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The Retired Profesor simplifies Algebra: Combining Polynomials
by blackspanielgallery
This of a free resource where insights into algebra are provided to help both students and those helping students with algebra.
Combining polynomial expressions is easy once polynomials are thought of as analogous to numbers. One thing that makes things understandable is to use something familiar, not start from nothing and attempt to learn without using prior skills.
In the case of polynomials, the four arithmetic operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division are the same as those same operations are for numbers.
This material follows exponents since polynomials use exponents, and that material is necessary before we reverse the polynomial process in factoring, a future segment.
Operating on Polynomials
Arithmetic operations can be applied to polynomials much like they are applied to numbers.
It is best to think of numbers in expanded form, then see how they match polynomials.
If we express the number 435 in expanded form it looks like
4(100) + 3(10) + 5, or 4(102) + 3(10) + 5
Compare the above with 4x2 + 3x + 5
Now add 4x2 + 3x + 5 to 2x2 + 6x + 2.
This is like adding 435 to 262.
(4x2 + 3x + 5) + (2x2 + 6x + 2) = 6x2 + 9x + 7, obtained by adding like terms from each polynomial.
So, do not panic, you use the same techniques you learned for arithmetic.
Actually, polynomial addition is easier, since there is no need to carry.
The numbers are not restricted to non-negative integers, negative values and fractions are allowed.
Subtraction is also the same technique as the one you know.
628 – 312 = 316.
Subtract 3x2 + x + 2 from 6x2 + 2x + 8
(6x2 + 2x + 8) – (3x2 + x + 2) = 3x2 + x + 6
Notice we subtract like terms from like terms.
Now multiply.
321 X 12
Why is the 321 indented from the right? Well, look at how it occurs. 1(10) X 1 = 1(10), so the 1 belongs in the 10 column. 1(10) X 2(10) = 2(102), so the 2 belongs in the 102 column. And 1(10) X 3(102) = 3(103), so the 3 belongs in the 103 column.
Notice that 3(10) will not multiply by anything to get a value in the units column.
Notice each digit from one number multiplied by each digit from the other number.
(3x2 + 2x + 1)( x + 2) = 3x3 + 6x2 + 2x2 + 4x + x + 2
= 3x3 + 8x2 + 5x + 2
Now divide (4x2 + 6x + 5) ÷ (2x + 1)
If you divide 465/21 you get 21 with a remainder of 2, or 22 + 3/21.
Divide (4x2 + 7x + 5) ÷ (2x + 2) = 2x + 2 + 3/(2x + 1)
2 x + 2
2x + 1)4x2 + 6x + 5
4x2 + 2x
4x + 5
4x + 2
So, what is done with polynomials is the same thing done with arithmetic. It does allow negative numbers, fractions, and larger numbers, but the technique is the same.
Unfortunately, many students become calculator dependent, so these are new techniques to them. But to those who learned these techniques at an early age, the operations with polynomials are the same as those with which they are familiar.
Other Topics
Algebra simplified into a brief but thorough free resource can benefit both a parent helping a student and the student. This segment addresses linear equations.
This is the second part of a free resource to help with the basic understqanding of algebra. It can be used by students and those helping students witht the understanding.
This is a free resource on understanding algebra, and presented in a short presentation aimed at making things clear. It may help thoses studying algebra and those trying to help.
This is a free to use algebra resource. It is designed to make it easy to understand complex and imaginary numbers for students and those assisting students with learning.
This article contains links to affiliate programs and Adsense advertising. These must use cookies to allow for proper crediting, and allow me to earn from qualifying purchases. As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases.
Updated: 03/01/2021, blackspanielgallery
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blackspanielgallery on 02/12/2021
I fixed it. I had changed the number so we did not get a value past 10 when adding, and left the wording.
DerdriuMarriner on 02/12/2021
blackspanielgallery, Thank you for the practicalities and products.
I appreciate the explanations, since I always loved polynomials in school.
Under the multiplied number example, you ask us, "Why is the 963 indented?" I do not see that number anywhere.
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The ABC of WMD
Weapons of mass destruction have become one of the great political topics of the day.
UN Inspectors were on the hunt for WMD in Iraq
What are they? Who has them? Who wants them? Who wants to get rid of them? What will happen next?
What are WMD?
The term weapons of mass destruction was first used to describe atomic weapons, especially hydrogen bombs (H bombs) developed in the 1950s.
All nuclear weapons work by finding atoms such as uranium and plutonium that can most easily be split, and then banging them together with high explosives so that the atoms break apart in a chain reaction, causing a huge explosion.
H bombs use a two-stage process that can make a single explosion larger than all the high explosives used in the whole of the second world war.
Radioactive material can also injure people by itself and the so-called dirty bomb of high explosive mixed with radioactive material has been suggested but never used.
Biological weapons are the deliberate use of disease in war.
These weapons have been used from time to time in history. In olden days armies might catapult rotting flesh into cities under siege hoping to kill the inhabitants with disease.
The US army gave Indians blankets infected with small pox to kill them. And in the second world war the Japanese made use of biological weapons on China.
The US, USSR and other states developed these weapons during and after the second world war but never used them. Any disease can potentially be used in this way.
The US and USSR developed many
WMD’s in the Cold War
As with most diseases, well fed, healthy people with access to good health services have a much better chance of survival than others.
The fear of disease spreading to infect everyone, including the people using them, has been the main reason for their lack of use.
However the great fear that disease causes is an effect of WMD that exists even when their use is threatened, especially since modern medicine has done away with so many diseases that were common throughout history.
Chemical weapons were used extensively in the first world war especially by the British, Germans and French.
The British and especially the Italians made use of them in colonial wars in the 1920s and 1930s.
“The vast majority of atomic weapons are held by the US and Russia.”
Various types of chemicals can be used, some cause the skin to blister, some stop the lungs working and some destroy the body’s nervous system. Chemical weapons were used extensively by Iraq against Iran in the war of the 1980s.
Atomic weapons are uniquely destructive. They are reliable, whereas biological and chemical weapons often don’t work if it is too hot, too cold or the wind is going the wrong way.
Atomic weapons combine a huge explosion with heat and blast with the radioactive poison left afterwards, whereas chemical and biological weapons rely solely on poison or disease.
Chemical weapons in particular can be less damaging than high explosive weapons because of the vulnerability to climate conditions.
US Secretary of State Colin Powell proclaimed the 'Iraqi WMD threat'US Secretary of State Colin Powell proclaimed the ‘Iraqi WMD threat’
US Secretary of State Colin Powell
proclaimed the ‘Iraqi WMD threat’
These weapons can in principle be fitted to planes, missiles and cannon.
Who has WMD?
The vast majority of atomic weapons are held by the US and Russia. They each have more than 10,000. Thousands of these can be fired within 45 minutes of the order to launch and have the power to destroy civilisation and the global environment.
China and France have a few hundred. Britain has a couple of hundred reliant on US technical support.
India, Pakistan and Israel have perhaps under 100 each.
The US has arrangements with Belgium, Italy, Germany, Turkey, Greece and the Netherlands to supply nuclear weapons to these nations’ air forces in time of war.
No country admits to having biological weapons.
Iraq was found to have developed an extensive programme of biological weapons before the 1991 Gulf war.
The Soviet Union admitted that it had built many biological weapons to be fitted to missiles, in violation of its international legal obligations.
Who wants WMD?
The countries that have them wish to keep them.
China, France, Russia, the UK and the US are members of the nuclear non-proliferation treaty which obliges them to negotiate the elimination of their weapons. No such negotiation is taking place.
China, France, Russia, the UK and US are signatories to the NPTChina, France, Russia, the UK and US are signatories to the NPT
China, France, Russia, the UK and
US are signatories to the NPT
India, Israel and Pakistan are not part of any UN treaties on their WMD.
Some states are believed to be trying to obtain WMD. The US has concentrated attention on Iran and North Korea.
Previously the US made much of the desire of Saddam Hussein to rebuild his WMD capability.
Now that it is clear that regardless of Saddam’s intentions, the UN had been highly effective in preventing any new Iraqi WMD programmes, US claims appear fraudulent.
In the meantime Iran and Libya are apparently giving up their WMD ambitions in favour of better political relations with the world as a whole.
There has been much recent attention to the secret supplier network run by Pakistan’s Abd al-Qadir Khan to Libya, Iran and other states.
It may be that he also provided supplies to other nations the US would rather not talk about in public. Such states might theoretically include Turkey and Saudi Arabia.
Nor should one assume that other nuclear states such as India do not have companies engaged in covert nuclear trading.
Al-Qaida too has stated nuclear ambitions and it has sought to engender fear by claiming to have ready made ex-Soviet nuclear weapons.
Who does not want WMD?
The vast majority of nations have renounced atomic, biological and chemical weapons and are signatories to the three UN treaties governing them.
Most nations have accepted UN treaties renouncing WMD'sMost nations have accepted UN treaties renouncing WMD’s
Most nations have accepted UN
treaties renouncing WMD’s
These are the nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT), the Biological Weapons Convention (BWC) and the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC).
The key reason for states opposing WMDs of all kinds is that they recognise their potential to devastate the whole of human civilisation.
It is possible to think that these weapons might be used on a relatively small scale, but the tendency in war is for a rapid increase in violence.
In essence, as the great scientist Albert Einstein pointed out, nuclear weapons have changed everything except our way of thinking. Thankfully, some states have begun to think differently.
Egypt for example was a leading state in creating the NPT in the 1960s. Some states with nuclear programmes including Argentina, Brazil, Taiwan, South Korea, South Africa, and Ukraine gave them up in order to increase their security.
Most recently, Libya and apparently Iran are following a similar policy.
In the UK and the US there has long been great dissent against their nations nuclear weapons and this helped create a number of key Treaties with Russia to at least limit these weapons in the Cold War.
In April the next UN conference on implementing the NPT is to be held in Geneva.
The head of the UN nuclear inspectorate Muhammad Al-Baradai and Nobel Peace Prize winner, Sir Joseph Rotblat wrote in the Financial Times this January that now was the time to begin serious negotiations to remove WMD entirely from the Middle East, including those that may be held by Syria, Israel and other states.
It will be interesting to observe the discussion in Geneva.
Dan Plesch is a research fellow at Birkbeck College, University of London
Source: Al Jazeera
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What Is The Tone Of The Raven
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“The Raven” Analyzed “The Raven,” is and was one of the most famous poems in the history of poetry written by someone. For most people who have had the privilege of reading the poem, would answer some questions about the poem stating that it is undoubtedly being the Poe us writing this poem with the unique propose to illustrate the strong impact left by the death of a loved one in the mind of the mourner. The answers that come by like these would be true because in the poem he really is going through a hard time after losing someone who has been by his side since he was a teenager. By Poe losing his wife made him start wanting to do things more than ever before because he wanted to do them for his wife not only for him. However once I finished reading the poem “The Raven” I was immediately captivated by the new viewpoint brought to my attention…show more content…
These feelings reflect a sorrow as deep as it morphs into a psychological madness, a feeling that the pain death brings has ruined one forever. After analyzing this poem I came to the conclusion that Poe 's poem “The Raven” demonstrates that the sorrow of the death of a loved one bring will stay with you forever. Poe communicated this theme through abstract language and connotation, tone and allusion. I would like to give examples of how Poe communicated this poem through the use of abstract language and connotation. An abstract phrase repeated throughout the poem is the word “Nevermore” combined with different phrases depending on the stanza. This work can have countless meanings, but ultimately what Poe is trying to prove is that his loved one is lost forever, it 's contrary. Therefore if you will nevermore see your loved one, you are left with a sorrow forever. Here is another abstract example from the poem: “Quaff, oh quaff this kind nepenthe, and forget this lost
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Keyword Analysis & Research: mosfet characteristic
Keyword Analysis
Keyword Research: People who searched mosfet characteristic also searched
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Frequently Asked Questions
What is the difference between MOSFET and transistor?
1. BJT is a Bipolar Junction Transistor, while MOSFET is a Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor. 2. A BJT has an emitter, collector and base, while a MOSFET has a gate, source and drain. 3. BJTs are preferred for low current applications, while MOSFETs are for high power functions.
What does MOSFET mean?
In short, a MOSFET ( Metal–Oxide–Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor )is a transistor that switches electronic signals and power to a device. In simple terms, a MOSFET is an electronic gate between the trigger and motor in a gearbox.
What are the three operating regions of MOSFET?
Operating Regions of MOSFET Cut-Off Region. The cut-off region is a region in which there will be no conduction and as a result, the MOSFET will be OFF. Ohmic Region. The ohmic region is a region where the current ( IDS )increases with an increase in the value of VDS. Saturation Region. ... MOSFET as a Switch. ...
How to use MOSFET?
To use a MOSFET as a switch, you have to have its gate voltage (Vgs) higher than the source. If you connect the gate to the source (Vgs=0) it is turned off. For example we have a IRFZ44N which is a “standard” MOSFET and only turns on when Vgs=10V – 20V. But usually we try not to push it too hard so 10V-15V is common for Vgs for this type of MOSFET.
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Chapter 88. The Unix Tools Are Your Friends
Diomidis Spinellis
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IF, ON MY WAY TO EXILE ON A DESERT ISLAND, I had to choose between an IDE and the Unix toolchest, I’d pick the Unix tools without a second thought. Here are the reasons why you should become proficient with Unix tools.
First, IDEs target specific languages, while Unix tools can work with anything that appears in textual form. In today’s development environment, where new languages and notations spring up every year, learning to work in the Unix way is an investment that will pay off time and again.
Furthermore, while IDEs offer just the commands their developers conceived, with Unix tools you can perform any task you can imagine. Think of them as (classic pre-Bionicle) Lego blocks: you create your own commands simply by combining the small but versatile Unix tools. For instance, the following sequence is a text-based implementation of Cunningham’s signature analysis—a sequence of each file’s semicolons, braces, and quotes, which can reveal a lot about the file’s contents:
for i in *.java; do
echo -n "$i: "
sed 's/[^"{};]//g' $i | tr -d '\n'
In addition, each IDE operation you learn is specific to that given task—for instance, adding a new step in a project’s debug build configuration. By contrast, sharpening your Unix tool skills makes you more effective at any task. As an example, I’ve employed the sed tool used ...
Get 97 Things Every Programmer Should Know now with O’Reilly online learning.
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What to Do If You're Voting Absentee For the First Time
Everything You Need to Know If This Is Your First Time Voting by Mail
Close up of hand putting voting ballot to mailbox.
Voting is an important part of our democracy, and it's crucial to understand your rights and responsibilities as the 2020 presidential election grows nearer. Traditionally, most eligible voters cast their ballots at polling stations in person on Election Day. However, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, many citizens are looking into absentee voting in order to avoid large crowds and gatherings.
If this is your first time voting absentee, you may have questions about eligibility, process, and safety. Read on for all the answers.
What is absentee voting and who can participate?
Absentee and early voting are the official processes that let you vote by mail in the United States. Voting online is not allowed in federal elections, so if you're not voting in person, absentee voting is the best alternative.
Absentee voting is legal in all 50 states, though different restrictions can apply depending on where you're registered. Many states are also changing regulations because of the pandemic, so it's important to check your state's official election website for eligibility requirements.
Some states require an official excuse to vote absentee — in the past, acceptable reasoning has included sickness or disability, studying out of state, or travel during the election. However, some states are now allowing COVID-19 as an acceptable excuse for all residents. You can check if your state requires an excuse to vote absentee and how eligibility has changed for 2020 so you're prepared.
How do I get my absentee ballot?
Some states automatically send absentee ballots to all registered voters — you can find out if your state does so on your state's official election website. If your state isn't automatically sending out a ballot, you'll need to request one. Make sure to include the correct "mail to" address if it's different than your home address. This is where your ballot will be sent.
How do I fill in the bubbles on my ballot?
Once your ballot arrives, you'll want to fill it out the same way you would at a polling site. This means filling in the entire bubble next to your chosen candidate using a black or dark-blue pen. Don't put an X, circle the candidate, or fill it in halfway. This is important so the machine can read your vote.
What do I do with my ballot once I've filled it out?
Your absentee ballot will come in an envelope with many other documents and papers, and it can be confusing to know what to do with them. Luckily, there will be instructions that should help clarify, and it's important to follow them closely. Though it could look slightly different from one state to the next, here are the general guidelines.
You'll receive more than one envelope. One is called a "secrecy" or "security" envelope, another is the return envelope, and in some states, you'll also get an affidavit envelope. After filling out your ballot, seal it in the secrecy envelope. In some states, like New York, you'll sign and date this envelope before placing it all in the return envelope.
In other states, like Alabama, you'll get an affidavit envelope as well. This will have a printed affidavit on the outside of the envelope you'll need to fill out before returning your ballot. You'll put your sealed secrecy envelope in the affidavit envelope, seal it, then seal that envelope in the return envelope to send back to your state government.
Where do I mail it and do I need a stamp?
If you're planning on mailing your ballot, you'll be sending it to your county board of elections office. The USPS generally recommends sending it at least seven days before the election. If you are sending it by mail, some states use prepaid envelopes, others do not. You'll need to check your state's official election website for full details about postage, though there should also be instructions included with the absentee ballot.
You may also be allowed to drop off your ballot at the county board of elections office, bring it to an early-voting poll site, or bring it to a poll site on Election Day, all depending on your state.
Are there any deadlines I should be aware of?
Like most other elements of absentee voting, deadlines vary state to state. This list shows ballot deadlines for all 50 states, including when it needs to be delivered to the county board of elections.
Are there any other best practices?
In general, the most important thing to remember is that absentee voting varies from state to state, and you'll need to check your state's official election website for specific guidelines. When you get your absentee ballot, make sure you're filling out all bubbles correctly and carefully following the included instructions. Then be sure to mail your ballot as soon as possible to ensure it's delivered on time.
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Compare and contrast essay example
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Compare And Contrast Essay Example for College. The college compare and contrast essay’s primary purpose is to enable the students to focus on logical comparison and contrasting aspects of life. The example provided below will help college students to draft a perfect compare and contrast essay. College Comparative Essay Example (PDF) more
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Dec 15, 2015 · Comparison/ Contrast Essay 1. Comparison/Contrast Essays 2. What is a comparison/contrast essay? In a comparison/contrast essay, you explain the similarities and differences between two items. Comparison and contrast is a very common pattern in most academic fields. It is also a common type of essay test question. more
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inclination than the female acetabulum. Femur is a bone of the leg situated between the pelvis and knee in humans. The sacrum is connected to the tailbone, or coccyx , which is made of several fused vertebral bones at the base of the spine. … Male Pelvis: Female Pelvis: 1. It is designed to support a heavy body with a stronger muscle structure. Male pelvis is far away different from the female; The male skeleton has thicker and stronger bones, on the other hand, the female skeleton has thinner and weaker bones as compared to the male; Male skeleton contains more amount of calcium while female skeleton contains less amount of calcium. Female: more outwardly flared; Fact: Sex-related … If you like the video than like it, Subscribe it and share with your friends. Þetta er munurinn á kvenkyns og kvenkyns lærlegg. Men put on more muscle than women do. The principal differences between male and female true and false pelvis include: The female pelvis is larger and broader than the male pelvis which is taller, narrower, and more compact. The differences between male and female brains in these areas show up all over the world, but scientists also have discovered exceptions to every so-called gender rule. Janet White. Learn more. The male femur was less anteverted than the female femur. new (suggested) no comments yet. The angle of the acetabulum is angled more to the front, which changes the gait and posture in … The pelvic inlet in a female pelvis is slightly oval in shape while a male pelvis has a heart … The femur is the only bone in the upper leg.The two femurs converge medially toward the knees, where they articulate with the proximal ends of the tibiae.The angle of convergence of the femora is a major factor in determining the femoral-tibial angle.Human females have thicker pelvic bones, causing their femora to converge more than in males. the male inlet is more heart-shaped). Lumbar Flexibility. Bucks have antlers whereas does have no antlers. In the book “Joint Range of Motion and Muscle Length Testing,” researcher Nancy Reese says differences in male and female range of motion in the lumbar — the area between diaphragm and pelvis — regions are greatly determined by age 2.As children, females generally have more lumbar flexibility than males until the age of nine when males catch up. 32 Similarly, in our size‐matched population, total hip BMD was 6% higher and femoral neck BMD was 5% higher in males than females. Femur er sterkasta og lengsta bein í beinagrind mannsins. Female is a member of … The differences between a male and female pelvis are compared below. Use the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. 5. Darüber hinaus ist der Durchmesser des Kopfes der männlichen Femuren höher als der der weiblichen Femuren. Another difference includes the their eyes. A male acetabulum is much larger than a female acetabulum. All fragments showed significant sexual differences (P < 0.001) between males and females except H2. There were no significant differences between younger and older males for femoral dimensions. There is a special enzyme that fights alcohol and it destroys alcohol before it gets into the blood. Click to see nsfw. Well, this is quite simple: the female body doesn't fight alcohol as well as the male body, which is why the effect takes place faster. Learn the key differences between the male pelvis and the female pelvis (free video and pictures). There was significant difference between the means of Blacks and Whites in all of the ratios3, except for femur-stature, humerus-stature and … There was significant difference between the means of males and females in the humerus-stature (t = 4.68), ulna-stature (t = 3.54), and femur-humerus ratio (t = 2.65). Male: narrower, heart-shaped; Female: open, circular; Sciatic Notch. nsfw. 4. So, if a man and a woman have similar body fat, the man will still have larger thighs with clearer muscle definition because he is able to put on more muscle than his female counterpart. Log in or sign up to leave a comment Log In Sign Up. Shareable Link. Direct being the direct result of differences prescribed by the Y-chromosome, and indirect being a characteristic influenced indirectly (e.g. The differences between the adult female and male pelvis relate to function and body size. Males were reported to have 12–13% greater hip BMD than females in the NHANES data. hormonally) by the Y-chromosome. hide. The greater sciatic notch of the male hip bone is narrower and deeper than the broader notch of females. The pelvis is heavy and thick in males, lighter in females. … Here are a few: The general structure of the female pelvis is thinner and less dense, in comparison to the thick and heavy male pelvis, which is designed to support a heavier body build. Sciatic notch is narrow in male and wide in female. The acetabulum has a very significant difference between a male and female pelvis. save. Ennfremur er þvermál höfuðs karlkyns lærleggja hærra en kvenkyns lærlegg. 100% Upvoted. report. In neutral rotation, medial bowing of the femur was seen in six females and no males. In general, the bones of the male pelvis are thicker and heavier, adapted for support of the male’s heavier physical build and stronger muscles. 2.4k. Male: narrower; Female: broader; Pubic Bones. What is the difference between a male and female? A difference between male and female horse flies include that the female needs to feed on blood to reproduce whereas the male does not. "Der Femur - menschliche … Männliche Femuren sind stärker, länger und robuster als weibliche Femuren. Most of these differences are due to the reproductive needs of the female anatomy. This suggests that height is more important than sex in determining … The wider and shorter stature of a woman's hips allows more space for a baby's head to pass through when it is born. Male skeleton is heavier and larger than female skeleton, generally. It is the largest and strongest bone in the body. Anatomy students will often identify these in a lab setting, and forensic scientists use these methods to determine the sex of skeletal remains. 10 In a recent size‐adjusted analysis of NHANES data, the femoral neck difference between makes and females was 3% after adjusting for height and weight. Perhaps reflecting an … Dies ist der Unterschied zwischen männlichem und weiblichem Femur. Women's pelvic bones are thinner and lighter than men's pelvic bones. Men have a higher ratio than women in both comparisons. share. Finally, from measurements of different humeral fragments in Egyptian population; the length of the humerus can be … Key Differences between Male Skeleton and Female Skeleton. There are many significant anatomical, structural and functional differences between the male and female bony pelvises. The sciatic notch in the female pelvis is wider than that of a male pelvis. It is from the antlers that one can differentiate between a buck and a doe at first sight. An anatomical study of 60 cadavers revealed that the male linear knee joint dimensions are on average greater than female dimensions, but that sex differences disappear when female and male cadavers are matched by femur length, which predicts knee anatomy more accurately than sex (Dargel et al., 2010). Medullary bones are an important source of calcium when hens are laying eggs. Masculine and feminine thighs are also different because of the male capacity to develop greater muscle mass. The female inlet is larger and oval in shape, while the male sacral promontory projects further (i.e. Even if the definition is the same due to the … These were the same gender differences in hip anatomy as reported by others (3, 4). Joint surface is large in a male skeleton and small in a female skeleton. Karlkyns lærleggur eru sterkari, lengri og sterkari en kvenkyns lærleggur. Thus, while the static index of bone resorption (ES/BV) was positively age-dependent in males and females (p<0.001, p<0.03, respectively), the index of bone formation (OS/BV) correlated positively with age in the female group only (p<0.001 vs. NS). Yfirlit - Male vs Female Femur. The underlying mechanisms for bone turnover appeared to be different between males and females. Referenz: 1. One of the main differences that can be traced between the doe and a buck is in their tracks. The male sacrum is taller and narrower than a female’s. The height of acetabular rim was not different between males and females except at the corner of the ischium. Be the first to share what you think! The shape of head neck junction was more projected at the antero-superior corner in males… Total length of humerus revealed the highest percentage of accuracy (93.3%) followed by H4 (86.7%) and H7 (83.3%) for sex identification. Men are stronger in this respect. Male: narrower sub-pubic angle where the two bones meet; Female: wider sub-pubic angle where the two bones meet; Hip Bones . Egg shells are primarily made of calcium and a hen mobilizes 47% of her body calcium to make an egg shell. There was no significant difference between male and female specimens in the mean size of the lateral flange (6.57 mm (SD 2.57) and 7.02 mm (SD 2.36), respectively; p = 0.099) or of the medial flange (3.03 mm (SD 2.47) and 3.56 mm (SD 2.32), respectively; p = 0.67). However, older females had significantly increased lateral bowing in the proximodistal and AP views and a decreased neck shaft angle than the younger female group. Pelvic Inlet. However, within a race, the increases … Anterior superior iliac spine lies closer in a male skeleton … The sides of the male pelvis converge from the inlet to the … Racial differences emerged at puberty; vertebral volumetric trabecular apparent BMD was approximately 250–260 mg/cm 3 in Tanner stage 1 in blacks, whites, males, and females, increasing by approximately 40 mg/cm 3 in white females and males and by approximately 80 mg/cm 3 in black females and males by Tanner stage 5. ADVERTISEMENT . Sex differences in human physiology are distinctions of physiological characteristics associated with either male or female humans. These can be of several types, including direct and indirect. It is smaller and narrower with heavier and thicker bone. A buck is male deer, and a doe is a female deer. The femur is attached to the acetabulum which is located at the pelvis. Male Vs Female Pelvis. One of the important topic which frequently ask to student in viva. Measurement of the length and width of the ligament of the head of femur (ligamentum teres) in 140 normal human fetuses between 12 weeks and term provides limits for growth changes in this structure. The true pelvis is wide and shallow in the female, and … Women have less of that enzyme and that's why more alcohol gets into the bloodstream within the same time period. Posted by 1 day ago. Although in absolute terms the male pelvis is larger, the relative broadness of the pubic symphysis and the wider pubic angle allows the female pubic cavity to exceed the volume of the male pelvis. 3. These include the tibia, femur, pubic bone, ribs, ulna, toes and scapula. View Entire Discussion (0 Comments) More posts from the FreeKarma4U community . Because the female … These observations provide no morphological evidence of a significant difference between males and females, or between the right and left sides, to explain the female and left … Janet White is a writer and blogger for Difference … Noble et al 22 found similar differences between … Tilvísun: 1. 2. Sort by. In females the public angle usually measures about 80° about twenty degrees greater than the average male public angle that measure about 60°. Structure. Femur ist der stärkste und längste Knochen im menschlichen Skelett. False (greater) pelvis is shallow. It serves for the purpose of childbearing and easier delivery. False (greater) pelvis is deep. In 23 males and 23 females studied at necropsy, body length, the length of the upper and lower limbs and the length of the thoracic spine were all smaller in females but the ratios of upper and lower limb lengths to body length and of thoracic spine length to body length were not different. 0 comments. It is bigger and wider with lighter, thinner and denser bone. The body article with your friends oval in shape while a male and female pelvis karlkyns... The underlying mechanisms for bone turnover appeared to be different between males and females except at the pelvis a version. Laying eggs and a buck is in their tracks women have less of that enzyme and that why... Leave a comment log in or sign up heart … Structure bowing of the male femur less... Shape, while the male pelvis and knee in humans neutral rotation, medial bowing the... Hip bones greater muscle mass special enzyme that fights alcohol and it destroys alcohol before it gets into the within. Narrower, heart-shaped ; female: wider sub-pubic angle where the two bones meet ; female: open circular! Höher als der der weiblichen Femuren between the doe and a doe at first sight sexual differences (
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Making Questions Easy to Answer
One thing to keep in mind: a form is presented to a user, and if the user doesn't understand a question, they come to a dead stop.
The author suggests there are four steps in answering a question:
1. Understand the question
2. Find the answer (in memory or by consulting a resource)
3. Judge whether the answer fits the question
4. Enter the answer on the form
Sometimes, it happens very quickly, other times it takes a while. Consider the time it takes to fill out tax forms.
On the level of each question:
Regarding answers, the author mentions four types:
1. Slot-in - An answer that is assumed to be in the user's immediate knowledge (memory), such as their phone number.
2. Gathered - An answer that may require the user to reference something, such as a credit card number.
3. Third-Party - The user must ask someone else for information, such as a convenient time for a gift to be delivered (the user must, or should, ask the recipient)
4. Created - an answer the user makes up on the spot, based on the question (asking if the user would like standard or overnight shipping)
Problems arise when you make a mistake about what kind of answer is required. For example, it's often assumed that a person knows their office's fax number (it's in memory), when in reality they may need to go look at the machine.
It is also a common assumption that the person who is completing the form is the person who has the information you need. For example, a form to book travel reservations may be used by a secretary booking plans for her boss rather than herself.
In writing labels
1. Slot-in - The question can be very brief: "Name" is sufficient for the user to know what they need to enter
2. Gathered - A brief prompt is OK, but you may also need to tell them where to find the answer. For example, the CVV number on the credit card (show them a picture)
3. Third-Party - Most likely, a "proper question" is needed so that they can ask the other party for information.
4. Created - Definitely needs a proper question, and may need guidance for deciding on an answer.
Explaining the reason you want the answer will help the user to tell that the information they have provided fits the question you have asked ("judging" step). The example given is a form that indicates that a password will be sent to the e-mail address provided will help the user decide which e-mail address to provide (one they can access immediately).
A particular problem with multiple-choice questions is that none of the options provided seems to "fit" - the old joke about being "male" or "female" without an "other" option, and an example of a dating site that provides "transgendered" as an option.
There is also the problem where more than one answer seems to fit - in which case you will need to revisit the answers to make them mutually exclusive, or ask if you should make it a "check all that apply" rather than "select only one."
Ambiguity can be a problem - if you ask a person if they do something "frequently" or "seldom," that is not clear. A person who does something once a week may feel it is seldom
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The Top 10 Carnivorous Plants You Won’t Believe!
Written by AZ Animals Staff
Published: May 20, 2021
Written by AZ Animals Staff
Published: May 20, 2021
When it comes to plants, we tend to think of them as purely feeding on water and nutrients in the soil. Plants that cannot get nourishment from the soil will readily absorb animal bones and even human flesh stuck in the ground, and garden centers have blood and bone meal fertilizers. But we never think of plants that are truly carnivorous and actively target small, living animals as their source of gas, chemical, and mineral nutrients using either or a combination of the following trapping mechanisms:
• Snapping: Quickly shutting closed around the animal.
• Flypaper: A glue-like, sticky substance that immobilizes the prey.
• Pitfall: A rolled leaf with a deadly pool of digestive bacteria or enzymes which drowns the prey before the plant eats it.
• Bladder: A bladder sucks in prey by generating an internal vacuum.
• Lobster or Eel: inward-pointing hairs force the prey to move towards the digestive organ.
Growing in thin and sparse soil of mostly heaths, bogs, and swamps, and usually, in temperate or tropical climates, carnivorous plants evolved to be deadly to their prey so as to access nutrients. These include macronutrients like protein, nitrogen, potassium, and phosphorus and micronutrients like sulfur, calcium, and magnesium.
It takes careful attention to successfully grow these species, which are not as easy to care for as you may think due to being susceptible to pests like greenflies and spider mites if experiencing poor air circulation and low humidity. On the other hand, they do not need fertilizer, non-natural water sources, or to be fed insects but can instead catch them by themselves, especially outside. These ten plants need to eat meat to live and will shock you with their strange, pretty looks and even more so with their predatory survival methods.
#10 Carnivorous Plants: Venus Flytrap, Bear Trap, Mouse Trap or Man Trap
Carnivorous Plants: Venus Flytrap
The “trap” of the Venus Flytrap is made of two hinged lobes at the end of each leaf. On the inner surfaces of the lobes are hair-like projections called trichomes that cause the lobes to snap shut when prey comes in contact with them.
The Venus flytrap is certainly the most well-known of carnivorous plants. It is also easiest to acquire, being inexpensive and small enough to likely find in your store’s floral department rather than having to visit your local nursery. True to its name, it uses the snapping trap to capture prey – after it lures them in with its sweet smell and fluorescent blue glow, that is.
And while its most common prey is indeed the fly, it also eats ants, beetles, other insects, and arachnids, even frogs. Once it snaps shut, it takes up to 10 days to consume the prey with red sap and open to reveal the exoskeleton. One caveat: You can’t feed it the same meat humans eat, so if you give it a hamburger, it will rot and die. However, frogs, lizards, and small birds are fine if you want to feed it something more substantial than its typical meal of small insects. Interestingly, the Waterwheel Plant is like the aquatic version of this plant in both genetics and trapping mechanism.
Scientific name: Dionaea muscipula
Habitat: Tropical wetlands of North Carolina and South Carolina
Species: 1
#9 Carnivorous Plants: Pitcher Plant or Monkey Cup
Carnivorous Plants: Pitcher Plant
Many pitcher plants (Nepenthes sp.) have modified leaves that can form a vase or pitcher-shaped vessel that produces a sweet syrupy secretion that attracts insects and dissolves them into nutritious goo that is then absorbed back into the plant.
There are many varieties of pitcher plants, the tropical versions of which are also called monkey cups, but which all have the same trapping mechanisms: A hybrid combination of lobster pot and pitfall. Their slippery insides and bristles ensure the prey’s very rare escape. Plus, most have sugars laced with an alkaloid to intoxicate the prey. They also all eat insects – even butterflies, grasshoppers, and crickets. The monkey cups may hold a liter of water and monkeys have been seen drinking from them. Thirsty humans can also drink from them.
Scientific name: Mainly the genera Nepenthes, Sarracenia, Heliamphora, and Cephalotus
Habitat: Sarracenia in the sandy bogs of the southeastern U.S. (the Carolinas, Virginia, Florida, Georgia, and Alabama); Nepenthes in the humid bogs of the Phillippines, Malaysia, Indonesia, Sumatra, Borneo, and Madagascar; Cephalotus in Australia.
Species: Nepenthes – 150; Sarracenia – 8 to 11; Heliamphora – 23; Cephalotus – 1
#8 Carnivorous Plants: Cobra Lily or California Pitcher Plant
Carnivorous Plants: Cobra Lily
Darlingtonia Californica or California pitcher plant, also known as cobra lily. The carnivorous plant is hooded and pale green.
Although the cobra lily is a type of pitcher plant, it doesn’t resemble the description of a monkey cup or even an obvious pitcher shape. Its appearance is markedly different. Instead, it looks like a cobra with its head curled up and ready to strike. Also unlike other pitcher plants, it doesn’t trap rainwater but instead fills up its pitcher with water it absorbs from its roots. However, it likewise eats a variety of insects from small to large and uses both lobster pot and pitfall trapping mechanisms. Its many false exits with transparent patches trap its prey which when it’s exhausted, succumbs to drowning in the liquid.
Scientific name: Darlingtonia californica
Habitat: Bogs in California and Oregon
Species: 1
#7 Carnivorous Plants: Sundew
Carnivorous Plants: Sundew
The sundews capture their prey by producing from stalked glands an adhesive, or glue (the drop of “dew”), which captures and holds fast the insect.
Another carnivorous plant with several geographic varieties, the sundew uses both flypaper and snapping tentacles as trapping mechanisms to capture and eat insects. Like its name, it looks like the ends of the hairs on its leaves have the dewdrops that appear with the morning sun. These droplets are anything but water, though, so thirsty insects get stuck on the small but deadly plant.
Scientific name: Drosera (genus)
Habitat: Fens, bogs, and marshes everywhere except Antarctica
Species: 194
#6 Carnivorous Plants: Bladderwort
Carnivorous Plants: Bladderwort
Under water leaves with bladder-like traps of a greater bladderwort , Utricularia vulgaris, a carnivorous water plant.
The bladderwort most obviously uses the bladder trap to capture and eat insects, aquatic worms, water fleas, fish fry, mosquito larvae, and young tadpoles. But how exactly does it work? This aquatic plant pumps out water from its bladders to create vacuum suction. When prey comes and touches the bristles on the flexible openings, the bladder opens to take in the prey along with water.
Scientific name: Utricularia (genus)
Habitat: Freshwater streams, lakes, flooded areas, and wet soil in Europe and Asia
Species: 230
#5 Carnivorous Plants: Butterwort or Sticky Leaf
Carnivorous Plants: Butterwort
Pinguicula balcanica on the Sharr mountain on the Kosovo. The butterwort plant produces some really bright flowers that lure insects to come in proximity with it.
Bright, orchid-like flowers are the feature of this plant at first sight. Look closer, though, and you’ll see tiny hairs that secrete a mucus-like substance. The vivid colors of the flowers, whether white, pink, yellow, or purple, attract the prey, the flypaper traps it and then the leaves secrete digestive juices. It eats crickets, flies, spiders, caterpillars, slugs, gnats, springtails, and fruit flies.
Scientific name: Pinguicula (genus)
Habitat: North America, Central America, South America, and Eurasia
Species: 83
#4 Carnivorous Plants: Brocchinia reducta
Carnivorous Plants: Brocchinia reducta
Carnivorous bromeliads surrounded by trumpet pitcher plants in Sydney, Australia.
There is no common name for this carnivorous bromeliad, a plant belonging to the same family as pineapple, thick-leaved succulents, and Spanish mosses. Its trapping mechanism is the pitfall, aided by the reflection of ultraviolet light, a sweet scent, and it’s slippery, waxy surface which prevents claw anchorage. The flies and other insects then slide down towards their doom to be digested by enzymes.
Habitat: Guyana, Brazil, Colombia, Venezuela, Siberia, and North America
Species: 1
#3 Carnivorous Plants: Fly Bush, Fly Catcher Bush, or Gorgon’s Dewstick
The flypaper mechanism is the trap this plant uses to capture wasps, bees, and other insects. The shiny resin on the tentacles attracts the prey, only for them to become stuck.
Scientific name: Roridula gorgonias
Habitat: Cape Provinces of South Africa
Species: 1
#2 Carnivorous Plants: Corkscrew Plant
Carnivorous Plants: Corkscrew Plant
Albuca spiralis, commonly called the corkscrew albuca. The plant is recognizable by its distinctive leaves, which are narrow, spiral-tipped with glandular hairs.
This carnivorous plant differs from other predatory photosynthetic life-forms in that it doesn’t target insects. Instead, it eats microscopic organisms, including protozoans. And rather than attracting its prey above-ground, it has specialized leaves growing under the soil. It also has above-ground leaves which photosynthesize light, and it is classified as an herb.
Scientific name: Genlisea (genus)
Habitat: Semiaquatic regions of Central and South America as well as Tanzania, Madagascar, and Zambia in Africa
Species: 30
#1 Carnivorous Plants: Dewy Pine
Carnivorous Plants: Dewy Pine
A Chrysoperla caught be a dewy pine (carnivorous plant). Each dewy pine leaf is covered in two types of glands: stalked glands that produce sticky mucilage, and sessile glands that secrete digestive enzymes and absorb nutrients.
Unlike most other carnivorous plants, the dewy pine grows in dry areas. The dewy-looking secretions resemble honey to attract prey, while the sticky leaves trap it and an enzyme digests the insides of the insect to leave behind a dry shell.
Scientific name: Drosophyllum lusitanicum
Habitat: Dry regions of Morocco, Spain, and Portugal
Species: 1
The over 700 species of carnivorous plants break the mold of what we traditionally believe plants to be. We tend to think of plants as completely passive, absorbing nutrients from the soil and generating energy through photosynthesis. But when nutrients in the soil, especially nitrogen, are scarce, what’s a plant to do? Trap and eat protozoans and arthropods, that’s what. While not dangerous to humans, they are deadly to small animals. Carnivorous plants display an ingenious method of adaptation to ensure their survival. They make for fascinating and challenging plant keeping, too.
Next Up: Here’s What 1.5 Million Cicadas Looks Like
A Snowshoe Hare
Snowshoe Hare
A Butterfly
There are thought to be up 20,000 species!
A Anatolian Shepherd Dog
Anatolian Shepherd Dog
Guards it's master's flocks!
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http://www.uupei.com 2012/11/29 9:16:29 优优配·配音文案欣赏
标签：宣传片解说词 景区英文宣传片解说词 宣传片解说词 景点英语宣传片文案
These three pagodas which are towering over Dali are the symbolic architecture of it. They already have had a history of more than 1,000 years. Besides their graceful shape, they still have a most attractive character. From the first day that they were built, they were been connected with a legend of precious deposits. There is a story which has been handed down from the ancient time in Dali. It says that there were enormous precious deposits which were hidden beneath the Three Pagodas. Meanwhile, the Three Pagodas were the only front door that could lead to the precious deposits. At the time of building these pagodas, because of the special method’s using, the Three Pagodas have still towered solidly today. But also because of this legend, there have been so many people who were watching for the precious deposits all the time. If the legend is true, whether the precious deposits have been sacked by robbers? Was it just a legend? But, of course, there is no smoke without fire, so what kind of precious deposits were been buried under the Three Pagodas after all?
In 1978, an archaeological team consists of 13 persons arrived at Dali of Yunnan province. The team leader was Qiu Xuanchong, an archaeologist. They came here for the Three Pagodas’ restoration, also were going to excavate and protect their cultural relics.
The Three Pagodas have undergone more than 1,000 years natural catastrophes and wars, which made them dilapidated extremely.The team made a meticulous measurement to the pagodas first and recorded down the decrepit circumstance. Then, they began to excavate the cultural relics.After a brief conference, the archaeological team decided to unearth from the bottom of the pagoda first, just in order to looking for the underground palace.
They entered the pagoda from the window on the reverse side. A thick layer of guano was puling up on the floor. After cleared them away, another layer of soil appeared. Beneath the soil, the crew discovered a layer of bricks which was paved on the ground. By these archaeologists’ experience, they understood that these special bricks have two functions. One is to be a part of the foundation and the other is to cover the entrance to the underground palace. But when they dug these bricks out, they didn’t find the underground palace at all.
After progressive cleaning, besides some earthen Buddhist Statues and model pagodas, which were discovered in the holes of pagoda’s wall, they didn’t find any other more valuable cultural relics. Were these the very precious deposits which were mentioned in the legend?
How these craftsmen completed such high pagoda, although the height was even hard to get to for the later ages?In native folks, there was an old method for building pagodas handed down up to now. It is said that the construction workers employed hillocks piled around the already built tiers, to construct higher parts. Upon completion of the pagodas, workers carried away these hillocks, and the pagodas finally showed up.
A problem appeared again. If the method was true, where were these large quantities of soil came from and where did they go finally? There wasn’t any accurate evidence concerning this problem has been discovered. In 1978, when the archaeological crew restored the Three Pagodas, they found some eyelets in the pagodas’ body. There were still some wooden posts inside. Through the analysis, they found that these eyelets should have been the scaffolds for building the pagodas.
If the predict was true, these craftsmen who lived more than 1,000 years ago left a larger perplexity to the later ages. How high were these scaffolds? And how these craftsmen set up such huge scaffolds, although at that time, they constructed with the woods and soils mainly? All of these perplexities would stay to be solved by the later ages.
From an important events record, we discovered an interesting data: From 829 A.D, there were wars records annually in the following 7 years, however, in the 11 years from 836A.D to 846A.D, there were no any war record at all. It was also the hardest period of building the Chongsheng Temple by chance. So we guessed audaciously that in order to build such a grand temple, the Nanzhao Kingdom had no any more ability to launch the war outward again.During these 11 years, this kingdom made its all effort on the project. In the central hall of the palace, there was a bronze Buddha statue which was 3 zhang high.
It is said that at that time, all the bronze for casting this Buddha statue has been used up when only the parts below the statue’s shoulders were finished. It was a miracle copper raining at this moment. People collected all the copper cashes and finished the Buddha statue with them, named it as Copper Raining Guanyin. From this legend, we could guess that it was a great test to build such a magnificent temple, which only depended on all of kingdom’s recourses.
In 840A.D, the project has been lasted 4 years and was completed initially. It covered an area of 7 li, was 300 zhang high and had 890 rooms and 11,400 Buddha statues totally. It also cost more than 40,000 jin coppers, 40,000 jin gold and silver cloth and satins. Many inherits of Quan Fengyou extended the temple continuously and made it became the biggest Buddhist building in Southeast Asia.
To be a royal temple, it should have the function of consolidating the governance. Could this grand temple fulfill the king’ wishes, shield the kingdom to live forever and leave a good name?60 years later, after the Chongsheng Temple was set up, the Nanzhao Kingdom perished under the situation of internal revolts and foreign invasions.
Dali entered the period of frequent dynasties’ replacement. 30 years later, a new feudalism kingdom--- the Dali Kingdom was established in Dali by Duan Siping. Meanwhile, it was the transition period of the Central Plains, which the Tang Dynasty was replaced by the Song Dynasty.
Because the Chongsheng Temple was a royal temple, so what kind of destiny it would have for the dynasty replacement.
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Depression: the diagnosis that wasn’t
Florence Nightingale nearly died from an illness during the Crimean War, probably caught from drinking untreated milk. This disease, brucellosis, can produce recurring fevers for years afterwards. But some writers have claimed that brucellosis made her neurotic. There is no medical justification for the claim, which perpetuates an Edwardian theory that she was an ineffective nuisance.
What’s the name we give to this practice of casting doubt on the mental state of someone who is an inconvenience? Gaslighting. Yes, it happens to dead people too …
Click to see bookRead about her illness and the multiple efforts over the years to use it against her, in Florence Nightingale’s Pandemic. The book reveals just how inconvenient she was to those in wealth and power, how she changed the law to save millions of people from fatal epidemic disease, and how gaslighting covered up her achievements.
Meanwhile, here’s a scientific account of her probable case of brucellosis:
Link to Dr. D A B Young’s paper on Florence Nightingale’s Fever
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3 Share Physiology or Medicine Nobel for Discovering the Hepatitis C Virus
3 Share Physiology or Medicine Nobel for Discovering the Hepatitis C Virus
Nobel medicine 2020
Media rights
Copyright American Institute of Physics
Nala Rogers, Staff Writer
(Inside Science) -- The 2020 Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine has been awarded to three scientists "for the discovery of Hepatitis C virus."
The prize goes jointly to Harvey J. Alter of the National Institutes of Health, Michael Houghton of the University of Alberta, and Charles M. Rice of the Rockefeller University in New York.
Hepatitis B and C are bloodborne diseases that can cause cirrhosis and cancer of the liver, leading to death or the need for liver transplants. Both are caused by viruses that can hide in the body for months or years without causing symptoms, which made them difficult to discover. In the mid-20th century, a large fraction of patients who received blood transfusions later developed hepatitis.
Baruch S. Blumberg discovered the hepatitis B virus in 1967, and soon afterward developed tests to screen blood samples for the virus and a vaccine to prevent infection. He won the Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine for his work in 1976. But it soon became clear that only some of the hepatitis infections from blood transfusions were caused by the hepatitis B virus.
Alter and his colleagues focused on the remaining cases of transfusion-related hepatitis. In the 1970s, they showed that blood from hepatitis patients could transmit the mysterious disease to chimpanzees, proving that the illness was caused by an infectious agent. The researchers later determined that this agent was an unknown virus.
In the late 1980s, Michael Houghton discovered the virus itself while working at the pharmaceutical firm Chiron. He used antibodies from hepatitis C patients as detection tools to identify sequences of the virus's DNA, which he cloned from DNA fragments in the blood of an infected chimpanzee. Charles M. Rice at Washington University in St. Louis and his colleagues then used genetic engineering to demonstrate that the virus Houghton discovered could, on its own, cause the disease hepatitis C.
"This was the first time these types of molecular-based approaches were used to identify a novel virus," said Gunilla Karlsson-Hedestam, an immunologist and member of the Nobel committee, during a press conference.
The discoveries of this year's winners led to tests that cleaned the blood supply, preventing nearly all cases of hepatitis from transfusions. It also led to the development of antiviral drugs that can cure the disease in the vast majority of patients.
"These developments have saved millions of lives worldwide," said Karlsson-Hedestam. "Continued efforts to implement blood screening and treatments globally raise hope that hepatitis C virus can be controlled and eventually eliminated."
For more of Inside Science's coverage of the 2020 Nobel Prizes in Physiology or Medicine, Physics, and Chemistry, please visit our Nobel coverage page. For our predictions of the Nobel Prizes in Physics and Chemistry (and to review our Physiology or Medicine picks), please read our predictions story.
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Answer these last set of presidential trivia to complete the challenge. You may any online tool to help you answer the questions.
Select the correct multiple choice answer for each of the 10 questions:
1. Which 4 presidents have state capitols named after them?
A) Harrison, Washington, Cleveland, Tyler
B) Jackson, Jefferson, Madison, Harrison
C) Lincoln, Jefferson, Madison, Jackson
D) Lincoln, Madison, Monroe, Polk
2. Who was the first president born as a citizen in the United States?
A) George Washington
B) John Quincy Adams
C) Martin Van Buren
D) Andrew Jackson
3. Which president features on the $50 bill?
A) Washington
B) Lincoln
C) Jackson
D) Grant
4. The oldest elected president of the United States was?
A) Andrew Jackson
B) Joe Biden
C) Ronald Reagan
D) Donald Trump
5. The youngest ever president was?
A) Theodore Roosevelt
B) John F. Kennedy
C) Millard Fillmore
D) Barack Obama
6. The only president who was never married was?
A) Calvin Coolidge
B) Andrew Johnson
C) Zachary Taylor
D) James Buchanan
7. The only president of this group to not serve in the military during the Civil War was?
A) Ulysses S. Grant
B) William McKinley
C) Rutherford B. Hayes
D) Chester A. Arthur
8. The state that has produced the most presidents is?
A) New York
B) Virginia
C) Ohio
D) Massachusetts
9. The only person to go directly from serving in the House of Representatives to being elected president was?
A) Lyndon Johnson
B) John Kennedy
C) James Garfield
D) William Taft
10. The only 2 Presidents who were elected to be president by the House of Representatives after having not gathered enough electoral votes were?
A) Thomas Jefferson and John Quincy Adams
B) Benjamin Harrison and Grover Cleveland
C) Andrew Jackson and George W. Bush
D) Zachary Taylor and John Tyler
The answer is 10 characters, each character either being a,b,c or d. For example, dcabbacdad.
If you didn’t read above, you may use an online tool to help you with the questions. Yes, you can use google.
Seriously?! If you can’t google your answer, go back to what people did before the internet: take an educated guess!!!
Escape Room: Final Puzzle Presidential
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Associated with a WebDriver session are various timeout definitions that control behavior for script injection, document navigation, and element retrieval.
You will find the timeouts object used in a few different contexts. It can be used as configuration when creating a new session through capabilities, it is returned as part of the matched, effective capabilities after the session has been created, and it is used as input and output for the Set Timeouts and Get Timeouts commands.
The default values can be overridden when creating the session and they will be effective until the session is closed. If you call Set Timeouts during the session’s lifetime, the defaults are overridden and will take effect for the lifetime of the session or until Set Timeouts is called again.
The timeouts object is a JSON Object that either describes the current session’s timeout values, or which is used as input when configuring the timeouts:
When the object is used as input for the Set Timeouts command or as part of the timeouts capability when creating a new session, all fields are optional. This means you can configure zero or more of the timeout duration values individually or all at once.
When it is returned by the driver, either by Get Timeouts or in the matched capabilities from having created a session, all fields will be present.
Setting timeouts at session creation
You can override the default session timeouts by providing a timeouts capabilities object when you start a new WebDriver session:
import urllib
from selenium import webdriver
def inline(doc):
return "data:text/html;charset=utf-8,{}".format(urllib.quote(doc))
session = webdriver.Firefox(capabilities={"timeouts": {"implicit": 4500}})
// Inserts <p> below <h1> after 2.5 seconds:
window.setTimeout(() => {
let delayedElement = document.createElement("p");
let h1 = document.querySelector("h1");
document.body.insertAfter(delayedElement, h1);
}, 2500);
# This will cause the driver to wait 4.5 seconds
# for #foo to appear in the DOM:
delayed_element = session.find_element_by_tag_name("p")
Setting and getting timeouts at runtime
Timeouts can also be set at runtime using the Set Timeouts command. These will override the session’s current timeouts and will take effect for the entire lifetime of the session or until a subsequent call is made to the same command:
from selenium import webdriver
session = webdriver.Firefox()
session.set_timeouts({"implicit": 4.5})
The output will be in seconds because this is the idiomatic time unit in Python:
{"implicit": 4.5, "script": 300, "pageLoad": 30000}
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Myth Busting 6: Core strength
· 6 min read
Part of the "Myth Busting" series
Core muscles - a concept we're all very familiar with. But what does it mean? What comes into your mind when you hear that term? Do you think of abdominal muscles? Maybe even specific muscles like the obliques/transverse abdominis (TA)? If you're quite advanced you might also say that the back extensors contribute to core strength. If you're a core strength super-hero then you might also include the pelvic floor and diaphragm (fancy!)
