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Role of Grendel in 'Beowulf'
456 Words2 Pages
Grendel’s Role in Beowulf In the poem Beowulf, Grendel’s role is to portray an evil, horrible creature who was everything a good Anglo-Saxon warrior should not be. Grendel is a monster who is a descendent of Cain. Grendel lived in far-off swamps as an outcast of the world. One night, Grendel tresspasses into Herot, Hrothgar’s hall, and ate thirty men due to their loud, religious singing. This continued for twelve years until the courageous Beowulf arrived to protect Hrothgar’s people and defeat Grendel. Much of the Anglo-Saxon lifestyle revolved around religion and the belief in fate and that God was always watching and protecting. Grendel, being born with demonic qualities, got very frustrated when he heard individuals enjoying themselves and worshiping their God. Grendel’s hate toward religion was in complete contrast to the Anglo-Saxon values and made him appear as the antithesis of a what a respected Anglo-Saxon should have been. Another occurrence which made Grendel appear as a foil to an Anglo-Saxon warrior was how he not only killed individuals for no reason (such as revenge), but he didn’t pay any wer-gild afterwards. In the Anglo-Saxon society, if you killed an individual you were expected to pay a wer-gild to the person’s family members as a form of compensation for the family’s loss of a loved one. This was treated as a common courtesy with the Anglo-Saxons and you could be rejected by the community and even get in serious trouble if you did not pay this tax. Finally, Grendel acted as a coward during his battle with Beowulf. After Grendel picked up Beowulf and realized he was in fact awake and had great strength, he immediately attempted to flee back to his swamplands. He was unsuccessful, however, as Beowulf wrestled him and kept him from leaving. Grendel was described to have screamed with fear during his battle with Beowulf. Those features of
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Hydrogen generation in micro structured reactors
Today, process intensification and sustainability are pushing the development of new chemical processes. One of the major challenges of the 21st century is to overcome the dependency on fossil fuels for power generation by the use of renewable energy sources. In the Micro Reaction Engineering Group new technologies are developed for the use of renewables such as bioethanol or acetic acid for power generation. A joint research project was engaged with the development and market launch of an innovative and compact power generator from propane or bioethanol based on solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) technology. Bioethanol, a nontoxic fuel which is easy to store and to transport, is of increasing interest under renewable fuels. A H2 and CO rich fuel gas is generated by catalytic partial oxidation of bioethanol. In this project a low cost, long-time and high-temperature stable catalyst based on Ni or Co for the conversion of ethanol with air was developed. By using the non-precious catalyst a hydrogen yield of 90 % was achieved at complete ethanol conversion. A syngas with 37 vol% H2, 26 vol% CO, 3 vol% CO2, and 1 vol% CH4 was obtained, which is directly used for power generation in SOFC at a temperature of 850 °C. The immobilization of the developed catalysts on micro structured cordierite monoliths was an essential requirement for the commercial application in the fuel cell system of the project partner new enerday GmbH. Monolithic reactors are particularly advantageous for strongly exothermic reactions, because heat transport can be more favorable and the pressure drops are greatly reduced. Therefore, the risk of thermal runaway and catalyst deactivation is reduced. We developed a dip-coating method resulting in homogenous, thermally and mechanically stable catalysts based on ceramic honeycombs.
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Extension History on Key Terms
Empiricist: pursuit of knowledge purely through experience, especially by means of observation and sometimes by experimentation; A doctrine which holds that the only or, at least, the most reliable source of human knowledge is experience, especially perception by means of the physical senses
Historicism: a theory that social and cultural events are determined by history, not people
Polemic: controversial argument
Eurocentric: The practice of viewing the world from a European perspective, with an implied belief, either consciously or subconsciously, in the preeminence of European (and, more generally, of Western) culture
Imperial: relating to or associated with an empire
Relativism: the idea that some elements or aspects of experience or culture are relative to, i.e., dependent on, other elements or aspects. The philosophical doctrine that all criteria of judgment are relative to the individuals and situations involved. The concept that a cultural system can be viewed only in terms of the principles, background, frame of reference, and history that characterize it.
Liberalism: a political orientation that favors social progress by reform and by changing laws rather than by revolution
Revisionism: the advocacy of a revision of some accepted theory, doctrine or a view of historical events
Rhetoric: using language effectively to please or persuade, grandiosity
Teleology: the philosophical study of design and purpose....
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Visualizing Relationship between variables with scatter plots in Seaborn
• Last Updated : 29 Aug, 2020
To understand how variables in a dataset are related to one another and how that relationship is dependent on other variables, we perform statistical analysis. This Statistical analysis helps to visualize the trends and identify various patterns in the dataset. One of the functions which can be used to get the relationship between two variables in Seaborn is relplot().
Relplot() combines FacetGrid with either of the two axes-level functions scatterplot() and lineplot(). Scatterplot is default kind of relplot(). Using this we can visualize joint distribution of two variables through a cloud of points. We can draw scatterplot in seaborn using various ways. The most common one is when both the variables are numeric.
Example: Let’s take an example of a dataset that consists a data of CO2 emissions of different vehicles. To get the dataset click here.
# import libraries
import pandas as pd
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import seaborn as sns
# set grid style
sns.set(style ="darkgrid")
# import dataset
dataset = pd.read_csv('FuelConsumption.csv')
Let’s plot the basic scatterplot for visualizing the relation between the target variable “CO2EMISSIOnS” and “ENGINE SIZE”
sns.relplot(x ="ENGINESIZE", y ="CO2EMISSIONS",
data = dataset);
We can add visualize one more variable by adding another dimension to the plot. This can be done by using “hue”, which colors the points of the third variable, thus adding a meaning to it.
hue ="FUELTYPE", data = dataset);
To highlight the different classes, we can add marker styles
hue ="FUELTYPE", style ="FUELTYPE"
data = dataset);
In the previous example, hue semantic was for a categorical variable, so it had a default qualitative palette. But if we use a numerical variable instead of categorical, then the default palette used is sequential, which can be modified too.
hue ="CYLINDERS", data = dataset);
We can also change the size of points for the third variable.
size ="CYLINDERS", data = dataset);
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Alcohol Lifestyle
How to use alcohol as fuel
ethanol as a fuel
ethanol as a fuel
ethanol as a fuel
ethanol as a fuel
Today , we ll explain how to use alcohol as fuel before that let’s know about what is ethanol , how ethanol being used as fuel.
What is Ethanol ?
Ethanol, or ethyl alcohol, has the chemical formula C2H5OH. It is the same alcohol found in alcoholic beverages, but ethanol also makes an effective motor fuel. There have been decades of motor fuel application experience in the United States and other countries with ethanol.
see also : How to make alcohol ? | What Is Alcohol? | Alcohol chemistry
How is Ethanol being used as fuel ?
Most ethanol used for fuel is being blended into gasoline at concentrations of 5 to 10 percent. In California, ethanol has replaced methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) as a gasoline component. More than 95 percent of the gasoline supplied in the state today contains 6 percent ethanol. There is a small but growing market for E85 fuel (85 percent ethanol and 15 percent gasoline) for use in flexible fuel vehicles (FFVs), several million of which have been produced by U.S. automakers. But E85 is primarily found in the Midwest in corn-producing states. Ethanol is also being used to formulate a blend with diesel fuel, known as “E-Diesel”, and as a replacement for leaded aviation gasoline in small aircraft.
How and where is ethanol produced ?
Today’s expanding fuel ethanol industry in the United States uses mostly corn as its basic ingredient. It is processed via fermentation and distillation to produce ethanol, animal feed, and other by-products. Midwestern states, including Iowa, Illinois, Minnesota and Nebraska are the largest ethanol-producing states; however, there is some ethanol production in 20 states.
California in 2004 had two small ethanol producers, Parallel Products in Rancho Cucamonga and Golden Cheese in Corona, both of which make ethanol from food and beverage industry residuals. Several new, larger projects are underway to produce ethanol from corn.
Brazil is the world’s top ethanol producer, using sugar cane as the feedstock. Vehicles in that country have been using 100 percent ethanol for decades.
What are the Economics of producing Ethanol ?
The cost of producing ethanol remains significantly higher than the cost of producing fuels from petroleum. The federal government, since 1978, has given tax incentives intended to make ethanol competitive with gasoline in the motor fuel marketplace. Continued progress with both conventional and advanced ethanol production technologies could someday result in ethanol production costs competitive with petroleum fuels.
Advantages and Disadvantages of Ethanol as a Fuel :
Advantages Disadvantages
• Unlike petroleum, ethanol is a renewable resource
• Ethanol burns more cleanly in air than petroleum, producing less carbon (soot) and carbon monoxide
• The use of ethanol as opposed to petroleum could reduce carbon dioxide emissions, provided that a renewable energy resource was used to produce crops required to obtain ethanol and to distil fermented ethanol
• Ethanol has a lower heat of combustion (per mole, per unit of volume, and per unit of mass) that petroleum
• Large amounts of arable land are required to produce the crops required to obtain ethanol, leading to problems such as soil erosion, deforestation, fertiliser run-off and salinity
• Major environmental problems would arise out of the disposal of waste fermentation liquors.
• Typical current engines would require modification to use high concentrations of ethanol
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Local History
Memories of Majors
Walter Lewis Majors in his automobile. Katherine Lederer Collection, Missouri State University Archives.
For our local history series, Sense of Place, we profile people, places, and events that have made this region what it is today. KSMU’s Emma Wilson brings us the story of a man who looms large in Springfield’s public memory.
The year is 1901 and you’re walking home from church across the downtown square. Through the hooves clopping and the wagon wheels grinding you hear a rumbling sound. It turns out to be wagon propelling itself forward without the aid of a horse.
The arrival of the first automobile to a small town in the early twentieth century was reportedly a memorable experience to those witnessing it. In racially segregated Springfield, it was an even greater curiosity that the inventor and operator of this new vehicle was a young African American man named Walter Majors. Dr. Richard Schur is a professor of English at Drury University. He wrote a chapter about the life and memory of Walter Majors for the recently published book Springfield’s Urban Histories.
“He was going at this breakneck speed, which was very dangerous, which was about seven miles per hour and people were horrified. He chose to do his ride around the center of the city—the square—on a Sunday afternoon. And that’s pretty much it. It broke down on the way back to his shop, which was off of Jefferson Street, and he repaired it, and went back home. That was the story,” says Schur.
The story, that is, according to the front page of the Democrat-Leader a day after Majors’ famous ride. The tale of his jaunt was printed multiple times in the following decades and was remembered—primarily by European-American authors—differently each time. Schur says one story stated Majors was merely the driver, suggesting, perhaps, a white person had actually invented the car; years later another article claimed Majors was arrested for speeding but released because a law limiting vehicle speed had not yet been created in Missouri.
Harold McPherson’s family lived in this area since before it was Springfield, and he grew up hearing stories about the ride of Walter Majors and his success as a businessman and inventor. He’s an amateur historian of Springfield’s African American history and spoke with me from Kansas City.
“Majors was a figure that was sort of, almost mystical in the fact that he was an African American in Springfield, Missouri who made an automobile at the same period of time they were lynching black people,” McPherson says.
During a time of extreme racial tension and violence, Walter Majors became a symbol of what could be accomplished by resisting societal norms and stereotypes. McPherson says many members of Major’s family were skilled in mechanics and engineering. When Majors volunteered to fight in the Spanish-American war in 1898, he was mustered in as a wagoner, whereas most of the African Americans in his unit were listed as privates. This meant he was responsible for maintaining the troops’ transportation. After he returned he became a blacksmith for Springfield Wagon Works, a major national supplier of wagons. Richard Schur says, in 1899, Majors opened his first business, and there are scattered records of his pursuits at the beginning of the twentieth century.
“I’d also heard he was a good musician at one point and fixed instruments. One thing that I could just find in a telephone directory that he actually started an African American newspaper here in town with a sister. He had a bicycle shop at one point, he had a car repair shop, all kinds of things I could find little bits and pieces of,” says Schur.
Forty years earlier, in 1863, enslaved people made up 13 percent of the population of Greene County. Many of the black Springfield residents that helped build the city were brought to this area as slaves, their children and grandchildren stayed in Springfield and became farmers, business owners, laborers, teachers, artists and inventors.
By the latter part of the 19th into the very beginning of the twentieth century, there was a large and thriving African American community in Springfield. During this time there were African Americans elected to the school board, appointed to county positions, and J.H. McCraken was even elected to be county assessor (though that seat was later certified by the City Council and given to a white person). However, de facto segregation and a frequently racist white community maintained a status quo of exclusion and occasional violence.
Before Majors was born there had been two lynchings of black Springfieldians. The third was the infamous triple murder on Easter, 1906, just down the street from Majors’ shop at St. Louis and Jefferson. There was an exodus of thousands of African Americans from Springfield after that as well as a continued danger of racial violence.
“Majors was there, he was right there”
Again, Harold McPherson.
“Majors stayed there for a couple of years, but the atmosphere didn’t change and he moved to a city where there were a lot more African Americans.”
In 1908, Majors disappears from the records in Springfield and shows back up in St. Louis a couple years later, Richard Schur says.
“And he moved to St. Louis and he worked for, actually, one of the richest African American Women at the time, a woman named Annie Turnbo Malone. She became a millionaire selling beauty products to African American women,” Schur says.
He essentially worked in research and development--and continued this career as an inventor, registering at least 11—though come report twice that many—patents with the Library of Congress by 1932. He also ran his own mechanic shop and patented several inventions for taxicabs.
McPherson says the memory of Majors was kept alive, largely by the then much smaller black community after the lynching of 1906.
“People since that time had very little to talk about, there were no good things to say—“oh yeah, remember the good old days?”—no there weren’t. People lived in fear. The population was so small that they didn’t have the opportunity to create any sort of resistence.”
To Richard Schur, Majors is a reminder of a forgotten history—when the African American community in Springfield flourished in the midst of extreme adversity. As Harold McPherson says, Walter Majors has become a mystical figure, a symbol of exceptional creativity and strength in the face of violence and oppression.
For KSMU’s Sense of Place, I’m Emma Wilson.
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Simple Ways to Take Care of Your Teeth
Having good oral health is vital to your overall wellbeing. When you have functional teeth, you can easily chew all types of food. Talking, laughing, and smiling are slowly dependent on the condition of your teeth and mouth.
If you don’t take proper care of your teeth, you become more susceptible to cavities, gum disease, and tooth decay. Gum disease usually causes bone loss around the teeth if left untreated. On its part, tooth decay often results in tooth loss.
Luckily, it is easy to keep your mouth and teeth healthy. Read on to discover how you can take better care of your teeth.
Brush Regularly
Ensure that you brush your teeth at least twice daily. Dentists recommend brushing after taking your breakfast and before you go to bed.
When brushing, it is essential to use the correct technique. Place the toothbrush at an angle such that it touches teeth and gums. Do circular movements on either side of each tooth, as well as the biting surface. Don’t forget to brush your tongue thoroughly.
It’s also essential to avoid being too aggressive on your teeth when brushing. Applying too much force removes dirt, but it also damages the enamel and hurts the gums. This can cause further complications such as gum erosion and tooth sensitivity.
Floss Daily
Your toothbrush bristles don’t often reach between the teeth. This is where flossing comes in handy, as it gets rid of bacteria and plaque stuck between the teeth. Besides reducing the risk of cavities, it also prevents bad breath caused by the food that remains.
Once you get the string between the teeth, move them gently up and down until all plaque is removed. Avoid snapping, as this can cause pain.
Visit the Dentist Regularly
Some dental complications are only noticeable by an expert, which is why you need to visit a dentist at least once every six months. Such issues include the structural strength of your teeth and symptoms of oral cancer and other infections.
Moreover, some conditions like hardened tartar require special equipment to treat. This further underpins the importance of regular dental appointments.
Avoid Smoking
Tobacco products contain tar which causes tooth discolouration. Also, smoking affects your immune system, making it difficult for the body to fight infections, including those that hurt your oral health.
According to the CDC, smoking also increases the risk of gum disease. Smokers are likely to recover slower than non-smokers if they contract this infection.
Other adverse effects of smoking include darkening of the lips, tongue discolouration, and bad breath.
Avoid Sugary Foods and Beverages
Sugary foods increase the risk of cavities. It is the bacteria in plaque that converts this sugar into acid, eating away your enamel. For this reason, you should limit your consumption of sweets and processed foods.
Additionally, you should also regulate your sports and energy drink intake, as they have a similar effect. Instead, drink a lot of water. Alternatively, you can take unsweetened tea.
Use Fluoride Toothpaste
Fluoride helps prevent cavities, which is why it’s an ingredient in most toothpaste brands. However, not all oral hygiene products contain this substance.
It is advisable always to use toothpaste that contains fluoride. Research shows that brushing and flossing can’t prevent cavities if your toothpaste doesn’t have fluoride.
Furthermore, you need to be keen while brushing your teeth to make the most of the fluoride. After brushing, spit out but don’t rinse to allow the fluoride to stay in the mouth for longer.
Take Action Quickly
Sometimes, you might notice a complication once it starts showing its symptoms. When such happens, ensure that you visit the dentist immediately. Waiting worsens the condition, and you might end paying more than you would have if you contacted the doctor sooner.
Most treatment options like fillings and root canals are readily available upon request. Cosmetic dentistry procedures, on the other hand, usually require special appointments.
Wrapping Up
Your smile is a valuable asset, which is why you need to keep your teeth sparkling white. By observing the practices mentioned above, you can maintain sound oral health. This not only reduces the need to see the dentists in Maroubra regularly, but it also saves you time and money.
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What type of laser is used in NIF?
What type of laser is used in NIF?
The design uses 192 beamlines in a parallel system of flashlamp-pumped, neodymium-doped phosphate glass lasers. To ensure that the output of the beamlines is uniform, the initial laser light is amplified from a single source in the Injection Laser System (ILS).
How powerful is the NIF laser?
The National Ignition Facility (NIF) — a laser test facility at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in Livermore, Calif. — is the world’s most powerful laser. Though it faces fiscal challenges, NIF is still capable of unleashing a blast with 500 trillion watts of power.
What does the NIF do?
NIF is the world’s most precise and reproducible laser system. It precisely guides, amplifies, reflects, and focuses 192 powerful laser beams into a target about the size of a pencil eraser in a few billionths of a second, delivering more than 2 million joules of ultraviolet energy and 500 trillion watts of peak power.
How many lasers are in NIF?
192 laser beams
NIF’s 192 laser beams travel about 1,500 meters from their birth to their destination at the center of the spherical Target Chamber.
How big is the NIF laser?
NIF consists of 192 forty-centimeter-square laser beams and a 10-m-diameter target chamber. NIF is being designed and built by an LLNL-led team from Los Alamos National Laboratory, Sandia National Laboratories, the University of Rochester, and LLNL. Physical construction began in 1997.
What is the strongest laser?
The most powerful laser beam ever created has been recently fired at Osaka University in Japan, where the Laser for Fast Ignition Experiments (LFEX) has been boosted to produce a beam with a peak power of 2,000 trillion watts – two petawatts – for an incredibly short duration, approximately a trillionth of a second or …
Did NIF achieve fusion?
America’s National Ignition Facility measured a record of 70% conversion in their laser fusion experiments. On August 8th NIF researchers conducted a laser fusion experiment which caught immediate attention of the science magazine and the New York Times. …
What is a normal NIF?
The NIF test is measuring the strength of the diaphragm muscle itself. The average vital capacity for adults not affected by ALS is between 80 – 120%, and a normal NIF is a reading greater than -60 on the pressure meter.
How do I get NIF?
The most common way to get a NIF is simply to visit a Finanças office (or alternatively a Loja do Cidadão). Use Google Maps to find the one nearest to you. You will need to bring your passport (or ID card for EU citizens) and proof of address (bank statement or utility bill, for example).
What is the biggest laser in the world?
ELI NP hosts the most powerful laser in the world with a power of 10 PW. The ELI project itself was initiated by Nobel Laureate Gérard Mourou and funded by the host nations as well as the European Regional Development Fund.
Is blue laser illegal?
Are blue lasers illegal? In the U.S., it is legal under federal law to own a laser of any power.
What is the temperature of the NIF laser?
By focusing NIF’s laser beams onto a variety of targets, scientists create extreme states of matter, including temperatures of more than 100 million degrees Celsius (180 million degrees Fahrenheit) and pressures that exceed 100 billion times Earth’s atmosphere.
How does a photon pulse work in NIF?
A small pulse of laser light “tuned” to the excited electrons’ energy is directed through the glass slabs. This laser pulse stimulates the electrons to drop to their lower, or ground, energy states and emit laser photons of exactly the same wavelength.
How does NIF work and how does it work?
As with most large lasers, NIF uses intense flashes of white light from giant flashlamps to “pump” electrons in large slabs of laser glass to a higher-energy state that lasts only about one-millionth of a second. A small pulse of laser light “tuned” to the excited electrons’ energy is directed through the glass slabs.
What is the absorption wavelength of regular glass?
The regular glass absorbs wavelength longer than 4000 nm (4 uM) which is far-infrared, that is why laser cutting of glass and acrylic can be don on Co2 lasers with a wavelength of 10.6 uM. Proceed with a fast and secure checkout. An Endurance “PRO” laser modules. Ultra reliable. Reflection rate in percentage (%) from a polished surface. Loading…
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We turned to Twitter to understand conditions on the ground in Cameroon
Social media can provide short descriptions of the issues that people are facing. Sidoine Mbogni/Shutterstock
For the past five years there has been conflict in the two English-speaking regions of Cameroon, with no solution or end in sight. There have been political, social and cultural differences and antagonisms for several decades. But the current conflict began in 2016 when lawyers and teachers started protesting over the increasing use of French in the legal and educational systems in these regions, known as Anglophone Cameroon.
The government of Cameroon’s poor handling of the crisis contributed to its escalation into an armed conflict. Thousands have been killed, are living in the bush, or have fled to other parts of the country (becoming internally displaced persons) or in neighbouring countries as refugees. The warring parties did not heed the UN secretary general’s call for a global ceasefire to focus on ending the conflict in the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic.
As a result, the conflict continues to have a negative impact on all aspects of life, particularly the livelihoods and health of citizens in the battleground regions of the north-west and south-west. Access to already inadequate health services has been reduced. More insights about how the conflict is affecting the health of citizens are needed to understand the situation and propose solutions.
We set out to understand how the conflict was affecting the key determinants of health. These include poverty, particularly in contexts where there is no universal healthcare and where the cost of living continues to rise.
As is the case in other conflict and war situations, it was difficult to collect public data. So we examined tweets to understand what topics were being discussed.
In 2019, the number of mobile phone subscriptions in the country was 21.4 million out of a population of around 27 million people. Data for phone usage is expensive, and internet access is not reliable. Hootsuite, a social media management platform, reported that approximately 23% of the population – 6.21 million people – were internet users. And of these, 4.3 million were active on social media platforms.
This report estimated that there were fewer than 125,000 Twitter users in the country. Nevertheless, we believe examining the use of Twitter can provide insights about the crisis because social media can provide short descriptions of the issues that people are facing.
Our use of Twitter to gather information isn’t novel. Scholars are increasingly using social media to collect data about conflicts. But we have not found many studies exploring health and the social determinants of health using this approach.
We used the descriptions shared on Twitter to provide a more visible and robust picture of health related issues. This approach can help identify health challenges and how they’re affecting citizens.
How we examined tweets
We collected and analysed 1,868 tweets posted from 1 October 2016, the month when the conflict began, to 1 September 2019 to understand what people were discussing. The tweets were from everyday citizens, the government, news outlets and nongovernmental organisations that were communicating with people in Cameroon and abroad to draw attention to the effects of the crisis on citizens and, in some cases, what actions had been taken by the government.
Our focus was on the social determinants of health, often used to understand public health issues. These are the non-medical factors that influence the health of people. They include:
• policies and systems such as social, economic, employment, education and health policies and systems
• social attitudes and practices related to inclusion and discrimination
• factors influencing daily life in other ways such as housing, food, and cultural policies and practices.
Our findings showed that Twitter was being used to share information and to call for action. Analysis of tweets revealed eight distinct themes:
• neglect from government related to health
• education
• loss of employment
• increased poverty
• housing and homelessness
• social exclusion and oppression
• women and gender inequality
• health services.
People felt neglected by the government. There were negative tweets and criticisms of the government’s neglect of its citizens and lack of support during the crisis.
Tweets also referred to failures in the education system. Most schools in the north-west and south-west regions have remained closed for years with teachers and students staying at home due to insecurity. Several tweets called for schools to reopen.
Tweets also referred to a deterioration in work opportunities. Some businesses were closed, resulting in job losses for thousands of people. Many who were still employed either went for several months without pay or received salary cuts.
There was also evidence of poverty increasing because of the conflict. Despite these impacts, some tweets reported that the government was discouraging humanitarian support.
Thousands of people lost their homes and were displaced. Several villages were either burned down or seized by the military or non-state armed groups. Hundreds of thousands of people were internally displaced within Cameroon or fled to neighbouring countries as refugees.
People experienced social exclusion and oppression. There were tweets about the lack of human rights and the prevention of freedom of expression. Children’s rights were violated, with references made to child trafficking, slavery and a decrease in basic education.
Women and girls were very vulnerable. Sexual violence and rape increased. Some pregnant women were forced to give birth in unsanitary conditions with minimal supplies.
Health services were difficult to access. The fighting resulted in the destruction of some hospitals and clinics. Some nongovernmental organisations provided services to the vulnerable population.
The way forward
Our findings highlight two important points. The first is the need to develop and implement effective systems to collect data in regions and circumstances where conventional methods of data collection are limited.
The second is the various inequities that are affecting the citizens of Cameroon amid the ongoing political conflict.
Using Twitter to collect data demonstrates the importance of identifying new ways to actively explore the social determinants of health in understudied regions and situations.
In addition, our results have highlighted several disparities that have resulted from, or have been exacerbated by, the consequences of the conflict that continues to negatively impact the citizens of Cameroon.The Conversation
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THERE remains to be described that part of Europe included between the Danube and the sea which surrounds it, beginning from the inner recess of the Adriatic, and extending to the Sacred mouth of the Danube.
This part contains Greece, Macedonia, Epirus, and the people who live above them, extending to the Danube and to the two seas (the Adriatic and the Euxine Sea) on each side. On the Adriatic are the Illyrians; on the Euxine Sea, as far as the Propontis1 and Hellespont, are the Thracians, and the Scythian or Keltic tribes intermixed with them. We must begin from the Danube, and treat of the countries which follow next in order to those already described, that is to say, the parts contiguous to Italy, the Alps, the Germans, the Dacians, and the Getæ.
These may be divided into two parts. For the mountains of Illyria, Pæonia, and Thrace, may be considered as forming, as it were, a single line, parallel to the Danube, and extending from the Adriatic to the Euxine. To the north of this line is the country included between the Danube and the mountains. To the south is Greece and the barbarous tract contiguous to these mountains.
Near the Euxine Sea is Mount Hæmus,2 the largest and the highest of the mountains in that quarter, and divides Thrace nearly in the middle. According to Polybius, both seas may be seen from this mountain; but he is mistaken, for the distance to the Adriatic is considerable, and many things obstruct the view.
Almost the whole of Ardia3 lies near the Adriatic, Pæonia is in the middle, and all this country consists of elevated ground. On the side towards Thrace, it is bounded by Rhodope,4 a mountain next in height to Hæmus; on the other side to the north is Illyria, and the country of the Autariatæ,5 and Dardania.6
I shall first describe Illyria, which approaches close to the Danube, and to the Alps which lie between Italy and Germany, taking their commencement from the lake in the territory of the Vindelici, Rhæti, and Helvetii.7 [2]
The rest of the country as far as Segestica,9 and the Danube, towards the north and east, is occupied by Pannonii, but they extend farther in an opposite direction. The city Segestica, belonging to the Pannonii, is situated at the confluence of several rivers, all of which are navigable. It is in a convenient situation for carrying on war against the Daci, for it lies at the foot of the Alps, which extend to the Iapodes,10 a mixed Keltic and Illyrian tribe. Thence also flow the rivers by which is conveyed to Segestica a great quantity of merchandise, and among the rest, commodities from Italy. The distance from Aquileia to Nauportus,11 a settlement of the Taurisci, across the mountain Ocra,12 is 350, or, according to some writers, 500 stadia. Merchandise is transported to Nauportus in waggons. The Ocra is the lowest part of the Alps, which extend from Rhætica to the Iapodes, where the mountains rise again, and are called Albii. From Tergeste,13 a village of the Carni,14 there is a pass across and through the Ocra to a marsh called Lugeum.15 A river, the Corcoras, flows near Nauportus, and conveys the merchandise from that place. It discharges itself into the Save, and this latter river into the Drave; the Drave again into the Noarus at Segestica. Here the Noarus, having received the Colapis16 as it descends in its full stream from the mountain Albius through the Iapodes, enters the Danube among the Scordisci. The navigation on the rivers is in general towards the north. The journey from Tergeste to the Danube is about 1200 stadia. Near Segestica is Siscia, a strong-hold, and Sirmium, both situated on the road to Italy. [3]
The Breuci, Andizetii, Ditiones, Peirustæ, Mazæi, Daisitiatæ, whose chief was Baton, and other small obscure communities, which extend to Dalmatia, and almost to the Ardiæi to the south, are Pannonians. The whole mountainous tract from the recess of the Adriatic bay to the Rhizonic gulf,17 and to the territory of the Ardiæi, intervening between the sea and Pannonia, forms the coast of Illyria.
Here perhaps we ought to begin an uninterrupted account of these places, after a short repetition.
In describing Italy we said, that the Istri were the first nation on the Illyrian coast, contiguous to Italy and to the Carni, and that the present government had advanced the limits of Italy to Pola,18 a city of Istria. These limits are distant about 800 stadia from the recess of the bay. It is the same distance from the promontory in front of Pola to Ancon,19 keeping Henetica20 on the right hand. The whole voyage along the coast of Istria is 1300 stadia. [4]
Next is the voyage along the coast of the Iapodes, 1000 stadia in extent. The Iapodes are situated on Mount Albius, which is the termination of the Alps, and is of very great height. They reach in one direction to the Pannonii and the Danube, and in another to the Adriatic. They are a warlike people, but were completely subdued by Augustus. Their cities are Metulum, Arupinum, Monetium, Vendum.21 The country is poor, and the inhabitants live chiefly upon spelt and millet.22 Their armour is after the Keltic fashion. Their bodies are punctured, like those of the other Illyrian and Thracian people. After the coast of the Iapodes follows that of Liburnia, exceeding the former by 500 stadia. On this coast is Scardon,23 a Liburnian city, and a river,24 which is navigable for vessels of burden as far as the Dalmatæ. [5]
Islands are scattered along the whole of the above-mentioned coast; among them are the Apsyrtides, where Medea is said to have killed her brother Apsyrtus, who was pursuing her.
Near the Iapodes is Cyrictica,25 then the Liburnian islands, about forty in number; other islands follow, of which the best known are Issa, Tragurium, founded by Isseans; Pharos, formerly Paros, founded by Parians, the birth-place of Demetrius, the Pharian; then the coast of the Dallnatæ and their naval arsenal, Salon.26 This nation was for a long time at war with the Romans. They had fifty considerable settlements, some of which were in the rank of cities, as Salon, Priomon, Ninias, and the old and new Sinotium. Augustus burnt them down. There is also Andetrium, a strong fortress, and Dalmatium, a large city, of the same name as the nation. Scipio Nasica greatly reduced its size, and converted the plain into a pasture for sheep, on account of the disposition of the people to rob and pillage.
It is a custom peculiar to the Dalmatæ to make a partition of their lands every eighth year. They do not use money, which is a peculiarity also when compared with the habits of the other inhabitants of this coast; but this is common among many other tribes of barbarians.
The mountain Adrion divides Dalmatia into two parts, one of which is on the sea, the other forms the opposite side of the mountain. Then follow the river Naron, and the people in the neighbourhood, the Daorizi, Ardiæi, and Pleræi.27 Near the former lies the island Black Corcyra,28 on which is a city founded by the Cnidians. Near the Ardiæi is Pharos, formerly called Paros, for it was founded by Parians. [6]
Later writers call the Ardiæi, Vard$sei.29 The Romans drove them into the interior from the sea-coast, which was infested by their piracies, and compelled them to cultivate the ground; but as the country was rugged and barren, and not adapted to husbandry, the nation was entirely ruined and nearly extinguished. The same happened to other neighbouring nations. People formerly very powerful are extinct, or were reduced to the lowest condition, as the Boii and Scordisci among the Galatæ; the Autariatæ, Ardiæi, and Dardanii, among the Illyrians; and the Triballi among the Thracians. They first declined in consequence of disputes amongst themselves, but were finally prostrated by wars with the Macedonians and Romans. [7]
After the termination of the coast of the Ardiæi and Pleræi is the bay of the Rhizæi, a city Rhizon,30 other small towns, and the river Drilon,31 which may be navigated up its stream towards the east as far as Dardanica. This country is situated close to the Macedonian and Pæonian nations, towards the south, as also the Autariatæ and the Dasaretii are in parts contiguous to one another [and to the Autariatæ].32 To the Dardaniatae belong the Galabrii,33 in whose territory is an ancient city; and the Thunatæ, who approach on the east close to the Mædi,34 a Thracian tribe.
The Dardanii are entirely a savage people, so much so that they dig caves beneath dungheaps, in which they dwell; yet they are fond of music, and are much occupied in playing upon pipes and on stringed instruments. They inhabit the inland parts of the country, and we shall mention them again in another place. [8]
After the bay of Rhizon35 is Lissus,36 a city, Acrolissus,37 and Epidamnus, the present Dyrrhachium,38 founded by Corcyræans, and bearing the name of the peninsula on which it is situated. Then follow the rivers Apsus39 and the Aous,40 on the banks of which is situated Apollonia,41 a city governed by excellent laws. It was founded by Corinthians and Corcyræans, and is distant from the river 10, and from the sea 60, stadia. Hecatæus calls the Aous, Aias, and says that from the same place, or rather from the same sources about Lacmus,42 the Inachus flows southward, to Argos,43 and the Aias westward, into the Adriatic.
In the territory of the Apolloniatæ there is what is called a Nymphæum. It is a rock which emits fire. Below it are springs flowing with hot water and asphaltus. The earth containing the asphaltus is probably in a state of combustion. The asphaltus is dug out of a neighbouring hill; the parts excavated are replaced by fresh earth, which after a time are converted into asphaltus. This account is given by Posidonius, who says also, that the ampelitis, an asphaltic earth found in the Pierian Seleucia,44 is a remedy for the lice which infest the vine. If the vine is smeared with this earth mixed with oil, the insects are killed before they ascend from the root to the branches. This earth, but it required for use a larger quantity of oil, he says was found at Rhodes also, while he held there the office of Prytanes.
Next to Apollonia is Bylliace (Bullis) and Oricum,45 with its naval arsenal, Panormus, and the Ceraunian mountains, which form the commencement of the entrance of the Ionian and Adriatic Gulfs. [9]
The mouth is common to both; but this difference is to be observed, that the name Ionian46 is applied to the first part of the gulf only, and Adriatic to the interior sea up to the farthest end, but the name Adriatic is now applied to the whole sea. According to Theopompus, the name Ionian was de- rived from a chief (Ionius) of that country, a native of Issa; and the name Adriatic from a river, Adrias.47
From the Liburni to the Ceraunian mountains is a distance of a little more than 2000 stadia. But Theopompus says, that it is six days' sail from the farthest recess of the bay, but a journey of thirty days by land along the length of Ilyria. This appears to me an exaggeration, but he makes many incredible statements. Among other instances, he pretends that there is a subterraneous passage between the Adriatic and the Ægæan Seas, grounding his opinion on the discovery of Chian and Thasian pottery in the river Naron.48 The two seas, he says, may be seen from some pretended mountain. He describes the Liburnian islands as occupying a position so extensive as to form a circle of 500 stadia. According to him, the Danube discharges itself by one of its mouths into the Adriatic.49 Similar mistakes are to be found in Eratosthenes, which Polybius, when speaking of him and other writers, describes as having their origin in vulgar error.50 [10]
On the coast of Illyria, along its whole extent, and in the neighbouring islands, there are numerous excellent harbours, contrary to what occurs on the opposite Italian coast, where there are none. As in Italy, however, the climate is warm, and the soil productive of fruits; olives also and vines grow readily, except in some few excessively rugged places. Although Illyria possesses these advantages, it was formerly neglected, through ignorance, perhaps, of its fertility; but it was principally avoided on account of the savage manners of the inhabitants, and their piratical habits.
The region situated above the sea-coast is mountainous, cold, and at times covered with snow. The northern part is still colder, so that vines are rarely to be met with either in the hills or in the plains lower down. These mountain-plains are in the possession of the Pannonians, and extend towards the south as far as the Dalmatians and Ardiæi. They terminate towards the north at the Ister, and approach towards the east close to the Scordisci, who live near the Macedonian and Thracian mountains. [11]
The Autariatæ were the most populous and the bravest tribe of the Illyrians. Formerly, there were continual disputes between them and the Ardiæi respecting the salt which was spontaneously formed on the confines of their respective territories, in the spring season, from water which flows through a valley. The salt concreted five days after the water was drawn and deposited in reservoirs. The right of collecting salt was, by agreement, to be exercised alternately by each party, but the compact was broken and war was the consequence. After the Autariatæ had subdued the Triballi, a people whose territory extended a journey of fifteen days, from the Agrianæ to the Danube, they became masters of the Thracians and Illyrians. The Autariatæ were first conquered by the Scordisci, and afterwards by the Romans, who overpowered the Scordisci, for a long time a powerful nation. [12]
This people inhabited the country on the banks of the Danube, and were divided into two tribes, the Great and the Little Scordisci.51 The former occupied the space between two rivers, which empty themselves into the Danube, the Noarus,52 which runs beside Segestica, and the Margus, or, as some call it, Bargus. The Little Scordisci lived beyond this river close to the Triballi and Mysi.53 The Scordisci possessed some of the islands also. They increased so much in strength and numbers as to advance even to the Illyrian, Pæonian, and Thracian confines. Most of the islands on the Danube fell into their hands, and they possessed the cities Heorta and Capedunum.54
Next to the territory of the Scordisci, lying along the banks of the Danube, is the country of the Triballi and Mysi, whom we have before mentioned; we have also spoken of the marshes55 of the Lesser Scythia on this side the Danube. This nation, and the Crobyzi, and the nation called Troglodytæ, live above the districts in which are situated Callatis, Tomis, and Ister.56 Next are the people about the Mount Hæmus, and those who live at its foot, extending as far as the Pontus, Coralli, and Bessi, and some tribes of Mædi and of Dantheletæ. All these nations are very much addicted to robbery. The Bessi possess far the greatest part of Mount Hæmus, and are called Robbers from their mode of life as free-booters. Some of them live in huts and lead a life of hardship. They extend close to Rhodope, the Pæeones, and to the Illyrian nations; to the Autariatæ also, and the Dardanians. Between these and the Ardiæi are the Dasaretii, Hybrianes, and other obscure nations, whose numbers the Scordisci were continually reducing, until they had made the country a desert, full of impassable forests, which extended several days' journey.
1 Sea of Marmora.
2 The Veliki Balkan.
3 The southern part of Dalmatia bounded by the Narenta, which takes its source in the Herzogovina.
4 Called Monte Argentaro by the Italians, Basilissa by the Greeks, Rulla by the Turks. Baudrand. Despoto Dagh.
5 Occupied the neighbourhood of the river Titius, Kerca, which discharges itself near Siberico.
6 The mountainous country south of Servia.
7 The text presents some difficulty; another reading is Tænii. Gossellin supposes the lake to be the Czirknitz-See near Mount Albius, now Alben or Planina.
8 The Margus? See chap. v. § 12.
9 At the confluence of the Kalpa and the Save, afterwards Siscia, now Sizsek.
10 Occupied the coast of Morlacca from the Gulf of Quarnero to Zara.
12 To the north of Trieste.
13 Trieste.
14 Carniola.
15 The Czirknitz-See.
16 The Kuipa.
17 Gulf of Cataro.
18 Now celebrated for the remains of a Roman amphitheatre.
19 Ancona.
20 The Venetian territory.
21 I am not acquainted with the sites of these places. G.
22 ζειᾷ καὶ κέγχρῳ.
23 Scardona.
24 The Kerka.
25 The modern names of these numerous islands must be matter of conjecture. Issa is Lissa.
26 Salona.
27 Inhabitants, probably, of the peninsula Sabioncello.
28 Curzola.
29 Varalii, MSS.; but manifestly wrong.
30 Risano in the Gulf of Cataro.
31 The river Drin.
32 Kramer suggests the omission of these words, which render the passage obscure.
33 Galabrii. The name of this people is unknown. Probably it should be changed to Taulantii, an Illyrian tribe, or considered as a second name of the Taulantii, or that of a tribe belonging to them. The name Galabrus, or Galaurus, king of the Taulantii, has come down to us, which gives some probability to the second conjecture. C.
