not only for Kennedy and Shimamura, who see SDS patients in the clinic, but also for Bowman, who knows one so intimately.
“It just makes you realize that for every disease-relevant target, there’s somebody else with a story,” says Bowman. “And it matters a lot to them to have somebody who can do the science to improve their quality of life.”
Back To Top
|
Melting compost heaps and the permafrost precautionary principle 1
Thawing permafrost could inject enough carbon into the atmosphere to cook the planet. But nobody’s quite sure how fast it’s going to happen.
Permafrost is a giant cold-storage compost heap, stuffed full of frozen carbon. Just like you chucked out last night’s potato peelings, the planet has chucked out billions of tonnes of dead plants, trees, mammoths and, yes, polar bears, all of which is now happily interred under the Arctic wastes.
The difference is that while your compost heap ticks over at a nice warm temperature, breaking down the potato peelings into compost, the frozen ground which makes up permafrost stops that organic stew of Arctic flora and fauna from decomposing, safely locking up the carbon stored in it.
I say ‘safely locking up’ because from the point of view of creating human civilisation, permafrost has been pretty handy. While the permafrost has been permanently frozen, we’ve been busy ekeing out human life, discovering fire, developing agriculture, growing our population. While we’ve been busy nurturing the capabilities that ultimately allow the lucky few to participate in Britain’s Got Talent, the planet’s been watching our backs by keeping this massive store of carbon locked up under the frozen parts of the planet’s surface.
Of course, in these exciting climatic times, permafrost is a pretty poor name. Because as the planet warms up, the permafrost is no longer permanent – it’s taking on less of the character of a crisp winter’s day, and more of the character of a damp boggy field. Normally, every Arctic summer the very top layer of permafrost melts before refreezing in the winter. But as the planet warms, (and it’s warming faster in the Arctic than anywhere else), the melt is getting deeper and more widespread, and in some places the permafrost isn’t refreezing completely in winter.
When permafrost melts, it releases either carbon dioxide or methane into the atmosphere. Both are important greenhouse gases. Both will speed up the rate at which the planet warms. And there’s a hell of a lot of carbon stored in permafrost. Maybe twice the amount that’s currently in the atmosphere. Unlock that frozen store, the worry is, and we’re dabbling with the possibility of adding enough carbon to the atmosphere to change the atmospheric era we’re in, to something even more exciting than the Anthropocene, and by implication, seriously jeapordising our ability to watch Susan Boyle on youtube.
That kinds of suggests a bit of a doomsday scenario, or at least it does to environment journalists. But permafrost is a great example of the difficulties there are in restraining our desire for clear cut statements about how the climate’s going to behave as the planet warms (and to a certain extent, the media’s desire for screaming headlines about the end of the world), with the cautious nature of the scientific field.
Permafrost is a great example of the difficulties there are in restraining our desire for clear cut statements about how the climate’s going to behave as the planet warms with the cautious nature of the scientific field.
Talk to climate scientists who work on permafrost and they’re pretty tentative about the conclusions of their work. It’s a challenging field to make predictions in at the moment, because there don’t yet exist good, widely accepted models of permafrost melt (we’re probably at least a few years away from that), and scientists rely on a pretty small number of field researchers who arduously travel around Siberia and Alaska taking point-by-point site measurements of gas emissions, which is a pretty crude way to predict emissions on such a huge scale.
Only very recently are we beginning to get predictions about how much permafrost melt might contribute to greenhouse gas emissions. Edward Schurr, a good name to look out for if you’re interested in reading more, recently wrote a paper in Nature broadly suggesting that permafrost emissions might reach in the order of a gigatonne a year – and over a few decades permafrost could be a ‘large’ carbon source in a warmer world. But these are still early results.
What can we say confidently? We can certainly say that permafrost represents a source of carbon emissions that are additional to what the IPCC has considered up to this point. The IPCC’s latest treatment of permafrost didn’t attempt to include any assessment of permafrost as a carbon source – they were only interested in talking about the effect large parts of the Arctic land surface collapsing might have on stuff that had been built there – houses, gas pipelines, nuclear reactors, that kind of thing. Not unimportant, and in one way you want to cut them some slack for not considering it, because they’re not really cut out for appraising rapidly changing recent science.
In another way, though, it makes you want to bang your head against a table – because in emissions terms we’re already tracking along the worst-case emissions scenarios from the stuff the IPCC did consider, even without the possibility of the north of the planet outgassing carbon dioxide and methane like a compost heap having a psychotic breakdown.
There is one way in which permafrost is really interesting. A common critique of environmentalists is that they advocate the ‘precautionary principle’ – which says we should do more rather than less to tackle climate change, just in case – without good reason. But the current level of knowledge we have about permafrost is a pretty clear-cut example of why the precautionary principle is actually a perfectly reasonable way to go about things.