And everyone knows that a weak core causes back pain, right? Because you've got to have really strong muscles to support your spine. Or sometimes, the muscles are strong but they've somehow become inactive or "switched off". Chances are if you've ever been to any kind of manual or physical therapist, exercise class or boot camp you've been told all this. Well, this is the myth we will be busting today!
What are core muscles?#
Firstly, when people describe the "core" muscles this isn't a term that you'll find in any anatomy text book. It doesn't really describe one particular structure. Instead it describes a whole group of structures which are thought to do a roughly similar job, ie. move or stabilise the trunk. The core muscles are often described as a "protective ring" around the spine. But as you can see from the picture, they don't actually form a ring at all.
Does core muscle weakness cause pain?#
So how did these muscles first become associated with back pain? Various studies done in the last few decades on people who have persistent lower back pain showed a reduced level of activity in these muscles, particularly the TA. It was concluded that this inactivity in the muscles caused them to be weak, and that had ultimately led to back pain due to a lack of stability in the spine.
Sounds reasonable. But, as we mentioned a few weeks ago, correlation does not equal causation. From what we know now about back pain, it's actually much more likely to be the other way round - that pain inhibited the activity of muscles in the area as part of a protective mechanism. The researchers also assumed that pain is a result of instability, but again in many cases the opposite is true - back pain is more often a result of immobility/inflexibility. The painful back is often moving too little, not too much.
Can core muscles become inactive?#
There's a very prevalent idea in manual therapy/the fitness industry now that muscles can "switch off" somehow. That muscles which used to be really good at doing what the brain told them to do have, for some reason, now stopped listening. It would be easy to imagine them sitting flaccidly about not contributing at all. But there's not any evidence to support this idea.
Muscles don't just switch off and become completely useless. In fact, muscles don't really exist in an on/off state. Sometimes a muscles will be relaxed, sometimes it will be at full contraction, but most of the time it will be somewhere in the middle playing a supportive role.
Muscle activation will vary from person to person, from day to day, from activity to activity. Immediately after an injury, it's normal for muscle activation to temporarily go down.
Do I need to brace my core?#
We're very often told that bending your back is dangerous (see my previous post), and that we need to tense our abs and back before moving our spine. But honestly, stiffening your spine like this all the time is really unnatural. Some research done in 2006 (on an admittedly small group of participants) showed that the back muscles, and some of the muscles of the abdominal wall, actually relax on bending. The researchers concluded that this was for 2 reasons - to allow for full and smooth movement of the back, and to shift weight bearing onto the passive structures (ie, the bones of the spine and the discs).
Before you start to panic about putting weight through the bones of the spine and the discs - this is exactly what your spinal bones and discs are designed for. They are inherently strong and robust and can do this job just fine without the help of your muscles.
Just look how chunky your spinal bones and discs are! They're designed to be super strong and able to carry heavy loads.
In addition, bracing your core unnecessarily could actually lead to more pain. Imagine if you walked around with a clenched fist all day. Wouldn't your arm and hand start aching after a few hours? Same with your back.
Why does my gym instructor keep telling me to brace my core?#
When you're doing an exercise class, gym instructors will often say something like "brace your abs", "pull your tummies in", "core tight". There are two good reasons why you might want to brace when exercising.
• Isolation - for example, when doing a rear deltoid fly. By bracing your core and keeping your body still, it might help you just use the muscles in the back of your shoulder to do that movement. It stops your body swaying and you then using that sway to help lift the weights. This way it keeps the work in the shoulders, which is what you're trying to work on.
• Efficiency - for example, when doing an overhead press, keeping your back perfectly straight helps all of the force from your body go straight up, so you can lift the bar higher and faster.
The problem is that the fitness industry often gives the impression that bracing your core will protect your spine. As we've already discussed above, bracing is not protective - if anything it will cause more pain.
Should I get a "strong core"?#
If you want. But does everyone need a strong core? No. As long as you can stand up your core is doing its job just fine.
Doing core exercises - either in Pilates, yoga, abs classes, boot camp or physiotherapy - has been shown to be no better at improving low back pain than any other type of exercise. Let's say that again. Core exercises are no better at improving low back pain than any other type of exercise.
And the great news is, any kind of exercise will help your back pain! Find yoga boring? Get some dancing shoes and salsa your way out of pain. Hate the gym? Get a mat and find some Pilates on YouTube. Swimming not your thing? Ditch the trunks and grab some boxing gloves. It's important to be consistent and patient, so find something fun enough that you'll be doing it forever!
See other posts in the "Myth Busting" series
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Self- and community - provisioning
The state of self-provisioning in Canada
Financing the transition
For much of human history, most of us were hunters and gatherers and a bit more recently, farmers and gardeners. Survival was linked to the ability to feed self, family, and community. Sharing and later barter were important parts of the exchange process.
Specialization of tasks is a very recent phenomenon, as is the use of currency as a mediator of exchange and storehouse of value. As the food system has been transformed, it has allowed people to stop self-provisioning and use their earnings to purchase from those who are food producers, processors, distributors, retailers and restauranteurs. The urbanization of the Canadian population has also been a significant force reducing self-provisioning. According to Watson (2020), an original barometer for successful city design was the effective coordination of modes of production that supported capitalist activity (Dear and Scott, 2018). Food was pushed from the list of urban priorities with changes in food production practices in the late 19th century that made them appear, if not actually be, incompatible with urban density and key urban planning objectives. This transformation was part of the second industrial revolution, where food production and processing became inherently loud, pungent, messy, and even toxic (Patel, 2012), and mostly a rural activity, although many cities retain historical elements of an earlier time when food production and processing was common in cities. Some have viewed all this is as liberation from the drudgery of survival, others as a disaster leading to individual and community vulnerability. The heightened interest in gardening during Covid-19 speaks to this latter position.
But rural and wild spaces have also been compromised by industrial development, habitat loss and fragmentation, pollution, enclosures, irrigation and climate change, all of which have generally reduced the possibilities for hunting, fishing, trapping and foraging.
Clearly most Canadians are now dependent on the market and the food system to acquire a nourishing diet. The situation is particularly acute for northern indigenous communities whose access to country foods has been seriously restricted and dependence on imported southern and culturally inappropriate foods seriously accelerated. Many impoverished families in rural Canada are dependent on hunting seasons for adequate nourishment. Foods acquired through self-provisioning are less expensive and frequently more nourishing than supermarket foods.
By definition, self-provisioning takes place outside the market and that is the primary reason it has declined in significance and is not supported by firms or the state. When self-provisioners are able to capture, harvest, preserve, slaughter and butcher food themselves, traditional food system actors don't make money. Also significant is the lack of data collection on self-provisioning, since most food system data collection focuses on economic dimensions. In Canada, we don't have very good data on the volume of vegetables consumed out of home gardens, or how much of the diet is provided from hunting and gathering. In particular, we don't have a clear picture of who relies on self-provisioning to assure an adequate diet, a critical situation if we're to do a better job of support such individuals, families and communities.
There are major impediments to increasing self-provisioning: loss of commons and commons resource management, loss of skills, contaminants, lack of access to land, inputs, equipment, community storage, slaughter and butchering facilities, food safety rules, and negative cultural perceptions. Benefits that can arise from an increase include: community cohesion and safety, recreation, greater cultural expression, reduced social isolation, better nourishment, improved spirituality, reduced costs, and ultimately better health and well being.
The state of self-provisioning in Canada
Data on self-provisioning are limited. Equally significant, it's not clear how important self-provisioning could be with the right supports in place to overcome the obstacles to better management. However, one indication of the potential comes from emergencies, such as the British WWII experience, when about 10% of domestic production (primarily fruit, vegetables, chickens and hogs) came from home gardens and allotments inspired by the very extensive supports provided by the state, and some percentage of the population supplemented their diet with small game (Boyle, in press).
The current barriers likely impose limits that can not be surmounted in the short term (e.g, access to resources, contamination). Given limits, there are also significant issues of equity, many of them deeply colonial (see Getting Started, Colonial history). If hunting and gathering have to be carefully managed to ensure the resources aren't over-exploited, then those who hunt for recreation, as opposed to sustenance, may need to have opportunities limited.
Private gardens
It appears that COVID caused more people to garden. A survey reported that half the residents harvested at least one fruit or vegetable from their garden in 2020, and of these 17% had started because of the pandemic. About 80% lived in single family dwellings, but some 18% reported growing food in containers (Agri-Food Analytics Lab, 2020). This suggests that pre-pandemic, about 1/3 of Canadians had been food gardening. Statistics Canada (2013) had reported that 57% of Canadians gardened in 2013 but that included flowers, so it is not clear how many were just gardening for food. Almost twice as many home owners reported gardening than renters. A Montreal analysis reported that 40% of its household had gardens, amounting to from 68-208 ha devoted to food and non-edible plants, producing an estimated 2200-6600 tonnes of vegetables with a retail market value of $15-48 million (Duchemin and McClintock, 2020). How important gardening is for self-provisioning, nutritional health and finances is unclear, though many studies from North America report that gardening saves hundreds of dollars per family in supermarket expenses and provides nourishing food and higher consumption of fruits and vegetables (cf. CoDyre et al., 2015; Alaimo et al., 2008; Litt et al., 2011; Duchemin, 2020).
Community gardens and greenhouses
In early periods of the 20th century, many Canadian cities had extensive areas devoted to gardens, including greenhouses, but much of that infrastructure was dismantled and is only slowly being rebuilt. In Toronto in 1915, some 2,000 garden plots coordinated by the Rotary Club generated almost $1 million in produce in current dollars (Johnson, 2009). In 1934, an 80 ha garden site in the western part of the city was created to help 5,000 unemployed families. Market gardens and greenhouse operations were very common in Toronto until the 1930s (Fram, 2009). During WWII, Canadian city Victory Gardens created 200,000 wartime gardens nationally and produced 52 million kg of vegetables (Johnson, 2009). Up until the 1960s, much of the northern part of Toronto was still farmland, but it was gradually converted as population and commercial pressures resulted in redevelopment.
Statistics Canada (2013) reported that 4% of Canadian households grew fruit, vegetables, herbs or flowers in community gardens, with the total reaching 9% in Quebec. This study did not include the territories and indigenous communities. A 2015 survey of 81 cities found that all had community gardens, and almost half had rooftop gardens. However, in most cities the number of gardens / 100,000 residents was low (Soderholm, 2015). Montreal has the most robust community garden program in Canada, with an extensive network of 100 or so community gardens supported by the municipality and community organizations since the 1970s, and providing for about 12000 residents, with over half identifying as low income (Bhatt and Farah, 2016). The city also boasts an array of commercial and self-provisioning rooftop farms and gardens, including several sites devoted to grapes (Vignes en ville). One estimate has the City producing food across all types of production on 36 ha, amounting to 1000 tonnes of vegetables (Duchemin and McClintock, 2020). Toronto had 100 growing gardens on public properties (Miller, 2017), but not all are directly supported by the municipality. Vancouver has a similar situation. Gardens in some cities were prevented from opening during the first COVID lockdown, but many opened later once municipal officials agreed they were essential. And from 2021 announcements out of Toronto City Hall, it appears municipal officials have recognized their error and are opening gardens early this year.
A most interesting development is the construction of community gardens and greenhouses in northern Canada. Chen and Natcher (2019) reported that 36 community gardens and 17 greenhouses now exist across the North, with 36 located in the Northwest Territories, 10 in the Yukon, three in Nunavut, two in Labrador, and two in Nunavik. Thirty-four (64 percent) were in communities with less than 1000 residents. Those with the largest growing areas were the Gameti Community Garden in the Northwest Territories (21,600 ft2), the Tr’ondek Hwech’in Teaching and Working Farm in Dawson City (35 ha.), and the Inuvik Community Greenhouse in the Northwest Territories (4,000 ft2). A few initiatives also include poultry and a few greenhouses operated hydroponic systems. Some are funded with federal and territorial grants. Many focus on self-provisionning for members and the excess is sold in some cases or donated. Some are structured as individual allotments, others are communal. Clearly this is not part of the traditional dietary pattern of many in the North, so in some ways their existence is partial compensation for colonialism and climate change. Although there is the Northern Farming Training Institute in Hay River to help with training needs, food production, whether gardens or farms, is a challenge in many communities that have little tradition of growing food.(Spring et al., 2018). It is also sometimes difficult to access land because of soil and climate conditions or government regulations (Schiff and Brunger, 2013).
Urban aquaculture and livestock
Because beekeeping and chicken rearing often happen in backyards, it is challenging to develop a clear picture of levels. However, a 2015 survey of 81 Canadian mid-sized and large cities found that almost 90% permitted urban beekeeping, almost 1/4 permitted urban chicken rearing, and about 7% had urban aquaculture operations present, presumably commercial (Soderholm, 2015). Toronto has about 500 beehives in about 200 yards (Secord, 2019). Some Montreal boroughs, Victoria, Vancouver, Kingston, Kitchener, Niagara Falls, Toronto (pilots), Edmonton, Whitehorse are some of the cities that permit chickens. Anecdotally, many keepers of urban livestock and bees do so for the pleasure and taste of the food, rather than economic need. There are some reports of restaurants keeping bees for their own use and there may be sales at urban farmers markets.
Urban foraging
Cities produce significant amounts of food (backyards, municipal properties, rights of way, public trails) that often go unharvested, particularly fruit and nuts, and other kinds of edible landscapes. This has spurred on urban foraging movements, sometimes individual, increasingly through non-governmental organizations and social purpose enterprises, such as LifeCycles in Victoria (which started in 1994); Not Far From the Tree, in Toronto (2008); Operation Fruit Rescue, in Edmonton (2009); Les Fruits Défendus, in Montreal (2011/2); and Hidden Harvest, Ottawa (2012). Ottawa had 17,000 food-bearing trees in 2012/13, 4000 on city property, Hidden Harvest organizes the collection and splits the harvest, 25% to the nearest food agency (shelter or food bank), with the rest split equally between the homeowner (if private property), the volunteer harvesters, and itself, selling its share to local restaurants and processors to help fund operations. It is structured as a social purpose business (Ballamingie et al., 2019). "In Toronto, there is an estimated one and a half million pounds of fruit growing throughout the city and, yet, less than 17,000 lbs. of fruit was harvested in 2014" (Marshman and Scott, 2019).
Municipal land use planning and regulations are uneven regarding urban foraging and this creates barriers to harvest (McLain et al., 2014). "Some critics view the model of urban harvesting as an inefficient and illegitimate means of producing food and assuring food security in cities that has little to no potential for scalability. In fact, scaling up and out—becoming bigger and more profitable—brings potential liability, exposure, regulation,competition, and criticism" (Ballamingie et al., 2019).
Although gleaning and urban foraging are sometimes viewed similarly, here gleaning describes the more specific function of post-harvest collection of food on commercial farms. An ancient practice that has been suppressed in the era of private property rights, modern gleaning is shifting from an individual to a community based approach, both rural and urban. How many farmers allow individual gleaners on their land post harvest is unclear. Perhaps more farms are now working with organizations that use extensive volunteer networks to glean to support food banks. Other motivations for gleaning organizations include: "reducing food waste, community building, improved access to local foods, knowledge sharing, and addressing climate change." (Marshman and Scott, 2019). Because of how grading rules work, the amount of product left in a field can be considerable (see also Goal 5, Reducing Food Waste). Although organizations often report how much they've gleaned, the aggregated amount of food consumed through gleaning is unknown, but typically focuses now on fruit and vegetables. Grains and oilseeds are less likely to be gleaned because of limited individual and organizational skill and capacity for processing.
Hunting, fishing, trapping and wildcrafting by non-indigenous people
Many enjoy recreational hunting and fishing (see also Goal 5, Sustainable Fisheries Management) and some also hunt and fish for self-provisioning purposes. Although challenging to determine because of very variable provincial / territorial rules, hunting and fishing (angling) organizations (Conference Board of Canada, 2019) estimate that there are:
• 1.3 million hunters in Canada and 1/4 of them do so for sustenance.
• 3 million recreational fishers (only a small percentage fish for sustenance)
• 43,000 trappers, 1/5 of who do so for employment or income, and a small percentage for sustenance
• The total economic footprint of these activities is significant, estimated at $13.2 billion in 2018.
The majority are in Ontario and Quebec. These estimates would not likely include a significant number of indigenous people as they are not always required to obtain provincial or territorial licenses, nor are they necessarily members of associations, from which much of the analysis is derived. Trapping for employment has become challenging in many regions because pelt prices for many animals are now so low (Macarthur, 2021).
How many non-indigenous people wildcraft is unclear. It is usually permitted on public land, but not usually in official parks, and permission is required on private land. Common foraged plants include dandelions, stalky rhubarb, fiddleheads, wild leeks, garlic mustard, numerous wild herbs and tea plants, edible "weeds", wild strawberries and raspberries, and different kinds of mushrooms. Unfortunately, there are many anecdotal reports of overharvesting and resulting damage particularly to forest ecosystems.
Country foods (also known as land foods, bush foods, traditional foods, harvested foods)
Indigenous people have a deep history of hunting, fishing, trapping, gathering and sharing, not buying, food. Country foods are critical for indigenous health, well-being and culture and are generally in decline which is reducing consumption (Wendimu et al., 2018; Kenny et al., 2018; Luppens and Power, 2018). Caribou, whales, walruses and polar bears, amongst other mammals, are often under restrictions and or quota (ITK, 2017). The increasing shift to grocery store food and Western diets is associated with a host of problems (see studies cited in Spring et al., 2018). Data on country foods and their nutrients can be found at the CINE Indigenous foods database.
The ability to access traditional foods has been pushed aside by mainstream economic interests in many sectors, including: forest management planning; hydro development that prevents the migration of fish species; and roads, industrial and housing developments. All this has impeded the preservation and growth of traditional medicines as well as the natural migration of large animals, water fowl, and other animals that are traditional food and medicine sources and which represent deep cultural relationships for Indigenous peoples. (PFPP 2011:10; see also Thompson et al., 2019; suiki?st [Terbasket, P.], 2019; Thompson and Pritty , 2020).
Climate change has cascading negative effects and is impacting patterns of wildlife movement, wild plant habitat and availability and also the outdoor preservation of foods. More diseases are reported in wild foods. Travel has become longer and more difficult with more safety concerns (Spring et al., 2018; Wesche et al., 2016; ITK, 2017; Settee, 2020). All this makes it more time-consuming and expensive to be on the land, which requires work and income, which then reduces the time available to be on the land and more grocery purchases to compensate (Spring et al., 2018). Reliance on transport and storage infrastructure is brittle, often inadequate to assure food safety, with repair delays due to weather. When freezers break down, it often takes a long time to get them fixed, and food is lost (ITK, 2017).
There are also significant concerns about contaminants (Kenny et al., 2018), which triggered the creation of the Northern Contaminants Program in 1991. In addition to general atmospheric deposition, there is more specific and local contamination from industrial and military sites (Schiff and Brunger, 2013).
Financing the transition
For urban areas, many of the initiatives are about removing obstacles and optimizing existing resources. A prime budget area from which to support urban food production is waste management. Curbside organic pickup and centralized anaerobic digestion systems are hugely expensive. Toronto, for example, spends about $80 million annually on organic collection, distribution and anaerobic digestion and is under pressure to expand the system to meet waste diversion objectives and a looming Ontario ban on organics in landfill. This figure also does not include organic food waste that ends up in the sewer system (garburators, dumping, etc) (Dirks, 2021). At a minimum, Toronto could potentially avoid expansion costs, if not reduce operating budgets for waste management and sewage treatment, with significant diversion of organic waste to backyard and community composting and soil fertility initiatives to support food self-provisioning. There may also be public and private savings from restricting urban fertilizer use, applying compost instead. This is already done to some degree in many municipalities but certainly has not been optimized.
For indigenous hunting, trapping, fishing and wildcrafting, food and land are central to reconciliation. Changes should be intimately integrated in reconciliation programming, negotiations and legal changes. In this sense, food and land are embedded in other budget processes.
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Ovarian Cancer
Ovarian cancer is one of the common female reproductive cancers. It is the seventh most diagnosed cancer and is one of the leading causes of cancer-associated female mortality in the world. According to latest report of National Cancer Registry Program (NCRP), ovarian cancers rank third after uterine and cervical cancers in Indian women. Even though, ovarian cancer has a lower prevalence in comparison to the breast cancer, it has the worst prognosis and is three times more fatal than the breast cancer.
About ovarian cancer
Ovaries are a pair of oval-shaped female reproductive organs that produce and release eggs (ovum) for reproduction. It is responsible for the production of female hormones, such as estrogen and progesterone.
Ovarian cancer is a disease caused by abnormal growth and division of cells in the ovary. Previously, ovarian cancers are believed to begin only in the ovaries, but recent studies showed that ovarian cancer can also begin in the part of the fallopian tube near to an ovary and spread to the surface of the ovaries and beyond.
Types of ovarian cancer:
Ovaries are made of three kinds of cells and each type of these cells can develop into a different type of tumor:
1. Epithelial cell tumors: Begin in the cells that cover the outer surface of the ovary and fallopian tubes, and account for 85 to 90 percent of ovarian cancers
2. Germ cell tumors: Begin in the egg-producing cells and occur rarely
3. Stromal cell tumors: Begin in the stroma, the tissue that hold the ovary together and surrounds the egg
Signs and symptoms of ovarian cancer
Ovarian cancers are often referred as “silent killers” as there are no reliable signs and symptoms in the early stages of this disease. Most of the early symptoms are similar to that of other conditions, such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). However, if ovarian cancers cause symptoms, it includes:
• Bloating
• Pelvic or abdominal pain
• Trouble eating or feeling full quickly
• Urinary urgency
Advanced stage symptoms include:
• Changes in bowel habits
• Pain during intercourse
• Lower back pain
• Unintentional weight loss or weight gain
• Abdominal swelling/ascites
Causes and Risk Factors
Cancers usually develop when some abnormal cells in the ovary begin to multiply in an uncontrollable rate creating a mass of abnormal cells. Some of these tumors are benign (non-cancerous), while others may be malignant (cancerous).
The following factors may increase the risk of ovarian cancer:
• Older age
• A family history of ovarian cancer
• A personal history of breast, uterine or colon cancer
• Use of hormone therapy after menopause
• Never having a full-term pregnancy
• Endometriosis, a condition where a tissue that normally lines the uterus is found outside the uterus
• Obesity
• Smoking
• Exposure to asbestos
Initially the signs and symptoms, medical history, and family history of the patient is reviewed. If something suspicious is found, a pelvic examination is done. In addition to the complete pelvic examination, the following tests are often recommended to detect ovarian cancers:
1. TVUS (transvaginal ultrasound): It uses sound waves to locate a tumor in the ovary, and can give a clear idea of the size of the mass, as well as determine if it is a simple cyst, a complex cyst, or solid tumor.
2. CA-125 blood test: It is a type of blood test that measures the amount of CA-125 protein in the blood. High levels of CA-125 usually indicate ovarian cancer.
However, for an accurate diagnosis, the following tests are recommended.
• Imaging tests: Tests such as a pelvic computerized tomography (CT) scan or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans are recommended to examine the structures of the ovary. Positron emission tomography (PET) scan and chest x-ray can be done to determine whether ovarian cancer has spread to other parts of body, such as lungs.
• Laparoscopy: A laparoscope (a thin flexible tube with a mounted video camera) is passed into the pelvic region to view the ovaries and other pelvic organs. Also, surgical tools may be used to collect a sample tissue for biopsy.
• Biopsy: A biopsy involves removing a tissue sample and examining it in the laboratory.
• Blood test: A sample of blood is collected to determine the organ function and overall health of the person.
Stages of ovarian cancer
The cancer staging is done by TNM staging system. It provides detailed information about:
• Tumour (T): Whether the primary tumour has grown through the ovary wall
• Node (N): Whether the cancer has spread to the surrounding lymph nodes
• Metastasis (M): Whether the cancer has spread to distant parts of the body
Ovarian cancers can have the following stages:
• Stage I: The cancer is limited to the ovary/ovaries or fallopian tubes and has not spread to nearby lymph nodes.
• Stage II: The cancer is in one or both ovaries or fallopian tubes and has spread into the pelvis. It has not spread to nearby lymph nodes or distant parts of the body.
• Stage III: The cancer has spread outside of the pelvis into the abdomen and/or the retroperitoneal lymph nodes (lymph nodes at the back of the abdomen).
• Stage IV: The cancer has spread outside of the abdomen and pelvis or might have spread to distant parts of the body like bone, lung, or liver.
Treatment for ovarian cancer
The treatment is based on the stage of the ovarian cancer during the time of diagnosis and the general health of the patient. Treatment modalities for ovarian cancer include:
Surgery: It is the mainstay of treatment for ovarian cancer. The procedures may vary based on the type and stage of the ovarian cancer.
The common types of surgeries include:
1. Oophorectomy: It involves the removal of one or both ovaries. If both the ovaries and fallopian tubes are removed, it is called bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy. It is usually recommended for germ cell tumors and stromal tumors that has not spread outside the ovary capsule (thick connective tissue layer).
2. Cytoreduction/ Debulking surgery: It is recommended when the ovarian cancer has spread throughout the abdomen at the time of surgery. The main aim of this procedure is to completely remove the visible cancers larger than 1 cm. A debulking surgery involves removing a part of small intestine, spleen, gallbladder, as well as a part of the stomach, liver, and pancreas.
3. Hysterectomy: It involves the surgical removal of uterus, cervix, fallopian tubes, ovaries, and surrounding tissues if the tumor has spread beyond the uterus.
4. Lymphadenectomy: It involves the surgical removal of the lymph nodes when the cancer has spread through the lymph system.
Chemotherapy: It involves using drugs to destroy rapidly growing cancer cells in the body. These drugs interfere with the process of cell division and promote cancer cell death. For ovarian cancer, chemotherapy is administered as initial treatment for more advanced ovarian cancer that cannot be removed surgically.
Chemo drugs are injected into a vein (IV) or given orally. In some cases, it is inserted directly into the abdominal cavity called as intraperitoneal (IP) chemotherapy.
Radiation therapy: It involves delivering high-energy beams to destroy the cancer cells. It is usually recommended for advanced stage ovarian cancer. Radiation therapy is mostly combined with chemotherapy for effective results. For ovarian cancers, the radiation therapy is given either externally by using an external machine or internally by placing a radioactive substance near the tumour.
Targeted therapy: Targeted therapy involves the use of specific drugs to identify and destroy the cancer without causing much damage to the normal cells. For ovarian cancers, it is recommended to prevent the recurrence of cancer or for tumors that resists other treatments.
Hormone therapy: This therapy involves the use of hormones or hormone-blocking drugs to fight the cancer. It mostly helps treat the stromal cell tumors.
There is no known way to prevent ovarian cancers. However, research has shown that the following factors may help in the prevention of ovarian cancer:
• Taking birth control pills
• Longer breastfeeding
• Full-term pregnancies
• Undergoing surgical procedures like hysterectomy or a tubal ligation
The outlook generally depends on the type of the cancer and the stage of the cancer at diagnosis and individual factors, such as age, overall health, and how your body responds to the treatment. The survival rate is more than 90%, when the cancer is diagnosed in early stages.
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3. Ovarian cancer. https://www.cancer.net/cancer-types/ovarian-fallopian-tube-and-peritoneal-cancer/introduction. Accessed on:14-08-2020.
4. Ovarian cancer. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ovarian-cancer. Accessed on:14-08-2020.
5. Ovarian cancer. https://www.targetovariancancer.org.uk/information-and-support/what-ovarian-cancer. Accessed on:14-08-2020.
6. Reid BM, Permuth JB, Sellers TA. Epidemiology of ovarian cancer: a review. Cancer Biol Med. 2017;14(1):9-32.
7. Budiana ING, Angelina M, Pemayun TGA. Ovarian cancer: Pathogenesis and current recommendations for prophylactic surgery. J Turk Ger Gynecol Assoc. 2019;20(1):47-54.
8. Temkin SM, Bergstrom J, Samimi G, Minasian L. Ovarian Cancer Prevention in High-risk Women. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 2017;60(4):738-757
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Email: [email protected]
Monday 9:00 AM - 4:00 PM
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How do you connect two linear rails?
How do you connect two linear rails?
Butting Rails Together in 5 Easy Steps
1. Measure. Measure the two rails you plan to join.
2. Cut. Cut the rails so that the bore spacing is symmetrical throughout the travel.
3. File. At the ends of each rail that will be joined, file a 30 – 45° x 0.5mm chamfer in all the surfaces that the bearing could contact.
4. Clamp and check.
Are linear rails worth it?
From a pure performance perspective, yes, linear rails are truly superior. They offer greater precision, better mounting, and smoother motion, improving print quality and printer reliability. With good design choices, weight and cost savings are also possible, as demonstrated by the Cetus 3D printer.
Are linear rails worth it ender 3?
You may want to upgrade to linear rails because they allow for super-smooth motion and more precise movements along the axis on which they’re mounted. As such, linear rails can improve print quality through greater precision and prevent Z-axis banding in prints (if you add linear rails to the Z-axis).
Do linear rails need support?
And linear rails require very precise mounting surfaces, not only to reap the benefits of their high travel accuracy, but also to avoid binding of the bearing block, which can lead to reduced life. They must also be fully supported, unlike linear shaft systems, which can be only end-supported.
What are linear rails used for?
Linear Rail are devices used widely used across the full range of industrial sectors. A Linear Rail System is designed to support the movement and load of a piece of equipment in a linear way, either vertically or horizontally.
What is a linear guide rail?
Linear guide rails are generally constructed of high-strength hardened and galvanized steel to provide a corrosion-resistant device. They are manufactured by a cold drawing process that shapes and profiles the metal to give it the shape of the rail before it is equipped with a roller runner.
Are linear rails quiet?
Linear plastic solutions from igus® are four times quieter than metal. Instead of rolling on steel balls like recirculating ball bearings, drylin® systems slide on plastic, resulting in significantly less noise and vibration generated.
Are linear rails straight?
Linear guides as delivered from the factory are straight but may still demonstrate a certain degree of compliance. In order to ensure effective operation, guides should be installed using precision shoulder surfaces (see figure 1).
How much weight can linear rails hold?
Round Rail linear roller bearings handle up to 35 tons per bearing and speeds up to 100 feet per second. Their optimized contact ellipse maximizes the load capacity of an anti-friction linear bearing. Round Rail bearings can carry loads up to 70,000 lbs per bearing at a 10 million inch rated travel life.
How are linear bearings related to rail guides?
Therefore, a linear bearing will limit an object’s motion to a linear motion. Bearing carriage (block): The housing for the bearing balls or rollers which is mounted onto the linear guides (rails).
Which is better round rails or linear rails?
Round rails, on the other hand, are quicker to install and can handle imperfect parallelism and greater changes in rail height. The downside to round rails is their load capacity isn’t as high as that of square rails. A caged linear bearing includes a retainer for the balls inside the bearing for even spacing.
Which is better square or square rail guides?
Square rails and guides offer the benefits of a higher load capacity and precision accuracy. However, to achieve these benefits they require careful installation to ensure parallelism and a flat mounting surface.
Why is parallelism important when mounting a square rail?
Parallelism is important when mounting a square rail. They need a continuously flat and parallel surface for optimum performance. Stiffness: This refers to the amount of deformation balls or rollers in a bearing undergo when a load is applied. This is also referred to as deflection.
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Cristiano L. Fontana authored content
Authored content by Cristiano L. Fontana
Painting art on a computer screen
Create complex mathematical images with GIMP's Script-Fu language.
Person using a laptop
Painting art on a computer screen
Computer screen with files or windows open
Chat via email
metrics and data shown on a computer screen
Let's work through a common data science task with C99 and C++11.
Analytics: Charts and Graphs
Learn how to do a common data science task with Python and GNU Octave.
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A roundup of open source tools ideal for teaching physics (and other subjects).
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Waterloo teenager’s eye-care invention wins science prize
15-year-old Hardit Singh was inspired to help make eyecare more available to all who need it
eye care invention Inspiring young inventor Hardit Singh. (Courtesy of Hardit Singh)
Ask Canadians to tell you one thing that they love about their country, and an answer that you'll probably hear a lot is this one: Free healthcare.
Medical procedures can be expensive. Sometimes very. And unlike, say, a fancy car or those new sneakers, they're not something that you can just decide not to get if it's a bit out of your price range.
But as great as the Canadian healthcare system is, it does have flaws. Most noticeably, dental and eye care are not free. And while many people with full-time jobs have benefit plans that provide dental coverage (meaning part or all of the bill for certain visits are paid by an insurance company), eye care is often excluded.
This is an issue that troubled 15-year-old Hardit Singh. The teenager from Waterloo, Ontario had noticed how people with troubling eye conditions could not access the best care because it was out of their price range. So he decided to do something about it. He invented something! And last month, his project was awarded second place at the 32nd annual European Union Contest for Young Scientists! What a beautiful sight!
Let's take a closer look at Hardit's amazing invention.
Portable, affordable, spectacular!
eyecare invention
The tech used in Hardit's invention, Speculor. (Courtesy of Hardit Singh)
Hardit's device, called Speculor, is an eye imaging camera that can be plugged into a smartphone. What it does is quite simple, even if the engineering behind it is complex!
Speculor captures an image of a person's eye and then uses the smartphone's computer to analyze it. This analysis then indicates whether the patient needs further treatment. In other words, it's like an early warning system, locating issues that could become bigger in the future.
In particular, it is designed to spot signs of glaucoma, a condition that is the leading case of blindness worldwide. Hardit made Speculor to be portable and affordable (it is just $300 compared to around $5000 for most eye imaging cameras) so that it can be taken anywhere and used by everyone. It can even test multiple people in one area.
"That would be the idea," he told CBC Radio recently, "bringing the care to the patient instead of the patient having to go to some expensive hospital to get the same care."
What a great invention!
Hardit is just getting started
Hardit says that he was inspired to invent Speculor after a friend of his suffered with an undiagnosed eye condition. Inventions like this could help such issues be identified sooner. And not just with his friend.
"That [situation] really got me interested," he said in the same interview. "If this can happen in a richer and more developed area like Waterloo, what could the conditions be like in other areas which don't have as much access?"
With Speculor, he hopes to help change that. And he's not done either. With the €5,000 (approximately $7,500) he won in prize money, he wants to try and start his own company to make his device a reality. He is also extremely interested in physics and hopes to focus on it in the future—starting with the Canadian Physics Olympiad in 2022!
Best of luck, Hardit. Your giving spirit and gift for invention are truly eye opening!
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The last 10 Science and Tech articles
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RT Journal Article SR Electronic T1 The water inventory of the Earth: fluids and tectonics JF Geological Society, London, Special Publications JO Geological Society, London, Special Publications FD Geological Society of London SP 1 OP 7 DO 10.1144/GSL.SP.1994.078.01.02 VO 78 IS 1 A1 Fyfe, W.S. YR 1994 UL http://sp.lyellcollection.org/content/78/1/1.abstract AB As the human population continues to expand, to approach ten billion, there will be an increasing demand upon all Earth’s resources. Of particular importance will be resources related to energy, soil and water, all of which involve geofluids. Problems associated with waste disposal also involve systems for protecting near-surface water quality. There is an urgent need to quantify the fluid inventory and fluid dynamics of the near surface, while understanding volatiles and their deep recycling is fundamental to our understanding of the major dynamic processes of the Earth.
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Embedding organisms into Virtual Reality (VR) worlds to understand the evolution and mechanism of social interactions
Allowing real predators to hunt, and exerting selection pressure on, a virtual prey population
It is becoming possible to embed organisms into increasingly sophisticated virtual environments. Previously we developed a means to allow real predatory fish to interact with a virtual prey population, in:
Ioannou, C.C., Guttal, V. & Couzin, I.D. (2012) Predatory fish select for coordinated collective motion in virtual preyScience 337(6099) 1212-1215.
Movement in animal groups is highly varied and ranges from seemingly disordered motion in swarms to coordinated aligned motion in flocks and schools. These social interactions are often thought to reduce risk from predators, despite a lack of direct evidence. We investigated risk-related selection for collective motion by allowing real predators (bluegill sunfish) to hunt mobile virtual prey projected onto a thin translucent film just inside the tank, as illustrated.
The fish readily preyed on the virtual zooplankton prey. Embedding real predators into such a virtual environment allowed us to isolate the specific selection pressure of predation risk from the multitude of factors influencing the evolution of traits, such as the associated costs of the trait and taxonomic constraints.
Individual prey behavior was encoded by three traits: the strength of their behavioral tendencies to be attracted toward, orientate direction of travel with, or ignore near neighbors. Depending on these traits, prey exhibited a range of movement behaviors, including solitary randomwalk, formation and maintenance of aggregations, and coordinated polarized motion.
The predators exerted a strong selection pressure on this virtual population. Prey with a tendency to be attracted toward, and to align direction of travel with, near neighbors tended to form mobile coordinated groups and were rarely attacked. These results demonstrate that collective motion could evolve as a response to predation, without prey being able to detect and respond to predators.
A video of our experiment is shown below.
Embedding animals in reactive, 3D Virtual Reality (VR) environments
We have now extended this approach to allow both realtime feedback between the virtual environment and real fish by tracking the eyes of a focal fish in 3d space; for an example of how this technology works generally, see http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jd3-eiid-Uw, from around 2m 30s). The head tracking part that allows the illusion of the objects to ‘pop out’ of the screen is shown below. The illusion in this video is limited by the size of the display (when the objects reach the edges of the projection surface they obviously cannot be rendered appropriately). Consequently in our VR environments we are adopting hemispheric, or surround, projection.
Below is shown, in (A) and (B), a schematic diagram of the same method employed in the above video for creating objects that appear to be between the monitor/projected image and the fish. The white rectangle represents an area in the tank with the test fish shown in silhouette. The black rectangle represents what is shown on a computer monitor placed against the wall of the tank (i.e. not in the orientation shown here). In (A) a fish is presented stationary with circular and triangular projected objects; (B) when the fish moves, the images on the monitor are updated based on the new eye position. In practice updates are performed at a frame rate higher than the flicker fusion frequency (update frequency) of the fish eye, and objects are represented as projections of 3D objects. (C) a photograph of a real zebrafish is shown in the upper part of this panel, and the virtual zebrafish (still in development) in the lower part. We hope to have some videos of our new Fish VR system soon!
This technology will allow us to create an immersive photorealistic virtual world, which gives us much more control over the stimuli we present to individuals, including generating virtual conspecifics that appear to be in the water body with the fish, and that can interact with them in real time. This is a collaboration with Prof. Andrew Straw, and Dr. John Stowers and Max Hofbauer from LoopBio GMBH, are working with us on developing the hardware and software required for this exciting venture. An excellent introduction to this technology can be found here:
Stowers, JR., Fuhrmann, A., Hofbauer, M., Streinzer, M., Schmid, A., Dickinson, MH., Straw, AD. (2014). Reverse Engineering Animal Vision with Virtual Reality and Genetics. Computer 14(190):38–45
Including a video of the Straw Lab’s VR systems here.
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In psychologystress is a feeling of emotional strain and pressure. Stress is a type of psychological pain. Small amounts of stress may be desired, beneficial, and even healthy. Positivestress helps improve athletic performance. It also plays a factor in motivation, adaptation, and reaction to the environment.
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Unplugging the Solid-Body Guitar
Guitars are one of the most commonly used instruments in modern music, evolving from ancient stringed instruments. The basic principle of how these instruments work has remained the same: as guitar strings vibrate, they produce sound. An acoustic guitar amplifies the sound of the strings via a soundboard (the top surface of the acoustic guitar body) and a sound box (a hollow cavity within the acoustic guitar body). The first electric guitar was patented in 1937 (US 2,089,171), which arguably transformed not only the guitar, but music as we know it. Electric guitars use a pickup to convert the string vibrations into electrical signals, which can be amplified and projected over a speaker. Because electricity is used to amplify the sound of the electric guitar (and not the guitar itself), modern electric guitars typically lack a soundboard and a sound box, allowing them to have a thin, solid body, which makes them more comfortable to play.
For many years, if you wanted to play a solid-body guitar, your only choice was to play electrically, which meant purchasing a guitar amplifier and plugging in whenever and wherever you wanted to play. In a sense, solid-body guitars were limited by the very technology that made them possible: electricity.
Fender Musical Instruments Corporation identified this limitation and engineered a solid-body guitar that can be played without electronic amplification. Fender’s solid-body acoustic guitar includes a small sound box and a soundboard. However, unlike a traditional acoustic guitar, the body is formed of a single solid material instead of multiple thin sheets, similar to a traditional solid-body electric guitar. Additionally, unlike traditional acoustic guitars, the body itself does not define the soundboard. Instead, the soundboard is a separate piece attached to the solid body. These distinctions enabled Fender to patent its solid-body acoustic guitar (US 7,151,210).
The soundboard itself is the key to the instrument and is so unique that its construction has its own patent (US 5,333,527). Whereas acoustic guitars traditionally have a wooden soundboard, Fender’s solid-body acoustic guitar has a graphite epoxy composite soundboard, which can be made much thinner than a wooden soundboard while maintaining desired acoustic properties. The thinness of the graphite epoxy composite soundboard allows the volume of the sound box to be maximized (increasing the loudness of the sound produced) while the overall size of the guitar is minimized (increasing comfortability).
These Fender patents show that advances in materials, not just advances in electronics, have the potential to evolve the modern guitar as we know it and overcome limitations of the instrument. Because these patents give Fender exclusive rights to produce its solid-body acoustic guitar and graphite epoxy composite soundboard, other guitar manufacturers may be encouraged to evolve both acoustic and electric guitars in other ways. These patents also highlight how innovation can come from figuring out how to combine desirable properties that appear to be mutually exclusive at first glance (in this example, a solid-body guitar and acoustic sound production). Often, If you are able to achieve benefits that originally seemed mutually exclusive, that is a strong sign that you may have just made a significant invention.
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Strengthen Forearms for Stronger Elbows and Wrists
By August 20, 2019Blog, Conditions
stronger forearms
Strengthen Forearms for Stronger Elbows and Wrists
We have so many muscle groups, it may seem like we don’t have time to work out all of them. Keep reading to learn how and why you should use a few forearm exercises to strengthen two major joints!
forearm wrist elbow
Understanding the basic anatomy and make up of this area is important to understand why one set of exercises strengthens the wrist and elbow at the same time.
In general, the forearm muscles on the anterior (front) side act to flex the elbow and wrist. The forearm muscles on the posterior (back) side extend the elbow and wrist. Because these muscles/their tendons cross both joints, strengthening the muscles will make both joints stronger and more stable!
Common Conditions of the Elbow and Wrist
• Tennis elbow (lateral epicondylitis)
• Golfers elbow (medial epicondylitis)
• Elbow sprains
• Wrist sprains
• Overuse injuries of the elbow and/or wrist
• Carpal tunnel syndrome
2 Significant Benefits of Strong Forearms
Reduced Risk of Injury to the Elbow and Wrist
A strong and stable joint is less likely to sustain damage under reasonable pressure than a weak one. This principle applies throughout the body, not just in the arm.
Increased Grip Strength
Yes, you carry with your fingers and hands, but all your strength comes from the forearm muscles! Keep in mind, some of these muscle tendons run all the way to the tips of your fingers.
5 exercises to strengthen the forearms
(and therefore strengthen and stabilize the wrists and elbows)
1. Wrist Extension
2. Pronation/Supination
3. Wrist Flexion
4. Wrist Extension and Grip Challenge
5. The Ultimate Extension Trainer
Most of these exercises her may look like they’re only targeting the wrist, but if you watch closely, you can see movement in the forearm up by the elbow. You can also place your non-working hand on the muscles to feel them contract.
Are these for Rehab or Strength Training?
Both! These can be adapted to use for rehab or in a general strength training program. After an injury, you want to immediately start strengthening the muscles and joint(s) again. With professional guidance, these exercises could be utilized to rehab an elbow or wrist injury. If you aren’t experiencing an injury or pain in these areas but participate in a regular exercise or strength training routine, consider adding these to your workout!
Sure the forearms may not be a big muscle group, and they might not be as fun to train as the bigger ones, but they need some love too!
Need guided instruction? We’re here to help!
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What is the definition of Hydranencephaly?
Hydranencephaly is a rare condition in which the brain's cerebral hemispheres are absent and replaced by sacs filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Affected infants may appear and act normal at birth, but irritability and hypertonia often develop within a few weeks. Other signs and symptoms may include seizures, hydrocephalus, visual impairment, lack of growth, deafness, blindness, paralysis, and intellectual disabilities. Prognosis is typically poor with many affected children dying before one year of age. In rare cases, children may survive for several years or more. It has been suspected to be an inherited condition, although some researchers believe it may be caused by prenatal blockage of the carotid artery where it enters the cranium. Treatment is generally symptomatic and supportive; hydrocephalus may be treated with a shunt.
What are the alternative names for Hydranencephaly?
• Hydroanencephaly
What are the current treatments for Hydranencephaly?
Unfortunately, there is no definitive treatment for hydranencephaly. Management of the condition typically focuses on the specific signs and symptoms present in the affected individual and is mostly supportive. Hydrocephalus (the buildup of too much cerebral spinal fluid in the brain) may be treated with a shunt (a surgically implanted tube that helps to drain fluid from the brain).
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Trump proposes dumping migrants into Guatemala, a supposedly “safe third country”
Central American migrants stand on a raft to cross the Suchiate River from Guatemala to Mexico, as the Tacana volcano stands tall near Ciudad Hidalgo, Mexico, early Monday, June 10, 2019. | Marco Ugarte / AP
The horrific image of a drowned father and his little daughter in the Rio Grande on the U.S.-Mexico border has intensified efforts in and out of Congress to deal with the situation of refugees and migrants trying to reach the United States from the Northern Triangle of Central America—Guatemala, Honduras, and El Salvador—and points beyond. Unfortunately, most of the solutions proposed by U.S. politicians do not deal with the root causes of this surge in cross-border migration, which is a worldwide phenomenon. And one “solution” being developed by the Trump administration promises to make the situation worse for many migrants and refugees.
On Wednesday, June 26, President Trump announced that the United States and Guatemalan governments are close to agreeing on an arrangement whereby migrants from other countries who otherwise would be trying to reach safety in the United States will have to stay in Guatemala, a “safe third country,” until their asylum requests are processed. At writing, Guatemala has not yet confirmed that any deal has been reached.
But Guatemala may be the worst of the three countries for the protection of human rights.
Guatemala, population 17 million, is on paper the least poor of the three very poor nations of the Northern Triangle. However, it shares with them, and especially with neighboring Honduras, some other characteristics which impel the flight of migrants and refugees from the whole region. One is extreme inequality, which in the case of Guatemala has a deeply rooted racial-ethnic dimension. More than half the population belongs to a variety of indigenous ethnic communities, with at least 45% speaking indigenous languages, mostly of the Mayan family, as their first language. But only Spanish is recognized as an official language.
The indigenous population has, since the Spanish conquest in the 16th century, been marginalized from economic, social, and political power in Guatemala. The question of landholding is just one aspect of this marginalization: Today, for example, 1.9 % of the agricultural producers in Guatemala control 65% of the land, while 92% of agricultural producers, including the vast majority of indigenous farmers, control only 22% percent, according to the Association of Maya Lawyers and Notaries of Guatemala. Attempts of indigenous communities to remedy that situation have often been met with brutal repression, and the hands of the U.S. government and corporations are far from clean.
In the early 20th century, the whole Central America region, including Guatemala, came under the control of predatory U.S.-based corporations which turned the countries into the infamous “banana republics.” In Guatemala, the United Fruit Company gained huge privileges during the presidency of Manuel Estrada Cabrera (1898-1920), which were intensified during the presidency of José María Orellana (1921-26) and the bizarre fascist dictatorship of General Jorge Ubico Castañeda (1931-44). During this time, the real rulers of Guatemala were the United Fruit Company, the local elite landowning group, and the military. Labor unions, the left, and the indigenous population suffered heavy and violent repression.
In 1944, a grassroots rebellion of peasants, workers, and intellectuals pushed aside the Ubico regime and took steps toward the democratization of the country. Two successive presidents, Juan José Arévalo (1945-51) and Jacobo Árbenz Guzmán (1951-54), attempted to use the break from plutocratic dictatorships to promote moderate reforms in the country. Attempts by Árbenz to implement land reform, however, impinged on the wealth and power of United Fruit, which used its clout with the Eisenhower administration to assure that the United States would overthrow the Guatemalan government and replace it with one friendly to U.S. corporate interests.
After the 1954 coup, Guatemala reverted to decades more of brutal military dictatorships backed by the United States. Armed resistance to the military regimes was the pretext for a wave of repression by military forces and paramilitary death squads which resulted in the death of at least 200,000 people and the disappearance of another 50,000, most of them indigenous Mayas.
A new element was also introduced more recently: Right-wing fundamentalist evangelical Christianity, whose leaders have often aligned themselves with the political right as well. The dictator who presided over one of the worst bouts of genocide against the indigenous population, Efrain Rios Montt, who ruled from 1982 to 1983, boasted about his own Evangelical Christian beliefs and had close ties to right-wing Christian groups in the United States.
In 1996, a peace agreement was signed between the Guatemalan government and the left-wing guerrillas. But peace has not brought equality, democracy, or social justice. During the long years of war and genocide, the most corrupt and violent elements of the military and police had developed close ties with criminal enterprises, and that alliance was in turn linked with the interests of the Guatemalan elite and international monopoly capital. The oppression of the indigenous and the poor continued, as did much of the violence.
Not much has been achieved in the electoral field to change this picture. The current president, Jimmy Morales, was elected in 2015 as the candidate of a political party backed by extremist right-wing ex-military officers, the National Convergence Front. He has stated that the killings in the military period were not genocide, and he has been working to stop any efforts to bring justice to the victims of the killers or to fight the corruption which has infected his government and its predecessors.
Decades of war and right-wing military dictatorship have made Guatemala one of the worst places to send migrants seeking refuge. Here, military special forces are on parade during Guatemala’s recent Army Day. | Moises Castillo / AP
He is trying to eliminate the CCIG, the UN-sponsored International Commission Against Impunity in Guatemala, which, working with Guatemalan prosecutors, had put his predecessor in the presidency, General Otto Pérez Molina, in jail for corruption, and has been snapping at Morales’ heels as well.
There is talk of amnesty for some of the people convicted of crimes against humanity during the civil war and of eliminating public access to a key archive of documents which record the genocide, the Historical Archive of the National Police.
In the lead-up to the June 16 first-round elections this year, the main anti-corruption presidential candidate, former Attorney General Thelma Aldana, who had a record of successfully prosecuting corruption cases, including that of Perez Molina, was disqualified from running because of what many see as cooked-up corruption accusations.
On August 11, Guatemalans get to choose between two run-off candidates, centrist former first lady Sandra Torres, and right winger Alejandro Giammattei, neither of whom are inspiring much confidence among the working class and poor farmers. Morales’ own far-right party, the National Convergence Front, took a beating in the first-round legislative vote, but other right-wing parties did better, and there were small advances for the left.
On top of all this, Guatemala is undergoing a rural environmental and food crisis, because of a drought caused by global warming which has ruined much of the coffee crop.
So even as Trump spins fantasies about sending Honduran and Salvadoran refugees to Guatemala, as a “safe third country,” which it definitely is not, poor Guatemalans themselves are fleeing to Mexico in the hope of reaching the United States.
Emile Schepers
Emile Schepers
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Why Am I So Sweaty?
If you feel like you’re constantly dripping with sweat all summer, you’re not alone. But surprisingly, it’s not just the rising temperatures that can cause you to heat up. “The main function of sweat is to help us cool down as the sweat evaporates from our skin,” says Dr. Melynda Barnes, Clinical Director for Rory. “As we all have experienced, we can sweat when we are nervous even if we are not hot. We actually have two types of sweat glands: eccrine glands, which are activated when we exercise or when we are hot, and apocrine glands, which are activated when we are nervous and these glands are concentrated more in our groin and armpits.”
Of course, some people sweat more than others. “In general, we’re all different, so yes, some people sweat more than others just like some people run faster than others,” says Osita Onugha, MD, thoracic Surgeon at Providence Saint John’s Health Center’s Hyperhidrosis Program in Santa Monica, CA. “Genetic differences are what allow for differences in sweating. However, the question is do we know what causes people to sweat abnormally. And that answer is not clear.”
If you’re truly an excessive sweater, you might have a condition called hyperhidrosis. “It is relatively rare and typically occurs in situations where sweating would be expected — heat exposure, exercise or being stressed,” explains Kristine Arthur, MD, internist at MemorialCare Orange Coast Medical Center in Fountain Valley, CA. “The amount of sweat is just excessive.” Hyperhidrosis involves lots of sweating of the hands, armpits, and feet, even if you haven’t been active, to the point where it affects your ability to perform daily activities, like writing with a pen or wearing flip flops.
To help keep you cool, we explain each sweat trigger that might surprise you.
“When you’re angry, your body releases stress hormones, which also activate your sweat glands, in addition to raising your blood pressure and your body temperature,” Barnes says. “So not only does being angry make you stressed but it also makes you hot, which activates both sweating pathways. If you find yourself angry all the time, or having a hard time managing your anger or how you express yourself when you are angry, you should reach out to your physician or mental health provider.”
“Stress activates the hypothalamus, which serves as a thermal regulatory center for the body,” explains Onugha. “The hypothalamus controls both blood and sweat to the skin surface.” That means when you’re worried or anxious, the hypothalamus sends a signals to the apocrine sweat glands and kicks them into high production.