34 The Mædi occupied the mountains which separate Macedonia from Thrace, between the river Strymon and Mount Rhodope. G.
35 The Gulf of Cataro
36 Alesso
37 A fortified rock near.
38 Durazzo
39 Ergent, or Beratino.
40 Lao, or Vousoutza.
41 Polina. Thucydides calls Apollonia a colony of the Corinthians, and not of the Corinthians and Corcyræans. He states it, however, (b. i. c. 24,) to have been the practice for colonies which in their turn founded other colonies, to unite with them, on these occasions, citizens of the mother city.
42 One of the peaks of Pindus.
43 Amphilochian Argos, now Filochia. G.
44 On the boundary of Cilicia and Syria.
45 Appear to have been situated on the Gulf of Valona. G.
46 The name, Ionian Gulf, appears to have extended from the Acro- ceraunian mountains to the southern part of Dalmatia, near Lissus, now Alessio, to the bottom of the Gulf of Drin. G.
47 The word αδρίας is translated Adriatic. In the version of the New Testament it is translated Adria. Acts xxvii. 27.—The Tartaro.
48 Narenta.
49 A common opinion among ancient geographers. See b. i. c. ii. § 39.
50 παρακούσματα λαοδογματικά
51 The Agrianæ occupied the neighbourhood of Mount Pangæus on the confines of Thrace and Macedonia. The Triballi, at the time alluded to by Strabo, possessed nearly the whole of the country included between the Adriatic and the Euxine. The Scordisci, who were at first confined to the territory situated between the Drave and the Save, in their turn took possession of all this country. It is not possible, in consequence of the continual wars which existed amongst these people, to determine with exactness the places which they successively occupied. G.
52 Probably the Save. G.
53 Mædi.
54 Cities not identified.
55 The Dobrudscha.
56 Mangalia, Tomesvar, the place of Ovid's exile, Kara-Herman.
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• Going by the definitions, a sociopath is just a person with an antisocial personality disorder. A psychopath is a person with an antisocial personality disorder that makes them act in an aggressive, perverted, violent or amoral manner without empathy or remorse for their actions.
• There isn’t much difference. Sociopaths seem to control themselves better than psychopaths. Psychopaths have violent outbursts and manic behaviour. Instead of violent outbursts sociopaths will take as long as it takes even years to destroy a selected target. A psychopath is prone to a higher likelihood of violence and a sociopath is not. The term psychopath or sociopath seems to mean one and the same these days. Either way stay out of their way. They’re mean suckers!
• A sociopath is a person with an antisocial personality. The psychopath is just another name for the road to madness. Actually there is no real difference at all. "sociopath", at is defined " someone with a sociopathic personality; a person with an antisocial personality disorder (`psychopath' was once widely used but has now been superseded by `sociopath') " "psychopath" at is defined " someone with a sociopathic personality; a person with an antisocial personality disorder (`psychopath' was once widely used but has now been superseded by `sociopath') " Wait! I may have got the wrong links for each definition. When I went here I saw that a psychopath is "somebody affected with a personality disorder marked by aggressive, violent, antisocial thought and behavior and a lack of remorse or empathy " whereas a sociopath is "Same as psychopath ." Or maybe it was the other way around. Even the more specific medical online dictionaries weren't any better. In fact says that both words are "a previously used term for a person exhibiting antisocial personality disorder. " What kind of double talk is this?. Stupid dictionaries! They're gonna be sorry they messed with me, what gives them the right to tell people what words mean? I'm gonna wait outside their door till they get off from work, I'll show them the difference between a sociopath and a sociopath! I might even show them a little psychopathy if they survive the first lesson. Then.... uh oh...lessee one lil pink pill and two green ones... Seems like 'socio' is a bit newer than 'psycho', maybe etymology of 'socio' describes the condition more closely, with socio being connected to social skills and pscho more with the mind in general. or maybe socio just sounds better and is more PC. But not as PC as "antisocial personality disorder."
• The psycopath behaves in the same detrimental fashion as a sociopath. The difference is the psycopath has no remorse or feeling of guilt about his behavior. The sociopath, on the other hand, knows his or her behavior is wrong. So, the one knows his or her behavior is not acceptable to society whereas the other is oblivious to this point.
• The way I see it a 'Psychopath' allows his or her thoughts to manifest itself in the physical form, via the use of violence and what not. Whereas the 'Sociopath' keeps all his or her thoughts inside their heads because they understand the fact that society won't accept them for their behaviour, unlike the 'Psychopath' they don't really care. Therein the 'Psychopath' lacks remorse and doesn't feel the need to belong.
• You guys are all wrong. From, "The difference between a psychopath and a sociopath is somewhat blurred, at least according to the fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM). DSM-IV lists both definitions together under the heading of Antisocial Personalities because they share some common traits. However, some professionals maintain there is a difference beyond the similarities. Shared traits of the psychopath and sociopath include a complete disregard for the feelings and rights of others. This usually surfaces by age 15 and may be accompanied by cruelty to animals. These traits are distinct and repetitive, creating a pattern of misbehavior that goes beyond normal adolescent mischief. Both the psychopath and sociopath fail to feel remorse or guilt. They appear to lack a conscience and are completely self-serving. They routinely disregard rules, social mores and laws, unmindful of putting themselves or others at risk. Of the more distinguishing traits, some argue the sociopath to be less organized in his or her demeanor, nervous and easily agitated – someone likely living on the fringes of society, without solid or consistent economic support. A sociopath is more likely to spontaneously act out in inappropriate ways without thinking through the consequences. Conversely, the psychopath tends to be extremely organized, secretive and manipulative. The outer personality is often charismatic and charming, hiding the real person beneath. Though psychopaths do not feel for others, they can mimic behaviors that make them appear normal. Upon meeting, one would have more of a tendency to trust a psychopath than a sociopath. Because of the organized personality of the psychopath, he or she might have a tendency to be better educated than the average sociopath, who probably lacks the attentive skills to excel in school. While psychopaths can fly under the radar of society, many maintaining families and steady work, a sociopath more often lacks the skills and drive for mimicking normal behavior, making “seemingly healthy” relationships and a stable home less likely. From a criminal standpoint, a sociopath’s crimes are typically disorganized and spontaneous, while the psychopath’s crimes are well planned out. For this reason, psychopaths are harder to catch than sociopaths, as the sociopath is more apt to leave ample evidence in his or her explosions of violence. "
• who is doing the asking.
• Sociopaths are unable to experience emotional responses for other people outside of their own personal interests. This is not to be confused with ideological or philosophical traits that share the same viewpoint from outside perception, instead it is the psychological inability to show emotion or caring for others. While a sociopath can feel emotion, it is (even if it results in care for another) because they find it viable for themselves, as opposed to what would be termed as selflessness. Psychopathy (pronounced /saɪˈkÉ’pÉ™θi/) is a psychological construct that describes chronic disregard for ethical principles and antisocial behavior. The term is often used interchangeably with sociopathy. In the ICD-10 diagnosis criteria, the terms antisocial/dissocial personality disorder are used. The term is used as a definition in law, for example, "psychopathic personality disorder" under the Mental Health Act 1983 of the UK as well as to denote a severe condition often related to antisocial or dissocial personality disorder as defined by the Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R). The term "psychopathy" is often confused with psychotic disorders. It is estimated that approximately one percent of the general population are psychopaths. The psychopath is defined by an uninhibited gratification in criminal, sexual, or aggressive impulses and the inability to learn from past mistakes. Individuals with this disorder gain satisfaction through their antisocial behavior and lack remorse for their actions.
• a sociopath can not distinquish between right and wrong. s/he simply does NOT know the differnce. a psychopath is aware of the differnce (he knows that murder is wrong) he just dosnt care. he doesnt have a conscience, if you will. +3
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He had suffered, and he had learned to think
Category: Education | Type: Discussion | Title: Mansfield Park (in Context) | Author: Jane Austen | Ch: Chapter XLVIII
Suffering and remorse are the last prospect for improvement for those who have lacked a favorable environment and a proper education.
Fanny's particular form of goodness is itself a product of harshly negative forces resulting in a protracted trauma. Her goodness is not innate but is owing largely to the self-denial, humility, and demand for usefulness forced upon her by her first seven years
at Mansfield Park. Had she or Susan remained in Portsmouth, we must assume that they would have been morally quite different from what one is and the other is beginning to be. In fact, Susan, something of a fighter, has the spirit that may endow her moral goodness with the self-possession and feistiness Fanny has lacked, making Susan a heroine closer in temperament to Elizabeth Bennet and Emma Woodhouse.
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Telling the story: narrative across media
Tablet V of the Epic of Gilgamesh. The Sulaymaniyah Museum, Iraq. By Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin FRCP(Glasg), via Wikimedia Commons.
Narrative is not only one of the most pervasing and persistent features of humans, but it is almost physically inevitable.
No matter which culture you care to examine, narrative plays a central role in its daily life and social interactions. Direct evidence of what happened in social groups before the formation of towns and cities in the ‘fertile crescent’, from modern Turkey down through Iraq, is scant and largely conjectural. But the latest evidence from cave paintings dated to before the last Ice Age implies that as long as 36,000 years ago, humans depicted narrative events quite vividly.
Anonymous, Volcano in Eruption (c 36,000 BP), pigment on limestone mural, 60 x 60 cm, Chauvet-Pont d’Arc Cave, Ardèche, France. B is the original panel (date sampling site shown in green), and C the constructed time sequence of layers. The photo in B was taken by D Genty, and the images in C by V Feruglio and D Baffier. These images are © 2016 Nomade et al.
Narrative is also one of the last of our mental powers to be lost as our brains decline with senescence or disease, being preserved long after we have lost our other faculties in dementias and the like. Indeed, in many organic disorders and under the influence of drugs, while maintenance of time sequence may become deranged, our narratives often become richer and more florid.
The physical determinant of much of narrative is, of course, another of the few human universals: time. Being locked into a physical world which sweeps incessantly through time, narrative is usually structured with time, and is one of the few tools that we have for transcending time. We construct narratives which take us back through time, or are set in the far future. Our narratives can break the structure of time by reordering events, and can dart through different moments in time as we are unable to.
There is huge but very uneven literature on narrative, much of it so deeply embedded in philosophic or political stances and phrased in opaque terminology so that it is almost inaccessible. In the absence of such fundamental agreements as a robust definition of narrative, it can be daunting. Certain forms of narrative medium, in particular written fiction and movies, have been the subject of intensive examination, while others, such as painting, graphic novels, and music, have received far less attention. Sound comparative and correlative studies are also rare.
The spoken word
Although no one knows when human language first reached the point where it could be used for narrative, that probably occurred long before any other form of narrative medium. It also remains the commonest medium for narrative, even in this age of electronic social media. Spoken narrative exists in a vast range, from a few sentences of everyday account, to multi-episode heroic sagas, although the latter are becoming increasingly rare.
As a serial medium, in its purest form oral narrative is explicit in its timeframe, but its content is usually heavily implicit. The audience is provided with details of the events which make up the narrative, usually in time sequence, but the descriptions leave much of the detail to the imagination. Listeners to radio series and drama, including such renowned works as Dylan Thomas’s Under Milk Wood (1954) and Douglas Adams’ The Hitchhiker’s Guide to the Galaxy (1978), like those of the Iliad and Odyssey before, built their own mental images of events, characters, and other details prompted by the words they heard.
The written word
The advent of writing brought the first written epics, such as the Epic of Gilgamesh, from around 2100 BCE, although low literacy rates made written narrative the privilege of small proportions of populations until the last few centuries. Early production of writing tablets and later manuscripts was labour-intensive and copying extremely limited, so it was not until the introduction of the printing press with movable type in around 1450 CE that it was feasible to distribute many copies of any given work. Most recently mobile electronic book readers have overcome the physical limitations of books, enabling avid readers to consume even greater amounts of narrative writing.
Normally used as a serial medium, books (physical and electronic) can also be accessed more flexibly, although this is less usual for fiction than non-fiction. Written narrative is normally explicit in its timeframe, but like the spoken word, its content is heavily implicit. The delivery of spoken narrative is often accompanied by abundant sound cues and effects which aid the hearer’s imagination, which the written word lacks. However some books of course provide illustrations as cues to the reader’s imagination.
Audio-books are a presentation of the author’s written words as speech, which are serial, explicit in timeframe, and heavily implicit in content, even more so than the spoken word would normally be.
Graphic novels, BD, etc.
This medium – whatever it should be called – is undoubtedly much more recent, although no one is sure quite when it became distinct. Sporadic paintings used composite images, or multiple images, to try to depict narrative, from before the Renaissance, but it was probably in the early 1800s that illustrators set out to produce integrated narrative using a series of drawings with accompanying text. By the end of that century, and during the twentieth, graphic novels and bandes dessinées came to flourish, but they did not really achieve general acceptance until the twenty-first century – and even then some look down on the medium.
By combining images and text, graphic novels are a serial medium with very flexible access, explicit timeframe, and their content is largely explicit too, although not as much as movies. Sound cues are often provided in onomatopoeic words inserted into the strip.
Plays, opera, movies and television
This group of media is ancient in origin, but their popularity has changed considerably as a result of the technologies available for their presentation. Plays, with or without dance and music, are oldest and very broadly cross-cultural. They probably evolved from the progressive enhancement of oral narration, from which there is no clear division.
Movies started to develop during the 1890s, but it was not until the late 1920s that they commonly included spoken dialogue, sound effects, and music. Television started to become popular after the Second World War, and gained colour and increasingly sophisticated image and sound from the 1960s onwards. Combined audio-visual media are now widely available in a rich range of presentations, including on-demand online supplies via the Internet and cable systems.
Originally strictly serial, recent developments have opened more flexible access although most users still access their content serially. They have explicit timeframes which can be set to run in real time. Of all the media, they are the most explicit, in providing complete visual and audio content throughout, and relying least on the viewer’s imagination to construct mental images of additional content. As a result they are often condemned, in comparison with more traditional media, although skilled productions can be very stimulating to the imagination.
Paintings and graphic arts
In simple forms, these may be older than the written word, and for much of human history have been far more accessible to the general population, as they require no reading skills, of course. However, until the popularisation of printed images from about 1500 onwards, there were very limited numbers of graphic images in circulation.
Paintings and other images are unusual in that one image, or a limited number of images, perhaps as many as three in a triptych, has to contain all the cues to its narrative, making them a singular rather than serial medium. Because of this, their timeframe is implicit, their visual content explicit, and other sensory elements (such as sound) are implicit and have to be imagined by the viewer.
Some artists have experimented with more explicit timeframes, which have led ultimately to the graphic novel, and animated movies.
Lucas Cranach the Elder (1472-1553), The Garden of Eden (1530), oil on lime, 80 x 118 cm, Gemäldegalerie Alte Meister, Dresden. Wikimedia Commons. Six different scenes of the Fall of Man are shown in this single composite painting.
Most narrative paintings therefore use content (narratives) which are already very familiar to the viewer: those from the Bible and classical mythology are among the most popular, where the viewer can imagine the elements of the narrative before and after the scene depicted in the painting.
Deciphering the narrative, by reading the painting, becomes much more of a challenge when the narrative is unfamiliar or even concealed. Paintings by Paula Rego, for example, explained by her in a movie, Telling Tales, are likely to have very different narratives from those read by the uninformed viewer. Some viewers find such speculative challenges enhance the narrative experience, but others reject it.
The birth of photography is usually attributed to 1839, but it was not until photographs could be reproduced in print that they became widely accessible. Taking photographs became widespread after the introduction of cheap cameras and film around 1900, and colour photography and reproduction was not commonplace until after the Second World War.
Photographs share many of the properties of paintings, but until the twenty-first century were much more limited in their content. Some photographers and technicians used multiple exposure and other techniques to manipulate their images, but for the great majority, their content was determined by what was actually in front of the lens at the time the photograph was taken. Adobe Photoshop and the general availability of digital cameras changed this through the early twenty-first century, blurring distinctions between digital photography, illustration, and digital painting.
As with paintings, photographs are usually singular rather than serial, with implicit timeframe, explicit visual content, but other senses markedly implicit.
Even without manipulation of an image, a photograph can be posed to imply a deceptive narrative. Taken by an unknown photographer at Collaroy Beach in about 1940. By State Library of New South Wales collection, via Wikimedia Commons.
Because it remains a common assumption that a photograph is a faithful record of a moment in time (‘the camera cannot lie’), viewers often place unwarranted faith in their imagined interpretation of the events before and after the moment at which a photograph was taken. This is commonly aided by verbal cues in the form of a caption or short text narrative. Photographs, particularly following manipulation of their content, are thus very effective means for the construction of fictional narratives apparently set as fact.
Music is also ancient and almost universal among human society and cultures. At its technically simplest it augments spoken narrative in singing, but has developed into orchestras and virtual instruments assembled into a huge range of styles of music with or without sung words.
Until recently, music has been invariably serial, and although modern technology allows greater flexibility, it remains essentially so. It is unusual in being explicit in timeframe, both explicit and implicit in sound, and highly implicit in all other senses. The latter can be changed by adding visual content, to form opera and musicals, of course, and music has been a sound supplement to movies long before films gained their own soundtracks.
Although narrative music may use instruments in ways intended to mimic natural sounds, and sometimes includes natural sounds, the assembly of purely natural sounds into narrative – without oral narration – remains unusual and unpopular. This may be because most music has intrinsic rhythmic structure, as part of its expression of timeframe; this rhythm is also associated with rhythmic movement, which may become participatory dance.
I have tried to draw together a lot of this common knowledge to help see it in a less common way, to prepare for future articles looking at narrative in non-fiction, and more generally at narrative in modern hypertext and hypermedia. I hope that it stimulates further insight.
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The Hubble Space Telescope
In Glogpedia
by scser21
Last updated 7 years ago
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The Hubble Space Telescope
Hubble Space Telescope
The HubbleSpace Telescope
Background on Telescopes:"Tele" is Greek for "far off",and "Scope" is Greek for "look at", so...."Telescope" means "Look at something far off".~The reason we know how large space is is because of the invention of the telescope. Scientists have been using them for hundreds of years!
By: Sophie Cserey
This all started because of an astronomer named....
Galileo Galilei!
Named after American astronomer, Edwin Hubble, it sent us the 1st clear images of objects in outerspace... billions of miles away!
The Hubble:Launched in 1990 from the USA, the HST was the 1st space telescope.
Billions of galaxies out there!!!
The Latest News with Edwin Hubble
Fast Facts:**The exploration is still in space, due to astronauts being sent into space to give it a tune-up to repair and replace equipment. NASA has saved billions of dollars by doing this!**The Hubble doesn't travel to stars, planets, or galaxies. It orbits the Earth at 17,500 mph taking pictures of them!
Advances that Have Been Made?-Hubble divulged the age of the universe to be about 13 to 14 billion years old, which is much more accurate than the range of 10 to 20 billion years. This awoke a lot of curiosity and wonder amongst scientists....
....which lead them to discover and understand many things, such as dark energy*, and how galaxies are formed, with the help of Hubble, of course.*Dark energy is a mysterious force that makes the universe grow faster.
How is this data collected?-Solar arrays=gather sunlight which turns into electricity. (Power source)-Antennas=send data to Earth.-Reaction wheels & Fine guidance sensors=control & keep telescope focused on target.-Aperture Door=opens and closes to control the amount of light entering.-Mirrors=reflect light through the telescope allowing it to take pictures.-Spectrograph=separates light from cosmos* into colors. (Like a prism.)*The universe seen as a well-ordered whole. ( range of view, allowing to take better images. Installed in March 2002.
Key Dates:1969-NASA starts planning design for 1st space telescope.1975-European Space Agency joined project.1977-Construction begins.1985-Named 'Hubble Space Telescope' after Edwin Hubble.1990- Launched from USA.
Hope you've enjoyed! :)
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Scotch broom
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Scotch broom:
see broombroom,
common name for plants of two closely related and similar Old World genera, Cytisus and Genista, of the family Leguminosae (pulse family). They are mostly twiggy leguminous shrubs with abundant yellow or white (in Cytisus,
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But the birds' earlier nesting site was located near the post's artillery impact area and remains pristine prairie due to annual range fires that burn back intrusive plants like scotch broom and Douglas fir.
* Do you make sure that the plants you're setting out are not invasive in your area--as are English ivy and buddleja in the Northwest, pampas grass or Scotch broom in California, and grasses and Kahili ginger in Hawaii?
A directory features easy-to-use profiles and full-color images of these hardy plants--many of which have magnificent blooms--including Scotch broom, trumpet honeysuckle, and anthemias.
The dozen or so secured pastures are protected by 10-foot wooden fences at the outermost borders, where new subdivisions are springing up like Scotch broom.
Trailing down the sides of the crumbling cliffs, hillside morning glories twine with Scotch broom and lupine that cling serenely to the vertical earth.
Throughout the whole Minho region, I enjoyed incomparable views of the lush green countryside filled with oak, pine, and eucalyptus trees, as well as the dramatic golden yellow of sturdy Scotch broom. The Parque Nacional and historic villages such as the Casa de Fundevila, where one can stay in a typical mountain house, are reminders of another, more peaceful, era.
French and Scotch broom were introduced to stabilize old quarries.
French broom, Scotch broom, and pampas grass entered the country as ornamentals.
It won't mean invasive weeds like blackberry and Scotch broom stop growing and crowding out newly planted tree seedlings.
I removed scotch broom, a highly flammable invasive plant.
Beneath the front window, a row of Scotch broom (Cytisus scoparius 'Lena') becomes a haze of yellow in spring, providing a backdrop for the sweetly fragrant, pink flowers of dwarf Korean lilacs.
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How Long Can You Survive Without Water?
Categories: Outdoor Survival
Updated February 2021 – How Long Can You Survive Without Water? Water is vitally important for your survival, and therefore your body’s water balance must always be maintained.
Your body will lose water through sweating and urinating but also when you breathe as your breath is heavily saturated with water. This is no more noticeable than on cold days when the moisture in your breathe condenses instantly in the cold air upon exhaling.
How Long Can You Survive Without Water?
With your body losing water all the time it seems pretty obvious that your body will need to take on more water in order to replace what’s been lost and to stay hydrated.
If you are unable to replace lost fluids your body will not function properly. It will eventually shut down. How long your body can last without water will depend on the climatic conditions and your physical activity.
The average person can live for three days without water, but there are always exceptions to this rule. Individuals have been known to last longer as well as shorter periods of time without water.
Needless to say, in an emergency situation, spending time finding drinking water is way more important than finding food. An average person is able to last for around three weeks without eating, although it would be pretty uncomfortable to do so.
There have been people that have been able to survive 8 to 10 days without a drop of water but that is highly unusual. It is very unlikely for the average person to be able to live for this long without water. In fact, in order to last as long as that the conditions must be absolutely perfect.
The Effects of Climate on Dehydration
If for whatever reason you found yourself lost in the wilderness, for example, there is only a limited period of time that you will be able to survive without water.
Basically, the hotter and drier the climate and the more activity you do in those sapping conditions, the shorter your life expectancy. In the most extreme cases, life expectancy can be reduced to just a few hours.
If you are in an extremely hot environment, such as a desert, your body temperature will increase. This results in increased levels of sweating as your body attempts to cool down. You can lose as much as 1.5 liters of water an hour through sweating.
This amount of water loss cannot go unchecked. If it is not replaced it will lead to decreased blood flow around your body because water is responsible for the viscosity of your blood. This reduced blood flow will put you at risk of experiencing serious health problems and ultimately death. Unfortunately, this can happen all too quickly.
Other Factors
Children are at an even greater risk of dehydration as they have a much lower water volume to skin surface ratio than adults. This means children will therefore get into trouble much quicker.
Sickness and diarrhea, often caused by drinking contaminated water, can also lead to rapid dehydration. This is regardless of the climatic conditions. So it is imperative to maintain fluid intake even if you may not want to.
Fluid intake does not necessarily mean drinking just water; you can also take on fluids by drinking fruit juice among other things. Whatever you do though, do not drink alcohol as it will cause you to dehydrate quicker.
You can avoid sickness by ensuring you purify water before drinking by boiling or adding chemicals. Even using a survival straw will ensure that 99.99% of all bacteria and parasites would be filtered out of your drinking water which is enough to keep you healthy and hydrated in an emergency.
How Long Can You Survive Without Water: The Facts
• Around 65 percent of your body is made up of water.
• An average person will only survive for three days without water
• Water is the main constituent of blood and is vital in supplying nutrients to your cells. Blood starved of water does not flow!
• Water also helps your body to remove toxins and other impurities, toxins that would quickly poison you if they were allowed to build up.
• Water is needed to provide cushioning to your joints and soft tissue around your body.
• Without water, your body is unable to absorb the nutrients in food or even digest it properly.
• If you do not have access to water there is a good chance you will not have access to food either. This will further weaken your body.
• Children dehydrate faster than adults
• Vomiting and diarrhea will cause rapid dehydration
• Alcohol may quench your thirst but will dehydrate you quicker.
How Long Can You Survive Without Water?
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Every time a individual halts respiration for nine or more moments in a short period of time, that is definitely called obstructive sleep apnea. Apnea has lots of brings about, like inheritance and also the buildup of oily build up in the tissues of the uppr asthmatic. Other elements that will bring about snoring include continual soreness of the tender cells and muscular tissues from the uppr respiratory system, and also the expansion of respiratory tract items in the way. Other things that may result in snoring are increased muscle worry, higher amounts of deadly carbon monoxide within the blood vessels, or even an unusual increase in the flow of blood to your mind. There are lots of types of sleep apnea, each individual becoming a cut in the quality and quantity of sleep that is got.
Osa happens when the delicate tissues with the top respiratory : breaks back again from the top throat throughout sleep. This leads to the neck muscles to narrow and consequently fail. Display obstructive apnea. A the particular body disorder, for example Parkinson’s condition, may well get involved in parkinsonism and may also result in loud snores.
Central sleep apnea is because the above peace on the delicate skin from the air passage. These cells are made up of a number of nervousness as well as the tensing of such anxious feelings is just what triggers the respiratory tract to chill out. This differs from obstructive apnea, imply the air way is merely hitting a downward spiral. Central apnea generally starts off throughout the night once the person has gotten a large dish or experienced drinks. Snoring normally accompanies it.
Another kind of apnea is varying. In addition, they involve respiration over the teeth, although a lot like obstructive sleep apnea, because each call for the retract on the throat. In put together apnea, this is a short-term ailment. Your muscle mass within the neck of the guitar de-stresses enough to ensure that usual inhaling may happen, as the particular person rests. When the particular person awakens and efforts breathe once again, the mouth area hold oxygen in place of inhaling and exhaling throughout the sinuses. During these moments many times on a daily basis for a number of weeks, mixed apnea could turn into stop snoring.
Other typical reasons for snoring include being obese currently being girl creating a ancestors and family history of apnea getting man and to be a diabetic person. Research has shown that individuals who are chubby acquire more extreme apnea than men and women on the normal weight. People who are man are inclined to suffer from more life-threatening snoring than women do. Finally, diabetes sufferers are apt to have more difficulties from obstructive sleep apnea than folks of an usual pounds.
There are a few cures obtainable for snoring. One of the more efficient is Continuous Positive Airway Pressure, or CPAP. This way of remedy will keep the air passage wide open by ruining surroundings by means of it. Oral systems, such as special pillows, will also be accustomed to keep your respiratory tract amenable. Medicine is usually necesary so as to clear the respiratory tract.
Sleep apnea is affecting numerous Us residents yearly if the actual cause of sleep apnea will be caused by a obstruction while in the air passage. Individuals with obstructive sleep apnea must ensure which they see their medical professional often, as a result of risk of several challenges. The fact is, expenditures of all the individuals who go to their medical professional for the typical test will probably be discovered to have sleep apnea. Your personal doctor are capable of doing a sleeping review where you are examined throughout the night to see if you might have obstructive sleep apnea. Treatments involve obtaining a pump that may be attached to bedroom, putting on a hide around your nose throughout sleep, and utilizing an inhaler or even a nebulizer to deliver the drugs for a bronchi when it’s needed. If you feel that you’re affected by snore, your physician will probably put you with a demo operate of your AABB assessment, which steps your breathing in overnight, if you are suffering from serious obstructive sleep apnea, you can even have to put on a machine all-around your throat during the night to stop your lips from plummeting back in your can range f.
. When you’ve got apnea, this audit is one of the first stuff that your personal doctor will do. If you’re located to own apnea, you will then be known an otolaryngologist, or better yet a cardiologist, which specializes in managing obstructive sleep apnea. There are actually treatments readily available for those who have extreme apnea, like much more unpleasant treatments which include LASIK surgical treatment, which is a form of surgical treatment where a laserlight is utilized to improve the cornea.
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How Do Internet Speed Tests Work
How Do Internet Speed Tests Work
Here we can see, “How Do Internet Speed Tests Work”
A speed test is a simple way to see how fast your internet is. In ideal conditions, ISPs offer “up to” a specific speed, but a speed test will determine how fast—or slow—your connection is.
What is a Speed Test?
An internet speed test is the most accurate way to determine how fast your connection is currently. Your download and upload speeds are frequently limited by the service you connect to, depending on the plan you picked, local congestion, any throttling regulations it has, and so on.
The hitch is that almost all of your Internet Service Provider’s (ISP) guarantees include the word “up to.”
This allows an ISP wriggle room: if it promised you “up to 30 Mbps,” but you only get 28 Mbps regularly, the company can claim it kept its word. If you see 10 Mbps, though, you’re not getting what you paid for, and you should contact your ISP.
Also See: Asus RT AX92U ax6100 wifi 6 Mesh Network
A speed test evaluates your download and upload speeds, as well as your ping. Because most ISPs make separate guarantees for download and upload speeds, measuring the latter two is critical. The download speed is usually highlighted, but if you dig deeper, you’ll find that the ISP often specifies a lesser upload speed for each level. For example, our local ISP provides a plan with a download speed of 500 Mbps but an upload speed of 125 Mbps.
How a Speed Test Works
• When you begin a speed test, several things happen. The client first calculates your location and the nearest test server to you—this is a crucial step. Some versions, such as Ookla’s, allow you to switch servers. The Speed Test sends a simple signal (a ping) to the test server when set up, and the server responds. The roundtrip time is measured in milliseconds in this test.
• The download test begins after the ping is completed. The client connects to the server numerous times and tries to download a small amount of data. Two factors are measured at this point: how long it took to grab the data fragment and how much of your network resources it consumed.
• If the client detects that you have free space on your hard drive, it opens additional connections to the server and downloads additional material. The overall idea is to strain your internet connection to discover how much it can handle at once.
• Consider your internet service to be a high-speed motorway. Adding more connections is like adding lanes to a freeway. The speed limit hasn’t increased, but more automobiles can fit into the same space at a faster rate; as a result, the 50th car will arrive sooner on a four-lane highway than on a two-lane.
• After determining that it has the proper connections to test your internet service, the client downloads more chunks of data, calculates the quantity downloaded in the time permitted, and displays the download speed.
• The upload test comes next. It’s effectively the same procedure as the download test, but it’s done backwards. The client uploads data from your PC to the server instead of pulling data from the server.
• Check out’s description of how it works for more technical details.
Are Speed Tests Accurate?
This router test reflects the genuine speeds provided by the ISP, whereas the other wifi tests are slowed by their connection.
• Speed tests are straightforward, but precisely measuring how fast your connection is is far more difficult than it appears.
• Consider the process’s initial step: selecting a test server. Frequently, the closest server is close—possibly even in the same city. Because of the close closeness, the data does not have to travel as far. Businesses recognise the importance of proximity, which is why some, such as Netflix, utilise a content delivery network to send data closer to you.
• However, the entire internet is not within your reach. Much of the data is stored on computers located in other countries or across the country.
• So, while your speed test may show astonishingly quick streams, downloading a programme may be quite slow if the server storing the data is located far away. Your findings may suggest a faster performance than your actual usage in that case.
• Because of the differences in server locations, different speed tests, such as Ookla’s, Netflix’s, and Google’s, may yield different results. Your ISP, such as Comcast, Spectrum, or AT&T, may also provide a speed test. However, it would help if you didn’t rely on a speed test issued by your ISP. Their tests are designed to run in ideal conditions, with servers located close to you and frequently connected to the same ISP network as the one you’re testing from.
• That means you’ll obtain a speedier result than if you run a speed test on Netflix or Google. It’s wonderful if you want to brag about how great your ISP is (which is the point), but it’s terrible for determining your actual speeds.
Also See: Apple may use its own modems in 2023 iPhones, report claims
The client attempts to open extra connections and maximise network consumption in phase two of the testing procedure. If your network is currently overburdened, the speed test won’t fully utilise your resources. If you test while watching Netflix or downloading a major update, your results will almost certainly be lower than if you test without those things running.
The results are also influenced by how you’re connected and which devices you’re testing on.
Because wifi is normally slower than ethernet, an ethernet-connected PC should be faster than a Wi-Fi-connected tablet. Even if you’re using the same connection, you can notice that the results vary between devices.
How to Get the Most Accurate Results
What you want to measure determines how accurate your test results are. Do you want to see if your Internet service provider is delivering the stated speeds? Then aim for the best possible conditions. Use an ethernet-connected device, select the nearest test server, and turn off anything that could be demanding your internet connection (like a streaming service).
Before doing a speed test, you might wish to restart your router.
Instead of doing a browser test, see if your router has a built-in speed test. This eliminates some of the hurdles that the procedure must overcome.
Use a browser or app test instead if you want more realistic results. Bypassing the router test, you should be able to choose a server that is further away. Start before beginning the internet speed test if you have one or two video or audio streams running regularly.
No matter what steps you take or how you measure, you won’t receive an exact outcome. However, you can achieve a good enough result to either pique your interest or verify your ISP’s advertised speeds.
I hope you found this information helpful. Please fill out the form below if you have any queries or comments.
User Questions:
1. Do internet speed tests deceive users?
HTML5-based speed tests, according to several experts, are more accurate than Java and Adobe Flash-based testing. Others argue that multithread tests, such as those employed by Ookla ( and branded by many ISPs), do not accurately reflect real-world network activity.
1. How fast should wifi be?
A good internet speed is 25 Mbps or more. Fast internet rates, such as those of 100 megabits per second (Mbps), are often preferable, especially if you want your internet plan to handle several devices and users simultaneously.
1. Are wifi speed tests reliable?
Because wifi connections are slower and less consistent than ethernet connections, your tests via wifi will not tell you the full speed. For example, my download speed on a desktop PC with a direct connection at midday yesterday was 74.4Mbps.
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1. How can you speed test your network in a trustworthy manner?
What is a reliable way to speed test your network? from HomeNetworking
1. What is THE standard for testing internet speed?
What is THE standard for testing internet speed? from HomeNetworking
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POST Online Media Lite Edition
How life arose from primordial muck
Staff Writer |
Article continues below
Their "peptide-RNA" hypothesis contradicts the widely-held "RNA-world" hypothesis, which states that life originated from nucleic acids and only later evolved to include proteins.
The new papers - one in Molecular Biology and Evolution, the other in Biosystems - show how recent experimental studies of two enzyme superfamilies surmount the tough theoretical questions about how complex life emerged on Earth more than four billion years ago.
"Until now, it has been thought to be impossible to conduct experiments to penetrate the origins of genetics," said co-author Charles Carter, PhD, professor of biochemistry and biophysics at the UNC School of Medicine.
"But we have now shown that experimental results mesh beautifully with the 'peptide-RNA' theory, and so these experiments provide quite compelling answers to what happened at the beginning of life on Earth."
Co-author Peter Wills, PhD, professor of physics at the University of Auckland, said, "Compared to the RNA-world hypothesis, what we've outlined is simply a much more probable scenario for the origin of life.
"We hope our data and the theory we've outlined in these papers will stimulate discussion and further research on questions relevant to the origins of life."
The two scientists are fully aware that the RNA-world hypothesis still dominates the origin-of-life research field. "That theory is so alluring and expedient that most people just don't think there's any alternative," Carter said. "But we are very confident there is."
The widely accepted RNA-world theory posits that RNA - the molecule that today plays roles in coding, regulating, and expressing genes - elevated itself from the primordial soup of amino acids and cosmic chemicals, eventually to give rise first to short proteins called peptides and then to single-celled organisms.
Carter and Wills argue that RNA could not kick-start this process alone because it lacks a property they call "reflexivity." It cannot enforce the rules by which it is made. RNA needed peptides to form the reflexive feedback loop necessary to lead eventually to life forms.
Each of them recognizes one of the 20 amino acids that serve as the building blocks of proteins. Proteins, considered the machines of life, catalyze and synchronize the chemical reactions inside cells.
The 20 aaRS enzymes belong to two structurally distinct families, each with 10 aaRSs. Carter's recent experimental studies showed that the two small enzyme ancestors of these two families were encoded by opposite, complementary strands of the same small gene.
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Network latency View
How to Check Network Latency. The first thing you need to do if you think your network is going slowly is to check your current network latency. Using Windows, you can open a command prompt and type tracert followed by the destination you'd like to query, such as cloud.google.com. How to Measure Network Latency NetworkLatencyView is a simple tool for Windows that listens to the TCP connections on your system and calculates the network latency (in milliseconds) for every new TCP connection detected on your.. Ping is a free latency testing tool built into the operating system of every computer connected to a network. It works on the Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) and is often used by network administrators when diagnosing and troubleshooting internet connectivity issues
Network Latency Guide: How to Check, Test, & Reduce - DNSstuf
1. Network Latency View is a free portable program for Microsoft Windows devices to record the latency of any TCP connection on the PC it is run on
3. What Is Network Latency? The latency of a network is the time it takes for a data packet to be transferred from its source to the destination. Also known as lag, network latency is generally measured in milliseconds. Network latency tools measure the amount of time a data packet takes as it's transmitted and processed through various network devices until it finally reaches its destination and gets decoded by the receiving machine
4. NetworkLatencyView, kostenloser Download. NetworkLatencyView: NirSoft. Übersicht. NetworkLatencyView ist eine Shareware-Software aus der Kategorie Diverses, die von NirSoft entwickelt wird.. Die neueste Version ist derzeit unbekannt
5. Ensure that the network adapter in the virtual machine is configured to use RSS. To verify this in a Windows guest operating system: Open the Device Manager, navigate to Network adapters, and right-click the adapter you wish to enable RSS on. In the Properties window, click the Advanced tab, then click RSS in the list on the left side
NetworkLatencyView 1
1. According to that, if you're planning to use 3D graphics in your View desktops, round-trip latency shouldn't exceed 150 ms. For less graphics intensive computing though, it says that the latency should be consistent and remain under 250 ms. Anecdotally, I've heard of people having success with up to 300 ms latency, but you'd really want to tune the PCoIP protocol using group policies at that range. If your round-trip latency is consistently under 250 ms, I think you should be fine. You.
2. imum, you can improve the stability of your network. When latency is too high, problems with VoIP and video conferences are likely to arise. Furthermore, transmission errors can prevent images from loading. Such latency issues are sure to push the capacities of your IT department to the limit
3. g circles , refers to the latency between the input to a simulation and the visual or auditory response, often occurring because of network delay in online games
4. Network latency, or network response time, is a measure of the amount of time required for a packet to travel across a network path from a sender to a receiver. When network path latency occurs, performance can be affected
5. ute intervals. Monthly latency and packet delivery statistics are calculated by averaging all samples from that month. Please select a location from the drop-down menu below to see delay times to that site. Target Times. Click here to view Megaport's Service Level.