Because: we can definitely say permafrost emissions will be additional to the IPCC SRES scenarios, and we can definitely say that they’ve got the potential to be huge, but we can’t (yet) say how much CO2 and methane is actually going up into the atmosphere, and we can’t (yet) say how quickly emissions are going to increase. What do you do in that situation? Ignore it, as the IPCC were forced to? Or maybe add a bit of a safety margin to the system by being ambitious? Our understanding of the science of permafrost thaw is a great advert for the precautionary principle.
Permafrost is not a clear-cut situation. It’s also one we don’t understand particularly well, yet. But by seeing that it can only really speed up the rate at which the planet changes, we see a clear argument for not developing that understanding by actually melting the stuff.
One Comment
1. stan lantz
What percentage of land area north of 60 degrees is covered with permafrost?
If every square metre of permafrost began to melt at an average rate of _??_ what would be the effect on the atmoshere compared to the emissions south of the 60 parellel?
|
Draw the values
4+ players
Can you depict the values? Do you have your own idea of what values look like? What everyday objects bring certain values to mind? Get creative and draw your own version of the values in this fun activity.
1. Split into two teams of two or more people, then shuffle the cards and place them face down
2. Turns alternate between teams, with the team member whose turn it is taking a card from the top of the deck
3. They must draw the value for their team members to guess, without using letters or the illustration on the card itself
4. Once guessed correctly, the team keeps the card
5. The artist must draw as many values as they can within one minute, and is allowed one ‘pass’ per go
6. The first team with twenty guessed cards in their hand wins
|
How does a sailing ship sail against the wind?
How did ships sail without wind?
If your sailboat has motor propellers, then it will be pretty much easy to propel your sailboat even when there are no winds. The propeller works by literally using a portion of the forward energy to propel the sailboat forward while directing the same energy back to the propeller to blow backward.
How did large ships sail against the wind?
How did medieval ships sail against the wind?
Lateen sail, triangular sail that was of decisive importance to medieval navigation. … The sail, its free corner secured near the stern, was capable of taking the wind on either side, and, by enabling the vessel to tack into the wind, the lateen immensely increased the potential of the sailing ship.
IT IS INTERESTING: How do I sort rows in Excel without mixing data?
Why can’t catamarans sail upwind?
How much faster than the wind can a sailboat go?
The very fact that the boats can sail three or even four times faster than the wind that’s powering them is enough to stop spectators in their tracks. You might see a recorded wind speed of 12-15 knots, while the boats reach more than 52 knots.
Can you sail directly into the wind?
However, a boat cannot sail directly into the wind and so if it comes head to the wind, it loses steerage and is said to be “in irons.” Thus, boats sailing into the wind are actually sailing “close hauled” with their sails tightly trimmed.
How much wind do you need to sail?
most comfortable sailing: 5 – 12 knots. absolute beginners: under 10 knots – anything under 10 knots prevents capsizing. for more serious training: 15 – 20 knots. for heavy offshore boats: 20 – 25 knots – anything under 12 and the boat doesn’t even come to life.
Can square riggers sail upwind?
IT IS INTERESTING: How do sailing boats sail into the wind?
Is it faster to sail upwind or downwind?
Can a pirate ship sail against the wind?
No matter how much you adjust the angle of the sail, you cannot sail directly toward the direction of the wind. But by fine adjustments the ship can sail at less than a 90 degree angle to the wind.
Did the Vikings invent the keel?
The keel: A structural beam that runs from a ship’s bow to its stern and sits lower than the rest of the hull, the keel was first invented by those intrepid Norse sailing men known as Vikings. … The addition of a keel prevented this lateral movement, increased speed and made Viking ships more stable.
What does sailing too close to the wind mean?
Definition of sail close to the wind
|
Graphic DesigningGraphic Design
Due to its inter-disc nature, graphic design can be performed in a variety of applications: branding, technical and artistic drawing, image and video editing, 3D modeling, animation, programming, among other areas.
Graphic design
Graphic design is an art and an academic discipline whose activity is to project visual communications designed to convey specific messages to social groups for specific purposes. Therefore, it is a cross-sectoral design industry, the foundations, and goals of which are related to the definition of problems and goals for decision-making, through creativity, innovation, and lateral thinking, along with digital tools, transforming them for correct interpretation. This operation helps optimize graphical connection (see . As communication design). It is also known as visual communication designvisual design, or editorial design.
The role of the graphic designer in the communication process is to encode or interpret the message. They work on interpreting and presenting visual messages. Design work always starts from a client’s requirement, a requirement that is ultimately set linguistically, either orally or in writing, that is, the graphic design transforms the linguistic message into a graphic manifestation.
Graphic design has, as a field of application, various areas of expertise, focused on any visual communication system. For example, it can be used in advertising strategies, or in the aviation world. In this sense, in some countries, graphic design has similarities as associated only with the production of sketches and drawings, this is wrong since visual communication is a small part of a huge range of types and classes where it can be applied.
With the rapid and massive growth of information exchange, the demand for experienced software professionals is greater than ever, especially due to the development of new technologies and the need to pay attention to human factors that go beyond the competence of the engineers who develop them.