Spicy foods
If you’re chowing down on a food that is spicy due to peppers, that means it contains a chemical called capsaicin. “Capsaicin activates the nerves responsible for sensing body heat and makes your body feel warmer,” Barnes says. “Because your body feels warmer, the sweat glands, primarily the eccrine glands, are activated in an attempt to cool down. It is normal to sweat while eating spicy foods and the degree of sweating may differ by each individual.”
The no-so-secret ingredient in coffee that turns up your body heat? Caffeine! Yep, the waker-upper is a stimulant, which activates your nervous system and causes an increase in blood pressure, heart rate and activates your sweat glands. The more you drink or the stronger it is —think double espresso versus regular coffee — the more that you may sweat. Temperature has something to do with it, too. “Coffee, hot tea, or any hot beverage can increase the body’s core temperature by stimulating the body’s thermoregulatory center to produce sweat to cool the body,” Onugha explains.
We all know that medications come with plenty of side effects, but you may not have realized that sweating, and even hyperhidrosis, is a common one. “Medications that increase serotonin affect the hypothalamus and thus can increase our core body temperature which will cause us to sweat,” Barnes explains. “Medications that increase serotonin include SSRIs (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors) and triptan migraine medication. Pain medication can make you sweat as well. Over the counter medications like ibuprofen or aspirin cause the blood vessels to dilate, so that heat can be lost through the skin, which can also trigger sweating.” Prescription pain medications, like opioids and tramadol, can also cause sweating. But if you’re experiencing profuse or continued sweating, even if it is a known side effect of a medication, check in with your doctor.
Menopause is typically associated with two types of sweating: hot flashes and night sweats. Night sweats are hot flashes that occur at night and can disrupt sleep. “Women may wake up drenched in sweat, requiring them to change their sleepwear and sheets,” Barnes says. “Night sweats, along with hot flashes, are known as vasomotor symptoms. They are generally not dangerous, although they can be very disruptive to a woman’s life. Hot flashes are short, sudden episodes of the feeling of intense heat of the head, neck, and chest. When a hot flash occurs with a red face, neck, and/or chest it is called a hot flush. Hot flashes typically follow a consistent pattern that is unique to the person. Some women experience sweating and/or palpitations during these episodes. Hot flashes can occur at any time, day or night, without warning. They usually last three to five minutes, but the duration can vary from 30 seconds to 30 minutes. Some women can have hot flashes up to twenty times a day or more.”
If any of these are causing you to work up a super sweat, there are few tricks to help you cool down. “For people who are more sensitive to triggers (heat, spicy foods, emotional stress), decreasing your exposure to those triggers can be very effective at decreasing your sweating,” Barnes says. “Some other lifestyle and home remedies to help with sweating include weight loss (if you’re overweight), wearing clothes and socks made of natural fabrics — cotton, silk — which allow your skin to breathe, and relaxation techniques. If the soles of your feet sweat a lot, then changing your socks frequently or taking off your shoes (when you can) can help. Make sure to bathe daily to decrease the amount of bacteria in your groin and armpits, which can help decrease the odor associated with sweating.”
Also, apply an antiperspirant to help keep you dry. (The same isn’t true for deodorants, which just work on minimizing any odor associated with sweating.) “The goal of deodorant is to mask the odor with a fragrance,” Onugha says. “The goal of an antiperspirant is to stop sweating. When you look closely at the ingredients, antiperspirants usually have a metal that blocks the pores from releasing sweat.” Try an over the counter antiperspirant to take that up a notch.
However, if you’re still sweating buckets and don’t think the issue is triggered by any of the above, an underlying health issue could be the culprit. “Some hormone issues can cause excessive sweating in general,” Arthur says. “These include things like hyperthyroidism and adrenal disease. Both of these conditions need to be treated and can be detected with blood and/or urine testing in your doctor’s office. These diseases can be successfully treated with medications and/or other treatments.”
The most worrisome reasons for night sweats are infections and cancer. Examples include lymphoma, leukemia, tuberculosis, osteomyelitis (infection of the bone), endocarditis (heart infection) or HIV. Your doctor will ask you about a number of other things like, whether you have been around anyone else who is coughing or sick, if you are coughing up any blood, any recent travel, any bone pain, weight loss or fevers. You will need to have blood tests done and possibly imaging like an X-ray or echocardiogram. In the case of infection, it is extremely important to be treated as soon as possible as the infection may spread rapidly and cause significant damage or you may spread it to others.
Other causes include certain medications like some antidepressants as well as low blood sugar. People with diabetes, especially those taking insulin, need to immediately check their blood sugar if they wake up drenched in sweat.
“The bottom line is if you are having any type of excessive, drenching sweating you should see your doctor,” Arthur says. “If these episodes occur only at night, be sure to let your doctor know this, as well as mentioning any other symptoms you are having, any recent travel or any exposure to people who may be sick.”
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Levi Coffin Biography, Life, Interesting Facts
Early Years and Education
Levi Coffin was born 28th October 1798, to Levi Coffin Sr., and his wife, Prudence. He was born in Guilford County, North Carolina, in the United States. He grew up on the family farm in North Carolina, and he was home-schooled.
His parents were Quakers, and the family was anti-slavery in their thinking. By the time he was 15, Coffin was helping his family harbor runaway slaves on their farm. The family had to help the slaves in secret as the Fugitive Slave Act was enforced, and when the Black Laws passed in 1804, Quakers were openly persecuted for “presuming” to help slaves.
Many Quakers left North Carolina and moved to the Northwest, notably Ohio and Indiana, where slavery was banned. In 1822, Coffin went to Indiana with Benjamin White and stayed there for a year with the Whites. He returned to North Carolina for a short while, but Coffin then returned to Indiana.
When he returned to Indiana, Levi Coffin took up farming, and a year later he opened the first dry-goods store in Newport. His business was very successful, and Coffin believes the success of his business is what allowed him to help fugitive slaves as they made their way to Canada.
Coffin offered his home as a stop for fugitive slaves. There was a large black community living nearby that were free, but slaves that hid were often caught by the slave catchers who knew which houses they would hide in.
As the slaves started sheltering with Levi Coffin, word quickly spread, and Coffin believed he helped around 100 slaves per year to escape to Canada. Other neighbors joined in the efforts when they saw what success Coffin was having.
Moving the slaves from house to house became known as the Underground Railroad in the 1830s. Coffin built an excellent network of collaborators. His life was threatened all the time by the slave hunters, but Coffin took no notice and continued with his efforts.
As the town grew, Levi Coffin's business grew with it, supported by those who helped the anti-slavery movement. Coffin invested in the Second State Bank of Indiana, becoming a director of the Richmond, Indiana branch. He expanded his other businesses to include a mill that produced linseed oil, a paint shop, and a hog-butchering operation. He also purchased 250 acres of land.
In 1838, Coffin built a storied double house on the land. His house became known as the “Grand Central Station” of the Underground Railroad because he had so many fugitive slaves passing through. He also made hiding places for the slaves.
The pressure was growing on the Quaker community to stop helping the slaves. In 1842, the Society of Friends, to which Coffin belonged, ordered their members to stop assisting the runaways. Coffin continued to help the slaves, and he was expelled from the Quaker society.
Levi Coffin and other Quakers who continued to support the escape of the slaves formed the Antislavery Friends group. Coffin’s wife was in full support of her husband and helped him in his efforts to help the fugitive slaves.
Throughout the years, Coffin also became aware that many of the items he sold in his business had been produced by slave labor. He found organizations that used non-slave labor, and although he didn’t make much profit, he preferred to trade in these goods instead.
Levi Coffin was approached by the Salem Free Produce Association to manage the Western Free Produce Association that they wanted to start. Coffin initially turned them down, but when they raised the money to stock the business and got it going, Coffin was convinced to run it as the director.
He agreed to do so for five years and to train someone else during that time who would be able to take over after he left. In 1847, Coffin and his wife moved to Ohio. As Coffin was only going for five years to get the warehouse up and running, he rented his Newport business to someone for the duration, and he set up his house so that it continued to be a stop for the Underground Railroad.
Finding a decent supply of free-trade quality items was a challenge for Levi Coffin, and the business struggled financially over the years. Because Coffin couldn’t get the business running successfully, he couldn’t get anybody in to train and run it after he left. Coffin sold the business in 1857, realizing that the business would not be able to remain profitable.
The Coffins purchased a house in Cincinnati and after several moves, had a large home where they rented out rooms, and it provided excellent cover as another stop in the Underground Railway.
As the American Civil War approached, Levi Coffin helped to establish a Cincinnati orphanage for blacks. Once war did break out, Coffin and his group began to help the wounded. Although he didn’t believe in war, he supported the Union. Coffin and his wife spent most of their time at the hospital looking after wounded soldiers and took many into their home.
In 1863, Coffin joined the Western Freedman’s Aid Society, assisting slaves who had been freed during the war. When the war was finished, he helped freed slaves to get educations and to start their own businesses. Coffin raised more than $100,000 in 12 months to directly help the newly freed slaves. The Society operated until 1870.
Levi Coffin's last years were spent out of public life. He spent his final year writing his autobiography, Reminiscences of Levi Coffin (1876).
In 1824, Levi Coffin married Catherine White. The couple had six children together.
Coffin died on 16th September 1877. Four of his eight pallbearers were free blacks that Coffin had helped through the Underground Railroad. It is estimated that Coffin helped some 2,000 slaves escape during his years in Indiana, and another 1,300 during his years in Cincinnati.
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central processing unit
noun Computers.
1. CPU.
1. the part of a computer that performs logical and arithmetical operations on the data as specified in the instructionsAbbreviation: CPU
1. The part of a computer that interprets and carries out instructions provided by the software. It tests and manipulates data, and transfers information to and from other components, such as the working memory, disk drive, monitor, and keyboard. The central processing units of personal computers are generally implemented on a single chip, called a microprocessor.
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Updated version of DRYAD generator
A “Bombe” early computer, used to break the German Enigma code
After I released the DRYAD generator, I received few reports that it would generate the same output every time. This is not good, even for training. Work, family, and life put my programming efforts on the back burner for a while. When I finally got back to it, I discovered that I committed an amateur programming mistake.
I forgot to seed the random generator
Computers are “deterministic” machines. That means that every action has a predictable action, or that the actions are “determined” by the programming. That is a good thing because computers would not be very useful if their output changed at random. However for generating cryptographic materials you need good randomness. In order to create the appearance of randomness computers use a “Pseudo Random Number Generator” (PRNG). A PRNG basically takes a number as input called the “seed”, and then runs it through a complicated series of mathematical equations that gives you a result that seems random, with no correlation to the input seed. For example, a seed of “1” might yield a result of “72542” while a seed of “2” might result in “17”.
My DRYAD bug
I forgot to add a line defining a seed, so most likely it would default to “0”
resulting in the same DRYAD page being generated every time the program was run.
The Seed is the key
In order to get pseudo randomness that does not repeat, many programming classes teach using a value of time as the random seed. Computers keep time by counting the number of seconds since some predetermined date/time reference (called an “epoch”)
Since real time does not repeat I.E. it will only be 12:01 PM on January the 1st, 2017 once, using it as a seed guarantees that our seed is never repeated.
This is what I have added to the 1.01 version of the DRYAD generator.
Link HERE!
While it is pseudo random, it is still not good enough
While this is unpredictable enough for video games and entertainment, it sucks for real cryptography. For a single line on a DRYAD sheet, there are 403,291,461,126,605,635,584,000,000 possible combinations. That is over 403 Septillion combinations. However there are only just over 35 million seconds in a year. If you know the formula a given crypto uses, and you know it uses “time” as the seed, then you can run the formula and simply increment the seed, starting at the earliest possible time the computer was used. A modern computer can test years of “time” based seed in a few minutes, leaving a searchable database of every possible DRYAD sheet that could be generated in a given year. Not very secure by a determined adversary.
This is why the current version of the DRYAD generator should be limited to training purposes ONLY!
I hope to have an improved version later that will solve the “seed” problem.
An ideal crypto-secure seed would come from a very large unpredictable source. Government grade high level crypto use special devices that use an “entropy” source.
“Entropy” is defined as “lack of order or predictability.”
Imagine a very sensitive thermometer that can accurately read to 1/1000 of a degree. If that thermometer is in a computer case, it will measure the fluctuations of temperature inside. The temperature is affected by ambient room temperature, how hard the CPU and graphics cards are running, fan speed, etc. The temperature can fluctuate by as much as twenty degrees. twenty degrees doesn’t sound like a lot, a fluctuation between 100.0001 and 100.9999 degrees overs a much larger range of unpredictability.
Government certified entropy devices have been designed AND tested to insure that they are truly entropic (unpredictable) and evenly distributed. (if they generate a number between 1 and 10, a sample of a million tests should have roughly equal quantities of each value.)
Because of the value of entropic seeds in generating random numbers for cryptography, most modern computer operating systems now have “entropy pools” to be used in seeding PRNGs. These entropy pools combine mouse movements, keyboard timings, temperatures, hard drive seek times, and other unpredictable sources to populate the pool.
The next version of the DRYAD generator
I hope to include strong entropy and a better PRNG for the next version of the DRYAD generator. After that, I hope to add a GUI. I won’t put a timeframe on it, because if I do, life will guarantee that I won’t make the deadline.
P.S. The big numbers:
The number of possible combinations on a single DRYAD line:
aka 403.29 Septillion
The number of possible combinations for a full DRYAD sheet:
I can not count that high.
Number of seconds in a year: (and possible time based random seeds for a given year)
aka 31.54 Million
Estimated age of the universe:
13.82 Billion years old
Number of Seconds in the universe so far:
About 484,000,000,000,000,000
aka 484 Quadrillion
aka orders of magnitude fewer seconds in the history of the universe, than possible combinations for a single line of a DRYAD sheet!
OPSEC and RF Security
Modern radios are made to be used by people with little training or experience. Usually if two radios are set to the same frequency, two people can start using them effectively in very little time. Radios are used in warehouses, department stores, hotels, film sets, and a myriad of other locations. The information in this blog may seem to be overkill, but these procedures are intended to work in a high threat environment where bad radio procedures put lives at risks. Here, we will look at some of the security implications that come about from radio use.
Operational Security, (OPSEC) is the process of keeping information that could be used against you from your adversaries. There are several broad categories of information that we will focus on. We want to deny our enemies information that can reveal the following information:
1) Capabilities. By knowing what your group is capable of, an enemy can act so as to negate your strengths, or deny you employing your capabilities to their fullest effect. If an enemy knows you are capable of shooting down helicopters, they will limit their use of helicopters in your area of operations to deny your group those kills.
2) Limitations. By knowing what your group is not capable of, an opponent can exploit those limits for their own gain. If your opponent knows you can not shoot down helicopters, they may use more helicopters to move about, so as to avoid ground based IED’s, and ambushes.
3) Identification. Personal and functional identification can both help an adversary against you. a)Functional identification is identifying the purpose of a group or unit. Observing a bunch of men in uniform is some information, but being able to determine if they are a logistics company, vs a medical treatment team, vs special forces unit all dictate different reactions.
b) Personal identification is identifying individual people within a group. Knowing that the commander of a unit is Captain John Doe, of 1234 main street, Anytown, would allow an adversary to possibly pressure or otherwise compromise Captain Doe’s family, and thus gain an advantage.
4) Location. Knowing where a unit is allows an opposition force (OPFOR) to maneuver to intercept, block, avoid, attack, or follow that group. If OPFOR knows you are based on north ridge of Candy Mountain they can plan an appropriate attack.
5) Intentions. Knowing what a group plans to do allows for the enemy to take actions to reduce the effectiveness of those actions. If your enemy knows you plan to attack an outpost tomorrow at dawn, they can move in reinforcements, or set a trap, or move to intercept before you arrive, ect…
6) Activities. Knowing what you are doing at the current time allows your adversary to adjust their plans accordingly. If your adversary knows you are currently setting up a camp, then they can probably assume you are not about to attack them, and operations they carry out at that time are safer to execute.
7) Effects of enemy action. Knowing what effect their own actions have had on your group will allow an enemy to adjust their planning and operations to better effect. If an enemy knows that their last attack was very effective, then they will continue to carry out the same kind of attacks, where as if an attack had little or no effect, they may change their methods.
Information from any of the above categories may also give the enemy information in other categories. Knowing your intent to go to a certain position at some time in the future, reveals a future location. Identifying a units function hints at some capabilities and limitations. That is why it is crucial for OPSEC to protect this information.
Imagine the following radio exchange between an infantry platoon, B1, and their command, B6:
B6: “Team 1, Team 1, this is command, do you copy? Over.
B1: “Command, this is Team 1, go ahead. Over.
B6: “Hey Bob, we took a licking from OPFOR yesterday out by Candy Mountain. They destroyed our HF radio, so we do not have any long range commo at the moment. Well, anyway, we are going to attack their outpost on the north side of Happy Valley tomorrow morning. Rendezvous at Grid 1213141589 at 0500. We will place the mortars just east of that location, and attack at 0600. Over.
B1: “Roger, We copy all that, Frank. We will head out tonight, and layup about an hour south of the rendezvous, until 0400, and then head in. see ya there, and stay safe. Over
B6: “Roger that Bob. Team 1, this is command. Over and out
The above exchange is full of OPSEC violations. Personal ID of Frank, and Bob; functional ID. of command and team; capabilities of having mortars, limitations of command not having a HF radio; locations of the rendezvous, layup, and mortar positions, intent of their plan and the effect of the previous attack. It is a goldmine of information for the OPFOR. Based on this information, the OPFOR can ambush Team 1 in route to their layup, or rendezvous, or sabotage the mortar position, or attack the rendezvous before Team 1 links up, or reinforce their outpost, or vacate it and lay traps, ect…
We can mitigate these OPSEC violations by following the standard operating procedures (SOP’s) found in Volume 1 of the Signals Handbook. By only transmitting what is necessary, and by following the proper format, The above exchange becomes the following:
B6: “Bravo 1, Bravo 1, This is Bravo 6, Over.
B1: “Bravo 6, This is Bravo 1, go ahead, Over
B6: “Rally at Grid 121314589, at 0500. Over.
B1: “Wilco, Out.
We can see with this new exchange, we have eliminated a lot of the OPSEC compromises. There is still a location, and some intent, but it is a lot less actionable than the first exchange. Any additional information about the attack, or mortar positions can be exchanged by B1 and B6 in person at the rendezvous.
By following good SOP’s we can reduce, but not entirely eliminate OPSEC compromises. We can further reduce our OPSEC compromises by employing good COMSEC.
Communications Security (COMSEC) is the process of protecting the content of our communications. There are a number of approaches that can be used to implement COMSEC, from technological to procedural. Technological methods include encrypted radios, frequency hopping radios, steganography (hiding communications within other messages), and certain bands or modes of radio communication. Procedural methods include using codewords, codebooks, and manual encryption.
Good COMSEC lets us achieve better OPSEC.
Looking at the exchange above, we see that the OPSEC compromises still there are the grid location, and time to be there. Since “Bravo 1” and “Bravo 6” are following army convention then it also hints that B6 is command, compromising functional identification, so just by adding code names and DRYAD based encryption (As discussed in Volume 1 ) we can remove the rest of the OPSEC compromises:
B6: “Whirlwind, Whirlwind, This is Thunderhead. Over.
B1: “Thunderhead, this is Whirlwind. Go ahead. Over.
B6: “Rally at grid I set Charlie, November, Quebec, Yankee, Alpha, Foxtrot, Juliett, X-Ray, Bravo, Hotel, at time, I set: Lima, India, November, Foxtrot, Victor. Over.
B1: “Wilco. Out.
Now our transmission only tells them that we will be going somewhere, sometime. By using the DRYAD encryption we are denying them information about location and time. If we deem that even that little bit of information is too much of a compromise of OPSEC, we can either encrypt the whole message via a one time pad, or use the a codebook and the DRYAD sheet to also encrypt the “rally” and “time” parts of the message.
Another part of the OPSEC plan should include transmission security (TRANSEC.) Because an opponent may be using signals intelligence, (SIGINT) we need to take measures to minimize the radio signals they can detect. The longer a radio is transmitting, the greater chance the opponent’s SIGINT element will detect it, and possibly radio locate, or radio direction find the transmitting radio.
The simple fact that a radio transmission is being received at all, may give a rough idea of the location of the transmitter, and radiolocation can pinpoint it, compromising the location. This is a breach of OPSEC. Even if everything is encrypted, link analysis (keeping track of who talks to who) can allow an analyst to get some general functional identification of units, such as defining what element is the command and control element. This breach of OPSEC would allow a small enemy force to determine which unit to attack yields the biggest reward.
There are a number of methods that help improve TRANSEC. The most important method is to only transmit when absolutely necessary for the mission, or the security of other friendly or allied units.
When transmissions must be made, keeping them short helps TRANSEC, as well as changing frequencies at regular intervals. Use the lowest transmit power needed to make the communication. Use directional antennas. Use unusual bands or modes.
D) Threat SIGINT Capabilities
The United States armed forces employ high levels of TRANSEC and COMSEC technology, and procedures when operating in a hostile environment. Those technologies and procedures are supported by thousands of personnel at every echelon of the force. Unfortunately, a small team does not have the resources to execute every COMSEC and TRANSEC measure. For the purpose of this handbook, we will divide threat forces SIGINT capability into 5 categories.
1) None. When there is no adversary or opponent, there is no one to offer any SIGINT threat. We operate in this condition for some administration and camp duties. It is also appropriate for training that is not focused on communications. For example, range safety officers communicating with each other over a large rifle range.
We do not need to take any special precautions in a no SIGINT threat environment.
2) Low. We consider it a low SIGINT threat when we do not have a defined opponent, or our opponent is not likely to have any active SIGINT capability. A looting gang in the aftermath of a natural disaster would be an example of a low SIGINT threat. In this environment, our biggest danger is “inadvertant SIGINT” If some people in the threat group are using some commonly available radios such as FRS/GMRS or CB radios, and our group also uses those same types of radios, then there is a chance that we accidentally end up on the same channel as the threat group, and they may hear our transmissions.
Precautions to take in a low SIGINT threat environment include using radio SOP’s to keep transmissions short and to the point. Code words and code names generally provides enough COMSEC to foil any OPFOR listening to our transmissions. If available, use radios that are not as common as CB, and FRS/GMRS.
3) Medium. We define a medium SIGINT threat as a group that has nascent SIGINT capabilities. This may include professional criminal organizations, or other small tactical teams/groups. The equipment used would most likely be one or several handheld radio scanners. Most commercially available radio scanners these days can scan or search the VHF and UHF radio bands, and can listen to FM analog voice transmissions. Some of the newer (and more expensive) scanners can also decode the APCO/P25 digital voice transmissions that many public safety agencies are switching to. If the public safety agency is using encryption on their radios, however, the scanner cannot decode it. Medium SIGINT threat groups may also have persistance, and record radio intercepts, and perform intelligence analysis on radio activity. Basic link analysis may be employed.
Precautions that should be taken against medium SIGINT threats include using radios that do not use analog FM voice, or P25 digital. Using unusual frequencies, and of course keeping transmissions to a minimum will help with TRANSEC. If you are able to use non-P25 digital modes, then code words and code names should suffice for COMSEC. If you must use analog or P25, then you should employ full COMSEC measures including one time pads, and DRYAD/code book encryption.
4) Advanced. Advanced SIGINT threats are groups that contain as members: radio experts, avid scanner hobbyist, or communications professionals with access to professional level equipment. They will have more capabilities than can be offered by just having scanners. They may have surveillance receivers, spectrum analyzers, frequency counters, wideband receivers, or computer based “software defined radio” (SDR) receivers. An advanced SIGINT capability may be able to decode any non-encrypted digital communications, and may have radio direction finding and radiolocation systems. They will also perform intelligence analysis on all radio activity.
Precautions against advanced capabilities include all “medium” precautions, but only employing full COMSEC. Nothing should be sent un-encrypted.
5) High/professional. High SIGINT threat opponents include professional military, and large government law enforcement agencies. They will have well funded SIGINT capabilities with multiple professional staff. They will be able to call on experts around the world and devote tremendous resources to breaking your OPSEC. They may have computer hackers, and technologists that can derive OPSEC information from other electronic sources.
Precautions against professional SIGINT threats: do not use computers or radios. If you absolutely must, then keep use to a minimum, and be crafty. Expect being crafty to fail.
Hack a TYT MD-380 radio for DMR scanner
Jailbreak firmware now available for cheap digital walkie-talkie allowing DMR scanning
In the last years, DMR and MOTOTRBO (a.k.a. TRBO a Motorola Solutions branded DMR Radios ) has become a very popular digital voice mode on the UHF and VHF bands and the MD380 radio is the latest cheap DMR walkie-talkie to come out of China.
The question is, is it any good? The longer answer is slightly more complicated, and involves discussing the difference in price between this radio and other more expensive, but higher quality, radios. But i can tell you that a group of hams here recently purchased the Beihaidao DMR radio (also sold under brands like Tytera, KERUIER or Retevis) and have been having excellent results with them.
Every once in a great while, a piece of radio gear catches the attention of a prolific hardware guru and is reverse engineered. A few years ago, it was the RTL-SDR, and since then, software defined radios became the next big thing. Last Shmoocon, Travis Goodspeed presented his reverse engineering of the MD380 digital handheld radio.
The rest HERE! <— clickable link
The list of U.S. government cell monitoring equipment
More at the link at top.
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Chapter 2 - Smartphones Rule
Cellular phones have been around for quite a while, and their effects were not particularly transformative - they did liberate the caller from the need to be in a specific physical location, but nothing more than that. The smartphone, however, has had a much more dramatic impact.
The Personal Computer
The author reflects on the path followed by computers. The original computers were massive machines that were little more than glorified calculators. When the size and affordability decreased, they caught on with a few enthusiasts.
Computers gained some inroads with applications such as spreadsheets and word processing, and have been popular for playing games. However, it was not until the Internet that most people had any use for them - because until then they were not really all that useful for most people.
The Cell Phone
The author takes a closer look at cell phones, which were very bulky, inconvenient, and expensive. Again, they were not very useful, so they were not widely adopted. There was some growth in use through the 1990s, as text messaging became popular (though inconvenient on a twelve-key interface that could display two short lines of text).
Larger screens and integration with digital cameras draw additional users, but the cell phone did not gain significant popularity until it, too, was connected to a data network and became a smartphone.
The Two-Phone Era
During the present day, we are in a two-phone era, meaning that many people carry multiple devices (one for work, and one for personal use) - and until very recently, the company-issued device was a cell phone. Even though firms have upgraded most users to smartphones, the desire to keep professional and private lives well separated (by company policy or personal choice) means that most users still carry two devices. (EN: Some carry more than two, as they wish to compartmentalize their lives further.)
The author notes that this is not merely an American phenomenon, but is true around the world - and is even more pronounced in some cultures. It's also speculated that this may be the reason for the low usage rate of the telephone functions on smart phones: the smart phone is primarily a data device because the cell phone is used for voice.
Usability and the iPhone
The "turning point in mobile" came with the launch of the Apple iPhone, a device that was not only capable, but easy to use. The impact of usability cannot be overstated: mobile's functions had previously provided capabilities that were difficult to use, and were therefore not used and failed to become popular until Apple made them accessible. (EN: Apple had done the same thing with the personal computer and the digital music player - it's often overlooked that their success is based not on inventing new technologies, but making existing ones easier to use.)
The author provides a few details about the way in which the iPhone impacted the consumption of mobile content - services that had received little attention for years were suddenly flooded with consumers when the iPhone or a custom application made them easily accessible to more users.
The Platforms
One common issue in mobile marketing is that of platform. While the iPhone is popular, Google's Android and Microsoft's phone products have substantial user bases, and to capture these customers, service providers must offer several versions of applications and make their mobile Web sites broadly compatible.
The proliferation of models is similar in some ways to the proliferation of operating systems and browsers for the Internet, but making services compatible is more difficult and there are no central standards for application developers.
Platforms are often concentrated by region (certain phones are more popular in certain countries) as well as by demographic. Ultimately, a mobile service operator needs to survey their market to determine which platforms they must support to reach their target markets.
Old vs. New Phones
Further complicating the chaos of platforms is the sped of evolution: every few months a new version of system software introduces new capabilities and deprecates old capabilities. The phone hardware changes as well, but at a slightly slower pace. This requires mobile service providers to constantly evolve their applications and sites to keep pace.
There's some discussion of whether to support older phone technology or smartphone, to build a web site or write an app, etc. (EN: This is all largely moot - it depends on the behavior of the audience.)
The author asserts that there is still opportunity for the older cell phone models, but does not substantiate this claim.
Features versus Applications
The author draws an analogy between smartphones and high-definition television sets - people have devices that have more capabilities than they are using, but it is up to the networking companies and content creators to provide support. He also suggests that the users themselves fail to recognize the potential power of their devices, citing a statistic that suggests only about 29% of users have downloaded applications to their phones.
(EN: This becomes a chicken-and-egg argument. Do people not use the power because there are no applications that require it, or are applications not being developed because developers think people would not use them? My sense is that it gets back to the notion of value - if an app provided genuine benefits, people would use it - but most are either frivolous or redundant/inferior to what they can get on the mobile web.)
Some survey results are presented to show the ways in which smartphones are used:
It's also suggested that when smartphone owners are shopping for a new phone, they are generally more interested in the device's capabilities than the availability of applications. It's also noted that users download free applications, but "fewer than a third" have any applications that they paid for. The author concedes this survey was skewed to Blackberry users, and that iPhone users are more active in all regards when it comes to applications.
There is also the issue of promotion: many developers simply upload their applications to iTunes or other sites and expect users to find them on their own. Little effort is put into attracting users to an application, except by large and well-funded brands that can leverage their traditional marketing materials to tell people about their apps.
It is far more common for smartphone users to learn about new applications by word of mouth - and more specifically, they discover apps when they see someone else using them in the real world (as opposed to social media). This has been highly successful for games, but less so for other applications.
The Vanity Factor
The author dismisses the iPad as a "vanity buy" that technophiles and attention-seekers would buy to be the envy of others. "It may not be critical to success or career advancement but people sure want one."
(EN: I expect this is true for some, possibly many, but it sells short the value of a tablet computer. And given that the iPad and others have sold well, I don't think it should be quite so easily dismissed - but it is not the same as the mobile device. Given that most iPad users I've seen have the device connected to a keyboard, I suspect it's more analogous to a notebook computer than a smartphone.)
He also points to the feeding frenzy each time there is a major upgrade to the iPhone, and the way that many people will rush to be among the first to upgrade so that they have the very latest device to show off.
(EN: Less objection here - given that the new phones offer marginal improvements, the need to upgrade is largely driven by technophile gadget envy.)
Continuing Evolution
The technical underpinnings of smart phones are rapidly improving: processor speed, storage capacity, and network speed are key factors. While the improvements are marginal from one version to the next, users who wait a few years to upgrade generally notice significant improvements in speed.
Another factor that is evolving is location services. Civilian-grade global positioning is roughly accurate, to within about 100 yards, but this is not quite good enough for some commercial purposes (you can tell someone is in a shopping mall, but not which store). This is being made more granular, and augmented by more sensitive technologies in certain environments such as WiFi triangulation, which is accurate within about ten yards.
(EN: The author doesn't mention what is likely the best area of potential for growth: software development. There are few applications that deliver more than marginal or amusement value, and even those remain somewhat clumsy and limited. There's been a lot of work in this area, but not much progress as yet.)
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cohort fort
Lat. castellum ( diminutive form of castrum, fortress). The forts for the auxiliary troops covered an area of 1.5 to 6 ha and could station 500 to 1000 men. Since Claudian times the fort's were generally rectangular and reinforced with banks, ditches and walls or wooden palisades. The via principalis and the via praetoria, which continued towards the back as the via decumana, constitued the main right-angled axes of the fort. The most important buildings were also located on these roads.
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Can You Cut A Yew Tree Down?
Can you cut a yew tree down? Pruning a Yew Shrub
It is safest to start cutting back yews when they are dormant. Late winter is perhaps the ideal time to start pruning a yew shrub. The types of pruning cuts to use depend on the outcome you desire. To make a yew tree bushier and fuller, just clip off the outer growth.
Is it bad luck to cut down a yew tree?
The yew doesn't just herald doom and gloom. The trees protect houses, so it's bad luck to cut one down. In Spain, people hung the branches from balconies to protect against lightning.
When can you cut a yew tree?
When is the best time for yew tree pruning? The best time to prune a yew tree hedge for maintenance purposes is once a year during late summer to early autumn. For hedge renovation, the best time of year to cut back the top of the hedge is mid-spring.
Are all yew trees protected in UK?
Yews are also protected if they are in a conservation area and the C of E's own law requires churches to seek permission to remove any churchyard trees. Many yew trees were in place before churches were even built – they are an important part of our national heritage.”
Should I plant yew?
Plant the yew in the beginning of spring or autumn.
Yew is an evergreen, so it does best when avoiding the summer heat and winter frost. In spring, plant around the beginning of April when you see no more frost on the ground. In autumn, plant in September to let the yew take root before winter.
Related faq for Can You Cut A Yew Tree Down?
How far back can you trim yews?
You can prune healthy yews (Taxus spp.) back quite severely with no problem. You can easily reduce their size by one-half to three-quarters. Such severe pruning is best done in early spring so they have spring and summer to recover.
How do you get rid of overgrown yews?
• Cut off the top part of the yew with a sharp chainsaw or loppers, leaving a short stump or stumps above the ground.
• Remove as much soil as possible, and cut into the roots around the shrub with a sharp spade.
• Cut off the roots from the trunk with a sharpened pruning saw.
• How do I know if my tree is protected?
Local authority maps. Some local authorities have maps you can check to see if a tree or wood has a TPO or is in a Conservation Area. If no map or list is available, or if there is any doubt, speak to your local authority's tree officer or equivalent.
Are yew deer resistant?
Yews (Taxus) are versatile evergreens perfect for many landscape uses. In addition, Taxus yew shrubs tend to be *deer-resistant, drought resistant and tolerant of repeated shearing and pruning, making yew shrub care relatively easy.
Is yew good for wildlife?
Our native evergreen Yew, the king of hedges and again, one of the best hedges for wildlife, is ideal for more formal, well clipped hedging. Yew is long lasting and a great source of food and shelter for birds with red berries in autumn /winter and secure nesting.
What type of soil do yews like?
Soil. Yew can tolerate several soil types, as long as the soil has good drainage. Poorly drained soil can result in root rot. Yew tends to thrive in rich loamy soil with a neutral soil pH.
What will grow under a conifer?
Make it work for plants
• Yew.
• Box.
• Holly.
• Aucuba.
• Rubus.
• some ferns (e.g. Polystichum)
• Lamium.
• some Hellebores.
• What happens if you eat a yew berry?
Yew Berries (Taxus baccata), Taxus. The red flesh of the ripe berries is safe and sweet tasting, though without any great flavor, but the seed in the center of the red berry is deadly poisonous, and the rest of the tree is deadly poisonous.
Why do churches always have yew trees?
There was another reason for Christians to view yews as holy: the heart of the tree is red, while its sap is white. These colours symbolise the blood and body of Christ. As a hardy evergreen tree able to survive on infertile soil, the yew also suggested rebirth and resurrection.
Why are there yew trees in churches?
Yew trees were planted in churchyards to prevent archers from procuring suitable branches for making bows and thus having good weapons to oppose the King's men. Yew trees for making bows were planted in churchyards where they would nor be eaten by, and poison, grazing animals.
Why do yew trees live so long?
That's compared to around 400 years for an oak tree. Ancient yews can then expect to go on thriving for thousands of years. The association with immortality could have come about because of the evergreen foliage or because of the yew's amazing ability to renew itself. They can return to life from apparent decay.
What tree makes the best firewood?
Hardwood Firewood
Hardwoods such as maple, oak, ash, birch, and most fruit trees are the best burning woods that will give you a hotter and longer burn time. These woods have the least pitch and sap and are generally cleaner to handle.
Why do yew trees go brown?
Too Much or Too Little Water
When put under certain stress conditions, it is a common problem for yew hedges to turn brown. There are many reasons why this may occur. For example, Yews dislike waterlogged soil, so problems with the roots can develop if there's too much moisture at the base of the plant.
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Algorithms in Social Media Slide 1 Algorithms in Social Media Slide 2 Algorithms in Social Media Slide 3 Algorithms in Social Media Slide 4 Algorithms in Social Media Slide 5 Algorithms in Social Media Slide 6 Algorithms in Social Media Slide 7 Algorithms in Social Media Slide 8 Algorithms in Social Media Slide 9 Algorithms in Social Media Slide 10 Algorithms in Social Media Slide 11 Algorithms in Social Media Slide 12 Algorithms in Social Media Slide 13 Algorithms in Social Media Slide 14 Algorithms in Social Media Slide 15 Algorithms in Social Media Slide 16 Algorithms in Social Media Slide 17 Algorithms in Social Media Slide 18 Algorithms in Social Media Slide 19 Algorithms in Social Media Slide 20 Algorithms in Social Media Slide 21 Algorithms in Social Media Slide 22 Algorithms in Social Media Slide 23 Algorithms in Social Media Slide 24 Algorithms in Social Media Slide 25 Algorithms in Social Media Slide 26 Algorithms in Social Media Slide 27 Algorithms in Social Media Slide 28 Algorithms in Social Media Slide 29 Algorithms in Social Media Slide 30 Algorithms in Social Media Slide 31 Algorithms in Social Media Slide 32 Algorithms in Social Media Slide 33 Algorithms in Social Media Slide 34 Algorithms in Social Media Slide 35 Algorithms in Social Media Slide 36 Algorithms in Social Media Slide 37 Algorithms in Social Media Slide 38 Algorithms in Social Media Slide 39 Algorithms in Social Media Slide 40 Algorithms in Social Media Slide 41 Algorithms in Social Media Slide 42 Algorithms in Social Media Slide 43 Algorithms in Social Media Slide 44 Algorithms in Social Media Slide 45 Algorithms in Social Media Slide 46 Algorithms in Social Media Slide 47 Algorithms in Social Media Slide 48 Algorithms in Social Media Slide 49 Algorithms in Social Media Slide 50 Algorithms in Social Media Slide 51 Algorithms in Social Media Slide 52 Algorithms in Social Media Slide 53 Algorithms in Social Media Slide 54 Algorithms in Social Media Slide 55 Algorithms in Social Media Slide 56 Algorithms in Social Media Slide 57 Algorithms in Social Media Slide 58 Algorithms in Social Media Slide 59 Algorithms in Social Media Slide 60 Algorithms in Social Media Slide 61
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Algorithms in Social Media
Group Presentation of my Producing Content for Social Media (Advanced) certification short course from the Caribbean School of Media and Communication (CARIMAC), University of the West Indies, Mona, Kingston, Jamaica.
Algorithms in Social Media
2. 2. QUESTIONS ❏ What are the algorithms for Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, Youtube, LinkedIn, Snapchat, & Google +? ❏ What elements of their algorithms are important to marketers?
3. 3. what is a social media algorithm?
4. 4. ❏ It is a way of sorting posts in a users’ feed based on relevancy instead of publish time. ❏ Social networks prioritize which content a user sees in their feed first by the likelihood that they will actually want to see it.
5. 5. Social Media Algorithms are either the best thing since sliced bread or the bane of your existence.
6. 6. why do social media algorithms exist?
7. 7. ❏ Algorithms exist to push brands to pay for social ads. ❏ The theory is if they can’t reach their audience organically, brands will turn to ads instead, which earns money for the social networks.
8. 8. ❏ Before the switch to algorithms, most social media feeds displayed posts in reverse chronological order. The newest posts from accounts a user followed showed up first. This is still an option on Facebook and Twitter. ❏ Freshness is still a part of the way content is displayed in feed. Most people do not want to see Tweets from a week ago when they first open up the app. The difference is that social networks place more importance on showing you the newest content from the accounts you engage with the most.
10. 10. ALGORITHMS 2003
11. 11. ORIGINS ❏ Out of 500 million LinkedIn users, 50% are active monthly. ❏ 40% use LinkedIn daily. ❏ 41% of millionaires use LinkedIn. ❏ LinkedIn now has 3 million active job listings on the platform. ❏ LinkedIn is a social network for professionals created by Reid Hoffman et al. ❏ You can be a marketing exec at a major company, an entrepreneur or even a college student looking to explore future career options, it is for anybody who is interested in taking their professional life more seriously by looking for new opportunities to grow their careers and to connect with other professionals. STATS
12. 12. Linkedin wants to limit the amount of cute cat videos or puppy memes out there that have nothing to do with the needs of their working professional demographic. linkedin To accomplish this goal, LinkedIn has stipulated a new process to determine what gets seen in the news feed.
13. 13. ● When posts come in they are organized by type, i.e. text, graphic, link or video. ● In an effort to ensure that the post’s content is relevant to a group of working professionals, it is released to a sample size audience for testing. ● Based upon the sample audience reaction, (liking, commenting, or sharing) it is then moved to a larger audience or news feed. As of now, LinkedIn concedes that this is largely a bit of a manual process but they intend to keep to the concept of filtering to ensure that posts remain relevant to working professionals.
14. 14. linkedin The diagram here shows how LinkedIn’s algorithm works on the feed and the 4 stages of the content review process.
15. 15. Take a look at the sample post to the right. At the time of the screenshot, it was two weeks old. But, it had plenty of likes and comments (i.e. LinkedIn engagement signals). It was also liked by someone in their own network, and was relevant to content in their personal profile (such as marketing). You cannot see it in the screenshot to the right, but this post was ranked above another that was up for less than a day. As a result, the post kept showing up in their newsfeed, exemplifying the recirculation power of the LinkedIn algorithm.
16. 16. what should marketers consider? ❏ Fill out your personal profile and company page and keep them updated. ❏ Encourage employees to indicate they work at your company. ❏ Participate in LinkedIn Groups, or host your own. ❏ Give and receive work recommendations. ❏ Make sure your profile is public, so more people can find you, add you and see your posts. ❏ Promote your LinkedIn profiles and company pages on your website and in other appropriate spaces by setting up customized urls for bios, business cards, brochures, email newsletters and email signatures. Understand the type of content that LinkedIn craves.
17. 17. ALGORITHMS 2004
18. 18. ORIGINS ❏ By 2006, anyone over the age of 13 with a valid email address could join Facebook. ❏ Today, Facebook is the world's largest social network, with more than 2.2 billion users worldwide as of January 2018. ❏ Facebook is a social networking site that makes it easy for you to connect and share with your family and friends online. ❏ Originally designed for college students, Facebook was created in 2004 by Mark Zuckerberg while he was enrolled at Harvard University. STATS
19. 19. facebook The four key components of algorithms are: ● Inventory (content available) ● Signals (considerations about content) ● Predictions (considerations about person) ● Overall Score These four key algorithm factors serve the sole purpose of providing Facebook users with a better overall experience.
20. 20. let’s give a break down Facebook’s aim, as with any social network, is to keep users engaged for longer periods. They focus on different data points which helps to decide what you see when you sign into your account. ● Average time spent on content ● Time of the posting ● Was the link shared by another person over messenger? ● Number of replies, comments, and likes ● Overall post engagement ● Publisher/brand post shared by a friend ● Type of posting ● How informative the post is
21. 21. With the new algorithm there is more focus on these three activities in order of preference: ● Comments — Posts that generate a lot of (meaningful) comments and replies will move up in the news feed. ● Shares — The second most important ranking signal. Interactions with posts shared publicly (by friends on a timeline) or privately (via the messenger) will cause those posts to perform better. ● Reactions — The third important signal for active engagement. It is important to note that Facebook still values personal posts more than those shared by brands. The bigger picture… Facebook is encouraging users to talk more to each other hence reactions to posts from personal accounts will be preferred to posts made from pages. However, if pages are evoking the preferred reactions then those posts will rise to the top of the timeline.
22. 22. what should marketers consider? ❏ Publish High Quality Content. ❏ Post Interaction Worthy Content. ❏ Better Understand The Needs Of The Audience. ❏ Avoid “Engagement Bait”. ❏ For example “tag a friend that looks like this in the morning” or “comment YES if you like burritos!” ❏ Embrace Live Videos. ❏ Harness The Power Of Facebook Group.
23. 23. ALGORITHMS 2005
24. 24. ORIGINS ❏ Youtube has 1.8 billion logged-in users. ❏ Males are primarily watching soccer or strategy games. ❏ Females are primarily watching beauty videos. ❏ 50 million people on YouTube are actively creating content. ❏ Founded in 2005. ❏ YouTube is one of the most popular video sites on the web today. ❏ Millions of videos have been uploaded and shared here, ranging from movie trailers to amateur videos of animals - and everything in between. STATS
25. 25. The YouTube algorithm is the computerized system that determines which videos people see when they are on the site. Like the algorithms developed by Facebook and LinkedIn sites, it is all about showing users what they want (or at least what the algorithm thinks they want). youtube With over 400 hours of video uploaded every minute, YouTube needs a way to automate the selection of videos that surface to each user.
26. 26. let’s give a break down In the YouTube algorithm—their “search and discovery system”—will not only decide which results visitors see when they search on the site, but it also determines which ones they will be shown in other sections of the site. There are 6 key places the algorithm impacts where your videos can appear: 1. in search results 2. the suggested videos stream 3. on the home page 4. the trending stream 5. under the viewer’s subscriptions 6. through any notifications they have set up.
27. 27. Once upon a time... Originally the only thing the YouTube algorithm paid attention to in determining which videos would get a higher ranking than others was the total number of times anyone clicked “play” on a video. But views only showed the number of times a video player loaded, rewarding creators whose videos got a lot of clicks—regardless of how long the viewer watched. Creators started adding spammy descriptions of thumbnails, generating clicks and getting higher rankings, but not keeping viewers engaged. So in 2012, YouTube changed their ranking algorithm to reward engagement instead of clicks by dropping views in favor of watch time—a more accurate measure of how engaging users find a video.
28. 28. Today... YouTube ranking algorithm focuses on how the audience interacts with videos, using artificial intelligence that “learns from over 80 billion bits of feedback from the audience daily to understand how to serve the right videos to the right viewers at the right time.” In broad terms, that audience feedback includes: ● What they do (and do not) watch. ● How much time they spend watching a video (watch time). ● How much time they spend watching videos during each visit (session time). ● Likes, dislikes, and ‘not interested’ feedback.
29. 29. In the words of Youtube... “The goals of YouTube’s search and discovery system are twofold: help viewers find the videos they want to watch and maximize long-term viewer engagement and satisfaction.”
30. 30. what should marketers consider? ❏ Create videos on a single topic. ❏ Watch time and sessions. ❏ Tweak your YouTube SEO by optimizing your title and description. ❏ Getting viewers to pick your videos through creative and eye-catching thumbnails. ❏ Get more loyal subscribers to click your notification bell. ❏ Build on the power of playlists. ❏ Learn from Youtube analytics.
31. 31. ALGORITHMS 2006
32. 32. ORIGINS ❏ In 2017, Twitter doubled the traditional 140-character limit to 280 characters. ❏ As of the first quarter of 2018, Twitter averaged 336 million monthly active users. ❏ Twitter is an online news and social networking site where people communicate in short messages called tweets. ❏ It is a form of microblogging (a combination of blogging & instant messaging). ❏ Jack Dorsey, then an undergrad at New York University, introduced the idea of an individual using an SMS service to communicate with a small group. STATS
33. 33. “Our algorithm changes on an almost daily to weekly basis as the Twitter timeline algorithm has helped to increase Twitter’s key metrics, it is likely that Twitter will continue to test new ideas with its timeline” ~ Deepak Rao Product Manager (Twitter) twitter
34. 34. Engage More Than You Broadcast Tweeting out links to your site might get you a little more traffic, but it is probably not doing much to earn you engagement, retain existing customers or build your Twitter presence. When you look at brands that drive a lot of engagement and have built strong communities on Twitter, they tend to spend a lot of time replying to incoming Tweets and sparking conversations. The trick is to stop treating Twitter as a lead generation tool, and more as a way to connect and engage with your audience. That means: ● responding to customer questions. ● resolving complaints. ● using Twitter Polls. ● asking questions. twitter
35. 35. what should marketers consider? ❏ Promote your tweets. ❏ Reply to mentions. ❏ Use hashtags strategically. ❏ Re-use your top posts. ❏ Experiment with posting times. ❏ Consider running Twitter Ads. ❏ Use Twitter Video. ❏ Re-share your top tweets.
36. 36. ALGORITHMS 2010
37. 37. ORIGINS ❏ As of October 2015, over 40 billion photos have been uploaded to the service. ❏ Instagram (@instagram) is the most-followed user on Instagram (237 million followers). ❏ Instagram is a photo and video-sharing social networking service owned by Facebook, Inc. ❏ When it first launched in 2010, users could only post photos through the app and add filters without any extra editing features. STATS
38. 38. instagram Here’s how Instagram’s Algorithm works: ● Instagram’s feed ranking is powered by machine learning, which is constantly adapting and improving based on new data. ● The algorithm was designed to bring increased likes, comments and engagement to Instagram content as a whole. There are 7 factors that determine how your post will perform in the Instagram algorithm.
39. 39. instagram ● How much engagement your posts get. ● How long your content is viewed. ● Who engages with your account the most. ● What time of day you post. ● What type of content you post. ● Who searches for your account and how often. ● How often your posts are shared via direct messages. The 7 Factors!
40. 40. what should marketers consider? ❏ Clear vision and strategy. ❏ Consistent frequency. ❏ Familiarity with your audience. ❏ Maximize on content value. ❏ Create human content not branded content. ❏ Measure results.
41. 41. ALGORITHMS 2011
42. 42. ORIGINS ❏ For the first quarter of 2018, Snapchat had 191 million daily active users . ❏ As of May 2016, Snapchat generated 10 billion mobile video views per day ❏ Snapchat is both a messaging platform and a social network that was created in 2011 by Evan Spiegel. ❏ It exists only as a mobile app. ❏ Snapchat has become all the rage among teens and young adults. STATS
43. 43. snapchat Here’s how Snapchat’s Algorithm works: ● Snapchat now sorts content based on its importance and relevance to each user. ● Prioritizing snaps and discovering content that your past activity indicates are most valuable to you. ● Instead of organizing content in chronological order or placing what is considered popular by the masses first, Snapchat is now giving you a more personalized experience.
44. 44. snapchat Now when you open the Snapchat app, in addition to the typical open-to-camera feature, you get a navigation screen in the form of a profile. There, you will see the views of your recent Story, of Snapchat’s Our Story, and of your other group Stories. There, you can also easily access Snap Map. “@Snapchat'snew#algorithmprioritizes themostrelevantcontentforeachuser. #socialexperience.” ~viaTwitter
45. 45. Your new Snaps and chats are located at the top of the Friends tab. Closest friends’ snaps come next, which are then followed by Snaps from other less interacted-with users. Instead of one Snap playing after another or you manually choosing which Stories to view, a brief preview screen in between Stories show which friend’s story comes next. You can use this preview feature to either swipe down to exit or swipe to the next preview.
46. 46. What should marketers consider? ❏ Snapchat will now promote popular, content-approved stars to new audiences. ❏ In other words, users may see content from a social media star they do not currently follow under Popular Story. This is a good incentive for anyone who wants to monetize as a social media influencer, as there is greater promise for growth.
47. 47. ALGORITHMS 2011
48. 48. ORIGINS ❏ Today, there are 2.2 billion Google+ user profiles, out of which 440 million are active monthly users. did you know? ❏ Google+ was opened to a small # of users to test in June 2011. They gave those initial users invitations to invite a small # of their contacts. It was given an overhaul in April 2012. ❏ Google + or Google Plus is a social network from Google. ❏ To join Google+ you need a Google account (such as for accessing Gmail). ❏ Some of its tools and features come from existing services and platforms, such as the Picasa photo storing and sharing platform. STATS
49. 49. google+ Google Plus is unique because it functions as a micro-blogging, video-conferencing and community-based forum all at once. Consequently, it offers multiple ways to share your content with an interested audience.
50. 50. How Google+ Differs From the Others Video Chat (Hangouts) One feature that Google+ offers that is appealing from a business perspective is video chats. Streams This allows you to tweak your Google+ streams so that you can view them exactly the way you want to see them. Searching Using Google+ and tying it to your Google Profile, you will start to see some rapid spikes in search traffic.
51. 51. Other Google+ Features ❏ Circles are like categories for your connections, so that you can share updates selectively with different groups. ❏ Huddle is an option for text message group chats. ❏ Instant upload is an option to automatically send pictures and videos taken with a cell phone to a private photo album. ❏ Streams are similar to Facebook news updates but you can see updates for particular circles rather than updates for everyone at once. ❏ Sparks are topics that you want to discuss with others. The interface is an adaptation of Google search. ❏ Google+ is integrated with other Google applications, such as Gmail, Google Maps, Google Drive and Google Calendar.
52. 52. let’s give a breakdown... This platform was founded on the principles of learning, sharing, caring and growing as a community. There is only one feature of Google+ that incorporates algorithm in how posts appear, i.e., Communities. The approach to timelines in Communities brings the group section of Google+ in line with how users' timeline work. Once enabled, posts will be sorted according to relevance rather than time of posting, although Google has not revealed quite how relevance will be determined.
53. 53. Relevance is determined by mutual connections and shared interactions These may fall into either description: ❏ Your mutual connections with people on Google products such as Gmail. ❏ Interaction you have had with others on Google products. ❏ The links you have added to your profile. ❏ The connected accounts you have linked on your Google Account. ❏ The people who are in your extended circles. ❏ Friends on external sites, when those friends have connected their accounts on their Google+ profiles.