Network Latency: Guide and Best Latency Testing Tools
Network latency is the critical parameter for remote haptics. Providing haptic feedback requires different networking characteristics than remote control of viewing parameters. Whereas high bandwidth is required to send microscope images and video across the network, latency and jitter are the critical parameters for remote haptic display Vergleichen der relativen Netzwerklatenzen mit einer einzelnen Azure-Region von einem bestimmten Standort aus Compare relative network latencies to a single Azure region from a specific location Bewerten Sie Dienstanbieter, oder beheben Sie Fehler bei einem Benutzer, der ein Problem wie eine langsame Website meldet, von einem bestimmten Ort aus für eine Azure-Region, in der ein Dienst bereitgestellt wurde
Network latency is key to understanding why your Internet network can suddenly go very slow, very laggy, and very annoying. One of the main components in knowing how to boost Wi-Fi speeds by having the knowledge on how to optimize Wi-Fi networks lies in a good understanding of what is network latency and how to reduce network latency Network delay is a design and performance characteristic of a telecommunications network.It specifies the latency for a bit of data to travel across the network from one communication endpoint to another. It is typically measured in multiples or fractions of a second. Delay may differ slightly, depending on the location of the specific pair of communicating endpoints The latency described in Traffic View is a representative latency between the end user and the Azure regions to which they had connected to, and is not the DNS lookup latency. Traffic View makes a best effort estimate of the latency between the local DNS resolver and the Azure region the query was routed to, if there is insufficient data available then the latency returned will be null
What is 5G Frequency Spectrum in the USA? - 5G Network Phones
But how can we see information's about the network or graphics performance and other values? There is a very handy console command called net_graph, it will show us important information's about the game performance if we enable it. In this tutorial you will learn how to show the FPS, how to show the ping and other information's that help us to find out more about the performance. Added 'Latency' column, which calculates and displays the network latency in milliseconds. It calculates the time difference from the moment that the client sends the first packet and the moment that the response received from the server. The result is usually very similar to what you get if you ping to the same address. Be aware that this column is only active when the Packet Direction. The latency of a network connection represents the amount of time required for data to travel between the sender and receiver. While all computer networks inherently possess some form of latency, the amount varies and can suddenly increase for various reasons. People perceive these unexpected time delays as lag. High latency can also cause high delays. For example, your video game might. Network Performance Platform What is Network Latency Network Latency Definition: The time it takes for a ping to reach and individual Internet node and return to its point of origin. This ping is reported as round trip time (RTT) in milliseconds (ms). It is about the speed of the Internet
In the case of fiber optic networks, latency refers to the time delay that affects light as it travels through the fiber optic network. Latency increases over the distance traveled, so this must also be factored in to compute the latency for any fiber optic route Network latency is a nightmare for companies that operate over wide area networks too, where connectivity speeds and latency go hand in hand. It is therefore very important to know what your network performance is currently sitting at, and the best way to do that is with specialized software that measures your network speeds and latencies To navigate to the users view: Navigate to Analytics > HDX Insight > Users. User view reports and metrics consist of the following sections: Summary View. Per User View. Per User Session View. Summary view. The summary view displays the reports for all the users that have logged in during the selected timeline. All the metrics/reports in this view display the values corresponding to them for the selected time period unless specified otherwise Added latency is very similar in both the 1Gpbs Ethernet case and the Infiniband example, leading us to believe that this is a result of network interface virtualization. In view of these results, it would seem that the use of high-speed adaptors is unjustified since the impact is similar when using virtual machines and, in the best scenarios, we only achieve a 10% performance improvement Network latency is the term used to indicate any kind of delay that happens in data communication over a network. Network connections in which small delays occur are called low-latency networks whereas network connections which suffers from long delays are called high-latency networks. High latency creates bottlenecks in any network communication. It prevents the data from taking full.
Once you're ready, simply press the Play button to start capturing traffic across your network in real-time to view which applications are suffering from latency issues. On a single window, you'll see an exact breakdown of where the traffic is originating from, where it's going, the hostname, and its average millisecond response time SolarWinds ® Network Performance Monitor (NPM), the company's flagship product, is an excellent tool to monitor and manage the entire network infrastructure, which covers all devices, applications, and users in a network. This tool offers visual NetFlow analysis and includes latency testing features. With this tool, you can check on all devices on the network, discover slow segments, and. Network Monitor is a free and open source network latency checker software for Windows. As its name implies, it monitors the network and shows real-time network latency, download speed, and upload speed.It shows network latency in milliseconds (ms) and download/upload speed in bits per seconds.The latency value that it displays is basically the time taken by data to reach the destination, but. What Exactly Is Network Latency Anyway? In its most basic form, network latency is the time that it takes for data to be sent to a destination, and for a response to be received. The lower the latency is, the better the performance of the network will be. Having zero latency is not possible except in the strictest laboratory settings, and even then, latency is always present
To find out, run the command line in the operating system (OS) of your choice, and perform a Traceroute command. In Microsoft Windows, you type in the command tracert at the command prompt. View the results on a timeline, move back and forward in time to see the historical data over any time period. Identify. Drill down the captured data, compare data sets and use the results to find the source of latency or packet loss issues. What is routing? Understanding how data passes through the internet is crucial when investigating the performance of a network connection. A route is a. Network latency is the term used to indicate any kind of delay that happens in data communication over a network. Network connections in which small delays occur are called low-latency networks whereas network connections which suffers from long delays are called high-latency networks. High latency creates bottlenecks in any network communication NetworkTrafficView is a network monitoring tool that captures the packets pass through your network adapter, and displays general statistics about your network traffic. The packets statistics is grouped by the Ethernet Type, IP Protocol, Source/Destination Addresses, and Source/Destination ports. For every statistics line, the following information is displayed: Ethernet Type (IPv4, IPv6, ARP), IP Protocol (TCP, UDP, ICMP), Source Address, Destination Address, Source Port, Destination Port.
Network Latency View: record the latency of all TCP
1. About. The WonderNetwork Global Ping Statistics data is generated with the Where's It Up API, executing 30 pings from source (lefthand column) to destination (table header), displaying the average.Cells showing the average deviation of those pings are highlighted in green if they are within 10% of the lowest average ping, yellow if they are within 20% and so on
2. To enable the overlay with all the information's, we need to type net_graph 1 into the console of Counter Strike. Done. You will now see several performance information's on the screen. To disable the screen, you can type in net_graph 0. A More Elegant Way Is To Toggle net_graph With A Key
3. Network latency is only one of them, particularly when high. But when it is low, we must remember that we will encounter additional latencies due to using virtual machines or caused by the differences in the consumed rows per second ratio arising from the processor's monothread performance
4. Choose the document title to view details. Choose Execute Automation, and then choose Simple execution. In the Input parameters view, enter the following: SubnetId: Enter a VPC subnet ID to run the tests from. This is a required field. TargetIPs: Enter a comma-separated list (no spaces) of IPv4 or IPv6 addresses that you want to monitor. This is a required field. The maximum size is 255 characters. If the IP address is invalid, the automation will fail and rollback the test setup
5. Azure speed test tool. Test your network latency, download and upload speed to Azure datacenters around the world
6. View, latency, typing lag Is there anything I can do to optimize this ? Below is a comment from one of our users. Right now we are in the Pilot phase, I have 20 users using it from 4 different sites, each site has 3MB connection and an average of 40-50ms latency to the View environment. -----Honestly, it's hard to say if it's better or worse. I know a lot of the performance issues stem.
Latency specifies the end to end communication delay, measuring the time between the sending of a given piece information and the corresponding response. To give an example, latency can be identified in the time gap between the moment you click stop and the instant in which a remotely driven vehicle actually starts braking. Reducing the latency experienced by the end users from hundredths of a second to a few of milliseconds can have an unexpected impact, leading to a real digital. For many, these improvements in average latency and CPU utilization alone are sufficient and provide the motivation to move to RoCE-based networking. But remember, the latency distribution - and specifically tail latency - is even more important to the overall performance of a modern distributed workload. To investigate this, we measured the 50th, 95th, 99th, and 99.99th percentile latency. Here, the results are even more dramatic with TCP/IP degrading the four-nines latency. Overview of network latency. In this section, we present the overview of broadband network latency and the relationship between the number of hops and dominate-delay. If the latency of a hop is greater than 20 ms, or over 1 / 3 of the entire end-to-end latency, we define this hop latency as dominate-delay
TTFB is a crucial measure of network latency and server responsiveness as well. Round Trip Time (RTT) The total time a data packet takes while traveling from the source to its destination and then back to its source is referred to as Round Trip Time (RTT). It can deliver accurate results, but things may go hazy when the data packets take a different return path. Ping Test. Generally, sysadmin. The latency field displayed in CQI logs (actually constant at 2ms) represents the network latency between the ICA Client device and the Server. There are no anomalies in this case. I monitored the abnormality with the Citrix Quality Indicator application, which, by reading the log file The latency reduction is one thing, but look at the deviation! OpenOnload reduces the time spent in packet delivery 10x, from 4.3us to 0.47us. Final notes. In this article we discussed what network latency to expect between two Linux hosts connected with 10Gb Ethernet. Without major tweaks it is possible to get 40us round trip time, with. You can view latency metrics for 50th percentile and 99th percentile latency: 50th percentile latency: The maximum latency, in seconds, for the fastest 50% of all requests. For example, if the 50th percentile latency is 0.5 seconds, then Cloud Spanner processed 50% of requests in less than 0.5 seconds
11 Best Network Latency Testing Tools & Test Guide for 202
LATENCY : Network latency is an expression of how much time it takes for a packet of data to get from one designated point to another. HOW IT WORKS : A bit of tweaking the already existing 'Test-Connection' cmdlet to get minimum and maximum latency (in Milliseconds) of packets send form one source to another, gives us the below output in a neat tabular format A pertinent search to run in order to evaluate indexing latency computes the average, minimum and maximum indexing latency broken down by relevant field such as host, source, sourcetype or index. Example : * | eval time=_time | eval itime=_indextime | eval latency=(itime - time) | stats count, avg(latency), min(latency), max(latency) by sourc In the network video surveillance context, latency is the time between the instant a frame is captured and the instant that frame is displayed. This is also called end-to-end latency or sensor-to-scree Calculates the network latency (in milliseconds) for every new TCP connection detected on your system. NetworkLatencyView is a simple tool for Windows that listens to the TCP connections on your system and calculates the network latency (in milliseconds) for every new TCP connection detected on your system. For eve.
Report network latency issue. 4 wk ago; 86 replies; 4682; 4; ray toth yesterday; Troubleshooting; If you are experiencing some latency issue or non-ideal routing, please use our diagnostic tool to report it. The tool can run on your computer or router. It gathers and submit network measurements that will help us improve our network. Please follow the instruction for your platform below: MacOS. NetworkLatencyView calculates the network latency (in milliseconds) for every new TCP connection detected on your system. It does this by listening for the TCP connections on your system. For every IP address, NetworkLatencyView displays up to 10 network latency values and their average. The latency value calculated by NetworkLatencyView is very similar to the result you get from pinging to. Latency is the delay packets experience while moving through a network and typically is the culprit behind poor application response time and frustrated users. There is always some latency overhead in a network because of physics - specifically the speed of light. Light travels at about 200,000 kilometers per second through a single optical fiber, roughly two-thirds of the speed of light in.
Network Latency (Ping) is the time delay between the send and receive of data on an internet system measured in ms (miliseconds), known within gaming, as lag, latency is a time interval between the input to a simulation and the visual or auditory response, often occurring because of network delay in online games WAN latency is another type of latency that occurs when the network is busy dealing with traffic to the point that other requests are then delayed because the hardware can't handle all of it at maximum speeds. This affects the wired network, too, because the whole network is operating together
Network Latency: Definition, Causes, Measure and Resolve
NetworkLatencyView - Herunterlade
What Is Latency? Latency describes the delay between when a video is captured and when it's displayed on a viewer's device. Passing chunks of data from one place to another takes time, so latency builds up at every step of the streaming workflow.The term glass-to-glass latency is used to represent the total time difference between source and viewer View aggregate and per-site VPN latency metrics, check the status of 3rd-party peer connections, and more with the new VPN Status page. AutoVPN is a unique feature of Cisco Meraki MX Security Appliances that allows secure connections to be established between remote branches within seconds, and it's one of the most common reasons customers have for choosing to deploy MXs This statistic displays the average 4G and 3G network latency in the United States, by provider, in 2019. Verizon's 4G connections had an average latency of 54 milliseconds Latency is the amount of delay in an internet network, defining how much time it takes a signal to travel back and forth from a destination. Latency and download speeds are key measures for an.
Poor network performance or high network latency on
Azure Speed Test 2.0. Measuring the latency from your web browser to the Blob Storage Service in each of the Microsoft Azure Data Centers Towards Understanding User Tolerance to Network Latency and Data Rate in Remote Viewing of Progressive Meshes Ransi Nilaksha De Silva, Wei Cheng, Wei Tsang Ooi, and Shengdong Zha Dante latency is deterministic; that is, it is not dependent upon circumstances but instead well known and consistent within the system all of the time. Each Dante receiver introduces a specific, user-adjustable amount of latency before playing out audio to account for any delay variation in the network or end device, and this guarantees that all devices play out in perfect sync
Network latency is measured in milliseconds (ms) with lower numbers indicating power latency and therefore, faster operation. But it's hard to judge whether the latency is low without knowing the. The latency of packet network connections also tends to increase with throughput. As you approach your maximum throughput, there are simply more or larger packets to put on the wire, so a packet will have to wait longer for an opening, increasing latency. This is especially true for Ethernet, which allows packets to collide and simply retransmits them if there is a collision, hoping that it. ISE 1.x Bandwidth Calculator ISE 2.x Bandwidth Calculator Warning! The maximum supported latency between ISE 1.x/2.0 nodes is set at 200ms. ISE 2.1+ raises guidance to maximum 300ms roundtrip latency between PSN nodes and the PAN. However, there is no substitute for good design to optimize data..
Vmware View network Latency allowance - VMware Technology
SAP provides the niping application that is useful for network testing - there is a blog post describing the use of niping here.It can test latency, throughput and stability - in this document we will focus on its latency testing capability. niping is typically used for initial validation of an environment (i.e. not under any significant loading) and is not generally used continuously Behnam Shariati is part of a team of researchers that demonstrated a latency-aware optical metro network having sophisticated monitoring and data analytics capabilities. Shariati will discuss the network architecture and enabling technologies, as well as a video surveillance case of the system, during a session at the Optical Fiber Communication Conference and Exhibition (OFC), being held.
Identifying network latency / jitter issues w/ Wireshark. Posted on January 7, 2011 by David Vassallo. Issue: sporadically and randomly clients would see jitter (picture freezing for a small number of seconds) when viewing live video streams such as BBC news. To start tackling the above issue it is first important to observe the normal behaviour of the video stream. In BBC's case, the video. Adjust latency and view the SRT stream status. Secure Reliable Transport (SRT) achieves high-quality, low-latency streaming across unreliable Internet connections via UDP packets. If packets are lost in transit to the SRT destination, a request to retransmit the lost packets is sent back to Pearl-2. Using the Admin panel, you can adjust the latency to improve the Quality of Service (QoS) of.
Network latency made easy with this tool
Tip: use a free program like Network Latency View to record latency. This reduces the overall load on the network to optimize network traffic. The drawback is that latency may increase because of it. If you are using your PC mostly for gaming, or experiencing issues with lag in games, then you may want to see if turning off those features improves gaming latency on your end. Fixing game. 5G Low latency explained. A common perception is that the most important benefit brought by new 5G technology is higher data speed. However, many ignore that 5G can be exploited to address a much more critical challenge, that is the reduction of network latency. Latency specifies the end to end communication delay, measuring the time between the sending of a given piece information and the. Send 1K bytes over 1 Gbps network 10,000 ns 10 us This doesn't look right to me. 1 Gbps = 125, 000 KB/s, the time should be 1 / 125,000 = 8 * 10^-6 seconds which is 8000ns. For a direct host-to-host connection with 1000BaseT interfaces, a wire latency of 8µs is correct Measuring network latency can be more complicated than it looks. This is particularly true when measuring the latency between very distant points. There are a few reasons for that but it's mostly due to the fact that even huge latency is still relatively short, in the order of a few thousandths of a second. You can't really call your friend at the other end and tell him OK, I'm. 2.2 Network latency and packet drops In this paper we use the term\network latencyfrom application's point of view. When an application A at a server sends a message to an application B at a peer server, the network latency is de ned as the time in-terval from the time A sends the message to the time B receives the message. In practice we.
Get-NetAdapterRsc -Name * (use to view adapters that support RSC) Notes: Only supported by some network adapters. May need Checksum Offload enabled as well to work. Disable Large Send Offload (LSO) (Editable with the TCP Optimizer) Windows 8/10/2012 Server, not available in earlier Windows versions. Large Send Offload lets the network adapter hardware to complete data segmentation, rather. Network latency is a measurement of round trip time (RTT) for a packet of data, or the number of milliseconds it takes a packet to travel to a destination (server) and back again. When packets of data fail to reach their destination, your network is experiencing packet loss. Packet loss is expressed as a percent. For example, if 91 of 100 packets reach their destination the network experienced. Nobody Likes a Slow Website. We built this Website Speed Test to help you analyze your website load speed. The test is designed to help make your site faster by identifying what about a webpage is fast, slow, too big, and so on Figure 11: Our mid-band Stand-Alone 5G Network. RC control latency. For a fair comparison of the two technologies, we run end-to-end measurements. That is, for control latency we measured stick-to-output-signal latency (STOL) and for video streaming glass-to-glass latency (GTGL). To measure STOL, we started a timer when a button was pressed on the radio controller until the corresponding PWM. Reductions in network latencies are some of the major benefits of OFDMA. Latency refers to the time it takes for a packet to go from one network node to another. In the context of Wi-Fi networking, the overall Wi-Fi network latency is comprised of the combination of the downlink latency, or access point (AP) to client, and uplink latency, or client to AP. The latency achieved in practice is.
Latency (engineering) - Wikipedi
Network Latency Test Tool - Improve Response Time SolarWind
Acceptable latency for gamers is dependent on game type, but according to recent testing by Richard Leadbetter from Digital Foundry, a target for total interface/keyboard-to-pixel delay of about 166 ms is a good start. Within that 166 ms we have some unavoidable delay, and that leaves around 76 ms for the actual network delivery (RTT) Network Monitoring Platforms (NMPs) - Comparison of NMPs from Wikipedia, Network Monitoring Tools Comparison table, ActionPacked! 3 LiveAction is a platform that combines detailed network topology, device, and flow visualizations with direct interactive monitoring and configuration of QoS, NetFlow, LAN, Routing, IP SLA, Medianet, and AVC features embedded inside Cisco devices 3,624 Views Message 1 of 10 Latency problems Go to solution. Hello, we recently switched back to BT from another ISP as we were guaranteed higher broadband speeds at a similiar price, while this has been fullfilled, when multiple devices are using the broadband at once things get a little annoying, to be specific if I was to be playing a game which requires a decent ping, my latency would be.
Network Latency Megapor
LLAMA. LLAMA (Loss and LAtency MAtrix) is a library for testing and measuring network loss and latency between distributed endpoints. It does this by sending UDP datagrams/probes from collectors to reflectors and measuring how long it takes for them to return, if they return at all. UDP is used to provide ECMP hashing over multiple paths (a win over ICMP) without the need for setup/teardown. PRTG Network Monitor reads the complete traffic data from your router and provides detailed statistics about which services and programs use your bandwidth, and where potential bottlenecks could be. PRTG displays your bandwidth usage in graphs and toplists and shows net bandwidth consumption based on various parameters such as port numbers, IP addresses, protocols, etc., using either Packet. The proprietary wireless network used by the Drone Racing League supports latency of 5 ms. Top 5G companies are looking to eventually match that The radius timeout that you have to be concerned about is on the network device where defaults are usually around 5 seconds, but I have seen it set as low as 1 second (with issues). The RADIUS authentication timeout has to incorporate the latency in the round trip between the NAD and ISE, the latency between ISE and the external ID store (if used), the time it takes for the external ID store.
Network Latency - an overview ScienceDirect Topic
NetworkLatencyView, télécharger gratuitement. NetworkLatencyView: NirSoft. Vue d'ensemble. NetworkLatencyView est un logiciel de Shareware dans la catégorie Divers développé par NirSoft.. La dernière version de NetworkLatencyView est actuellement inconnue Virtually eliminate low latency concerns—the main performance barrier for apps, connected devices, and mobile consumer services—by transforming how cloud and edge work together with Azure Edge Zones PREVIEW.With the low edge latency and high bandwidth of Azure Edge Zones and 5G networks, you're able to easily deploy applications and virtualized network functions (VNF) and provide your. One of the enabling technologies is a latency probe. The probe works by injecting time-stamped traffic information into the optical network, enabling the ability to measure the round-trip latency. View Patent Images: Download PDF 10411983 . US Patent References: 20150263922: Measuring Latency within a Networking Device: 2015-09-17: Edsall: 370/252: 20150071292 : METHOD AND SYSTEM FOR PROCESSING PACKETS IN A NETWORK DEVICE: 2015-03-12: Tripathi: 370/392: 20130329572: MISDIRECTED PACKET STATISTICS COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: 2013-12-12: Gintis: 370/244: 20120233363: QUALITY OF SERVICE. View Sitemap; Search Search the Community. Cancel. Sign in. Choose where you want to search below Search Search the Community. Search the community and support articles; Xbox; Xbox on Consoles; Search Community member; JI. JiaXiangShao. Created on November 11, 2019. High latency on network statistics about XBOX ONE X Hi. I'm suffering from serious latency while testing network. While playing.
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Q: Archery is the national sport of what country?
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Related questions
What is national sport of Bhutan?
Traditional archery.
What is Mongolia's national sport?
These are national wrestling, horse racing, archery
What country was the sport of archery founded?
National sport in every country in the world?
SOCCER is a national sport in every country
Which country is billiards the national sport?
Billiards is not the recognised national sport for any country.
Is Archery a sport?
Yes, it is. If you go on Wikipedia, it has archery listed as a competitive sport.
Which country's national sport is kabbadi?
Kaddabi is the national sport of Bangladesh.
How many player is needed for archery?
Do you even understand what archery is?Archery is not a team sport.
Ice hockey is the national sport of what country?
Ice Hockey is the national sport of Canada.
What Is Azerbaijan's National Sport?
since the azeris are a part of turkic peoples of central asia, the national sports should be either horse riding or archery.
Rugby is the national game of which country?
Rugby is not the national sport of any country in law, but it is considered to be the national sport, 'de facto', of Wales and New Zealand.
In what country is curling the national sport?
I don't really know what country it's the national sport I thought someone else would know
Witch country in Oceania calls soccer its national sport?
Vanuatu is the only country in Oceania that calls soccer it's national sport
What is Indias national sport?
The national sport of India is field hockey. The most popular sport in the country, however, is cricket by far.
How did archery originate as a sport?
Archery is a sport in which a person uses a bow and arrow to hit a target. It is not known where archery originated, but it is known that it was used in combat and hunting originally. It probably became a sport around the 1300's.
What do archery mean?
Archery is the sport where you shoot arrows at a target with a bow.
What is archery with explanation?
Archery was created to be a fun sport not for people to kill.
What a sport that starts with a?
Archery is a sport. It begins with the letter A.
All about archery?
Archery- Is an olympic sport can also ba an athletic sport. It can be a daily routine or a habbit as long as you mentain your body.
Is karate the national sport of any country?
Taekwondo is considered a form of karate and is the national sport of South Korea.
What type of sport is baseball known as?
In the United States, baseball is known as a national pastime and is the national sport of the country.
What sport does an archer do?
Is archery an outdoor or indoor sport?
Archery can be both, and although certain archery games and activities will preferably be one or the other, there is still a lot of variety in the activities themselves as well as location.
What sport beings with the letter a?
Archery is a sport that starts with the letter A
What is the national sport of Egypt?
soccer but in their national language(arabic) it is known as koraThe most popuar sport in the country of Egypt is football. It is also considered to be the national sport as well.
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Question: What facilities were created especially for the 1996 Olympics in Atlanta Georgia?
How did the 1996 Olympics benefit Atlanta?
How did the 1996 Olympics in Atlanta effect Georgia’s infrastructure?
The Atlanta Housing Authority (AHA) demolished Techwood Homes to build mixed-income housing and the Olympic Village that housed Olympic competitors during the Games. Georgia State University turned the Olympic Village into student dorms after the Games.
What happens to all the Olympic facilities?
Olympic stadiums get rebuilt and repurposed all the time. According to Unified Technologies, the site of the 2012 Summer Olympics in London cost around $700 million to build, and they definitely didn’t let it rot in the center of the city once the games were done.
What did the Olympics do for Atlanta?
The crown jewel of the 1996 Summer Olympics was Centennial Olympic Stadium. It hosted the opening and closing ceremonies in addition to track and field. 25 years later, the stadium still stands. Following the Olympics, the stadium became the home of the Atlanta Braves.
IT IS IMPORTANT: What happened at the Moscow Olympics?
Why was Atlanta in Olympics?
Atlanta was selected by the USOC over bids from Nashville, San Francisco and runner-up Minneapolis to be the U.S. representative in international bidding. … Young also wanted to showcase a reformed American South. The strong economy of Atlanta and improved race relations in the South helped to impress the IOC officials.
How did hosting the 1996 Olympic Games affect downtown Atlanta quizlet?
How did hosting the 1996 Olympic Games affect downtown Atlanta? It caused a significant population increase. What is Georgia’s MOST popular tourist attraction, drawing more than four million tourists to the state each year?
Who designed the 1996 Olympics?
The International Olympic Committee (IOC) President, Juan Antonio Samaranch, chose this image drawn by an artist from “The Look of the Games”, Primo Angeli, as the official poster for the 1996 Olympic Games.
What was special about the 1996 Olympics?
How did hosting the 1996 Olympics affect Georgia’s economic and population growth?
Economic Transformation
The Olympics is at least partly responsible for a huge population increase, from 3.5 million people in 1996 to nearly 5.5 million in the metro area today. But that spectacular growth also has had a downside: increased traffic and a declining housing market.
What was the first building project completed for the 1996 Olympics?
White City Stadium, constructed in the farmlands of greater London between 1907 and 1908, was the first major facility built specifically for an Olympic Games. In these early Games, many events (track and field, cycling, and archery for example) took place in a single stadium or on multi-purpose playing fields.
IT IS IMPORTANT: How much does the average Olympian make a year?
How did the 1996 Olympics affect Georgia economy?
Using a standard differences-in-differences (DD) technique and a modified DD technique in the slopes, this paper determines that hosting the 1996 Summer Olympic Games boosted employment by 17% in the counties of Georgia affiliated with and close to Olympic activity, relative to employment increases in other counties in …
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Quick Answer: How many people attended the 1976 Olympics?
Why did the US boycott the 1976 Olympics?
About the Games
The 1976 Montreal Games were marred by an African boycott involving 22 countries. The boycott was organised by Tanzania to protest the fact that the New Zealand rugby team had toured Apartheid South Africa and that New Zealand was scheduled to compete in the Olympic Games.
How many people went to the Atlanta Olympics?
The Olympic Games took place from July 19 through August 4. More than 2 million people visited Atlanta during the Games and nearly 3.5 billion people around the world watched on television. The opening ceremony on July 19, 1996, attracted a crowd of approximately 83,000 to Olympic Stadium.
How many people attended 1980 Olympics?
Why did two American athletes not compete in the Olympics?
International Olympic Committee (IOC) president Avery Brundage, himself an American, deemed it to be a domestic political statement unfit for the apolitical, international forum the Olympic Games were intended to be. … This threat led to the expulsion of the two athletes from the Games.
IT IS IMPORTANT: Frequent question: What are the parallel Games of Olympic?
Which Olympic has largest attendance?
A total of 8.3 million tickets were sold for the 1996 Games held in Atlanta, Georgia, USA – often referred to as the “Centennial Olympics”.
How many people watched the Olympics?
NBC Touts A Silver Lining In Historically Low Viewership For The Tokyo Olympics Average prime time viewership was just 15.5 million people, down from an average 26.7 million for the Rio Games in 2016. But NBC’s broadcast ratings ranked second only to its Sunday Night Football.
Why was the 1984 Olympics boycotted?
The 1984 Games were boycotted by a total of fourteen Eastern Bloc countries, including the Soviet Union and East Germany, in response to the American-led boycott of the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow in protest of the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan; Romania was the only Eastern Bloc state that opted to attend the Games …
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How to replace a spark plug wire in a car,
article In the new car, there’s a spark connector on the headlight.
This connector plugs in the plug to the battery, and it gives the car a little boost.
When the car is in motion, it also gets some electrical charge.
When a spark goes out, it doesn’t have enough energy to charge the battery.
In most cars, a spark wire has a black plug on one end, and a green one on the other.
This plug is called the “generator” plug.
But if you want to replace the spark plug in your car, the new plug is a spark, and you’ll need a new one.
You’ll need to cut a hole in the side of the car, remove the black plug, and plug it in.
The other end of the plug has a white plug.
If you’re lucky, the black one will stay in place.
You can see the green part of the new spark plug at the bottom of the photo.
Remove the plug with a screwdriver and carefully remove the spark.
This is the “reassembly” part.
The red wire from the new power cord will be the positive terminal.
The black wire will be your negative terminal.
Here’s the wiring diagram for the new battery.
When you disconnect the black wire from your car’s battery, the battery will need to be reconnected.
If the black wires are connected to the ground, they won’t need to go into the wiring harness.
If they’re connected to a ground connection, you can connect the black connector to the black ground.
If it’s a ground connected connector, it’ll need two pins.
When disconnecting the red wire, you’re essentially connecting the battery to the charger.
This will be a negative battery connection.
This part can also be used to wire the charger to the car.
If a charger is connected to one of the batteries, you should disconnect the red and white wire.
The charger will now have a red and black wire.
Connect the black and red wire together.
Now, the charger can be connected to both the black battery and the red battery.
Connect it to the yellow battery and white charger.
You’re done!
When you reconnect the black or white battery to your car charger, you’ll see a small light at the top of the dash.
This light is usually red, but if the car charger isn’t connected, the light will go orange.
If your car is already plugged into the car’s charger, the car battery should be green.
Connect that light to the blue battery.
If not, you have to reconnect it.
You have to disconnect the two wires that go to the new charger.
The plug in the left is connected by the black cable, and the one in the right is connected the black charger.
Connect both wires and then the green cable.
If all is well, you will see a green light in the dash and the blue light will be on.
Now you can remove the new black or green wire.
It’s easier to do this in a small area.
Pull out the wires, and replace them.
When they come out, there should be a small green button that says “OK”.
You can then remove the red, white, and blue wires and reconnect them.
You will see two new wires, one red and one white.
If this isn’t happening, you might need to wire new power cords to the batteries to get them to charge properly.
Now that you know how to wire a new spark, here are some other tips to get your new plug back in the car and plugged in.
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Broadleaf Plantain – Turfgrass Science at Purdue University
Broadleaf Plantain
Broadleaf Plantain
Biology: Broadleaf plantain (Plantago major) is a perennial, broadleaf weed that can be found in nutrient-poor soils; however, they prefer nutrient rich-soils that are moist and often high in calcium. Broadleaf plantain is a common weed in turfgrass, nurseries, and landscapes as it can tolerate very low mowing heights. It germinates from seed in late spring through mid-to-late summer and occasionally in the fall depending on temperature and moisture. It has a low growing rosette habit and tolerates close mowing. It’s ability to surve a range of environments make broadleaf plantain a common turfgrass weed in North America.
Identification: Broadleaf plantain is anchored primarily by fibrous roots. Some describe the root system as having a central, short taproot with branched-out fibrous roots but my experience is that large, fibrous roots are common and that taproots (especially large taproots like a dandelion) are very uncommon. Broadleaf plantain grows with a rosette habit with leaves that can grow flat along the turfgrass canopy or more erect and upright depending on mowing practices. The plant produces leaves that form on long, broad leaf-stems (petioles) that may grow up to six inches long and four inches wide when left unmown or untreated. Young leaves are oval to egg-shaped, generally have 3-5 prominent veins, and are light green in color. As the plant matures, the leaves start to appear darker green, can be smooth or slightly hairy, and abruptly narrowing to the petiole (leaf stalk). Very prominent leaf veins run parallel to the margin and appear to originate from the attachment point at the petiole. Leaf margins are smooth (entire) and appear more crinkled and wavy as the plant matures. Though the leaves can appear waxy and dark- to bluish-green, the petioles often have a reddish color towards their base, or the origin point of the rosette. Broadleaf plantain can produce flowers from June through September on long, leafless flower-stalks that arise from the center of the rosette. Small, whitish petals emerge from the flower-stalk where seeds are produced in an oval-shaped capsule which can contain up to 30 viable seeds. It may often be confused with blackseed plantain (Plantago rugelii) which is similar in appearance. Additionally, it is thought that many plants characterized as broadleaf plantain may in fact be natural crosses between Plantago major and Plantago rugelii.
Broadleaf plantain appearance in early spring. it will regrow all its leaves each spring. The purple coloring here is in response to cool, spring temperatures.
Cultural control: None known specifically for broadleaf plantain. Since its primary method of dispersal is through seed, control or removal of the plant prior to seed production could reduce the spread of this weed. However, mowing practices alone to remove the seed stalks will not provide adequate management since the plant can produce viable seed at low mowing heights (produces viable seed at about 2 inches and taller heights of cut). Proper turf management such as higher mowing heights, irrigation, and fertilization will help to produce a dense, aggressive turf which is the greatest defense against invading/germinating weeds. Broadleaf plantain thrives in compacted soils, moist or dry soils, and shady conditions. Some research suggests as well that this plant prefers high calcium soils, but high calcium soils are a common phenomenon in North American because the soil parent material is limestone. Plants can be removed by hand-weeding if there are only a few on the property.
Chemical control: Broadleaf plantain can be chemically controlled with several products such as repeat applications of two- or three-way mixtures of 2,4-D, dicamba, MCPP, or MCPA which are available in multiple formulations at local retailers. 2,4-D is the active ingredient that does most of the work in these mixtures. Herbicides that contain triclopyr (Turflon Ester) or triclopyr in combination with other herbicides, such as 2,4-D, can also provide good broadleaf plantain control in cool-season grasses.
Aaron Patton, Turfgrass Extension Specialist
Leslie Beck, Postdoctoral Research Associate
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This page provides links to a number of different resources to our students may find helpful. Almost all of them are links to other sites. Please let us know if any link is now defective, or if there is a resource that you’ve found useful, let us know.
Java Programming
100px-Java_logo_and_wordmarkJava was developed by James Gosling of Sun Microsystems and first released in 1995. It is an Object-Oriented, Concurrent, Write-Once-Run-Anywhere Interpreted language that is widely used throughout industry and academia. It is found in tiny embedded systems (Java ME) such as smart-cards all the way up through large enterprise information systems.
Java is used in CSC110, CSC210, CSC310, CMPE320, and is used by many of our upper division courses. For SoE classes, please use the downloads located on the Pre-Configured Software page to ensure project compatibility with the machines in the computer labs.
Java as an application language:
Java as a web programming language:
Java Development Tools
There are many different tools to develop Java code, our department has settled on using Eclipse. (For SoE classes, please use the version available on the Pre-Configured Software page.)
C / C++ Language
Released in 1972 by Brian Kernighan and Dennis Ritchie of AT&T Bell Labs to develop their new (at the time) UNIX OS, the C language has remained one of the most important programming languages. Later, Bjarne Stroustroup extended C to support object-oriented programming. Unlike Java, which is owned and developed by Oracle (who purchased Sun), C is largely developed by the “community,” and lacks the central authority of Oracle.
Courses: CSC111, CMPE220, CMPE320, CMPE322, CMPE410, CMPE420
Python Language
Released in 1991 by Guido van Rossum, python was developed as a new scripting language targeting Unix and C hackers. It has since grown into a general purpose programming language which supports procedural, functional and object-oriented programming archetypes. As of 2019, it is now the third most popular programming language behind Java and C according to the Tiobe Index.
Courses: CSC104
Assembly Language
Assembly is the symbolic form of machine language, and is specific to it particular architecture. The department uses two main versions of assembly, the MIPS R4000 variant used in Comp Org, and the MIPS R4000 variant used in the PIC32 architecture.
Courses: CMPE220, CMPE320, CMPE322, CMPE420
UNIX / Linux Tutorial
TuxSince its first release in 1969, UNIX morphed into various derivatives that include Linux, OSX, iOS, and Android, and is one of the most widely deployed operating systems in the world. In fact, since Linux has been ported to embedded systems, many devices in Windows computers actually run Linux!
Courses: Almost all.
Not Strictly Required, but….
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Total Number of words made out of Dumas = 25
Dumas is an acceptable word in Scrabble with 8 points. Dumas is an accepted word in Word with Friends having 10 points. Dumas is a 5 letter medium Word starting with D and ending with S. Below are Total 25 words made out of this word.
Anagrams of dumas
1). mauds
4 letter Words made out of dumas
1). maud 2). mads 3). duma 4). dams 5). muds 6). amus
3 letter Words made out of dumas
1). mud 2). mus 3). ads 4). mas 5). sad 6). mad 7). sau 8). amu 9). sum 10). dam
2 letter Words made out of dumas
1). um 2). mu 3). ad 4). ma 5). as 6). am 7). us
Synonyms of Dumas:- Dumas
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Also see:-
1. Vowel only words
2. consonant only words
3. 7 Letter words
4. Words with J
5. Words with Z
6. Words with X
7. Words with Q
8. Words that start with Q
9. Words that start with Z
10. Words that start with F
11. Words that start with X
Word Finder Tools
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Words made after changing First letter with any other letter in dumas
Note: There are 1 anagrams of the word dumas. Anagrams are meaningful words made after rearranging all the letters of the word.
Note There are 2 vowel letters and 3 consonant letters in the word dumas. D is 4th, U is 21th, M is 13th, A is 1st, S is 19th, Letter of Alphabet series.
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Symptoms And Symptoms Of Alzheimer 's Disease
1642 Words7 Pages
Abstract Alzheimer’s disease is a brain disorder when brain cells degenerate and die. Alzheimer’s dieses destroys the patient’s memory within time. The mental functions of the brain also get destroyed when a person gets Alzheimer’s. Alzheimer’s disease is most commonly seen when the patient is sixty to seventy years old. In this research paper the reader will learn about the signs and symptoms, causes, course of disease, outcome and secondary diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis and survival. Signs and Symptoms There are several different ways to tell if a person has or is getting Alzheimer’s disease. There are ten early signs and symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease. The first symptom is memory loss. Memory loss is the most common symptom. People with Alzheimer’s disease tend to forget new things, names, and dates of important events such as anniversaries or birthdates. Another thing that Alzheimer’s effects with memory is the short term part. This will make people with Alzheimer’s disease ask questions over and over again in anchors amount of time in between. The second symptom is having trouble to plan or solve problems, or completing familiar tasks at home. This is where it is hard for the people who have Alzheimer’s disease it is hard for them to do simple tasks such as cooking or following a recipe. Also, working with numbers such as paying the bills or balancing a checkbook. People with Alzheimer’s disease may also have trouble with doing the simple
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How Blockchain Technology Can Change The World
April 18th, 2018
Blockchain technology is making its way into many different arenas around the world, this new technology is expected to take the whole world by storm in the future. In a recent study, that was conducted among 4,800 professionals from around the globe almost, 70 percent were in favor of a new technology that would help to influence the economic growth of the market’s future. To survive in this continuously evolving economy, people need to understand the new driving force behind all technological developments. New technologies will lead the way to new jobs and businesses. Blockchain technology is a new technology to the world, but it has already been used to create so much change in the world.
In just the last few years, one of the most promising developments that have taken place is the advent of blockchain technology. Not many people gave a second glance to this technology at first, but it is now considered to be the driving force behind many new online business models. Blockchain technology will no doubt, revolutionize the whole world.
What Is Blockchain Technology?
Individuals rely on databases to store and transfer information, but these databases are normally owned by firms or large groups that have access to sensitive data that you then save on their system. There are many kinds of sensitive data such as financial transactions, bank details, and private messages that are kept on these third party websites. Would you want to risk having your information stolen?
Storing this type of data is not safe, so now there are companies that are coming up with private or date secure platforms, where the user can store or transfer data in a new way. The special features of this new platform is that it is safe and can be used by anyone. This technology is called Blockchain and this new concept comes with tremendous potential.
Blockchain Technology: Can It Save The World?
Blockchain technology is creating news everywhere, it is a new concept that will help businesses grow and be managed more efficiently. The best thing about this technology is that it can be applied to many things. This new technology promises to enhance the workplace and lives of people, but also threatens to disrupt the entire process or way that business is conducted around the world. Blockchain technology will make it easy for public institutions to change where every individual puts a huge trust in, which is often taken for granted. All these changes are for good and this is why blockchain technology can change the world completely.
• With blockchain technology, there will be no intermediaries. Companies in any part of the globe will get the chance to transact securely with consumers, there is no need to rely on platforms that are owned by banks or third parties to conduct commerce. This will give more opportunity and option to companies, worldwide. It will also open up possibilities for internal financial departments and make the buying experience more immediate and flexible.
• Blockchain technology will revolutionize the healthcare system. This new technology gives patients more control over sensitive medical information, the individual’s ability to protect it, and the hospital’s ability to streamline and share it. This is a unique feature that will help in keeping sensitive information about individuals between departments or practitioners.
• Blockchain technology will make it easier to pay employees and avoid costly fees that are associated with paying employees who work overseas. This will give companies or businesses fewer financial barriers when it comes to global expansion. Blockchain technology will help companies or businesses to work with people or professionals from around the world at ease.
Innovation will constantly strive to redefine the workplace. That is why it is crucial for the present generation of working professionals to keep pace with all of the technological advancements taking place. New technologies like blockchain will bring more opportunities and revolutionize the economy.
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How the Padma Bridge will stimulate the Bangladesh economy
Building a bridge to connect 30 million people
A massive construction project in Bangladesh is set to completely transform the transportation situation in the South Asian country. A highway bridge with a rail line “one level lower” will cross the Padma River and is expected not only to improve the flow of traffic but to boost the country’s economy as well. The biggest challenge: the immense width of the river on this final stretch of the Ganges. No wonder that the Padma Bridge will be the longest bridge in South Asia at 6.15 kilometers. Let’s take a look at the special circumstances of this imposing construction project, which is rapidly approaching completion.