Colour graphic design applies to everything visual, from road signs to technical schematics, from cross-industry memoranda to reference manuals.
Design can help sell a product or idea. It applies to products and elements of a company’s identity, such as logos, colors, packaging, and text within branding (see also advertising). Branding is becoming more and more important in the range of services offered by graphic brands. Graphics are often part of the butcher team.
Graphic design is used in the entertainment industry for decorations, decorations, and visual plots. Other examples of design for entertainment purposes include vinyl album covers, comics, DVD covers, filmmaking loans and closings, and stage programs and props. It can also include artwork used for t-shirts and other items for sale.
From scientific journals to news coverage, the presentation of opinions and facts is often enhanced with graphics and visual components known as information design. In ers, magazines, blogs, TV and documentary films, graphic design may be used. With the advent of the Internet, informational tools with experience with interactive tools are increasingly used to assess the background of news stories. Information design can include data visualization, which involves the use of programs to interpret and form data in a visually appealing presentation and can be linked to information graphics.
A graphic design project can include styling and presenting existing text and either pre-existing images or images designed by a graphic designer. Elements can be incorporated in both traditional and digital forms, which includes the use of fine art, typography, and page layout techniques. Graphics nodes organize pages and add additional graphics. Graphic pointers can be used or to create original elements. use digital tools, often called interactive design, or multimedia design. In order for an audience to sell our designs, we need communication skills.
School of Technology deals with communication; it defines the channels and media through which messages are transmitted and through which senders both encode and decode these messages. The semiotic school refers to the message as the construction of signs that, through interaction with, generate meaning; communication as an agent.
Printing house
Typography includes size. The characters type is created and modified using methods. The type order is the choice of fonts, point size, trap (space between all characters used), kerning (space between two specific characters), and lead (space between lines).
Typography is done by typesetters, composers, typographers, graphic artists, art directors, and spiritual workers. Before the digital age, typography was a specialized occupation. Some fonts communicate or resemble stereotypical concepts. For example, “1942 Report” is a font that enters text into a typewriter or report.
Printing is the process of making artworks by printing on paper and other materials or nozzles. The process is capable of doing the same job several times, each of which is called a print. Each print is original, technically known as an impression. Prints are created from a single source surface, technically a matrix. Common types of dies include metal plates, usually copper or zinc for refining or etching; the stone used for shooting; blocks of wood for woodcuts, linoleum for linocut, and c plate for screen printing. Works printed from a single plate create a publication, in modern times usually, each signed and numbered to form a limited edition. Prints can be published in book form, like artists’ books. One seal can be the product of one or more ques. Pen | is one of the most basic graphic design tools.
Beyond technology, graphic design requires judgment and creativity. Critical, observant, quantized, and analytical thinking are essential for mockups and design renovations. If a performer faithfully follows a solution (such as a sketch, script, or instructions) provided by another designer (such as an art director), then the performer is usually not considered a designer.
Strategy is becoming more and more important for effective graphic design. The main thing between graphic design and art is that graphic design solves the problem and also breaks aesthetically. This is the balance where the strategy comes in. It is important for graphic designers to understand the needs of their clients as well as the needs of the people who will interact with the design. The designer’s job is to combine business and creative goals to take design beyond the harsh aesthetic means.
Computers and software
Experts disagree on whether computers are conducive to the creative process. Some manufacturers claim that computers allow them to explore multiple ideas quickly and in greater detail, than can be achieved with manual ren. or pa up. While others find unlimited options from digital design can lead to paralysis or endless iterations with no clear outcome.
Most use a process that combines traditional and computer technology. First, hand-rendered mockups are used to get approval for the idea, and then the visual product is Poly. The visual product is produced on a computer.
Graphics are expected to be proficient in imaging, typography, and layout software. Nearly all popular and “industry standard” graphics programs since the early 1990s are from Adobe Systems Incorporated. In the final stages, Adobe Photoshop (a raster-based photo editing program ) and Adobe (a vector-based drawing program ) are often used. Some around the world use CorelDraw. CorelDraw is a vector graphics software editor developed and marketed by Corel Corporation… The open-source software used for vector graphics editing is Inkscape. The main file format used in Inkscape is Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG). You can import or export the file in any other vector format. Raster images can be edited in Adobe Photoshop, logos in both Adobe and CorelDraw, and the final product is assembled in one of the main page layout programs such as Adobe InDesign, Serif PagePlus, and QuarkXpress.
Powerful open-source programs (which are free) are also used by both professionals and casual users for graphic design, these include Inkscape (for vector graphics), GIMP (for photo editing and image manipulation), Krita (for painting), and Scribus (for page layout).
User interface design
User experience (UX) design is the research, analysis, and development of products that provide users with a lean and relevant experience. This includes creating the entire process of purchasing and integrating a product, including aspects of branding, design, usability, and function.
Leave a Reply
Post comment
|
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.