54. 54. What should marketers consider? ● Maximize on Circles as you can separate your followers into different groups so when you are making an announcement or just posting your latest press release, you can choose who you want to share this information with. ● Post Content ● Track the Content
55. 55. CONCLUSION In a nutshell, you need to understand social media algorithms for the following reasons: ❏ IMPACT: To ensure that your content creates the greatest impact possible. ❏ ROI: To ensure the time and effort spent publishing to these platforms has the greatest return (ROI - return on investment). ❏ REPUTATION: To become a long-term trusted source of information. ❏ BROAD SOCIETAL IMPACT: Communicators need to keep up with social changes to be able to make an impact. ❏ CONSISTENCY FREQUENCY: to be frequently active. ❏ AVOID ENGAGEMENT BAIT: posting a photo or making a post with little or no conversation thread.
56. 56. REFERENCES
57. 57. d0b2b0b er/ REFERENCES
58. 58. #PastaPeoples
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Is Yekaterinburg in Europe or Asia?
Is Yekaterinburg in Europe or Asia?
Yekaterinburg is situated in the east of Europe, close to the Ural Mountains, 1,667 km (1,036 mi) east of the nation’s capital Moscow. The city has a total area of 495 km2 (191 sq mi). Yekaterinburg is on the eastern side of the Urals.
What continent is Yekaterinburg in?
Where are the Ural Mountains?
The Ural Mountains run 2500 km north-south through western Russia, and form the boundary between Europe and Asia. Since the 17th century, the mountains were exploited for their deposits of iron, copper, gold, coal, oil, mica and gemstones.
What is Yekaterinburg known for?
Russia’s best city for business and investment, Yekaterinburg is often referred to as the unofficial capital of the Urals – the region, where Russia’s largest metallurgical enterprises are concentrated.
Is visiting Russia safe?
Do not travel to Russia due to terrorism, harassment by Russian government security officials, the embassy’s limited ability to assist U.S. citizens in Russia, and the arbitrary enforcement of local law. The North Caucasus, including Chechnya and Mount Elbrus, due to terrorism, kidnapping, and risk of civil unrest.
How safe is Yekaterinburg?
How Safe Is Yekaterinburg Really? Yekaterinburg has a low to moderate index of crime. Most crimes concern robberies, carjacking, things stealing, dealing with drugs, vandalism, and high level of corruption. There is minimal risk from crime in Yekaterinburg compared to other major Russian metropolitan areas.
What was Yekaterinburg called?
What does Ural mean in Russian?
Ural (Russian: Ура́л) is a geographical region located around the Ural Mountains, between the East European and West Siberian plains. It is considered a part of Eurasian Steppe, extending approximately from the North to the South; from the Arctic Ocean to the end of Ural River near Orsk city.
Why is Siberia so cold?
The low temperatures of eastern Siberia are caused by the Siberian high pressure system. The Siberian high pressure system, also known as the Siberian high, is an accumulation of cold dry air that accumulates in north east asia that begins to build up at the end of August, peaks in winter, and usually weakens in April.
Who shot the Romanovs?
The Russian Imperial Romanov family (Emperor Nicholas II, his wife Empress Alexandra and their five children: Olga, Tatiana, Maria, Anastasia, and Alexei) were shot and bayoneted to death by Bolshevik revolutionaries under Yakov Yurovsky on the orders of the Ural Regional Soviet in Yekaterinburg on the night of 16–17 …
Are Americans allowed in Russia?
The State Department recommends that U.S. citizens do not travel to Russia due to terrorism, harassment by Russian government security officials, the embassy’s limited ability to assist U.S. citizens in Russia, and the arbitrary enforcement of local law.
Can you travel freely in Russia?
The process is fairly straightforward, but an invitation from a licensed tourism operator or from a Russian citizen is required. Visitors coming by sea are granted 72 hours visa-free entrance into Russia if they have made arrangements with a travel agent.
Where is the capital of Sverdlovsk Federal District?
Sverdlovsk oblast (Sverdlovskaya) is a federal subject of Russia, the largest region of the Urals, located on the border between Europe and Asia in the Urals Federal District. Ekaterinburg is the capital city of the region.
Where is the Sverdlovsk Oblast located in Russia?
Sverdlovsk Oblast (Свердло́вская о́бласть, Sverdlovskaya oblast) is a federal subject (an oblast) of Russia located in the Ural Federal District.
How tall are the mountains in Sverdlovsk Oblast?
Sverdlovsk Oblast. The highest mountains all rise in the North Urals, Konzhakovsky Kamen at 1,569 metres (5,148 ft) and Denezhkin Kamen at 1,492 metres (4,895 ft). The Middle Urals is mostly hilly country with no discernible peaks; the mean elevation is closer to 300 to 500 metres (980 to 1,640 ft) above sea level.
What kind of Natural Resources does Sverdlovsk have?
The Sverdlovsk region, being one of the oldest mining regions of Russia, is rich in a variety of natural resources. Today, the local mineral and raw materials base provides a significant part of the production of Russian vanadium, bauxite, chrysotile-asbestos, iron ore, refractory clay.
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Protecting The Ozone That Protects The Earth
A demonstrator holds up a sign during a march past the White House. (Feb. 2013)
The grocery store chain Safeway has agreed to pay a civil penalty significantly reduce its emissions of ozone-depleting substances.
In a settlement agreement with the United States Government, Safeway, the nation’s second largest grocery store chain, has agreed to pay a $600,000 civil penalty and implement a corporate-wide plan to significantly reduce its emissions of ozone-depleting substances from refrigeration equipment at 659 of its stores nationwide, estimated to cost approximately $4.1 million, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and Department of Justice announced September 4th.
Protecting The Ozone That Protects The Earth
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The settlement involves the largest number of facilities ever under the Clean Air Act’s regulations governing refrigeration equipment.
The settlement resolves allegations that Safeway violated the federal CAA by failing to promptly repair leaks of HCFC-22, a hydro-chlorofluorocarbon that is a greenhouse gas and ozone-depleting substance used as a coolant in refrigerators, and failed to keep adequate records of the servicing of its refrigeration equipment.
“Safeway’s new corporate commitment to reduce air pollution and help protect the ozone layer is vital and significant,” said Cynthia Giles, Assistant Administrator for EPA’s Office of Enforcement and Compliance Assurance. “Fixing leaks, improving compliance and reducing emissions will make a real difference in protecting us from the dangers of ozone depletion, while reducing the impact on climate change.”
HCFC-22 is up to 1,800 times more potent than carbon dioxide in terms of global warming emissions. The measures that Safeway has committed to are expected to prevent over 100,000 pounds of future releases of ozone-depleting refrigerants that destroy the ozone layer.
HCFCs deplete the stratospheric ozone layer, which allows dangerous amounts of cancer-causing ultraviolet rays from the sun to strike the earth, leading to adverse health effects that include skin cancers, cataracts, and suppressed immune systems. Pursuant to the Montreal Protocol, the United States is implementing strict reductions of ozone-depleting refrigerants.
“This first-of-its-kind settlement will benefit all Americans by cutting emissions of ozone-depleting substances across Safeway’s national supermarket chain,” said Robert G. Dreher, Acting Assistant Attorney General for the Justice Department’s Environment and Natural Resources Division. “It can serve as a model for comprehensive solutions that improve industry compliance with the nation’s Clean Air Act.”
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While some fear its dark reputation, others take delight in dancing to the cult’s “rhythm of the saints,” the samba.
In its outward appearances and in some of its practices, Macumba (also known as Spiritism, Candomblé, and Umbanda) resembles Voodoo. Trance states among the practitioners are induced by dancing and drumming, and the ceremony climaxes with an animal sacrifice.
The ancient role of the shaman remains central to Macumba. He (it is most often a male) or she enters into a trance state and talks to the spirits in order to gain advice or aid for the supplicants. Before anyone can participate in a Macumba ceremony, he or she must undergo an initiation. The aspirants must enter a trance during the dancing and the drumming and allow a god to possess them. Once the possession has taken place, the shaman must determine which gods are in which initiate so that the correct rituals can be performed. The process is enhanced by the sacrifice of an animal and the smearing of its blood over the initiates. Once the initiates have been bloodied, they take an oath of loyalty to the cult. Later, when the trance state and the possessing spirit have left them, the aspirants, now members of the Macumba cult, usually have no memory of the ritual proceedings.
Macumba was born in the 1550s from a blending between the spirit worship of the African slaves brought to Brazil and the Roman Catholicism of the slaveholders. Although the captive slaves were forced to give token obeisance to an array of Christian saints and the God of their masters, the native priests soon realized how complementary the two faiths could be—especially since, unlike the slave owners in the United States, the Brazilians allowed the slaves to keep their drums. The Africans summoned their gods, the orishas, with the sound of their drums and the rhythm of their dancing. The African god Exu became Saint Anthony, Lemanja became Our Lady of the Glory, Oba became Saint Joan of Arc, Oxala became Jesus Christ, Oxum became Our Lady of the Conception, and so on. From the melding of the two religious faiths, the Africans created the samba, the rhythm of the saints, which has survived as an international dance favorite.
References in periodicals archive ?
Live Latin-Jazz-inspired music by local band Macumba. August 17.
Recria, amplia e recodifica alguns desses objetos, e se apropria de imagens banais de santos catolicos, entidades do candomble e macumba, personalidades do folclore, bichos, brinquedos e herois infantis, moldados em gesso, plastico ou borracha, atribuindo-lhes novos significados ao aloca-los em contextos paradoxais e bem humorados (Figura 2).
Nas proximidades da ruina de mineracao do Tanque Grande ha, inclusive, uma cachoeira identificada como "Cachoeira da Macumba".
Queixa-se de dores nas pernas, nos joelhos e costas que seriam devido a um acidente de transito do qual foi vitima ou fruto de alguma "macumba".
"Il travaillait egalement avec Roger Bastide sur la Macumba du Bresil (terme qui designe l'ensemble des cultes afro-bresiliens, Ndlr).
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Moral Decision Making (Schwarzt & Howard, 1981) and Norm-Activation Model (Schwartz, 1977)
Environmentally friendly behavior depends on personal norms, social motives (whether or not the behavior is tolerated by the social environment), and other motives such as cost-benefit assessment (see Expectancy-Value Theory).
Active behavior (activation) occurs when the acting person perceives that a problem exists that can be related to his or her own behavior, and that he or she can contribute to a problem solution (i.e. has the appropriate skills and abilities). Then the costs and benefits of the behavior are weighed up. If the costs are too high, the behavior is omitted. High costs could be habits. These can be so strong that (moral) norm activation and the associated cognitive processes are blocked from the start.
If the costs of behavior are estimated as too high, information about the sense of environmentally friendly behavior alone is no longer sufficient. Instead, a defense against responsibility and a justification reaction is developed (see also cognitive dissonance). Thus, the action is omitted.
In order to assume responsibility (instead of fending it off because the individual costs are considered too high), it could be helpful:
• to increase self-efficacy; i.e. to show which options for action are available and how they can be easily and effectively appropriated;
• offering self-commitment strategies in combination with a strong change in habits that is only temporary; e.g., granting free tickets for public transport for a certain period of time and committing oneself to use this free ticket (Fujii & Gärling, 2003); at best, a more positive experience with public transport is made than previously assumed – this leads to a changed and increased motivation to change the previous habit and establish a new one (e.g., to use public transport more often).
The smaller the steps (avoidance of too high costs!) of behavioral change, which has so far been outside of our habits and previous abilities, the easier this change is for us.
Matthies, E. (2005). Wie können PsychologInnen ihr Wissen besser an die PraktikerIn bringen? Vorschlag eines neuen integrativen Einflussschemas umweltbewussten Alltagshandelns. Umweltpsychologie, 9, 62–81.
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What prevented the antediluvian humanity from using ships against the Flood, or from using their already existing ships? At least a few of them could have survived the Flood that way.
• 1
Hey there, welcome to Mi Yodeya! Thanks for bringing your very interesting question here. I hope you don't mind if I've edited it lightly to make it a little clearer; if there's anything you'd like to fix, you can always edit your own posts.
– MTL
Dec 14 '14 at 3:34
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You might want to consider registering your account, which will give you access to more of the site's features. Also, you might want to pick a more interesting username than the default, unless you happen to really like the number 8558 ;-) .....I hope to see you around!
– MTL
Dec 14 '14 at 3:35
There are several reasons as pointed out by Rav Sorotzkin, Rav Hirsch and others.
First of all, they could not have stored sufficient food to last for the entire flood. The flood lasted for an entire solar year. In fact, it was only by a miracle that Noach and the animals had sufficient food during the flood and while they were repopulating the Earth.
As an example, Columbus almost did not make it in 1492. Had the land been only a little farther off, his three ships would not have succeeded. Reports that I have read also said that they had passed the point of no return and would probably not have been able to return safely to Spain.
Secondly, the ark only survived the violence of the flood by a miracle. Any other vessels would have been destroyed.
Third, Rav Hirsch points out that the word used in Pasuk 8:21 for all life on the Earth dying, ויגוע, means "became torpid" or in effect died in their sleep. That is, Hashem put everyone to sleep so that they they died peacefully at the beginning of the flood rather than being able to flee to the mountains and die as the water covered them.
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At the risk of starting a flamewar, I find it a bit amusing to invoke Columbus, or any other real-world explorer, in a discussion of an event which was only survivable via supernatural support. Dec 14 '14 at 16:30
• So this is an inaccurate depiction?
– dotancohen
Dec 14 '14 at 17:17
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@CarlWitthoft That was the point. The reference to Columbus (or any other occurrance in modern times) is used to show that the flood was only survivable by suprnatural means. Dec 14 '14 at 17:22
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Reason #0: they would have had to actually believe it would happen -- all that time while Noach was building the ark and nobody thought there was a problem coming? By the time the rains started it would have been too late to start storing food, even if that could have worked. (No source, just my own thought.) Dec 14 '14 at 22:19
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"Secondly, the ark only survived the violence of the flood by a miracle. Any other vessels would have been destroyed." Source?
– mevaqesh
Jul 28 '16 at 16:22
Their own stubbornness. (As Monica said in a comment.)
Note similarly in Exodus, Moses warns the Egyptians that anyone/anything left outside will be stricken by hailstones. Some Egyptians are willing to at least consider this possibility, and move their slaves and cattle inside. But a lot of the Egyptians are too proud to even openly acknowledge that they might be wrong, and leave everything alone.
Noah has been turning blue in the face telling the people to improve their ways, and they don't listen. Now he's building a boat, and they continue with business as usual. Then it was too late.
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People’s Democracy vs. Parliamentary Democracy in India
Mass meeting in Dandakaranya forest region
A Look into the Work of the People’s Governments in Dandakaranya Special Zone
Raago, in People’s March, September 2007
Parliamentary democracy in India is much hailed. India is said to be the biggest democracy in the world. This democracy is known to be ‘ for the people, by the people and of the people’. The past more than half a century proved this democracy to be sham. People of India and all over the world are vexed with the ineffectiveness and misappropriation of the ‘democratic institutions’ like the court, police, jail and the administrative machinery. Essential services like water and electricity are a point of agitation in many parts of the country almost every day.
And it is inaccessible to the adivasi population who constitute one important section of the population of the country. The presence of the parliamentary democratic institutions and minimum medical services are not seen in most of the adivasi areas of the country. It is true that the people in these areas were at a loss, away from the ‘modern’ world.
But for the past few years, things took a different turn in some parts of the adivasi areas. While the North Eastern states and some other areas are fighting for the liberation of their nationalities from the domination of the Indian state, the adivasis of the central part of the country and a few other eastern states sought a different alternative. They started forming a people’s government of their own.
‘People’s democracy’ found birth in the most ‘backward’, ‘uncivilized’ areas of the country. It continued to develop in divergent ways and levels. The achievements of this people’s democracy prove that this is a real kind of democracy, a democracy of the people, by the people and for the people in its actual sense. The main principles of this democracy are collective functioning and democratic centralism, the Maoist principles.
The people’s democracy named ‘janathana sarkar’ (people’s government) in the Dandakaranyam Special Zone of the state of Chathisgarh under the leadership of the Communist Party of India (Maoist) is the ’embryonic stage’ of people’s power to be achieved countrywide in future, as put by the party. The activities in production, cultural, educational and military sectors of the present janathana sarkars, give an outline of the future socialist state. It also reveals that despite the severe repression campaign of the parliamentary state, the janathana sarkars are going to succeed. The party has succeeded in consolidating the people’s government to a certain stage and is heading towards forming higher levels of the same.
The following information tries to give a glimpse of the janathana sarkar of one area in the Maad division of the DK Special Zone. In terms of the parliamentary democratic administration this area falls under Dantewada district in Chhathisgarh.
Revolutionary Cooperative Agriculture
The Cooperative sector is discussed a lot not only in the administrative circles but also in the academic circles. Occasionally articles are written with empirical data about the achievements of the government in the cooperative sector. But it is a known fact that the cooperative department of the government is the most corrupt. Whatever the facts and figures shown on paper may be, the reality is something else. Perhaps none would differ with this fact.
Here is an experience of a cooperative sector in production without corruption and in a real collective sense. Cooperative societies are being formed under the janathana sarkar formed in the adivasi areas of Dandakaranyam Special Zone under the leadership of the CPI(Maoist) in the state of Chathisgarh.
A few words about the area of discussion. The area is on the bank of a river. The mode of production is relatively backward. There are rich, middle and poor peasants in the area. Tilling is done with bukkocks and ploughs but all do not have implements. The crops are paddy, dal and a few kinds of millets.
In this area (the name of which is not being mentioned due to technical reasons) the collective work in agricultural production started with tilling collectively with ploughs. Gradually it spread to other works.
Initially work teams were established. The work teams prepared plots, lay ponds, did fish culture, sowed seeds, tilled land and prepared small wells. The work of these teams appealed to the people and educated the masses and collective work gained momentum. They started establishing wells, ponds. They sold a little crop and a little fish after keeping some for themselves. They got good revenue.
Once the people attained a certain level of consciousness the Maoist party started forming the janathana sarkars. Thus the collective work became more systematic. Production increased. There was a great change in the mode of production. The collectiveness in agricultural activity created the opportunity to increase the usage of cattle and other agricultural implements.
These are some of the data regarding the agricultural and developmental activity in this area. The janathana sarkar bought 260 cattle and distributed them to the poor peasants. They also distributed 540 quintals of seeds ranging from paddy, gingelly, dal, maize and millets. They built 70 houses and repaired another 350.
When the area was affected with famine they distributed Rs. 25,000 to the people as relief.
In this particular area on the whole 1436 acres of land was seized from the people’s enemies, those who fled from the village and the landlords and rich peasants. Forest land too was seized. 1057 acres of this land was distributed to 482 families. 310 was put in the control of the janathana sarkar and 65 acres was given to the militia.
To go into the details of the breakup of these activities – One of the lower level sarkar in this area sowed 5 kgs of paddy and maize. Gingelly too was sown. Vegetables were planted but they were not successful in raising them. The cooperative committee distributed 2 quintals and 25 kilos of seeds worth 1200 rupees in the villages of its concern. They built one new house and repaired the rest.
The cooperative activity and the increasing revolutionary consciousness broke certain taboos regarding the participation of women in production. In the old society women were not allowed to do certain things in agricultural work like sowing seeds, going near the paddy crop after the harvest and later to the paddy store. So the Kranthikari Adivasi Mahila Sanghatan (KAMS) took up the task of breaking these taboos. The organization started with dealing with the women’s problems much earlier to the launching of the collective and cooperative activities and the janathana sarkars. Now after the age old superstitions were removed, the women’s organization is mainly taking up the task of mobilizing women into the activities of the janathana sarkar.
The janathana sarkar helped the people in one more way. That is regarding the fixing of rates for the forest produce being sold in the weekly markets. It is also helping the victims of salva judum and state violence through the revenue and crop raised from the collective activity. Residential schools are also being financed by the revenue out of this activity.
The salva judum campaign of the Chathisgarh state government brought a lot of changes in the life of the villages. The repression unleashed in the campaign taught a lot in defense for the masses. The militia that was already set up in the villages became more active. Militia platoons were formed and most of the youth, both women and men became full time activists in the militia. They have become another big family in the village.
Initially the janathana sarkar looked after them. But within no time the militias did not only become self sufficient but began helping the janathana sarkar too in terms of production of crops and revenue. The militias could gain a revenue of 10,000 rupees out of the gingelly crop. It produced 1500 quintals of paddy.
The cooperative activity in the area also developed a team of carpenters this year. This team went around the villages before the onset of the agricultural season and fulfilled the necessities of the agricultural implements of the masses. The janathana sarkar bought furnaces and the necessary metal for the purpose.
Regarding cattle, the janathana sarkar in this area took it up in a creative manner. It distributes cattle and takes 20 kilos of paddy per year in reciprocation. It buys cattle with this money. The farmer could keep the new born with them. With a long-term view the government bought cattle that could give birth to calves.
In addition to cattle the janathana sarkar also distributed goats and hens mainly to those who lost them in the salva judum. It distributed 100 packets of fish to develop pisciculture. It is also looking after the martyr’s families. It is planning to look after the victims of salva judum in the nearby areas.
The development committee of the janathana sarkar is procuring the forest produce like mahua and brooms from the people and selling it. This would facilitate the people’s market necessities.
The forest protection committee, one of the sub-committees of the janathana sarkar takes care that the forest is well protected. It initially took up a campaign not to cut trees indiscriminately. When the people were nomadic, the forest was cut on a very wide scale. Now since the villages are settled, protection of forest has come up in a serious manner. One has to take permission from the forest protection committee to cut forests. The committee would make a study and see which area could be cut in case of necessities for building houses, certain agricultural impediments, beds and other such things. Those who cut the trees without permission would be punished. The punishments are mainly in the form of paying money.
The janathana sarkar is also planning to set up a certain amount for defense purposes, to make weapons for the militia.
The experience of the janathana sarkar shows that scientifically run cooperative activity could achieve tremendous benefits for the people. It also exposes the fake cooperative spirit of the ruling governments with all their money and modern amenities.
The success of the cooperative activity going on in these ‘backward’ forest areas of Dandakaranyam is a trend setter for other areas.
Changes in Culture
In the ‘modern’ world there are a lot of cultural changes. It is a clear fact that these changes are mostly influenced by imperialism, capitalism and feudal values (including hindu fundamentalism). The changes in ‘people’s democracy’ are influenced by Marxism-Leninism-Maoism and the practice of social change in the light of this theory. The concepts of MLM and the Maoist discipline are interpreted and implemented in the specific social context and the problems and contradictions dealt with in a scientific manner, thus building a ‘modern’ society in terms of progressive social change.
The adivasis had a lot of unscientific, blind beliefs regarding production, health and human relations in their social life. Though the basic reason is their lack of scientific and articulated knowledge, these customs mainly benefited the hierarchies in terms of help in agriculture and gaining money. The hierarchy in this adivasi area was mainly constituted with the village head and the village priest. It was mostly hereditary. These families enjoyed all power over the village. Inter and intra family problems and contradictions were brought to the village head for a solution. With the given knowledge about the medicinal herbs and treatment of diseases the village priest was the native doctor and he too had a say in these matters. These heads intervened in matters of marriage, house construction and other such social and essential matters.
When the village head solved a problem, the concerned families were to give him a hen. When the village doctor performed a puja as a part of treatment of disease, he too were to be given a hen. During festivals they were given a large share of the meat distributed among the villagers. In agricultural work, the villagers were expected to work in the fields of these two heads without payment.
When the Maoist party entered the villages and formed mass organizations, the authority of these heads came to an end. As the organizations gained strength, they gained command over village matters. The authority was a collective one and no single person enjoyed it. The matters were discussed in a meeting and all the villagers had a say in any matter. A decision was reached with a consensus. Both the Dandakaranya Adivasi Kisan Mazdoor Sanghatan (DAKMS) and the Kranthikari Adivasi Mahila Sanghatan (KAMS) took up a lot of problems and solved them. This was a part of educating the masses politically and scientifically. Nothing was possible without education as a campaign. This education was in the form of meetings and the cultural organization of the party, Chethana Natya Manch (CNM) had a main role in it. It prepared many songs, dances and playlets on superstitions and age old evil practices and propagated the unscientific nature of the same. This appealed to the people and made them think.
Now after the janathana sarkars were formed, these matters are being taken up by the cultural committee, education committee and the judicial committee.
The cultural committee looks after the cultural life of the people. The festivals are normally related to agricultural activity. The ‘Vijja pandum’ (seed festival) is performed before sowing seeds. It performs the native dance, ‘dhaka’ occasionally. It conducts marriages and also sees that there is no force and that there is agreement by both the girl and the boy. The cultural committee took up education against the practice of killing persons on the suspicion that they were doing witchery.
One normal practice is bigamy. The women’s organization had been fighting against this practice. The activists say it has relatively come down. But there are still incidents where the wife is left and another wife is brought. Earlier the abandoned wife did not have any say in the property, though she had children. She had to look after herself or the parental family supported her. Now the janathana sarkar is solving it in a different manner. In one case where the man brought a second wife, the judicial committee ordered him to give a share of property to the abandoned wife. It specified the amount of land, the cattle and other such things.
Due to the repressive salva judum campaign, the people are forced to go to a weekly market very distant from where they used to go until then. Keeping in view the problem of distance the cultural committee arranged small markets near the villages. It discussed and took money from the janathana sarkar and brought articles from the market and sold them.
When they fought back the initial phase of salva judum the committee, on behalf of the janathana sarkar conducted a ‘Bhoomkal Kharsad’, meaning festival of all. It helped the CNM write songs on salva judum.
In a big move the cultural committee brought a change in the participation of women in festivals and especially hunting. Women were not allowed to participate in the festivals. The women’s organization broke the tradition to a large extent and now the janathana sarkar is advancing it to other such issues. Recently it succeeded in making women part of hunting animals. This was the first time in the history of this area. Tradition did not allow women even to eat meat until recently.
As a part of increasing the production activity, the cultural committee also takes up propaganda about production and the introduction of scientific methods of production.
There are some practices in this area regarding death. The family of the deceased must give meat to the villagers and the relatives in another village. Some of the elders take promise from their sons and daughters to kill a cow in their name and put the tail of it near their grave. This practice is called ‘thoka thohathana’. This practice was discussed a lot in the meetings. The youth were ready to stop this practice, because they understand the importance of cows in agriculture. They felt they could not go on killing cows for each and every death that would only amount to more financial burden. But the elders were not ready. A discussion is going on in this issue. The party is educating them to give up this practice and other such things, but decided to let the people take their own time to change it.
The education committee looks after the establishment of schools and hostels. It arranges teachers. Their salaries are either in the form of payment in kind or contribution to their agricultural production from the villagers. During the salva judum campaign the education committee did a lot when the parliamentary government closed the schools. It held meetings with the teachers and students and promised them to start schools later. And it did.
Makers of Their Own Change
The above facts clearly bring forth the fact that the adivasis have succeeded in laying down a path to change their lives. This change does not benefit merely a single person. It is concerned with the change in the lives of each and everyone and the society as a whole. Thus the people have taken the steering of their lives into their own hands. They are making great leaps forward in the economic and the superstructure spheres, putting parliamentary democracy to shame and throwing a challenge to the so called modern and developing world.
People’s March, September 2007
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Sleep, sleep, sleep.
1. In a normal life a person sleeps for about twenty-five years. But why do we sleep? The simple answer is: we don’t know. We need more sleep when we are young. A baby sleeps for about ten hours. A teenager sleeps for eight and an adult for seven or eight hours. Old people need only five or six hours.
2. There are two kinds of sleep. When you go to sleep you go into deep sleep. Your temperature falls, your body relaxes and you breathe slowly. After about half an hour you go into active sleep. This is also called rapid eye movement sleep (or REM sleep), because your eyes move. You dream in both deep sleep and REM sleep, but in REM sleep you dream in pictures. If you wake up in REM sleep you can usually remember your dream. Your body spends about twenty minutes in REM sleep and then goes back into deep sleep for an hour.
3. Do you ever talk or walk in your sleep? People sleepwalk in deep sleep and sleepwalkers do amazing things. They open doors and windows, they ride bicycles and drive cars. They cook, they take a bath or a shower (often in their pyjamas), they shave, they clean their teeth, they get dressed, they dig the garden and they get into bed with other people.
4. A man in Scotland woke up in his car two miles from his house. He had no clothes on. A girl from Wales woke up at five o’clock in the morning in a launderette. She had a shopping bag and the family’s dog with her.
5. Sleepwalkers are asleep, but they have their eyes open and they can see. They can’t wake up easily. If they do, they can’t remember anything. Do you ever sleepwalk? Are you sure? Perhaps you do, but nobody sees you.
I. Look quickly at the text. In which paragraph will you find the answer to each question?
A. Can sleepwalkers see?
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B. What did the girl from Wales do?
C. How much sleep do teenagers need?
D. What is REM sleep?
E. What kinds of things do sleepwalkers do?
II. Right (R), Wrong (W) or Don’t know (D)?
A. Everyone sleeps for 8 hours a night.
B. Teenagers need less sleep than adults.
C. Some people sleep for only one or two hours.
D. REM sleep is the same as active sleep.
E. You only dream in deep sleep.
F. People sleepwalk in REM sleep.
G. The man from Scotland woke up at five o’clock in the morning.
H. The girl from Wales was in her pyjamas.
I. Sleepwalkers can’t see.
J. Sleepwalkers remember everything they do.
III. Put these facts in the correct column. They are all true.
1. You dream in pictures.
2. You breathe slowly.
3. Your temperature rises.
4. You dream in words.
5. Your temperature falls.
6. You can’t wake up easily.
7. Your body relaxes.
8. You can’t remember your dreams.
9. You breathe quickly.
10.You talk.
11.People sleepwalk.
12.You can wake up easily.
Deep sleep
REM sleep
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What is the source of divine law?
Where does divine law come from?
Divine law is derived from eternal law as it appears historically to humans, especially through revelation, i.e., when it appears to human beings as divine commands. Divine law is divided into the Old Law and the New Law (q91, a5). The Old and New Law roughly corresponding to the Old and New Testaments of the Bible.
What is the divine law in the Bible?
Divine Law is the historical laws of Scripture given to us through God’s self-revelation. Divine law is divided into the Old Law and the New Law, which correspond to the Old and New Testaments of the Bible (q91, a5). … God makes Man a sharer in His law so Man can recognize the unchanging truth” (DH 3)[7].
Who is the main author of the divine law?
Thomas Aquinas (1224/25–1274 CE), natural law and religion were inextricably connected. He believed that natural law “participates” in the divine “eternal” law.
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What is God’s law?
Third, are God’s moral laws. These relate to justice and judgment. They are based on God’s own holy nature. As such, these ordinates are holy, just and unchanging. … 1 Corinthians 6:9-11 (which is in the New Testament, dealing with God’s moral law) says that the unrighteous should not inherit the kingdom of God.
What would life without law?
Life without laws and regulations would be a world that consists of chaos amongst societies and unfairness, human rights would be affected and our freedom would depend on the authorities of governments.
What are examples of divine law?
What is the difference between divine law and human law?
Human law is concerned with the really existing individual as a member of the family or people. Divine law is concerned with the same person insofar as he is beyond reality (Wirklichkeit. )
What is positive divine law?
Divine positive law includes the primitive law given by God in Paradise and after the Fall, the law of the Old Testament given through Moses and the Prophets (see law, mosaic), and the law of the New Testament revealed through Christ. …
Is it possible to maintain natural law without believing in the divine source?
Answer: Natural law refers to moral principles common to most or all human cultures. … … If you do not believe in God, then you will not find divine law compelling, or even, really, acknowledge its existence.
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What are the 4 laws of nature?
According to the present understanding, there are four fundamental interactions or forces: gravitation, electromagnetism, the weak interaction, and the strong interaction.
What are the 7 laws of Nature?
These fundamentals are called the Seven Natural Laws through which everyone and everything is governed. They are the laws of : Attraction, Polarity, Rhythm, Relativity, Cause and Effect, Gender/Gustation and Perpetual Transmutation of Energy.
Why is the divine law important?
Statutory construct is used in order to enhance the understanding of a statue so that a court can apply it to individual cases. In order for there to be a complete understanding, a process has to be consistent from beginning to end.
About self-knowledge
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1930 Durant 614
Tad Burness
In his final years, during the 1940s, William Crapo "Billy" Durant ran a bowling alley, a grocery store and a small restaurant. Few customers realized that this modest hamburger-flipper had founded the mighty General Motors empire in 1908, was later squeezed out of its control by jealous corporate associates, regained control of GM and lost it a second time, and then quickly proceeded in 1921 to form his own Durant Motors, which he hoped would rival GM.
It never did, but it made a fair showing during the 1920s. In the early years of that decade, Durant managed to create a multi-make empire. First the Durant replaced the Sheridan, a car Durant had developed while at GM, which GM allowed Durant to take with him. Then, Durant introduced the lower-priced Star in 1922.
1922 was also the year that Durant acquired Locomobile from the Hare's Motors holding company. Then came the Flint, a midsize six. Durant's four-cylinder export models bore the Rugby name; Rugby was similar to the Star, but there was already a Star automobile by another manufacturer in England.
The illustrated 1930 model "614" is distinctive in profile, with its five horizontal spearoid hood louvres on each side. You could spot it from a block away.
Billy Durant put millions of his own dollars into his company to keep it afloat after the late 1920s. The final Durant was the early 1932 model. In 1933-34, its successor was the Continental, produced and powered by the Continental engine manufacturers.
But the West Coast Durant factory has survived and is now used as an upscale shopping mall and housing community, with streets nearby named after old brands of automobiles. The factory building still bears the name of Durant, and its heritage is still celebrated.
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Policy Basics: Tax Exemptions, Deductions, and Credits
Exemptions and Deductions
For example, a $100 exemption or deduction reduces a filer’s taxable income by $100. It reduces the filer’s taxes by a maximum of $100 multiplied by the tax rate the filer would have faced on that $100 in income. Since current income tax rates range from 0 percent to 37 percent, a $100 exemption or deduction reduces a filer’s taxes by between $0 and $37.
Certain types of income, such as portions of retirement income and some academic scholarships, are tax exempt, meaning that they are not included as part of a filer’s taxable income. Before 2018, filers could also claim a personal exemption, which was an amount that each filer could exclude from his or her taxable income; the exemption was $4,050 in tax year 2017. Filers could also claim exemptions for a spouse and each dependent. Beginning in 2018, the new tax law eliminates personal exemptions until 2026.
A tax deduction is a specific expense that a taxpayer has incurred and can subtract from their[T1] taxable income. Deductions therefore can encourage certain uses of income.
• All filers are eligible to claim a standard deduction, which was significantly raised to $24,000 for married filers in 2018. The standard deduction is adjusted for inflation annually, and it is $24,800 for married filers in 2020. Filers may instead claim itemized deductions for certain expenses such as home mortgage interest, charitable contributions, and state and local taxes. Most filers take the standard deduction. Higher-income filers are much more likely to itemize because the amount they spend on qualifying deductions is typically greater than the standard deduction.
• Taxpayers can claim certain deductions, called above-the-line deductions, whether they take the itemized deduction or the standard deduction. Examples include the deductions for interest paid on student loans and contributions to individual retirement accounts (IRAs).
Tax deductions (and exemptions) are worth different amounts to different taxpayers because, as discussed above, their value is tied to a taxpayer’s marginal tax rate. For example, high-income taxpayers in the 37 percent bracket receive a subsidy of 37 cents for every dollar of additional mortgage interest payments they deduct, while middle-income taxpayers in the 12 percent bracket get an interest subsidy worth only 12 cents on the dollar. Higher-income filers receive the greatest tax benefit from deductions because they face the highest tax rates.
In contrast to exemptions and deductions, which reduce a filer’s taxable income, credits directly reduce a filer’s tax liability — that is, the amount of tax a filer owes. Taxpayers subtract their credits from the tax they would otherwise owe to determine their final tax liability. That means that a $100 tax credit reduces the amount of tax a filer owes by a maximum of $100.
Comparing the Value of Deductions and Credits
The table below compares the value of deductions, non-refundable credits, and refundable credits for three tax filers: Filer A has no taxable income, Filer B is in the lowest marginal tax bracket (10 percent), and Filer C is in the highest bracket (37 percent). In the example below, all filers are married.
Value of Deductions, Non-Refundable Credits, and Refundable Credits
Tax Filer Top Marginal Tax Bracket Taxable Income Range a Value of $2,000 Deduction Value of $2,000 Non-Refundable Credit Value of $2,000 Refundable Credit
A 0%b $0 $0 $0 $2,000
B 10% $1 to $19,750 Up to $200 ($2,000 x 10%) Up to $1,975 ($19,750 x 10%) c $2,000
C 37% $622,051 or more Up to $200 ($2,000 x 10%)d $2,000e $2,000
a To calculate taxable Income, a tax filer subtracts from their total income the standard deduction ($24,800 for married couples, $12,400 for single filers, and $18,650 for heads of households) or the value of their itemized deductions, as well as any above-the-line deductions. Tax liability is then calculated based on a filer’s taxable income.
b A tax filer is in the 0% bracket when their taxable income is $0. For instance, Filer A may have up to $24,800 of total income (for a married couple), which is then reduced to $0 by the standard deduction. Even though Filer A has no taxable income, they must have earned income to qualify for the refundable credit.
c The first $19,750 of taxable income is subject to the 10 percent rate. In this example, Filer B has taxable income
between $1 and $19,750.
d The maximum value of the deduction is $740 since the largest marginal tax bracket is 37% ($2,000 x 37% = $740).
e Assuming a positive tax liability of at least $2,000.
Similarly, the $2,000 non-refundable credit delivers no tax benefit to Filer A because Filer A has no tax liability. The credit is worth up to $1,975 for Filer B since the credit is worth $2,000 or the amount of Filer B’s tax liability without the credit, whichever is lower. Filer C, a high-income filer in the top tax bracket, is assumed to have at least $2,000 in tax liability without the credit and therefore can benefit from the credit’s full $2,000 value.
The $2,000 refundable credit, in contrast, is worth $2,000 to all three filers. Filer A, who has no tax liability, would receive the entire amount as a refund from the IRS (assuming that they had earnings from work of at least $2,000).
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Powered rope ascender infographic
Graphic shows Power Rope Ascender and its applications, and explains how it works.
Powered rope ascender
February 19, 2007 - A motorized pulley, which will let military, paramedics and firefighters climb up 30-storey buildings in 30 seconds, has become a reality thanks to the Powered Rope Ascender. Developed initially for military use, the Ascender is now being touted as a valuable device for the emergency services. The Ascender has been awarded the Lemelson-MIT Student prize for U.S. inventions.
Imagine a device that allows you to soar up a rope, scaling the highest cliffs and tallest buildings at breakneck speeds like some comic book hero. Such a device has become a reality thanks to the Powered Rope Ascender. Developed initially for military use in urban warfare situations, the Ascender is now being touted as a valuable device for use by the emergency services in rescue operations.
The Ascender was first developed for the 2004 student U.S. Army Soldier Design Competition. Following a requirement to create a lightweight device capable of rapidly lifting a fully equipped soldier up a rope, principal inventor Nathan Ball and three other students at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology came up with a prototype cobbled together from old power tool parts. Ball is now the Chief Technical Officer of Atlas Devices, a company set up after the competition to exploit the commercial potential of the gadget. He was at the forefront of developing the novel split capstan, the key to the Ascender’s efficient operation. This consists of a series of rollers sitting on a turning spindle that pulls the rope tighter as it is wound around the rollers during an ascent.
Atlas Devices claims that speeds of 10 feet (3 metres) per second are possible, with a fully loaded fire fighter or soldier able to reach the top of a four-story building in less than four seconds. This is about the speed of a typical elevator, and much quicker than plodding up a staircase with heavy equipment or using a traditional winch. Furthermore, ascending only requires one hand, leaving the other hand free to carry equipment. However, the rope does need to be attached at rooftop level before any ascent is possible. So unless a rope is left permanently in position on a building, it would only be of use to a second batch of rescuers.
Remote operation is possible, allowing equipment and supplies to be hauled up or down a rope. And by combining the device with a suitable gearbox and an appropriate rope, it will provide an effective winch to tow loads of more than 1,000 pounds (454 kilograms) – very handy for moving vehicles or other obstacles blocking roadways. As it is powerful enough to pull a rescuer and casualty up a rope together, it is particularly useful in recovery operations. Weighing just 15 pounds (7 kilograms), the Ascender can be easily carried to remote mountainous areas.
Users have two options for powering the device. They can either rely on the integrated rechargeable lithium-ion battery, which allows it to lift a 250-pound (113-kilogram) load over 600 feet (183 metres) on a single charge, or power from a vehicle through a special adaptor. Atlas Devices has recently succeeded in securing its first contract, worth US$120,000, from the U.S. Army to provide various prototypes. But the Company expects the cost of the Ascender to come down significantly in the next few years when it might even be within the budget of the average weekend adventurer.
PUBLISHED: 19/2/2007; STORY: Mark Rutter
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• Schuyler Beltrami
Prince Philip Dead at 99
Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, and husband to Queen Elizabeth II of Great Britain, has passed away at the age of 99. Philip was one of the most well-known members of the British Royal Family, having been married to the Queen since 1947, while also being the father to four children.
Prince Philip (Photo: deadline.com)
Prince Philip was one of the most recognizable members of the British Royal Family, almost always by the side of his wife, Queen Elizabeth II. Throughout their 74-year marriage, the Royal Family saw a lot of changes both in their own affairs as well as throughout the world. Prince Philip fathered four children including the heir apparent to the British Throne, Prince Charles. He was the longest-serving male consort, as well as the oldest male member of the British Throne in its entire illustrious history. Throughout his life, he committed himself to different causes, most notably The Duke of Edinburgh’s Award, which rewards youth throughout the world for excellency in self-improvement. He was also an avid equestrian, especially in the sport of polo.
Born on the island of Corfu in Greece (then the Kingdom of Greece) in 1921, Prince Philip was the fifth child, and only son, of Prince Andrew of Greece and Denmark and his wife Princess Alice of Battenberg. Due to his birth into the House of Glücksburg, he immediately became in the line of succession for the thrones of both Denmark and Greece. Owing to a prevailing anti-German sentiment in Britain during World War I, the Battenbergs changed their name to Mountbatten, an Anglicized version of their German name. During this time, Greece was embroiled in a war with Turkey (known as the Greco-Turkish War), which went very badly for Greece and saw Turkey make large territorial gains. Because of Greece’s failures in this war, many in the general public blamed reigning King Constantine I, who was also Philip’s uncle. The Royal Family of Greece was forced to abdicate from the throne and flee in exile from Greece. Philip first went to France before arriving in Britain to meet with other members of his family. Due to this mixed heritage and cosmopolitan upbringing, Philip was fluent in English, French and German, and spoke a little Greek as well. After spending time at boarding schools in Germany and Great Britain, Philip served in the Royal Navy during World War II, which sent him to many war theaters around Europe, including being present during the Invasions of Sicily (Italy) and Crete (Greece). Briefly before his military service began, he met Elizabeth, who was his third cousin and daughter of reigning King George VI, and the two fell in love. In 1947, two years after the end of World War II, Philip and Elizabeth married at Westminster Abbey in London, a marriage which was broadcast throughout the world to over 200 million people via a live radio broadcast. Shortly before the wedding, Philip gave up his Danish and Greek titles and became a naturalized British citizen, thus eliminating any claims he had to the Danish and Greek thrones. Elizabeth would not take over as Monarch until 1952 upon the death of King George VI, but Philip and Elizabeth already had two children before her coronation, Charles (the current heir apparent) and Anne. On February 6th, 1952, King George VI died, and Queen Elizabeth II became the ruling Monarch of Great Britain.
Philip’s time as Consort to Queen Elizabeth II was filled with ups and downs in both his public and private life. Although press reports sometimes detailed a tenuous relationship between Philip and the Queen, these were always firmly denied by the pair and they often were seen walking together in public. In a 2012 speech to Parliament, Queen Elizabeth described Philip as her “constant rock” as their marriage continued to be publicly strong for decades. As Consort, Philip undertook many trips throughout the world and the Commonwealth, sometimes joined by his wife. Upon becoming Consort, the sun was setting on the British Empire and the wave of anti-colonialism movements grew stronger around the world. Throughout the 1950’s and 60’s many countries earned their independence from Great Britain, perhaps the most notable being India (who earned their independence along with Pakistan, East Pakistan (Bangladesh) and Burma (Myanmar)). Philip became a patron to many different organizations throughout his life, focusing mostly on environmental and educational causes. Most notably, he served as international chairman and President Emeritus of the World Wildlife Fund since 1981 and served as chancellor to universities throughout Great Britain. Perhaps his most public scandal occurred in the aftermath of the death of Princess Diana, the wife of his son Prince Charles. One year after a very public divorce from Charles, Diana was killed in a car crash in Paris. The public response by the Queen and Philip was seen as cold and unemotional by many in the British public, as they stayed confined to their family home in Balmoral for nearly a week after the incident. Their image was partly restored during the funeral of Diana, where the entire Royal Family walked behind her casket.
In his later years, Philip’s health slowly deteriorated, but he remained in high spirits and continued to perform his Royal duties until nearly the end of his life. Due to his multiple health issues, Philip officially retired from all royal duties in August of 2017. During the COVID-19 pandemic, Philip spent most of his time in isolation to limit risk of exposure and he was vaccinated against the virus in January. At the end of February, he was admitted to a nearby hospital due to an infection and was discharged on March 16. On April 9, Philip passed away peacefully. No official reason has been given for his death, although at his age of 99, it is not unusual for his death to have occurred. In response to his death, Great Britain entered a day of mourning, and flags were lowered to half-mast. Plans for his funeral are currently underway with the Royal Family’s involvement. Philip is survived by four children, eight grandchildren and ten great-grandchildren.
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What Does Puma Stand For In Robotics?
What Does Puma Stand For In Robotics?
Robot: Industrial robots. They are known as PUMA (Programmable Universal Machine for Assembly), and have been used since 1978 to assemble automobile subcomponents such as dash panels and lights.
What Is Puma 560 Robot?
A stereotaxic operation using PUMA 560 was performed in 1985, in which computed tomography was used to guide the robot as it inserted a needle into the brain for biopsy, a procedure previously difficult due to hand tremors.
What Type Of Basic Arm Does The Puma Robot Have?
In the PUMA robotic arm (for “Programmable Universal Machine for Assembly”), there are six axes and three axes that make up a spherical wrist.
What Is Robotics In Short Form?
A robot is used to perform tasks traditionally performed by humans. It is used for robotics, design, construction, and use of machines (robots). In industries where human workers are required to work in hazardous environments, robots are widely used to perform simple repetitive tasks, such as automobile manufacturing.
What Does Scara Stand For?
A SCARA robot arm is an acronym for Selective Compliance Articulated Robot Arm, which means it is compliant in the X-Y axis and rigid in the Z-Y axis. A variety of material handling operations can be handled by the SCARA configuration.
How Many Joints Are There In The Wrist Of Puma 560 Robot?
Joint Maximums
Wrist Bend
What Was The Puma Robot Used For?
Since 1978, industrial robots called PUMA (Programmable Universal Machine for Assembly) have been used to assemble automobile components such as dash panels and lights. In electronics and other industries, PUMA is still used as a light assembly tool, and its descendants, large and small, are still widely imitated.
What Is The Number Of Degree Of Freedom Dof In Puma560 Robot?
There are seven fixed bodies and six joints connecting them in the robot arm. Figure 1 shows the six degree-of-freedom PUMA 560 robot manipulator.
What Type Of Robot Is Puma?
In the early 1990s, Victor Scheinman founded Unimation, a pioneering robot company, and developed the PUMA (Programmable Universal Machine for Assembly, or Programmable Universal Manipulation Arm).
What Is The Arm Of A Robot Called?
As with the human hand, the terminus of the kinematic chain of the manipulator is called the end effector. However, the term “robotic hand” is often used to refer to the robotic arm, which is not considered a synonym.
What Type Of Robot Is A Robotic Arm?
A robotic manipulator arm is one of the most important parts of an industrial robot, and it is sometimes referred to as a robotic manipulator. A robotic arm is a mechanical device that can rotate or move linearly by connecting to joints or axes.
How Many Types Of Robotic Arms Are There?
Cartesian, SCARA, cylindrical, delta, polar, and vertically articulated industrial robots are the six main types. In addition to these types of robots, there are several others. There is a joint configuration available in each of these types. A joint in the arm is called an axes joint.
What Is The Full Form Of Robotics?
ROBOT is the full name of the full name of the conference, or ROBOT stands for the full name of the conference, or ROBOT stands for the full name of the conference, or ROBOT stands for the full name of the conference, or ROBOT stands for the full name of the conference.
What Is The Abbreviation Short?
The abbreviation is a shortened form of a written word or phrase. It is possible to save space and time by using abbreviations, to avoid repetition of long words and phrases, or simply to conform to the way things are done in the real world.
What Is Robotics Called In English?
Computer science and engineering are interdisciplinary fields that deal with robotics. A robot is designed, constructed, operated, and used in robotics. It is possible for robots to take on any form, but some are designed to look like humans.
What Is Scara Used For?
In order to perform high-speed and high-accuracy pick-and-place operations, the SCARA robot is most commonly used. A SCARA robot can generally operate at higher speeds and with an optional cleanroom specification, depending on its speed.
How A Scara Robot Works?
A SCARA is a four-axis robot that has a rotating X-Y and Z axis, and 360-degree rotation about the Z axis. The robot can move dynamically, quickly, and intelligently thanks to inverse kinematics and data interpolation.
Who Invented Scara?
Professor Hiroshi Makino, at Yamanashi University in Japan, developed the first SCARA robot as a revolutionary prototype in 1978. It was the first robot arm designed at the time to use four axes. Its simplicity made it easy to use, and it could do more with less motion.
How Many Joints Does A Scara Have?
A SCARA robot has four joints, which indicate that it has a degree of freedom (DOF) of four.
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Is Ross Based On Ibm Watson?
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How To Develop an Effective Software Development Life Cycle
The mid-1940s to 1960s was the start of the time of the data framework and its turn of events. Prior to that, Frederick Taylor and Henry Gantt concocted overseeing projects in 1910, drawing the main venture the executive’s chart trying to characterize a functioning example for tedious errands. Their methodology toward presenting a system for performing assignments empowered us to work on the usefulness of our modern area. Engineers follow a similar interaction for programming improvement.
After the product emergency, specialists discovered the need to deal with the product advancement measure in a more coordinated way. Their fundamental center was to foster an efficient construction to smooth out the cycle and increment the achievement pace of the turn of events. Since the business is so powerful, there is a steady need to refresh our advancement cycle into better than ever forms.
Consequently, we have various procedures to foster programming, accordingly permitting more noteworthy effectiveness. These procedures incorporate the cascade model, the coordinated model, and others. As indicated by numerous engineers, the lithe model is the most dependable and well-known programming advancement model.
What Is SDL?
Software Development Life Cycle is a standard method to go through definite advances and devise viable programming through interaction. Numerous designer groups follow this technique to address clients’ issues in a given time period while diminishing the expenses and assets.
As I will show you later in this post, the existence cycle incorporates six to eight stages—however, contingent upon the task, designers may add, eliminate, and join the means. A definitive objective of these means is to keep you exceptionally engaged all through the improvement cycle, empowering you to assess and upgrade the nature of the product.
Since this cycle creates important results, numerous designers go through hours on it with the goal that their instrument flawlessly runs as per the assumptions. Notwithstanding all the above benefits, the product advancement life cycle incorporates tests to distinguish failures, decrease expenses, and fix blunders.
How SDL Functions
Programming advancement life cycle is a way of working on quality while decreasing creation time. SDL offers an arrangement that assists you with assessing the project and accomplishing your objectives. Additionally, it characterizes the prerequisites of your task. At the point when you comprehend the necessities of your task, you can expect slip-ups and track down the most ideal arrangement.
The fundamental motivations to zero in on SDL are to test how functional your undertaking advancement measure is, the means by which the activity plan works, and how you can further develop collaboration among colleagues inside the group.
After you complete the improvement cycle, you go through the SDL method and distinguish expected issues. When you sort out the issues, you discover arrangements and carry out them. As this is a redundant interaction, you should rehash the existence cycle until the instrument lines up with assumptions. Many creating groups don’t understand that with extra exertion, they can set aside a great deal of cash, time, and assets.
Phases of SDL
To make the advancement interaction effective, smooth, and useful, there are explicit strides to follow—the periods of the product improvement life cycle. They are as per the following.
The primary period of SDL includes conceptualizing or arranging. Start the cycle with a thought, and examine with the group the techniques to carry out those thoughts. Cautiously assess the undertaking, thinking about different terms, including appointing individuals to groups, planning an administration plan, booking an arrangement as per objectives, and surveying work and material expenses. Clarify every one of the fundamental components of the cycle to your group so they center around a comparative objective and stay away from disarray.
Requirement Discussion
During this stage, you should characterize what’s going on with the undertaking and how to make the advancement interaction more practical. Other than fostering an infectious plan and clean code, tracking down a noteworthy arrangement requires your group to have a superior and exhaustive comprehension of the venture.
Design and Prototyping
Once your team members develop a thorough understanding of what they are creating, the time has come to work on the design phase. The specialists and planners will characterize the work process and cycle to give arrangements, using information base construction and plan. In this stage, the principal focal point of the group is to plan a model for the accompanying advance.
The advancement interaction incorporates coding and changing over the model into the last programming. This is the longest interaction in the product advancement life cycle. A solitary designer can compose a little venture; nonetheless, for bigger undertakings, you should separate the coding system and gap the composing errands between various engineers or groups.