The landscape of Bangladesh, India’s neighbor to the east, is generally characterized by wide plains cut through by countless rivers. The Padma River, a continuation of the Indian Ganges, and the larger Brahmaputra River, which comes from the north, divide the country into three regions. The name Padma refers today primarily to the section that begins in the middle of the country where the Ganges and the Brahmaputra meet and ends in the south where it opens into the Bay of Bengal.
The lower section of the Padma consists of an almost perfectly straight river bed between 3 and 8 kilometers wide, frequently with meandering sand banks running through the flat regions. Due to the high rate of flow, however, the channels through these sand banks can be up to 30 meters deep.
When rivers separate rather than connect people
The most economically developed areas are the densely population centers around the two major cities of Dhaka in the middle of the country and Chittagong in the southeast, while some other regions lag behind significantly. Economic development is often hindered by the fact that there are only a few bridge connections between these parts of the country. To date, there have only been two bridges over the Padma, both in the western part of Bangladesh. The first is the Hardinge railway bridge, built during the era of British colonialism at the start of the 20th century. The Lalon-Shah Bridge for automobile traffic was built not far from this in the year 2004.
Further downstream, there have never been any bridges. In many places, unreliable ferry crossings with ships in “adventurous” condition were the only way to get across the wide river branches. Accidents have been common in the past due to the sometimes technically inadequate condition of the ferries. Nevertheless, the majority of passenger and goods transports between the capital region of Dhaka and the southwestern part of the country take place by ferry.
Moreover, the insufficient road and rail infrastructure and the lack of bridges are also reasons why Bangladesh – a country with a relatively small land area – has an exceptionally high number of regional airports.
Great potential despite a high cost
Officially named the “Padma Multipurpose Bridge Project (PMBP),” the bridge is expected to change the lives of almost 30 million people, according to one study. The new road and rail transport connections created by this bridge south of Dhaka will allow goods to be transported from the ports of Chittagong in the southeast and Mongla in the southwest at much lower cost. The distance from the capital city of Dhaka to almost all major destinations in the southwest part of the country will be reduced by 100 kilometers or more, while the travel time will be reduced by 3 hours per trip. Many manufacturers and service providers will have access to new sales markets thanks to the new crossing. But such positive side effects are still a long way off.
The Padma bridge will have a huge impact
Technical masterpiece in a challenging environment
The construction of a bridge on the lower reaches of the Padma has been under consideration for a long time. It quickly became clear that it would be the largest infrastructure project in the history of the country. In the past, such a project appeared impossible to realize due to the large scale of the kilometers-wide river that has also changed its course many times in the past. The river delta is in continuous flux – sand banks, currents, bank erosion and side branches can change or move every few years.
The success of other major bridge projects (Bangabandhu Bridge in 1998, Lalon-Shah Bridge in 2004) at narrower locations further upstream may have served as encouragement for the multiple feasibility studies conducted starting in the year 2000. The initial designs called for bridge beams of concrete and a cable-stayed bridge with a span of no more than 180 meters. This planning was eventually changed based on higher traffic forecasts. It was decided to build a steel girder bridge with a single rail line in the lower deck and a four-lane road on the upper deck.
42 massive concrete pillars, 4 lanes of traffic and a “three-rail track”
The official kick-off for the bridge construction finally came at the end of 2015. Construction work on the access routes began even before this. The road connections leading up to the bridge from either side are between 720 m and 875 m long. The railway ramps are 2.36 km and 2.96 km long and connect to a bridge that consists of 41 steel girders. The span of the individual elements is 150 m, and each of them weighs 3,376 tons. These steel girders were put into place on 42 massive concrete pillars by special ships. The concrete pillars themselves rest on a total of 262 steel pilings. These have a diameter of about three meters, are filled with concrete and driven deep into the ground beneath the river bed.
The railway section is designed as a single three-rail track so that it can be traveled by the wide gauge and metric gauge trains used in Bangladesh. With a clearance beneath the bridge of 18.3 m, it poses no hindrance to river traffic. But this infrastructure project also rates superlatives when describing the cost as well. The cost forecasts were revised upwards many times, and the expenditures of 3.962 billion dollars are four times higher than the originally projected construction costs for the bridge. On the other hand, the estimated economic benefit amounts to roughly 5.942 billion US dollars. According to these estimates, the finished bridge could increase annual economic growth in Bangladesh by about 1%.
Delayed by the pandemic
The 41st and final girder was placed on its concrete pillars on December 10th, 2020, accompanied by a formal ceremony. Nevertheless, the official and “final” end to the construction project was postponed in May 2021 by one year to June 2023. The COVID-19 pandemic was blamed for the delay. However, officials have given assurances that the bridge will be opened at least for road traffic already in June 2022. Opening of the railway line should follow some time after. The connection to the existing rail network has still not been built.
It remains to be seen how the bridge will finally impact the economic performance and transportation situation of this extremely poor country. We definitely hope for many positive effects, but whatever happens, this exciting mega-project has already left a lasting impression.
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The 1984 version of data-driven farming
Thirty-five years ago, a computer program had been created to help farmers figure out how their farms would fare in future.
Novel computer program aimed to help farmers make better business decisions 35 years ago
Farmers consulting computers
37 years ago
In November 1984, The National reports on a computer program designed to help farmers make decisions about their farm work. 2:11
It seemed high-tech in its time, despite its now-retro look.
It was a computerized questionnaire developed at the University of Manitoba, which a farmer could use to see how a farm would fare in the years to come.
And in 1984, that was useful information to come by when your living depended on buying, planting and selling crops.
"It asks 40 questions and the answer can mean the difference between survival and bankruptcy," the CBC's Susan Ormiston explained to viewers on The National on Nov. 28, 1984.
"This computer asks a farmer how much he makes, what his farm's worth and what his debts are. It adds in different prices, interest rates and weather patterns and then it predicts whether the farm is likely to grow or go bankrupt over the next 10 years."
'How likely is that very promising future?'
The University of Manitoba's Daryl Kraft explained that the computer program was trying to help guide farmers' decisions by giving them a more realistic forecast of their farms' fates. (The National/CBC Archives)
Daryl Kraft, a member of the University of Manitoba's Department of Agricultural Economics, explained why the program was trying to provide a more realistic forecast of what was likely to occur.
"Many decisions — investment decisions in agriculture — have been made under some fairly optimistic futures, where the future looked very promising to the investor," Kraft told The National.
"Now, the question is, how likely is that very promising future, how often is that going to occur?"
The program was made available to both farmers and bankers, either on the university's Winnipeg campus or via telephone.
'Why is it saying that?'
John Murphy of Royal Bank described a series of mixed reactions from farmers who had been shown the results of what the computer program had predicted for their farms. (The National/CBC Archives)
Ormiston said it was then being tested out by the Royal Bank in Saskatchewan.
Banker John Murphy said farmers had mixed reactions to what the computer program had told them.
"One farmer when he saw what the computer predicted he just said: 'B.S., there's no way that's going to be the case," said Murphy, who spoke to CBC News in Regina.
"Another farmer, he scratched his head, you know, and he said: 'Well, why is it saying that?' And we went through each year as to how his business would have changed."
'It's only a tool'
Manitoba farmer Norm Edie was among those who saw potential in what computers could do for farmers like himself. (The National/CBC Archives)
Norm Edie was among those farmers who saw potential in what computers could do. But he felt they had limits, as well.
"The problem arises when Mother Nature doesn't come through the way we expect, or the markets aren't there, or if they are there, there's a 25 per cent reduction in price," he said.
Ormiston told viewers the computer program actually could help farmers adjust to changing circumstances, like those Edie had outlined.
"But it's only a tool: It can't change prices, lower interest rates or improve the weather — the things that make farming a risky business."
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Root Canal Therapy in Calgary
Root canal therapy is performed every day and saves millions of teeth each year. Also known as endodontic treatments, a root canal treats the inside of the tooth while saving the outside structure of the tooth. After root canal therapy, a crown covers the remaining tooth, maintaining natural stability and structure, while continuing to function like a normal tooth. If you are experiencing tooth pain with no noticeable tooth problems, you may be a candidate for root canal therapy.
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Understanding the Anatomy of a Tooth
Before going into detail about root canal therapy, it is important for you to understand the anatomy of a tooth. The part of the tooth you see consists of the surface enamel and the hard layer of the tooth called dentin. This is what makes up the visible section you see. Underneath the dentin is a soft tissue called the pulp. Inside this pulp, you will find blood vessels, connective tissue, and nerves. This pulp is essential when your teeth are growing, as it is responsible for the creation of the dentin.
What is Root Canal Treatment?
Root canal therapy addresses infected or inflamed pulp within a tooth. Dentists remove the infected pulp that may be causing pain or an abscess, cleans and shapes the inner space, fills the space, and then covers the remaining tooth with a crown. Because the tooth no longer needs the pulp, this allows the tooth to survive and maintain stability in the mouth.
Why would I need a Root Canal?
Inflammation and infection inside the pulp can occur for a variety of different reasons. Deep decay on the outside of the tooth can penetrate into the pulp. A cracked or chipped tooth can allow decay to infect or irritate the pulp. An injury, such as a blow to the face, can cause internal damage to a tooth without any noticeable problem.
Some signs you may need root canal therapy include pain or tenderness from the tooth, pain when chewing, sensitivity to hot or cold, tooth discoloration, and swelling in the gums surrounding the tooth. In many cases, you may not experience any symptoms, and this is why regular dental check-ups are important.
How is a Root Canal Performed?
Root Canal Therapy in Calgary
Root canal therapy typically involves two or more visits to your dental office. The root canal begins with the dentist making a small opening in the crown of the tooth. Very small tools allow the dentist to clean and remove the pulp from the pulp chamber and root canals of the tooth. After everything is removed, the dentist will fill the space with a rubbery material called gutta-percha. This is placed into the space with adhesive cement in order to ensure the space is filled. In cases where the remaining tooth is not structurally stable enough to support a crown, a metal post may be placed inside the tooth in order to provide the necessary stability.
Once complete, your Calgary dentist will place a temporary filling in the tooth until the crown can be applied. At the second appointment, the temporary filling is removed, and a crown is cemented onto the tooth.
Risks and Considerations Associated with Root Canal Treatment
All medical and dental procedures come with risks or complications and root canal therapy is no exception. The most common complaint associated with root canal therapy is pain, which can range from a dull ache to sharp pain. This pain typically subsides within a few days after the procedure. If you continue to experience pain, consult your dentist.
In rare cases, a canal can be missed during the procedure and the inflammation or infection will continue. In this case, the dentist will need to go in and once again clean out the pulp and root canals. Small cracks in the root of a tooth can be missed by the dentist and, when this occurs, bacteria can get back into the area of the tooth, resulting in the need for additional treatment.
Over time, the gutta-percha inside the tooth as well as the inner seal can erode, allowing bacteria to once again enter the tooth. Proper dental care and regular checkups can help avoid this from happening.
Taking Care of Your Teeth
Regular brushing, flossing, and dental exams help keep your teeth healthy and allow for the dentist to notice any possible changes or complications. Because your root canal is covered with a crown, avoid biting or chewing hard objects, such as ice or hard candy, as these can cause cracks in the porcelain. If you continue to experience pain in the tooth, contact your dentist immediately to have it checked out.
If you are interested in learning more information about root canal therapy in Calgary, give our office a call today and we can set up a root canal consultation and create a treatment plan just for you.
Learn More about Root Canal Treatment in Calgary
If you are in pain and suspect you might be in need of root canal therapy, contact Inglewood Family Dental to arrange for your root canal consultation with Dr. Arash Ravanbakhsh today.
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FAQ’s About Root Canal Therapy
How Long Does It Take to Recover from Root Canal Therapy?
It should only take a few days for you to recover after a root canal. It is normal to be uncomfortable and to have sensitivity and pain. If any of your symptoms last more than a week you should contact your dentist. Even if you are not having any issues after the procedure you should still follow up with your dentist to make sure you are healing properly.
How Painful Is Root Canal Treatment?
When people think of a root canal the first thing that comes to mind is usually discomfort and pain. While it may be normal and pretty common to experience pain during and after a root canal, the pain is not normally excruciating and due to advances in dental technology, and dental microscopes, the procedure is more precise and pain-free than ever before. Most patients feel very little pain if anything due to the numbing and medication used while performing the procedure.
How Many Visits Does It Take for A Root Canal?
If the tooth requiring root canal therapy is not overly infected or complicated, a root canal can be performed in a single appointment. If the tooth is in extremely bad shape it is easier on the patient and the dentist to do the procedure during more than one treatment, this could mean two or even three. Typically a root canal is performed in one or two visits.
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"this is a TV" and "it is a TV" i know both of them are correct,but where can we use the 2 sentence,can you give me a example?
Sep 9, 2008 2:17 AM
Answers · 2
Hmm...sometimes I think you guys try to think up hard questions for we native speakers to answer :-D I don't thinkn I would ever say "This is a TV" because everyone know what a TV is. Maybe if I was introducing the TV to someone from, say, a remote village in Africa who had never seen one before, I might use "This is a TV". Similarly, I wouldn't say "It's a TV" unless someone nearby wasn't sure what an object (which happened to be a TV) was. Perhaps a friend of mine and I are watching a music video or cartoon and they show a TV on that show or video that's maybe shaped oddly; I think it's a TV but I'm not sure, so I ask my friend "What is that thing"? "It's a TV." hehe :) I really don't think you'll ever need either of those sentences, fisher. Substitute TV for something else...maybe a new technology of some sort. Then you'll need them.
September 9, 2008
That should read: I don't think I would ever say...
September 9, 2008
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Possessive Noun with Examples
What is the Possessive Noun?
The possessive noun is used to indicate that someone or something belongs to or is associated with someone or something else.
Possessive Noun Examples
Making nouns possessive is easy and straightforward, all you have to do is add apostrophe-s (‘s) for singular nouns.
Examples of possessive for singular nouns:
If the noun is plural and does not end with -s, then you can add the apostrophe.
Examples of possessive for plural nouns:
Note: Only the last word of the noun phrases takes the possessive form.
Sometimes possessive nouns are used for emphasis or when it makes a string of possessives as in the following example:
Exceptions to the general rule
Individual possession is indicated by apostrophes for each possessor.
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Bone Grafting
Socket Preservation
Bone grafting following tooth loss can preserve the socket(s) and minimize gum and bone collapse. There is less shrinkage and a more esthetic tooth replacement for either an implant crown or fixed bridge around the replacement teeth.
Ridge Augmentation
Ridge/bone augmentation is often used to rebuild or reshape bone loss due to periodontal disease, trauma, and bone atrophy. Patient’s own bone and/or bone obtained from a bone/tissue bank may be used. This bone acts only as a scaffold for the newly developing patient’s bone. It is used extensively with dental implant procedures to ensure a good functional and cosmetic result. Often times, a special membrane may be used to protect the bone graft and encourage bone regeneration.
Sinus Augmentation
Sinus bone grafts are also performed to replace bone in the posterior upper jaw. The maxillary sinuses are located above the roots of the upper teeth in the back. When these upper teeth are removed, and there is a thin layer of bone, but not enough bone present between the sinus and mouth, an “Inferior Sinus Augmentation” procedure will be necessary at the time of implant placement for implant stability.
However, if there is not enough bone available, a “Lateral Sinus Augmentation” will have to be performed first and the graft will have to mature for several months. Dental implants are then placed in this new sinus bone.
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What Is Travel And Tourism Definition?
Traveling to a Place for Leisure, Travel and Tourism Industry: A Comparison, The Different Types of Tourism, The App Store for iPlayer and more about what is travel and tourism definition.. Get more data about what is travel and tourism definition.
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Traveling to a Place for Leisure
People who travel for pleasure are called tourists. Some travelers are not tourists. Tourism is the activity of traveling to a place for leisure. A tourist can stay at a place for several days and enjoy the attractions or just spend a few days in leisure.
Detailed study about What Is Travel Size Toiletries.
Travel and Tourism Industry: A Comparison
Tourism is a form of travel that is used for business or pleasure. It has a specific definition of the act of travelling to another environment for at least 24 hours, but for no longer than one year, for purposes related to business or leisure. It is understandable that many people don't understand a distinction between the travel industry and the tourism industry.
Many of the businesses and services that cater for tourists also cater for travellers, and there is clearly significant overlap between the two. There are some differences. The tourism industry is concerned with people travelling for business or pleasure, staying in their destination for a night or two, and then returning.
The travel industry has a bigger scope, covering more travel purposes and durations. Railways are a popular method of transportation. Domestic travellers prefer rail services due to their convenience.
Many major cities use subway-style rail services to facilitate quick and easy movement. Hotels are establishments that offer overnight stays on a short-term basis. Private rooms are provided for guests and include an en suite bathroom.
Most hotels have services like room service and laundry. The popularity of shared accommodation has increased due to the rise of platforms likeAirbnb. The facility may have a private room or a room that is shared with other guests.
The Different Types of Tourism
There are many different types of tourism. There are different types of tourism, such as mass tourism, niche tourism and special interest tourism. There are two types of tourism: domestic and international. There are two types of tourism: inbound and outbound.
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The App Store for iPlayer
Do you not own a mobile device? You can still use it. It's available on the web.
Destination Marketing Mix: A Study of European Tourism
A destination marketing mix is a combination of tangible and intangible elements, such as natural, cultural and man-made resources, attractions, facilities, services and activities around a specific center of interest which represents the core of the destination marketing mix and creates an overall visitor experience including emotional aspects for the potential A tourism product is priced and sold through distribution channels. Wealthy classes were the only ones who traveled outside of their area for leisure, to see great buildings and works of art, learn new languages, enjoy pristine nature and taste different cuisines.
As early as 1500 BC, travelling for pleasure was seen in Egypt. Baiae was a popular coastal resort during the Roman Republic. The Roman upper class used to travel to their villa urbana or villa maritima from land or sea.
In the Campania area, there were many villas, in Rome and in the northern part of the Adriatic. Europe is a popular destination for international travel for short breaks. Tourists have a wide range of budgets and tastes, and a variety of resorts and hotels have been developed to cater for them.
Some people prefer simple beach vacations, while others prefer more specialized holidays, quieter resorts, family-oriented holidays, or niche market-targeted destination hotels. Positive and negative impacts are brought tourist destinations by tourism. The traditional domains of tourism impacts are economic, socio-cultural, and environmental.
A nice report on What Is Travel Flex.
Minimum Distance Covered as Tourism
If you have not traveled a certain distance or minimum distance, then it will not be considered as tourism. Many countries have their own minimum distance covered criteria to define what is tourism. The first thing that tourism entails is usually going to a tourist place.
It also means going to a place away from your home and becoming a tourist and people staying there. You are not a tourist at your place of stay or shopping markets. Tourism is travelling to a different place.
It is the complete activity of travelling to a place, for some activity and staying there for a while as required by the purpose of travelling and the activity for which you are going for. For example, travelling for leisure is called leisure tourism, travelling for business is called business tourism, and travelling to a different city or country to meet friends or relatives is what is categorized as other tourism. Tourism is based on travelling and a destination, and also the purpose or reason for travelling.
A note on the assignment assistance
The post is well written, however a little editing could have helped. You can get professional assistance and get an essay writing service. The experts and certified professionals offer quality assistance and editing expertise to help students get an error free assignment.
A nice paper on What Is Transport Allowance.
Retail Travel Agency
A retail travel agency sells tourists products directly to the public on behalf of the suppliers and in return gets commission. The package tour is sold on a commission basis and marked up. When a travel agency sells a tour on a marked-up price, it means that they will charge more for it.
The difference between retail and wholesale cost is called the markup price. The travel agency gets most of its revenue from the vendors. The commission rate is different for travel and organization.
More than half of travel agency revenues are derived from business travel. There are many travel agencies that only sell one sector of travel, and that is commercial and leisure travel. A travel agency sells a lot of products.
Airline tickets and reservations are still a major source of revenue. Travel agencies are involved in the booking of airline tickets and reservations. It is a very important function of travel agencies.
ViaTravelers.com: A Participant of Amazon Services LLC ASSOCIATES Program
Travelers want to have an authentic local experience, instant access to information, and local help to plan their stay. The travel concierge tends to fill that gap. Travel concierges have an extensive knowledge of transportation, tourist attraction sites, and guiding services for the desired destination.
They are aware of the cultural, social and legal aspects. With a travel concierge, you are protected from any issues as you have someone who is ready to jump in if you need to. You can enjoy the peace of mind that comes with a travel concierge.
The tourism industry has changed over time, and the disruption is visible. Travel concierge has become a mainstream industry thanks to the internet and diverse business scene. The on-demand concierge services are a new trend in the industry.
Detailed post on What Is Trip Switch.
The Impact of Tourism on Las Vegas Travel
The primary motivation for traveling is attractions. They may be a secondary destination that is interesting to visit on the way to your primary destination. The Grand Canyon national park is a popular stop for tourists going to Las Vegas.
Natural resources, culture, ethnicity or entertainment are what attractions focus on. Small retail businesses provide souvenirs and personal services. Shopping is a part of the travel experience.
Tourists seek items that represent the area and cultures they visit. Every tourism location has a community attitude that makes the tourist feel welcome. The interaction between the tourist and the locals is what led to it.
The hours for leisure increase as time increases. Changes in work days or hours will affect travel times. The travel pattern has changed from a two week vacation to a three or four day mini-vacation per year.
The Definition and Analysis of Tourism Industry
What is tourism? Tourism is defined as the activity of travelling and touring. It is a set of activities that tourists do while travelling.
Tourism is an industry that covers the same things but from different points of view. The tourism industry consists of companies that provide products and services tourists at different stages of their travel. Tourism is a very large and vibrant industry.
Tourism is a set of business activities which serve the needs of tourists while they visit different places. Tourism is a broad industry which is made up of different sectors and sub industries which produce and offer different products and services which create demand for tourism and make it possible. The set of industries that make it possible to travel for different purposes and to places of leisure and business interests are called the tourism industry.
The tourism industry is all about helping tourists. The supply side is looking at the other side. The tourism industry definition is the sum of all the industries that provide products and services that help tourists in their travel and make it possible for people to travel and do tourism activity.
The concept of tourism types is applicable here. The industry of tourism supplies is the value chain. Different products and services will be consumed for different tourism types.
A nice article about What Is Transport Layer Security Tls.
It is the application of IT and e-commerce solutions in tourism, travel, and hospitality with the goal of creating a seamless travel experience for consumers, including before, during, and after a trip. You can use it to find your way around your travel destination, check in and out of a hotel, and get real-time updates regarding your flight. It can be your map and compass, and it will find you nearby cafes, restaurants, museums, and anything else you need.
Trawex is a travel software development company that offers global B2B travel technology solutions. Travelers can make seamless bookings and payments with the Trawex APIs. Amadeus is a travel technology company that provides solutions to everyone in the travel industry.
Navitaire was unveiled several years ago. You can plan a trip in minutes and easily book everything. You can have your travel itinerary in the palm of your hand, with your mobile device as your travel buddy.
You can stay connected wherever you are, and even improve your packing routine with technology. Every trip can be made unforgettable by having a personalized experience. The graduate from Balearic Is is Marc.
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The scientist who found secretion of gastric juice to be under the control of the nervous system was
A. Ernest Starling
B. Reamur
C. Spallanzani
D. Both B and C
131.7k+ views
Hint: Bayliss and Starling studied pancreatic secretion which was considered to be fully under the nervous influence at the time. They found that a blood-borne stimulation was released at any time food or acid was inserted into the duodenum, allowing the pancreas to secrete.
Complete answer: They named this drug secrein, and Starling proposed that the body generate other secretin-like compounds and proposed that such substances be named hormones in 1905. By doing so, he began a whole new biological field, which became known as endocrinology.
Additional information: Starling gave at least four major contributions:
1. In the capillary, water is pushed out by hydrostatic pressure through the pores in the wall and pulled in by plasma protein osmotic pressure (or oncotic pressure). Approximately balancing certain opposite forces; known as Starling's Theory.
2. Hormone secretin discovery — with his brother-in-law William Bayliss - and the term hormone presentation.
3. Analyzing the operation of the heart as a pump, known as the Frank–Starling Act.
4. Several basic insights on reinal practice. Which provides proof of the presence of the antidiuretic hormone, vasopressin.
So, the Option (A) is correct
Note: The most widely related physiological observation to Starling is the law of the heart. His studies, which spent two years of his life (1910–1912), explored how the heart decreased its production in response to more blood entering the tissue, and increased the size of the chambers during filling and the anesthetized dog used this work in an academic method known as cardiovascular planning.
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Israel-Egypt Disengagement Agreement (1974)
101st Kilometer, Egypt
Abdul Ghani El-Gamasy, Egypt: Signatory, David Elazar, Israel: Signatory
An agreement between Israel and Egypt facilitating withdrawals by both countries’ armed forces following the 1973 War, signed on 18 January 1974 on the 101km marker of the Cairo-Suez road. It involved the redeployment of Egyptian forces west of the Suez Canal, and Israeli forces east of it, with a buffer zone on both sides of the canal monitored by the United Nations Emergency Force (UNEF). The agreement, signed by the chiefs of staff of both armies, was specifically mentioned not to be a “final peace agreement”, but the first step towards peace. A similar agreement was signed between Israel and Syria on 31 May 1974.
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Governments across the developed and developing world often implement public policies seeking to improve the welfare of those citizens most in need. The WIC (Women, Infants and Children) program was designed to assist “low-income pregnant, breastfeeding, and non-breastfeeding postpartum women, and to infants and children up to age five who are found to be at nutritional risk.”1
How effective are these policies at improving social welfare? This is difficult to answer: first we must decide what are the relevant social indicators that we will measure. Second, there is the problem of confounding. Mothers and children who receive WIC will systematically differ from those who don’t. In particular, they will be on average poorer. So, for example, there may be dietary deficiencies that will affect the outcome of interest. How can we address that?
One approach would be to run randomized controlled trials (RCTs). This raises ethical questions, however, about whether governments should deliberately withhold benefits from citizens in the control group. An alternative, given the absence of randomization, is matching. Through matching, we try to achieve with observational data what randomization aims to achieve by design: treatment and control groups that are identical to one another except for the treatment assignment itself (on average). To do so, we will use two packages: MatchIt and cobalt.
Here is a short working example with the car database mtcars. Suppose we are interested in the relationship between a “treatment,” vs, denoting the type of engine (V-shaped or straight) and our outcome of interest, mpg, miles-per-gallon. We are concerned, though, that there are systematic differences between the two vs types. For example, if we compare the distribution of horsepower in the two types, we see substantial areas of non-overlap:
mtcars %>%
mutate(vs = factor(vs)) %>%
ggplot() +
aes(x = hp, color = vs) +
To compare “apples to apples,” we want to find observations that are similar on observed covariates. To do this, we match on other covariates that we know will affect mpg: cyl, hp and wt. We specify the treatment on the left hand side (LHS), and the covariates we want to balance on the right hand side (RHS): vs ~ cyl + hp + wt in the formula argument.
Note that we specify method = "nearest" and caliper = 0.1. These indicate that the algorithm will find the nearest neighbors to our treatment observation, within a caliper (tolerance parameter) of 0.1. Do not worry too much about it for now.2
mtcars_m_out <- matchit(
formula = vs ~ cyl + hp + wt,
data = mtcars,
method = "nearest",
caliper = 0.1
We then evaluate the matching process with commands like summary(matchit_output). Looking at the output below, what do you notice about the mean values for “treated” and “control” units in all the data versus the matched data?
## Call:
## matchit(formula = vs ~ cyl + hp + wt, data = mtcars, method = "nearest",
## caliper = 0.1)
## Summary of Balance for All Data:
## Means Treated Means Control Std. Mean Diff. Var. Ratio eCDF Mean eCDF Max
## distance 0.8666 0.1037 4.4059 0.5263 0.4698 0.9444
## cyl 4.5714 7.4444 -3.0642 0.6659 0.4788 0.7778
## hp 91.3571 189.7222 -4.0273 0.1642 0.3853 0.8333
## wt 2.6113 3.6886 -1.5067 0.6255 0.3251 0.6111
## Summary of Balance for Matched Data:
## Means Treated Means Control Std. Mean Diff. Var. Ratio eCDF Mean eCDF Max Std. Pair Dist.
## distance 0.7243 0.6889 0.2043 1.0460 0.1290 0.5 0.2043
## cyl 4.0000 5.0000 -1.0665 0.0000 0.1667 0.5 1.0665
## hp 89.5000 100.5000 -0.4504 6.1191 0.0455 0.5 0.5732
## wt 1.8565 2.5075 -0.9105 0.8737 0.1724 0.5 0.9944
## Percent Balance Improvement:
## Std. Mean Diff. Var. Ratio eCDF Mean eCDF Max
## distance 95.4 93.0 72.5 47.1
## cyl 65.2 N/A 65.2 35.7
## hp 88.8 -0.3 88.2 40.0
## wt 39.6 71.2 47.0 18.2
## Sample Sizes:
## Control Treated
## All 18 14
## Matched 2 2
## Unmatched 16 12
## Discarded 0 0
To convert the matchit object to a data.frame, we use:
mtcars_match <-
To check for covariate balance:
cobalt::love.plot(mtcars_m_out, abs = TRUE)
In this exercise, we will analyze a subset of white families from the ECLS (Early Childhood Longitudinal Study). We will focus on a set of family characteristics and the treatment, whether or not the child’s mother was a beneficiary of the WIC program. The outcome of interest is the student’s performance in reading and math tests at kindergarten.
# load data
ecls <- read.csv(url("")) %>%
# treatment variable: convert to factor
ecls <- ecls %>%
wic = as.factor(wic)
# change the style of ggplot output
1. First, let’s get a sense of the “treatment” assignment. How many WIC beneficiaries are there?
2. The WIC program was targeted at poor families. Does the data reflect that? Create a density plot of socioeconomic status for beneficiaries and non-benefiaries. How would you interpret these graphs to an audience of non-statisticians?
3. While have two outcomes of interest (student grades in reading and math in kindergarten) for simplicity we’ll only focus on their reading grades. Run a simple linear regression for the students’ reading grades against their WIC recipient status. Additionally, run a separate model with a full set of controls: female, age_k_fall, ses_comp, books, books_2 (books squared), birth_weight, mother_age. Display these models with stargazer, comparing the simple with the full model.
4. Interpret the results above. What is the relationship between student test scores and WIC? Can we make a causal claim? Why or why not?
5. To address concerns with confounding, let’s perform matching across treatment and control groups (WIC and non-WIC). Include all predictors of the model with controls. Make sure that the caliper parameter is adjusted to 0.1.
6. Run summary() on your matchit output. Look at the table under “Summary of balance for all data” and glance at the Means Treated and Means Control columns. Which covariates exhibit more balance (that is are similar in both treated and control conditions)? Are there covariates that seem far apart? Are some covariates already quite similar? Now look at the “Summary of balance for matched data.” Has there been improvement in balance?
7. Display the covariate balance plot using cobalt::love.plot() (see sample code above). Has the balance improved as a result of matching?
8. Re-run the analysis in (3). What differences do you note between these results and the ones you found before?
9. Given this analysis, what would you recommend to a policy-maker? Should we continue the WIC program or should we think about redesigning it? There is no “right” answer, use your critical thinking and use the statistical evidence to inform your opinion.
10. What are some limitations of matching we should keep in mind?
1. For more information, see ↩︎
2. But if you really do, you can read this excellent Wikipedia article on matching through propensity score (here)[].↩︎
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Business LibreTexts
1.5: End-of-Chapter Exercises
• Page ID
• Questions
1. What is financial accounting?
2. How does financial accounting differ from managerial accounting?
3. List the potential users of the information provided by financial accounting.
4. What is a corporation?
5. How does a business become a corporation?
6. Why would a business want to become a corporation?
7. What is the board of directors of a corporation?
8. Why do individuals or entities choose to invest in the capital stock of corporations?
9. How does an investor differ from a creditor?
10. What is financial information?
True or False
1. ____ Financial accounting helps with decisions made inside an organization.
2. ____ Typically, a sole proprietor will be able to raise money easier than a corporation.
3. ____ Employees are not users of the information provided by financial accounting.
4. ____ The board of directors of a corporation is elected by its shareholders.
5. ____ Investors who hold investments in a stock longer than a year may enjoy a tax benefit.
6. ____ Corporations are required by law to pay dividends to their shareholders.
7. ____ Purchasing stock is typically a riskier investment than opening a savings account.
8. ____ Financial information is communicated in monetary terms but may be explained verbally.
9. ____ Accountants are the only users of the information provided by financial accounting.
10. ____ An entity that loans a company money is referred to as a “shareholder.”
Multiple Choice
1. Ramon Sanchez is a loan officer at Washington Bank. He must decide whether or not to loan money to Medlock Corporation. Which of the following would Ramon most likely consider when making this decision?
1. Medlock had positive cash flows last year.
2. Medlock paid dividends last year.
3. Medlock’s stock price increased last year.
4. The number of stockholders in Medlock increased last year.
2. Which of the following is not a reason an investor would purchase stock in a corporation?
1. To receive dividend payments
2. To sell the stock for a gain if the share price increases
3. To earn a return on their investment
4. To participate in the day-to-day operations of the business
3. Which of the following would not be considered an example of a decision made using financial accounting information?
1. An investor decided to invest in the stock of Rayburn Corporation.
2. A credit analyst at Mayfield Corporation rejected a request for credit from Rayburn Corporation.
3. A Rayburn Corporation manager decided to increase production of widgets.
4. A loan officer at Fairburn Bank chose to grant a loan request made by Rayburn Corporation.
4. Which of the following is most likely to have a say in the policy decision of a large corporation?
1. A stockholder
2. A member of the board of directors
3. An employee
4. A creditor
5. Leon Williams is an investor in Springfield Corporation. On September 1, Year One, he purchased 150 shares of stock at a price of $45 per share. On October 15, Year One, Springfield distributed dividends of $1.50 per share. On December 31, Year One, Springfield’s stock is selling for $47 per share. Which of the following is the value of Leon’s investment on December 31, Year One?
1. $6,750
2. $6,975
3. $7,050
4. $7,275
1. Explain how each of the following might use the information provided by the financial accounting of Nguyen Company.
1. Bank loan officer considering loaning money to Nguyen Company
2. Current employee of Nguyen Company
3. Potential employee of Nguyen Company
4. Current investor in Nguyen Company
5. Potential investor in Nguyen Company
6. A credit analyst of company wanting to sell inventory to Nguyen Company
2. Mark each of the following with an (F) to indicate if it is financial information or an (N) to indicate if it is nonfinancial information.
Metro Corporation has:
1. ____ Cash of $4,000,000
2. ____ A building that cost $50,000,000
3. ____ 2,000 employees
4. ____ Inventory worth $16,000,000
5. ____ 500 shares of capital stock
6. ____ 1,000 trucks
7. ____ Sales of $45,000,000
1. The chapter introduced several forms of business, including a corporation, sole proprietorship, and partnership. Other forms of business exist as well. Do research to compare and contrast the following business forms:
• Sole proprietorship
• Partnership
• Limited partnership
• C corporation
• S corporation
• Limited liability company (LLC)
Examine the following areas for each form of business: ease of organization and maintenance of form, number of people involved, government involvement, liability to owners, ease of exit, taxation, day-to-day management, and funding sources.
2. Corporations usually provide a good amount of financial information on their Web sites. Visit to access information about Starbucks. You will need to scroll down to the “about us” section and then choose “investor relations” on the left.
1. For what amount is Starbucks stock currently selling?
2. Give the year for the most current annual report listed under the Financial Data drop down menu
3. Name three members of Starbucks’ board of directors as given in the Corporate governance drop down menu.
4. Find the latest financial release under Press releases. What was the date of the latest release? What was the summary of what was reported in the press release?
3. Go the U.S. Department of Labor Web site at Here you can learn about the profession of accounting.
1. In general, what functions do accountants perform?
2. Briefly list the different types of accountants and what they do.
3. What education is required?
4. What is a CPA?
5. What are the typical requirements to become a CPA?
6. What other certifications are available for accountants?
7. What is the current job outlook for the accounting profession?
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What is SSD in Linux?
On the other hand, Solid State Drive (SDD) is modern storage technology and faster type of disk drive that stores the data on instantly-accessible flash memory chips. … If the output is 0 (zero), the disk is SDD. Because, SSDs won’t rotate. So the output should be zero if you have SSD in your system.
Is SSD good for Linux?
Using an SSD on Linux
The Linux platform supports SSDs quite well, as all filesystems available to users have access to powerful SSD optimization features built-in to the platform. However, not all Linux operating systems choose to enable SSD optimization features by default.
How use SSD Linux?
Upgrading your system to SSD: The easier way
1. Backup your home folder.
2. Remove the old HDD.
3. Replace it with your sparkling new SSD. (If you have a desktop computer remember you’ll need an adapter bracket; with SSDs it’s one size fits all. …
4. Re-install your favorite Linux distro from CD, DVD or flash drive.
How do I know if my Linux is SSD?
A simple way to tell if your OS is installed on SSD or not is to run a command from a terminal window called lsblk -o name,rota . Look at the ROTA column of the output and there you will see numbers. A 0 means no rotation speed or SSD drive. A 1 would indicate a drive with platters that rotate.
IMPORTANT: How much does a 4 TB SSD cost?
How much SSD is needed for Linux?
120 – 180GB SSDs are a good fit with Linux. Generally, Linux will fit into 20GB and leave 100Gb for /home. The swap partition is kind of a variable which make 180GB more attractive for computers which will use hibernate, but 120GB is more then enough room for Linux.
Is Ubuntu optimized for SSD?
In all versions of Ubuntu, Linux Mint and Debian, all tools automatically align filesystems and partitions to the optimal 4096 byte page size. So there’s no need to do anything for alignment on an SSD.
Does Linux run faster on SSD?
And my tests indicate the SSD is much faster the first time reading a large file, so SSD seems to be working fine. The difference seems to be the linux caching.
Do I need to format a new SSD before installing Linux?
You do not need to, however it’s advised to format the primary drive’s (SSD or HDD) primary partition (C: for Windows usually) before (re-)installing windows. If you you do not format it, leftovers of the previous windows installation will be found on your SSD hogging up space for no reason.
How move Linux HDD to SSD?
Here is what I did, step by step:
1. Install the SSD.
2. Boot from a USB and clone the HDD to SSD with dd.
3. Change the UUID of the new filesystem. …
4. Update the fstab on the new filesystem. …
5. Re-generate initramfs , reinstall and reconfigure grub.
6. Move SSD to the top in boot priority, done.
Is a 256GB SSD better than a 1TB hard drive?
IMPORTANT: Is magnetic drive better than SSD?
How much SSD is enough?
We recommend an SSD with at least 500GB of storage capaciy. That way, you’ll have enough space for your DAW tools, plugins, existing projects, and modest file libraries with music samples.
Where is the SSD located?
Information storage methods
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SSL Certificate Installation
Installation of a SSL Certificates on a single domain of your choice.
100 in stock
SKU: SSL Category:
What are SSL Certificates?
SSL Certificates provide secure, encrypted communications between a website and an internet browser. SSL stands for Secure Sockets Layer, the protocol which provides the encryption. SSL Certificates are typically installed on pages that require end-users to submit sensitive information over the internet like credit card details or passwords. Example pages include payment pages, online forms and login pages.
I will be installing Letsencrypt, which is a free, automated certificate authority which issues free certificates to the public. Noramlly SSL prices could go for well over $100 a year. What you paying for is the technical expertise to install Letsencrypt on your server. The certificate expires every 3 months but can be automatically renewing before than.
Working with Linux Servers Only.
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Mount Pico
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Mount Pico
Ponta do Pico
2010-08-09 Ponta do Pico 01.jpg
Aerial view of Mount Pico
Highest point
Elevation2,351 m (7,713 ft)[1]
Prominence2,351 m (7,713 ft)[1]
Parent peakNone - HP Pico
ListingCountry high point
Coordinates38°28′08″N 28°23′56″W / 38.46889°N 28.39889°W / 38.46889; -28.39889Coordinates: 38°28′08″N 28°23′56″W / 38.46889°N 28.39889°W / 38.46889; -28.39889[1]
Mount Pico is located in Azores
Mount Pico
Mount Pico
Location in the Azores, on the island of Pico
Mount Pico is located in Pico
Mount Pico
Mount Pico
Mount Pico (Pico)
Mount Pico is located in Atlantic Ocean
Mount Pico
Mount Pico
Mount Pico (Atlantic Ocean)
LocationPico Island, Azores
Parent rangeMid-Atlantic Ridge
Age of rock< 230,000 Years
Mountain typeStratovolcano
Last eruptionJuly to December 1720[2]
Easiest routeScramble, Class 2; YDS Grade II
Mount Pico Nature Reserve
Hike up Mountain Pico (Portugal's highest peak), Pico Island, Azores, Portugal (PPL2-Enhanced) 2 julesvernex2.jpg
Area13.41 km2 (5.18 sq mi)[3]
Visitors> 20,000 (in 2019)[4]
Governing bodyICNF
Mount Pico (Portuguese: Montanha do Pico) is a currently quiescent stratovolcano located on Pico Island, in the mid-Atlantic archipelago of the Azores. It is the highest mountain of Portugal, at 2,351 metres (7,713 ft) above sea level, and is one of the highest Atlantic mountains; it is more than twice the elevation of any other peak in the Azores. It is a designated nature reserve since 1972.
Eruptive history[edit]
Historical eruptions of Pico have occurred from vents on its flanks rather than the summit crater. In 1562–64, an eruption on the southeast flank produced lava flows which reached the sea. Another flank eruption in 1718 also produced flows which reached the coast.[5] The most recent eruption occurred in December 1720.
Mount Pico volcano is part of the Madalena Volcanic Complex, one of three volcanological units that comprise the island of Pico, associated with three historic eruptions in 1562, 1718 and 1720.[7] Current morphology suggests an age dating to the Holocene age, confirmed by radiocarbon dates younger than 6000 years.[7][8][9] Structurally, this complex can be subdivided into two other sections: the Pico Volcano and the East Fissural Zone.[7]
Pico is a stratovolcano (or composite), with a pit crater on its summit.[7] Pico Alto is the round crater about 500 meters (1,600 ft) in diameter and 30 meters deep that tops the volcano, with Piquinho or Pico Pequeno (both names meaning "small peak" in Portuguese), a small volcanic cone, rising 70 metres within it to form the true summit. Meanwhile, the East Fissural Zone comprises several alignments of Hawaiian/Strombolian cinder cones and associated lava flows, which overflowed many of the cliffs, cut in older units and originated lava deltas (Portuguese: fajãs).[7]
The tectonic structure is characterized by two fault systems.[7] The main WNW-ESE structures are the dextral faults of Lagoa do Capitão and Topo, that merge to the east, forming a narrow shallow graben (or trench).[7] To the west, the graben is completely covered by the Pico stratovolcano occurring less than 10,000 years ago, and infilled by lava flows and cones of the Eastern Fissural zone, that includes many of the volcanic alignments and scarps.[7] The second fault zone, running NNW-SSE, are markedly less in number and includes normal left lateral, oblique slip faults responsible for the main volcanic eruptions: the Lomba de Fogo-São João fault (basis of the 1718 eruption) and the Santo António volcanic alignment.[7]
On top of Pico (at Piquinho) there is an area of permanent degasification characterized by the emission of water vapour at a temperature of between 50 °C to 75 °C. In addition, other vents also exist between 1,500 metres (4,900 ft) and 2,000 metres (6,600 ft) above sea level, as well as diffuse degasification along the graben between the Lagoa do Capitão and Topo faults. There is also a carbon dioxide-rich spring in the locality of Silveira (along the southern coast of Lajes do Pico, formed in the base of Pico.
The observatory station in 2007
Mount Pico's long topographic isolation and low altitude marine boundary layer makes it an ideal place for the study of aerosol particles. In 1998, an observatory station (PICO-NARE) was placed on the summit caldera at 2,225 m (7,300 ft) altitude. The observatory was founded and is operated by the University of the Azores, with the cooperation of the Michigan Technological University, the Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, and the University of Colorado Boulder, along with other international scientists, and is designed to study the impacts that air pollutants emitted in North America and Europe have on the atmosphere over the North Atlantic Ocean.[10][11][12]
See also[edit]
2. ^ "Pico". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 2019-03-20.
3. ^ "Montanha Do Pico". Retrieved 14 June 2021.
4. ^ "Montanha do Pico em alta nas visitas: horário de apoio às subidas vai ser alargado" (in Portuguese). Público. Retrieved 6 July 2021.
6. ^ "Esclarecimento sobre a origem da coluna de vapor observada na Montanha do Pico". INSTITUTO DE INVESTIGAÇÃO EM VULCANOLOGIA E AVALIAÇÃO DE RISCOS. Retrieved 16 August 2020.
8. ^ Madeira (1998)
9. ^ Nunes (1999)
10. ^ "Research in the North Atlantic Marine Air". Pico Mountain Observatory. Retrieved 6 July 2021.
11. ^ Fialho, Paulo; Pacheco, José; Mazzoleni, Cláudio; Mazzoleni, Lynn; Henriques, Diamantino; Viveiros, Fátima (1 April 2019). "Pico Mountain Observatory on top of Pico Volcano". p. 18066. Retrieved 6 July 2021.
12. ^ "Welcome to the Pico Mountain atmospheric observatory's website". Retrieved 6 July 2021.
• Madeira, José; Silveira, António Brum da (October 2003), "Active Tectonics and First Paleoseismological Results in Faial, Pico and S. Jorge Islands (Azores, Portugal)", Annals of Geophysics (PDF), 46, Bologna, Italy: INGV, Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, pp. 733–761
External links[edit]
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1. Find a research idea (3 topics)
select a topic and search the literature to find an unanswered question.
2. Form a hypothesis.
3. Determine how you will define and measure your variables.
4. Identify the participants or subjects for the study, decide how they will be selected,
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Free Course Evaluation Forms (Excel, Word, PDF)
pomona college course evaluations form
Course evaluation form is an electronic or paper questionnaire used by the instructor to take response about their course and instructions. A course evaluation is basically a process of determining that to which extent the course objectives are being met. These surveys ultimately analyze the quality of learning the course offers. This allows the teachers to create or improve the course for the betterment of learning.
At the same time, within the education system, course evaluations assist in troubleshooting gaps. For example, you can compare the received feedback to the expected results. This helps the management in determining which sector needs improvement.
The benefits of taking Course Evaluations:
Taking a course evaluation provides you various benefits either you are in your mid-course or just about to complete your semester;
• By filling out course evaluation form you can reflect on your learning progress since you continue with your course. Evaluation allows you to identify what you have get over the past, what topics are your favorite, and which ones you didn’t understand well. It provides you best ways to make an improvement in the future.
• Through course evaluation, learners know about their strengths and weaknesses. They can decide to focus on courses that best match their interests. Furthermore, when reporting for the new quarters, they choose better classes. At the same time, by exploring options for a major, it helps students make better decisions.
• Course evaluation id the best way to assess the effectiveness of the teaching method. Evaluation keeps the teacher on the rightful course of teaching.
How to create an effective course evaluation?
To create an effective course evaluation enough planning is required. At first, you have to identify your goals and the type of information you would want to acquire. Below are some useful tips that you can use during the process;
Use precise and relevant questions:
It is essential to stay relevant to your question during creating the course evaluation. This way, you get the rightful feedback from the learners. For example, if you like to gather information from a specific course then you should ask the learner questions relating to the course in question. Moreover, include clear questions so that the chances of misinterpretations will be significantly reduced.
Use different question styles:
In order to get the desired response, you can frame your questions in different styles. You can include single response and multiple response questions. You can also use other set of questions. For short comment responses, you can use open-ended or close-ended questions.
Define your rating scale:
You can use scale rate questions in order to collect relative information about a specific evaluation topic. After selecting this direction, ensure that you clearly define your scales. You should clearly define your scale for easy reading and interpretation. Following can be your definition if you are using scale of 1-5;
1. Highly Dissatisfied
2. Dissatisfied
3. Neutral
4. Satisfied
5. Highly satisfied
Keep it concise:
It is always suggested that you should ask the most necessary questions. It is considered as a golden rule of thumb. Keep your evaluation straightforward for making it easier for the students. A shorted evaluation as compared to a lengthy evaluation generates a higher response rate.
Confidentiality is the most important factor of the course evaluation form. Students will provide sincere and candid response if you maintain privacy and confidentiality. Confidentiality also enhances the response rate.
In conclusion, a course evaluation form is an effective to identify the extent to which the course objectives are being met. This form is used to assess and improve the quality of teaching. This form usually contains a self-evaluation section, a faculty evaluation section, and a comment section. Keep this form always confidential.
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L'oeil de la Genève Internationale
July 2017
The 40th session of the Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC) takes place this week at CICG. The CAC is an intergovernmental body established by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) in 1963 to develop harmonized international food standards to protect the health of consumers and ensure fair practices in food trade.
The CAC is at the heart of the Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Programme, setting international standards and guidelines for nutrition, food safety and quality. It also develops the Codex Alimentarius, which is the collection of all standards and recommendations as guidance for national authorities.
The 188 Codex members, together with observers from intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations, represent 99% of the world's population. While Codex standards are recommendations for voluntary application by members, they serve in many cases as a basis for national legislation.
WHO, as the parent organization to Codex together with FAO, supports the work of Codex by providing science-based risk assessment on various chemical and microbiological hazards in food through the FAO/WHO Scientific Advice programme. It also supports developing and transition economy countries to engage sustainably in Codex. For this, the Codex Trust Fund has been established to support over 100 eligible countries to build strong and sustainable national capacity to engage in Codex work.
WHO also supports the Commission financially and by providing strategic guidance.
Why are international food safety standards so important?WHO estimates that almost 1 in 10 people fall ill every year due to foodborne disease and that 420,000 deaths are caused by unsafe food, with children under five years of age accounting for almost one third.
Developing food safety standards based on science are essential for preventing foodborne diseases. Not all countries have the resources to provide the science and develop the standards. Also, global trade of foods requires an internationally harmonized and agreed system based on scientific evidence. Within the World Trade Organization's "sanitary and phytosanitary" measures (SPS Agreement), reference is made to Codex food safety standards, as these are the international benchmark and have far reaching implications for resolving trade disputes.
Text provided by WHO
Diana Markosian is an Armenian-American photographer who is a Magnum nominee since 2016. She took this photographie in Afghanistan (Badakhshan) in 2011. This photo represents food being prepared by an Afghan woman.
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TIP! All foods contain glycemic index numbers that inform you of how they will impact your blood sugar levels based on their ingredients. Look for lower GI ratings if you struggle with diabetes.
Whether you, or someone else you know, suffers from diabetes, it is crucial that you are well-educated on the topic. It is our sincere hope that the information found in this article will help you and your loved ones cope with diabetes. The longer you put off dealing with the different health changes that need to be made, the more likely it is that the diabetes will cause serious health issues.
TIP! There are many other protein-packed foods you can eat, from dairy to eggs, beans to tofu. Avoid burnout by trying new foods and recipes.
Eating almonds can satisfy a snack craving without sending your blood sugar through the roof. Unsalted almonds are full of fiber, protein, and other nutrients, which are extremely healthy for you to ingest. Have a bowl on hand beside the sofa so you can easily snack on them while watching television.
TIP! If your child gets diagnosed with diabetes it can be overwhelming, but you can get through it. Diabetes is common these days, and there are new and effective treatments that can provide your child a long, normal life.
When you have diabetes, you need to learn to indulge your body in a healthier manner. It’s probably not necessary to remove sweets altogether from your diet. If your blood sugar levels are under control, eating desserts occasionally is not a problem. You can balance the consumption of desserts by not eating an equivalent amount of carbohydrates in your meal.
TIP! You will ensure your life will be easier to deal with if you stay organized. By having your supplies in the same location, and by eating and checking your levels at the same time, you can function like clockwork and worry less about serious complications.
Add walnuts to your salad. These healthy nuts can help keep diabetes in check by providing you with mono-saturated fats. These healthy fats help the cells of your body be more open and receptive to insulin. Walnuts also contain large amounts of vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants. They are an all-around great, healthy food.
You can find a lot of savings on diabetes medication by shopping online versus using the local pharmacy. Sometimes they will even deliver for you each month.
TIP! Instead of cutting all sugar out of your diet, learn to control yourself and moderate your intake of sweets so that you can keep your diabetes under control while still enjoying life. It is unlikely that you have to withhold all consumption of sweet food.
Find out which foods have a rather high glycemic index so you can avoid them. Foods such as breads, juices, desserts, cereal, and pastas have high glycemic indexes. Processed foods send your blood sugar on a roller coaster. Instead, try to focus on fresh fruits and vegetables, fish, and meat.
TIP! Walnuts can make a nutritious and tasty addition to a salad. Walnuts contain mono saturated fats which assists your health by making your cells receptive to insulin.
If you are expecting and suspect that you might have gestational diabetes, it is imperative that you ask your doctor to help you. If you are borderline diabetic during your pregnancy, cut back on your sugar and carbohydrate intake. Your doctor may prescribe certain medications that are safe to take during pregnancy, and he can also advise you of what to eat.
TIP! A snacking diabetic will have a hard time resisting the temptation that surrounds them daily. A piece of fresh fruit, carrot sticks or any complex carbohydrate is an energy-producing snack that is good for you.
TIP! If you have diabetes, you must pay attention to what you eat. Different foods will affect your blood glucose levels in different ways, so you will want to carefully monitor your food choices.
A snacking diabetic will have a hard time resisting the temptation that surrounds them daily. You need to exercise willpower and ditch that processed snack, and choose a complex carbohydrate such as vegetables or fruit instead.
TIP! Diabetes sufferers may find that it is helpful to eat small meals five to six times a day, instead of three square meals. It will be easier to stabilize your blood sugar levels if you have more frequent meals during the day.
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Home Uncategorized How Much Damage Will Ponding do to Corn?
How Much Damage Will Ponding do to Corn?
By Peter Thomison OSU Extension
The extent to which corn is injured by ponding is determined by several factors including: (1) plant stage of development when ponding occurs, (2) duration of ponding and (3) air/soil temperatures. Prior to the 6-leaf collar stage (as measured by visible leaf collars) or when the growing point is at or below the soil surface, corn can usually survive only 2 to 4 days of flooded conditions. Since most corn is not beyond the V5-V6 stage, it’s vulnerable to damage from ponding and saturated soil conditions. The oxygen supply in the soil is depleted after about 48 hours in a flooded soil. Without oxygen, the plant cannot perform critical life sustaining functions; e.g. nutrient and water uptake is impaired, root growth is inhibited, etc.
If temperatures are warm during ponding (greater than 77 degrees F) plants may not survive 24-hours. Cooler temperatures prolong survival of corn plants, so the lower temperatures forecasted this week should be beneficial. Once the growing point is above the water level the likelihood for survival improves greatly.
Even if ponding doesn’t kill plants outright, it may have a long term negative impact on crop performance. Excess moisture during the early vegetative stages retards corn root development. As a result, plants may be subject to greater injury during a dry summer because root systems are not sufficiently developed to access available subsoil water. Ponding can also result in losses of nitrogen through denitrification and leaching. Even if water drains quickly, there is the possibility of surface crusts forming as the soil dries that can impact the emergence of recently planted crops. Growers should be prepared to rotary hoe to break up the crust to promote emergence.
For corn that’s emerged, check the color of the growing point to assess plant survival after ponding. It should be white to cream colored, while a darkening and/or softening usually precedes plant death. For corn not yet emerged, evaluate the appearance and integrity of seeds or seedlings that have yet to emerge (likely rotting if discolored and softening). Look for new leaf growth 3 to 5 days after water drains from the field.
Disease problems that become greater risks due to ponding and cool temperatures include pythium, corn smut, and crazy top (https://oardc.osu.edu/ohiofieldcropdisease/t01_pageview2/Home.htm). Fungicide seed treatments will help reduce stand loss, but the duration of protection is limited to about two weeks. The fungus that causes crazy top depends on saturated soil conditions to infect corn seedlings. There is limited hybrid resistance to these diseases and predicting damage from corn smut and crazy top is difficult until later in the growing season. However the economic impact of these latter two diseases is usually negligible.
Indiana Farm Expo
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Internet Shakespeare Editions
Editor: Michael Best
Not Peer Reviewed
The First Blast of the Trumpet
John Knox (c. 1513-1572) was a passionate and vocal protestant, one of the founders of the Scottish Presbyterian Church. The First Blast of the Trumpet Against the Monstruous Regiment of Women was published in 1558, and is specifically directed against the catholic rule by women in Scotland and England: Mary of Guise, Dowager Queen of Scotland, Mary, Queen of Scots, and Queen Mary I of England. The title is rather misleading to modern eyes because Knox tended to be latinate in his use of vocabulary: monstrous means the slightly less extreme unnatural, and regiment means rule. Knox's polemic agains women in general became a problem for him when the protestant queen, Elizabeth I, came to the throne (in the same year the First Blast was published) and he lost influence as a result.
King Lear was written and performed almost fifty years after the publication of the First Blast. Although Knox's views were even in his time extreme, they provide a useful backdrop to the situation faced by those in the kingdom as Lear passes on his power to his daughters. It is telling that as he announces his action after banishing Cordelia he does not address his daughters but their husbands:
The sway,
Revenue, execution of the rest,
Beloved sons, be yours.
(TLN 144-146)
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A group of major industrialised countries who meet annually to discuss economic and political issues. The G8 is made up of Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Russia, the UK and the US. It started life as the G6 in 1975 before Canada joined in 1976 and Russia followed in 1997. The G8 nations represent more than 40% of global GDP. The annual summits are attended by the heads of government and the location changes each year depending on which member country holds the presidency.
This definition is for general information purposes only
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When was the first dinosaur discovered?
When did humans first discover dinosaurs?
In 1677, Robert Plot is credited with discovering the first dinosaur bone, but his best guess as to what it belonged to was a giant human. It wasn’t until William Buckland, the first professor of geology at Oxford University, that a dinosaur fossil was correctly identified for what it was.
Where did scientists discover the first dinosaurs?
Who was the first to see dinosaurs?
He was the scientist who made one of the planet’s most significant discoveries: the existence of dinosaurs. Yet Gideon Mantell’s place in history has for two centuries been overshadowed by a rival who stole his thunder.
IT IS INTERESTING: Frequent question: Why can't dinosaurs live today?
Who was the first dinosaur on earth?
Scientists say that Nyasasaurus is either the earliest known dinosaur or the closest known relative to the first true dinosaurs.
When was the first human born?
The first humans emerged in Africa around two million years ago, long before the modern humans known as Homo sapiens appeared on the same continent. There’s a lot anthropologists still don’t know about how different groups of humans interacted and mated with each other over this long stretch of prehistory.
What dinosaur is still alive?
When did last dinosaurs die?
Where was the last dinosaur found?
Chilean paleontologists announced Monday the discovery of a new species of giant dinosaurs called Arackar licanantay. The dinosaur belongs to the titanosaur dinosaur family tree but is unique in the world due to features on its dorsal vertebrae.
Can Velociraptors fly?
Feathered but flightless
Despite its wing-like arms, Velociraptor wouldn’t have been able to fly. ‘It didn’t have the apparatus needed to get an animal of its size off the ground,’ explains David. ‘Although it had a wishbone (fused collarbone) like in modern birds, it wasn’t the shape needed to support flapping wings.
IT IS INTERESTING: Did dinosaurs have forked tongues?
Where have most dinosaurs been found?
Did George Washington know about dinosaurs?
George Washington died in 1799. So he never knew dinosaurs existed. Instead, he was more likely to have believed that there was an extinct race of giant humans.
What were dinosaurs called before 1841?
It wasn’t until 1841 that British scientist Richard Owen came to realize that such fossils were distinct from the teeth or bones of any living creature. The ancient animals were so different, in fact, that they deserved their own name. So Owen dubbed the group “Dinosauria,” which means “terrible lizards.”
What was before dinosaurs?
Who was the last dinosaur to die?
Triceratops Was Last Dinosaur Standing
What is the tallest dinosaur?
Arguably the tallest dinosaur is Sauroposeidon proteles, a massive plant-eater discovered in North America. Thanks to a ludicrously long neck, it stood 17m (55 ft) tall, but relatively few fossils of it have been found.
IT IS INTERESTING: Your question: How many dinosaurs were found in India?
Archeology with a shovel
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Lucy Hughes
Index Award 2021 Finalists
Fish waste film without a footprint
What’s the design in a nutshell?
MarinaTex is the creator of a home-compostable flexible film made from fish waste. The material is developed as a planet-conscious alternative to translucent plastic film in the packaging industry. The material biodegrades in four to six weeks, doesn’t leach harmful chemicals, and has a higher tensile strength than low-density polyethene (LDPE) materials of the same thickness.
Why is it needed?
Plastic has thrived and survived to become the ultimate convenience product, which has led to many plastics becoming a go-to for quick fixes. This means that one of our most environmentally harmful and non-degradable products is only used in a fraction of its overall lifespan. That’s a quick thrill for a material that takes hundreds of years to biodegrade. This is the problem MarinaTex is trying to solve by designing solutions using circular economy principles to ensure sustainability throughout products’ life cycles.
How does it work?
This new bio-based material uses ingredients sourced from the sea, including fish waste, that would be destined for extensive post-processing or landfill. While researching the solution, future Founder Lucy Hughes was overcome with the strength, flexibility and robustness of skins and scales from fish wasted. In parallel, she also drew inspiration from the growing bioplastic movement/community.
This paved the way for a unique blend of organic ingredients that provide plastic-like qualities. MarinaTex's two main components for its film are fish waste and algae, with the former providing a flexible scaffold adding strength and durability and the latter acting as a glue that binds the film together.
"MarinaTex's two main components for its film are fish waste and algae."
How does it improve life?
The global plastic packaging market, which MarinaTex is targeting, is expected to grow at a compound annual growth rate of 4.2% from 2021 to 2028. Extrusion-based products, such as film, are still widely used in most consumer and industrial applications in big markets like the US, due to its durability. Especially for packaging food, which the demand for will grow as we’re expected to be 9.7 billion people in the world by 2050. Therefore, a circular, fish waste film alternative, that even outperforms its predecessor, could be an impactful step on the way to change the industry for the better.
It ties in with MarinaTex’s clear mission to develop solutions that benefit both people and the planet through circular solutions. The key idea is to highlight the importance of designing for form, function and footprint equally.
What’s the impact to date or projected impact?
Currently, MarinaTex is in discussions with collaborators and institutions to further develop the material and optimise it for particular applications, helping accelerate MarinaTex’s time to market. The company has been featured in Forbes, The Guardian and BBC Worldwide to name a few, and video content featuring MarinaTex went viral with one World Economic Forum video reaching 9.2 million views on TikTok.
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The Tools and how to use them I Survival Surveys Tool 12 Tool description Purpose of the tool Major benefits Using the tool Seedling survival surveys count and record live and dead trees after they have been planted. Some factors that have a bearing on survival are: species, site, configurations, spacing, weather, planting methods, protection, and management Height, circumference and general condition can be recorded for live trees. Possible reasons for mortality can be recorded for dead trees. * Provide information about correct site/species selections * Adjust stocking rates based on local survival expectations * Determine reasons for seedling mortality S Serves as an "early warning indicator" for both technical and social problems. S The stocking rates can be adjusted to maintain optimal stocking targets. S Indicates community interest (protection, management, watering) in trees. 1. Determine (through discussions with insiders) WHY a survival survey may be useful to them, HOW they may benefit from the information, and WHICH information they need. 2. Design the survival survey considering the specific information needs identified by insiders. There may be many considerations: different configurations woodlotss, alleycropping, boundary planting, compound planting, random field planting, etc.), variation in species, possible reasons for mortality (weather, animal browse,etc.), different sites (dry/wet, fertile/infertile, etc.). 3. In the design, decide HOW the survey will be conducted. There are a number of options: (a) When distributing seedlings, give each individual a card listing the number of each different species of seedling taken. Ask that the card be returned, with survival recorded, when receiving seedlings the following season. Check the validity of the information by conducting physical spot checks on some of the cards. Toolbox Page 116
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Science & Physics Technology
Artificial Intelligence: a pattern of things to come
Artificial Intelligence, or AI is one of the most enduring themes of science fiction. How close are we? Depends what you want from AI. If you were to map the progress of Artificial Intelligence along the progression of a humans life, in many respects, AI is still a toddler playing with coloured blocks…
AI in the real world
If you want your car breaks to work when it’s wet, or your investments not to go south when a key market drops suddenly, then AI has those things covered. But if you’ve been reading Isaac Asimov and you fancy the idea of your own personal robot assistant, then you’re going to have to wait.
As enduring an idea AI is, we are probably many decades from something even close to a functional sentient cybernetic life form, capable of reasoning, forethought, insight and studious deeds & actions.
However, before those days come to pass, much work remains. And of those working hard to resolve the basic concepts behind more functional AI are the very smart people at MIT:
“Humans have a natural tendency to find order in sets of information, a skill that has proven difficult to replicate in computers. Faced with a large set of data, computers don’t know where to begin — unless they’re programmed to look for a specific structure, such as a hierarchy, linear order, or a set of clusters.”
As I’ve said before, the human brain is possibly the most advanced pattern recognition engine there is. When you think about it, our minds are constantly either looking for new patterns, or monitoring the progress of the cycles we live within, or measure our lives by.
Take time, for example, which is a succession of patterns within patterns. We measure the progress of time as series of units, such as seconds, hours, days, weeks, months and years, with each larger unit being comprised of a finite and fixed number of the preceding units.
To us, this is a simple system to grasp and is probably no less complex for a suitably equipped computer. However, what if we had a room with a random selection of twenty people in it — how do we organize those people?
That’s when things become measurably far more complex.
“Now, in an advance that may impact the field of artificial intelligence, a new model developed at MIT can help computers recognize patterns the same way that humans do. The model, reported earlier this month in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, can analyze a set of data and figure out which type of organizational structure best fits it.”
This work is huge step forward. Our understanding of patterns is borne out of simple observation; we’re readily capable of sorting through almost anything based entirely on the data supplied to us by our senses.
For a computer, this initial sorting process is where things invariably go horribly and hideously wrong.
“The model considers a range of possible data structures, such as trees, linear orders, rings, dominance hierarchies, clusters, etc. It finds the best-fitting structure of each type for a given data set and then picks the type of structure that best represents the data … Humans perform the same feat in everyday life, often unconsciously.”
Find a child of or around the age of five, sit them down, give them a box of coloured shapes and some time after they’ve got bored with playing with the box the shapes came in, they’ll begin to do something truly unique — the child will tend towards sorting the shapes by one pattern or another.
It can be something totally esoteric as colour or shape preference, but it’s something no computer has even slightest chance of replicating. From this starting point, you can see clearly the size of the challenge faced by these scientists, some of which are luminaries in their respective fields.
Right now, the most advanced AI software is barely as smart as a toddler when it comes to distinguishing patterns.
Visual challenges to AI
An icon of corporate identity design is the legendary IBM logo. This typeform logo is the three letters of the acronym, made up of horizontal lines. To us, this is simple to read. To a computer, they see only lines.
Similarly, any letters containing irregular lines, ligatures, or letters composed of other forms, such as dots or dashes are equally illegible. To anyone with the reading ability of a ten year-old, those words are most likely entirely readable.
In fact, such is the problem, these obfuscated letters & numbers are the very foundations of the CAPTCHA, a notoriously strong encryption system that befuddles rogue software intent on smattering comment spam on blogs like this one. A working example of a CAPTCHA can be found on my Contact page.
However, in an attempt to draw out every last remaining salable word on the web, Google have patented a system to read text within images. As an advance in technology, it’s a significant one. But if they have a working technology, then it’s a system that can be replicated by those intent on filling our blogs with utterly spurious and sometimes grossly offensive comments for profit.
So raise a glass for AI .. then drown the sorrows of bloggers the world over.
Artificial Intelligence — still looking for clues
To my mind, there’s nothing artificial about intelligence, be it the byproduct of a sentient life form, such as a human or a cetacean like a dolphin, or even a computer, if there is a true intelligence, then by definition it’s real.
In any case, semantics aside, we still have a room containing twenty people and computer only just coming to terms with a series of coloured, shaped blocks.
Our five year-old child could probably make a lot of sense from this room full of people. First of all, they could break our group down into some pretty obvious groupings, such a gender, race, age at a push and size with a few giggles and embarrassed expressions thrown in.
Our computer? Still playing the with coloured blocks, I’m afraid! This one’s a challenge too far. Worse still, our precocious five year-old child is now showing off; the man in the fireman’s uniform is obviously a fireman, the woman with the white coat and the stethoscope is obviously a doctor, and so on and so forth.
A voyage of self discovery
As you can see, the challenges faced by Artificial Intelligence are still colossal. But the future holds vast promise. Before we are able to equip any computer with the requisite wherewithal of a human, we must first know more about ourselves — and that to me is the great voyage that AI offers the human race.
We’ll be forced to delve deeper into our own psyche, peering into the very recesses of our consciousness, searching for the enigmatic source of the truly defining quality that separates humans from our fellow animals…
Recommended reading
By Wayne Smallman
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Mine your business sustainably
Extracting natural resources from the earth is not a sustainable activity but some mining companies are now seeing the business case for ensuring their operations are efficient, finds Leigh Stringer
There is no escaping the fact that mining by its nature consumes, causes mass waste and can significantly pollute water resources. On the other hand mining is second only to agriculture as the world's oldest and most important industry.
The mineral and mineral-based products extracted through mining are a fundamental part of the economic and social fabric of modern society, as many are used to produce metals, ceramics, fertilizers, pharmaceuticals and chemicals, to name but a few.
Coal, oil and gas are other minerals extracted that are currently crucial for sustaining life but are also a substantial threat to the environment. It could be argued that the resulting deterioration of the environment and fast depletion of natural resources through mining threatens the sustainability of economic development and that one of the most intricate challenges the global community faces is finding and developing a feasible solution to grow the economy without harming the environment.
However, according to one of the world's largest mining company's, Anglo-American, work is being carried out to take on this challenge. Speaking to Anglo American's head of sustainable development and energy, Samantha Hoe-Richardson says that many in the mining industry are tarnishing the industry's reputation through their inability to drive sustainable operations, while others are making significant efforts.
She stresses that mining is increasing its positive contribution, in terms of a sustainable future for the planet. "Mining as an activity is not sustainable because you are digging great big holes in the ground. But sustainable development, as it relates to mining, I think mining can make a significant contribution," she says.
Although not immediately obvious, Hoe-Richardson makes some interesting points around the mining industry's role in producing commodities that help create renewable technologies. "Obviously on the front end of our industry we are producing commodities that have the potential to really put the world on a different track in terms of climate change and use of resources, like copper for example. An electric vehicle has three times the amount of copper than a normal vehicle," says Hoe-Richardson.
Another example is the use of platinum in fuel cells, which are also being heavily used and tested in the motor industry to reduce the use of fossil fuels in vehicles. Mining's contribution to the planet is quite apparent. Without mining we would not have the materials needed to create lifesaving pharmaceutical's or metals for technologies that can improve society. Therefore, it is the operational side of the business that is causing the most significant impact and Hoe-Richardson says this is where the most work is being carried out.
Anglo American has made it clear over the last few years that its sustainability drive will focus on its footprint and has committed to operating within the International Council of Mining Metals framework for sustainable development. The company is also reporting its performance using the Global Reporting Initiative’s G3 guidelines.
"The challenge for us is within our operations, which is where most of our footprint is, particularly from a water and carbon perspective. We don't have a long-tail supply chain, it's not like we're a brewer or a Unilever, who has long-tail supply chains involving agriculture, which has impacts.
"Obviously there is the potential negative impact on the coal side, in terms of coal emissions. But, equally, you have to balance that with the economics which is that large parts of the world are energy poor and access to energy is a fundamental driver for lifting people out of poverty," she adds.
The impact mining has on local communities has meant that stricter protection and more dialogue with communities has been essential in receiving environmental permits and approval from local people.
"That's where our core focus has to be and that's where we have the potential to make the most difference. Because very often, particularly in our company, our geographical overlays are really biased much more towards developing countries, so that's where we have a much greater opportunity as well.
"Those communities around us often lack basic services, reliable supply of water, energy, education and health. So those are all the areas where we can make a meaningful contribution so that essentially that community wants us to be around them".
This is also where the company see's a competitive advantage "if you work on the presumption that what people term the social license to operate," says Hoe-Richardson. The company is also looking closely at its water consumption and has made significant reductions since targets were implemented. Aiming to re-use and recycle as much water as possible, the group met nearly 70% of its operational water requirements by recycling or re-using water during 2011.
"We set ourselves a 2020 water target and one year in we're half way to achieving that target and it's because our business units have seen the commercial aspect of resource efficiency. Political gains are to be had from this and people have woken up to the opportunities. The first half of this year our water costs doubled, not because we were using more water, or the price was going up, it is because we are getting better at monitoring consumption".
Hoe-Richardson also highlighted the impact energy efficiency figures are having on driving sustainability as a business case. "Similarly the energy efficiency projects in [2012], which is the first year we have been able to calculate this figure, have yielded savings of $75m (£48m). So that is something I can use to show people around the business to say that the environment can be a cost lever.
"It's not only minimising our impact we're reducing our costs. And making that part of the core business helps you establish a track record and a belief that 'actually this is good' - it's good for business and it's good for the planet".
Leigh Stringer is the energy and sustainability editor for edie
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Often asked: What Iis The Wavelength Of Infrared Waves?
What is the frequency and wavelength of infrared waves?
Infrared radiation (IR radiation for short) describes electromagnetic waves in the spectral range between visible red light and longer-wave microwave radiation (also known as terahertz radiation). Infrared (IR) has wavelengths λ between 780 nm and 1 mm, which corresponds to a frequency range from 300 GHz to 400 THz.
What is the frequency of the infrared wave?
IR radiation consists of electromagnetic waves, which oscillate with a frequency of 3×1011 to 4×1014 Hz. The corresponding wavelength range is 103 to 0.78 μm.
Is infrared high wavelength?
Infrared waves have longer wavelengths than visible light and can pass through dense regions of gas and dust in space with less scattering and absorption.
Which of the following is infrared wavelength?
IR frequencies range from about 300 gigahertz (GHz) up to about 400 terahertz (THz), and wavelengths are estimated to range between 1,000 micrometers (µm) and 760 nanometers (2.9921 inches), although these values are not definitive, according to NASA.
You might be interested: Quick Answer: What Does An Infrared Filter For Camera Do?
How do you find the wavelength of infrared radiation?
To find wavelength ( λ ), the equation is manipulated so that λ=cν. What is the wavelength of a electromagnetic wave that has a frequency of 4.95×1014 Hz? Once you have frequency, you can use the first equation c=λ⋅ν to find the wavelength.
How does the wavelength of infrared compared with the wavelength of ultraviolet waves?
Infrared waves have a wavelength 1,000x longer than ultraviolet waves (10^-16 vs 10^-13). The amplitude (or height) of an electromagnetic wave is proportional to its intensity.
What is wavelength of gamma rays?
Gamma rays have frequencies greater than about 10^19 cycles per second, or hertz (Hz), and wavelengths of less than 100 picometers (pm), or 4 x 10^9 inches.
Which of the following represents the wavelength?
Wavelength is usually denoted by the Greek letter lambda (λ); it is equal to the speed (v) of a wave train in a medium divided by its frequency (f): λ = v/f.
Which of the following is infrared wave number?
The infrared range covers 700-1000 nm (wavelength), or 14,286-12,800 cm1 (wavenumber), and ultraviolet radiation has wavenumbers above these, approximately, 25,000 – 50,000 cm1, or 100 to 400 nm (wavelength).
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If Athletes Train the Body, Why Not Train the Brain?
According to Merriam-Webster dictionary, an athlete is a person who is trained or skilled in exercises, sports or games requiring physical strength, agility, or stamina. A popular belief may be that the bigger, faster, and quicker an athlete is, the better. While physical characteristics differ among the sport being played and even within the same sport, all athletes spend a lot of their time conditioning their bodies to be physically fit for the sport they play. But what about conditioning their minds?
One company believes they’ve found a way to help athletes mentally prepare for the rigor of sports. Halo Neuroscience develops and sells the Halo Sport neurosimulation headset. Their product aims to “trigger a neuroplasticity state in which neurons in the motor cortex can more easily build and strengthen neural connections to muscles.” The motor cortex of the brain contributes to the planning, control, and execution of voluntary movements, such as running. For a period of 20 minutes, the headset delivers electrical pulses through comb-like elastic foam nibs to the motor cortex. Following this session, users will have about an hour to better learn whatever activity they want to practice. Halo’s target market is athletes looking to improve their strength or endurance through repetitive training exercises, as well as improve other skills involving muscle memory.
Technology provides an opportunity for athletes to gain a competitive edge over their opponents. Halo Neuroscience was co-founded in 2013 by Daniel Chao, who earned his MD and MS in neuroscience at Stanford University. Chao recognizes the importance of the brain in sport, and his ideas are catching on. The NFL, MLB, Olympic sport, and pro cycling have begun to take advantage of his company’s product and have seen positive results. He describes the technology as a “pre-workout for the brain,” immediately giving athletes a sensation of motor readiness that they normally may not feel until 20 or 30 minutes into a workout.
However, this so-called game changer carries with it legal risks. Neurotechnology if misused has the potential to allow undue influence on people’s behavior or cause serious physical or psychological harm. The first question that will need to be explored is whether the traditional right to privacy covers the data contained in and generated by our minds. Traditional privacy laws are focused on safeguarding external information. With the Halo Sport neurosimulation headset connected to an application with Bluetooth, technology is requiring a more modern understanding of privacy. In the future, with the likelihood that neuroscience will play a larger role, the protection of the data produced by one’s neural processing will become a main concern. A formal right to mental privacy may need to be introduced to address this.
Additionally, the use of neurotechnology may result in direct harm to the user. As identified by Ienca and Haselager, neurocriminal activities that influence neural computation of users are analogous to how computers are hacked in computer crime. Such criminal agents could override the signal sent by the user to the device and hijack the user’s control over the application and device itself. As suggested by Ienca and Andorno, the right to mental integrity should include the right of all individuals to protect their mental dimension from potential harm. Not only that, but the use of such devices carry the risk that people may misuse them and suffer a negative impact on their neural functioning.
Needless to say, with neurotechnology becoming more prevalent, certain rights, such as the right to mental privacy and mental integrity, need to be addressed.
BZ. Allison, EW. Wolpaw, et al. “Hacking the Brain: Brain–Computer Interfacing Technology and the Ethics of Neurosecurity.” Ethics and Information Technology, Springer Netherlands, 1 Jan.
Ienca, Marcello, and Roberto Andorno. “Towards New Human Rights in the Age of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology.” Life Sciences, Society and Policy, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Dec. 2017.
“Is Neuroscience the Future of Sports Science?” NeuroTracker, 25 Oct. 2018.
“Will Neuropriming Be A Game-Changer for Sport Performance?” Leaders, 28 July 2017.
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Universal Approach Case Study
933 Words4 Pages
Murphy (1986) reminds us that in the U.K., the popularity of medical genetics and the abuse of Darwinism created increasingly racial and racist accounts of why certain groups of people were more degraded or tainted than others. Very little was known or researched on what was happening to large groups of individuals who were needing or seeking help in the context of alienation and disadvantage.
Power in the two approaches
Foucault points out that juridical systems of power produce the subjects they subsequently come to represent” Power in transcultural psychotherapy inevitably “reproduces” what it claims merely to “ represent”, which is decentralization and seclusion.
Fukuyama (1991) commented that “many people belonging to cultural groups who do not fit within the dominant culture power structure experience various forms
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What this approach dose ultimately seeks to do away with vital domains of difference or cultural difference. Differences which emerge from and through being socialized within the framework of a particular group. The aim of the Universal approach is to enable the psychotherapist and counselor to overlook and not to be effected by difference. This domination influences the counseling process.
The advantage of the universal approach is that it reminds us that humans have many characteristic and attributes in common and that all people are unique as individuals. The Universal approach argues that any human difference can be considered cultural. Margolis and Rungta (1986) shared with other Universalist the position that “ the psychological consequences of being ‘ different’ are common across special populations, regardless of whether individual are members of an ethnic minority, homosexual or disabled” Margolis&
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Describe measurements sociologists use to calculate prejudice.
Several quantititative methods of measuring prejudice are described at
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Sociologists love attitude surveys, last time I had any contact with them.
I searched Google under the key words "prejudice measure" to get these additional possible sources:
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Often asked: What Style Of Paintings Did Henri Matisse Make?
What style of art is Henri Matisse known for?
What techniques did Henri Matisse use?
Why did Matisse stop painting?
Did Henri Matisse use oil paint?
Henri Matisse mainly worked with oils to produce his paintings. However, later, as his work developed, he made his artworks with very simple gouache and white paper materials. He created the most complex and colorful works of art with only two simple materials and a pair of scissors.
How much does a Matisse cost?
The piece had been estimated by the house to sell for at least $70 million; it hammered for $71.5 million. (The final price includes buyer’s premium.) The record for a Matisse at auction was the $49 million paid at Christie’s New York in 2010 for a 1978 cast of one of his 1930 sculptures of a woman’s back.
You might be interested: Readers ask: What To Put In Between Paintings?
What does Fauvism stand for?
How many paintings did Matisse?
Henri Matisse – 1008 artworks – painting.
How old is Matisse?
Henri Émile Benoît Matisse ( French: [ɑ̃ʁi emil bənwa matis]; 31 December 1869 – 3 November 1954) was a French artist, known for both his use of colour and his fluid and original draughtsmanship.
What is quash paint?
Gouache (/ɡuˈɑːʃ, ɡwɑːʃ/; French: [ɡwaʃ]), body color, or opaque watercolor, is a water-medium paint consisting of natural pigment, water, a binding agent (usually gum arabic or dextrin), and sometimes additional inert material.