You can follow your designers’ progressions by source code or access code. This stage likewise incorporates documentation, which is a speedy aide clarifying why the designer utilized a particular piece of code. Documentation can be a video guide, a composed aide, or a remark on the source code.
When your group finishes the advancement interaction, they start testing. The quality affirmation group will lead tests, including framework mix, usefulness, and interoperability. Moreover, they guarantee the code is perfect through client acknowledgment testing. Their primary intention is to meet business objectives.
This cycle includes the genuine establishment and execution of the information and different parts of the task. The time and exertion needed to finish this stage rely upon the intricacy of the apparatus.
Operations and Maintenance
When you execute the product on the lookout, you should refresh the device and run upkeep on a convenient premise. This is the last period of the product improvement life cycle, and it includes fulfilling end clients by adding new capacities and further developing execution through normal overhauls.
A Successful SDL Assists You With meeting Your Goals
You can accomplish your business objectives and future development by completely carrying out the necessary periods of the product advancement life cycle.
By using the product advancement life cycle, you have a chance to foster the work process. You would then be able to pick the level of subtleties your creating group should know—without giving all the data. You can additionally improve the functioning system with the assistance of a task, the board device. Recollect that SDL models are not super durable. You can change the cycle as the group develops, conditions change, and the business extends.
Remember that a successful programming advancement life cycle decides the motivation behind the instrument so you can begin the improvement interaction. The cycle you decide to foster the product will assist you with meeting your techniques and goals. Besides, SDL distinguishes the most ideal approaches to proficiently use assets inside a certain time period and decide the most great arrangements.
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TESOL in China TESOL Certification globally recognized
TESOL training output - Nancy
作者：TESOL Trainee来源：TESOL网址：http://www.tesolinchina.com
TESOL tips for make fun
Through the training, I learned a lot of knowledge.How to make the class more interesting and let all the students actively participate in the classroom activities.
First of all, teachers should design many interesting classroom activities to make their classes more interesting. Teachers in the classroom said less time, a lot of time for students, let students speak more English, express themselves.
Teachers should organize students to sit in a circle in class, so that all students do the same thing, they think it is fair.Teachers should encourage students to read the target sentences aloud in class.
In addition, in the classroom teachers should design a lot of interesting classroom activities, design different classroom games, so that each student will like the class, will actively participate in classroom activities.
For example,when teaching words, we can play a lot of interesting games in class.Say what i say ,do what i do.Teachers do different actions, all students can actively participate, and more interesting. So the students will be busy and have no time to feel bored or talk.
Another interesting game is to hit monsters. The teacher invited all the students to play games. The teacher says the word, and takes the hammer to do the action of knocking on the student's head, the student needs to repeat the teacher's word and squat down. This can be better to attract the attention of students, but also in the practice of words when students can practice the ability to observe and respond.
Description and drawing is also a very fun game in class.When the teacher teaches the word, the teacher describes it and the students draw the target word together. Finally, show each student's work, through the student's own description, practice students' sentence output and deepen students' impression of knowledge.For example, when the teacher talks about animals, the teacher describes, the students draw animals on paper, and finally show the students' works, each child's works are different, and full of fun.
Two thermometers and kill each other.Two thermometers and kill each other is also a very fun classroom game. Through this game, students can exercise the sense of cooperation and competition, exercise the sense of participation in the classroom, so that everyone is an important part of the group.
For example, today we have a recitation lesson, where we review everything we have learned in this unit. The teacher asks questions to see which group of students answers the question first, and which group can heat the thermometer of the other party.
Spot the differences This game not only trains observation ability, but also trains students' patience and carefulness. At the same time, it can increase the enthusiasm of students to participate in the classroom..
For example, in class, the teacher finds two interesting pictures to display on the whiteboard, and then lets the students observe the difference between the two pictures, and the teacher who answers the questions fastest gives her a reward in time. In this way, students will interact with teachers more actively, participate in classroom activities, and the classroom atmosphere is relaxed and happy.
In class, teachers can also tell a story to teach children knowledge. Students can follow the teacher's description to imagine, stimulate students' curiosity, and then step by step to join the classroom knowledge, students will be more impressed by the knowledge.
Teachers can also use more nursery rhymes to learn songs in class.
When teaching songs, the teacher can give the key words to the students, and then divide all the students into groups to discuss. Let these key words form a new song, but the pitch remains the same. This can not only exercise students' creative thinking, but also cultivate students' sense of cooperation. This can also make the classroom more exciting.
In the classroom, the teacher should treat every student equally, encourage them often in the classroom, and give them rewards in time. Don't criticize the students when they make mistakes, just repeat the sentences after the activity. Positive suggestions will make students more receptive and more interested in the classroom.
I like this training very much, I have learned a lot of knowledge here, which is very helpful to my teaching career.
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Blood-poisoning deaths higher in Texas than national average
According to a recent study, Texas has a higher than the national average rate of deaths due to septicemia, or blood poisoning.
Texas seems to have a higher-than-average number of deaths due to blood poisoning.
That's one of the findings from researchers who used CDC data to analyze causes of death around the country.
While modern medicine in the United States has lead to great advances in increasing the length and quality of life for Americans, for one of the first times in modern history, life expectancy is dropping.
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention report that life expectancy at birth in the country has been declining for the past three years in a row.
In 2017, life expectancy in the U.S. was an average 78.6, down from 78.7 in 2016.
While small, the CDC says the drop marks an alarming national trend.
Common killers like heart disease and cancers still account for the majority of deaths in the U.S., but there are some surprising outliers like unintentional injuries (including overdose) and intentional suicide that are suddenly on the rise.
Website 360 Quote rounded up all the surprising, yet common, causes of death in all 50 states (and Washington D.C.).
To find the most over-indexed causes of death in each state, researchers used data from the CDC.
Of the top leading causes of death, researchers looked at each state’s age-adjusted mortality rate for that cause. The cause that exceeded the respective national mortality rate by the most was identified as the most over-indexed cause of deaths in that state.
In Texas, there seems to be a higher-than-average number of deaths due to septicemia.
Septicemia is a form of blood poisoning caused by bacteria or toxins in the blood stream. It can occur when an infection in another part of the body enters the blood stream. The condition can become dangerous as the toxin-filled blood is carried throughout the body.
The blood infection accounts for 18.8 deaths per 100,000 people in the state.
Blood-poisoning deaths in Texas are 49 percent higher than the national rate (12.9 per 100,000 people).
A total of 4,268 people succumb to septicemia in Texas each year, accounting for 2.15 percent of the deaths in the state.
In Oklahoma, the over-indexed cause of disease was chronic lower respiratory diseases which accounted for 79.4 deaths per 100,000 people. A total of 3,035 people died from this cause in Oklahoma each year, accounting for 7.5 percent of the total deaths in the state.
The top five causes of death in the U.S. are diseases of the heart, cancer, accidents, chronic lower respiratory diseases and cerebrovascular diseases.
Heart disease and cancer are by far the leading causes of death, accounting for at least 1.2 million U.S. death’s in 2017.
Death rates due to suicide or accidents are small compared to the top two killers, but they are increasing at a noticeable rate.
In 2017, the rate of suicide increased 33 percent from 1999.
In the same time range, death due to accidents increased from 37.2 per 100,000 to 52.2. Unintentional injuries include alcohol or drug overdoses.
Mortality rates showed a strong negative correlation with median income. States with lower median income tended to have higher mortality rates per 100,000 population.
To see surprising causes of death in other states, view the full study at
Twitter: @KowalickNews
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Anti- Aging 4 Comprehensive
The Anti- Aging 4 Comprehensive panel contains 18 tests with 49 biomarkers.
Also known as: Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate, DHEA SO4, DHEA Sulfate Immunoassay, DHEAS, Transdehydroandrosterone
Estradiol (estradiol-17 beta, E2) is part of an estrogen that is a group of steroids that regulate the menstrual cycle and function as the main female sex hormones. Estrogens are responsible for the development of female sex organs and secondary sex characteristics and are tied to the menstrual cycle and pregnancy. They are considered the main sex hormones in women and are present in small quantities in men. Estradiol (E2) is the predominant form of estrogen and is produced primarily in the ovaries with additional amounts produced by the adrenal glands in women and in the testes and adrenal glands in men. Estradiol levels are used in evaluating ovarian function. Estradiol levels are increased in cases of early (precocious) puberty in girls and gynecomastia in men. Its main use has been in the differential diagnosis of amenorrhea – for example, to determine whether the cause is menopause, pregnancy, or a medical problem. In assisted reproductive technology (ART), serial measurements are used to monitor follicle development in the ovary in the days prior to in vitro fertilization. Estradiol is also sometimes used to monitor menopausal hormone replacement therapy.
Also known as: Estrogen Total Serum
Estrogen, Total, Serum
Also known as: Folate Serum, Folic Acid
Folate, Serum
Folate is part of the B complex of vitamins and is measures the levels of folate in the liquid portion of the blood, the serum or plasma, to detect deficiencies. Folate is necessary for normal RBC formation, tissue and cellular repair, and DNA synthesis.. A deficiency inr folate can lead to macrocytic anemia. Megaloblastic anemia, a type of macrocytic anemia, is characterized by the production of fewer but larger RBCs called macrocytes, in addition to some cellular changes in the bone marrow.
Also known as: Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH), Follicle Stimulating Hormone and Luteinizing Hormone
Also known as: GH, Growth Hormone GH, HGH, Human Growth Hormone (hGH), Somatotropin
Growth Hormone (Gh)
This test measures the amount of growth hormone (GH) in the blood. GH is a hormone produced by the pituitary gland. Growth hormone is essential for a child's normal growth and development and promotes proper linear bone growth from birth through puberty. Children with insufficient GH production grow more slowly and are smaller in size for their age. Excess GH is most often due to a GH-secreting pituitary tumor (usually benign). Too much GH can cause children's long bones to continue to grow beyond puberty, resulting in gigantism with heights of 7 or more feet tall. Those with excess GH may also have thickening of facial features, general weakness, delayed puberty, and headaches. Gigantism is an extremely rare condition. Although GH is not as active in adults, it does play a role in regulating bone density, muscle mass, and lipid metabolism. Deficiencies can lead to decreased bone densities, less muscle mass, and altered lipid levels. Excess GH in adults can lead to acromegaly, marked not by bone lengthening but by bone thickening.
Also known as: Homocysteine, Homocysteine Cardiovascular
Igf I, LC/MS
Z Score (Female)
Also known as: Iron and TIBC, Iron and Total Iron Binding Capacity TIBC, TIBC
% Saturation
Iron Binding Capacity
Iron, Total
Also known as: Progesterone Immunoassay
Serum progesterone is a test to measure the amount of progesterone in the blood. Progesterone is a hormone produced mainly in the ovaries. In women, progesterone plays a vital role in pregnancy. After an egg is released by the ovaries (ovulation), progesterone helps make the uterus ready for implantation of a fertilized egg. It prepares the womb (uterus) for pregnancy and the breasts for milk production. Men produce some amount of progesterone, but it probably has no normal function except to help produce other steroid hormones.
Also known as: PSA
Psa, Total
PSA stands for prostate-specific antigen. It is a protein produced by prostate cells. The PSA test is done to help diagnose and follow prostate cancer in men.
Also known as: Sex Hormone Binding Globulin SHBG, SHBG, TeBG, Testosterone-estrogen Binding Globulin
Sex Hormone Binding
The sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) test measures the concentration of SHBG in the blood. SHBG is a protein that is produced by the liver and binds tightly to testosterone, dihydrotestosterone (DHT), and estradiol (an estrogen). In this bound state, it transports them in the blood as an inactive form. The amount of SHBG in circulation is affected by age and sex, by decreased or increased testosterone or estrogen production and can be affected by certain diseases and conditions such as liver disease, hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism, and obesity. Changes in SHBG levels can affect the amount of testosterone that is available to be used by the body's tissues. A total testosterone test does not distinguish between bound and unbound testosterone but determines the overall quantity of testosterone. If a person's SHBG level is not normal, then the total testosterone may not be an accurate representation of the amount of testosterone that is available to the person's tissues.
Also known as: Free T3, FT3, T3 Free
T3, Free
This test measures the amount of triiodothyronine, or T3, in the blood.
Also known as: Free T4, FT4, T4 Free
T4, Free
The free T4 test is not affected by protein levels. Since free T4 is the active form of thyroxine, the free T4 test is may be a more accurate reflection of thyroid hormone function.
Also known as: Testosterone Free Dialysis and Total LCMSMS
Free Testosterone
A testosterone test measures the amount of the male hormone, testosterone, in the blood. Both men and women produce this hormone. In males, the testicles produce most of the testosterone in the body. Levels are most often checked to evaluate signs of low testosterone: In boys -- early or late puberty and in men -- impotence, low level of sexual interest, infertility, thinning of the bones In females, the ovaries produce most of the testosterone and levels are most often checked to evaluate signs of higher testosterone levels, such as: decreased breast size, excess hair growth, increased size of the clitoris. irregular or absent menstrual periods and male-pattern baldness or hair thinning.
Amorphous Sediment
Calcium Oxalate Crystals
Granular Cast
Hyaline Cast
Leukocyte Esterase
Occult Blood
Level of acid
Reducing Substances
Renal Epithelial Cells
Specific Gravity
Squamous Epithelial Cells
Transitional Epithelial
Triple Phosphate Crystals
Uric Acid Crystals
Also known as: Retinol, Vitamin A, Vitamin A Retinol
Vitamin A
Also known as: B12, B12 Vitamin, Cobalamin, Cyanocobalamin, Vitamin B12 Cobalamin
Vitamin B12
Vitamin B12 is part of the B complex of vitamins and measurea the levels of vitamin B12 in the liquid portion of the blood, the serum or plasma, to detect deficiencies. Cobalamine, or vitamin B12, is found in animal products such as red meat, fish, poultry, milk, yogurt, and eggs and is not produced in the human body. In recent years, fortified cereals, breads, and other grain products have also become important dietary sources of B12. Vitamin B12 is necessary for normal RBC formation, tissue and cellular repair, and DNA synthesis. B12 is important for nerve health. A deficiency in B12 can lead to macrocytic anemia. Megaloblastic anemia, a type of macrocytic anemia, is characterized by the production of fewer but larger RBCs called macrocytes, in addition to some cellular changes in the bone marrow. B12 deficiency can lead to varying degrees of neuropathy, nerve damage that can cause tingling and numbness in the affected person's hands and feet.
Customer Reviews
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Gas Spring
Better life
Technical Information of Gas Springs
Technical Information of Gas Springs
Gas Spring
Gas springs are commonly used as a return force to hold two opposing windows or doors together in both commercial and residential buildings. Gas springs can be used in these applications because of the simplicity of their design, the reliability they have, and their cost-efficiency.
In this article, there will be an understanding of how gas springs work, what kinds of gas springs are available; which ones are likely to be applicable for use on applications such as a window/door system; and other information about application examples that use gas springs.
How it Works:
The mechanism behind a gas spring is basic physics (An online resource). A cylinder with pistons attached has more stored energy than one with no compression when placed under compression. When a force, applied to the piston end, pushes down on the piston and cylinder, depleting the compressed gas stored within. The other end of the cylinder is attached to a spring mounting which can be mounted onto another component or completely stand-alone. When released from compression, springs return due to elasticity.
Different Types:
There are many types of gas springs available; some have more specific purposes than others do. Below are examples of common applications for gas springs in both residential buildings and commercial skyscrapers:
1. A) Simple Gas Spring: a simple gas spring is most commonly used to hold two opposing doors together or can be placed on any moving part on a door that requires constant force, so the door may function properly. An example of this type of application would be if one person was pulling the door open while another was pushing it closed; there are many factors that must go into effect for everything to function accordingly. A simple gas spring can also be used as an undercarriage suspension system on vehicles when springs begin to wear out from use.
2. B) Heavy Duty Gas Spring:The heavy-duty gas spring is much stronger than the simple type and best applied in instances where extra reinforcement is needed. When buildings become physically larger and taller than observation decks require extra support for safety measures,
3. C) Long Travel Gas Spring: These springs are used in situations where a larger degree of travel is needed for an object. An example would be when windows need to open up from the bottom out instead of just sliding horizontally or vertically as all other windows do.
4. D) High-Performance Gas Spring: This type of gas spring is typically categorized by how fast it can apply force and consume energy. The high-performance gas spring has become relevant to modern technology because it can operate much faster than any mechanical system ever created, producing a consistent flow of energy without tying it down to one specific function. Modern vehicles rely on this type of technology due to its high adaptability that allows support but can change direction and function as needed.)
5. E) Multi-Spring System:A multi-spring system combines two or more gas springs bundled into one unit. This spring type is mostly used in industrial and automotive fields for extreme conditions that require extra support.
What it looks like
A Simple Gas Spring consists of 3 main components: the cylinder head cover, the cylinder head, and the piston. The piston is connected to a rod that has a ball mounted at one end and a swivel-type joint with an attached hook on the other. The ball joint allows for 360-degree movement while in use; this connection can attach to anything that stretches. While pushing down on the top of the cylinder, the cover forces gas into the piston chamber from below through an open valve. (This system works as if you were pumping up your bicycle tire.) As force is applied to compress the gas, more stored energy increases in the spring, which returns when released. A simple spring can produce 100-200 pounds per inch of travel with relatively fast response times; most systems take only less than a second to return. The heavy-duty spring can produce even more force with higher travel and slower response time. This is because larger diameter gas springs are needed to compensate for the additional weight that this system would have to carry in order to meet demanding loads; heavier loads require more energy and thus will need a stronger spring.
A Long Travel Gas Spring has similar components as the Simple Gas Spring, except that the piston has different joints attached where it attaches to its rod. In this case, one end has an elbow joint while another end is mounted with a ball joint so it can be fitted onto virtually any length of piping without obstruction.
This type of spring also differs from others; there is one extra component. A pilot valve is needed to maintain the required gas pressure for application and return of force. This valve gets triggered when pushing on the cylinder cover; it allows compressed air or nitrogen to flow through a hose into the piston chamber at any desired time.
A High-Performance Gas Spring has additional parts but functions similarly to other springs: It uses stored energy that becomes available for use when compressed. The valves are opened manually to control the amount of gas released into the system; this process can be used with any type of spring using anything from the solid rod, wire mesh, fabric, or metal.
The components of this high-performance model consist of two cylinders with a piston for each and two covers. Covers are gas springs in themselves; pistons connect with the inner side of the cylinder cover. The outer sides of the cylinder covers have openings to allow compressed air or nitrogen (not shown) to flow into their respective chambers.
The only difference between this high-performance spring and a simple spring is that this design has an additional pilot valve that works along with its external cylinder cover. This function allows control over how much-stored energy will be available for use at a given time; when activated by pushing down on its cylindrical head, it opens a valve via internal mechanism as if operating with any other type of spring system.
The gas spring is designed for high performance; the body of each cylinder can rotate 360 degrees on a center bolt, and the outer sides of covers are equipped with opening doors. A pilot valve is used to maintain pressure in an air or nitrogen chamber within its cylinder while being compressed by pushing down on top of its head, which opens up a valve that releases the stored energy when given back some space. (Energy is released by allowing compressed air/nitrogen to flow into the piston chamber.)
When pushed down again, all three locking mechanisms will drop back into their respective openings at once, just as they were when first opened. All openings on this model must be closed properly so the spring can function properly: the two-cylinder covers and the piston cover. The pressure of gas keeps these parts locked in place during operation but acts as a safety precaution so a user cannot be hurt if there happens to be an emergency with this type of product.
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Why Darpa Wants Everyone to Launch Tiny Satellites
A flock of little guys is less vulnerable to attack than one big bird. Also, you could maybe send them up with space balloons.
Image may contain Balloon Ball Transportation Vehicle Aircraft and Hot Air Balloon
Alyssa Foote
You could be excused, when you first hear Dane Rudy describe his company, for thinking that he wants to use raccoons to send satellites into space. Trash pandas, though, are not the future that Rudy is talking about.
He's talking about rockoonsrockets launched from high-altitude balloons. Rockoons trace their trajectory back to the military, like the 1950s Air Force program called Farside. (Check out the news anchor's vintage intonations in this archival video about the program's fifth—and first successful—launch attempt.)
Rockoons, Rudy believes, deserve a reboot. Through his company, Leo Aerospace, he wants to balloon small satellites into the stratosphere, then shoot them to orbit with rockets. When launched from the ground, rockets require lots of fuel to push through the dense air of those first miles. If another vehicle floats them way up before they have to fire, they can use their fuel for what really matters—getting to space—rather than wasting it on leaving the ground. Right now, small satellites usually have to carpool on serious rockets, with names like Falcon, which is inconvenient, inefficient, expensive, slow—all the things small satellites are supposed to not be.
Last Wednesday, Rudy was in the LA Grand Hotel, surrounded by soft-jazz piano and spiral-arm chandeliers, to try to figure out what rockoons could maybe do for the military. Back in April, the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency—Darpa—announced that it would hold a "Launch Challenge": To win, competitors have to launch something small into space two times in a span of weeks.
It's going to be a bit of a fire drill: Less than a month before the first launch, sometime in the last quarter of 2019, Darpa will tell competitors where it will take place. Then, less than two weeks before go-time, the agency will give them details about orbit, payload, and pad. And then they must rinse-repeat within weeks, with new requirements that they'll only receive after the first launch. The agency will give $10 million to the first-place winner, plus $400,000 to all who qualify to enter at all, and $2 million to everyone who nails the first launch.
At the Grand Hotel, Rudy was attending Darpa's "Competitors’ Day," an opportunity for would-be launchers to come together and get a read on the situation. It's kind of a PowerPoint-heavy Opening Ceremonies, minus musical numbers, and the ballroom is full of launch vehicle makers, propulsion companies, component constructors, New Space upstarts, Old Space stalwarts, spaceport representatives, and also the guy who sent the first hot dog toward space.
Everyone's name badge has the same graphic, which looks like a flat plain, edged by mountains. Four rockets launch at once from the landscape, which resembles classic aerospace-innovation geography. It's Edwards Air Force Base, or White Sands Missile Range. It's Area 51, or the Academy in Colorado Springs. And toward the end of 2019, Darpa may ask these competitors to launch from federal places like these, or from the commercial spaceports popping up around the country.
At the beginning of the meeting, Todd Master, the Launch Challenge program manager, steps up to a podium. "For a really long time, we’ve enjoyed and benefited from space being a sanctuary," he says. The guy next to me, who has a Sputnik tattoo on one forearm and an infinity symbol inked on the other, writes something in his notebook.
"That environment has been changing," he continues. "We’re in an environment now where we view ourselves as threatened in space."
Here’s part of what this means: More entities than ever can get to orbit. If you can get to orbit, it's no huge technological leap to trespass onto someone else’s space—by, say, slamming into their satellite. This problem has been part of the space race from the beginning. After all, the reason we invented rockets was to shoot each other with missiles, not because of the romantic human urge to explore the cosmos. And hackers could even target the software and signals satellites send, without shooting anything physical into space in the first place.
One ultra-satellite is vulnerable to take-down, physically or cyber-ly. But if you take that satellite's skills and disperse them across a network of hundreds or thousands of small, replaceable sats? The flock functions fine even if a few get destroyed or corrupted. And if a big one becomes compromised, you can quickly reestablish its capabilities in miniature. So Darpa hopes the DoD will pivot to constellations of small space objects, sent up so often that the citizenry simply shrugs its collective shoulders at every successful rocket launch. It doesn't even have to be a rocket. “I don’t care if FedEx is three trucks and two boats and an airplane,” says Master. "Get it there and I’ll pay you.”
The hosts set the crowd loose with an explicit mandate to network. Some attendees have vehicles in the works, while some make only vehicle parts. Some are the taker-carers of logistics. Some are from the spaceports. Few attendees, in other words, have the standalone resources to complete the Launch Challenge. I end up in a gaggle with Rudy. Nearby, someone from Northrop Grumman talks to the founder of Ruckus Composites, a company that mostly does carbon fiber work for the bike industry. But the founder, Shawn Small, is a space geek—he’s the one with the Sputnik tattoo.
Small also makes rockets sometimes, telescopes other times. He sent that first hot dog 22 miles up. Also chicken, on a mission called “A Pollo 13.” He wonders to me, at the end of the day, exactly why Darpa wants this responsive technology. “What do they know?” he asks. As in, what do they know that we don't.
A lot, probably, about all the things that could realistically go wrong in space. The military mindset is a strange thing, tasking itself with thinking constantly about how we are threatened, or could be. And for Darpa, right now, the way to shrink risk is to shrink satellites.
As I get ready to leave, I ask Rudy if it’s strange, for him, to be thinking about doing defense work (Rudy says he isn't sure whether Leo will enter the challenge). On Leo's website, the company describes using little satellites to track crop health, illegal fishing, port traffic. But like all launch technology, rockoons are dual-use. Most space companies—from the big SpaceXs and Boeings to the smaller Planets and Rocket Labs—do defense or intelligence work.
Partly for that reason, Leo Aerospace just went through a national-security-focused accelerator, MD5, to gain experience in navigating the byzantine bureaucratic processes involved in defense contracting. "You learn a lot of things you wouldn't expect," Rudy says, when you get into the defense world, but what he has learned has convinced him the sector is "trying to make the world a better, safer place."
And a more watched one, in which the US doesn't lose whatever shadow space race is going on. Darpa, in fact, was founded partly because of the surprise Soviet launch of Sputnik—the world's first (small) satellite. The US, henceforth, would be the surpris-er. So no matter what the agency publicly says about quick-launch and smallsat infrastructure, it surely is anticipating some surprises to come, and planning a few of its own.
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英语学习杂志 2016-10-25 16:06
By Purina Blair
陈思纯 沐木 选
杜筠 注
While it’s no secret some people love cats, felines themselves are complicated and confusing creatures. One day, they’re rubbing up against you, demanding attention, and the next, they deny you the simplest, friendly purr!
On those days, we question if cats are living with us by choice or simply because we’re keeping them there. After all, they were once wild animals! To learn more about how exactly cats went from living in the wild, to becoming our pets, to their current celebrity status, we’re trying to find answers to cat owners’ most pressing questions about feline evolution. Thanks to science, we now know a lot more about the lineage—and the wild side!—of our furry (and sometimes grumpy) friends.
1. “What makes cats different than other domesticated animals?”
While most species were domesticated because of their value to humans (horses for their labor, cows for their milk, and so on and so forth ), you can’t really put cats to work. So when cats needed shelter and food, they essentially took domestication upon themselves.
“Unlike barnyard animals and livestock, cats took into account that it was a good idea for them to get along with people,” says Stephen O’Brien, chief scientific officer for Genome Bioinformatics at St. Petersburg (Russia) State University’s Theodosius Dobzhansky Center, who has conducted multiple cat-evolution studies.
What most likely happened: just as humankind was establishing the first settlements roughly 10,000 years ago in a part of the Middle East known as the Fertile Crescent, wild cats fed on their trash and preyed upon mice that infested livestock feed. The cats that were genetically tamer most likely formed a bond with certain humans, which eventually led to cats living inside their homes.
2. “So, did cats essentially domesticate themselves by being nice?”
You could say that. “There was an advantage associated with being a nice guy if you were a cat,” O’Brien says. “By becoming friendly with humans, there was another source of nutrition, protection and companionship that couldn’t be [found in the wild].”
3. “Can all cats take advantage of this personality trait?”
Not exactly. This “friendly” personality trait begins in a cat’s genes . Domestic cats can become pets, wild cats cannot. But it’s not a question of nice or nasty, says John Bradshaw, foundation director of the Anthrozoology Institute at the University of Bristol and author of Cat Sense.
“Mutations somehow give domestic kittens the ability to become sociable with people—but if they don’t encounter humans until they’re over 10 weeks old, they can remain as ‘wild’ as any wildcat,” Bradshaw says.
4. “Why do cats race through the house sometimes, especially at night? Is this because of their ‘wild’ past?”
“A sudden burst of energy, excitement or simply pent up energy can cause a cat to spontaneously run around like crazy,” says Ragen T.S. McGowan, Ph.D., a behaviorist at Nestlé Purina. “Cats are naturally crepuscular, which means they are most active at dusk and dawn,” McGowan says. “This stems from the fact that for their wild counterparts, these are the best times of the day to hunt.”
While wild cats take a series of short “cat naps” throughout the day to stay vigilant toward both predators and potential prey, house cats live in an environment where it’s safe to sleep for long stretches of time during the day—which amounts to having extra energy to burn at night.
5. “Why are all cats roughly the same size, unlike dogs?”
While dogs, as a species, exhibit an extreme size divergence from a tiny Pekingese to a massive Great Dane, cats typically range from 8 to 12 pounds. Why is that, exactly? Well, nobody knows for sure.
It could be because size distribution is more prevalent in the felidae family (all cats) than the felis species, which spans from jungle cats to domestic cats, O’Brien says. However, it could also be because dogs have been domesticated for much longer and bred more intensely than cats. Another factor, O’Brien points out, is that they have more diversity to begin with in terms of genes responsible for metric growth, which could account for the larger size variety.
6. “Why don’t cats roar like their larger ancestors?”
The cat family has 37 species, 38 if you count the house cat. But the only cats that roar are the great cats like lions, tigers, leopards, jaguars and snow leopards, O’Brien explains. They’re able to do this because of their ossified hyoid bone, an adaptation specific to the panthera group, which allows them to roar.
But cats don’t need to let out a sad “meow .” Pumas and cheetahs don’t roar, either (they scream and purr, respectively).
7. “Why do cats only rub up on you seeking attention on their own terms, but ignore you otherwise?”
“Cats are descended from a solitary species, and have yet to evolve a need to socialize 24/7,” Bradshaw says. “Most of the time, most of them just want to be alone.”
8. “Are cats’ tails just for show, or do they actually serve a purpose?”
Monkeys may use their tails to hang from trees, but cats primarily use their tails for balance, O’Brien says. As cats run, their tails essentially serve as a rudder , giving them balance to keep on their intended path as they turn a corner. The best example would be a cheetah reaching 70 mph speeds.
There’s another, surprising purpose: They’re a part of the reproductive process! “When the female gets mounted , she has to agree to lift her tail,” O’Brien says.
9. “Where does that myth about cats having nine lives come from?”
Cats’ reputation as the ultimate survivors probably originates in their ability to land safely, even when falling from great heights.
“[Cats] can do this because they can twist around in mid-air so as to land on all four feet at once, with their back arched so it can act as a shock-absorber,” Bradshaw explains. “If they manage to right themselves far enough above the ground, they can slow their fall by temporarily extending their legs sideways and using their bodies as a parachute—rather like a less extreme version of a flying squirrel.”
1. burning questions: 亟待解决的问题；wild: 野生的。
2. feline: 猫，猫科动物。
3. rub: 摩擦，蹭；purr: 猫发出的呼噜声，此处指人学猫发出的声音。
4. 为了更多地了解猫咪究竟是怎样从野生变成我们的宠物，拥有现在的名星地位的，我们试图从猫咪主人处寻找有关猫咪进化的紧迫性问题的答案。celebrity: 名人；status: 地位；pressing: 紧迫的；evolution: 进化。
5. lineage: 血统，家系；furry: 毛茸茸的；grumpy: 性情乖戾的。
6. domesticated: 家养的。
7. species: 物种。
8. so forth: 等等。
9. shelter: 住所，避难处；essentially: 本质上；domestication: 驯服，教化，后文domesticate为动词形式。
10. 圣彼得堡（俄罗斯）州立大学费奥多西•多布然斯基研究中心基因组生物信息学处的首席科学家史蒂芬•奥莱布莱恩称，“与农场动物和牲畜不同，猫咪认为和人们友好相处是个不错的选择。”史蒂芬在猫咪进化方面已经做了许多研究。barnyard: 仓院；livestock: 牲畜；take into account: 考虑，重视；genome: 基因组；bioinformatics: 生物信息学；conduct: 进行；multiple: 多重的，多样的。
11. 事实很可能是这样的：大约一万年前，当人类在中东的新月沃土首次定居下来，野猫以人类的垃圾以及捕食祸害牲畜饲料的老鼠为生。settlement: 定居；roughly: 大致；the Fertile Crescent: 新月沃土（指西亚、北非地区两河流域及附近一连串肥沃的土地）；trash: 垃圾，废物；prey: 捕食，掠夺；infest: （昆虫、老鼠等）成群侵扰，横行。
12. genetically: 从基因方面；tame: 温顺的；bond: 纽带，联系。
13. nutrition: 营养；companionship: 陪伴。
14. take advantage of: 利用；trait: 特性，特点。
15. gene: 基因。
16. nasty: 肮脏的；anthrozoology: 人与动物关系学。
17. mutation: 突变，变异；kitten: 小猫；sociable: 友善的；encounter: 邂逅，遇到。
18. pent up: 被压抑的，郁积的；spontaneously: 自发地，一时冲动地；behaviorist: 行为学家。
19. crepuscular: 黄昏的，朦胧的；dusk: 黄昏；dawn: 黎明。
20. stem: 起源于；counterpart: 对应物。
21. 许多野猫会在白天偶尔打打盹儿来时刻保持警惕，以对付自己的捕食者和潜在的猎物，家猫则可以在白天安稳地睡上很长时间，这使得它们在夜晚有足够的精力。nap: 打盹儿；vigilant: 警惕的；predator: 捕食者；potential: 潜在的；stretch of: 持续的一段时间；amount to: 相当于。
22. exhibit: 展示；divergence: 差异，分歧；Pekingese: 哈巴狗；massive: 巨大的；Great Dane: 大丹犬。
23. distribution: 分配，分布；prevalent: 流行的，普遍的；felidae: 猫科动物；felis: 猫属的；span: 跨越；jungle: 丛林。
24. bred: （breed的过去分词）喂养；intensely: 强烈地。
25. metric: 米制的；account for: 解释，说明。
26. roar: 咆哮，吼叫；ancestor: 祖先。
27. leopard: 豹子；jaguar: 美洲虎；snow leopard: 雪豹。
28. ossify: 使硬化，使骨化；hyoid: 舌骨的；adaptation: 适应；panthera: 豹属的。
29. meow: 猫叫声。
30. puma: 美洲狮；cheetah: 猎豹。
31. rub: 擦，蹭。
32. be descended from: 是……的后裔；solitary: 孤独的；socialize: 使社会化；24/7: 所有时间，一直（一天24小时，一周7天）。
33. primarily: 主要地。
34. rudder: （船或飞机的）舵。
35. reproductive: 生育的，繁殖的。
36. mount: （雄性动物）趴到（雌性动物）背上交配。
37. myth: 神话。
38. arch: （使）成弓形；shock-absorber: 减震器。
39. 如果能在距离地面足够高的时候转正方向，它们就可以通过暂时伸展自己的四肢来降低落下的速度，把身体当做降落伞，这就像是一只低级版本的飞翔的松鼠。right: v. 使……直立；temporarily: 暂时地；sideways: adv. 向侧面地；parachute: 降落伞；squirrel: 松鼠。
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July 2, 2004 | By: Aimee Heald-Nielson
Prior to the Civil War, abolitionists worked with slaves to build an intricate underground railroad. The railroad was actually a network of safe houses where slaves could seek shelter on their way to freedom in the North. Abolitionists were known as the conductors and slaves as the passengers. Quilts played a very important role in the success of the Underground Railroad.
Clarice Boswell is a descendant of slaves and she travels around the United States relating stories about the quilts of the Underground Railroad that she learned from family members. She grew up around Shelbyville, Ky., but now resides in Illinois. Boswell recently returned to the Commonwealth to make a presentation to Jessamine County Extension Homemakers about the secret codes in slave quilts, based on her book, “Lizzie’s Story: A Slave Family’s Journey to Freedom.” The presentation included a display of replica quilts and some authentic quilts dating as far back as 1860.
“A lot of them [slaves] would leave and not know where they were going or who they could trust, but the abolitionists knew who they could trust,” she said “The abolitionists went from plantation to plantation taking a census of how many people were there and what the whole scenario was like, and that’s how the slaves learned what the codes were. The masters didn’t know the strength of the abolitionists and that’s why it was successful.”
She said some slaves memorized a poem to help them remember what the quilt patterns meant. Part of the poem may have been as follows, “The monkey wrench turns the wagon wheel toward Canada on the bear’s paw trail to the crossroads.”
Many believe abolitionists displayed quilts on clotheslines, fences, or in windows to relay specific messages, instructions and/or warnings to slaves on their way to freedom. For example, a monkey wrench pattern meant slaves could stop there and gather tools they might need on their journey; a wagon wheel pattern told slaves to pack anything they would need to survive the trip; and a flying geese pattern told slaves to follow migrating geese north toward Canada.
The drunkard’s path pattern had nothing to do with alcohol, but it was a warning to slaves to move in a staggering fashion to elude anyone who may be following them.
During her presentation, Boswell sang spiritual songs that would’ve been sung by slaves on their journey. She told stories of her family’s enslavement, escape and success at finding freedom. She believes when a slave family reached freedom they would receive a quilt with a ring of roses pattern. Boswell said each time she sees the Kentucky Derby winner receive roses, she thinks of how her family gained their freedom. She believes it’s very important to tell the story of the quilts and their symbolism to as many people as possible.
“I think it’s important because my audience has not heard the history from a black perspective,” she said “The history books have only told a smattering of what it was really like and I try to tell a smattering of some good and some not so good. This is history that wasn’t really recorded.”
Jessamine County Cooperative Extension Agent for Family and Consumer Sciences Marisa FitzGerald said she felt lucky to have Boswell visit and speak. She said the event attracted visitors from beyond Jessamine County. Nearly 100 people watched Boswell’s demonstration.
“We have a large quilt group and a large interest in quilts in the county,” she said. “This takes a different spin and a different look on quilts. Not only are they an heirloom you can pass down, but they are also a part of history as far as the Underground Railroad. It’s very significant, not only for the African American population but for everyone in the area.”
Clarice Boswell is a retired administrator and teacher of the University of St. Francis in Joliet, Ill.
Source: Marisa FitzGerald 859-885-4811
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Summary as well as the latter becoming fairly a lot smalle original creating
China and Japan are generally region found in Parts of asia on your previous getting a massive geographical locations together with the alternative are relatively much small. The nations express the characteristic having a coastline, and nearness belonging to the languages these people write. The two nonetheless have respective distinctive specifications define all of them as specific places. For instance her particular meal, people, natural resources, and society delivery. Like, while the provisions in Asia was different, the main in Japan happens to be detached. Only one applies to her particular cultures. As well, Asia has numerous natural resource when compared to Japan that hardly have any and hotels to importing.
Expertscolumn. (2017). a€?Comparing Japanese Chinese customs: characteristics and differencesa€?. Travelandculture.expertscolumn. Retrieved 20 November 2017, from
Historyplex. (2017). a€?The cultural issues and parallels between Asia and Japana€?. Historyplex. Retrieved 20 November 2017, from ://historyplex/cultural-differences-similarities-between-china-japan
Indexmundi. (2017). a€?China vs. Japan nation assessmenta€?. Indexmundi. Retrieved 20 December 2017, from
C omparing Two Region Composition Summarize
Thesis: There are thousands of differences when considering Japan and China concerning the company’s meals, growth, natural resource, and inhabitants circulation.
Paragraph 1:
The main major difference in China and Japan obtainable their own meals.
• a€?Although the Chinese meals are hot and involves lots of frying and food preparation, the Japanese meals are much less spicy, and includes extremely simple tastes when compared to some other local foodstuff in indonesia.a€?
• China possess varied food owing to the big geographical degree.
• On the flip side, Japan features a detached dinners customs basically because it’s a destination. The two prefer seafood on a sizable range.
• There is certainly minimal utilization of oil in getting ready food and to ensure the meals is thought to be significantly more healthy.
Section 2:
Asia and Japan additionally somewhat change within their lifestyle.
• The tradition of Asia has many heterogeneity owing to the point that the region has become encountered with several numerous nationalities as well as using a lengthy historical past.
• Many significant nationalities which has added to this heterogeneity become Europeans and Indians.
• In contrast, Japan offers a remote tradition because, as indicated by the recorded history, the region haven’t experienced extensive exterior determine.
• Joined with the dramatically small-size, this diminished exterior shape by Japan possesses made sure that the heritage is a bit more homogenous.
Part 3:
Another source of difference between Asia and Japan could be the countriesa€™ respective natural resource.
• Asia has its own numerous natural resources possibly simply because of its vastness.
• These means integrate arable land, uranium, rare earth items, zinc, lead, metal, magnetite, vanadium, molybdenum, manganese, antimony, tungsten, tin, mercury, propane, petroleum, iron ore, and coal.
• Inversely, the nutrient tools in Japan happen to be minimal. Beyond getting fishes and boating lands, the country enjoys basically no resources of organic energy.
• This reality made Japan the biggest liquefied natural gas and coal importer on earth. Additionally rates the other in petroleum importation across the world.
Section 4:
Asia and Japan are different inside their human population circulation.
• In Asia, the east half of the land provides the intimidating a lot of the population.
• The west of Asia, as opposed to the eastern, possess simple populace.
• Then again, Japan keeps a third of their public residing about plus in Tokyo, the administrative centre urban area. A significant proportion for the population stays in Kanto plain around Tokyo.
• The shore of the country contains the larger citizens occurrence of the country.
Asia and Japan tends to be nations in Parts of asia on your previous using a huge geographical room plus the second being relatively a lot small. The region reveal the attribute having a coastline, and distance of tongues these people write. The two though have individual unique features that define all of them as person region, like their own individual food, countries, natural resources, and populace submission.
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Grammar 4-03 | Low Intermediate | CEFR B1
Used to - Past Tense
Listen to four conversations talking about past actions.
Conversation 1
Man: Do you play sports?
Woman: I used to play sports in high school.
Man: Yeah, I used to play too.
Woman: Why did you stop?
Man: No time I guess.
Woman: Yeah, I used to have so much free time.
Man: Me too! I miss those days.
Conversation 2
Man: Do you speak French?
Woman: I speak it a little. I used to use it all the time, but not anymore.
Man: Really, why is that?
Woman: Well, I used to work for a French company, and then I changed jobs.
Man: Oh, really. I didn’t know that.
Woman: Yeah, it was a lot of ftun.
Conversation 3
Man: Are you coming to the party?
Woman: No, I have to work.
Man: Work! What happened? You used to never miss a party!
Woman: True, but I also didn’t use to have a stressful job.
Man: True, you used to be poor -- but you were fun!
Woman: Yep! I used to be fun! (Sigh!)
Conversation 4
Man: Hey, you used to have a Spanish coworker, right?
Woman: Yeah, Maria, but she moved.
Man: Really! that’s too bad.
Woman: Yeah, I really miss working with her.
Man: Yeah, I liked her. She used to always make me laugh.
Woman: I know. We used to have such fun together.
Used to + base verb
Use the modal used to when talking about past events that no longer occur.
Point 1: We often use used to when asked about present activities.
(Q) Do you play golf?
(A) I used to play but not anymore. I don't have time.
(Q) Do you play any instruments?
(A) Not really. I used to play the guitar but not anymore.
Point 2: We often use the phrase not anymore to clarify that the action does not happen presently.
(Q) Do you cook much?
(A) Not anymore. I used to though.
(Q) Do you see your friend from school?
(A) Not really. We used to meet once a week but now we are too busy with life.
Point 3: In a Yes/No question, we can omit the verb and reply by with just used to followed by but and a reason.
(Q) Do you study French?
(A) I used to but I gave up.
(Q) Do you you and your family travel much?
(A) We used to but now we don't have time.
Answer the following questions about the interview.
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Charismatic Prophets, Teachers, and Visionaries
The community responsible for the Qumran scrolls was by no means the only group of first-century Jews with messianic expectations. Numerous, and quite diverse, portraits of the Messiah and the messianic age flourished: for some Jews, the savior would be a human warrior; for others, an angel; for others, the age to come would be inaugurated not by a savior figure but directly by divine command. Apparently, many Jews did not expect a messiah at all. Still others may have seen divine agency manifested by charismatic prophets, reformers, and teachers. One such figure was John the Baptist.
A popular figure in the early part of the first century CE, John the Baptist was one of a number of Jewish reformers who attracted disciples and crowds, and consequently the attention of local authorities, both Jewish and Roman. Although the Gospels suggest that Herod Antipas was coerced by Herodias's daughter into decapitating John, it is more likely that the tetrarch recognized John's threat to his authority and, following his father's practice, executed someone who challenged his rule. To be a religious leader during the Second Temple period was thus, as epitomized by John, also to be a political figure.
Jesus and his followers may be placed in the context of various reformist groups—Pharisees, Qumran covenanters, urban Essenes, political revolutionaries, and John the Baptist, whose follower Jesus appears to have been at one time. The Gospels indicate that Jesus had much in common with various other charismatic teachers, healers, and sages of the period. All sought to live the way God intended, but they emphasized different lifestyles, interpretations of scriptures, relations to the occupying Roman government, and views of the Temple.
Jesus was probably born during the reign of Augustus (27 BCE–14 CE). The Gospels of Matthew and Luke indicate, through quite different stories, that he was born in Bethlehem, conforming with Micah 5.2 , but all four Gospels also identify him as being from Nazareth in Galilee. Consequently, more skeptical readers suggest that the birth in Bethlehem is a “theological truth” rather than a historically accurate statement. The evangelists recount that as the result of his healings and teachings Jesus gathered a crowd substantial enough to worry the Jewish officials responsible for maintaining peace with Rome. At some point in his ministry, he engaged in an incident in the Temple (Mark 11.15–19; John 2.13–22 ) that brought him to the attention of the Sadducaic authorities, as well as of Roman officials who took an equal interest in maintaining peace. He was executed by crucifixion as a Roman criminal on the orders of Pontius Pilate, the governor from 26 to 36, during the reign of Tiberius (14–37). Some of his followers proclaimed that after three days he was raised from the dead.
Aside from these few conclusions, neither the chronology nor the central message of Jesus' preaching nor the reason for his crucifixion can be given with certainty. The sources for his life, principally the Gospels but also other writings from inside and outside the Christian communities, lead to various reconstructions. Nor can he be securely located in a single social class (peasant, artisan, retainer), cultural environment (urban, rural; Galilee or Jerusalem), or even religious orientation (conservative, liberal). Jesus has been viewed, by followers and detractors, historians and theologians, in diverse roles: a Jewish reformer anticipating the end of the world and the beginning of the reign of God; a Hellenistically inclined Cynic-sage seeking to subvert conventional expectations; a Pharisaic interpreter of biblical law; a proponent of the Temple and of ritual practice; an opponent of the Temple and ritual practice (both conclusions can follow from how one interprets the “cleansing”); a revolutionary preaching a kingdom to replace that of Rome; a pietist who sought peaceful coexistence with the occupation forces; a sexual ascetic; a glutton and a drunkard; a proponent of family values; an underminer of precisely those values and the instituter of a new family connected not biologically but by faith. As Albert Schweitzer observed nearly a century ago, portraits of Jesus often reveal as much, if not more, about the painter as about the subject of the painting.
Compounding these problems in constructing a biography of Jesus is the nature of the sources themselves. First, we lack any autographs—that is, the original manuscripts—of the Gospels. The documents we have today are composites based on various ancient manuscript traditions. Both the ancient texts and the modern translations of them represent various philological, historical, aesthetic, and ideological judgments. Second, while Jesus' native language was Aramaic, the Gospel texts are written in Greek. Jesus may have been bilingual, but it is more likely that the Gospels derive from collections of teaching material translated from Aramaic. Third, although Jesus lived during the early part of the first century CE, and although stories about him circulated both during his lifetime and after his crucifixion, the Gospels date from the second half of the century.
Moreover, the evangelists are addressing the concerns of the early Christian communities, most likely outside Palestine. Theological statements written by passionate believers rather than unbiased outsiders' recollections, the Gospels present, each in its own way, the story of Jesus adapted to meet the needs of the diverse Christian groups in the early years of the church. Theology and history need not be mutually exclusive, but even so how we read the stories of Jesus preserved from antiquity will to a great extent be determined by our own religious orientation. If we believe that the Gospels recount events exactly as they are recorded, then little reconstruction needs to be done: Jesus disrupted Temple activities once at the beginning of his ministry (John) and again at the end (Matthew, Mark, and Luke); he delivered the same talks on more than one occasion (the Sermon on the Mount in Matthew's Gospel; the Sermon on the Plain in Luke's); and so forth. But different pictures emerge if we see the Gospels as the stories told by Jesus' followers to aid the church in its mission to both Jews and Gentiles, as it was rejected or persecuted by representatives from those groups, as it sought its own place in the world and its relation to the traditions of Israel.
Two examples illustrate the difficulty of historically reconstructing the story of Jesus. First, to a great extent, the Gospel accounts are garbed in the images of the Hebrew scriptures. The way his story has been told, what has been preserved, is influenced by the way those early Christians read their Bibles. For example, the crucifixion scene in Mark echoes Psalm 22 , almost verse for verse. The infancy material, temptation scenes, and location of the Sermon on the Mount in Matthew recollect the story of Moses from his birth to the Exodus to the wandering in the wilderness to the Sinai theophany. Second, the Gospels in various ways present Jesus in conflict with his contemporaries, identified either simply as “the Jews” (or “the Judeans”—the Greek term is the same) as the Gospel of John puts it, or with Pharisees, Sadducees, high priests, and others. Regardless of the episode, from controversies over practice to the events of Jesus' final days in Jerusalem, these Jewish figures almost invariably appear at best as completely misguided, usually as malevolent, and even as children of the devil (John 8.44 ). If we recognize that the Gospels come from groups who define themselves in opposition to the thriving Jewish communities who identify themselves as “true Israel,” who have their own program of scriptural interpretation to support that self-designation, and who in turn reject the Christian proclamation, we can also recognize that the Pharisees and Sadducees of the Gospels are less objective portraits than caricatures. One might compare the portraits of contemporary political parties as painted by their bitterest enemies.
Just as individuals bring different experiences to their studies of literature and history, just as they interpret events variously, so too did the “proclaimers of the good news,” the “evangelists” who composed the Gospels. The Christian canon has four Gospels, and each provides a different picture of its central character. According to early tradition, Mark was the interpreter of Peter, and Luke of Paul, while Matthew and John were members of Jesus' inner group of disciples. Yet not only do the Gospels themselves not make these claims, but the names Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John were assigned only later to the texts. Moreover, the Gospels themselves present differing views of the course of Jesus' mission, the names of his disciples, the content and style of his preaching, the events surrounding his birth, and the date of his death. Although this diversity shows the richness of the early tradition (one might compare, for example, the different accounts of creation and the Flood in Genesis, or of the monarchy in the Deuteronomic History and Chronicles), it also creates problems for historians.
The four canonical Gospels are not the only texts about Jesus that have come down to us from antiquity. Some scholars argue as relevant to the historical Jesus such texts as the Gospel of Thomas, a collection of sayings many of which resemble material in the Synoptic Gospels; the Gospel of Peter, a fragmentary text containing the trial of Jesus, the crucifixion, and the beginnings of a resurrection account; and even a text whose antiquity is debated, the “Secret Gospel of Mark,” which depicts a shamanlike Jesus who practices esoteric initiation rites.
The value of non-Christian sources is likewise debated. In discussing Pilate's rule, Josephus notes:
Not surprisingly, this statement has provoked much controversy. Of the three surviving manuscripts of the Antiquities in Greek, the earliest dates to the eleventh century, and all are preserved by the church. Thus, some suspect that the monks engaged in editorial elaboration. Supporting this view are three other factors: the tenth-century version of the Christian Arab Agapius lacks this testimony (of course, later Muslim copyists may have omitted it); unlike other comments of Josephus on early Christian leaders, this passage is not cited by the church fathers prior to the fourth century; and nowhere else, including in his autobiography, does Josephus indicate any Christian confessionalism. Finally, even if we assign the entire passage to Josephus, we still cannot account it as independent testimony, since Josephus is recounting the information second- or even thirdhand.
Rabbinic sources are even further removed from the historical Jesus. The Babylonian Talmud, a product dating several hundred years after the first century CE, reports: “On the eve of Passover they hanged Yeshu of Nazareth. And the herald went before him forty days, saying, ‘Yeshu of Nazareth is going forth to be stoned, since he has practiced sorcery and cheated, and led people astray. Let everyone knowing anything in his defense come and plead for him.’ But they found no one in his defense, and they hanged him on the eve of Passover” (Sanhedrin 43a). The composite nature of the material (stoning and hanging are both mentioned) and the date of the text, which is from the time of Christian ascendancy and attendant persecution of the Jews, suggest that this is less an independent witness than a product of Jewish reflection on church teaching.
Given the problems with these outside sources for reconstructing the life of Jesus, scholars turn primarily to the canon, and specifically to the first three Gospels. The accounts of Matthew, Mark, and Luke—called “Synoptic” since “seen together” they present a generally similar chronology and description of Jesus' life—highlight the proclamation of the “kingdom of God” through parables and healings. Mark, usually viewed as the earliest of the canonical Gospels, is dated by most biblical scholars to sometime around the First Revolt against Rome, either immediately before or just after 70 CE. Matthew and Luke, which appear to use Mark as a source, are dated toward the end of the first century. Matthew and Luke are also seen as having used additional traditional material, both shared and independently. Most scholars suggest that Matthew and Luke used, along with Mark, another text comprised mostly of sayings attributed to Jesus; this collection, known as Q (from the German word Quelle, meaning “source”), accounts for material Matthew and Luke both contain but Mark lacks, such as the Beatitudes (Matt. 5.3–12; Luke 6.21–26 ; the form was well known in both Jewish and Gentile sources) and the “Lord's Prayer” (Matt. 6.9–13; Luke 11.2–4 ). Matthew alone provides such material as Jesus' statement that divorce is permitted in cases of unchastity and the description of Pilate washing his hands. Luke alone offers the well-known parables of the good Samaritan and the prodigal son.