What was Matisse last painting?
Beside the fireplace: Matisse’s last painting, Woman in Yellow Blouse, 1951.
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Sitting is "the new smoking". Here's how to protect yourself from its side-effects.
Image: The Mad Men offices definitely didn’t have treadmill desks…
While you’re probably already aware that sitting on your bum for hours on end is Public Health Enemy #1, there’s a growing body of evidence that is revealing just how damaging it can be.
For instance, it’s been linked to a heightened risk of diabetes, heart disease, different types of cancer, high blood pressure and obesity, and can impact on your mental wellbeing. Short-term, you can also end up with a seriously sore back.
RELATED: Forget standing desks. You need a human hamster wheel
More concerning still, sitting can also dramatically increase your risk of dying early — a NSW-based study found adults who sat for more than 11 hours per day were 40 percent more likely to die within three years than their more active counterparts.
That sounds like a lot of hours, but if you work in an office there’s a good chance your sitting tally isn’t far off the mark, especially when you factor in the additional time you spend sitting in the car or train, or perched in front of the TV at night. The average Aussie is estimated to sit for between 8-12 hours a day, so there are certainly a lot of us out there racking up the double digits.
This growing awareness of the perils of sitting has sparked some interesting new office trends, particularly standing desks and their more hardcore cousins, treadmill desks.
Victoria Beckham is a fan of the treadmill desk - and of course she wears high heels while using it.
These desks aren't a new concept — Virginia Woolf, Ernest Hemingway and Winston Churchill were known to stand as they worked — but we could be seeing more of them in the near future. Sydney chiropractor Dr Hooman Zahedi recently predicted standing desks will be common in city offices in five years' time.
RELATED: 12 ways to get more movement into your day (without actually exercising)
“Already a few of the major banks have introduced standing desks and I think we’ll see them becoming more widespread ... Sitting is the new smoking; it’s the new cancer," he told News Corp.
Another office trend that's getting people up and out of their seats is standing meetings — something we're rather fond of here in The Glow office. There are other benefits, too; meetings are less likely to drag on unnecessarily when you're on your feet, and a study last year found workers were more engaged and less territorial in standing meetings than in seated ones. Big wins all 'round.
Standing desks are one thing, but this man invented a human hamster wheel.
However, if your workplace is a little slow on the uptake when it comes to these new-wave trends, you're going to have to watch your own back, quite literally, and make an effort to sit less.
Matthew Squires, founder of Physio Gym physiotherapy, recommends these simple tricks as ways to get you moving without you even realising:
RELATED: Make a real difference to your health in less than 6 minutes*
1. Exercise
For every hour you spend sitting, commit to five minutes of exercise — so, if you work 40 hours in a week, do at least 3.5 hours of exercise over that time. Regular workouts will obviously do the trick, but taking a walk around the block, or to the other end of the office to say hi to a far-flung colleague, once an hour can also add up. Hey, it's also a great excuse to go grab a coffee...
2. Stretch
Do regular stretches while sitting at your desk. Neck, shoulder and spinal twists and hip flexor stretches take no time at all, but will help to ward off sore back muscles. Considering half of Squires' clients present with lower back pain, it's a good idea to keep this in mind.
3. Drink up
Water, that is. This isn't an episode of Mad Men.
"Keep a glass of water on your desk, rather than a larger bottle, to force you to get up and refill it," Squires says. The added benefit of doing this, aside from keeping you adequately hydrated, is that you'll also need to go to the bathroom. A lot. And obviously that involves leaving your desk. Genius.
RELATED: A foolproof way to drink more water (and love it)
4. Walk and talk
Even if your superiors aren't planning on stocking up on ergonomic furniture and equipment for the office, suggest they embrace walking meetings. "You'd be surprised how quicker you get through an agenda when you're on your feet," Squires says.
If you're finding you're a bit sore and stiff at the end of the day, there are some stretches you can do at home that'll help stretch you out. Try these five yoga poses, recommended by Rachel Fearnley, retreat manager at Escape Haven Retreat:
Of course, if your back pain is serious you should consult your doctor or physio to find out what can be done to remedy your aches.
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Home » Cause » Lawns for Climate Restoration Challenge
Lawns for Climate Restoration Challenge
Without quick-release fertilizer, lawns are healthier with more growth capturing more carbon to slow the Climate Crisis.
Act in the interests of healthy lawns and soils,
Use less water, causing less runoff pollution,
Draw more carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere,
Pledge not to use quick-release fertilizer or Round-Up on your lawn,
Invite your friends and neighbors,
Join us for greener, cleaner landscapes.
Capture Carbon to Achieve Net Zero Emissions
Massachusetts has passed a law calling for “net zero” carbon emissions by 2050. It’s time to take more carbon from the atmosphere through photosynthesis. Let plants store carbon in healthier soils.
Why Stop Using Quick-release Fertilizer?
What is Slow-release Fertilizer? (Click here for more information and videos)
Team up by clicking here for contest entry form
Why Abstaining from Lawn Fertilizer Can Save Your Lawn, Your Home, and Help Fight Climate Change
Top Twelve Reasons Not to Spread Quick-release fertilizer
Healthy lawns and soils fun facts
What’s good about 100% slow-release fertilizer spread in the fall.
Rob and Kaity talk about how your team can gather pledges to win the prize.
Who is talking about Lawns for Climate Restoration, See testimonials
Make a donation
in support of ORI interns working with groups tackling The Challenge
Where We're Working On This
Lawns for Climate Restoration Challenge. See where we're actively working on this.
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Missed out on the product management event of the year?
Watch here
Product Management Glossary
In agile, the definition of done is an agreement between a product team on the set of conditions that must be true in order to consider backlog items truly done.
The Agile Manifesto is a document written up by a group of 17 developers called the Agile Alliance. It details four key values and 12 principles that software developers should adhere to for their work. It’s important to note that the Agile Manifesto doesn’t prescribe a specific methodology or framework. Instead, it proposes a mindset that software developers should adopt.
Along with the four values of the Agile Manifesto, there are 12 principles you need to be aware of. These principles go into a little more detail and expand upon the four values.
The Agile Manifesto consists of four key values. We look at each in detail.
Backlog grooming is a regular session where backlog items are discussed, reviewed, and prioritized by product managers, product owners, and the rest of the team. The primary goal of backlog grooming is to keep the backlog up-to-date and ensure that backlog items are prepared for upcoming sprints.
Dual-track agile is an agile methodology that contains two separate tracks. There’s the “Discovery” track, and the “Delivery” track. Dual-track agile enables product teams to work on research and product development in parallel.
In Agile product management, epics are used to organize tasks and create hierarchy in the development process. Before delivery work can begin, product people must break epics down into bite-sized "stories" that can more readily be brought to life as real working functionality...
The 5 whys method is an iterative approach to get past surface-level problems and uncover the underlying cause. See why 5 whys is useful for product managers, and learn how to conduct a 5 whys analysis step-by-step.
Jobs-to-be-Done is a framework that helps you focus on a user’s needs by separating it from the solution. JTBD analyzes why people make their purchases.
A core component of the lean philosophy is the Minimum Viable Product (MVP). Using MVPs correctly will help you focus on what matters the most while saving you valuable time and effort during product development.
In agile development, a product backlog is a list of all things — new features, bug fixes, improvements, changes to existing features, and other product initiatives — that product teams must prioritize and deliver in order for a product to strategically come to life.
The product development process is the entire process for taking a new product from an idea to market. There are several different models or frameworks you can adopt in your organization to effectively and efficiently build new products. We detail the most popular ones.
Product differentiation is what sets your product apart from you competitors’ products. The product differentiation process involves discovering the characteristics of your product that your customers value and are unique to you.
Here’s a look at what product features are, how they tie in with benefits, how you represent features, and how you incorporate features into product planning.
Product-led growth is a go-to-market strategy that relies on product usage as the primary driver of acquisition, conversion, and expansion. We dive into the benefits of a product-led growth model and key metrics of success.
Whether it’s a single person or an entire team, the goal of Product Ops is to streamline and improve the product team’s work so there is a more consistent approach to managing tools and processes and the various facets of what it takes to run a successful product team.
Prioritization in product management is the disciplined process of evaluating the relative importance of work, ideas, and requests to eliminate wasteful practices and deliver customer value in the quickest possible way, given a variety of constraints. Here are frameworks to leverage.
A product requirements document (PRD) is an artifact that product teams use to describe the solution they are providing in order to solve a specific problem.
Scrum Master is a role defined in the Scrum framework that is responsible for helping everyone understand Scrum theory, practices, rules, and values. If you’re filling the role of Scrum Master, here is the meaning and your responsibilities.
For product managers, it is incredibly important to get buy-in and support from stakeholders. That's where the stakeholder analysis comes in. Here's why stakeholder analysis is important, and a step-by-step guide to loop key influencers into your product decisions.
A user story is a simple description of something that a user of your product wants to achieve. It often involves one feature or aspect of your product, and is written from the user’s perspective. Here's everything you need to know.
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NASA Multi-Sensor Improved Sea Surface Temperature Project
A five-year mission to collect the first Arctic upper ocean temperature profiles with a full suite of surface measurements, which are expected to improve modeling of diurnal warming.
operation area
Chukchi Sea
deployment location
Dutch Harbor, AK
NASA’s Multi-Sensor Improved Sea Surface Temperature project (MISST) is an international and inter-agency collaboration to improve weather and climate research and prediction by providing better-quality ocean temperature measurements from satellites. Over a period of five years (skipping 2020), Saildrone will send a group of vehicles to the Chukchi Sea to collect surface and subsurface data including but not limited to air temperature, sea surface skin and bulk temperatures, salinity, oxygen and chlorophyll-a concentrations, barometric pressure, and wind speed and direction.
The data from these cruises is expected to provide some of the first Arctic upper ocean temperature profiles collected with a full suite of surface measurements, leading to significant improvements in modeling diurnal warming. This new data will also substantially benefit the project by providing additional Arctic sea surface temperature observations for algorithm development and validation, and provide additional data for studies of air-sea-ice interactions.
The 2019 mission part of a was a joint effort between NOAA and the National Ocean Partnership Program (NOPP) Arctic MISST study. Four of six vehicles deployed sailed into the Chukchi Sea to run transects approaching the southern sea ice edge.
Real-time comparisons of the 2019 Saildrone data with numerical models revealed that surface net heat fluxes in the Arctic vary substantially, short-range numerical predictions can be very good for certain variables but not for others, and they deviate quickly from saildrone in situ observations as the prediction range increases.
“All of our buoys are located along the coasts of the United States, Europe, near India and Asia, and along the tropics. We aren’t able to deploy and maintain buoys in the Arctic. We have to rely on satellite data to understand Arctic ocean temperatures and how they’re changing with climate change.”
Chelle Gentemann, senior scientist at the Farallon Institute and mission PI
The 2019 mission set a new Saildrone northern latitude record of 75.49°N.
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29 Sep 2021
Are Dental X-Rays Safe?
Dental x rays are an essential part of dentistry. Without seeing into the tooth via an x-ray, it would be much more challenging to diagnose dental issues accurately. However, radiation in large amounts can be dangerous, but how much is too much, and are there other risks to getting x-rays?
Radiation Levels
Radiation levels in each x-ray are incredibly minimal. When you have multiple x-rays regularly, you start having problems from regular radiation exposure; radiation in small amounts so long as you are healthy isn’t dangerous.
Usually, you will only receive a dental x-ray once a year; if you’re getting x-rays more frequently than that, you should inquire why and ask about the risks of radiation on your body. There are also several reasons you should avoid an x-ray which we’ll go over later.
Cancer Risk
X-rays directly expose you to radiation that increases your risk of cancer later in life by a minuscule amount. When often used, this tiny amount adds up, and your chances of getting cancer increase even more, which is why you should only get an x-ray when you need one.
When to Avoid X-Rays
There are several reasons you should try to avoid x rays, and you should always let us know if they apply. If you are pregnant, have had cancer in the past, or are concerned about if the x-ray is needed, you should let us know or ask us questions.
If you’re concerned about x-rays or radiation, rest assured our office only performs x-rays that are necessary for your dental health. Feel free to contact us anything about your dental health, same-day crowns in Jupiter, x-rays, or radiation at your next appointment!
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Legendary swords
In Tolkien’s universe, the swords often have names and a history attached to them. This is found in a long list of medieval stories, chronicles and legends. One of the most famous is about the sword Excalibur – the Sword in the Stone. Arthur, who otherwise comes from a poor background, is the only one who can pull the sword out of the stone, showing himself to be the next king of England. In England, Edward the Confessor’s sword, the Sword of Mercy, which was broken by an angel to avoid unjust bloodshed, is still a part of the British coronation ceremony.
Charlemagne also had a famous sword, “Joyeuse”, which according to the Song of Roland (poem from c. 1100) changed colour 30 times a day. It has since been used in the French coronation ceremony. Equally famous are Durendal and Curtana, the swords of Charlemagne’s heroes Roland and Holger Danske. They are said to be forged from the same steel. Curtana was said to have originally belonged to Tristan (from the story of Tristan and Isolde), but was made smaller to fit Holger Danske.
In Scandinavia, Vølsungesaga tells of how Odin sticks a sword through a solid oak beam and no one can pull it out, apart from Sigmund, thus showing himself to be the gods’ chosen warrior. He is later killed by Odin in battle, and the sword breaks. Legend has it that Sigmund’s son will win greater adulation than any other man with the reforged sword. Seen from a Tolkien perspective, there are obvious references to the reforged sword Narsil used by Aragorn to regain his royal title and oust Sauron’s evil.
Finally, there is the Danish Prince Sweyne, who died in Asia Minor during the First Crusade. A poem about the Crusade from the late 16th century tells of the sword of the Danish Prince Sweyne. It was recovered and given to a German knight named Rinaldo to avenge the death of Sweyne. In Rinaldo’s hand, the sword was the first Christian sword to come over the walls of Jerusalem when the city fell to the Crusaders in 1099. The story was fully utilised by Christian IV in Denmark (1588–1648). He had a large painting done, showing the discovery of Sweyne’s sword. It is probably the sword which is part of the chivalric order ordained by the king, called “Den Væbnede Arm” (the armoured arm).
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WikiPendium :: RecentChanges :: RecentlyCommented :: UserSettings :: You are
(Direct Memory Access)
DMA refers to a data transfer method. It consists in accessing the central memory directly through the main data bus, without the main processor being aware of it.
On Atari platforms, DMA is used for Hard Drive and FloppyDrive data transfers. On STE?, TT? and Falcon030? platforms, DMA is used for sound playback and recording (Falcon030? only). On the Falcon030? platform, it is also used to transfer data from or to the DSP? memory. The BLiTTER chip also transfers its data using DMA.
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National and historical symbols of Hungary
The Coat-of-Arms of the Village of Enese [¤]
Click to zoom
(County Győr-Moson-Sopron)
The coat-of-arms is a heart-shaped shield adumbrated sable, the base curved to a point. On the base vert (occupying one sixth) of the field azure, on a horse forcene argent saddle-clothed vert with a border or a warrior habited and high capped gules, face, soutache and boots or, holding in the dexter hand a scimitar argent. Across the top a barred helmet argent borne sideways. For the crest a coronet or gorged with gems gules and azure. Issuing from the coronet a demi warrior affronty habited in a coat gules with soutache or, high cap gules, raising in the dexter hand a scimitar argent. Mantling: gules and argent on the dexter, azure and or on the sinister, all in the shape of leaves.
Enese is located in a central position at the meeting point of the regions Rábaköz, Tóköz and Hanság. Until the second half of the 1880s it was the ancestral home of the Enessey family, a clan originating from one of the tribes that took part in the Magyar conquest of Hungary. Until the 13th century the village had been their undistributed possession.
The village's first documented mention goes back to 1270. Before the Hungarian defeat at the Battle of Mohács (1526), the name of the village and that of the Enessey family would have been found in several documents and other written sources in various forms like Inse or Inese.
Following this, during the Turkish occupation the village got destroyed several times. Together with other settlements, in 1529 it was burnt down by the Turkish army advancing against Vienna, and became uninhabited.
In 1549 a 4,000-man Turkish troop led by Velidjan, commander of Székesfehérvár, devastated the area around Győr and Pápa again. This time the old archives of the Enessey family got completely destroyed as well.
Even if the rough events of history made the village an abandoned puszta several times, it was repopulated time and again.
The dwellers of Enese were engaged in Ferenc Rákóczi's war of independence (1703-11), since in the insurgent Hungarian army one could find the members of local families, such as the Enesseys or the Bezerédys.
Apart from the Enesseys, in the second half of the 18th century new landowners appeared, including the Hrabovszky, Mesterházy, Nagy and Székely families. Since they held important offices in the county administration, their mansions at Enese hosted several meetings of the county council.
The villagers were able to follow the events of the 1848-9 war of independence with attention, so much the more as Dávid Perlaki, dean of the village, was on friendly terms and in correspondence with Lajos Kossuth.
In 1849 the village managed to employ a full-time teacher. As a result of the activity of teacher István Hetvényi, who worked at Enese from 1860, a county inspector's report from 1874 described the local school as "one of the best in the county as regards both equipment and the quality of teaching".
According to the cadastral survey of 1853-4, the area of Enese was made up of the following units of fields: Belteleki (inner), Külsőréti (outer), Kiskerti, Siroki and Pippani.
The development of the village was greatly enhanced by the railway station, opened in the 1870s, and due to the fact that it lay by the main road leading to Sopron.
At the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries the village was owned by the Barcza, Halászy, Mesterházy, Tschurl and Purgly families.
In 1907 a steam flouring mill started to operate in the settlement.
In the two world wars many local inhabitant lost their lives. They are commemorated by a monument erected in their honour.
Development did not come to a halt after the second world war either. Within twenty years the number of inhabitants doubled, and at present there are 1,773 people living in the village.
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Ari Sacher
Ari Sacher
“Round Trip” Parashat Vayeshev 5782
The role of a leader is to make decisions, usually under uncertainty. Sometimes history vindicates these decisions, other times it does not. Certain decisions seemed to be the right move at the time but when viewed in retrospect, they were horribly wrong. Others were just bad moves from step one. One such example appears in Parashat Vayeshev.
Joseph seems to be doing everything he can to infuriate his brothers. He parades around in front of them in a lavish coat of many colours especially made for him by his doting father, Jacob. He tattles to his father about his brothers’ misdeeds. He dreams a vivid dream in which his brothers’ sheaves of wheat bow down to his. Instead of keeping it to himself, he openly describes his dream to his brothers in exquisite detail. They are incredulous: Is he really that big of a megalomaniac that he cannot see how his delusions of grandeur are tearing a gaping hole in their family? Joseph answers this question in the affirmative by describing to them yet another dream he has in which the sun, the moon, and eleven stars all bow down to him. They are angry enough to murder him [Bereishit 37:11]: “His brothers envied him, but his father awaited the matter”.
Jacob doesn’t “await the matter” for very long. Joseph’s brothers travel to Shechem to tend their flocks. Shechem, located about eighty kilometres from their home in Hebron – about a three-day hike – was, at the time[1], a very dangerous place. Not long before, Jacob’s sons, Shimon and Levi, had murdered the entire male population after the son of local chieftain had kidnapped and raped their sister, Dinah. Nothing less than Divine Assistance was necessary to protect Jacob’s family from the angry mobs in neighbouring towns. What, then, were Joseph’s brothers doing tending their flocks in Shechem? Rabbi Asher Wasserteil, who lived in Israel in the previous century, notes in “Birkat Asher” that Jacob had purchased land near Shechem and that his sons were purposely tending their sheep in that location in order to publicize their claim to the land, to fly the flag, if you will. Whatever the case may be, Jacob, concerned for his sons’ well-being, sends Joseph to Shechem to check up on his brothers and to report back to him [Bereishit 37:14]: “Go and see how your brothers are and how the flocks are faring, and bring me back word”. With all due respect, Jacob’s decision to send Joseph to Shechem seems completely irresponsible. Assuming that Jacob’s sons were in some kind of mortal danger, what would Joseph’s presence have contributed? He would have been killed along with the rest of his brothers. Worse, sending Joseph to Shechem meant sending him directly into the lion’s den. Jacob knew how livid Joseph’s brothers were with him and yet he sends Joseph to spend some “quality time” with them, alone, 80 kilometres away from home. This could be one reason why Joseph does not re-establish contact with Jacob after he is instated as the Grand Vizier of Egypt. Perhaps Joseph suspected that his father was part of the conspiracy to kill him.
Many commentators suggest that Jacob knew full well of the great danger in which he was placing Joseph. To ward off the danger, Jacob used a sort of magic charm. The Talmud in Tractate Pesachim [8a] states that a person on his way to perform a mitzvah (shaliach mitzvah) is not susceptible to harm throughout the entire process of performing the mitzvah. To fully cover Joseph under this warranty, Jacob expressly tells him to “bring me back word”, protecting him for the full duration of his round-trip journey. Except that for some reason, the charm malfunctions and Joseph, while not physically harmed, is sold into slavery in Egypt.
Jacob’s behaviour can be seen in a very different light if we recognize that the stories in the Book of Bereishit have eternal relevance. The Ramban, who lived in Spain and in Israel in the thirteenth century, espouses the principle of “Actions of the forefathers are signposts for their sons”, meaning that we, the descendants of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, can learn perpetually relevant lessons from their behaviour as described in these stories. From Abraham’s treatment of his guests, we can learn how to treat our own guests. From Jacob’s preparations before his meeting with his brother, Esav, we can learn how to navigate our own world politics. We can take the Ramban’s thesis even further: The stories in the Book of Bereishit are not only examples of exemplary behaviour for our emulation – the actions of our forefathers have a direct and tangible effect on our own lives.
With this in mind, let us revisit Jacob’s sending of Joseph to Shechem. In this episode, the names of places abound. When Joseph reaches Shechem, he is told that his brothers have moved to Dothan, where he finds them. Hebron also makes an appearance [Bereishit 37:14]: “[Jacob] sent [Joseph] from the Valley of Hebron, and he reached Shechem”. We learned in an earlier essay[2] that when the Torah lists the names of places, it is not merely giving us a lesson in geography. Rashi, the most eminent of the medieval commentators, who lived in France in the eleventh century, noting that Hebron lies not in a valley (emek), but, rather, on a mountain top[3], makes the following comment: “Jacob sent [Joseph to his brothers] as a result of the profound (amuka) thought of the righteous [Abraham] who was buried in Hebron in order to fulfill that which was spoken to Abraham ‘Your descendants shall be a stranger…’” G-d had told Jacob that his descendants would be exiled from their land and would be enslaved for four hundred years. When Jacob sent Joseph to his brothers, he knew that Joseph would not be returning. Jacob had made a conscientious decision that now was the optimal time to begin their exile. But if he foresaw that Joseph was on a one-way ticket, of what use was making him a shaliach mitzvah for the round trip?
In November, 1942, the Allies and the Axis fought the Second Battle of El Alamein in which General Bernard Montgomery led the British Eighth Army to a convincing victory over the Italians and the Germans, led by Field Marshall Erwin Rommel, the “Desert Fox”. The battle, which took place in northern Egypt, one hundred kilometers west of Alexandria, stopped the Axis advance and eliminated the threat to Egypt, the Suez Canal and the Middle Eastern and Persian oil fields[4]. Had the Axis been victorious at Al Alamein, their next stop would have been Palestine[5], which was then home for over 400,000 Jews. For half a year, in what has become known as the “200 days of dread”, the Jews living in Palestine prepared for a German invasion. In a plan called “Massadah on the Carmel”, fighters hid out in the Carmel mountains waiting for an invasion that thankfully never occurred. Historians have contemplated what the Nazis would have done with the Jewish inhabitants had they succeeded in capturing Palestine. Recently, data has come to light showing how the Grand Mufti of Jerusalem, Haj Amin al Husseini, in his meetings with Hitler in Berlin, had devised a plan to exterminate the Jews of Palestine, solving the Jewish Problem once and for all. They would construct crematoria similar to the ones in European concentration camps. These crematoria would be located in the Dothan Valley, the same place in which Joseph was sold by his brothers.
With all the pieces of the puzzle in hand, we can begin to assemble them. From a mountain top in Hebron, Jacob sent his children into exile. This exile was an archetype of countless subsequent exiles, deportations, and persecutions that, like Shechem, would be fraught with existential danger, culminating in extermination camps in the Dothan Valley. By sending his descendants into exile, Jacob turned each and every one of us into a shaliach mitzvah, ensuring that Dothan would become not a graveyard but, rather, a town in the modern State of Israel, a home to which Jacob’s descendants have finally safely returned.
Shabbat Shalom,
Ari Sacher, Moreshet, 5782
Please daven for a Refu’a Shelema for Yechiel ben Shprintza, Eli bat Ilana, and Geisha bat Sara.
[1] Shechem, also known as Nablus (from the Roman “Naples”), is still not the safest place on the planet.
[2] Lech Lecha 5782
[3] Hebron is 930 [m] above sea level, nearly 200 meters higher than Jerusalem.
[4] After Al Alamein, the Axis retreated but remained in Northern Africa until May, 1943.
[5] Full disclosure: Many historians believe that even had the Axis defeated the Allies at Al Alamein, their supply chain would have been unable to support a further push eastward. We will never know.
About the Author
Ari Sacher is a Rocket Scientist, and has worked in the design and development of missiles for over thirty years. He has briefed hundreds of US Congressmen on Israeli Missile Defense, including three briefings on Capitol Hill at the invitation of House Majority Leader. Ari is a highly requested speaker, enabling even the layman to understand the "rocket science". Ari has also been a scholar in residence in numerous synagogues in the USA, Canada, UK, South Africa, and Australia. He is a riveting speaker, using his experience in the defense industry to explain the Torah in a way that is simultaneously enlightening and entertaining. Ari came on aliya from the USA in 1982. He studied at Yeshivat Kerem B’Yavneh, and then spent seven years studying at the Technion. Since 2001 he has published a weekly parasha shiur that is read around the world. Ari lives in Moreshet in the Western Galil along with his wife and eight children.
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What is HVAC?
Air ventilation and cooling systems are an important part of modern architecture and form an essential part of our buildings. They come in all shapes, sizes and capacities and make for a controllable indoor environment.
In this article, we’re talking about HVACs, what are they and how do they work.
Also read: How to control the fan speed on MSI?
What is an HVAC system?
HVAC stands for Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning. These systems provide heating and cooling and air quality control to anything from residential to commercial building to submarines.
Starting with the heating elements, they generally refer to a furnace or a boiler. It might include a pipe system for carrying heat fluid if the system is working with a forced-air system.
These systems are becoming more and more popular with each new construction as they use fresh outdoor air to provide high-quality indoor air. This is done by the ventilation part of the system, which keeps replacing the indoor air continuously with fresh outdoor air after it has filtered out all the moisture, dust, smoke, any airborne bacteria, carbon dioxide and any other gases that might need to be removed.
What is HVAC? How does it work?
The last bit is simply air conditioning, as we all have come to know. It can regulate air temperature relative to outside temperature and make the indoor environment hot or cold depending upon the system’s settings.
Here are some of the most common environment HVAC systems are used for.
• Factories and other industrial buildings.
• Skyscrapers/apartment complexes.
• Office buildings
• Educational institutions.
• Submarines or other large scale vehicles that require special climate control on the inside.
How does an HVAC work?
An HVAC does more than just simply cooling or heating the air and filtering out undesirable elements. It aims to provide better air quality and comfort for the people inside a building. These systems come in several different types, but they all share the same basic elements and functioning.
The system starts with a fresh air intake from either the outside or from within the building itself. This process happens in two separate ways as follows.
• Natural ventilation: This is present in most houses and depends on air’s typical movement in and out through windows, doors, vents and another opening.
• Mechanical ventilation: This process is used in most modern buildings, which are much more tightly sealed than the average house. The system employs ducts to move air in and out and through filters to remove dust particles, bacteria, allergens and other particles.
Once this is taken care of, the air is heated or cooled to remove excess moisture or humidity. The temperature change also doubles up as the AC component, as we’ve come to know.
Also read: How well do external cooling solutions work for laptops?
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In the spring of 2019, hundreds of millions of Indians will cast their ballots in the country’s seventeenth general election. Seven decades after independence, India holds elections so regularly that they are almost taken for granted.
To inaugurate its new India Elects 2019 initiative, Carnegie hosted a discussion of a new book, How India Became Democratic: Citizenship and the Making of the Universal Franchise, in which Ornit Shani shares the untold story of how India decided to grant universal suffrage from the outset—an unprecedented democratic experiment. Turning all adult Indians into voters, against the backdrop of the partition of India and Pakistan and the forging of a new constitution, was a staggering task. Drawing on rich archival material, Shani explained how Indians became voters even before they were citizens. Carnegie’s Milan Vaishnav moderated the discussion.
Ornit Shani
Ornit Shani is a senior lecturer at the Department of Asian Studies at the University of Haifa and author of How India Became Democratic: Citizenship and the Making of the Universal Franchise, which historian Ramachandra Guha calls “a subtle and impressive work of scholarship, which breaks new ground in the history of modern India.”
Milan Vaishnav
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Associate 2004-05
Elizabeth H Pleck
Cohabitation and common-law marriage were common ways for couples to live together in colonial and nineteenth-century America. These informal customs, however, conflicted with two other important priorities encoded in American family law: the desire to legislate morality, and the desire to prohibit interracial coupling and interracial marriage. Beginning in the 1960s, legal cases and tenure cases at various universities began to challenge the use of the law to legislate morality and to enforce ideas of racial superiority. The growth in public awareness and acknowledgment of cohabitation since the 1960s is part of a long-term sexual revolution and the trend toward the declining significance of marriage as a public institution. Cohabitation has become more widespread in the dominant culture, and has developed as a parallel institution to marriage.
The subject of cohabitation in contemporary America has been studied largely by sociologists and demographers. During her Center appointment, Professor Pleck will take a different approach, compiling a full history of anticohabitation statutes and the major legal cases that challenged these statutes; documenting individual actors and the punishments they suffered for bringing cohabitation to public light; and analyzing how the cultural definition of cohabitation has changed from “sin” to an alternative and then acceptable style of living. She plans to write a book-length manuscript on the subject.
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What were the consequences of the Enabling Act passing in March 1933?
The Enabling Act gave Hitler plenary powers and followed on the heels of the Reichstag Fire Decree. The decree abolished most civil liberties and transferred state powers to the German cabinet led by Hitler. The subsequent Enabling Act allowed the chancellor to pass and enforce laws without any objection.
Who was Hitler’s first in command?
Hermann Göring
Reichsmarschall Hermann Göring
Supreme Commander of the Luftwaffe
In office 1 March 1935 – 24 April 1945
Führer Adolf Hitler
Preceded by Position established
When was the Reichstag fire?
Who is more powerful German chancellor or president?
The president of Germany, officially the Federal President of the Federal Republic of Germany (German: Bundespräsident der Bundesrepublik Deutschland), is the head of state of Germany. The president enjoys higher ranking at official functions than the chancellor, as he is the actual head of state.
Is the Reichstag still standing?
After its completion in 1999, it once again became the meeting place of the German parliament: the modern Bundestag. The term Reichstag, when used to connote a diet, dates back to the Holy Roman Empire….Reichstag building.
Current tenants Bundestag
Construction started 9 June 1884
Completed 1894
Renovated 1961–1964, 1992–1999
What does Reichstag mean in German?
Reichstag is a German word generally meaning parliament, more directly translated as Diet of the Realm or National diet, or more loosely as Imperial Diet.
How much did it cost to build the Berlin Wall?
Begun in 1975 and completed about 1980, it was constructed from 45,000 separate sections of reinforced concrete, each 3.6 metres (12 ft) high and 1.2 metres (3.9 ft) wide, and cost DDMor about US$3,638,000.
What was the Berlin Wall built for?
Why was Germany divided into East and West?
When was the Berlin Wall destroyed?
When was the Berlin Wall finished?
How far did the Berlin Wall stretch?
27 miles
When did the Soviet Union collapse?
Was East Germany Communist during the Cold War?
listen)), was a country that existed from 1949 to 1990, the period when the eastern portion of Germany was part of the Eastern Bloc during the Cold War. Commonly described as a communist state in English usage, it described itself as a socialist “workers’ and peasants’ state”.
Did the US recognize East Germany?
What happened to East Germany after the Cold War?
Why Germany was divided?
How was Gorbachev removed from power?
Internally, growing nationalist sentiment threatened to break up the Soviet Union, leading Marxist–Leninist hardliners to launch the unsuccessful August Coup against Gorbachev in 1991. In the wake of this, the Soviet Union dissolved against Gorbachev’s wishes and he resigned.
What does post WWII mean?
In Western usage, the phrase post-war era (or postwar era) usually refers to the time since the end of World War II. More broadly, a post-war period (or postwar period) is the interval immediately following the end of a war. By contrast, a post-war period marks the cessation of conflict entirely.
How did ww2 change warfare?
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Deaths from oral cancer set to rise by 22%
Dental health charity highlights the need for action on oral cancer killer
The latest research from Cancer Research UK [4] has predicted a 17% fall overall by 2030 in the number of deaths from cancer but the British Dental Health Foundation has highlighted its concerns that the expected deaths from oral cancer is set to rise by 22%.
The Foundation has recently launched its Mouth Cancer Action Month campaign, supported by Denplan and Simplyhealth, which takes place throughout November under the strapline ‘If in doubt, get checked out’.
It aims to educate people about the main factors that can cause the disease, with tobacco use and drinking alcohol to excess are still being the main risks of getting causes of the disease, while poor diet, the human papilloma virus (HPV) transmitted via oral sex and forms of smokeless tobacco are also risk factors.
Chief Executive of the British Dental Health Foundation, Dr Nigel Carter OBE, said: ‘It is estimated that, over the next decade, 65,000 people in the UK will be diagnosed with mouth cancer. Without early detection and treatment half of them will die.
‘Many people are not aware of the symptoms and of mouth cancer, which is why we need to educate people about the risks and warning signs. This is why Mouth Cancer Action Month is such a vital campaign and we provide help and resources to medical professionals, organisations and the public through our website
‘Mouth cancer is a preventable disease and survival rates have increased to 90 per cent with early detection, so through raising awareness and encouraging people to speak to a health professional if they have any doubts, we can help to save lives.’
Mouth cancer can strike in a number of different places, including the lips, tongue, gums and cheek, so it is important that people examine their own mouths on a regular basis.
Non-healing mouth ulcers and red or white patches on the tongue or gums, and unusual lumps or swellings in the mouth are the most common symptoms of mouth cancer.
Other less common symptoms can include pain on chewing or swallowing, a sore throat that won’t go away, a thickening of the cheek and unusual pain, bleeding or numbness in the mouth.
People worried about any of the symptoms are urged to speak to a dentist, doctor or pharmacist.
Become a Dentistry Online member
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In this activity from the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, students apply the engineering design process to construct a glider that mirrors the technology of modern airliners. In this challenge, participants are tasked with using a single sheet of paper to create a glider utilizing the ring-wing lift body concept. While the introduction and procedure itself are quick, most of the time in this activity is dedicated to the improvement process, where students make modifications to their design while discussing cause-effect relationships between the model and flight trials. This resource would work best when supplemented with a video or article on engineering design or aeronautical science.
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Coordinated User Action
Relevant Disinformation Cycle Stages: Decide to Act, Produce, Publish, and Amplify.
Technique description:
What is it: Online communities can work together to achieve goals. Sometimes these goals are “use our computers’ spare processing power to help medical research“, and sometimes these goals are “collaborate our efforts increase the number of people who see this particular thing”. This technique specifically relates to real humans choosing to use to accounts which they own (authentic or inauthentic) to spread specific information (so, not bots, and not hacked accounts).
How do people do it: People who are strongly aligned to particular sides of discussions and are active online tend to congregate together, forming communities. People in these communities can suggest that the group as a whole take action, and group members may participate.
Depending on group cohesion, convincing enough people to join in can be difficult (especially in the early stages). But numbers typically snowball as people perceive potentially successful action taking place, and want to join in.
Why they do it: It’s difficult to fully encapsulate the benefits offered to people who pull off working together to achieve a common goal. Basically, APES TOGETHER STRONG!
To provide one example of how coordinated user action could be used to amplify disinformation we can look at Twitter. If its algorithm thinks that a lot of people are discussing a topic, it will be promoted to other users so they can join in. A group could work together to try to trick Twitter into thinking something’s really popular, with the goal of getting it ‘trending’; meaning people not affiliated with the group would be exposed to things they otherwise wouldn’t have seen.
Read More:
Real World Example: Hillary Clinton and #DraftOurDaughters; Snopes – Oct 2016
This fact check covers an example of disinformation; users on 4chan’s politics board created fake Hillary Clinton campaign ads, and co-ordinated on how to spread them on social media using their accounts.
Viewing this through the lens of the Disinformation Cycle, one user had decided to act, producing inauthentic adverts targeting Hillary Clinton. They shared the content on 4chan, asking other users to help boost the disinformation on other platforms. These users joined in, deciding to act by publishing and amplifying the adverts on Twitter.
Real World Example: Reporting for Duty: How A Network of Pakistan-Based Accounts Leveraged Mass Reporting to Silence Critics; Stanford Internet Observatory – Sept 2020
This investigation looks at a group of individuals in Pakistan who collaborated on mass reporting accounts which were critical of Islam and the Pakistani government.
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Thursday, January 31, 2019
The French Roadhouse That Became Hollywood's First Film Studio
The film and television industry owes an immeasurable debt to French innovators.
The very first motion-picture camera was invented by a Frenchman - Louis Le Prince.
Although Thomas Edison gets much of the credit for early moving pictures, it was the Lumière brothers who invented the cinematograph. The cinematograph, a combination camera and projector, was the first device to make screenings for more than one viewer possible. (Gaston and Auguste Lumière both have stars on the Walk of Fame, although Auguste's is spelled incorrectly. An earlier and very different cinematograph was invented by another Frenchman, Léon Bouly, who sold the name and patent to the brothers.)
Cinema as a whole owes a great many things to Georges Méliès. Not only did Méliès build the first film studio on record anywhere, he pioneered the stop trick, time-lapse, dissolves, multiple exposures, and hand-tinting. Disney* gets most of the credit for storyboards, but Méliès is known to have used them to plan visual effects. His best-known films A Trip to the Moon and The Impossible Voyage are among the earliest science fiction and fantasy films on record. (Méliès never came to California, but his brother Gaston did. More on him soon. Also, why does Méliès not have a star on the Walk of Fame?!)
The world's first film company, Gaumont, still exists today and is still headquartered in France.
The Pathé brothers created the world's largest film equipment and production company and invented the newsreel. My Baby Boomer readers might recall seeing "Color by Pathé" in the credits of some of their favorite TV shows.
You get the idea. In order for Hollywood as we know it to exist, French inventors had to exist first.
But in the earlier days of Hollywood, back when it was a very different sort of artists' colony, there was a roadhouse owned by a Frenchman. That roadhouse played a role in changing everything.
René Blondeau was from Normandy, a region of France known more for hard apple cider than for wine. Blondeau's Tavern, built in 1892, stood on Sunset Boulevard near Gower Street.
René Blondeau passed away in 1902. The town of Hollywood, which had not yet been absorbed by Los Angeles, went dry in 1904. The roadhouse was no longer a viable business, and Blondeau's Tavern sat empty for years.
In 1911, filmmakers David Horsley and Al Christie came to town in search of a home for their Nestor Motion Picture Company. Cinema was still in its infancy, and Hollywood residents thought filmmakers were crazy. There were other filmmakers in the LA area, but none in sleepy little Hollywood.
Two stories are told about how Nestor Motion Picture Company found its new home. Either a local photographer introduced Horsley to Marie Blondeau, or a real estate agent knew about the property. In either case, René Blondeau's widow Marie did indeed rent the long-vacant roadhouse to Christie and Horsley.
Blondeau's Tavern, with some alterations, was well suited to an early studio. The roadhouse's large bar area became the carpentry shop, the private dining rooms became offices and stars' dressing rooms, and the less fortunate performers had makeshift dressing rooms in the barn's horse stalls (the barn also doubled as the prop cage). The orange grove and tropical plants in the roadhouse's back garden made a lovely backdrop for outdoor scenes (unfortunately oranges tended to appear pitch-black on film), and a stage was constructed behind the roadhouse.
The day after renting the tavern, Horsley and Christie began shooting The Law of the Range, starring Harold Lockwood. (Although Lockwood died in New York, last year's Halloween and Mourning tour of Heritage Square featured a tableau of Lockwood's 1918 funeral. He is, to my knowledge, the only movie actor to have died in the Spanish flu pandemic.)
If you're wondering why you haven't heard of Nestor, don't feel too bad for them. Nestor was acquired by Universal in 1912.
The tavern is a very distant memory today. The Gower Gulch shopping center now stands on the site. Gower Gulch is themed like a Western town. It's a fitting (if slightly hokey) tribute to the filming location of Hollywood's first-ever film - a Western. (Bringing the whole story full circle, the French love classic American Westerns.)