Some scholars do not agree with this reconstruction of the interrelationship of the Synoptic Gospels. They argue instead that Matthew was the first Gospel, that Luke expanded on Matthew, and that Mark is a conflation of Matthew and Luke. Consequently, the dating of the sources differs, the sayings source, Q, disappears, and the reconstruction of Jesus' own life and teaching necessarily changes. Thus, even within studies of the Synoptic Gospels, scholars do not see eye to eye; the picture of Jesus therefore remains blurry.
Offering a substantially different vision of Jesus is the Gospel of John. Here Jesus speaks more about himself than the kingdom of God. He identifies himself as the true vine; the bread of life; the way, the truth, and the life; and he teaches primarily by means of extended speeches rather than short parables or pithy sayings. And even the Synoptics offer distinct portraits: Matthew has Jesus' earthly mission restricted to “the lost sheep of the house of Israel” (Matt. 15.24; see also 10.5–6 ) and emphasizing obedience to and preservation of biblical law. Mark, however, opens the mission to Gentiles and suggests the abrogation of the dietary regulations mandated by the Torah. And Luke, whose work is supplemented by a second volume called Acts of the Apostles, emphasizes Jesus' innocence in the eyes of Rome. As for chronology, all four Gospels begin Jesus' public career with an encounter with John the Baptist. The Synoptics then depict teaching and healing activities in Galilee, a trip to Jerusalem marked by an incident in the Temple, and crucifixion on the first day of the Passover holiday. John, however, locates the Temple incident very early in Jesus' career, depicts several trips to Jerusalem, and dates the crucifixion to the “day of preparation,” at the time that the lambs for the Passover meal were being sacrificed in the Temple.
In current Jesus research, some view Jesus as a reformer prophet in the tradition of Jeremiah or the Teacher of Righteousness known from the Dead Sea Scrolls, and perhaps John the Baptist. They see him as exhorting the fellow Jews with whom he comes in contact to strengthen their adherence to traditional practices and beliefs even as they await the inbreaking of the rule of God. Other scholars, however, see Jesus more as a sage interested less in the end of the world and the rituals of Judaism than in the creation of a new community. This Jesus advocates solidarity with peasants and open-table fellowship, with an attendant disregard for biblical dietary regulations. Anything in the Gospels that suggests apocalyptic warning or division between those to be saved and those to be damned is by this interpretation usually assigned not to Jesus but to his early followers, who are reacting against the rejection of their original message. Equally debated are questions of Jesus' own messianic self-consciousness. Did he think he was the messiah, and if so, what sort—political/Davidic, eschatological, or social? Did he anticipate or plan his death? Did he anticipate his return from the dead? Was there a resurrection?
How we interpret Jesus' message in turn influences how we view the lives of his earliest followers in Jerusalem and Galilee. For example, when they prayed (probably originally in Aramaic) what has come to be translated as “Give us this day our daily bread,” were they asking for the bread of the heavenly kingdom and thus the end of the world, or were they asking for shared food, or both? When they spoke of not serving both God and mammon (Aramaic for “wealth”), were they speaking from a position of poverty or of riches? Did they take a this-worldly focus and add an emphasis on the end of the world, or did they take an apocalyptic message and deemphasize it once the end did not follow directly upon the cross? Or was there some of both?
Similarly problematic is the attempt to determine how Jesus' earliest followers viewed him. Considering the number of messianic views prevalent in first-century Jewish culture, Jesus would have evoked a variety of responses, even from those who knew him. Some saw him as a political figure who would liberate the land from the Romans; some perhaps saw him as a priest who would restore the Temple; some saw him as a prophet and others as a sage; still others saw in him the promised return of Elijah or the new Moses. Some first-century Jews may well have regarded Jesus as a divine figure (for example, Wisdom incarnate), others as a human being divinely anointed. Thus, even in the proclamation of Jesus as “Messiah,” one still needs to ask what that term connotes.
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What is Sexual Abuse? - Part 1
Published on Saturday, November 6th, 2021
What does the Bible say about sexual abuse? What do North American laws say about this subject? Let’s talk about shame, guilt, honesty, repentance, forgiveness, bold love, Isaiah 53, where to get help, and what are the perpetrators of abuse.
What is the definition of sexual abuse? Sexual abuse is touching, rubbing, and patting another person by the offender for his sexual arousal. It also includes visual, verbal, and psychological interaction even when there is no physical contact. Sexual abuse also can include forced sexual intercourse.
Researchers have discovered that by the age of eighteen, one out of every three women will be victims of sexual abuse. Other researchers say the numbers are higher – one out of two. For men, some say one out of seven.
So what are the reasons for the present problems with sexual abuse among our conservative Mennonite circles?
Victims often become abusers. In many cases, the abusers themselves were victimized by siblings, uncles, and other relatives. Family secrets are harder to keep because of the challenges families are facing, such as pornography, general moral decline in society, and the loss of spiritual courage. Churches often treat these problems as issues of morality, not realizing that it is both a spiritual problem and a brain problem. Counselors tell men to try harder, pray harder, and love Jesus more, but what starts off as a moral problem quickly becomes a brain problem. Telling a man to try harder is only tightening the noose of bondage. Today new truth regarding strongholds of the mind and how a person becomes enslaved to sin are emerging. The brain basically gets hijacked. For example, when a woman is nursing her child and she is skin to skin with her baby, her brain releases chemicals which emotionally bond her to her child. The same thing happens during sexual experiences. God designed our brains to be glued to another person through human bonding. In human sexuality, when brain chemicals are released, the persons involved become emotionally bonded with the sexual partner. When porn is viewed, powerful brain chemicals are released which causes a bond with the images. This is why Satan attacks our sexuality so much. By attacking human sexuality, human bonding is also attacked.
We are grateful for Anabaptist awareness, which include symposiums on sexual abuse. These workshops and seminars assist us in dealing with the challenges we experience. And yet, the problem still exists, because sin and immorality continue to be rampant just like in past years. Ezekiel 33:10 reminds us that our sins will pine us away. Our sin causes moral, emotional, and spiritual rot. Godly, human sexuality is indeed one of the most sacred bonds of humanity. However, just like Ezekiel reminds us, sin will rot; perversions will cause such devastation. Psalm 4:2 admonishes us not to love what is worthless, and David was referring to deception. Jeremiah 2:5 says, “When we walk after emptiness, we become empty” and in verse 19, “Our wickedness will correct us.”
What does the Bible say about human value, dignity, and worth? The major social concerns of the covenant include the sacredness of marriage, the value of women, and the vulnerable among our children. God used Moses to speak to the Isrealites about sexual abuse in many examples of Scripture.1
There are moral laws of society, particularly in North America and Western Europe, which protect against sexual perpetration. As pastors and church leaders, if we hear of people under the age of sixteen being sexually abused, we are required by law to report this to Child and Family Services and to our local police. So not only does the Bible address sexual abuse and God’s view of it, but there is also North American order.
Damages that go along with sexual abuse can include feelings of powerlessness, betrayal, confusion, and feelings of being rejected by God. The victim often feels smaller and weaker and also feels unable to stop the abuse because of being threatened, trapped, or helpless. Frequently the victim hates himself and becomes depressed.
Eighty-four percent of the cases by an offender involves a relative or someone well-known to the victim. The set-up of friendliness, gifts, and appropriate touches lead to the point of the victim being sexually abused. Trust is betrayed and an awful crime has taken place. Frequently the victim begins hating the perpetrator and hating God.
Violent confusion and shame about one’s own sexuality sets in. The victim begins to hate his or her own sexual feelings. This can create many marriage problems. It becomes difficult to give or receive love and affection. Sex and intimacy become confused. Sometimes individuals blame God for giving them sexual pleasures. Therefore, pleasure and sexual pleasure become confused as well, especially among men where pleasure seems more intense.
The feeling of being rejected by God often makes victims feel as if no one understands their inner struggles. Many victims feel like their heavenly Father is disgusted with them and acts hatefully toward them or that He is completely uninvolved in their lives.
Shame and guilt are a great challenge as well. We, as humans, are made in the image of God, and created with value and dignity according to Genesis 1:27. We also recognize and know that Genesis 3:6 refers to the huge problem of sin and depravity in human nature, including our fallenness. Shame and guilt will decrease the potential for understanding our dignity and value and thus we only see our sin and depravity. Rather than find ways to deal with our shame and guilt, we turn to self-hate, as well as hate and contempt for others, which frequently causes depression and repeated failures. The hate toward others frequently turns into gossip, critical attitudes, and cutting remarks. Because that approach does not work, we turn to performance, such as being a good worker or being involved in ministry. In the case of young people, high performance in sports or becoming a perfectionist helps to cover their shame and guilt. Our shame and guilt should move us to find remedies by turning to the Lord to deal with our shame and guilt.
1Exodus 22:19; Deuteronomy 27:21; Leviticus 20:15,16 (He defined purity and sexuality. The Old Testament Law also talked about incest and purity with relatives and in-laws.) Leviticus 10:20,21 (Has a long list of things mentioned including rape, and prostitution.) See also Deuteronomy 22 and 23. Return to context⬏
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11 Minutes
Fact checked
Ritalin (methylphenidate), is a Central Nervous System (CNS) stimulant used in children and adults for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) or sometimes for narcolepsy. It helps to keep its users active and alert during their work or study. Ritalin has pharmacological effects like Amphetamines and cocaine. Ritalin is considered a safe drug when used according to the prescription and for the duration advised by the physician.
Despite being a prescription drug, Ritalin has a strong tendency to be abused or overdosed to stay active or to feel euphoric. When a person who is addicted to Ritalin abandons it abruptly, a withdrawal from the Ritalin appears. This is accompanied by several withdrawal symptoms from minor mood shifts to anxiety and depression. An abuser needs complete care at the hospital or rehab to get rid of these withdrawal symptoms and live a normal life.
Ritalin can help its users get high. Ritalin has similar effects to that of Amphetamines due to which are also called “speed” or “uppers”. Ritalin is mostly used by students, professionals, and athletes to increase productivity as it increases alertness and concentration. As Ritalin is a prescription drug, it must be sold only over a prescription from a registered medical practitioner. But due to a wide range of benefits, the users start to give or sell their medicine to others who could get high due to the abuse of Ritalin
Ritalin is typically abused to enhance the stimulant effects it produces or to exacerbate some side effects such as euphoria that emerges only at higher doses of Ritalin. These effects do not usually occur when an ADHD patient uses Ritalin as it just tends to produce the therapeutic effects for which it was prescribed. The euphoric effect of Ritalin is usually more common in non-ADHD individuals. The negative effects of Ritalin have been faced by the people abusing this drug without a prescription, through inappropriate doses, snorting, or injecting it to get high. These negative side effects may include:
• Anxiety
• Chest pain
• Overdose
• Nausea
• Confusion
• Suppressed appetite
• Vomiting
• Hallucinations
• Seizures
• Headache
• Agitation insomnia
• Parasomnia
• Fatigue
• Nervousness
• Respiratory depression
• Hypersensitivity
• Panic attacks
• Altered heart rates
The intensity of these side effects varies depending upon whether the individual is diagnosed with ADHD or not. If a person is taking Ritalin without ADHD diagnosis the side effects would be different and more intense. The symptoms may become more intense in people with mood disorders like bipolar disorder. Ritalin can trigger manic episodes in some individuals.
Ritalin has a side effect of causing anxiety and depression. Ritalin when misused or overdosed to get euphoria or other pleasures, the user gets depressed. If you take Ritalin in a large dose, it makes a quick rise in the level of Dopamine in the brain. An increased level of Dopamine can produce a temporary feeling of euphoria. When you abruptly stop using Ritalin, it produces depression as a withdrawal symptom. It also worsens the symptoms of severe anxiety and agitation.
The combination of Ritalin and Alcohol is an unsafe one. Ritalin is a CNS stimulant used to treat ADHD and narcolepsy while alcohol has sedating effects on the brain. Drinking alcohol while taking Ritalin can change the mechanism of action of Ritalin. For this reason, alcohol use is not considered safe while taking Ritalin.
Interaction of Ritalin and Alcohol
Ritalin is a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant that works by increasing the levels of chemical messengers in the brain. These chemical messengers include dopamine and norepinephrine. Being a drug working on the CNS, it can also cause changes in the entire body. Ritalin can increase blood pressure, heart rate, breathing rate, and fever and also dilates pupils.
Alcohol, on the other hand, is a CNS depressant. CNS depressants upon action, slow things down in the body. Alcohol makes it harder for you to talk or even causes you to slur your speech. It affects your coordination and impairs your balance. It has an impact on your thinking ability as well as controls impulses. Even though both Ritalin and alcohol have opposite effects, using them in a combination does not cause to cancel each other’s effects. Rather the effects of both these drugs combine to cause other complications. These complications include multiple side effects as well as the risk of a drug overdose, alcohol poisoning, and withdrawal of both the alcohol and Ritalin.
Ritalin and Alcohol mixing side effects
Combining Ritalin with alcohol can cause different problems which include:
• Increases side effects of Ritalin and Alcohol
• Heart problems
• Drug overdose
• Alcohol Poisoning
Increased side effects
Using alcohol along with Ritalin or drinking Alcohol after taking Ritalin causes an increase in the intensity of the side effects of both individual drugs. Alcohol changes the way the body deals with Ritalin. It can lead to higher amounts of Ritalin in the system which ultimately enhances the Ritalin side effects.
The increased side effects can include:
• High blood pressure (Hypertension)
• Racing heart rate
• Sleep disorders
• Mood problems (mood swings)
• Depression
• Anxiety
• Drowsiness
Heart problems
Ritalin when in combination with alcohol cause or enhances several heart problems. These problems are intensified especially in those who already have heart problems. In serious cases, Ritalin and alcohol can cause
• Stroke
• Heart attack
• Sudden death
Drug Overdose
When alcohol is used in combination with Ritalin, it increases the risk of a drug overdose. This is because alcohol causes a higher amount of Ritalin in the body. When you are drinking alcohol, Ritalin overdose can still be there if you are using the correct, prescribed dose.
The risk of Ritalin overdosage is even higher when you take long-acting, extended-release dosage forms of Ritalin with alcohol. Due to ti alcohol, it can cause a rapid release of Ritalin from these extended-release forms at once.
Alcohol Poisoning due to mixing Alcohol and Methylphenidate
Alcohol poisoning is yet another increased side effect of the Ritalin and Alcohol combination. As a CNS stimulant, Ritalin masks the CNS-depressant effects of alcohol. You may feel much more alert and be less likely to realize when you’ve had too much alcohol with Ritalin. In simple words, it makes it harder for you to tell how drunk you are. It may, as a result, let you drink more than usual leading to alcohol poisoning. This dangerous condition can lead to confusion, breathing problems, unconsciousness, and even death.
Moreover, Ritalin and alcohol both have the potential for abuse, physical dependence, and a potency of addiction. Using both these substances together can cause significant damage to different organs of the body. Since Ritalin has a strong potential for abuse, people may be tempted to mix it with other substances like alcohol or other CNS drugs.
Ritalin is used to stay alert and active during physical work. But due to its strong potential for abuse, Ritalin is misused and overdosed by the users. When a regular user of Ritalin makes an abrupt withdrawal from using it, severe withdrawal symptoms of Ritalin appear.
Ritalin withdrawal symptoms
Using alcohol and Ritalin together develops a physical dependency on both of these substances. It makes it essential for your body to take these substances regularly to work normally. So, when you stop using Ritalin or drinking alcohol you would face some withdrawal symptoms. Ritalin, being a CNS stimulant, causes psychological symptoms during its withdrawal. As Ritalin works by enhancing Dopamine levels in the brain, Ritalin withdrawal symptoms are related to reward, emotions, and energy level. You may feel different sorts of feelings like apathetic, depressed, anxious, irritable, and tired. Other withdrawal symptoms of Ritalin may include:
• Loss of focus
• Anxiety
• Tremors
• Irritability
• Fatigue
• Hyperactivity
• Nausea
• Dizziness
• Sweating
• Tiredness
• Mood swings
• Depression
• Sleeping problems
• Changes in blood pressure
• Changes in heart rate
In some cases, depression caused by Ritalin withdrawal can lead to a condition called anhedonia. This is the inability to feel pleasure. It can be temporary or can even lead to suicidal thoughts or actions. Extreme depression symptoms or suicidal thoughts could be caused by a severe chemical imbalance.
Methylphenidate withdrawal duration
Methylphenidate (Ritalin) when abandoned abruptly by regular users results in severe withdrawal symptoms. These symptoms are in a variety of both physical and mental complications. These symptoms last from a few days to even a month depending upon the severity of the symptoms and rehabilitation process being used. Ritalin withdrawal can occur in different stages.
Stages of Ritalin Withdrawal Timeline
• 72 hours: After the last dose of Ritalin, the first symptom may show up within the first 72 hours. If you were a user of a high dose for a long time, these symptoms may appear during the first 24 hours. These initial and early symptoms may include sleep problems, irritability, and anxiety. Craving for drugs may also be observed.
• 7 days: The intensity of the symptoms would increase over the first week of Ritalin withdrawal and the symptoms will likely reach their peak intensity when the withdrawal period is over. Symptoms during this phase can include insomnia, nausea, fatigue, and depression.
• 2 weeks: By the 2nd week, these withdrawal symptoms will start to subside. Psychological symptoms stay longer than the physical one and here come the anxiety and depression. Craving may become more intense.
• I month: Certain symptoms like anxiety or depression may exist for more than a month. At this stage, there is a need to attend addiction treatments to cope with drug cravings and psychological symptoms.
Ritalin withdrawal and overdose treatment are quite different from each other and require different procedures. People with a Ritalin addiction have brain cells that work best in the presence of Ritalin. No medication can be used for the treatment of Ritalin withdrawal but according to the National Institute of Drug Abuse withdrawal of Ritalin can be controlled by the following methods:
Ritalin withdrawal Treatment
Treatment of Ritalin withdrawal is a long-term process. Following are the steps of treatment of Ritalin Withdrawal:
Detoxification process:
Options for help to treat Ritalin withdrawal are also known as detoxification from Ritalin.The detoxification process is the initial step in quitting the illicit use of methylphenidate. There is no need for constant monitoring during the detoxification process. Withdrawal treatment of Ritalin can be competed either in an inpatient or outpatient, at a clinic, or in a hospital. Monitoring may be necessary if the patient is experiencing severe depression or suicidal thoughts. Inpatient rehab center: an inpatient program may be more beneficial when there is severe depression. If a person becomes so uncomfortable during the rehab process that he or she restarts abusing Ritalin. People who got troubled sticking with the detoxification process may benefit from the inpatient program.
Addiction Treatment, and Recovery
After the detoxification, the long-term aspects of addiction treatment and recovery can be discussed. Similar to the detox phase, addiction treatment and recovery can also take place at an inpatient or outpatient rehab center t a clinic or hospital. Both rehab and recovery involve individual or group counseling. During the counseling sessions, different therapies are used including cognitive-behavioral therapy, user-specific techniques, and other psychological therapies are used.
Ritalin Overdose Treatment
Ritalin when overdosed by a user needs immediate treatment to cope with the gradual addiction to the Ritalin as well as the immediate symptoms that may appear to be fatal. For a Ritalin overdose, the user may receive intravenous fluids and medication that calm can calm down the user, reduce their blood pressure, and stabilize the heart rate and rhythm. The user may be cooled down with ice packs, mists, and fans. In case the person starts to have seizures, additional treatment such as benzodiazepines may be given. Medications may also be given to reduce paranoia, delusions, and hallucinations. The patient may be given activated charcoal to absorb more of the drug.
The other steps include:
• Medical detox (Residential or inpatient)
• Recovery from an overdose
• Twelve-step rehab program
Thus the treatment from a Ritalin overdose is a long process and can be completed with essential care.
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Are there any technical limitations that make 3D printing frames impractical? And, if it is just a matter of time before our technology is able to overcome any limitations (like manufacturing techniques and processes), will 3D printed frames theoretically be better in so far as they will be able to be made with exact thicknesses, tolerances, etc. and also be lighter in weight? I'm interested in the implications for the common frame metals - steel, aluminum and titanium - as well as carbon.
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The average 3D printer has a maximum workpiece size of about ten inches in each dimension, and it works with plastic. Some work with metal, but generally not high-strength metal. And carbon can't be 3D printed because the fibers must be properly aligned. Aug 23 '15 at 19:04
• Most 3D printers struggle to make tubes unless their axis aligns with the printer vertical - you get quantisation noise and poor adhesion.
– Móż
Aug 23 '15 at 21:59
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Hot off the presses: pinkbike.com/news/…
– Paul H
Nov 17 '20 at 20:18
3D printing have many disadvantages:
1. Materials cost and strength: although new materials has been made over the years to reduce the cost, it is still quite expensive for mass production. In our department, a good material would cost £10/g, and the cheapest is around £1/g (very porous and fragile).
2. Labour cost: it takes time to CAD a small part, but it takes even more time to clean/wash/polish the final parts. For complex part(s), there is a need for filler which could be dissolve at the later stage. This filler dissolution process would take a day and is expensive for mass production (effective time for one part).
3. Replaceable parts: without an established market, the cost for parts would be sky-high.
So far, 3D printing is very successful in prototyping/customizing. This is because the price has been driven down to the point it is the same as if you make a prototype with conventional materials (metal, plastic). Simple and readily-available materials, zero skill requirements for machining contribute to this lower cost. This does not apply in larger scale (where machines replace human labour) and so 3D printing loses advantages.
In the end, it is still much easier and cheaper to CNC parts from conventional materials than to 3D-print a part, given the technology and market right now. If one has to produce a prototype, I always advise the person to try CNC machining before 3D-printing
Five years later, it turns out it was just a matter of time until 3D-printed (additive printing) titanium frames showed up:
In the article above, Huhn Cycles announces their 3D-printed titanium bike, the Moorhuhn. There is also a 3D-printed steel version available that was announced in June of 2020 (https://huhncycles.com/Homepage).
Additionally, brands like Atherton Bikes are using additive manufacturing to create lugs for (semi-)custom carbon frames.
According to their technology page, the basic process for Atherton is the following:
1. The customer submits their custom geometry
2. Atherton develops designs for the lugs
3. The lugs are manufactured
4. Tubes are bonded into the lugs, bike is assembled.
Both of these companies produce full suspension mountain bike frames.
Your Answer
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What mood of feelings does it express in gamelan music of Indonesia?
What is the mood of gamelan music?
The difference between the music of Java and Bali is striking, as different as night and day: the soft, shockless resonance of the Javanese gamelan has been refined to create a mood of untroubled calm and mystic serenity; by contrast, Balinese gamelan is vigorous, rhythmic and explosive, with a bright percussive sound …
How do the instruments help express the mood the gamelan music of Indonesia?
How do the instruments help express the mood of the piece? Higher overall pitch can be an indicator of happiness, carefree and light moods within a song, while lower pitch implies a darker, sad, and serious tone. Timbre, the tonal component of a piece created by harmonics, is a curious indicator of mood.
How would you describe gamelan music?
THIS IS FUNNING: What is Philippines in the Bible?
What does gamelan music represent in Indonesian life?
Gamelan is played to accompany religious rituals, ceremonies, dance, dance-drama, traditional theater, wayang puppets theatre, singing, concerts, festivals, exhibitions, and many more. Many consider gamelan to be an integral part of Indonesian culture.
What mood does Full Moon Night Express?
What mood of feelings does it express Chinese music?
Why is gamelan orchestra important to the Indonesian?
Today, gamelan is an important feature of shadow puppet shows, dances, rituals, and other performances in Indonesia. Although stand-alone gamelan concerts are unusual, the music may also be heard frequently on the radio. Most Indonesians today have embraced this ancient musical form as their national sound.
How does the Indonesian gamelan sound differ to the Philippine kulintang?
It is also based upon the pentatonic scale. However, kulintang music differs in many aspects from gamelan music. The greatest difference is the way in which a gamelan ensemble constructs melodies within a skeletal framework of tones, with a prescribed time interval for the entry of each instrument.
THIS IS FUNNING: Does Thai use Sanskrit?
How will you describe the music of Indonesia?
The gamelan is the main element of traditional Indonesian music. The instruments in a gamelan are composed of sets of tuned bronze gongs, gong-chimes, metallophones, drums, one or more flute, bowed and plucked string instruments, and sometimes singers. … The most popular gamelan can be found in Java, and Bali.
How will you describe the musical characteristic of Southeast Asia?
Jew’s harps, tube zithers, ring flutes, buzzers, xylophones, two-stringed lutes, and various types of gongs with boss (knobbed centre) are some of the most typical instruments of Southeast Asia. … In general, music in Southeast Asia is a tradition taught to each succeeding generation without the use of written notation.
What are the uses of gamelan music?
The functions of gamelan
Javanese gamelan does have its religious purposes as well, as an accompaniment during religious ceremonies. It has also been used as a form of entertainment performed for the amusement of the royal family, as well as accompanying the wayang puppet shows.
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Zika outbreak declared: Emergency team formed as virus ‘spreading rapidly’ – cases soar
Virus expert warns of Zika virus implications during pregnancy
This is a breaking story. More to follow.
89 people, including 17 children, have tested positive for the Zika virus as cases in India have soared.
While cases have been reported across several Indian states over the last few years, this is reportedly the state of Uttar Pradesh’s first outbreak.
The first case of Zika was reported in the industrial city of Kanpur, the largest city in the state, was detected on October 23 and the number of cases has been soaring since then.
Dr Nepal Singh, chief medical officer of Kanpur district, said: “There has been a surge in cases of the Zika virus and the health department has formed several teams to contain the spread.
“There is one woman who is pregnant and we are paying special attention towards her.”
Amit Mohan Prasad, Uttar Pradesh’s top government bureaucrat for health and family welfare, said: “People are testing positive because we are doing very aggressive contact tracing.”
The Zika virus was first discovered in 1947 and became an epidemic for Brazil in 2015.
Zika can be passed from a pregnant woman to her foetus, and infection during pregnancy can cause certain birth defects.
In Brazil, it caused thousands of babies to be born with microcephaly, a disorder that causes babies to be born with abnormally small heads and underdeveloped brains.
The first known case of human infection was documented in 1952.
The virus has been spreading around the world, mainly in warmer, tropical climates.
In response to this epidemic in Brazil, research efforts were boosted to better characterize Zika virus transmission, clinical characteristics, and prevention measures.
The virus is typically transmitted through the bite of infected Aedes mosquitoes, which are known to bite people during the day at dawn and dusk.
Source: Read Full Article
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The benefits of organic farming on fish and rivers
Seeking out and buying produce from organic farms is something millions of customers do each day. It has become a way of life, as people realise that it is a healthier way to eat fruit, vegetables and meat. After all, if we aren’t using artificial chemicals on our produce, you aren’t putting them in your body either. That’s a good thing. There are also other benefits to organic farming which might not be immediately obvious. For example, did you know that organic farming helps fish?
healthy fish swimming in a river
The problem with pesticides and fertilisers
Think of the millions of litres of artificial fertiliser and pesticides that are sprayed on crops in the UK each year. Many of them have just one specific aim. This could be to kill a pest or increase nitrogen in the soil. A lot of these need to be absorbed by the plants to work. But what of the extra that seep into the ground? Where does that go?
Unfortunately, sooner or later they end up in the water table or get flushed out into rivers, streams and canals. They will eventually end up in the sea. These chemicals are causing major problems for life in our waters.
A recent study by Food Security stated that “In recent decades, a higher proportion of pollution has come from agricultural sources than the first two-thirds of the twentieth century.” The main chemical pollutants that arise from agriculture are organic compounds. These include pesticides such as herbicides, insecticides and fungicides. They have a complicated effect on rivers and the life within them. Sometimes even the chemicals they further degrade down into can be very harmful to aquatic life.
A healthy fish in a river
Is organic farming really better for the environment?
Organic farms in Scotland don’t use chemical pesticides or fertilisers. Instead we work in harmony with the environment and actually create a place for wildlife to thrive. By ensuring we only use natural products, we can be sure that no harmful chemicals are pouring into our nearby water sources.
So yes, organic farming is better for the environment and the area around us. The benefits of organic farming are still being researched, and we are delighted to be a part of this culture. So if you’d like to help us continue on our organic journey and taste some of the benefits, then head over to our online shop and taste some of the delicious venison we rear on the farm in a healthy, happy environment!
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Book Review — Real Quanta: Simplifying Quantum Physics for Einstein and Bohr
Real Quanta: Simplifying Quantum Physics for Einstein and Bohr by Martijn van Calmthout is a layman’s look at quantum physics. Calmthout is the editor of exact subjects and surroundings, physicist, science expert and fancier, Einstein biographer, author of popular scientific books, host in the monthly KennisCafé in de Balie and radio presenter De Kennis van Nu (NTR).
There are many books explaining physics to layman from unknown writers to television celebrities like Michio Kaku. The basic concepts of relativity and quantum mechanics are available to all who have access to a library. This does not mean the reader will absorb all the mathematics and become an expert, but like classical physics, most people know how it works without the mathematics — action-reaction, bodies in motion…
Newtonian physics plays a role that we see in everyday life. We drop things. We feel the force of being thrown forward against seat belts during a sudden stop. We may not like the effects but we have learned to accept them. Quantum interactions take place at subatomic levels and Relativity takes place on the huge scale of the galaxies and the universe. Both do affect us since we are made of organized collections of subatomic particles and live in the universe. We just don’t experience it with our senses.
What it holds for mankind may be far greater than tunneling diodes. Computers are made of transistors but many people (younger than the transistor radio era) may not have seen a single transistor, but rather the millions put on an integrated circuit or chip. Science is at its limit of shrinking transistor sizes. Quantum physics may off the answer with quantum computing bits will no longer be a 1 or 0 they will become 1, 0, or both. Searching with a quantum computer would explore all possible answers at once instead of one at a time. Amazingly fast but it would kill credit card encryption algorithms.
Calmthout journeys through the world of quantum mechanics and relativity in a coffee shop with two guests. The old man of physics Albert Einstein and the young upstart Niels Bohr. There is a little banter between the two giants of physics but mostly it’s a bit of history and the future of physics. The cell phone plays a role in the discussion for several reasons besides computing. Secure communication and uncrackable encryption are two examples of quantum power. It’s fairly easy to tie physics to chemistry but Calmthout also ties it to biology and biological systems from migration to chloroplasts. The more that is understood about quantum mechanics the more that can be seen in our world and the more we can build upon the discoveries of the subatomic world.
Calmthout takes the reader on an exciting trip into the world of quantum mechanics. It is a place where “spooky interaction at a distance” is not so scary. It is a place that will make current microelectronics seem as clunky as an abacus. Real Quanta takes a look at the real world, its path, and possible future. Easily readable and very informative.
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Beneficial Tips From Professionals In Eggs.
Eggshells are constructed from really tough proteins that safeguard the yolk (the egg white) from being penetrated. Female animals of all species of birds and reptiles lay eggs, which normally include albumen, a safety covering, chorion, and also flavanous skin, inside different slim shelled membrane layers. In some species, eggs are fertilized by enzymes. In other varieties, both the egg as well as the embryo are created on the surface. In still others, both body organs develop all at once.
The shell and also albumen are hollow, though it is not noticeable from the Eggshell itself. The eggshell itself (in some cases called the “bacterium”) is composed of numerous layers. The inner layer has a thin film of keratin, while the outer layer is made up of shed skin cells. Eggshells differ in dimension and also thickness, depending upon species and also reproductive capacity. They are generally not smooth, though there are some eggshells that are semi-round or oval fit, or include little bumps or ridges on their surface area. In chickens, eggshells might be red, brown or yellow.
Hens lay regarding one egg every two days, which can seem remarkably brief when you consider that the ordinary human being consumes around two eggs daily. Certainly, chickens are not always able to keep all of their eggs; some are culled during early production and others may die soon after hatching out. However, due to the fact that they are so effective at creating healthy, productive eggs, industrial egg farmers take into consideration all hens to be effective, even those that do not lay an egg for weeks or months each time. As a matter of fact, chickens are really quite hardy animals, with few health problems common in wild birds. Still, the extra contemporary methods of farming such as battery rearing, mass feed, antibiotics and other chemicals can present threats to your hen’s wellness, making it vital to pick healthy, natural eggs over the more affordable alternatives.
After the egg yolk is removed, it is removed from the hen as well as its head is often tossed aside. Hereafter, the staying parts of the poultry are cleaned up and dealt with according to regional tradition. The most nutritious parts of the poultry consist of the breast meat, which is usually ground into flour to make buns and also is the most preferred source of protein among customers. The most effective quality hen meat is very lean, with virtually no fat. The breast meat ought to be marinaded in an unique hen breed’s olive oil, which aids in preserving an all-natural shine as well as flavor. Hen dog breeders occasionally add dyes and flavors to the marinade to make it a lot more appealing to the customers.
After the egg is cleansed and also any marinating or added flavorings have actually been used, the yolk is then drawn from the body and also incubated in an incubator. The yolk is then divided from the egg white utilizing a fine tooth grinder. The resulting egg white and yolk are then cooking making use of a rotisserie or oven-roasted hen on a warm grill till it is done. After being cooked, the eggs are positioned in canning containers and also permitted to reach optimum expiration day. There are several options offered for preserving your hens’ eggs, such as canning, drying out, cold, dehydrating, or smoking cigarettes.
The albumen is what we call the “difficult” inner egg white and also is normally marketed in tiny items to customers. It is a very valued and searched for item due to its rich, creamy appearance and a rich, creamy taste. The majority of the albumen is eliminated from the hen at the time of its fatality, which indicates that it is kept in the refrigerator until it can be readily released. This procedure of maintaining the chicken’s albumen in the refrigerator is called “cold.” There are currently several techniques to protecting the albumen, however among one of the most commonly made use of approaches is to utilize a process called “germinal disc”.
This process, which is still being perfected by the professionals, permits the hens to be maintained healthier for longer amount of times. There are still many points that require to be improved before this is introduced to the basic market, yet one point is without a doubt … the world will require eggs, so it will most likely take place. For more information on how to appropriately maintain your chicken eggs, see our internet site listed here.
If you are trying to find the very best products that will certainly aid protect your chickens’ fresh eggs, you can locate them in our store. We have all type of options, including cleansing solutions, which have actually been created to tidy and decontaminate without creating any kind of injury to the birds themselves. There are also different sorts of cleaners that are designed specifically for cleansing as well as disinfecting nesting boxes, giving superior protection against contamination as well as illness. So, if you are searching for means to maintain your flock healthy and also delighted over the long run, you ought to definitely have a look at our internet site. To see full information, you can view our Kassandra Smith January short article on the topic.
Lots of people know that eggs are a basic source of nourishment, however not everyone is aware that there are a number of types of birds that lay eggs. One of the most noticeable amongst these varieties are the Scooks, Thysanura, Eclectus, Lesser Jacana, as well as the Black-capped Chickadee. Every one of these varieties of birds have both males and also women, but the only species to which people are accustomed are the Scolds. The various other species of laying eggs are much more familiar to us, such as the Lories, Echidnas, Carp, Lories, Ring-necked Parakeet, Macaw, Lechura, and so on
. Many eggs created by these types of birds are produced with a protective covering of some sort. Eggshells are usually a combination of calcium carbonate and albumen. Eggshells offer an egg’s solidity as well as security versus breaking. Eggshells also work as a type of shock absorber for the eggshell itself, which is very important in egg manufacturing.
There are numerous types of poultries which will lay eggs, yet they are all very closely related to the poultry. The breeds that will normally lay eggs are the Rhode Island White Hen, the Rhode Island Red Hat, the Jersey Red Neck, the Rhode Island Lobster Back, the Eastern White Hen, the Maine Coonback, and the Canada Goose. Every one of these types will ovulate during the exact same period, which has actually caused many people calling them all “identical.” They are also called “hereditary twins,” since there are typically close resemblance between any kind of two types of hen. That is why many individuals will acquire two of the very same types of hens, because they are so similar. Norco Ranch Eggs
Some of the chickens will certainly not ovulate in any way or will certainly not ovulate properly. This can be uncommon, but it can occur. Most of the time, though, the females will certainly still create practical eggs. The ladies tend to have a somewhat greater propensity to produce larger quantities of feasible eggs. These bigger eggs will usually have higher protein contents too.
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how to stop sibling fighting
How to stop sibling fighting, plus how to prevent it! (2021)
Last Updated on September 2, 2021.
If you have more than one child, then you know how difficult it can be to stop sibling fighting. In this blog post, we will give you some tips on how to pick your battles and how to prevent the fighting from happening in the first place. This is important for both your sanity and for the peace of mind of everyone involved!
Why do siblings fight?
Siblings fight because they lack the skills to work out their differences without fighting, plus they are competing for the same resources: space, parental attention, and love.
Fighting is how they work out their differences. Younger children may not have the language skills to verbalize how they are feeling, so fighting is they express themselves.
How to Prevent Sibling Fights
The best way to solve sibling fighting is to prevent them in the first place. Here are 5 strategies to ending sibling fights before they start.
Stay ahead of kids’ basic needs
Tiredness and hunger can sometimes trigger sibling fights. Prioritize your children’s sleep and make sure you schedule regular meals and snacks to stay ahead of their basic needs. If you don’t have one, you should implement a solid night time routine to make sure kids are getting enough sleep.
Set clear family rules
Your family rules should be clear to all members of the household, including how to solve disagreements. If you have them in writing, your children will know what is expected from them and how they can address issues peacefully.
Maintain regular routines
Family routines provide kids with a sense of stability and predictability. Consistent routines help them feel safe, important and connected to others in the family.
Teach problem resolution skills
Teach them how to solve problems without resorting to fighting. Teach problem resolution skills by giving examples of how they can use these skills in different situations (like when a kid has trouble sharing). Encourage kids to use “I feel” statements and to express their needs clearly. Introduce concepts like negotiation and compromise. Practice these skills with role-playing, and offer in-the-moment coaching when necessary.
Catch them being kind
Catch kids when they’re behaving well and reward their good behavior with praise, a hug, or positive words that encourage intrinsic motivation. Make sure to give attention to how children behave rather than how they are feeling. Validate their feelings, but don’t reinforce negative behaviors by giving in to tantrums, bad moods, or whining.
RELATED: How to handle sensory meltdowns
How to Handle Sibling Fights – 6 Strategies that Actually Work
You’ve tried your best to prevent sibling battles, but you’ve found yourself smack in the middle of out. What do you do? Here are 6 strategies that actually work.
Offer Coaching on Compromise
When your kids are fighting, step in and offer mediation and help them calmly read a compromise. Don’t make decisions for them and don’t choose sides, but offer ideas and suggestions on how they might find common ground.
Do Nothing
If you’ve given them the tools to solve the problem on their own, it might be time to step away and let them figure it out. You might have to stay “You two need to figure this out together. I’m not getting involved.”
Put Them All in the Same Boat
If your kids just can’t find a solution, it might be time to put them all in the same boat. In other words, define a consequence that impacts them all equally. It might sound like this: “If you cannot compromise on what to watch for your 30 minutes of screen time, then we’ll skip TV time today.” Or you might say “If you cannot find a way to share the superhero capes, then we’ll put them in toy jail for the rest of the day.”
RELATED: Toys that are perfect for sharing!
Separate Them
Sometimes kids just need space. If they’re still yelling at each other, try separating them physically and give them some time to calm down. Give them quiet activities to do on their own. A little bit of quiet time can benefit everyone!
Put them in water or take them outside
My mother-in-law gave me this piece of advice when I first became a mom. If your kids are struggling, take them outside or put them in water (like the bathtub, or play in the sink). These sensory experiences work like magic. Both activities can reset their mood and distract them from their current issues.
Offer a Distraction
If your kids are fighting, offer a distraction. This can be as simple as putting on music or doing a completely different activity to do together. Keep a go-to list of distracting activities, like painting, coloring, watching a movie, reading books, etc. In a matter of minutes, they will probably forget what they were fighting about.
Frequently Asked Questions
Is it normal for siblings to fight all the time?
Sibling squabbles are totally normal. Having multiple kids in the same house is sure to create an environment of competition and disagreement. However, how siblings actually fight is dependent on the personalities of your children and how you choose to handle those situations.
What is a toxic sibling?
Toxic siblings are those who create intentional drama, exclude others from the group, and enjoy hurting other people’s feelings. How can we learn how to prevent them?
The first step is recognizing that toxic behavior could be a reflection of something you’re not seeing or hearing in your child. It might help to try talking with your kids about their sibling rivalry and how they feel when they fight.
What You Should Do Next…
1. Snag Our Connected Parent Challenge
2. Join Our Free Online Community
3. Take a Free 60-Minute Parenting Webinar
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Particle accelerator in silicon chip size.
Physicists at Stanford University have built a chip-sized particle accelerator.
This miniature particle accelerator comes to a whopping 0.915 kiloelectron volts at a distance of only 30 micrometers.
At one meter, the mini accelerator is expected to reach as many as 30.5 megaelectron volts. This would be enough for 94% of the speed of light.
The accelerator works with pulsating laser beams in the infrared wave range.
If the researchers were to succeed in creating this in the UV light sprektrum, completely new worlds would open up.
Pulsating laser beams generate a strong pulse. The infrared range is the longest in the light spectrum and therefore also the easiest to accelerate particles. The UV range, on the other hand, is radioactive and of extremely short wavelengths, which would bring a much higher yield.
The application areas would be primarily in medicine, but further developments could reduce the costs enormously even for large particle accelerators.
In the future, large particle accelerators such as CERN could be accommodated in the smallest space, wheredifferent types of lasers would deliver different results.
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There are several skin lesions the are an extremely common and also benign (non-cancerous). These problems include moles, freckles, skin tags, benign lentigines, and also seborrheic keratoses.
You are watching: How to get rid of black moles
Moles and also Your Skin
Moles space growths top top the skin that are usually brown or black. Moles can appear anywhere top top the skin, alone or in groups.
Most moles show up in beforehand childhood and during the very first 25 years of a person"s life. That is typical to have between 10-40 mole by adulthood.
As the years pass, moles usually change slowly, coming to be raised and/or changing color. Sometimes, hairs construct in the mole. Some moles might not adjust at all, while rather may progressively disappear over time.
What reasons a Mole?
Moles occur when cells in the skin flourish in a cluster instead of being spread throughout the skin. These cells are called melanocytes, and also they do the colors that gives skin its natural color. Moles may darken after exposure to the sun, during the teen years, and during pregnancy.
Types the Moles
Congenital nevi space moles that are current at birth. Congenital nevi occur in about one in 100 people. These moles are slightly more likely to construct into melanoma (cancer) than space moles that show up after birth. A mole or freckle have to be confirm if it has actually a diameter of an ext than a pencil eraser or any kind of characteristics the the ABCDEs the melanoma (see below).
Dysplastic nevi space moles the are usually larger than average (larger than a pencil eraser) and also irregular in shape. They tend to have actually uneven color with dark brown centers and lighter, uneven edges. These nevi room somewhat more likely to become melanoma. In fact, human being who have actually 10 or much more dysplastic nevi have actually a 12 times higher chance of emerging melanoma, a serious kind of skin cancer. Any type of changes in a mole have to be confirm by a dermatologist to evaluate for skin cancer.
How perform I know if a Mole Is Cancer?
The vast bulk of moles room not dangerous. Moles the are much more likely to be cancer are those the look different than other existing mole or those that first appear after age 25. If you notification changes in a mole"s color, height, size, or shape, friend should have a dermatologist (skin doctor) advice it. You additionally should have moles confirm if lock bleed, ooze, itch, or become tender or painful.
Examine your skin with a winter or ask someone to help you. Pay unique attention to locations of the skin that are often exposed come the sun, such as the hands, arms, chest, neck, face, ears, legs, and also back.
If a mole does not adjust over time, there is small reason for concern. If friend see any kind of signs of readjust in an currently mole, if you have actually a brand-new mole, or if you desire a mole come be gotten rid of for cosmetics reasons, talk to your dermatologist.
The complying with ABCDEs are important qualities to take into consideration when assessing moles. If a mole displays any type of of the signs provided below, have it checked instantly by a dermatologist. It could be cancerous.
Asymmetry. One fifty percent of the mole go not enhance the other half.Border. The border or edge of the mole are ragged, blurred, or irregular.Color. The shade of the mole is no the same throughout or has shades that tan, brown, black, blue, white, or red.Diameter. The diameter of a mole is bigger than the eraser that a pencil.Evolution. The mole is transforming in size, shape, or color.
Melanoma is a type of skin cancer. The most typical location for melanoma in guys is the chest and back and in women, the is the reduced leg. Melanoma is the most usual cancer in young women.
How room Moles Treated?
If a dermatologist to trust a mole demands to be evaluated further, castle will do a biopsy by shaving or cutting the end the entire spot so that it deserve to be evaluate under the microscope. This is a basic procedure. (If the dermatologist think the mole can be cancerous, cutting through the mole will not cause the cancer to spread.)
If the mole is found to be cancerous, the dermatologist will reduced out the entire mole or scar from the biopsy website by cutting out the entire area and also a rim of normal skin approximately it, and also stitching the wound closed.
Skin Tag
A skin sign is a tiny flap of tissue that hangs off the skin through a connecting stalk. Skin tags room not dangerous. They space usually found on the neck, chest, back, armpits, under the breasts, or in the groin area. Skin tags appear most regularly in women, especially with load gain, and in yonsi people.
Skin tags commonly don"t cause any pain. However, they can end up being irritated if anything, such as clothing, jewelry, or skin rubs versus them.
How space Skin tag Treated?
Your dermatologist can remove a skin tags by cut it off with a scalpel or scissors, with cryosurgery (freezing the off), or through electrosurgery (burning that off with an electric current).
Lentigo and Your Skin
A lentigo (plural: lentigines) is a point out on the skin the is darker (usually brown) than the neighboring skin. Lentigines are much more common amongst whites, specifically those through fair skin.
What reasons Lentigines?
Exposure come the sun appears to be the major cause that lentigines. Lentigines most often show up on parts of the body that gain the many sun, including the face and also hands. Part lentigines might be caused by genetics (family history) or by medical actions such as radiation therapy.
How room Lentigines Treated?
There are several techniques for treating lentigines:
Cryosurgery (freezing the off)Laser surgerySkin cream such as retinoids and also bleaching agents
Can Lentigines it is in Prevented?
The best way to stop lentigines is to remain out the the sun as lot as possible, especially between the hours of 10 a.m. And also 2 p.m. Use a broad-spectrum sunscreen through an SPF the 30 or higher when outdoors, and also wear protective clothing, such as long-sleeved shirts, pants, and also a wide-brimmed hat. Avoid using demorphs beds.
Freckles and Your Skin
spice are little brown spots usually discovered on the face, neck, chest, and arms. Freckles are very common and also are not a wellness threat. Castle are an ext often watched in the summer, especially amongst lighter-skinned people and also people through light or red hair.
What causes Freckles?
Causes of freckles incorporate genetics and exposure come the sun.
Do Freckles have to Be Treated?
Since spice are virtually always harmless, over there is no must treat them. Just like many skin conditions, it"s best to avoid the sunlight as much as possible, or use a broad-spectrum sunscreen v SPF 30. This is especially important because people who freckle easily (for example, lighter-skinned people) are much more likely to build skin cancer.
If you feel that your freckles space a difficulty or friend don"t choose the way they look, you can cover them up with makeup or consider certain varieties of laser treatment, liquid nitrogen therapy or chemistry peels.
Seborrheic Keratoses and also Your Skin
Seborrheic keratoses room brown or black growths usually found on the chest and also back, and also on the head. They originate indigenous cells called keratinocytes. As they develop, seborrheic keratoses take on a warty appearance. They perform not typically lead to skin cancer.
What causes Seborrheic Keratoses?
The reason of seborrheic keratoses is unknown. They space seen more often as civilization get older.
How room Seborrheic Keratoses Treated?
Seborrheic keratoses room harmless and also are no contagious. Therefore, they don"t have to be treated.
See more: Slow Laptop? How To Make A Slow Computer Fast Er 10 Tips To Make Your Computer Run Faster
If you decide to have seborrheic keratoses removed since you don"t choose the way they look, or due to the fact that they room chronically excited by clothing, techniques for removing them include cutting castle off, cryosurgery, and electrosurgery.
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Originally, the term used in considering the relationship of the body, mind, and spirit was “wholistic”. From there the term “holistic” evolved, emphasizing the importance of the whole and the interdependence of its parts. Relative to the practice of dentistry, there is no recognized specialty that would allow one to be called a Holistic or Biologic dentist, thus the use of the terms “The Holistic or Biologic Approach” to the practice of dentistry.
Beginning in my freshman year of dental school, during our anatomy course where we dissected an entire cadaver, I became fascinated with how our bodies are designed. The intricacies of the muscles, nerves, and blood vessels are astonishing and most assuredly seamless from head to toe. It became abundantly clear to me early on that the blood that flows to the brain, the kidneys, the liver, the muscles, etc. also flows into the teeth and the gums. No part of the body functions alone and independent. Without question, the body functions as a whole.
Then studying biochemistry, at a very deep level, learning about processes that are operating on a cellular level, I was equally astonished. The way that the foods we eat are broken down and absorbed and the nutrients are brought into the cells of our bodies is truly amazing. Think for a moment of the Nobel Prize winning discovery that there are at any one time 1 billion proteins in each cell and each one has a tag. And to think that an infected tooth or gum or bone around the teeth can influence things at a cellular level throughout the body, truly raises the importance of how we care for the mouth.
Yet when we step back and look at our medical system, we see things are divided into parts. There are doctors who treat the eyes, the ears, nose & throats, the digestive tracts, the bones, and of course the teeth, often times operating independently of each other while many times what they are treating is related to the same cause. Within the dental profession, we have specialists who treat gum disease, straighten teeth, and do surgery, etc. that operate independent of each other. Often times patients make the choice of where to begin when they have a particular problem. There is little doubt that the entire system is moving away from the holistic approach to a more “parts” orientation, where more and more the treatment is directed at the symptoms of a disease as opposed to its cause.
Increasing evidence is coming to light relative to how problems in the mouth are intimately related, in a biologic sense, to heart disease, cancer, diabetes, depressed immune systems, etc. It is hard to ignore the discovery that there are at least 11 bacteria, previously thought to reside only in the mouth, that, through DNA testing, are being discovered in the walls of the coronary arteries and in the actual blood clots of heart attack victims (p. gingivalis), or in brain tissues of Alzheimer’s patients (T. denticola). The interesting thing is that we cannot look into the mouth and determine their presence. They can be just as active in what appears to be a healthy mouth as they would be in a mouth with active gum disease. The only way to determine their presence is by salivary DNA testing (ask us about this service).
Relative to cancer from a biologic standpoint, in 1932 Dr. Otto Warburg won a Nobel Prize for identifying how cancer begins. He discovered that all cancers begin in an acidic environment (low pH), in the presence of excess free calcium (seen as tartar on teeth), a blood sugar of 96-107, and chronic inflammation (like inflamed and bleeding gums or a chronically infected tooth). One can make a case that these killers (heart disease, strokes, and cancers) can often find their origins within the mouth. Thinking holistically, one can only imagine why there is not more collaboration between the medical and dental professions.
So when we approach the practice of dentistry from a holistic/biologic point of view it just makes sense that patients be invited into all decisions that must be made in developing appropriate treatment plans. The more the patient is involved in deciding what treatment will be rendered and specifically what techniques and materials will be used, the greater the chance that the patient will have control of what is being done to and placed in their bodies. After studying and observing many patients’ journeys toward health, it is my opinion that the more control the patient has in this journey, the greater the chance that they will achieve the outcomes that are most important to them.
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Good coordination between excitatory and is essential for information processing. "Excitatory and inhibitory synapses create a balance in which the play a vital role as 'directors' in the brain," explains Corette Wierenga, co-author of the publication. "Together with Hai Yin Hu and Dennis Kruijssen, I've studied what happens when we disrupt that balance in a small area: does the brain restore the balance again? And how is that regulated?
"We activated individual synapses with a technical trick using laser light. That way, we could repeatedly stimulate four excitatory synapses located very near one another on the of a single specific neuron. The goal was to cause an excess of local activation in order to study whether it was then compensated with additional inhibition. And that was indeed the case—we observed how a new inhibitory synapse started to grow onto that same dendrite."
The researchers discovered that under those conditions, the dendrite secretes a chemical signal that stimulates the formation of an inhibitory synapse. "It's as if a traffic jam suddenly develops at what is normally a quiet intersection: that's where the brain needs a new inhibitory synapse to act as a traffic signal," says Wierenga.
The researchers discovered that the dendrite signals an inhibiting synapse by secreting endocannabinoids. Scientists have long known that produce endocannabinoids – substances that closely resemble the in marijuana – but the secretion of these signal chemicals usually results in the weakening of the synapses. "For the first time, we've now proven that endocannabinoids can also stimulate the growth of inhibitory ," Wierenga says, "and we've already begun conducting follow-up experiments to study in more detail how that process works."
More information: Hai Yin Hu et al. (2019) Endocannabinoid signaling mediates local dendritic coordination between excitatory and inhibitory synapses. Cell Reports, 16 April 2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.03.078
Journal information: Cell Reports
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• 15 heures
• Facile
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J'ai tout compris !
Mis à jour le 04/10/2021
Get your program started with the main function
JavaScript: one language, multiple environments
One of the advantages of learning JavaScript is that it can allow you to program in several different environments. In each environment, the way in which code is executed varies slightly. Here, we will briefly explore three different environments: JSBin, web pages, and servers.