René Blondeau, fittingly, is buried among later Hollywood legends at Hollywood Forever Cemetery.
*Yes, Walt Disney had French ancestry. I'll get to him.
1. Excellent question -- why doesn't Georges Méliès have a star on the Walk of Fame?. I think it's time for a star campaign. I mean if Adam Sandler is recognized as worthy, c'mon...
1. Exactly! I read about the process, but I’m not sure how it works when the nominee is long-dead and died penniless. It’s definitely something I’d like to work on, though.
2. It's my hunch that most people who are the guardians of cinematic history (e.g., Scorsese) might be surprised to find Georges has no star. I'm sure it could take off if the right people can be addressed.
3. This comment has been removed by the author.
4. I’m sure Martin Scorsese knows...he addressed Méliès’ later life (broke and selling toys in a train station) in his film “Hugo”. He rewrote Méliès’ story with a happy Hollywood ending, of course.
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Platform Economy
[ˈplætfɔrm | əˈkɑnəmi]
Platform economy is an economic activity generated by the use of digital platforms or technologies; this involves underlying computer systems that host services which allows organizations, customers and clients to share resources, connect and sell products.
Examples include cloud-based SaaS services like Google Docs or Dropbox, or platforms on which organizations can build, such as WordPress.
Part of speech:
Use in a sentence:
The advantage of using a platform economy.
Platform Economy
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Your question: Do dogs understand singing?
The dog equivalent of singing is the howl. Dogs are so talented at joining into the sounds of song that they will raise their voices in howls. … With the canine’s ability to join into song, it is obvious they can hear singing. Now, whether it is music to their ears or not is another matter altogether.
Do dogs like when you sing?
Dogs love singing (yes, even yours), and they happen to enjoy music. … Research shows that a dog’s music taste tends to be species specific. This means that different breeds of dogs react differently to different types of music. So, while your dog may like when you sing, he may not always like what you sing.
Does singing soothe dogs?
Do dogs know the difference between singing and talking?
Scientific analyses suggest that canines have a sense of pitch. … Many experts think that dogs don’t actually engage in their vocalizations to produce music, in the same way that we might sing or play a piano as part of an aesthetic experience.
Do dogs understand music singing?
Signs that a Dog is Hearing Music. Dogs actually do have quite an interesting perspective on music. They appear to have different song preferences and reactions to various songs. … Research has shown that many dogs react to music according to the tone of the music, just as humans do.
IT IS INTERESTING: How do I get my dog to stop eating his fur?
Why does my dog go crazy when I sing?
Dogs’ reactions to sound can also be funny and playful. Dogs will react to sound by making sound, too. You can play with your dog by singing in different pitches and rhythms to see what excites your dog. Some dogs will just get annoyed, perk up an ear, give you a look and walk away.
What do dogs hear when we talk?
Do dogs prefer music or silence?
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A plant genus of the family MALPIGHIACEAE which includes an Amazonian psychoactive plant that contains the beta-carboline harmine and N,N-dimethyltryptamine.
The study of the actions and properties of medicinal agents, often derived from PLANTS, indigenous to populations or ETHNIC GROUPS.
A beta-carboline alkaloid isolated from seeds of PEGANUM.
Alkaloid isolated from seeds of Peganum harmala L., Zygophyllaceae. It is identical to banisterine, or telepathine, from Banisteria caapi and is one of the active ingredients of hallucinogenic drinks made in the western Amazon region from related plants. It has no therapeutic use, but (as banisterine) was hailed as a cure for postencephalitic Parkinson disease in the 1920's.
Dimers (homo and hetero) of FLAVONOIDS.
The above-ground plant without the roots.
Dimers and oligomers of flavan-3-ol units (CATECHIN analogs) linked mainly through C4 to C8 bonds to leucoanthocyanidins. They are structurally similar to ANTHOCYANINS but are the result of a different fork in biosynthetic pathways.
An antioxidant flavonoid, occurring especially in woody plants as both (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin (cis) forms.
A plant genus of the family RUBIACEAE. Members contain antimalarial (ANTIMALARIALS) and analgesic (ANALGESICS) indole alkaloids.
Compounds formed by condensation of secologanin with tryptamine resulting in a tetrahydro-beta-carboline which is processed further to a number of bioactive compounds. These are especially found in plants of the APOCYNACEAE; LOGANIACEAE; and RUBIACEAE families.
An N-methylated indoleamine derivative and serotonergic hallucinogen which occurs naturally and ubiquitously in several plant species including Psychotria veridis. It also occurs in trace amounts in mammalian brain, blood, and urine, and is known to act as an agonist or antagonist of certain SEROTONIN RECEPTORS.
Compounds that contain the biogenic monoamine tryptamine and are substituted with one methoxy group and two methyl groups. Members of this group include several potent serotonergic hallucinogens found in several unrelated plants, skins of certain toads, and in mammalian brains. They are possibly involved in the etiology of schizophrenia.
Area of the parietal lobe concerned with receiving sensations such as movement, pain, pressure, position, temperature, touch, and vibration. It lies posterior to the central sulcus.
Use for general articles concerning veterinary medical education.
Educational institutions for individuals specializing in the field of veterinary medicine.
Drugs capable of inducing illusions, hallucinations, delusions, paranoid ideations, and other alterations of mood and thinking. Despite the name, the feature that distinguishes these agents from other classes of drugs is their capacity to induce states of altered perception, thought, and feeling that are not experienced otherwise.
Semisynthetic derivative of ergot (Claviceps purpurea). It has complex effects on serotonergic systems including antagonism at some peripheral serotonin receptors, both agonist and antagonist actions at central nervous system serotonin receptors, and possibly effects on serotonin turnover. It is a potent hallucinogen, but the mechanisms of that effect are not well understood.
A serotonin receptor subtype found widely distributed in peripheral tissues where it mediates the contractile responses of variety of tissues that contain SMOOTH MUSCLE. Selective 5-HT2A receptor antagonists include KETANSERIN. The 5-HT2A subtype is also located in BASAL GANGLIA and CEREBRAL CORTEX of the BRAIN where it mediates the effects of HALLUCINOGENS such as LSD.
Hallucinogenic alkaloid isolated from the flowering heads (peyote) of Lophophora (formerly Anhalonium) williamsii, a Mexican cactus used in Indian religious rites and as an experimental psychotomimetic. Among its cellular effects are agonist actions at some types of serotonin receptors. It has no accepted therapeutic uses although it is legal for religious use by members of the Native American Church.
Religious philosophy expressing the fundamental belief that departed spirits may be contacted by the living through a medium.
Sense of awareness of self and of the environment.
The reciprocal interaction of two or more persons.
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How to defend ourselves from the impact of asteroids
26 September 2019 | Written by Alberto Laratro
That the Earth will be hit by an asteroid capable of destroying our civilization and perhaps lead us to extinction is not a question of "if", but a question of "when". How can we be prepared?
On 15 February 2013, an object about 20 meters in diameter entered the atmosphere above the skies of Chelyabinsk, Russia, exploding in the air at about 30 km altitude. The bang was enormous, equivalent to a 500 kiloton explosion: to put it in perspective, the bomb that decimated Hiroshima was “only” of 16 kilotons. Fortunately, there were no victims but many were injured by the shock wave and the hundreds of thousands of broken glass from over 6 cities in the area. An event that caused about $ 33 million in damages. The Chelyabinsk case is not an isolated event but an example of a noteworthy meteor impact.
The Earth, in fact, is constantly bombarded by objects coming from space: if most are pebbles or small stones that disintegrate in the atmosphere without causing damage (the famous shooting stars, or better meteors), sometimes a more massive object can create problems of a completely different nature. So far we have been lucky, but if an object with dimensions of several hundred meters or even kilometers were to be on the trajectory of impact with the Earth, we could end up like dinosaurs. What can we do to avoid it?
To date, we have nothing to avoid the impact. In fact, we have no planetary defense system. If tomorrow we realize that an asteroid capable of extinguishing life on Earth was on an impact trajectory with our planet, we could only resign ourselves to the inevitable. Aware of this threat, however, many are working to find a solution: from the gravitational tractor to the use of atomic weapons, passing through more sci-fi methods like the use of lasers. Let’s explore some of the possible solutions, some feasible, others much more imaginative.
The importance of early notice. To be able to divert the trajectory of an asteroid it is essential to be able to intervene well in advance. In fact, just a microscopic push to hundreds of millions of kilometers away to divert an asteroid enough to avoid our planet. This is why it is important to have a system for monitoring minor objects within our solar system, a direction towards which many space agencies and institutions are working but for which there is still much to do.
Impactors. One of the simplest methods and to which results are already being obtained is that of impact. The clash of the asteroid with a high-speed object such as a specially constructed probe could divert the trajectory of the asteroid by a few tenths of a millimeter which, millions of km later, accumulate until the impact is avoided. To this end, NASA is working on a demonstration mission called DART.
The gravitational tractor. To move an asteroid it is not necessary to touch it. Gravitational interaction may suffice: the idea is to bring a probe near the asteroid that you want to move. The gravitational attraction of the probe towards the asteroid (and vice versa), incredibly small but still existing, in a very long time (we are talking about years, which underlines the importance of having an early warning system) would move the asteroid just enough to avoid catastrophe.
Armageddon. Despite the fact that in science fiction films atomic weapons always seem the solution to everything, in this case, this road would seem to be much more complex. The use of nuclear weapons to move asteroids has been considered, but there are many risks: using nuclear warheads to blow up the object, like in the movie Armageddon, would be the worst of ideas. As much as the explosion could shatter the asteroid, it certainly wouldn’t change its trajectory substantially. This would mean that instead of a large asteroid, to hit the earth would be a stone-throwing of smaller but equally lethal fragments: it is the so-called buckshot effect.
In order for nuclear weapons to take effect, the only solution would be to use them in series, near the surface of the asteroid: in this way the strength of the explosions could be a solution, but the risk of shattering the object is to launch several powerful nuclear warheads in series as the Tsar bomb, the most powerful atomic bomb ever detonated (50 megatons), is decidedly high and would risk causing a double disaster.
Laser. Other solutions are decidedly more science fiction, like that of using very powerful lasers to overheat one side of the asteroid to vaporize its surface. These jets of gas would be able to move it, an elegant solution but for which lasers would be so powerful that they would require a quantity of energy that we do not currently possess.
A too great power. The ability to move an asteroid is certainly a lifesaver in the event of danger of impact, but, in the wrong hands, it could turn out to be a weapon. The ability, in fact, to be able to manipulate enormous objects in space and make them fall on the Earth in precise zones is comparable, if not superior, to that of having access to nuclear weapons. Would such a capacity, if it is within our reach, be able to handle it?
Alberto Laratro
Alberto Laratro
Graduated in Communication Studies and with a Master in Communication of Science taken at the SISSA of Trieste, he understood that in his life science and communication are two fixed points.
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Last Updated 27 Jul 2020
Battle of Atlantic
Category Battles, Military, Wars
Essay type Research
Words 808 (3 pages)
Views 404
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Everyone was devastated when this battle erupted; it caused a lot of deaths as well as nightmares for the ones who survived. Up to this day, no one can forget this horrific battle because it was the longest running battle during World War II which was also one of the most destructive ones with the thousands of ships submerged beneath the cold, dark waters of the Atlantic During the 2,075 days of the Battle of the Atlantic, there were many deaths as well as ships sunk on each of the 2 sides.
It may have seemed that Germany sunk more ships because they achieved to sink over 1000 ships in 600 months but they were the ones that lost the most. One of the reasons Canada joined the war is because the Germans sunk a passenger ship ‘SS Athenia’ on the coast of Ireland on September 3, 1939 which resulted in 4 Canadians killed. The Germans might have sunk the ship by accident or on purpose but either way, they have killed 4 Canadians and the prime minster was not pleased.
There were 95,000 uniformed men and women in the navy. After the war, 2,210 Canadians died; 6 of them were women, 24 warships and 2,900 other ships (merchants etc) sunk including 14 million tons of shipping goods. On the other hand, the Germans lost 800 u-boats, 42 enemy surface crafts and 30,000 of the 39,000 Germans never returned. Although many Canadians died in this ongoing battle, we (the navy) commemorate them for their actions during this battle every year on the first Sunday of May.
The allies (RC/RCN) struggled throughout the war because of the lack of technology. In the 1940’s a new sonar system was created to help the allies detect the enemies. In the beginning, the allies only had an early type of sonar called ‘ASDIC’ (Allied Submarine Detection Investigation Committee). ASDIC was most effective when used underwater where the allies could detect long range u-boats but on surface, the u-boats were undetectable.
As the war continued, allies were equipped with a better, more advanced sonar system which could detect u-boats underwater and even on the surface in dense fog; the allies perfected the technique ‘Radio Directional Finding’ (RDF) as they received this new enhanced technology. With the new technology in hand, the allies had a special feature; they could locate wolf packs accurately using the u-boat radio transmissions. The results of the new features and technological innovations were fantastic; the allies could hold their ground against the u-boats when escorting ships such as merchants etc.
Since we now have the advanced technology of the sonar from the battle, our sonar technology is improving every day. When the Battle of the Atlantic came to an end, World War II was close to the end. With many injured, dead and submerged under the waters of the Atlantic, they helped the allies win the battle and defeat the Germans as well as innovating the sonar and navy technology. Every year on the first Sunday of May, the navy would commemorate the ones who fought in the Battle of the Atlantic as they did some heroic actions leading the allies into victory!
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What is another name for bright field microscope?
What is another name for bright field microscope?
Brightfield Microscope is also known as the Compound Light Microscope. It is an optical microscope that uses light rays to produce a dark image against a bright background.
What is the function of the bright field light microscope?
In a standard bright field microscope, light travels from the source of illumination through the condenser, through the specimen, through the objective lens, and through the eyepiece to the eye of the observer. Light thus gets transmitted through the specimen and it appears against an illuminated background.
What is the principle of bright field microscopy?
Bright-field microscopy is the simplest of all the optical microscopy illumination techniques. Sample illumination is transmitted (i.e., illuminated from below and observed from above) white light, and contrast in the sample is caused by attenuation of the transmitted light in dense areas of the sample.
Why are stains used to observe cells with bright field microscope?
Can viruses be viewed with a brightfield microscope?
Standard light microscopes allow us to see our cells clearly. However, these microscopes are limited by light itself as they cannot show anything smaller than half the wavelength of visible light – and viruses are much smaller than this. But we can use microscopes to see the damage viruses do to our cells.
Is observation of stained image possible under light microscope?
What Cannot be seen with a light microscope?
With light microscopy, one cannot visualize directly structures such as cell membranes, ribosomes, filaments, and small granules and vesicles.
What type of image would you see with a transmission electron microscope?
A Transmission Electron Microscope produces a high-resolution, black and white image from the interaction that takes place between prepared samples and energetic electrons in the vacuum chamber. Air needs to be pumped out of the vacuum chamber, creating a space where electrons are able to move.
What are the two parts of the light microscope magnify the image of an object?
Answer Expert Verified. The compound microscope has two systems of lenses for greater magnification, 1) the ocular, or eyepiece lens that one looks into and 2) the objective lens, or the lens closest to the object.
Which should be used to observe bacteria?
Among the choices above, in viewing the bacteria we should use an objective lens that has a magnification of 600 or higher. Thus, the answer is letter A. 60x objectives with immersion oil and 10x eyepiece. Bacteria are very minute organism so we have to use a higher magnification.
How do magnifiers work?
A magnifying glass is actually the simplest form of a basic microscope. It consists of a single convex lens that magnifies an object when the glass is held up to it. When they pass through a magnifying glass, the convex lens bends the parallel rays so that they converge and create a virtual image on your eyes’ retinas.
What strength magnifying glass do I need?
Higher magnifications of 10x and upwards may be invaluable for acute low vision or for microscopic detail but most users will probably find magnification strengths between 2x and 7x to be adequate. Some people like to have more than one to cover different magnification tasks.
Is concave lens?
A concave lens is a lens that possesses at least one surface that curves inwards. It is a diverging lens, meaning that it spreads out light rays that have been refracted through it. A concave lens is thinner at its centre than at its edges, and is used to correct short-sightedness (myopia).
What is use of Magnifier tool?
Magnifier, formerly Microsoft Magnifier, is a screen magnifier app intended for visually impaired people to use when running Microsoft Windows. When it is running, it creates a bar at the top of the screen that greatly magnifies where the mouse is.
How do I Unmagnify my screen?
Turn off Zoom in Settings on your device
1. If you can’t access Settings because your Home screen icons are magnified, double tap with three fingers on the display to zoom out.
2. To turn off Zoom, go to Settings > Accessibility > Zoom, then tap to turn Zoom off.
How do I turn off Magnifier permanently?
To turn off Magnifier, press the Windows logo key + Esc . If you prefer using a mouse, select Start > Settings > Ease of Access > Magnifier > Turn on Magnifier.
How do I turn on magnifier?
1. Step 1: Turn on magnification. Open your device’s Settings app . Tap Accessibility, then tap Magnification. Turn on Magnification shortcut.
2. Step 2: Use magnification. Zoom in and make everything bigger. Tap the accessibility button. .
How do I change the view on Zoom?
How do I use the magnifier app?
Some Android phones also have a magnifying glass feature, but you need to turn it on for it to work. To turn on the magnifying glass, go to Settings, then Accessibility, then Vision, then Magnification and turn it on. When you need to use the magnifying glass, go to the camera app and tap the screen three times.
How do I open the magnifying glass on my iPhone?
How to turn on Magnifier. On your iPhone or iPad, go to Settings > Accessibility. Tap Magnifier, then turn it on. This adds Magnifier as an accessibility shortcut.
How do I put a cursor in the middle of my iPhone?
If your cursor is already active, tap the word you want to jump to, which will land the cursor at the beginning or end of the word. Then, long-press the middle of the word, let go, and watch your cursor appear in the middle.
What is the best magnifying app?
Best Magnifier App for Good Android Cameras: Magnifier & Microscope [Cozy]
• Strong microscope zoom feature for inspecting really small text.
• Contrast options that other apps don’t have.
What can I use as a magnifying glass?
Make a pinhole in a piece of paper or some other thin object, using a pin, safety pin, or the tip of a knife, and then hold it close to your eye and look through it. The image as viewed through the pinhole will not be magnified, but it will be in focus.
How much does a magnifying glass magnify?
An average magnifying glass makes objects look 2 or 3 times bigger, which means it magnifies 2X or 3X. Geologists often like to have 5X to 10X magnification; however, anything higher than 10X is difficult to use in the field because the lenses are too small.
How do I choose a magnifying glass?
A perfect magnifier would be lightweight, have a large diameter, provide a wide viewing area, and offer high, distortion-free magnification. However, incorporating all of these features into one unit is optically impossible. The magnifying power of a lens depends on its focal length (fl).
How do you make a real magnifying glass?
1. Materials needed. To make your own cardboard, real magnifying glass, you will need:
2. Draw your holder.
3. The lens aperture.
4. Cut your cardboard.
5. Cut your lens aperture.
6. Draw your aperture rims.
7. Insert your lens.
8. Reinforce your aperture.
How do you make a small magnifying glass?
How to make…
1. Draw a circle shape at the neck of the bottle. It needs to be here so you create a disc shape when you cut it out.
2. Cut out the circle.
3. Pour a little water into the disc.
4. Hold it over your book or paper to make the letters bigger. It really works so well!
Can you use two magnifying glasses?
Yes, it is possible, up to a point. As the magnification goes up, so will the image errors. The more magnification you want, the harder it is to build a good lens.
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Setting CPU Speed
By default (and during u-Boot operation), the MityDSP-L138F family of SOMs initialize the CPU speed to 300 MHz. To set the CPU speed of commercial temperature modules to the maximum 456MHz, issue the following command:
echo 456000 > /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu0/cpufreq/scaling_setspeed
To check that is was set correctly, issue this:
This will only work on commercial temp processors, since the industrial temp versions are limited to 372MHz. You can check your cpu's maximum speed by typing:
You can list all the available frequencies by typing:
Remember that the frequencies in these commands are in kHz, not MHz or Hz...
This information is based on the linux cpufreq subsystem, the capabilities mentioned above assume that you have enabled a cpufreq governor that supports modification of the cpu speed during runtime.
Also, Critical Link recommends that you set the CPU speed once prior to loading the FPGA (for modules that include an FPGA) as altering the CPU speed will cause the EMIFA clock (used by the FPGA framework) to stop and change frequency. DCM's connected to the FPGA may break lock during this interaction, and glitches in the clock distribution within the FPGA may occur.
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Gums are the foundation that supports teeth and make them stand stronger. Your healthy mouth must include healthy gums too. Your gums must ideally be of coral pink or a little darker pink color. To maintain good oral hygiene, you might regularly brush and floss your teeth and follow other hygiene tips. But how will you assess whether your gums are healthy or not? If the gums are unhealthy, not only are the teeth impacted but even your physical health gets disturbed. Here are a few signs of unhealthy gums to look out for and correct.
Healthy gums must be pink in color, but if your gums turn to a darker red color, it might be alarming you about an infection. As you know, plaque builds up in the mouth every night, and also, when you consume sugary foods, bacteria feed on them and form plaque. This plaque is one of the dangerous invaders that spoil your oral health. Plaque usually settles on the gum line, causing inflammation of the gums. Your gums swell up and turn reddish because of this bacterial build-up. So when you find your gums swollen or turning to red color, visit your dentist and get your dental checkup done.
Sometimes when you brush your teeth, your gums start bleeding. It is because of the plaque settlement on gums that gets disturbed by the bristles of the brush and bleed. You can try simple home remedies to stop the bleeding and gently brush and floss your teeth to remove the debris accumulated. If the bleeding remains persistent on the following days or the condition worsens, visit the dentist as it could be an infection in the gums.
Bad breath is not only a reason for embarrassment but also an indicator of an unhealthy mouth. Mostly bad breath occurs because of dry mouth. This is the reason for your mouth emitting a foul smell when you wake up in the morning. Bad breath also signals gum disease. When your mouth gets dehydrated, saliva production gets decreased. Saliva acts as the defense force in your mouth against unhealthy bacteria and prevents cavities, plaque and other infections. When the saliva production is hindered, bacteria form colonies on the gum line and damage the teeth and the gums. Gum diseases like Gingivitis and Periodontitis make your mouth emit a bad breath. Hence get your dental health checkup done to assess the health of your gums and find the root cause for bad breath.
Gum diseases not only impact your breath but also your taste. You feel a metallic taste in the mouth that could also be because of the bleeding gums; anyway, it is a sign of unhealthy gums.
Weakened gums begin to recede, and hardly can you find your teeth inside the gums. Receding gums also lead to the loosening of teeth.
Gums hold your teeth tight and keep them in place but when the gums become weak, they lose their hold on the teeth. This gives the tooth an advantage to shake, shift and trouble the adjacent teeth. Sometimes the gum diseases make the gums lose contact with the tooth, leading to the falling of the tooth.
These are a few signs that alert about an impending gum infection like Gingivitis or Periodontitis. As soon as you experience these symptoms, pay a visit to your dentist and get your gums checked. Early detection and treatment save your time, money and efforts. Visit our dental clinic, The Elite Dental Care for your dental checkup routine and treatment of gum disorders. Elite Dental Care is one of the best dental clinics in Tracy, California, providing cosmetic dentistry, root canal, dental surgeries and other dental procedures to enhance your dental health.
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Rainforest Iguana
Strangely, green rainforest iguanas can vary a lot in colour from almost blue through to red. They have excellent vision, detecting movement and shapes over a long distance. They are tree living herbivores, known as the chicken of the trees in some parts of Central and South America where you find the iguana habitat.
Iguana Meat and Conservation
Other interesting iguana facts are that as an extreme suggestion to combat deforestation from cattle ranching, Professor Edward Wilson mentions if cattle ranchers switched to farming iguana, farmers would gain ten times the amount of meat compared to cattle on the same land. Farmers would require the forest for the iguanas’ habitat, thus benefiting conservation. One of the problems with this radical solution is that few people would accept iguana meat as a substitute for beef. The iguana diet consists of leaves, flowers, fruit, and shoots. You can view the following video for more iguana information.
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A vapor cigarette, sometimes called a vaporizer, can be an digital camera which mimics traditional cigarette smoking without actually consuming any of the substance. It usually consists of anatomized power source just like a lithium ion battery, an atomizer, and a tank or container just like a cartridge. Rather than smoke, the smoker inhales vapor instead. As such, with an electronic cigarette, also known as “vaping”, is frequently referred to as “smelling like tobacco”. The unit are becoming ever more popular throughout THE UNITED STATES and Europe, though they’re most popular using countries where smoking prevalence is lower or non-existent.
vapor cigarette
You can find two basic forms of vapor cigarettes: battery-powered and mechanical. A mechanical model is a smaller version of an electronic cigarette, just as a handheld electronic cigarette would be. Although it might not actually take a power charge, mechanical models do generally require a replacement battery. They are generally smaller and designed to become more comfortable to transport around. Also, unlike an electric cigarette, mechanical cigarettes will not use an electric heating element.
Compared to an electric cigarette, a vapor cigarette looks a lot like the real thing. Many smokers have found that they actually like this look because it’s much like what they might see on the shelves at a pharmacy or convenience store. Actually, some tobacco companies have produced e-liquids that closely resemble the looks of traditional cigarettes. However, once you light up a normal cigarette, you’re actually burning tobacco, which means this e-liquid is actually a form of nicotine itself. Some companies produce what exactly are known as “dry” cigarettes, which do not burn tobacco.
The difference between traditional cigarettes and vapor cigarettes is the quantity of nicotine present. With traditional cigarettes, the nicotine exists in the form of a chemical compound, but with vapor cigarettes, the volume of nicotine is significantly less. This makes it easier for people to reduce their smoking habits. There is also a question about longterm health effects associated with nicotine replacement products. Since there is less nicotine, is there still a risk associated with continued use?
The answer to this question is that yes, vapor cigarettes work, but they don’t work with everyone. It increases results with certain people than it can with others, and it is important to note that smoking while using a vapor cigarette can be just as harmful as smoking when using a traditional cigarettes. The largest factor is that you must be able to change your behavior and replace cigarettes with something else. Should you be determined to smoke and nothing seems to be working, then it is advisable to stop cold turkey and see if your situation improves.
When you attend purchase a vaporizer or e-liquid, search for a device that has an ohm coil and nicotine salt set involved with it. The ohm coil is really a coil which allows for the electronic current to be distributed across a more substantial surface area. Nicotine salt is a substance that you will enhance the e-liquids so as to create a more intense “smoke” sensation once you puff on it. Both of these things combined are likely to create a better experience. Most vaporizers have both of these components, however, not all models will. If you want to make sure you get the best device possible, then check out reviews of the brand you are considering purchasing from.
It’s also advisable to make certain that the fire button is truly a fire button. In a few devices, the fire button will light up and turn the e-liquid into vapor, but it doesn’t actually burn anything. Because of this you will Juul Compatible Pods need to press the fire button repeatedly to get the product to do what you would like it to do. The best devices have a safety switch which will cut the power to these devices immediately if you ever touch it without the proper button. There are a number of vaporizers that have such a safety switch built-in, but most consumers aren’t going to take time to find one that does. In the event that you absolutely must have a vaporizer with a button, then be sure you keep the fire button somewhere you can easily reach.
Vapor cigarettes certainly are a great way to give yourself a good buzz, but don’t allow them fool you into thinking that they are safe. They still contain traces of nicotine, and it is still important to use vapor devices as strictly as you would smoke ones. These devices are also not recommended for those who are allergic to flowers, food items, or any other kind of food or chemical. When you are one of these people, in that case your best bet is always to stick to traditional smoking devices.
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What makes Wisconsin cheddar cheese orange?
Cheese isn't orange naturally, if you didn't know
Wisconsin is known for its orange-colored cheddar cheese — but cheese isn’t that color naturally.
It’s actually dyed with a natural product called annatto, which is the pulp that comes from the seeds of the achiote tree, originating from South and Central America.
“It’s pretty much standard in the industry for dying cheese,” says Jeff Peterson, a cheesemonger at Fromagination.
No one is quite sure when and where this method originated, but as the top producer of colby and cheddar cheese, Wisconsin likely uses more annatto than any other state in the country. Other earlier and less common methods of dying cheddar have included the use of carrot juice, marigolds and even cochineal, which comes from bugs. Peterson says he gets a lot of customers who are interested in buying white cheddar because they think it’s an unadulterated product — they think a bright orange color isn’t natural. But annatto is a 100 percent plant-based food coloring.
“And you’ll actually see it on restaurant menus sometimes as ‘achiote,'” says Peterson. “It has had culinary applications for many generations, and produces a really rich, dark, bright orange dye.”
So why does Wisconsin continue the centuries-old tradition of dying cheese orange? Jeanne Carpenter, an American Cheese Society certified cheese professional and Cheese Underground creator, says it likely has to do with marketing and making Wisconsin cheese stand out. “Wisconsin cheesemakers wanted to differentiate their cheddars from those coming from New York, so they used annatto seed and turned their cheddars orange, using it as their own claim to fame and capturing a portion of the market,” writes Carpenter.
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CNN Reports Hillary Clinton Says She’s An Electoral College Elector In New York — Here’s What This Means
According to CNN, Hillary Clinton says that she is an Electoral College elector for New York.
The Electoral College is an aspect of our election that is often misunderstood. Here’s how it works. The Electoral College gives equal representation across the entire country. It is comprised of 538 electors,
• One elector for every member of the House of Representatives (435), which represents the people based on population in each state.
• One for each member of the Senate (100), which represents the people with two Senators for each State.
• Three additional electors for the District of Columbia.
Each of the electors will cast a vote based on the votes cast by the citizens in their states.
If you look at a map of the United States, you will find that there are several very small areas that have incredibly dense populations, such as on the east and west coasts. While these specific locations contain a significant percentage of the United States population, these locations and the people who live there do not represent the interests or desires of citizens spread across the rest of the country. So, the founding fathers created the Electoral College, which would make sure that the entire country was represented and not just the extremely populated regions.
Think about this—approximately half of the population of the country lives in just 9 states:
• California
• Texas
• Illinois
• Ohio
• Michigan
• Florida
• Georgia
• Pennsylvania
• New York
Or how about this—there are 38 STATES that have smaller populations than New York CITY (just the city, not the entire state):
• Washington
• Oregon
• Idaho
• Nevada
• Arizona
• Utah
• Montana
• Wyoming
• Colorado
• New Mexico
• North Dakota
• South Dakota
• Nebraska
• Kansas
• Oklahoma
• Minnesota
• Iowa
• Missouri
• Arkansas
• Louisiana
• Mississippi
• Alabama
• Tennessee
• Kentucky
• Indiana
• Wisconsin
• West Virginia
• South Carolina
• Maryland
• Delaware
• Connecticut
• Massachusetts
• Vermont
• New Hampshire
• Rhode Island
• Maine
• Alaska
• Hawaii
This is why Hillary Clinton was able to win the popular vote while still losing the election in 2016. She overwhelmingly won New York and California and she did indeed have the popular vote. More individual voters cast their vote for Clinton. But she did not win the election because what mattered was the electoral votes in the Electoral College that represented the entire country, not the number of Californians and New Yorkers who voted for her. California and New York have a set number of electors based on their population, so she could only get the number of electoral votes that is allowed for those states. If our election system was based on popular vote, a candidate could tailor their platform to, and focus all their attention on campaigning in just New York and get as many popular votes as they would have gotten from the 38 states mentioned above. If they also campaigned in L.A., they could almost secure the popular majority for the entire country from just those two locations. But that leaves the rest of the states and their entire populations high and dry, as far as policies and presidential representation go. Would a platform tailored to be elected by New Yorkers also appeal to the people of Wyoming, Kansas, or Mississippi? For example, if a candidate pledged $1 billion to upgrade the subway system in New York, would people in Wyoming, Kansas, or Mississippi care about that? Well, it wouldn’t matter to the candidate whether they cared, because as long as the New Yorkers elected the candidate, they wouldn’t need the vote of the people form Wyoming, Kansas, or Mississippi. And that’s why we have the Electoral College. So that our presidential candidates have to represent the entire country, not just the people who live in a couple of densely populated cities.
This is also why it’s such a frightening thing that certain Democrats (including Hillary Clinton) are pushing to eliminate the Electoral College. They know that they don’t represent the best interests of huge areas of the United States. That makes it a little more difficult for them to win an election on the policies that they prefer. The Electoral College forces them to compromise and to find a way to represent more of the country. It forces them to consider all people across the country, not just those in Democrat cities. Without the Electoral College, the only votes that will matter are those in the massive cities with huge populations. That’s where the campaigns would be run. That’s who policies and plans would benefit. Because that’s who would be electing them.
It’s also frightening to consider that about 51% of voters have indicated they support the abolition of the Electoral College. And where do those 51% of voters live, do you think? Perhaps in the major cities that constituted the popular vote that supported Hillary Clinton in 2016? Of course they want to abolish it because that would mean that their votes are the only ones that matter.
So does YOUR vote matter? YES! While you are not directly casting your vote for the President, your vote clearly indicates to your representatives (the electors of the Electoral College) who you and the citizens of your state want to see elected as President. In the past, there have been a number of electors who cast their votes contrary to the voice of the people who they represent. They are called “faithless electors,” and the Supreme Court recently “rejected the idea that electors, who act on behalf of a state in the Electoral College vote that occurs weeks after voters go the polls, can exercise discretion in the candidate they back.” This means that the electors who represent you must cast their vote in the way that the people of the state dictate through their votes. But without the Electoral College, your vote will only matter if you happen to reside in one of the massive cities that would contribute to a popular majority for a candidate. For that reason, I hope we are all fighting to keep the Electoral College in place and to protect the voices of millions of Americans across the entire country and in elections for decades to come.
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Continuous Flow Diffusion Chambers: INKA and mINKA
inka_hightlights_bannerKIT/ Barbara Bertozzi
INKA (Ice Nucleation instrument of the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Schiebel, 2017) and its mobile version mINKA are two Continuous Flow Diffusion Chambers. These two instruments allow us to investigate the ice nucleating ability of aerosol particles at different temperatures and saturation ratios.
Working Principle
INKA and mINKA base their design on the flow tube developed by Rogers (1988). Here, two cylinders of different diameters form an annular gap of ≈1cm width. The cylinders are approximately 150cm and 85cm long, for INKA and mINKA respectively. The cylinders wall are temperature-controlled and, during measurements, coated with a thin layer of ice.
By assessing a temperature difference between the walls, temperature, and water vapor gradients establish inside the annular gap, generating ice supersaturated conditions between the walls (shown in the video in the lower Exemplary Experiment section).
At the outlet of the diffusion chamber, an optical particle counter detects larger aerosol particles, droplets, and ice crystals. The ice crystals are distinguished thanks to their larger optical diameter.
To facilitate the distinction between droplets and ice crystals, the lower part of the diffusion tube can be operated as an evaporation section (see INKA’s schematic in the left, upper figure). The inner and outer walls in the lower third of both cylinders can be kept at the same temperature. In this case, the relative humidity in this section drops to ice-saturated conditions and sub-saturated conditions with respect to liquid water. However, when experiments are performed at a temperature lower than -38°C, the lower part of the instruments can also be operated at supersaturated conditions to maximize the residence time of the aerosol particles at favorable conditions for ice nucleation and growth (see mINKA’s schematic in the left, lower figure).
To expose the aerosol particles to uniform temperature and saturation conditions, the sample flow only represents a small fraction of the total flow (5-10 %) and is encased in a particle-free dry synthetic airflow.
A home-build LabView software controls wall temperature and mass flow rates. Ice nucleation experiments can thus be performed either (i) at constant temperature by increasing the saturation, (ii) at constant saturation by decreasing the sample temperature, or (iii) at fixed temperature and saturation.
Schematic of the INKA chamber when operated with an evaporation section. The walls in the upper part of the instrument are kept at different subzero temperatures to create ice supersaturated conditions to eventually allow ice nucleation and ice crystals growth. In the evaporation section instead, the walls are kept at the same temperature to reduce the water saturation ratio and evaporate liquid water droplets.
Schematic of the mINKA chamber when operated in the ice nucleation and growth mode for the whole length of the instrument. This configuration allows maximizing the time the aerosol particles are exposed to ice supersaturated conditions, facilitating the ice crystals' growth to sizes detectable by the optical particle counter (OPC).
Exemplary Experiment
An exemplary saturation scan performed with INKA at the nominal temperature of -20°C is shown. In the left plots, the experiment time series is shown, in the right plots instead, profiles of different variables in the annular gap are reported.
Panel a: evolution of the outer (warm) and inner (cold) wall temperature are shown in red and blue, respectively. The constant temperature experienced by the aerosol particles is shown in orange.
Panel b: Time series of the saturation ratio with respect to liquid water (left axis) and ice (right axis) at the aerosol position inside the annular gap.
Panel c: single-particle data from the optical particle counter are reported on the left axis, each black dot corresponds to an aerosol particle (lower section of the plot) or ice crystal (upper part of the plot). The number concentration of ice nucleating particles is reported on the right axis (red).
Panel d: temperature and water vapor pressure gradients between the instrument’s walls. The cold and warm walls are located in correspondence with the left axis and right axis, respectively. The position of the aerosol flow (5%in the experiment here reported) is indicated with a gray shaded area.
Panel e and f: Ice and liquid water saturation ratio profiles that establish in the annular gap.
Panel g: velocity profile for a total flow of 12.5 L min-1.
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Pen and Sword Books
Author Guest Post: Jaap Jan Brouwer
Recruitment, selection and the psychological dimensions of warfare
The German Army lost two consecutive wars and the conclusion is often drawn that it simply wasn’t able to cope with its opponents. This image is constantly reinforced in literature and in the media, where seemingly brainless operating German units led by fanatical officers predominate. Nothing was as far from the truth. The records show that the Germans consistently outfought the far more numerous Allied armies that eventually defeated them: their relative battlefield performance was at least 1.5 and in most cases 3 times as high as that of its opponents. The central question in this book is why the German Army had a so much higher relative battlefield performance than the opposition. A central element within the Prussian/German Army is Auftragstaktik, a tactical management concept that dates from the middle of the nineteenth century and is still very advanced in terms of management and organisation. In this series of blogs we will have a closer look at the key elements of Auftragstaktik and cases that will illustrate the effects of these elements in the reality of the battlefield. In this part of the series we focus on the psychological dimensions of warfare.
The Germans were aware at an early stage of the importance of psychology: to ensure the right man was assigned to each role; to strengthen morale; and to harden troops against the tension and stresses of modern technological warfare. This is perhaps unsurprising, since Germany and Austria had been the cradles of modern psychology. The First World War had shown that a new type of soldier was needed: no longer someone who merely functioned under the all-seeing eye of his officer, but a man who could operate independently at the front and in no-man’s-land. Psychological techniques focused on creating this new soldier, in line with preferred leadership styles in the context of Auftragstaktik, the German command concept. In addition, it was realised that the psychological aspects of new weapons such as tanks and aircraft demanded more than just knowledge and skills; they also imposed demands on the personal qualities of the troops. In contrast to the practice of the British and American armies, German recruits were tested not only for intelligence, but also for social, emotional and character traits: in modern terms, not just IQ but EQ (Emotional Intelligence). Thus the supreme command attached more value to the psychological qualities and the emotional stability of recruits than to formal knowledge or physical strength.
Building resilience
A lot of energy was put into developing methods to analyse and strengthen the willpower, endurance and mental resilience of officers and men. The Germans also realised that a subsequent war would be mainly technological in nature and would require nerves of steel in its soldiers, especially men in special units, such as paratroopers, tank crews and the crews of anti-tank guns. It was not long before psychologists concluded that truckers did not necessarily make good tank drivers, or pilots of commercial airlines good fighter pilots. Technical knowledge and skills needed to be supplemented by the mental qualities required of a soldier. To achieve this, profiles were developed for the different types of role. Tank crews, in particular, were carefully selected. They had to be highly individualistic and able to perform independently, have a good feeling for technology and be prepared to sacrifice themselves for the homeland. Such strict selection and subsequent intensive training contributed to a large extent to the successes of the German tank divisions. Other elite units, such as the crews of anti-tank guns, had to have nerves of steel, strong willpower and perseverance. The latter units were called Panzer Jäger (tank hunters), a name that suggests the aggressive attitude expected of them. Everything was directed at preparing officers and men as well as possible for the battlefield of the future.