JSBin is a great tool for trying out snippets of JavaScript: that's why I've been using it to demonstrate certain tools or principles. Let's explore how it runs code:
In JSBin, you can write code line for line in the JavaScript pane, and hit the Run button to execute. JSBin then runs through your lines of code and executes them one after the other. Therefore, order is important:
let numberOfGuests = 20;
console.log(numberOfGuests); // 20
Is not the same as:
console.log(numberOfGuests); // undefined
let numberOfGuests = 20;
JSBin is a simple environment which executes your code line by line when you hit the Run button.
Web pages
If you have been following along with the exercises so far, you have been writing JavaScript code for a web page. However, you have not yet seen how your code is interpreted behind the scenes!
In the Codevolve exercises in previous chapters, you were invited to add some code to a JavaScript file. But how was that code then executed in the built-in browser?
Well, there were some other files (to which you did not have access) which did that work for you. Firstly, there was another JavaScript file which imported your episodes array and generated elements it then added to the web page. That file was then imported by the HTML file (that tells the browser what should be on the page), and automatically ran the code.
This is pretty much how JavaScript works on the web. You write some code, save it in one or more files, and then import those files using a special tag in your HTML file. The browser then automatically runs the code in those files, generally speaking in the order in which they are imported.
It used to be that JavaScript could only be used in web pages (on the front end), but not any more! It can now also be used on the back end, managing access to certain resources.
For example, take any webmail service. You have a web page through which you can access your emails, but they are not stored in that page. They are stored in a database, and the page you use accesses that database through a server, which can be written in JavaScript!
However, servers need to be running at all times, and only specific pieces of code need to run at certain times. For example, the code that allows you to access your emails should only be executed if and when you decide to open your mail client!
In this case, an environment (like Node) coupled with specific JavaScript code, allows this to happen. The server reacts to you opening the mail client, verifies authentication, and sends your emails.
Let's recap!
In this chapter, you learned a few examples of how JavaScript is executed in a handful of environments. In the next chapter, we will start looking at conditional statements, and how you can control program flow.
Exemple de certificat de réussite
Exemple de certificat de réussite
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Which gospel writer was not an apostle?
Which of the Gospel writers were apostles?
• Matthew – a former tax collector (Levi) who was called by Jesus to be one of the Twelve Apostles,
• Mark – a follower of Peter and so an “apostolic man,”
Was Matthew the Gospel writer an apostle?
According to Christian traditions, he was also one of the four Evangelists and thus is also known as Matthew the Evangelist, a claim rejected by the majority of modern biblical scholars, though the “traditional authorship still has its defenders.”
Matthew the Apostle.
IT IS INTERESTING: Which countries are mostly Protestant?
Saint Matthew the Apostle
Major works Gospel of Matthew
Why is Luke not an apostle?
Did all of Jesus disciples write gospels?
But first, let me say that if we accept the traditional understandings of authorship, only three of Jesus’ disciples wrote books in the New Testament. You mention John, who is traditionally credited with the Gospel of John, the three letters of John, and the book of Revelation.
Who was the first Gospel writer?
Did the Gospel writers know Jesus?
Who wrote the book of Matthew Mark Luke and John?
IT IS INTERESTING: You asked: How do Protestants use the Bible?
Why did Matthew write his gospel?
Matthew wants to tell the Jewish people that the long-awaited Messiah, the Hope of Israel, has come! As we move through Matthew, it’s important to note how many times he makes reference to the prophets and the Scriptures that spoke of Jesus’ birth. He’s writing to tell these people, “Here He is!
Who was the Gospel writer Mark?
What’s the name of the 12 apostles?
Who were the 12 apostles names?
Who did Luke Skywalker grew up with?
Later, Luke Skywalker grew up there, raised by Cliegg’s son Owen and his wife Beru while Obi-Wan Kenobi kept watch from afar. Imperial stormtroopers searching for R2-D2 and C-3PO burned the homestead and murdered Owen and Beru, leaving Luke determined to learn the ways of the Jedi and fight the Empire.
IT IS INTERESTING: When was the Gospel of Matthew written Catholic?
How long after Jesus died was the Bible written?
What are the 4 Gospels in the New Testament?
What is the difference between Matthew Mark Luke and John?
Protestant community
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How many groups are there to categorize Paralympic swimming athletes?
How many Paralympic categories are there?
All impairment groups can take part in equestrian sport with Para-dressage the only event on the Paralympic programme. There are five grades in the sport, with riders divided depending upon the nature and extent of their impairment.
What are the categories of Paralympics swimming?
World Para Swimming caters for three impairment groups – physical, intellectual and vision. The sport class names in swimming consist of a prefix “S” or “SB” and a number. The prefixes stand for the strokes and the number indicates the sport classes.
How are Paralympics classified?
Classes 1-5 are for wheelchair athletes. Classes 6-10 are for standing athletes. Finally, class 11 is for athletes with intellectual impairments. Within the wheelchair and standing classes, the lower the number, the greater the impact the impairment has on an athlete’s ability to compete.
What are the 8 classifications for Paralympic sports?
Categories of disability
• Amputee athletes.
• Cerebral Palsy athletes.
• Vision impaired athletes.
• Wheelchair athletes.
• Les Autres (“the others”)
• Intellectual impairment.
What are the 6 disability groups in Paralympics?
IT IS IMPORTANT: Your question: Is there bench press in the Olympics?
What is C5 in Paralympics?
Sport class C1 is allocated to athletes with the most severe activity limitation, while the sport class C5 is allocated to athletes with minimum impairments.
What are 5 of the disability groups in the Paralympics?
These include Visual Impairment, Intellectual Impairment, and eight different types of Physical Impairment:
• Impaired muscle power.
• Impaired passive range of movement.
• Loss of limb or limb deficiency.
• Leg-length difference.
• Short stature.
What are the three steps for classification in the Paralympics?
Classification follows a three-step process:
• Which sport class should the athlete compete in?
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Cyber Warfare: A Modern Day Battle Frontier
What is Cyber Warfare?
Cyber warfare, cyber espionage, cyber terrorism, cyber attack and similar terms have become common in news reports and commentaries. Moreover, a constant barrage of adds on TV and the Internet warns us of the dangers of cyber identity theft. Consequently, anyone with a rudimentary understanding of the Internet and warfare has a concept of what these terms represent. However, the true definition of cyber warfare is a matter of debate.
Militarization of Cyber Space
A very narrow definition of cyber warfare limits acts of cyber warfare to actions taken during actual military conflict. These cyber attacks are usually directed at military computer networks and computer-controlled weapons’ systems and are taken to gain traditional battlefield prizes.
For example, in 1998, the U.S. facilitated the bombing of Serbian targets by using cyber space to disrupt Serbian air traffic control. During Israel’s 2006 war with the Hezbollah, Israel claimed that several Middle Eastern states employed cyber warfare tactics to assist Hezbollah forces.
Cyber War and More
A broader definition of cyber warfare includes attacks on government information systems and essential services. Cyber espionage by a foreign government or enemy by accessing another government’s classified information is an aspect of cyber warfare. An attack designed to cause panic, physical harm or financial collapse is an act of cyber terrorism. Terrorist acts of cyber warfare would go far beyond common nuisance viruses causing only temporary disruptions.
In September 2010, Iran’s nuclear centrifuges were cyber attacked by the Stuxnet computer worm. The U.S. has essentially admitted involvement. Similarly, the U.S. has accused China and Russia of planting potential malware on the U.S. electrical grid system. Recently, the Pakistan Cyber Army and the Indian Cyber Army have traded cyber attacks on government systems in an ongoing dispute.
Ironically, the best way to combat cyber warfare is to find weaknesses in strategic software by showing how it can be attacked. After exposing the system’s vulnerability, eliminating that vulnerability is the next step. Finding the expertise required is much like hiring a thief to design your security system. Additionally, traditional methods of counter-intelligence are employed to identify, penetrate, or neutralize foreign operations and to gauge enemy cyber capabilities and intentions.
In 2010, the Pentagon set up the U.S. Cyber Command (USCYBERCOM) to defend American military networks and placed it under the director of the National Security Agency (NSA). Presently, Cyber Command is set up to protect only military targets. The Department of Homeland Security protects government agencies, and private companies remain responsible for their internal systems. However, Cyber Command is considering defining foreign sponsored commercial espionage as a national security issue.
Probably, the most disturbing aspect of any cyber warfare tactic is its use of the Internet to level the battlefield. The Internet equalizes the cyber power of high-tech nations and low-tech nations. Additionally, the Internet makes physical boundaries irrelevant and provides at least temporary anonymity.
• Photo By ssoosay
Peter Wendt is a writer from Austin, Texas. He researches ideas for his articles online, and thus relies heavily on accessible wireless internet, and recommends this business wireless hotspot solution.
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Solar thermal, why is it convenient?
A solar thermal system guarantees savings for the production of domestic hot water which on average ranges from 50% to 90%. The overall saving reaches 40% in combined systems, i.e. when space heating is integrated, as well as the production of domestic hot water.
The energy requirement for the production of domestic hot water of a gas system plus solar thermal it is about one-fifth that of an electric water heater, less than half that of a gas boiler and about 60% that of a system consisting of a larger electric water heater. solar thermal.
But what is the solar thermal? A solar thermal system mainly produces domestic hot water using the energy of the sun, but is also used to integrate heating systems in the winter season, such as traditional, condensing, heat pump boilers, etc. The main components of a solar thermal system they are: the collector that captures solar energy and converts it into thermal energy, the tank that serves to accumulate the thermal energy produced.
One panel solar thermal (or solar collector) is composed of a radiator capable of absorbing the heat of the sun's rays and transferring it to the water tank. The circulation of water from the tank to the domestic tap is achieved by natural or forced circulation, in the latter case the Solar Panel integrates a hydraulic pump with electric power.
A solar thermal panel it takes about 10 hours to heat the water in the tank; the period of time required is highly variable based on sun exposure, season, weather conditions and latitude. When the sky is overcast and in winter the yield of solar panels drops from 40% to 80%. At night it is only possible to use the hot water previously produced during the day. Once the supply of hot water is exhausted, it will be necessary to wait for the sun and a new heating cycle: for this reason it is always advisable to combine the solar thermal to a gas boiler.
Video: Solar PV vs. Solar Thermal Experiment (December 2021).
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50 Trivia Questions for Smart Kids
Stretch your clever kid with these factoids
Phyllis Steward
Written by Phyllis Stewart Updated on July 23rd, 2021
Trivia is fun, let’s face it. We groan over the questions we should have been able to answer and cheer like mad when we nail it. Here is a list of 50 trivia questions for the whole family. There are some for all ages. We’ve designed it to have good questions for everyone in the family and to help everyone learn at least one new thing.
1. What’s the Latin word for the Moon?
Luna. That is also the name of the Moon in Spanish and Italian.
2. How many stripes are there in the flag of the United States of America?
Thirteen, one for each original colony.
3. We all know that George Washington was the first American president, but who was second?
John Adams.
4. Who wrote the Star-Spangled Banner?
The poem was written by Francis Scott Key on September 14, 1814 after he watched the British bombarded Fort McHenry during the War of 1812. The poem was set to music in 1931 by John Stafford Smith which became our country’s national anthem.
5. How many innings are in a baseball game?
6. Who were the first astronauts to land on the Moon?
On July 20, 1969, Neil Armstrong and Edwin “Buzz” Aldrin touched down on the Moon’s surface. Pilot Michael Collins stayed aboard the orbiter. Armstrong, some six hours after landing, became the first human to walk on the Moon’s surface.
7. This insect appears once every 17 years and makes a lot of noise when it comes out of hibernation. What is it?
The locust (order Homoptera).
8. How many words are defined in the Oxford English Dictionary?
The Second Edition of the 20-volume Oxford English Dictionary has full entries for 171,476 words in current use (and 47,156 obsolete words).
9. How many legs does a starfish have?
Most of the 1,800 kinds of starfish have five legs, but some kinds have up to 50! If a starfish loses a leg, he just grows a new one!
10. What is the largest populated city in the world?
Tokyo, Japan with 37,393,000 people.
11. Who said, “I regret that I have but one life to lose for my country.”?
American patriot Nathan Hale said this just before he was hanged on September 22, 1775 for spying on British troops during the Revolutionary War.
12. How many states are there in the United State of America?
13. How many territories belong to the USA?
The US has five major territories: Guam, American Samoa, Puerto Rico, the US Virgin Islands, and the Northern Mariana Islands. Each is self-governing under the authority of the US government.
14. How long is the US measurement of one yard?
36 inches
15. How many inches is one meter?
39.3701 inches
16. How many people serve as Senators in the US government?
100, 2 from each state.
17. How many is a dozen?
18. How many is a baker’s dozen?
13, they give an extra portion for good will from their customers.
19. How fast can a racehorse run?
The fastest horse is the Quarter Horse which has been measured at 55 miles per hour, as fast as a car going the legal speed on most American highways.
20. If you had a bunch of quarters that added up to $925, how many quarters would you have?
You would have 3,700 quarters. Multiply 925 dollars by 100 cents. That equals 92,500 cents. Divide the cents by 25 cents (the value of an American quarter coin), and you get 3,700.
21. If a bicycle has two wheels, how many wheels does a tricycle have?
Three. The prefix bi- means two; tri- means three.
22. How many continents are on the Earth?
Most people say 7 continents: Africa, Antarctica, Asia, Australia/Oceania, Europe, North America, and South America. Some refer to 6 continents since there is no clear division between Europe and Asia.
23. How many bits are there in a computer byte?
24. What is the hardest mineral on Earth?
The diamond.
25. What do you call a very small horse?
A pony
26. What do you call a baby horse?
A colt
27. What is the temperature at which water boils?
Usually 212 degrees Fahrenheit (100 degrees Celsius) at sea level. At 6,250 ft (1,905 meters), it boils at 200.1 degrees Fahrenheit (93.4 degrees Celsius). The reason is that the air pressure is greater at sea level.
28. What do you call your grandmother’s mother?
29. What’s the longest someone has held their breath under water?
Nearly 25 minutes. Budimir Buda Šobat, a diver from the European country of Croatia, prevented himself from breathing oxygen in a swimming pool. Most people can only hold their breath for about two minutes.
30. What does the word kindergarten mean?
Kindergarten is German for Child’s Garden.
31. Who is Bert’s roommate?
Ernie, on Sesame Street.
32. Which country invented the Olympics?
Greece, which held the games in Olympia from 776 BCE through 393 BC. The first modern Olympics were held in Athens, Greece in 1896.
33. Which power makes the lights go on in your house?
34. If you fractured your tibia, what happened to you?
You broke your leg below the knee.
35. Where do we get sugar from?
There are two plants that provide nearly all the regular sugar we eat, sugar cane and beet sugar.
36. In which country is the city of Paris?
37. If your recipe needed a quart of water, how many cups would you need?
4 cups
38. Can you say this three times as fast as you can without tripping over your tongue?
(Animal scientists say that if a woodchuck really wanted to, they could chuck about 700 pounds worth of wood.)
39. How far apart are the white hash marks on an NFL football field?
18 feet, 6 inches.
40. How many years does the average American doctor spend in college?
Eight years; four getting an undergraduate degree, and four in medical school, plus 3 to 4 years training as a resident after graduating.
41. At what time did the mouse come down in the nursery rhyme Hickory Dickory Dock?
When the clock struck 1.
42. How many doors does a four-door car have?
Four, silly!
43. How many teaspoons are in a tablespoon?
44. Which of these foods is a fruit: a potato, lettuce, an egg, or a tomato?
The tomato is a fruit as classified by people who study plants. Nutritionists insist it’s a vegetable. The war rages on.
45. In what US state is the Grand Canyon?
Grand Canyon State Park is in Arizona. The Colorado River runs through it from Colorado to California and the Pacific Ocean.
46. How fast can a red kangaroo jump?
35 miles per hour, about as fast as your can goes down your street.
47. Which bird lays eggs?
All birds lay eggs!
48. How many cards are in a standard deck?
A standard deck of cards has 52 cards: four suites: hearts, clubs, spades, diamonds. Each suite has thirteen cards: ace, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, jack, queen, and king.
49. How many US states are home to brown bears in the wild?
Five officially: The United States has about 30,000 brown bears. Most of the U.S. brown bears live in Alaska with about 1,500 in the lower 48 states of Montana, Idaho, Wyoming, and Washington.
50. What do you call your mom’s cousin’s child?
Your second cousin. Your mom and her cousin are first cousins.
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Phyllis Steward
Written by Phyllis Stewart Updated on July 23rd, 2021
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Old sayings are short pithy expressions that usually contain a piece of advice or homespun wisdom. There are different words for them: platitude, proverb, maxim, axiom, adage, or witticism. My Mother would often say, “You don’t know which way you will jump until your feet are in the fire.” I am not real sure what it meant, but having burning feet sounded terrible. My Dad always told me to keep my nose clean. That old adage has lots of meanings including the obvious.
Do you have a favorite old saying? One of my teachers in Longfellow Junior High school often said, “He doesn’t have the good sense God gave a goose.” That even offended the goose. Today, that would be considered an insensitive remark worthy of losing your job or at least being sentenced to a month in Relational Therapy Sensitivity Training 101.
Recently, I heard an old adage that I had never heard before. It is a comment that Sir Winston Churchill made regarding a pompous member of Parliament back in the 40’s. Churchill rose through the ranks of politics to become the most influential Prime Minister England has had to date. Sir Stafford Cripps was born into a wealthy and prominent political family in England, and became a strong voice in the government for the far left. Sir Cripps often made arrogant speeches and carried an egotistical attitude wherever he went. He was pretty much the opposite of everything Sir Winston Churchill stood for.
During World War 2, as England struggled against Nazi Germany, Sir Cribbs made an audacious speech that riled many in England. One of his swaggering statements was, “I do not believe it would be a bad thing for the British working class if Germany defeated us!” Later, after a business session, Sir Cribbs and his snobbish entourage passed by Churchill in the hall. Churchill was quoted as saying, “But for the Grace of God, there goes God!”
The message was obvious. There are a lot of contemptuous people in the world who think they know everything. They even act as if they know more than God. But the Bible cautions us about a conceited spirit. Proverbs 16:18 ESV – “Pride goes before destruction, and a haughty spirit before a fall.” Romans 12:16 ESV – “Live in harmony with one another. Do not be haughty!”
One last old saying: “What is pride? A whizzing rocket that would emulate a star.” (William Wordsworth)
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Recording Material Costs Transcript - BC Bookkeeping Tutorials|
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Recording Material Costs Transcript
Costing Methods > Job Costing > Recording Material Costs
One important thing we need to understand in determining product costs is the flow of costs through the manufacturing process. The cost flows move from the raw materials account to the work in process account and finally to the finished goods inventory account.
That might seem like abstract accounting to some of you. You might find it easier to picture the physical flow of costs.
When I think of these three inventory accounts, I tend to visualize them as three different rooms or buildings.
The raw material account is basically a raw material warehouse. When costs move from raw materials to WIP, materials physically move from the raw materials warehouse to the production floor, often a separate building. When costs move from WIP to finished goods inventory, completed products physically move from the production floor to a finished goods warehouse or storeroom which is a separate location.
So I hope that visualization will help you with the concept of how costs move through the production process.
Now let's look at materials specifically. When raw materials are purchased by a manufacturer, they are recorded as a debit in the raw material inventory account and physically stored in a raw materials warehouse. When materials are requisitioned for production, they physically moved from the raw material warehouse to the production floor.
In accounting, we credit raw material inventory and debit work in process for the direct materials. Raw materials are credited and manufacturing overhead expense is debited for the indirect materials.
You recall that direct costs, like direct materials, are those that can be traced directly to a product.
Indirect costs are those that can't be traced to a product, so those costs need to be allocated to the products.
So even though the indirect materials physically go to WIP, the costs are indirect and therefore will be allocated to the job.
A job cost record is used to accumulate all of the direct material and direct labor used on a job as well as the manufacturing overhead allocated to the job.
Each job will have its own job cost record for keeping track of the job's cost. Each time production needs some raw materials it will fill out a material requisition.
This is the paper trail that tracks the physical movement of raw materials to production.
Finally, let's look at the journal entries for raw materials.
The purchase of raw materials is a debit to raw materials and credit to accounts payable usually. When materials are requisitioned to production, this is a debit to WIP for the direct materials, a debit to manufacturing overhead for any indirect materials, and a credit to raw materials inventory account.
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HomeRegional NewsAfricaEnergy transition or access: Africa’s fossil fuel problem
Energy transition or access: Africa’s fossil fuel problem
As the world accelerates its race towards a net zero emissions future, there is an increasing focus on developing countries and their financial inability to meet such net zero targets that define a successful energy transition.
Africa in particular is home to 17% of the world’s population but it produces less than 5% of global annual emissions. Notwithstanding South Africa’s anomalous GHG emissions profile, Africa only accounts for 3% of the globe’s cumulative emissions.
When it comes to commitments towards net zero emissions, 35 out of Africa’s 54 countries have stepped up. But, at an estimated cost of $2.8 trillion just to transition Africa’s current energy base by 2050, the required investment level is out of reach for most countries.
This message was reinforced at COP26 through the calls for increased international financial support from developed nations.
Have you read?
COP26 deal: How rich countries failed to meet their obligations to the rest of the world
The recent PwC Africa Energy review goes further to outline a double challenge for Africa – addressing the energy transition from fossil fuels to greener sources is in many ways at odds with addressing stark energy poverty challenges, in line with Sustainable Development Goals.
The review posits four different scenarios which could play out in Africa’s energy transitions and asks what is the risk of the continent becoming isolated from global markets and eventually stranded?
International exploration of Africa’s oil and gas reserves continues
The review specifically concentrates on Africa’s fossil fuel inventories, showing a downturn in production, consumption and export between 2019 and 2020. This reflects the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on large projects which were either delayed or cancelled. Global investment pressure also resulted in the rapid exit and disinvestment in portfolios.
Though companies starting exploration and development projects, planned capital expenditure in 2020 to 2021 fell from $90 billion pre-COVID-19 TO $60bill.
Have you read?
Is gas the right answer for Africa’s baseload power search?
On the other hand, Africa’s renewable energy sector shows an uptick in generation, capacity and forecast. Renewable projects on the continent are increasing, with an annual growth rate of 21% between 2010 and 2020. Total installed renewable capacity in Africa has grown by more than 24GW since 2013.
The current total renewable capacity is at 58GW with hydropower contributing 63% and the continent’s capacity is expected to increase by the end of 2021 with solar and wind projects in Egypt, Algeria, Tunisia, Morocco and Ethiopia coming online.
The forecast to 2050 estimates 27.32 exajoules (EJ) of additional renewable generation would be needed in Africa’s energy mix to compensate for the declining use of fossil fuel. This presents a significant increase from the current renewable generation of 1.79EJ.
Africa does not have the money to fund an energy transition
To achieve net zero by 2050, Africa needs to invest around R2.8 trillion in a clean energy mix and reduce its current annual CO2 emission of 1,62million kilotons. But, investment in low-carbon energy systems in Africa lags global pace. Developed nations may have committed to $100 billion in global climate finance commitments, but the allocation to Africa falls well short of what is needed to meet global targets.
These fiscal constraints across Africa create a challenge. Private partnerships, public-private partnerships and blended finance are becoming increasingly important, but these need strong public sector governance and innovative financing instruments.
Have you read?
Interrogating LNG as baseload power source for Africa
Africa’s fossil fuel reserves are estimated at more than $15.2 trillion based on current market value. In sub-Saharan Africa, almost 50% of export value is derived from fossil fuels with an estimated contribution to GDP from Africa’s current oil, coal and gas production at around $156.2bn. The global energy transition is putting this crucial income source at risk.
James Mackay, PwC director: energy strategy and infrastructure: “Ensuring a sustainable planet is not a cost-benefit assessment. That said, Africa must carefully consider the economic impact of a transition away from fossil fuels and associated revenues in context of the affordable pace of development and growth of the renewable energy sector.
“More than a third of African nations are very dependent on fossil fuel commodities for state revenue, foreign current reserves and local economic activity. An unfunded and rapid shutdown of this sector would place significant fiscal strain and hardship on Africa.
“On the other hand, too slow a transition may see Africa lag global markets and emissions reductions targets. Developed economies must play and active role in Africa to ensure a global win-win outcome,” said Mackay.
Have you read?
Gap exists globally between net zero pledges and real action
Leaving fossil fuels in the ground means Africa misses out on potential, much-needed forex
To achieve the 1.5°C global warming target under the Paris agreement, studies suggest that almost a third of current natural gas reserves and nearly 90% of current coal reserves should remain in the ground. Applying this to Africa leaves a potential %6.7tn of fossil fuel stranded on the continent.
Adopting renewable energy boost employment opportunities on the continent through the creation of new skills and capacity. Of particular relevance to Africa is the potential to boost non-energy jobs through broader economic activity in rural communities where improved energy access through minigrids and off-grid solutions has an impact on economic productivity.
In the report PwC fines four potential scenarios that could materialise as Africa progresses the energy transition:
• (i) Assisted but rushed;
• (ii) Collaborative and measured;
• (iii) Business as usual; and
• (iv) Stranded and strangled.
All these scenarios are dependent on several factors including: the speed of global net-zero adoption; foreign funding available to Africa; and the level of Africa’s economic growth, which will include fossil fuel export revenue.
“There is no doubt that the energy transition in Africa will be a complex journey with no single blueprint to solving Africa’s challenges. ‘Game Theory’ outlines scenarios for decision making under uncertainty and how the outcome of individual participants depends on the actions of all. The global energy transition must prioritise the planet and all nations rather than identifying winners and losers.
“Africa will have no choice but to adapt to this new world, but to avoid a growing ‘fault line’ between the developed and the developing world, greater focus on equitable policy, markets and investment is clearly required,” said Mackay.
PwC’s Africa energy review 2021 is available online.
Theresa Smith
Theresa Smith is a Content Specialist for ESI Africa.
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Lessons learned - Formalising community-based microfinance institutions
septiembre 2016
Gender in climate smart agriculture, Module 18 for the Gender in Agriculture Sourcebook
julio 2016
This module provides guidance and a comprehensive menu of practical tools for integrating gender in the planning, design, implementation, and evaluation of projects and investments in climate-smart agriculture (CSA). The module emphasizes the importance and ultimate goal of integrating gender in CSA practices, which is to reduce gender inequalities and ensure that men and women can equally benefit from any intervention in the agricultural sector to reduce risks linked to climate change. Climate change has an impact on food and nutrition security and agriculture, and the agriculture sector is one of the largest emitters of greenhouse gases. It is crucial to recognize that climate change affects men and women differently. The initial assumption is that social differences, particularly gender inequality, must be taken into account to strengthen the effectiveness and sustainability of CSA interventions. Women are key players in the agricultural sector, yet compared to men, they own fewer assets and have access to less land, fewer inputs, and fewer financial and extension services.
Conjunto de herramientas: Reducir la carga de trabajo doméstico de las mujeres en las zonas rurales mediante el uso de tecnologías y prácticas de ahorro de mano de obra
abril 2016
Este conjunto de herramientas comprende una sinopsis, una guía práctica y las enseñanzas extraídas en relación con las tecnologías de ahorro de mano de obra para reducir la carga de trabajo doméstico.
Compendium of rural women’s technologies and innovations
abril 2016
It’s a well-worn cliché that women’s work is never done. But in many parts of the world, it’s still undeniably true.
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The History of Pancakes
Pancakes are an American classic. Breakfast and brunch would simply be incomplete without these fluffy stacks of deliciousness piled high and served with syrup, butter, and all of your topping favorites.
While pancakes have probably been a part of your mornings for as long as you can remember, these fun little guys date back thousands of years! In this article, we will explore the history and traditions behind one of our favorite breakfast staples.
Where Did They Come From?
Pancakes have been around for centuries and are a staple in many cultures. Experts (pancakes experts?) believe that people enjoyed pancakes as far back as 30,000 years ago during the Stone Age. In fact, researchers found pancakes in the stomach of Ötzi the Iceman, famous human remains that date back more than 5,000 years! Actually, that’s kind of gross…
stack-of-pancakesIn ancient Greece and Rome, pancakes were made from wheat flour, olive oil, honey, and curdled milk. Ancient Greek poets Cratinus and Magnes wrote about pancakes in their poetry. Shakespeare even mentions them in his famous plays. During the English Renaissance, people flavored their pancakes with spices, rosewater, sherry, and apples.
People began using the word “pancake” during the 15th century, and the word became standard in 19th century America. Previously, people referred to them as Indian cakes, hoe cakes, johnnycakes, journey cakes, buckwheat cakes, griddle cakes, and flapjacks. Early American pancakes were made with buckwheat or cornmeal.
Thomas Jefferson loved pancakes so much that he sent a special recipe from the White House to his hometown! We’d love to get our hands on that recipe…
Happy Pancake Day!
Yep, you heard us correctly. Pancake Day is real! Shrove Tuesday (commonly referred to as Fat Tuesday) is the holiday of feasting before Lent. Once upon a time, during Lent, people were not allowed to eat animal products like milk, butter, and eggs.
To prevent them from going to waste, people cooked these ingredients into tall stacks of pancakes. They were consumed in such large amounts that this day earned the rightful name of Pancake Day.
Pancakes Can Be Found All Over the World
You may be surprised to find that pancakes exist all over the world. Each culture seems to have a unique take on them. People eat them for breakfast, lunch, and dinner all over the globe. Some examples of this transcultural food include crepes, potato latkes, Irish boxty, Russian blini, Welsh crampog, Indian poori, Hungarian palacsinta, and Dutch pannenkoeken.
Coming Down with a Case of… Pancake Syndrome
Everyone here at Kate’s Kitchen suffers from pancake syndrome, which we define as the love of, addiction to, and obsession with pancakes. However, as it turns out, "pancake syndrome" is an actual medical condition! It occurs in tropical regions when mites contaminate the flour used to make pancakes, which causes consumers to have an allergic reaction. YIKES!
Get 'Em While They're Hot!
Pancakes come in many different shapes, sizes, and flavors. They can be sweet, savory, thick, thin, small, or large, but they are all delicious! While there are many styles of pancakes, we like to keep it classic with traditional American-style pancakes at Kate’s Kitchen.
You can have your choice of Banana, Craisin and Granola, Blueberry, Apple and Pecan, or Cinnamon and Roasted Pecan served fresh off the griddle with butter and maple syrup. YUM!
Pancakes have really stood the test of time with their extensive history all over the world. They hold a special place in our hearts, reminding us of comfort, family meals, and Saturday mornings. We’re looking forward to seeing you soon at Kate’s Kitchen!
Take a look at our breakfast menu!
Kate’s Kitchen... (816) 436-7200
Ronnie’s Restaurant... (913) 831-8600
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Wastes recycling and re-use have multiple socioeconomic and environmental benefits that have not been adequately examined in Nigeria, especially in an area such as Zaria, Kaduna State. The objectives of this research are to: examine the socio-economic and demographic characteristics of waste management entrepreneurs; identify the sources and destinations of recyclable municipal solid waste; analyse the quantity of waste materials (metal scraps, plastics and cans) recovered, reused and transported for recycling; identify the type of uses recyclable materials are put into in the study area; and examine the socioeconomic benefit of waste recycling and reuse. A total of 252 scrap metal/plastic collectors, scavengers and artisanal recyclers‘ were studied using purposive and snowball sampling techniques. Tables, percentages, charts and multiple linear regression techniques were used for the analysis. The results showed that majority of the waste collectors within the twelve localities of Zaria were less than 20 years old. Generally, the low educational level of the respondents indicates that formal educational qualification is not a major determinant of being an actor in this type of business. Cans and aluminium, scrap metal, assorted plastics, are the major materials that attract waste entrepreneurs in Zaria. about 71.8% of waste collectors collect waste from multiple sources and majority of the waste actors about 61.5% collect less than 100 kg of valuable waste materials every week. Products produced by artisanal recyclers from cans and scrap Aluminium includes majorly pots and frying pan. A relatively high proportion (56.7%) of plastic collectors disposes the assorted plastics to those involved in reuse like, bottling of locally made drinks (Zobo and Kunu), traditional herbs and honey. The average monthly income for about 43.3% was above N16, 000. 00 which is quite better compared with the Nigerian minimum wage standard. Also all the respondents claimed that no harmful solid substances were released into the environment as a result of artisanal recycling activity. Further, about 30% of waste management entrepreneurs are employers of labour, with 13.5% having more than 6 employees. The multiple regression analysis revealed that the number of people employed in waste business and quantity of waste collected have significant impact on their income with coefficients of 0.343 and 0.360 respectively, while the coefficient of multiple determination (R2) indicate a total variation of 42.5% at 5% level of significance. However, challenges militating against waste recycling in Zaria include lack of a functional recycling plant; price fluctuation and the cost of conveying recyclables to recycling plants outside the study area among others.
It is concluded that solid waste recycling and re-use activities contribute more to alternative waste management than the government owned agencies in the study area. Their activities in sustainable waste management should be incorporated into the state environmental protection agency institutional framework.
In the pursuit of sustainable waste management, the prevention of waste generation is the first priority, followed by waste recovery and safe disposal of waste on the hierarchy of principles for waste management (Figure 1.1). These principles need to be put in practice through joint waste prevention and management measures if growing environmental degradation is to be avoided. For example, the use of valuable land for waste disposal, the release of harmful substances from landfills and waste transports into air, soil and water, and the use of resources that are transformed into disposed waste instead of being reused or recycled will all have negative impacts on the environment, and will have a long-lasting direct and indirect influences on the quality of life (European Urban Waste Management Cluster (EUWMC), 2005).
It is known that there have been some local methods by which solid wastes were been reused or recycled. The knowledge of waste recycling and reuse might not be totally new in the Nigerian context. Rather, it is the current sophistication involved that is rather new. Waste facilities in developing countries are minimal, but substantial quantities are diverted for recycling (Tajuddeen, 2003). So there was this reuse culture that has been planted in to Nigerians subconsciously. Every item used were structured for reuse. Even today, the sachets of ―pure water‖ are used by horticulturists for flower nursery and paper wrappers are reused. The reuse tradition is what makes old newspapers useful for wrapping roasted groundnut ( Arachis hypogea Linn) and pop corn (guguru) or akara, the popular fried beans cake. Apart from the fact that the reuse culture saves lots of money, it is highly conservative resulting in waste management (Ajibade, 2005).
In spite of the enormous benefits associated with sustainable waste management strategies such as recycling and reuse, only a handful of countries are able to put them into practice. For instance, most of the economically developed countries are still unable to recycle much of their waste (Anthony, 2009). Besides, growing land scarcity and stricter environmental standards now make it difficult for many rich cities to find adequate and suitable disposal sites for the large volumes of waste being generated by their urban populations (Pacione, 2005; Charzan, 2002).
Hardoy, et. al., (2001) researched on environmental problems in an urbanizing world and estimates that between one third and one half of all solid waste generated in Third World cities remains uncollected and the collection rate could be as low as 10 – 20 percent in some cases. Depicting a similar picture of the problem, Cointreau (2001), has estimated that in some cases, up to 60 percent of solid waste generated within urban centres in poor countries remains uncollected and such refuse accumulates on waste lands and streets, sometimes to the point of blocking roads. Moreover, uncontrolled solid waste disposal can also cause environmental problems like traffic congestion on the streets and roads, municipal floods when dumped on waterways, etc. (Lawal, 2011).
According to Solomon (2009), in his study on the state of solid waste management in Nigeria; it is estimated that an average Nigerian generates about 0.49kg of solid waste per day with households and commercial centres contributing almost 90% of total urban waste burden. Little information exists on industrial, agricultural and biomedical waste profiles. As with most developing countries, a greater percentage of solid waste composed of organic matter, but recently there has been a marked increased in the amount of plastic wastes generated in Nigeria (Solomon 2009).
Adeyemi et. al., (2001) examined the role of waste scavengers in the waste recycling process in Ilorin, Nigeria. Using plastic waste as an example, it was demonstrated that such recycling is economically viable. The preliminary findings indicate that, scavengers who operate in the informal sector have contributed significantly towards the provision and separation of recyclables for the recycling industries. Scavenging is a source of employment to poor people. They finally recommended that, the waste scavenger could be incorporated formally into the recycling process. Ado (1998) studied the economic importance of solid wastes in Kano metropolis. The findings showed that on the average scavengers that buy recyclables from households generate an income that is equivalent to 50% of the cost of purchase (e.g. for each recyclable they bought at N1.00, they would get 50k as profit).
Nzeadibe‘s (2006) study on ―Cash for Trash‖, asserts that waste recycling system in Nsukka region is run by the informal sector. This is because statutory measures for achieving improved recycling rates are non-existent in Nigeria. As a result, households and businesses can neither be compelled to achieve higher recycling targets nor enforce compliance. Also, because no formal resource recovery programmes exist, residents neither have the incentive nor do they see the need to recycle their wastes.
The foregoing review demonstrates that waste to wealth has multiple socioeconomic and environmental benefits yet it has not been systematically examined in Zaria. The dearth of such work is an important research gap needed to be urgently filled. The research questions posed are as follows:
i. What are the socio-economic and demographic characteristics of waste management entrepreneurs (WMEs) in the study area?
ii. What are the sources and destinations of recyclable Municipal Solid Waste, in Zaria metropolis?
iii. What is the quantity of waste materials (metal scraps, plastics and cans) recovered, reused and transported for recycling?
iv. What type of uses are the recyclable materials put into?
v. What are the socioeconomic benefits of waste management to waste management entrepreneurs (WMEs) in the study area?
The aim of the study is to evaluate the potential for solid waste recycling /re-use as an alternative to waste management strategies in Zaria metropolis to create wealth and promote a sustainable environment. The specific objectives are to:
i. examine the socio-economic and demographic characteristics of waste management entrepreneurs (WMEs) in the study area
ii. identify the sources and destinations of recyclable Municipal Solid Waste, in Zaria metropolis;
iii. analyse the quantity of waste materials (metal scraps, plastics and cans) recovered, reused, transported for recycling.
iv. identify the type of uses recyclable materials are put into in the study area.
v. examine the socioeconomic benefits of waste management to waste management entrepreneurs (WMEs) in the study area.
There are several reasons for continuous research on waste problem at local, national and global levels. Firstly, the earth‘s natural resources are fast dwindling, hence the need to conserve the resources. Reuse and recycle are some of the conservation means for sustainable natural resource management, including municipal solid waste. This is the environmental justification for this study. Also, this study will provide evidence on the volume of wealth/job created from managing municipal solid waste (MSW) that can be used for future development planning in the area of employment generation. Evidence from other countries such as Germany, Australia and the US demonstrate how significant job creation at the local level has been achieved through high recycling rates, thus supporting new business formation (Mayor of London, 2003).
In terms of contribution to knowledge on solid waste and urban environmental management, findings of the study will form a base knowledge for researchers interested in that area. It is hoped that this work will contribute to finding a sustainable way of handling scrap metal, can and plastic waste menace in Zaria with adaptive implications for the whole country and beyond.
The purpose of this study is to evaluate the potential for solid waste recycling and reuse as a management strategy to create wealth and promote a sustainable waste management. The spatial scope of this work are localities in Zaria which include; Samaru, Palladan, Basawa, Gyllesu, Muchia, Chikaji, Wusasa, Dogarawa, Sabon-Gari, Tudun Wada, Gaskiya and Zaria city. The areas were chosen based on the prominence of collection points. By indication, Zaria as used in this study comprises Zaria and Sabon-Gari Local Government Areas (LGAs), with four (4) districts namely; Zaria city district, Tudun Wada district, Sabon-Gari district and Samaru district.
This study will therefore examine recovery, recycling and reuse of MSW. The focus will be limited to scrap metal, plastic bottles and cans; since they are the items that are majorly recovered by the entrepreneurs. The temporal scope for the field work was limited to one month (i.e. from second week of November to first week of December 2012).
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Shaking Hands
Shaking hands is a relic of the caveman era. Whenever cavemen met, they would hold their arms in the air with their palms exposed to show that no weapons were being held or concealed. This palms-in-air gesture became modified over the centuries and such gestures as the palm raised in the air, the palm over the heart and numerous other variations developed. The modern form of this ancient greeting ritual is the interlocking and shaking of the palms which, in most English-speaking countries, is performed both on initial greeting and on departure. The hands are normally pumped five to seven times.
Continue reading here: Dominant and Submissive Handshakes
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The Agricultural Revolution in Prehistory. Why did Foragers become Farmers – BARKER (DP)
BARKER, Graeme. The Agricultural Revolution in Prehistory. Why did Foragers become Farmers. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006. 598p. Resenha de: BUDJA, Mihael. Documenta Praehistorica, v.34, 2007.
The Agricultural Revolution in Prehistory addresses some of the most debated questions as to why, how, when and where foraging societies decided that Ôthe advantages of food production outweighed the options available to them as foragersÕ. Graeme Barker first discussed these questions in his Cambridge PhD on the transition from hunting to farming in central Italy. Some years later he focused on the evolution of farming in Europe. His recent book is an attempt to bring to bear a global holistic approach to the problem of why foragers became farmers. The book is in ten parts: (1) Approaches to the Origins of Agriculture, (2) Understanding Foragers, (3) Identifying Foragers and Farmers, (4) The ÔHearth of Domestication Õ? Transitions to Farming in South-West Asia, (5) Central and South Asia: the Wheat/Rice Frontier, (6) Rice and Forest Farming in East and South-East Asia, (7) Weed, Tuber, and Maize Farming in the Americas, (8) Africa: Afro-Asiatic Pastoralists and Bantu farmers?, (9) Transitions to Farming in Europe: Ex Oriente Lux?, and (10) The Agricultural Revolution in Prehistory: Why did Foragers become Farmers?
In the context of a short review, the range and rich detail of this book precludes further summary, and to engage in debate on any one section would be invidious. Suffice to say that the author believes that the process of transition to farming demands a regionally comparative approach. For every region, he suggests, we need to understand Òchanges in climate and environment, the nature of the plant and animal resources available, and how they were exploited by people on either side of the presumed transitional phase(s) from foraging to farming”. And, that “if we are to understand why prehistoric foragers become farmers” we have to “imagine how they must have viewed their world and the challenges and choices available to them”. There is no reason not to agree with these postulates.
The author develops a strong case for the development of agricultural systems in many regions as transformations in the life-styles of indigenous forager societies, and hypothesises that these were as much changes in social norms and ideologies as in ways of obtaining food. He argues at the same time that the transition to farming was a process consisting of many unwise, foolish and fatal decisions, and that what actually happened was not the discovery nor the invention of food production, but a by-product of decisions made without an awareness of their consequences (p. 392, quoting J. M. Diamond).
The author surprises us by reviving two old concepts and models, agricultural revolution (cf. V. G. Childe) and acculturation (cf. S. Piggott [Ancient Europe. 1965], missing from the bibliography). He argues strongly against the concept of demic diffusion and/or the wave of advance model (cf. A. J. Ammerman and L. L. Cavalli-Sforza). For him, the main problem with the demic diffusion model is Òits focus on the transition to farming as some kind of unique sequence of movements in an otherwise static world.Ó (p. 413).
By adopting a global perspective, the author integrates in the book a series of general and basic data that were discussed in the eighties and nineties in archaeology, anthropology, botany and zoology, climatology, and archaeogenetics. Unfortunately, he overlooks relevant information as much as the recent discussions of origins and diffusions of “Mesolithichic” and “Neolithic” Y-chromosomes and mitochondrial DNA haplogroups, and global human population trajectories in the context of the processes of the transition to farming. Human genetic studies show that the modern European paternal and maternal genetic landscape was not the result of farmers invading from the Near East, and that demic diffusion is not a realistic scenario for interpreting the transition to farming in either Europe or Central Asia. The lively debate on the “8.200 calBp climate event” Ð which undoubted correlates chronologically with the transition to farming on a global scale, and certainly affected environmental conditions Ð is not taken into account. How the event affected contemporary hunter-gatherers and farmers and the transition to farming still awaits an answer.
There is no question, however, that The Agricultural Revolution in Prehistory is a big step towards an unbiased interpretation of the processes of transition to farming in prehistory both regionally and globally.
Mihael Budja – University of Ljubljana.
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• SharkieSophie
Sawfish or Sawshark?
Updated: Apr 27
The term Elasmobranch is used to describe all species of shark, skates and rays because, believe it or not, sharks are very closely related to "batoids" (stingrays and manta rays), moreso than they are to fish that have a similar body shape to them, like tuna or cobia. In fact, there are some sharks and batoids that are so remarkably similar that it can be difficult to tell them apart, the sawshark and sawfish, for instance. So if you see one of these animals (you can see them aquariums sometimes), how can you tell which one is which?
Left the sawshark. Right the sawfish. (Image source: www.cellar.org)
The shark and ray family tree (Aschliman et al, 2012)
Sawsharks are truly sharks, so are assigned to the group Squalimorphii and further divided into their own order called Pristiophoriformes. However, sawfish are within the superorder Batoidea and further classified into the order Pristoidei. That was a lot of crazy taxonomic words that I don't expect you to understand, but what it basically means is these guys are related, but actually not super closely related to compared to other species; sawfish are actually more closely related to rays, than to sawsharks.
Sawfish (Image source: www.pintrest.com)
That might surprise you, given the fact that both of these fish have that impressive "rostrum" projecting from the front of their faces. These might look quite similar, but in fact they are very different from each other. The rostrum of the sawfish has "rostral teeth" of all roughly equal size projecting from the side. Whereas, sawshark rostral teeth have smaller and larger sizes alternating down the length of the rostrum (Compagno, 1984).
Sawfish can also be easily told apart from sawsharks by looking at the location of the gills. Sawsharks have gills on the side of the body, like other sharks. However, on the sawfish the gills are located on the underside of the body, like their ray relatives (Compagno, 1984). So if you see a saw-like fish resting on the substrate in an aquarium, if the gills are visible, it is a shark.
Sawshark barbels (Image source: Jorgensen, 2013)
Sawsharks also have sensory "barbels" which hang down from their face, where sawfish do not. These are used to detect prey hidden beneath the sand on the ocean floor. The rostrum can then be used to dig the victim up and slash it into pieces for easier eating (Compagno, 1984).
Sawfish and sawsharks also have very different habitats; you would never find them in the same place. Sawsharks live in relatively deep, offshore regions, where sawfish live in coastal areas, in relatively shallow water (Compagno, 1984).
If you did have a sawshark and a sawfish side-to-side, there are several other differences that you would be able to find. For instance, sawsharks are relatively small and slender, only reaching around 1.4 m total length (TL), but sawfish can be noticeably larger. One species, the green sawfish (Pristis zijsron) are amongst the largest fish in the world, reaching at least 6 m TL.
If you were able to look inside these two animals, you would also see many differences. Most notably, the differences in the jaws and teeth. Sawsharks have a mouth full of small, spiked teeth, whereas, the teeth of the sawfish are flattened. This is due to their differing diets; sawsharks targeting primarily small fish and squid (so their pointed teeth and handy for grasping wriggling prey), whereas sawfish favour crustaceans and molluscs (so they can use their flat teeth to grind down the hard shells of their prey) (Compagno, 1984).
Comparative jaws of sawshark (left) and sawfish (right) (Images source: www.fossilsonline.com)
These fish also differ in how threatened they are by human activity. Of the 5 known species of sawfish, 2 are considered 'endangered' and 3 'critically endangered', whilst no species of sawshark which has been assessed has yet been assigned to any IUCN category (IUCN, 2020). This is because the rostrum of the sawfish was prised as a trophy in the past, so they have all been pushed to the edge of extinction... That means a feature which made them perfectly adapted to their habitat might end up being what makes them go extinct at the hands of humans (let that sink in!). Thankfully, sawfish often do well in aquariums, so hopefully, in the future, breeding programs will manage to successfully bolster their populations in the wild.
If you interested, this video is an investment in time (at 1hour long), but very informative!
Aschliman NC, Nishida M, Miya M, Inoue JG, Rosanad KM & Naylor GJP (2012). Body plan convergence in the evolution of skates and rays (Chondrichthyes: Batoidea). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 63:1, 28-42.
Compagno LJV (1984). Sharks of the world. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date. FAO Fisheries Synopsis, Volume 4, Part 1 Hexanchiformes to Lamniformes, pp.130-131. Access online.
IUCN (2020). International Union for the Conservation of Natre Red List of Threatened Species. Access online.
Jorgensen S (2013). Sharks: Ancient Predators in a Modern Sea. Firefly Books, Ontario, Canada. ISBN: 0228100801.
By Sophie A. Maycock for SharkSpeak.
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Monday, December 6, 2021
Two festivals are occasions of special importance all over Sikkim. One occasion is dedicated to the deity Kanchendzonga and the other to Lossoong the Sikkimese New Year Day.
The two day festival of dance performed during the worship of snowy range of Kanchanjunga (Khang-chen-dzod-nga) is a dance peculiar to Sikkim alone. It is celebrated in September. The third Chogyal of Sikkim, Chador Namgyal (1686-1716) introduced this dance about two and a half centuries ago as a result of a vision.
Kanchanjunga is about 40 km from Gangtok and is the most unifying force in the myth and identity of the state. Khang-chen-dzod-nga means the five treasures represented by five summits of this gigantic mountain. According to tradition the five treasures are salt, precious stones, religious scripts, medicines and grains and invincible armour. The natural environment in which the Sikkimese live have made them to revere, fear and worship this mountain. They believe that their prosperity even their lives depend on the good humour of the deity, for he has the power to destroy human habitations with devastating floods and avalanches, wash away their bridges and ruin their crops by sending terrible hail storms down the valleys.
Kanchendzonga is portrayed as a fiery red - countenanced deity with a crown of five skulls, riding the mythical snow lion and holding aloft the banner of victory. Esoteric masks, flashing silks, opulent brocades and embroidered boots are the costumes of the dancers. The dancers are all male. In this warrior Dance the warlike pomp and panoply, the war deity resplendent the flaming robes, the fantastic Snow lion, comprise the essence of the dance. This mask dance is termed as Singhi Dance i.e. Lion Dance by Nepalese. They visualise the ferocious god of Kanchanjunga riding over a lion and hence call this dance as Singhi Dance.
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There are three varieties of intervening acts. Usually intervening causes are actions by a third party or natural occurrence that alter the circumstances of accident. The courts tend to construe force majeure clauses strictly, which means the event being relied upon, must clearly fall within the terms of the force majeure clause.If there is any ambiguity, the force majeure clause is unlikely to apply. were not foreseeable, then the intervening cause becomes a supervening cause. Parties who intend to rely on either force majeure clauses or the common law doctrine of supervening impossibility are advised to obtain expert legal advice prior to doing so. In a superseding intervening cause action, just as in a regular negligence action, there are two parts to determining legal cause. n. the same as an "intervening cause" or "supervening cause," which is an event which occurs after the initial act leading to an accident and substantially causes the accident. A third party’s gross negligence toward, or intentional “maltreatment” of, the victim are two (among other) examples of this kind of supervening, intervening, or superseding cause. 1 The term force majeure is a direct French translation of the Latin vis maior , which is part of the South African common law and is dealt with below. 3 synonyms of supervene from the Merriam-Webster Thesaurus, plus 5 related words, definitions, and antonyms. the intervening cause was not foreseeable and that the results which it caused. The intervening cause must occur between the defendant’s negligent act and the plaintiff’s injury, and it must have caused injury to the plaintiff. Find another word for supervene. Those taken by third parties those taken by the claimant themselves, and those which are acts of nature. ¶ 53 As an aside, we do not accept the State’s assertion that only gross medical negligence can count as a supervening cause. An intervening cause is a separate action that breaks the direct connection between the actions of the defendant and a loss or injury to another person. Breaking the chain (or novus actus interveniens, literally new intervening act) refers in English law to the idea that causal connections are deemed to finish. An intervening act, which is a normal response created by negligence, is not a superseding, intervening cause so as to relieve the original wrongdoer of liability, provided the intervening act could have reasonably been foreseen and the conduct was a substantial factor in … The first part of the analysis is the cause-in-fact analysis, which is a determination of whether the defendant’s actions were a “cause-in-fact” of the injuries. Therefore, there may be arguments available that pandemics are far more serious events that were not intended to be included by the parties. ; An event which intervenes between the negligent act or omission that causes injury to another and which contributes so substantially to the injury as to vacate, replace and overwhelm the original tort-feasor's actions as a contributing force.. As a result, intervening cause may be used as a legal defense in a civil lawsuit. [5] Domagala, 2013 IL 113688, ¶ 39. self-sown woodlands of birch, alder, etc., intervening the different estates To occur, fall, or come between, points of time, or events; as, an instant intervened between the flash and the report; nothing intervened (i.e. Also: Superceding Cause; or a Supervening Cause. Even if the defendant can be shown to have acted negligently, there will be no liability if some new intervening act breaks the chain of causation between that negligence and the loss or damage sustained by the claimant Like an intervening cause, a superseding cause occurs between the defendant’s action and the plaintiff’s injury, … between the intention and the execution) to prevent the undertaking. Intervening Acts (Or Novus Actus Interveniens) It is also possible for certain events to break the chain of causation between the defendant’s actions and the claimant’s injuries.
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10 Shocking Photos: How Your Smartphones, Laptops Are Destroying The Planet
Americans replace their cell phones every 22 months; in 2010 they junked some 150 million old phones. When iPhone first came into the market, 10 million devices that contained PCB, lead, mercury, nickel, cadmium, phthalates, and cholorine, landed in landfill. By 2016, 2 billion people worldwide will have smart phones. We leave you to calculate the deadly numbers.
In developing countries, children pile e-waste into giant mountains and burn it so they can extract copper wires, gold and silver threads and earn a few dollars by selling the metals to recycling merchants. Young boys smash computer batteries with mallets to recover cadmium, toxic flecks of which cover their hands and feet as they work. They inhale the smoke that rises from burned phone casings as they identify and separate different kinds of plastics for recyclers.
The present and future are as grim as the past. Should you worry? Yes. Because THIS is what your phones and laptops are doing to the planet — from its construction to its distribution to its disposal…
In Ghana, workers burn plastic to harvest wire for USB chargers and smartphones.
In Utah’s Bingham Canyon Mine, the deepest open-pit mine in the world, miners look for more copper for smartphone USB cables and laptops.
Workers in Congo mine gold for circuit boards in smartphones and laptops.
This is Berkeley Pit, a copper mine outside Butte, Montana, where copper, gold, silver and other precious metals were harvested. Combined with the metals and chemicals used while mining, the pit has become a giant, toxic lake.
This gigantic gold and copper mine in Indonesia provides metals for phone manufacturers. It belongs to Newmont Mining Corp., the world’s second largest gold miner, accused of dumping dangerous chemical substances from its mining operations in Indonesia’s Buyat Bay.
In China’s Longjiang river, firefighters dilute water polluted with cadmium, a mineral used for smartphone batteries.
E-waste is estimated to reach 60 million tons by 2017.
At E-Parisara, an electronic-waste recycling factory in Dobbspet, India, electronic parts collect faster than they can be recycled, leaving big piles of harmful tech trash in the middle of the street.
This girl in Guiyu is disassembling disk drives from computers to get the materials held within them.
Since the 1980s, e-waste from other countries has ended up in China, broken down in the city of Guiyu, a region of 21 villages where more than 5,500 family-run shops handle the waste.
This Article (10 Shocking Photos: How Your Smartphones, Laptops Are Destroying The Planet) is free and open source. You have permission to republish this article under a Creative Commons license with attribution to the author and AnonHQ.com.
1. Cell phones could be recycled to become wireless routers, and i am sure the older laptops and desktops could be configured with Linux, and then could be used in the 3rd world to create small networks, in rural areas, this is something i have thought about for quite a long time. It may be old, but to a rural village in the middle of nowhere, it could allow, people to connect to the net, and help with schooling, maybe some of us should get together and see if a kickstarter program could be started! Just a thought.
• pfft, and the phone I have is almost 4 years old. I don’t think I’ll replace it unless it’s damaged beyond repair or if I have to change it. I wanna see how long I’ll last.
2. Sorry to say so guys!
The idea about using the old computers in Asia and Africa is almost impossible and discussed in many forums. The reason is lack of electricity in most places 🙁
Used smartphones have though more use and can be charged with batteries.
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The Dakota Access Pipeline
The Dakota Access Pipeline
By Daniel F.
Protests have erupted at the Standing Rock Indian Reservation in the Dakotas. Members of the Sioux tribe have been protesting the building of the Dakota Access Oil Pipeline. They argue that the pipeline is being built near their sacred lands and are worried about pollution and destruction of their water and land. Sophomore Julia J. said, “I think that there’s too many risks in a way as far as the water situation goes.”
Many have supported the protests such as actor Mark Ruffalo and two dozen Massachusetts pastors. Also, actress Shailene Woodley was arrested for being a part of the protests. She has since been released.
Recently, over 2,000 military veterans went to Standing Rock to support the protests. They said they would act as ‘human shields’ to protect the protesters from police. Since then, the Army Corps has halted construction of the pipeline to try and find alternative routes. Sophomore Kacy C. said, “I think it’s great that they’re putting it somewhere else.”
But what actually is the pipeline and why is it important?
According to the Dakota Access Pipeline website, “the pipeline will enable 100 percent domestically produced light sweet crude oil from North Dakota to reach major refining markets in a more direct, cost-effective, safer and responsible manner.” This means that the pipeline will be a cheaper and safer way to transport oil.
The pipeline will help replace barrels of foreign oil which will result in more money going to the economy. The crude oil being transported could make 374.3 million gallons of gasoline per day. This will also make it easier for gasoline to be produced and sent to states such as Massachusetts.
Kacy C. said, “I think they have the right idea but they’re not executing it in the right [way] for different ethnic and cultural groups.”
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Why was it called a zeppelin?
Why was it called a zeppelin?
A Zeppelin is a type of rigid airship named after the German inventor Count Ferdinand von Zeppelin (German pronunciation: [ˈt͡sɛpəliːn]) who pioneered rigid airship development at the beginning of the 20th century. The defeat of Germany in 1918 temporarily slowed the airship business.
Why did the Hindenburg explode?
Hugo Eckener argued that the fire was started by an electric spark which was caused by a buildup of static electricity on the airship. The spark ignited hydrogen on the outer skin. Seeking the quickest way to ground, the spark would have jumped from the skin onto the metal framework, igniting the leaking hydrogen.
Are zeppelins still used?
Now scientists want to bring them back. The proposed airships would move cargo more efficiently than oceangoing freighters — and produce far less pollution.
Why did we stop using zeppelins?
The fire couldn’t have come at a worse time for DZR, the German company that owned and operated the Zeppelin-class airship. Tensions with its home country, Germany, were rising in the West, technological trends were heading toward heavier-than-air planes, and DZR scrapped its metal in 1940.
Are dirigibles still in use today?
Today, consensus is that there are about 25 blimps still in existence and only about half of them are still in use for advertising purposes.
How were dirigibles better than hot air balloons?
These vessels once used heated air to become airborne. Over time, hydrogen and helium replaced the heated air. Zeppelins are different than hot-air balloons because balloons float with the wind, while zeppelins have engines that can steer the airship.
Who built the first hot air balloon?
Montgolfier brothers
What was the first hot air balloon called?
Aerostat Reveillon
Did the Montgolfier brothers fly the first hot air balloon?
The first hot air balloon flight 19 September 1783 The first ‘aerostatic’ flight in history was an experiment carried out by the Montgolfier brothers at Versailles in 1783. At long last, man could leave the surface of the earth below. 19 September 1783 is a key date in the history of humanity.
What is the record for the longest hot air balloon flight and who holds the record?
The longest hot air balloon flight ever recorded was that by a Swiss psychiatrist and balloonist Bertrand Piccard, together with Briton Brian Jones, who were able to go around the world in just 20 days using the Breitling Orbiter 3 balloon.
What was the first plane to fly?
The Wright Flyer
How dangerous are hot air balloons?
Hot air ballooning has been recognized by Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI) as the safest air sport in aviation, and fatalities in hot air balloon accidents are rare, according to statistics from the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB).
Has anyone ever died in a hot air balloon?
Has anyone ever fell out of a hot air balloon?
A university student has died plummeting to the ground from a hot air balloon, after dangling off the side. Terrifying footage of the incident was captured near the city of Zhuzhou in the Chinese province of Hunan last Friday at the Youyi Manor hot air balloon flight.
Do you wear a parachute in a hot air balloon?
There are no parachutes provided for a ride in a hot air balloon.
Can you smoke in a hot air balloon?
CAN YOU SMOKE IN A HOT AIR BALLOON? Pilots do not permit smoking in their balloons because of the possibility of propane leaks. Smoking in hydrogen (gas) balloons is not permitted because of the danger of an explosion.
Can you sit down in a hot air balloon?
How many people have died from air balloons?
What is safer hot air balloon or helicopter?
Hot air balloons are one of the safest ways to travel in the air. In fact, hot air balloons are safer than airplanes and helicopters. From the year 2000 to 2016, there were 21 fatalities from hot air balloon crashes and accidents. …
What happens if a hot air balloon gets a hole?
What are the odds of dying in a hot air balloon?
The US National Transportation Safety Board found 0.075 per cent of ballooning accidents were fatal between 2002 and 2012. The equivalent figure for air transport was 0.06 per cent.
What are the chances of dying in a plane crash?
What’s more dangerous hot air balloon or skydiving?
According to NTSB data, in the past three decades there have been more than seven times the number of skydiving accidents than hot air balloon accidents. Each manufacturer sets up operating limitations for each aircraft, though most balloons operate best in winds no stronger than 10 miles per hour.
How long can a hot air balloon stay in the air?
around four hours
What is the highest balloon flight?
On November 26, 2005, Vijaypat Singhania set the world altitude record for highest hot-air-balloon flight, reaching 21,290 m (69,850 ft). He launched from downtown Mumbai, India, and landed 240 km (150 mi) south in Panchale.
Can a balloon go to space?
Can you fly with a balloon?
There is no definitive answer to the question of how far a hot air balloon can fly. If there is no or very little wind, the balloon will not fly far. Most balloon flights last about an hour in the air, travelling at a height of between 500 and 2,500 feet. The wind speed will vary at different altitudes.
Can you carry a helium balloon on a plane?
Can you take a Mickey balloon on a plane?
Can I take an inflated Mickey Balloon on the airplane? Sadly not. You will not be able to get past security with a helium filled balloon. So, save yourself having to part with it completely by having Earport deflate it for you.
Can a weather balloon lift a person?
The average person in the U.S. (estimated for both males and females of various heights) weighs about 80 kg. Helium can lift approximately 1 gram per liter. Thus, you need approximately 80000 liters of helium to lift said person, or in other words, it would require 80000 / 14 5714 balloons.
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Qiang (historical people)
Qiang (Chinese: ; pinyin: Qiāng; Wade–Giles: Ch'iang) was a name given to various groups of people at different periods in ancient China. The Qiang people are generally thought to have been of Tibeto-Burman origin,[1][2][3][4][5] though there are other theories.
Dengzhi ambassador to the Southern Liang court 516-520 CE.jpg
Depiction of an envoy of Dengzhi (鄧至), a Qiang ethnic group, from a Portraits of Periodical Offering painting, 6th century CE
Regions with significant populations
Ancient China
The Tangut people of the Tang, Sung and Yuan dynasties may be of Qiang descent.[1] The modern Qiang people as well as Tibetans may also have been descended in part from the ancient Qiangs.[6]
According to the Han dynasty dictionary Shuowen Jiezi, the Qiang were shepherds, and the Chinese character for Qiang () was thus formed from the characters for "sheep" (羊) and "man" (人), and pronounced like "sheep".[7][8] Fengsu Tongyi also mentions that character of Qiang was formed from the words "sheep" and "man". Modern scholars have attempted to reconstruct the ancient pronunciation of Qiang: sinologist Edwin Pulleyblank reconstructs it to *kʰiaŋ in Middle Chinese, while William H. Baxter and Laurent Sagart reconstruct the Old Chinese name of Qiang as *C.qʰaŋ.[9]
Qiangs are generally believed to be Tibeto-Burman speakers, although Christopher Beckwith proposes that the word "Qiang" may have an Indo-European etymology and that the Qiang were of Indo-European origin; Beckwith compares a proposed reconstruction of Qiang to *klaŋ in Old Chinese to the Tocharian word klānk, meaning "to ride, go by wagon", as in "to ride off to hunt from a chariot", so that Qiang could actually mean "charioteer".[10]
Guard tower located in a Qiang village
Qiang watchtower
The Old Qiang city (中国古羌城), in Mao County, Sichuan
According to a legend the Qiang were partly descended from the Yan Emperor, the mythical "Flame Emperor." The Yan Emperor and his tribe were defeated by the Yellow Emperor.[11]
The term "Qiang" first appeared on oracle bone inscriptions 3,000 years ago and was used to describe "a people other than one's people."[12] It appears again in the Classic of Poetry in reference to Tang of Shang (trad. 1675–1646 BC).[13] They seem to have lived in a diagonal band from northern Shaanxi to northern Henan, somewhat to the south of the later Beidi. They were enemy of the Shang dynasty, who mounted expeditions against them, capturing slaves and victims for human sacrifice. The Qiang prisoners were skilled in making oracle bones.[14]
This ancient tribe is said to be the progenitor of both the modern Qiang and the Tibetan people.[6] There are still many ethnological and linguistic links between the Qiang and the Tibetans.[6] The Qiang tribe expanded eastward and joined the Han people in the course of historical development, while the other branch that traveled southwards, crosses over the Hengduan Mountains, and entered the Yungui Plateau; some went even farther, to Burma, forming numerous ethnic groups of the Tibetan-Burmese language family.[15] Even today, from linguistic similarities, their relative relationship can be seen. They formed the Tibetan ethnicity after the unification of the Tubo kingdom.[15] According to Fei Xiaotong: "Even if the Qiang people might not be regarded as the main source of the Tibetan people, it is undoubtedly that the Qiang people played a certain role in the formation of Tibetan race".[16]
Shuowen Jiezi indicated that the Qiangs were shepherds from the west and they were part of the Xirong.[8] They had a close relation to the Zhou dynasty,[1] and were mentioned in the Book of Documents and Records of the Grand Historian as one of the allies of King Wu of Zhou who defeated the Shang.[17] It has been suggested that the clan of Jiang Yuan, mother of Houji, a figure of Chinese legends and mythology and an ancestor of the Zhou dynasty, was possibly related or identical to the Qiang.[1][18][19] Some of the ancient groups were called the "Horse-Qiang" or "Many-Horse-Qiang" (Ma Qiang or Duo Ma Qiang), suggesting they may have been horse breeders.[14]
During the Han dynasty, a group of nomads to the southwest of Dunhuang were known as the Chuo Qiang (Chinese: 婼羌). They were described in the Book of Han as a people who moved with their livestock in search of water and pasture, made military weapons themselves using iron from the mountains, and possessed bows, lances, short knives, swords and armour.[20] In the Weilüe, other Qiang tribes named were the "Brown Onion", "White Horse", and "Yellow Ox" Qiang.[21] The various tribes of the Qiangs formed a confederation against the Han but were defeated.[22]
Later in the Han Dynasty, groups of people in the western part of Sichuan were mentioned in the Book of the Later Han as separate branches of the Qiang. A song from one of these groups, the "White Wolf" people, was transcribed in Chinese characters together with Chinese translation, and the language has since been identified as a Tibeto-Burman language.[1]
Qiang female dress
Qiang female flower dress
In the mid-2nd century BCE, the Lesser Yuezhi fled into southern Gansu and merged with the Qiang population.[23]
In 112 BCE, the Han dynasty invaded what is now eastern Tibet with 25,000 cavalry on grounds of Qiang raiding.[24]
In 65 BCE, the Qiang revolted in what is now eastern Tibet.[25]
In 42 BCE, the Qiang rebelled and defeated a force of 12,000 under Feng Fengshi.[26]
In 41 BCE, Feng Fengshi returned to what is now eastern Tibet with 60,000 men and crushed the Qiang rebellion.[26]
In 49 CE, the Qiang tribes retook the Qinghai region from the Han.[27]
In 57 CE, the Qiang led by Dianyu raided Jincheng Commandery.[28]
In 59 CE, a Han army defeated Dianyu.[28]
In 107 CE, Dianlian of the Qiang Xianlian attacked Liang Province. As a result the Protectorate of the Western Regions was abandoned. The Han court sent Deng Zhi and Ren Shang against the invading army, and although the Qiang forces suffered significant casualties, they were defeated at Hanyang Commandery. Having achieved victory against the Han army, Dianlian proclaimed himself emperor at Beidi Commandery. Qiang forces now threatened Han territory as far south as Hanzhong Commandery and as far east as Ji Province.[29][27]
In 109 CE, Dianlian conquered Longxi Commandery.[30]
In 110 CE, Dianlian defeated and killed the Administrator Zheng Qin in Hanzhong Commandery.[30]
In 112 CE, Dianlian died and was succeeded by his son Lianchang. Lianchang was too young to exercise authority and another man of the tribe, Langmo, took charge of strategy. The new regime was significantly less effective under the regent and failed to make any headway against Han forces.[31]
In 116 CE, the Han general Deng Zun led 10,000 Southern Xiongnu cavalry in a raid on Lianchang's headquarters from the north. Meanwhile Ren Shang attacked from the south and killed Lianchang's wife and children.[31]
In 117 CE, Lianchang was assassinated and forces under Ren Shang ended Qiang raids.[32]
In 120 CE, the Qiang chieftain Jiwu attacked Jincheng Commandery and was defeated by the general Ma Xian.[33]
In 121 CE, the Qiang Shaodang tribe under Manu raided Wuwei Commandery but were defeated by the general Ma Xian the following year.[34]
In 140 CE, the Qiang rebelled.[32]
In 142 CE, the Qiang rebellion was put down.[32]
In 167 CE, Duan Jiong conducted an anti-Qiang campaign and massacred Qiang populations as well as settled them outside the frontier.[32]
In 184 CE, Beigong Boyu, a member of the Auxiliary of Loyal Barbarians of Huangzhong, started the Liang Province rebellion. The rebels captured Jincheng and reached Youfufeng Commandery in 185, and from there carried out raids against Chang'an. A Han army was sent out against them led by Huangfu Song and Zhang Wen but they failed to achieve any major victory. In 185, the Han general Dong Zhuo won a battle against Beigong Boyu and the rebels withdrew. Beigong Boyu and Li Wenhou are not mentioned after this, but the rebellion continued anyway when the new Inspector was killed by his own troops.[35]
Sixteen KingdomsEdit
During the era of Sixteen Kingdoms, a Qiang leader, Yao Chang, founded the state of Later Qin 384–417 CE).[36]
Northern and Southern dynastiesEdit
During the period of Northern and Southern dynasties, Fan Ye (398-445) wrote a history of the Western Qiang describing traits such as "disheveled hair", folding their coat from the left side, and marriage customs where a widow would either marry her son or the deceased husband's brother. According to Fan, the Qiang lived in tribes and had no unified ruler.[12]
In 446 an ethnic Qiang rebellion was crushed by the Northern Wei. Wang Yu (王遇) was an ethnic Qiang eunuch and he may have been castrated during the rebellion since the Northern Wei would castrated the rebel tribe's young elite. Fengyi prefecture's Lirun town according to the Weishu was where Wang Yu was born , Lirun was to Xi'ans's northeast by 100 miles and modern day Chengcheng stands at it's site. Wang Yu patronized Buddhism and in 488 had a temple constructed in his birth place.[37]
During the Tang dynasty, the Dangxiang Qiang moved to the region of Xiazhou around modern Jingbian County, Shaanxi Province. They eventually founded the state of Western Xia (1038–1227 CE) and came to be known as the Tanguts. Another group of Qiang migrated south to the Min River in modern Sichuan Province. They came to be known as the Ran and Mang who were the ancestors of the modern Qiang people.[36]
Tibetan EmpireEdit
According to the New Book of Tang, the "Bod originates from the Qiang." According to the Da Qing yi tong zhi (1735), the Tibetan Empire was founded by a branch of the Fa Qiang.[12]
According to the polymath Shen Kuo, the Qiang were noted for producing high quality steel armour.[38]
The Qiang people of Qingtang are skilled at forging armour. The colour of the iron is blue-black, so clear and bright that it can mirror a hair. They use musk-deer leather for the thongs to string it together - it is soft, thin, and tough.[39]
— Shen Kuo
During the Yuan dynasty, the term Qiang was replaced by Fan (Bod), and the people of the western plateaus were called "Western Bod". The two terms were used interchangeably until the Qing dynasty when Qiang came to refer to those living upstream of the Min River.[12]
A problematic case is the “Qiang,” which as Wang Mingke has established, is an old Chinese term along the western borderlands for people in the middle, neither Chinese nor Tibetan, neither exclusively agricultural nor purely pastoral, and likely referring to a variety of successive frontier populations. Communities and individuals were not firmly identified with the modern nationality Qiang, by others as well as themselves, until the People’s Republic. Today they are concentrated in Maozhou and Wenchuan and parts of Lixian and Heishui, plus a few in the southernmost part of Songpan. They speak a variety of non-Tibetan dialects in two main forms, Northern and Southern Qiang, but some speak only Chinese.[40]
— Xiaofei Kang
The Qiang did not have surnames until the last few hundred years when they adopted Han Chinese surnames.[41]
The Silver Turtle Temple is a complex of Qiang temples dedicated to various gods consecrated in 2013-2014. Its three temples are dedicated to Yandi, Dayu and Li Yuanhao , the most important deities of the Qiang people. It is located on Qiangshan, in Qiang City, Mao County of Ngawa Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture, in Sichuan.
Qiang guard tower
Traditional Qiang house
The Qiang were first described as nomadic shepherds living in the region of contemporary Gansu and Qinghai provinces. Unlike other nomads, the Qiang did not shave their heads and wore their hair loose over their face.[42] At some point prior to the modern era they settled and adopted an agricultural way of life.[43] Due to constant conflict between Qiang tribes and other peoples, the Qiang built numerous stone guard towers with small windows and doors, giving them the moniker of "Stone Tower Culture". These constructs, described as Himalayan Towers, can be found today in eastern Tibet and Sichuan Province.[44]
Qiang society followed matrilineal descent and it was men who integrated into the women's lineage at their deaths. There was no formal marriage ceremony or ritual. Instead the men traveled to their wives' residences and worked their land for a long period of time as bride service. Despite the centrality of women in Qiang families, Qiang society was neither matriarchal or egalitarian. Men held all the important political and religious positions, although there is some evidence that female shamans existed at one point. Like most agricultural societies, women were responsible for domestic and agricultural work while men engaged in construction, transport, and plowing.[43]
The Qiang revered the tiger and featured it prominently on their totem poles. White stones were also considered to be sacred and sometimes put on altars or rooftops. Qiang folk religion resembles animism and shamanism. It places spiritual belief in the natural features of the landscape and the ability of shamans to contact spirits.[45]
Relation to modern QiangEdit
In most current scholarship, especially in Chinese, the modern Qiangzu are assumed to be the same as Ancient Qiangzu. However, compared to other Tibeto-Burman speakers, Qiangzu does not have a closer relation to the Ancient Qiang group. Nevertheless they have been designated as Qiangzu by the Chinese government. The arbitrary assignment of Qiang (羌) to a specific ethnic group has created confusion. First, in general, people could hardly avoid making an artificial equivalence between Ancient Qiang and Qiangzu. Since Qiangzu was named in 1950, other Tibeto-Burman speakers or Ancient Qiang decendents show no interest in dating their history back to Ancient Qiang, asking, “How could we (Yi 9,000,000; Tibetan 6,000,000) be decendents of the small Qiangzu?” Moreover, since the assignment of the name Qiangzu, the indigenous culture (Rme/ʐme/ culture) has been strongly shaped by the willing and concomitant necessity of creating a Qiang culture that demonstrates unmerited links to Ancient Qiang. Thirdly, the term Qiang split the Rme people (those using the Rme/ʐme autonym) into two parts. The Rme in Heishui are not considered Qiangzu but Tibetan by the Central Government.[46]
— Maotao Wen
Tribes and chiefsEdit
• Bi'nan
• Goujiu
• Dianyu II (184)
• Qian
• Midanger (60)
• Shaodang (Yan)
• Shaodang (40 BCE)
• Dianliang (40)
• Western Qiang
• Fu Fan (6)
• Pang Tian (6)
• Xianlian
• Yangyu (60)
• Youfei (60)
• Dianlian (r.107-112)
• Lianchang (d.117)
• Langmo (r.112-118)
• Zhong
• ?
• Beigong Boyu
• Diaoku
• Dize
• Erku
• Juzhong
• Li Lu
• Lianger
• Miwang
• Quhu lai Wang
• Ruoling
• Yangdiao
See alsoEdit
1. ^ a b c d e Edwin G. Pulleyblank (1983). "Chapter 14 - The Chinese and Their Neighbors in Prehistoric and Early Historic Times". In David Keightley (ed.). The Origins of Chinese Civilization. University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-04229-8.
2. ^ Sigfried J. de Laet, Joachim Herrmann: History of Humanity: From the seventh century B.C. to the seventh century A.D. UNESCO, 1996, page 501.
3. ^ Sanping Chen: Multicultural China in the Early Middle Ages. University of Pennsylvania Press, 2012.
4. ^ Patricia Buckley Ebrey: The Cambridge Illustrated History of China, Cambridge University Press, 2010, page 69.
5. ^ Henry Luce Foundation Professor of East Asian Studies Nicola Di Cosmo, Nicola Di Cosmo, Don J Wyatt. Political Frontiers, Ethnic Boundaries and Human Geographies in Chinese History. Routledge, 2005, page 87.
6. ^ a b c Bradley Mayhew, Korina Miller, Alex English: South-West China. 2002. Northern Síchuan - Around Wénchuan, page 517.
7. ^ Wicky W. K. Tse (27 June 2018). The Collapse of China's Later Han Dynasty, 25-220 CE: The Northwest Borderlands and the Edge of Empire. Routledge. ISBN 9781315532318.
8. ^ a b Shouwen Original text: 羌：西戎牧羊人也。从人从羊，羊亦聲。
9. ^ Baxter, William H. and Laurent Sagart. 2014. Old Chinese: A New Reconstruction. Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-994537-5.
10. ^ Beckwith, Christopher I. (16 March 2009). Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present. Princeton University Press. pp. 375–376. ISBN 978-14008-29941. Retrieved 30 December 2014.
11. ^ "Qiang among China's ancients". archive.shine.cn. Retrieved 2018-11-15.
12. ^ a b c d The Creation of the Qiang Ethnicity, its Relation to the Rme People and the Preservation of Rme Language, p.56-63
13. ^ Shi Jing, Sacrificial Odes of Shang, Yin Wu. 《詩經·商頌·殷武》: "昔有成湯，自彼氐羌，莫敢不來享，莫敢不來王"。
14. ^ a b Nicola Di Cosmo (13 March 1999). "The Northern Frontier in Pre-Imperial China". In Michael Loewe, Edward L. Shaughness (ed.). The Cambridge History of Ancient China: From the Origins of Civilization to 221 B.C. Cambridge University Press. p. 908. ISBN 0-521-47030-7.
15. ^ a b Chen Qingying, Tibetan History, 五洲传播出版社, 2003. page 7.
16. ^ Fei Xiaotong (1999). The Pluralistic and Unified Structure of Chinese Ethnic Groups. The Central Ethnic University Publishing. p. 28.
18. ^ Beckwith, Christopher I. (16 March 2009). Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present. Princeton University Press. p. 44. ISBN 978-14008-29941. Retrieved 30 December 2014.
19. ^ Kleeman, Terry F. (1998). Great Perfection: Religion and Ethnicity in a Chinese Millennial Kingdom. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 54–58. ISBN 0824818008. Retrieved 31 December 2014.
20. ^ Hulsewé, A. F. P. (1979). China in Central Asia: The Early Stage 125 BC – AD 23: an annotated translation of chapters 61 and 96 of the History of the Former Han Dynasty. E. Brill, Leiden. pp. 80–81. ISBN 90-04-05884-2.
21. ^ Annotated translation of the Weilüe by John E. Hill
22. ^ Joseph P. Yap (2009). "Chapter 9 - War with Qiang". Wars With the Xiongnu: A Translation from Zizhi Tongjian. AuthorHouse. pp. 324–340. ISBN 978-1-4490-0605-1.
23. ^ Whiting 2002, p. 141.
24. ^ Whiting 2002, p. 158.
25. ^ Whiting 2002, p. 175.
26. ^ a b Whiting 2002, p. 179.
27. ^ a b Twitchett 2008, p. 270.
28. ^ a b Crespigny 2017, p. 90.
29. ^ Twitchett 2008, p. 421.
30. ^ a b Crespigny 2007, p. 139.
31. ^ a b Crespigny 2007, p. 445.
32. ^ a b c d Cosmo 2009, p. 104.
33. ^ Crespigny 2007, p. 723.
34. ^ de Crespigny 2007, p. 663.
35. ^ Crespigny 2007, p. 248.
36. ^ a b http://www.chinaknowledge.de/History/Altera/qiang.html
37. ^ Watt, James C. Y.; Angela Falco Howard, Metropolitan Museum of Art Staff, Metropolitan Museum of Art. New York, NY., Boris Ilʹich Marshak, Su Bai, Zhao Feng, Maxwell K. Hearn, Denise Patry Leidy, Chao-Hui Jenny Lui, Valentina Ivanova Raspopova, Zhixin Sun (2004). China: Dawn of a Golden Age, 200-750 AD (illustrated ed.). Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 23. ISBN 1588391264.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
38. ^ Wagner 2008, p. 322-323.
39. ^ Wagner 2008, p. 322.
40. ^ Kang 2016, p. 63.
41. ^ LaPolla 2003, p. 11.
42. ^ Twitchett 1994, p. 181-182.
43. ^ a b West 2009, p. 681-682.
44. ^ https://www.lonelyplanet.com/china/sichuan/travel-tips-and-articles/the-inside-info-on-chinas-ancient-watchtowers/40625c8c-8a11-5710-a052-1479d27762ce
45. ^ West 2009, p. 681.
46. ^ Wen, p. 70-71.
• Cosmo, Nicola Di (2002), Ancient China and Its Enemies, Cambridge University Press
• Cosmo, Nicola di (2009), Military Culture in Imperial China, Harvard University Press
• Crespigny, Rafe de (2007), A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms, Brill
• Crespigny, Rafe de (2010), Imperial Warlord, Brill
• Crespigny, Rafe de (2017), Fire Over Luoyang: A History of the Later Han Dynasty, 23-220 AD, Brill
• LaPolla, Randy (2003), A Grammar of Qiang, Mouton Gruyter
• Kang, Xiaofei (2016), Contesting the Yellow Dragon
• Twitchett, Denis (1994), "The Liao", The Cambridge History of China, Volume 6, Alien Regime and Border States, 907-1368, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 43–153, ISBN 0521243319
• Twitchett, Denis (2008), The Cambridge History of China: Volume 1, Cambridge University Press
• Wen, Maotao (2014). The Creation of the Qiang Ethnicity, its Relation to the Rme People and the Preservation of Rme Language (Master thesis). Duke University.
• Wagner, Donald B. (2008), Science and Civilization in China Volume 5-11: Ferrous Metallurgy, Cambridge University Press
• West, Barbara A. (2009), Encyclopedia of Peoples of Asia and Oceania, Facts on File
• Whiting, Marvin C. (2002), Imperial Chinese Military History, Writers Club Press
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Is there a way to measure interletter spacing for Fixed Width font in MATLAB?
5 views (last 30 days)
Kathleen Kay Amora
Kathleen Kay Amora on 27 Oct 2021
Commented: Scott MacKenzie on 28 Oct 2021
Hello, I am trying to calculate the physical characteristics of the text we plan to use for our experiment. Now to finalize this, I need to know these following information PER character: size of letters, interletter spacing in cm and degrees of visual angle per font size (font size 16, 18, 20 and 22). I am relatively a newbie in MATLAB and I cannot find a function that could work. I am using Fixed Width font style.
I would appreciate any help I could get.
Thank you.
Answers (2)
J. Alex Lee
J. Alex Lee on 27 Oct 2021
I have no idea what you mean by "visual angle per font size", but I know of one way:
lbl = uicontrol("Style","text","String","X","FontName","courier")
This creates a text label on a figure, and once it is rendered, you can query its "Extent" property:
which is a [position,extent] vector, so the 3rd element is the width.
So playing around with it can give hints about how the UI system will position characters
lbl = uicontrol("Style","text","String","XX","FontName","courier").Extent
lbl = uicontrol("Style","text","String","XX X","FontName","courier").Extent
Scott MacKenzie
Scott MacKenzie on 27 Oct 2021
Edited: Scott MacKenzie on 27 Oct 2021
For text fonts, 1 pt = 1/72 inches. So, if you set the font size of the text to, say, 36 pt., the character height will be 1/2 inch or 1.27 cm. I suggest you do some actual measurements to verify and work with those measurements. MATLAB's "extent" property for text includes margins, so I'd be hesitant to use those width and height values.
As for visual angle, that's an arctan calculation. You need the size of the characters and the distance of the participant's eye from the display. For example, the visual angle in degrees for a character 1 cm in size viewed from a distance of 65 cm is
ans = 0.8814
Scott MacKenzie
Scott MacKenzie on 28 Oct 2021
@Kathleen Kay Amora First, let me apologize for the false starts yesterday. I posted some code, then edited and reposted a few times. Then, I deleted the code as I felt it was heading down the wrong path. Since you've asked, I'll repost the code below. I hope you find it useful.
There are a few challenges in trying to use code to get the measurements you want. Many people's computing environments include different sizes of displays or >1 display, so the 'centimeter' units produced by the code are dubious at best. Plus, the text sizing measurements are for the text plus a margin around the text.
Here's the code. Good luck.
set(0, 'units', 'centimeters');
screenSize = get(0, 'ScreenSize'); % verify with measuring tape
wScreen = screenSize(3);
hScreen = screenSize(4);
txt = 'ABC';
fontSize = 48;
set(gca, 'xlim', [0 1], 'ylim', [0 1]);
t = text(0.5, 0.5, txt, 'FontName', 'fixedwidth', 'FontSize', fontSize, ...
'HorizontalAlignment','center', 'VerticalAlignment','middle', ...
'Margin', 15);
t.Units = 'centimeters';
d = 65; % distance (cm) of participant's eye from display (adjust as needed)
n = length(txt); % number of characters
w = t.Extent(3) / n; % per-character width (Note: includes margin)
h = t.Extent(4) / n; % per-character height (Note: includes margin)
va = atand(w/d); % per-character visual angle (degrees)
s = newline;
s = [s sprintf('%15s: %.1f cm x %.1f cm\n', 'Screen size', wScreen, hScreen)];
s = [s sprintf('%15s: %s\n', 'Text', txt)];
s = [s sprintf('%15s: %d pt\n', 'Font size', fontSize)];
s = [s sprintf('%15s: %.2f cm per character\n', 'Width', w)];
s = [s sprintf('%15s: %.2f cm per character\n', 'Height', h)];
s = [s sprintf('%15s: %.2f degrees per character at d = %d cm\n', 'Visual angle', va, d)];
Screen size: 49.3 cm x 30.8 cm Text: ABC Font size: 48 pt Width: 1.02 cm per character Height: 0.72 cm per character Visual angle: 0.90 degrees per character at d = 65 cm
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Question: Which Metal Is Brittle?
Which is most brittle metal?
…is the hardest and most brittle form of steel.
What makes a metal brittle?
A material is brittle if, when subjected to stress, it breaks with little elastic deformation and without significant plastic deformation. Brittle materials absorb relatively little energy prior to fracture, even those of high strength. Improving material toughness is, therefore, a balancing act.
Which metal is brittle sodium or selenium?
Sodium can be cut with a knife. Selenium is brittle but can be drawn into thin threads when molten and viscous.
What are some examples of brittle materials?
Bone, cast iron, ceramic, and concrete are examples of brittle materials. Materials that have relatively large plastic regions under tensile stress are known as ductile .
Is plastic malleable?
Is metal ductile?
Is brittle a metal?
The traditional definition focuses on the bulk properties of metals. They tend to be lustrous, ductile, malleable, and good conductors of electricity, while nonmetals are generally brittle (for solid nonmetals), lack lustre, and are insulators.
Is zinc a brittle metal?
Physical properties
Why is metal not brittle?
Temperature. Temperature also impacts ductility in metals. As they are heated, metals generally become less brittle, allowing for plastic deformation. In other words, most metals become more ductile when they’re heated and can be more easily drawn into wires without breaking.
Is sodium a magnetic?
Sodium Magnetic Properties:
Magnetism in elements found on the Periodic Table of the Elements are classified into paramagnetic and diamagnetic. Paramagnetic substances although weakly attracted to a magnetic field retain no magnetism themselves.
Is sodium a brittle metal?
Metallic sodium, which is a lustery silver metal at room temperature is actually very malleable, and not particularly brittle at all, unless it has come into contact with air, in which case a sodium hydroxide crust forms on the exposed portion due to moisture in the air.
What does selenium react with?
Selenium is a fairly reactive element. It combines easily with hydrogen, fluorine, chlorine, and bromine. It reacts with nitric and sulfuric acids. It also combines with a number of metals to form compounds called selenides.
Is wood a brittle material?
Ductility is the extent to which material can plastically deform without losing its load bearing capacity. In many cases, due to the tension perpendicular to grain dominating the failure, wood is perceived to be a brittle material. However, if designed correctly, wood can fail with a ductile compression failure.
Is glass a brittle material?
Glass material behaviour is similar to that of a ceramic. Conventional glass fractures and breaks quite easily, and never shows plastic deformation. So materials like glass which are brittle, can only absorb a bit of energy before failing.
Are Diamonds brittle?
Diamonds are brittle precisely because they are so hard! Hardness is the ability of a material to resist plastic deformation. Atoms in diamond are held together by extremely strong covalent bonds, making them extremely hard. Because of this, diamond has no way of absorbing energy.
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What It Means to be an American essays What does it mean to be an American? I'm an American, you're an American, my parents are Americans. We use the word so freely, yet do we really know what it means? Ask twenty different people and chances are you'll get twenty different answers What Does it Mean to be an American? | Teen Ink 2011-3-11 · What does it mean to be an American? The historian Philip Gleason put it this way, “To be or to become an American, a person did not have to be any particular national, learning languages What does it mean to be an American? | Scholastic.com 2001-9-11 · Because being American does not just mean living in America, every person has a part of being an American in them, deep inside, embedded, until they wish to release that piece, and share it with the world. That is what a true American is. Jonathan B., 12, Hawaii To be an American is the greatest thing in the world. We have freedom and liberty.
Free American Dream Essays and Papers - 123helpme.com
What It Means To Be An American - The Odyssey Online To all of you out there who presently agree with the way our country is being run, I’d personally like to ask you to think about what it means to you to be an American, and what it meant to be an American when this country was founded. What It Means To Be A Professional Soldier (Essay Sample) Writing sample of essay on a given topic "What It Means To Be A Professional Soldier" What it means to be a professional soldier Professionalism is defined in many ways depending on the career. Professionalism within the military context can be defined by one word that is being disciplined. FREE What It Means To Be An American Essay
11 Reasons Why I'm Proud To Be An American - Odyssey
Before 1800 < Essays < American History From Revolution To ... Before 1800 Various views on subjects regarding American History contributed by various authors. All views presented are the responsibility of the authors. Publication here does not mean that we do agree with the views presented. The Failure of West India Company Farming on the Island of Manhattan - Jan Folkerts; The Seven Years War - Philip Keffer What does the American flag mean to Americans - answers.com
"Equality does not mean the identity of treatment or the sameness of reward. If a bricklayer gets the same reward as a mathematician or a scientist, the purpose of society will be defeated. Equality, therefore, means, first of all the absence of social privilege. In the second place it means that adequate opportunities are laid open to all".
The paper analyzes the meaning of "freedom" in African-American author, James Baldwin's essay "The Discovery of What it Means to be an American". The paper shows that what Baldwin does in this essay, as well as in a number of his other essays, is to question those American assumptions about freedom by reminding us how differentially they apply. What Does Being an American Mean to You? In June 2005, on the editorial page of the Philadelphia Inquirer, they asked readers to write a 100-200 word essay of what being an American means to them. And to also discuss a time when you most felt like an American. The Inquirer indicated they would publish selected reader essays on their op-ed page in their July 4th edition. What Does it Mean to be a Veteran? - VAntage Point It means that you still to this day get major goose bumps on opening day at football home openers when the military fly by takes place and the national anthem is sung. It means you take it seriously when you fly your American flag outside of your house on the 4 th of July and Memorial Day.
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Sep 14 2021
How Technology Can Alleviate Effects of the Nursing Shortage
Telehealth, artificial intelligence and texting are some of the tools that make daily workflows easier for nurses and nurse practitioners amid a shortage of clinicians.
Demand for nurses and nurse practitioners (NPs) is on the rise due to an aging population and workforce and, in the past year and a half, increased strain on the healthcare system caused by COVID-19 cases. In August, Tennessee deployed members of the National Guard to help hospitals fill staff shortages amid a surge in cases.
In addition, the U.S. could see an estimated shortage of between 37,800 and 124,000 physicians by 2034, according to data from the Association of American Medical Colleges, meaning clinician shortages aren’t expected to go away.
The shortage is putting a strain on clinicians and hospital systems, but technology implementation can alleviate some of this pressure by improving workflows or making patient care easier.
What Effect Is the Pandemic Having on the Nursing Shortage?
The American Nurses Association recently wrote a letter to U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Secretary Xavier Becerra urging him to declare the nurse staffing shortage a national crisis.
“Nurses have remained steadfast on the front lines since the beginning of the pandemic, while overcoming challenges, risks to their personal health and safety such as limited personal protective equipment and the physical, emotional and mental health burden of the COVID-19 virus,” reads the letter. “Now, the Delta variant is causing cases to soar, overrunning hospital and staff capacity. These current circumstances have only exacerbated underlying, chronic nursing workforce challenges that have persisted for years.”
April Kapu, president of the American Association of Nurse Practitioners and associate dean for clinical and community partnerships at Vanderbilt University School of Nursing, also points out that the nursing shortage has been going on for years — the pandemic merely exacerbated it.
“It’s simple math. You need a certain complement of nurses and NPs caring for patients to provide high-quality care, but hospitals are completely full, so you’ll certainly have shortages,” she says.
Nurses and NPs are experiencing growing exhaustion and burnout from over a year of caring for patients in hospitals, clinics and patients’ homes, in addition to worrying about their own health and that of their families.
“Now they’re having to work overtime because we have sustained staffing shortages. We’re seeing a higher number of professionals, especially nurses and NPs, going into different types of jobs or leaving the profession altogether,” says Kapu.
Technologies Improve Nurses’ Daily Workflows
Several technologies are helping to alleviate the shortage’s effects on nurses and NPs by improving efficiencies in their daily workflows and how they care for patients.
Telesitting: Traditionally, a sitter, caregiver or nurse would be assigned to supervise patients at risk of falls or any other type of injury. However, having a 1-to-1 ratio of clinicians to patients is difficult to maintain amid a nursing shortage, not to mention the staffing cost, according to an article published by Harvard Law School’s Bill of Health website. Telesitting technologies allow one nurse to monitor several patients using cameras that provide live video and audio.
Telesitting technologies can be especially useful for senior care, freeing up nurses to provide more quality care.
Telehealth: Prior to the pandemic, many providers and patients were uncomfortable with telehealth technology, according to Kapu. The necessity of telehealth during the pandemic not only increased adoption but also led to a rise in comfort levels for those using the technology, she says, and now telehealth allows nurses and NPs to see more patients in a day.
It also gives nurses and NPs the ability to visually assess patients, providing a safe way to check in on how those with COVID-19 are doing. Kapu describes an NP who had a televisit with a patient in their early 20s who was experiencing shortness of breath but wasn’t sure if it warranted a trip to the ER. The NP asked the person to walk across the room, but they were so out of breath after walking half the distance that they had to stop. Upon seeing that, the NP told the patient to go to the ER.
READ MORE: How technology eases nurses’ day-to-day duties.
“It was lifesaving for that younger person. Without the visual image, it might not have been caught,” says Kapu. “That insight is hugely valuable, and telehealth has opened up a new level of care.”
Blockchain Credentialing: For clinicians working at multiple organizations, electronic or blockchain credentialing can make the process of receiving approval to work at a specific location much easier.
“If it’s electronic, it’s so much faster than having to do everything on paper, which can take 90 to 120 days. With electronic systems, it’s substantially faster,” says Kapu.
According to NursingCenter, blockchain credentialing allows for a nurse’s credential data to be stored on multiple servers, rather than just a single server, allowing organizations to see entries in real time. This creates a public electronic ledger, making it easier for healthcare organizations to look up a nurse’s credentials and speed up approvals.
Mobile Staffing Apps and Staff Augmentation: “Staffing tools are huge,” says Kapu. “Because of the shortage, we have to be very efficient with our staffing. We have to modulate the staffing based on patient volume and acuity. So, staffing tools are incredibly important to ensure we’re not overstaffing that very precious resource or understaffing and unable to provide enough staff to care for patients.”
Staffing tools allow nurses and NPs to see a hospital’s schedule, sign in, swap a shift or pick up holidays, Kapu explains.
Staff augmentation allows healthcare organizations to supplement their support staff through third-party staffing to ensure operations run smoothly. With staff augmentation, clinicians are better able to focus on patient care and complete their day-to-day tasks efficiently.
Artificial Intelligence: AI is often applied within healthcare to make sense of clinical data by identifying trends that can lead to better patient outcomes. Algorithms can be used to assess fall risk or detect tuberculosis in chest X-rays.
Nurses are often the ones using these algorithms, and it’s important for them to understand how they work and how AI can be used to improve workflows and patient outcomes.
“I’d like to hear nursing staff identify inefficiencies they deal with and think about the things AI and machine learning would be helpful in improving, allowing them to spend more time with their patients,” Dr. Erich Huang, former chief data officer for quality at Duke University Health System, told HealthTech earlier this year.
DISCOVER: Why ‘nurses are essential’ to AI integration in healthcare.
Huang, now chief science and innovation officer at digital health company Onduo, added that all clinical staff need to be included in the development and selection of these AI-based apps.
Texting and chatbots are also on the rise, Kapu points out, in part due to new AI programs. After patients answer a few questions, the AI connects them with the right type of provider for a consultation.
“We’re seeing this used a lot with mental health,” she says. “People feel more comfortable with texting and AI than they would on a phone.”
What Will It Take to End the Nursing Shortage?
While technology can help healthcare organizations reduce the burden on nurses and NPs, Kapu says getting more clinicians into the workforce is the best way to mitigate the shortage. She says more federal and state funding is needed for nursing education.
“We also need states to update their laws. Only 24 states and Washington, D.C., have full practice authority for nurse practitioners,” she says. “The other states have restrictive laws under which NPs cannot practice to the full extent of their education and training. That limits access to care and limits what they can do.”
Better access to mental health counseling for clinicians, as well as paid time off, is another way to reduce nurse and NP burnout during the pandemic.
MORE FROM HEALTHTECH: Include nurses in the conversation to reduce EHR burden.
“At the beginning of the pandemic, we saw a flood of general goodwill from the community, which provided meals, cases of water, hand lotion and sanitizer. Our practitioners felt buoyed up. But that’s not pouring in anymore,” says Kapu. “Now, 20 months later, we’re seeing the wear and tear of caring for very sick patients. It’s emotionally and psychologically distressing for nurses. Many have been liaisons for families who can’t come in to see their family member. NPs have been acting as a go-between, setting up a line of communication for families who are asking the NPs why they aren’t trying everything. The NPs tell the families that they are doing everything they can, but the families can’t be there to see it.”
She explains that many clinicians can’t take care of their own basic needs, such as food, water, exercise and sleep, due to the workload, which is why time away and mental health support are needed.
In its letter to Secretary Becerra, the ANA pointed out that the nursing shortage isn’t one that nurses can solve alone. The organization requested that key stakeholders from all segments of healthcare be convened to address the nursing shortage by:
• Working with the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services on ways to promote payment equity for nursing services and remove unnecessary regulatory barriers
• Educating the nation on the importance of the COVID-19 vaccine
• Sustaining a nursing workforce to meet current and future staffing demands
• Providing additional resources for nurses, including recruitment and retention incentives
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Romeo and juliet essay ideas
Death in Romeo and Juliet Essay - Free Essay Example on
view essay example. Hate Romeo and Juliet William Shakespeare 1 Page. The short story Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare is about two people who fall in love despite their familie’s hatred. The theme of the story is that love and hate can make people do extreme things. One extreme reaction to … more
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If trying to find and study main ideas in Romeo and Juliet essay, it is important to check the following themes: Love and fate; Value and duality; Meaning of gender. The prologue of play has own meaning. Major parts of famous play influence readers. Love and Fate Fate is the central concept of entire story, which allows looking at the most popular Romeo affair as a single tragedy. Love is one of core elements of Romeo and Juliet essay. more
Romeo And Juliet Essay Sample | Blog
Mar 19, 2018 · The following “ Romeo and Juliet” essay presents the popular play. The genre of the play is tragedy, which is established in accordance with the literary traditions of the Renaissance and is determined by an unhappy end (the death of the main characters).The composition of the tragedy at the level of the plot has a symmetrical construction. The death of the girl at the end of the work more
Romeo and Juliet: Major Themes | Romeo and Juliet Play
Dec 29, 2019 · Question 1) Romeo and Juliet, text, context and ideas. [Time] Romeo and Juliet, written by William Shakespeare, was expounded on 1594– 96 and first distributed in an unapproved quarto in 1597. An approved quarto showed up in 1599, significantly more and more solid. more
Romeo and Juliet: Suggested Essay Topics | SparkNotes
35 Romeo and Juliet Essay Topics and Ideas - Write On Deadline
May 20, 2021 · In this article, you will find:, romeo and juliet essay prompts. Most commonly, students are given prompts to specify their tasks but if your instructor has not given you a particular topic, finding interesting ideas for your Romeo and Juliet essay among a variety of prompts available on the web might be rather challenging. more
Romeo & Juliet Essay Topics - Literature Class [2021
Romeo and Juliet Essay Topics 2021 for Students With
Mar 29, 2018 · In the play “Romeo and Juliet” by William Shakespeare, the character of Romeo has to cope with the strong feeling of love. The play tells the story of an ancestral feud between two opposing families, the Montagues and the Capulets, causing several harmful consequences. more
70 Essay Topics on Romeo and Juliet For College Literature
Mar 13, 2019 · topics romeo and essay juliet. The story of Romeo and Juliet is a tragedy Romeo & Juliet Author William Shakespeare was born in Statford-upon-Avon on April 23 1564. naught could remove " -The Prologue, Romeo and Juliet (by William Shakespeare). more
Possible essay questions for romeo and juliet
May 20, 2020 · Write about how fate brought Romeo and Juliet together. Reveal the theme of forbidden love in the play. Compare the feelings of Romeo for Juliet and Rosaline. Describe how the lowers decided to achieve their goals. Investigate why Mercutio hated Tybalt. Explain the rules of marriage in the 16th century. Contrast the characters of Tybalt and Romeo. more
Romeo and Juliet Thesis Statements and Important Quotes
List of Romeo and Juliet Essay Topics more
Degrees Essays: Romeo and juliet rivalry essay FREE
Romeo and Juliet is a famous play set in Verona, Italy. It was written by William Shakespeare in 1594-1596. This play is a story about a long feud between the Montague and Capulet families, and the two star-crossed lovers Romeo and Juliet, whose never-ending love… more
Free Examples of Romeo And Juliet Essay Topics 2021
Tragedy In The Play Romeo And Juliet English Literature Essay more
Romeo and Juliet Character Essay Example For Students
4 . How does Shakespeare treat death in Romeo and Juliet? Frame your answer in terms of legal, moral, familial, and personal issues. Bearing these issues in mind, compare the deaths of Romeo and Juliet, Romeo and Mercutio, and Mercutio and Tybalt. Previous section How to Cite This SparkNote Next section Sample A+ Essay. more
Argumentative Essay Topics About Romeo And Juliet
Learning Goal: I will produce a well written essay defending my position on Romeo and Juliet using correct citations to support my argument and MLA format. ♥ Some believe Romeo and Juliet is more of a romance than a tragedy. Persuade your audience on whether you believe the play is more of romantic story or a tragic story. more
30 Romeo and Juliet Essay Topics |
Romeo and Juliet: Essay Topics. 1) Discuss the character of Romeo and his infatuation with Rosaline. Does this weaken the credibility of the love he feels for Juliet? 2) Friar Laurence serves many dramatic purposes in the play. Examine the Friar and his role in Romeo and Juliet. more
Love and Hate Romeo and Juliet - Free Essay Example
Original Romeo and Juliet Essay Topics – Blog - EssayShark
Ideas for a Romeo and Juliet Love Essay. Romeo and Juliet’s courtly love; How dutiful love is evident in this play; The impact of parental love on Romeo and Juliet; How love blinded the two lovebirds; The forceful effect of love; Love can spark violence; Prompts on a Romeo and Juliet Free Will Essay. The death of Romeo and Juliet; Romeo and Juliet getting married regardless of the underlying feuds more
Mercutio character analysis in Romeo and Juliet Essay
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Top-Notch Romeo and Juliet Essay Prompts For Students
Apr 02, 2021 · Romeo and juliet rivalry essay for quote movie in essay mla. Apr 2, 2021. This is impor tant. Preconceived attitudes towards learning and in the field of discourse e. G. Bologna working group 2002. Learning in a situation he describes wryly as the study minus one, and while the tamarins reacted to the appendix for a discussion group about more
Romeo and Juliet Essay Topics | SuperSummary
May 18, 2021 · Romeo and juliet essay title ideas for dissertation for sale Workbooks provide a supplemental course for justifiable reasons shall be in the superior ideology of women in the. In order to develop an indepth look at a time, and everything in the community college student, the sections that address those misconceptions. more
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Why do babies hiccup in the womb?
Is it normal for baby to have hiccups in womb everyday?
When should I be concerned about fetal hiccups?
A woman who does notice fetal hiccups regularly, especially if it occurs daily and more than 4 times per day after 28 weeks should contact their doctor. While frequent hiccupping does not necessarily signify a problem, it could be that the umbilical cord has become compressed or prolapsed.
What do baby hiccups feel like in womb?
Hiccups typically have a regular rhythm and occur in the same part of the belly over and over for a few minutes. Hiccups will feel like a jerking or pulsing jump, which may move your belly a bit. Kicks typically are not rhythmic and will occur all around the belly.
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How do babies get rid of hiccups in the womb?
Take a break and burp
Taking a break from feeding to burp your baby may help get rid of the hiccups, since burping can get rid of excess gas that may be causing the hiccups. Burping will also help because it places your baby into an upright position.
How long should baby hiccups last in womb?
With fetal hiccups, that movement can last for as long as 15 minutes – a regular rhythm that will originate from the same place repeatedly in your belly. It’s a good sign. Fetal hiccups – just like any other twitching or kicking in there – show that your baby is developing well.
Where do you feel hiccups if baby is head down?
What are signs of umbilical cord compression?
Do fetal hiccups count as movements?
Count each time the baby moves on his/her own, such as kicks, rolls, punches, turns and stretches. DO NOT count hiccups or movements the baby makes if you push against him/her.
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Can you hear a baby cry in the womb?
Why does it feel like my baby is pulsating?
Can babies have seizures in the womb?
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