Despite initial scepticism and some opposition, the application of psychology found a broad basis of acceptance within the Reichswehr and the Heer. In the period up to the Second World War, more than six hundred publications on the subject of psychology and warfare appeared in Germany. In addition, the Army employed two hundred psychologists, who could base their work on the findings of thousands of academic psychologists in universities and hospitals. (32:154–8)
The drill
Strict parade-ground drill, seen in other countries as one of the most important aspects of discipline, was abandoned by the Germans long before the First World War. They had decided that this way of training troops did not fit with their view of modern warfare. In contrast to popular views of the German Army, drill was used only to a very limited extent. Ludendorff strongly disliked drill and considered it an ineffective way of increasing social cohesion within units. He called it ‘mechanical’ and ‘external’ and compared the drilling of large groups of men to the training of dogs, as an approach that deprived young people of their individuality. The method he proposed was aimed at gaining ‘internal’ or ‘self-discipline’ (Innere Führung). He emphasised shared values, norms and a sense of duty. This Innere Führung would ensure that the men knew their responsibilities even without direction by their officers, and fulfilled them as independent-thinking individuals. (57:100)
Almost the opposite was the case in the US Army, where breaking down the personality of the individual recruit was always the beginning of his education. The drill sergeant was, and still is, responsible for this. Partly due to the influence of the psychologists, the harassment of recruits by German officers and NCOs was ended by the 1930s, and strict guidelines on the subject were introduced. Any officer who did not adhere to them was transferred to a punishment unit, where ‘the qualities of the officer in question would be better used’. (32:167) Due to this attention to psychology in the German Army, it experienced very small numbers of psychiatric cases compared to other forces, even after six years of war. The recruitment and selection system, the training, the rotation system and the emphasis on team-building (Kampfgemeinschaft) made the German soldier particularly resilient psychologically. (63:93–4)
The German Way of War is available to order here.
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Foreign languages
Children undertake daily Spanish lessons at Plantpots as we are privileged to have a native Spanish speaker as one of our Early Years Teachers.
There is much evidence to show that children who grow up learning a foreign language - starting as early as three years old - benefit hugely.
Among the benefits are:
It is easier to learn and become more fluent in foreign languages
at a young age
Children are developmentally ready to learn a foreign language and
fluency comes fairly easily, quickly and without an accent.
Cognitive improvements
Better problem solving skills, critical thinking skills, flexibility of
mind, multi-tasking abilities, more creativity and enhanced memory
are all associated with learning a foreign language at a young age.
Higher academic achievement
Due to the cognitive improvements mentioned above, children are
therefore more likely to perform better academically. Bilingual children have been shown to have higher math skills and test scores.
Cultural awareness
Learning a foreign language can help children to have a deeper understanding or the world and different cultures around them, which inevitably enriches their own lives.
Yoga and mindfulness
While we love being busy at Plantpots, we also know how important it is to give the children
time to pause, reflect and to be peaceful. Our Yoga, Reflection and Mindfulness programme
is designed specifically for us by a Yoga instructor certified through the Complementary
Therapists Accredited Association (CTAA).
The sessions have shown to have a calming effect on the children, helping them to gain focus
and concentration during the day.
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How to Start Teaching Toddlers About Money
Teaching toddlers about money concept.
You want your children to understand money, its value, and how to use it properly. Many parents think this will have to wait until your kids are in school, but the fact is that you can start teaching toddlers about money pretty early.
There are various things you can do with younger children that will help them understand what money is and why they need to value it.
1. Games
Very young children will tend to think the nickel is the more valuable coin because it's larger. Using the coin identification game will help them learn the names of the coin. You can do this by tracing coins on paper and then having the kids color them in, then get them to match the coin to the image. (Always use close supervision so your toddler doesn't swallow coins).
Playing store helps introduce kids to the concept of exchange and trade. Use play money and exchange it for goods. You can use anything as the goods, not just designed toys, but any suitable item that's too large for them to swallow.
2. Books
There are books out there that are specifically written to introduce concepts around money to younger kids. You can read these books to them. Make sure to choose books that are fun; the last thing you want is to read a boring book to your toddler. They will tune it out, demand another book, and not retain the information.
If you don't find the book enjoyable, neither will they.
How to Start Teaching Toddlers About Money
You want your children to understand money, its value, and how to use it properly. Here's how to teach toddlers about money.
3. Discuss Money in Front of Toddlers
If you and your partner tend to get heated about money, this might be a bad idea. But having the kids present for family discussions about budget will help them pick up how important it is by osmosis.
If you are budgeting for something exciting like a vacation, then you can also start to introduce budgeting, planning, and choice. They might not understand it right away, but over time they'll pick it up. It doesn't matter if they're too young to participate in the discussion. The important thing is that toddlers learn that it's okay to talk about money openly and don't develop stigma or stress regarding it.
Some parents let their kids sit on their lap while they pay bills, check on investments, etc.
4. Teach Them Money Has Limits
This can be hard. Toddlers love the word "no" as long as they are the ones saying it. But if you go to the toy store with a budget, then stick to the budget. Introduce the concept that you have to have the money you spend and that if you buy item 1, you may not also be able to get item 2. They can have the giant teddy bear or the rocking horse.
Sometimes this can be a little bit of a painful experience, but the earlier they grasp it, the better a chance they have of growing up into older children and adults who know how to handle a budget.
5. Let Them Participate in Buying
When buying treats for your toddler, let them hand the money to the cashier. It's easier if you use cash. Like playing store, this helps them understand the transactional nature of money.
If you use cash they will also start to see that larger amounts of cash are needed for larger items. While the specter of a cashless society is constantly on the horizon, we aren't there yet. Both credit and debit cards are too abstract for younger kids to really get their minds around. Also, it will help them improve their counting skills and start developing arithmetic.
A parent out of the shot teaching her toddler about money by giving her a piggy bank.
6. Give Them Their First Piggy Bank
Toddlers aren't too young to get their first piggy bank, but there's a caveat. For very young children, choose a clear piggy bank. First of all, these piggy banks are plastic and thus aren't going to break when they inevitably drop them.
Second of all, they can actually see how much money is in the bank and when it's close to getting full. Drop a coin in the bank when they offer to help with something or do something else you want them to feel rewarded for. Then they know that when the piggy bank is full they get something, introducing the concept of saving.
Let them pick it out themselves; pigs are traditional, but you can also get bears, cats, unicorns and other creatures.
7. Teach Toddlers to Give
Encourage your kids to give some of their money away, or have them help you choose a charity to give to. The habit of giving, started early, will last a lifetime.
Giving to charity also makes people happy, but don't overdo it; you don't want them to learn to resent the money which "disappears." Consider encouraging them to give to things which have a tangible result, such as adopting a zoo or sanctuary animal, or buying toys for other children. Or have them give to the local dog shelter...and go there to see the puppies. (This can be dangerous, though...) Always let them choose the charity themselves, though, although you want to curate the list.
8. Set a Good Example
And last is the most important thing. Your child will pick up on your money skills. It's absolutely vital to set them a good example. If you constantly spend beyond your means, fail to save, and never give, then they will learn those things too.
The first thing you need to do to teach your toddler about money is to work on your own money skills and make sure that you have the good foundation you want to instill in them. If you give to charity (and enjoy it), if you set money aside for savings in front of them, they will pick up on these good habits and develop them as they get older.
It's Never Too Early to Teach Your Toddlers About Money
Very young children are capable of understanding the concept of money and how it works. They learn best through games, books, and simple earning and saving habits that you can instill. They understand better if you use physical cash. By teaching them these concepts at a very young age you can set them up for a lifetime of good money management!
Author Bio
Keith Huckabay
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• Elisa Ferriggi
Information Processing: two different types of intelligence
When I explain autism to parents and professionals I often talk about autism being an information processing difference; a different way of processing information.
We know that we all process things slightly differently.
For example when we look at a picture (such as the one above), a non autistic person might be thinking a variety of numerous things on different levels, and if you were able to see what is going on in their brain, he or she will be accessing lots of different parts of their brain and making lots of different connections, very dynamic, sparking lots of different ideas and memories and ideas in their minds.
Examples might be:
That’s a nice playground
That reminds me I’m doing playground duty today
I must take my children out after school
I wonder where this is
Where are the adults?
They look like they are having fun
I need to sort a play date
When an autistic person looks at the same picture, they might only focus on one or two things typically. They may have difficulty seeing the bigger picture and have difficulties with the neural connections and accessing the many different pathways in the brain.
We have to remember that autism can be seen and understood and used as an ‘information processing difference’, when we understand this, it can immediately help us to change the way we are guiding and the child's learning experience.
When a person is able to process information from their environment that they experience, they are able to develop multiple perspectives, able to develop dynamic intelligence, flexibility, experience sharing, creativity and mindfulness.
The opposite of this is a brain without neural integration, this tends to result in autism, having a one-track mind, having only static intelligence, and lacking dynamic intelligence.
Stephen Wilkshire is a man with autism, with an amazing savant ability to draw. (You can view his work here http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a8YXZTlwTAU ). He could be up in a plane and he would see cities and use his photographic memory of that city from a plane or helicopter, he would then draw that city he had just seen exactly, with every single detail in it.
That is an amazing ability, however what it highlights is that he has a one-track mind and he can hyper-focus on that.
If a non-autistic person were to go in a helicopter, there would be lots of feelings and experiences, for example:
I have never been on a helicopter before
I wonder how high it goes
It’s loud
I want to visit that place
I feel sick
This is amazing
I’ve never seen it from up here
I wish I was sharing this with my friend
I’ve been so lucky
This is special
How will I remember to draw all of those things
All of these different thoughts are going on simultaneously or at least in quick succession. That type of multiple neural connection will not be going on typically in an autistic person’s mind like, Stephen Wilkshire as he is only focused on what he sees and then replicates that, this is using static intelligence.
Compare the same savant artistic ability to Alexandra Nicheta (her work can be viewed here http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GE_eoOPWwqc ) also an artist, this time without autism, demonstrating more dynamic intelligence and you can see the difference in how they process and interpret information.
Neither of the artist’s styles is more correct than the other, this is just an interesting distinction between the two styles of thinking (dynamic and static intelligence). However it is important that people learn to develop their dynamic intelligence so that they are able to make multiple connections that are required in everyday situations such as thinking, planning, flexibility and engaging in interactions.
You can join one of my free Online Information Sessions to learn more about how Think Autism can support you to build the guiding relationship and develop your child’s dynamic intelligence. All events listed on the homepage.
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NASA Developing Real Life Warp Drive Within Our Lifetime!
“Perhaps a Star Trek experience within our lifetime is not such a remote possibility.” These are the words of Dr. Harold “Sonny” White, the Advanced Propulsion Theme Lead for the NASA Engineering Directorate. Dr. White and his colleagues don’t just believe a real life warp drive is theoretically possible; they’ve already started the work to create one.
A team at NASA’s Eagleworks research lab is working on an interferometer test bed that will try to generate and detect a microscopic instance of a little warp bubble.
In layman’s terms: They’re trying to figure out if they can find a “loophole” in physics to create a warp drive for interstellar travel at speeds much faster than traditional propulsion will allow. So fast, we could potentially make it to Alpha Centauri in under a month.
We’re not exactly sure how that averages out in Star Trek warp speeds, but it’s a lot quicker than what we have now.
As NASA Engineering Directorate Dr. Harold “Sonny” White explains:
“By harnessing the physics of cosmic inflation, future spaceships crafted to satisfy the laws of these mathematical equations may actually be able to get somewhere unthinkably fast–and without adverse effects. The math would allow you to go to Alpha Centauri in two weeks as measured by clocks here on Earth. So somebody’s clock aboard the spacecraft has the same rate of time as somebody in mission control here in Houston might have. There are no tidal forces inside the bubble, no undue issues, and the proper acceleration is zero. When you turn the field on, everybody doesn’t go slamming against the bulkhead, which would be a very short and sad trip.”
Though exotic matter is the ideal fuel source, White’s team has determined that the amount potentially needed to power a warp trip is much less than initially assumed:
“Instead of a Jupiter-sized ball of exotic matter, you will only need 500 kilograms to ‘send a 10-meter bubble (32.8 feet) at an effective velocity of 10c.'”
In case you’re wondering, 10c is 10-times the speed of light. Now that’s fast.
So, do you think you’ll be able to book a flight to Alpha Centauri in your lifetime?
Source: Gizmodo
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Mevetenhet och förändringsvilja i vardagen : En studie om hur mobilapplikationer kan bidra till en mer hållbar livsstil
Detta är en Kandidat-uppsats från Södertörns högskola/Institutionen för naturvetenskap, miljö och teknik; Södertörns högskola/Institutionen för naturvetenskap, miljö och teknik
Today smartphones and mobile applications are a part of our everyday life and information has become more accessible then ever before. The notion of sustainability was established in 1987 and is just as relevant now as then. Sustainable Interaction Design is still today a rather unexplored area, nonetheless important to examine. The purpose of this thesis is to study how mobile applications can help and encourage users toa more sustainable lifestyle. Further more we wanted to look into the awareness of people and their willingness to change their everyday life. By choosing two different mobile applications with a focus on environmental questions we have analyzed how users are allowed to be affected. The result is also based on one survey and one focus group. The resultis interpreted based on previous research by Jeffrey Bardzell and Shaowen Bardzell, Elina Eriksson and Daniel Pargman, Maria Normark and Jacob Tholander with theories around Critical Design, Vanilla Sustainability and Perfomative Design. Our conclusion is that mobile applications can help users to a more sustainable living. For users to be encouraged and affected we have defined som key factors. Pleasing aesthetics and structure are required, the information published should not be ambiguous, but clear and accurate, and the behaviour that is encouraged should benefit the user. In addition we have discovered a connection between awareness and the willingness to change.
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The Upward Spiral Of Pursuing Meaningful Goals
A british study from 2001 investigated how self-concordant goals affected goal attainment, wellbeing and continued pursuit of self-concordant goals after the goal had been reached.
What is self-concordant goals? They can simply be described as goals that the individual has chosen him/herself, based on some measure of alignment with ones own values, or personal enjoyments. According to the Self-Concordance Model, self-concordance is characterized by a feeling and sense of ownership over broad personal goals.
A total of 114 british first year - undergraduates were asked to write down how they thought they were settling in to university, what goals they had for the coming semester, and their current wellbeing. The researchers then divided the students goals by a 4-grade scale from least to most self-concordant, guided by another validated theory close to SCM.
The students attainment of personal goals and wellbeing were then measured again at the end of their semester: By then they were also asked to generate new goals for the coming semester, and repeat the whole procedure all over again.
What was found was that students that from the beginning chose goals that were aligned with core values and less dependent on external praise or punishment, had a significantly higher rate of goal achievement. Their felt adjustment to university also seemed to improve more. Perhaps even more interestingly, those same students were then more likely to again choose similar types of goals and then also achieved higher goal attainment in the second term. They also seemed to fare better with their grades, even though most of their goals were not really specific tog grades. Their level of wellbeing increased in the first term, to then maintain at that level for the second term.
Overall, there seemed to be a type of upward spiral, general in nature, for the students whose goals were self-concordant.
In a second smaller study, 94 undergraduates were also asked to rate - from a list of lots of goals - the degree to which they felt they had some personal ownership over 8 of the goals that they then had to pick, and again saw similar results. Students choosing goals that they felt they did more for some deep-rooted reason closely aligned to their values than for external reasons, again had higher goal attainment.
Though the study, by design, was unable to distinguish wether students that chose these types of goals were different in some meaningful way and therefore attained goals at a much higher rate, or if the differing goals themselves were the causal link, it says something about the impact differing types of goals can have.
Aligned with previous research on motivation and wellbeing overall, this study points to the importance of people getting to choose their own goals, for their own reasons. Not just so that their achievements are reached faster, but also because of the meaningful pursuit towards those goals - which can provide health benefits in and of itself.
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Helena Schrader's Historical Fiction
Tuesday, September 29, 2020
The Battle of Britain: Diplomatic Significance
The Battle of Britain was more than a military victory. It was a critical psychological and diplomatic victory as well. The psychological impact of defeating the apparently invincible Luftwaffe was enormous at the time. The RAF had proved that the Luftwaffe could be beaten, and by inference that the Wehrmacht could be beaten as well.
This fact alone encouraged anti-Nazi resistance movements and kept hope alive all across occupied Europe. Even more important, however, was the effect on the United States. At the start of the Battle, the United States had largely written off Britain as a military and political power. As a result of British tenacity and defiance in the Battle of Britain, the United States revised its opinion of British strength. Because of the Battle of Britain, the U.S.A. shifted its policy from ‘neutrality’ to ‘non-belligerent’ assistance.
With American help, Britain was able to keep fighting until Hitler over-extended himself in the Soviet Union. If the United Kingdom had lost the Battle of Britain, it is unlikely that it could have provided assistance to the Soviet Union, and even less likely that the United States would have been drawn into the European war. Without American help, it is improbable that Hitler would have been defeated. In short, the Battle of Britain was the necessary pre-requisite for future victory in Europe.
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Saturday, September 26, 2020
“Indians to the left.”
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Tuesday, September 22, 2020
The Battle of Britain: The Military Significance
For Hitler, the failure to defeat the Royal Air Force in the summer of 1940 was an annoyance rather than a major strategic set-back. He had long declared his preference to have Great Britain as an ally. He had hoped the British would not ‘interfere’ with his invasion of Poland. He had expected the British government to sue for peace after the fall of France. When the Luftwaffe proved incapable of creating the conditions for an invasion, Hitler turned his attention back to his long-held goal of invading the Soviet Union. The war against the Soviet Union was Hitler’s passion; the war against the British Empire was an irritating complication about which he lost little sleep. To this day, most Germans have never even heard of the Battle of Britain, and if they have, they attribute to it no major significance.
Yet for Britain, the United States, Occupied Europe, and later even the Soviet Union, the significance of the Battle of Britain can hardly be over-stated.
Although Hitler had not expected it would be necessary to invade England, he had been prepared to do so. Likewise, while neither the German Navy nor Army were keen about a cross-channel invasion, they dutifully made the necessary preparations. Their reluctance would not have stopped Hitler from ordering the invasion of England had he chosen to do so. However, it was agreed within the German High Command that the Luftwaffe would pave the way for an invasion by establishing air superiority over Britain. It was hoped — and perhaps assumed — that the air attacks would drive the British government to the negotiating table.
It was only as the costs of the air fighting mounted and the British government remained intransigent that Hitler made the decision to postpone the invasion indefinitely. This decision was taken on September 17, mainly as a result of the air fighting on September 15. The furious and tenacious defense of English airspace on September 15, 1940 proved that the RAF was far from defeated.
The victory was not immediately apparent. The Luftwaffe continued to attack Britain on a smaller scale by day and neither German troops nor barges were withdrawn from the channel ports until the spring of 1941. Furthermore, the night “Blitz” of London continued savagely throughout the winter. The British people did not feel safe from invasion until the Wehrmacht had turned its attention to the Soviet Union in the summer of 1941.
Yet the RAF had failed to discourage Hitler from his plans to invade Britain, the course of the war would inevitably have been different. A German invasion would have been launched. Whether the Royal Navy, seriously weakened by the losses incurred at Dunkirk and dangerously over-stretched trying to protect the Atlantic lifeline, could have stopped it remains questionable. Certainly, the British ground forces lacked tanks and artillery for fighting the heavily mechanized Wehrmacht if it successfully came ashore. Churchill was not only being rhetorical when he spoke about fighting a guerrilla war against the invaders!
Thus, in retrospect, we know that the Battle of Britain is what saved the British Isles from a Nazi invasion and very likely from Nazi occupation.
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Saturday, September 19, 2020
"Once more onto the breach, dear friends" -- An excerpt from "Where Eagles Never Flew"
(Setting: Pilots of an RAF Squadron deployed to France at readiness.)
The squadron commander did a double-take before he recognised Priestman. “I say! What’s happened to you?”
“What hasn’t happened, sir? – bombed, dive-bombed, strafed, played ambulance to civilian casualties and slept in the open – and I didn’t have a change of clothes or a razor with me.”
“Right. Well, your batman packed some of your kit for you.” Sharp was looking around, watching the rest of the squadron land, making dispositions in his mind. “Not much here, is there?”
“No, sir. Who’s missing?”
“Sergeant Putnam is dead; Ned is still missing. He may be a POW, but we don’t know. At least no one’s found his body yet.” This said, Sharp strode away towards the Lysander, from which the Flight Sergeant was emerging.
He sensed it more than anything. Then the sun blinked. “BREAK!”
They were all over the place. At least 20 of them. They fell out of the sun. One minute they were nothing but a winking of the light, and the next they were blotting it out entirely while their wings lit up with flashes. The smoke of tracer smudged the sky, and then Yellow Three started spewing black smoke. Wasn’t that Roger? Whoever it was, he flipped over on his back and started downwards. More Robin didn’t have a chance to see, because he yanked his own Hurricane instinctively into a tight turn and was temporarily blinded as the blood drained from his head.
Priestman unhooked his oxygen mask and shoved the hood back before he landed, gulping in the fresh air. When he set down on three points, he thought he had never in his life been so glad to have ground under him. He was aware of a pulsing headache and his eyes felt swollen in their sockets. He taxied absently to the side of the field, too tired to notice if someone was signalling him somewhere else. He cut the engine and pulled off his helmet, and ran his hand through his hair – it was wet and sticky.
He heard someone pant up beside him. “Robin?” He glanced over; it was Roger Ibbotsholm. So he hadn’t been in Yellow Three after all.
“Aye, aye.” Robin was having trouble unclipping his straps for some reason.
Roger was on the wing and bent over to help him. “Are we glad to see you! We thought you’d bought it.”
“They did rather catch us out again. Is everyone else back?”
“The CO’s gone for six. Flamed out and went straight in from 10,000. Guy had to hit the silk over Seclin. Driver swears he saw a parachute land just beside the field and so he’s almost certainly a POW. Shakespeare says Spotty didn’t make it either – crate flamed before he could get out.”
Douglas and Sellers reached Priestman. They too were panting, having run over from the far side of the field. “Are you all right, sir?”
“I’ve got a terrible headache, actually,” Robin admitted rubbing his forehead.
“There’s a ruddy great hole in the back of your seat, sir!”
“Oh, that. Yes. Good thing about the armour plating.”
“You can say that again, sir!”
Shakespeare woke him in the dark. “Time to get up, Robin.”
“What time is it?”
“Time to get up.”
“What time is that?”
“If you insist on the ugly details: 4.25 am. The lorry will be in the square in 5 minutes.”
“Dawn Patrol.”
“Isn’t that the name of a flick?”
“With David Niven, I think.”
“I don’t think it had a very good ending.”
“Not for everyone.”
The telephone was ringing in the ops tent. They turned their heads and stared at it, waiting.
“Maybe it is just someone ringing up to see how the weather is over here.”
“Or someone calling to ask if there is anything we lack?”
“Maybe someone has just signed a surrender.”
No, it didn’t look like that. Yardly was standing in the entry, waving furiously at them.
“Once more unto the breach, dear friends, once more,” Shakespeare intoned as he set his mug aside.
“Shut up!” Roger told him irritably – much too irritably. You could tell his nerves were a bit frayed. He’d had an ugly belly landing the other day and hadn’t been the same since, really.
“What’s the matter?” Driver asked innocently.
Yardly was shouting at them to “get cracking,” but they ignored him. After all, he wasn’t flying, and they didn’t presume it would make much difference to the war if they were a minute or two later. It was all a cock-up, anyway.
“It’s the next line,” Priestman explained to Driver, putting his own mug aside carefully.
“What’s that?”
“‘Or close the wall up with our English dead.’”
Click here to see a video teaser of Where Eagles Never Flew
Tuesday, September 15, 2020
The Battle of Britain - A Retrospective
September 15, Battle of Britain Day
It is now 80 years since the Battle of Britain was fought -- and won. It was not, of course, a battle fought on a single day, but rather one that lasted the entire summer of 1940. Only in retrospect did the “Battle of Britain” become a discreet phase of the Second World War.
Yet in a speech before the House of Commons on June 18, 1940, Sir Winston Churchill correctly noted its significance. Warning that "the Battle of Britain" was about to begin, Churchill soberly predicted that “the whole fury and might of the enemy must very soon be turned on us." He presciently predicted: "Hitler knows that he will have to break us in this Island or lose the war. If we can stand up to him, all Europe may be free … but if we fail, then the whole world, including the United States … will sink into the abyss of a new Dark Age ….”
The Battle of Britain did not win or end the war. It would take five more grim and grueling years of conflict before Hitler was finally defeated. The Second World War first spread across the entire northern hemisphere and consumed millions of lives. Yet the Battle of Britain was the imperative first step toward Allied victory. It brought Hitler’s aggression to a halt for the first time since he had come to power in Germany in 1933.
What is often forgotten nowadays is that it was a very near-run thing. The outcome teetered in the balance day after day. It was also a victory won by an extraordinarily limited number of combatants — Winston’s Churchill’s “Few.” Yet they were not entirely alone in this vital struggle. They were supported by ground crews and controllers, by medical, clerical and catering staff -- and by the women they loved.
Where Eagles Never Flew is a tribute to the men and women who were engaged in this crucial conflict. Based on first-hand accounts by pilots and other participants as well as retrospective historical analysis, this novel recreates the tense atmosphere of this dramatic summer. It allows the reader to see unfolding events through the eyes of characters involved both in the air and on the ground and on both sides of the Channel.
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Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture
Coryanthes (Greek, korys, helmet, and anthos, flower, referring to the shape of the lip). Orchidaceae. Epiphytic orchids requiring warmhouse conditions.
Pseudbulbous : lvs. plicate, lanceolate: fls. in racemes: sepals spreading, dilated, flexuose, conduplicate, lateral ones largest, distinct at the base; petals small, erect; lip large, tridentate, basal portion forming a hood, continued into the column; distal portion bucket- or pouch-like; column pointing downward, elongated, terete, bicornute at the base, apex recurved; pollinia 2, compressed, caudicle linear, arcuate. The bucket part of the lip is provided with a spout-like structure, by means of which the bucket overflows when about half full of a secretion which drops from a pair of glands near the base of the column. The fls. of the species known are not lasting, the sepals being of such delicate texture that although at first they fully expand, they soon collapse and become unsightly. Although mud interest attaches to the species of Coryanthes, the genus is not generally cult., since the fls. last too short a time and are not particularly brilliant. This complex 'genus, which is closely related to Stanhopea, is represented by several interesting species inhabiting Trop. Amer. For cult, see Stanhopea.
C. Batfouriana, Hort. Similar in habit to a Stanhopea. with a long pendulous scape bearing 2 or 3 large and curiously shaped fly Peru. —C. leucocorys, Rolfe. Sepals yellowish green, marked with brownish purple, the petals white, marked with light purple, the lip white with the bucket marbled with light rosy purple. Peru. Lind. 7:293. — C. Mastersiana, Lehm. Raceme erect; fls. 2 or 3, yellowish, tinged and spotted with copper-red. Colombia, G.C. III. 29:19. — C. Saderi, Hort. A very large-fld. plant allied to C. macrantha. — C. speciosa. Hook. Raceme of 2 or 3 fls.; sepals and petals pale yellow; lip brown-red, the stalk brownish yellow. Brazil. G.C. III. 38:106. B.M. 2755 (as Gongora). C.O. 2. George V. Nash.
Orchid genus Coryanthes
The "Bucket Orchids"
Fossil range: {{{fossil_range}}}
Coryanthes verrucolineata
Coryanthes verrucolineata
Plant Info
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Height: {{{high}}}
Width: {{{wide}}}
Lifespan: {{{lifespan}}}
Exposure: {{{exposure}}}
Water: {{{water}}}
Features: {{{features}}}
Poisonous: {{{poisonous}}}
Hardiness: {{{hardiness}}}
USDA Zones: {{{usda_zones}}}
Sunset Zones: {{{sunset_zones}}}
Scientific classification
Domain: {{{domain}}}
Superkingdom: {{{superregnum}}}
Kingdom: Plantae
Subkingdom: {{{subregnum}}}
Superdivision: {{{superdivisio}}}
Superphylum: {{{superphylum}}}
Division: Magnoliophyta
Phylum: {{{phylum}}}
Subdivision: {{{subdivisio}}}
Subphylum: {{{subphylum}}}
Infraphylum: {{{infraphylum}}}
Microphylum: {{{microphylum}}}
Nanophylum: {{{nanophylum}}}
Superclass: {{{superclassis}}}
Class: Liliopsida
Sublass: {{{subclassis}}}
Infraclass: {{{infraclassis}}}
Superorder: {{{superordo}}}
Order: Asparagales
Suborder: {{{subordo}}}
Infraorder: {{{infraordo}}}
Superfamily: {{{superfamilia}}}
Family: Orchidaceae
Subfamily: Epidendroideae
Supertribe: {{{supertribus}}}
Tribe: Maxillarieae
Subtribe: Stanhopeinae
Genus: Coryanthes
Subgenus: {{{subgenus}}}
Section: {{{sectio}}}
Series: {{{series}}}
Species: {{{species}}}
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Binomial name
Trinomial name
Type Species
see text...
The term "Bucket orchid" can refer to any of the species in the genus Coryanthes, which are tropical epiphytic plants in the Orchidaceae family. Bucket orchids are an excellent example of coevolution and mutualism, as the orchids have evolved along with orchid bees (the tribe Euglossini of the family Apidae) and both depend on each other for reproduction. One to three flowers are borne on a pendant stem that comes from the base of the pseudobulbs. The flower secretes a fluid (see Coryanthes alborosea picture) into the flower lip, which is shaped like a bucket. The male orchid bees (not the females) are attracted to the flower by a strong scent from aromatic oils, which they store in specialized spongy pouches inside their swollen hind legs, as they appear to use the scent in their courtship dances in order to attract females. The bees, trying to get the waxy substance containing the scent, sometimes fall to the fluid-filled bucket. As they are trying to escape, they find that there are some small knobs on which they can climb on, while the rest of the lip is lined with smooth, downward-pointing hairs, upon which their claws cannot find a grip. The knobs lead to a spout (see the Coryanthes leucocorys picture), but as the bee is trying to escape, the spout constricts. At that same moment, the small packets containing the pollen of the orchid get pressed against the thorax of the bee. However, the glue on the pollen packets does not set immediately, so the orchid keeps the bee trapped until the glue has set. Once the glue has set, the bee is let free and he can now dry his wings and fly off. His ordeal may have taken as long as forty-five minutes. Hopefully, the bee will go to another flower, where, if the flower is to be successful at reproducing, the bee falls once again into the bucket of the same species. This time the pollen packets get stuck to the stigma as the bee is escaping, and after a while the orchid will produce a seed pod.
The bee, having stored the aromatic oils in his back legs, can then fly off to mate with a female bee.
Some of the first investigations on Coryanthes were published by Cruger in 1865.[1] Charles Darwin describes his observations and experiments on some species of Coryanthes in his book The Various Contrivances by which Orchids are Fertilized by Insects.[2] However, Darwin thought it was the female bees that were doing the fertilizing, and it was almost 100 years before the role of the male euglossine bees were revealed in 1961.[3]
• [[Coryanthes exi
Intergeneric hybrids
• Coryhopea (Coryanthes × Stanhopea)
1. H. Cruger (1865) A few notes on the fecundation of orchids and their morphology. J. Linn.Soc.London–Bot.8:127–35
2. Charles Darwin, D. Appleton (1877) The Various Contrivances by which Orchids are Fertilized by Insects.
3. Dodson, C. H. and G.P. Frymire (1961) Natural pollination of orchids. Mo. Bot. Gard. Bull. 49(9):133-152
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ETM -- A Program Exception and Termination Manager Paul DuBois Wisconsin Regional Primate Research Center Revision date: 10 April 1997 1. Introduction This document describes Exception and Termination Manager (ETM), a simple(-minded) library to manage exceptional conditions that arise during program execution, and to provide for orderly program shutdown. There are at least a couple of approaches one may adopt for handling error conditions within an application: - Have functions always return a value and have all callers test the return value and respond accordingly. - Force the program to give up and exit early. Each approach has strengths and weaknesses. A difficulty with the first is that actions composed of many subsidiary actions, each of which may themselves succeed or fail, can easily become very unwieldy when an attempt is made to handle all possible outcomes. However, such a program will also continue in the face of extreme adversity. An advantage of the second approach is that it is, conceptually at least, simpler to let a program die when a serious error occurs. The difficulty lies in making sure the program cleans up and shuts down properly before it exits. This can be a problem especially when a program uses a number of independent modules which can each encounter exceptional conditions and need to be shut down, and which may know nothing of each other. ETM is designed to alleviate the difficulties of this second approach. The general architecture assumed for this discussion is that of an application which uses zero or more subsystems which may be more or less independent of each other, and which may each require initialization and/or termination. Also, other application-specific initialization and/or termination actions may need to be performed which are unrelated to those of the subsystems, e.g., temporary files created at the beginning of the application need to be removed before final termination, network connections need to be shut down, terminal state needs to be restored. Ideally, when an application executes normally, it will initialize, perform the main processing, then shut down in an orderly fashion. This does not always occur. Exceptional conditions may be detected which necessitate a "panic" (an immediate program exit) because processing cannot continue further, or because it is judged too burdensome to try to continue. An individual subsystem may be easily written such that a panic within itself causes its own shutdown code to be invoked. It is more difficult to arrange for other subsystems to be notified of the panic so that they can shut down as well, since the subsystem in which the panic occurs may not even know about them. An additional difficulty is that some exceptions may occur for reasons not related to algorithmically detectable conditions. For instance, the user of an application may cause a signal to be delivered to it at any time. This has nothing to do with normal execution and cannot be predicted. The goals of ETM are thus twofold: (1) Panics triggered anywhere within an application or any of its subsystems should cause orderly shutdown of all subsystems and the application itself. (2) Signals that normally terminate a program should be caught and trigger a panic to allow shutdown as per (1). 2. Processing Model The model used by ETM is that the application initializes subsystems in the order required by any dependencies among them, and then terminates them in the reverse order. The presumption here is that if subsystem ss2 is dependendent upon subsystem ss1, then ss1 should be initialized first and terminated last; the dependency is unlikely to make it wise to shut down ss1 before ss2. ETM must itself be initialized before any other subsystem which uses it. The initialization call, ETMInit(), takes as an argument a pointer to a routine which performs any application-specific cleanup not related to its subsystems, or NULL if there is no such routine. Each of the subsystems should then be initialized. A subsystem's initialization routine should call ETMAddShutdownProc() to register its own shutdown routine with ETM, if there is one. (Some subsystems may require no explicit initialization or termination. However, if there is a shutdown routine, you should at least call ETMAddShutdownProc() to register it.) When the program detects an exceptional condition, it calls ETMPanic() to describe the problem and exit. ETMPanic() is also called automatically when a signal is caught. A message is printed, and all the shutdown routines that have been registered are automatically executed, including the application-specific one. ETM is designed to handle shutting down under unusual circumstances, but it also works well for terminating normally. Instead of calling ETMPanic(), the application calls ETMEnd(). This is much like calling ETMPanic(), except that no error message is printed, and ETMEnd() returns to the caller. which takes care of calling all the shutdown routines that have been registered. It is evident that the functionality provided by ETM is somewhat like that of the atexit() routine provided on some systems. Some differences between the two are: - atexit() is either built in or not available. ETM can be put on any system to which it can be ported (extent unknown, but includes at least SunOS, Ultrix, Mips RISC/os and THINK C). - ETM is more suited for handling exceptional conditions. - ETM shutdown routines can be installed and removed later. atexit() provides only for installation (although you could simulate removal by setting a flag which shutdown routines examine to see whether to execute or not). Here is a short example of how to set up and shut down using ETM. main () { . . . ETMInit (Cleanup); /* register application-specific cleanup */ SS1Init (); /* registers SS1End() for shutdown */ SS2Init (); /* registers SS2End() for shutdown */ SS3Init (); /* registers SS3End() for shutdown */ ... main processing here ... ETMEnd (); /* calls SS3End (), SS2End () and SS1End () */ exit (0); } Subsystems that are themselves built on other subsystems may follow this model, except that they would not call ETMInit() or ETMEnd(). If there is no special initialization or shutdown activity, and you don't care about catching signals, it is not necessary to call ETMInit() and ETMEnd(). The application may still call ETMPanic() to print error messages and terminate. (Even if the application does use ETMInit() and ETMEnd(), it is safe to call ETMPanic() before any initialization has been done, because nothing needs to be shut down at that point yet.) If ETM itself encounters an exceptional condition (e.g., it cannot allocate memory when it needs to), it will--of course--trigger a panic. This should be rare, but if it occurs, ETM will generate a message indicating what the problem was. 3. Caveats Shutdown routines shouldn't call ETMPanic(), since ETMPanic() causes shutdown routines to be executed. ETM detects loops of this sort, but their occurrence indicate a flaw in program logic. Similarly, if you install a print routine to redirect ETM's output somewhere other than stderr, the routine shouldn't call ETM to print any messages. kill -9 is uncatchable and there's nothing you can do about it. 4. Programming Interface The ETM library should be installed in /usr/lib/libetm.a or local equivalent, and applications should link in the ETM library with the -letm flag. Source files that use ETM routines should include etm.h. If you use ETM functions in a source file without including etm.h, you will get undefined symbol errors at link time. The abstract types ETMProcRetType and ETMProcPtr may be used for declaring and passing pointers to functions that are passed to ETM routines. By default these will be void and void(*)(), but on deficient systems with C compilers lacking void pointers they will be int and int(*)(), the usual C defaults for functions. These types make it easier to declare properly typed functions and NULL pointers. For instance, if you don't pass any shutdown routine to ETMInit(), use ETMInit ((ETMProcPtr) NULL); If you do, use ETMProcRetType ShutdownProc () { . . . } . . . main () { . . . ETMInit (ShutdownProc); . . . } Descriptions of the ETM routines follow. ETMProcRetType ETMInit (p) ETMProcPtr p; Registers the application's cleanup routine p (which should be NULL if there is none) and registers default handlers for the following signals (all of which normally cause program exit): SIGHUP, SIGINT, SIGQUIT, SIGILL, SIGSYS, SIGTERM, SIGBUS, SIGSEGV, SIGFPE, SIGPIPE. If p is not NULL, it should point to a routine that takes no arguments and returns no value. ETMProcRetType ETMEnd () Causes all registered shutdown routines to be executed. The application may then exit normally with exit(0). ETMProcRetType ETMPanic (fmt, ...) char *fmt; ETMPanic() is called when a panic condition occurs, and the program cannot continue. The arguments are as those for printf() and are used to print a message after shutting down all subsystems and executing the application's cleanup routine, and before calling exit(). ETMPanic() adds a newline to the end of the message. ETMPanic() may be called at any time, including prior to calling ETMInit(), but only those shutdown routines which have been registered are invoked. A common problem with applications that encounter exceptional conditions such as segmentation faults is that you often don't see all the output your application has produced. This is because stdout is often buffered. To alleviate this problem, stdout is flushed before any message is printed, so that any pending application output is flushed and appears before the error message. By default, ETMPanic() prints the message on stderr. This behavior may be modified with ETMSetPrintProc(). The default exit() value is 1. This may be modified with ETMSetExitStatus(). ETMProcRetType ETMMsg (fmt, ...) char *fmt; ETMMsg() is like ETMPanic() except that it just prints the message and returns. It is useful in that if panic message output has been redirected somewhere other than stderr (e.g., to the system log), ETMMsg() will write its output there, too. The application does not need to know whether such redirection has taken place. ETMMsg() may be called at any time, including prior to calling ETMInit(). ETMProcRetType ETMAddShutdownProc (p) ETMProcPtr p; Register a shutdown routine with ETM. This is normally called within a subsystem's initialization routine. p should point to a routine that takes no arguments and returns no value. ETMProcRetType ETMRemoveShutdownProc (p) ETMProcPtr p; Deregister a previously-registered shutdown routine with ETM. This is useful for routines that only need to be registered temporarily, e.g., during execution of some piece of code that temporarily creates some file that needs to be removed if the program crashes, but which removes it itself if execution proceeds normally. ETMProcRetType ETMSetSignalProc (signo, p) int signo; ETMProcPtr p; Register a signal-catching routine to override ETM's default. The routine will be called with one argument, the signal number. It should return no value, regardless of the usual return type of signal handler routines on your system. (When ETM is configured on your system, it knows the proper return value for signal() but hides differences among systems from your application so you don't have to think about it.) To return a signal to its default action or to cause a signal to be ignored, pass the following values for p (these are defined in etm.h): ETMSigIgnore signal is ignored ETMSigDefault signal default action is restored ETMProcPtr ETMGetSignalProc (signo) int signo; Returns the function current used to catch signal signo, or NULL if the signal is handled with the default action or being ignored (it's not possible to distinguish between the last two cases). ETMProcRetType ETMSetPrintProc (p) ETMProcPtr p; This routine is used to register a procedure that ETM can use to print messages. The default is to send messages to stderr, which is appropriate for most programs. Applications may prefer to send messages elsewhere. For instance, non-interactive programs like network servers might send them to syslog() instead. Or a program may wish to send messages to multiple destinations. To override the default, pass the address of an alternate print routine to ETMSetPrintProc(). The routine should take one argument, a pointer to a character string, and return no value. The argument will be the fully formatted panic message, complete with a newline on the end. To restore the default, pass NULL. The printing routine shouldn't call ETMPanic() or ETMMsg() or a loop will be detected and ETM will conveniently panic as a service to let you know you have a logic error in your program. ETMProcPtr ETMGetPrintProc () Returns a pointer to the current printing function, NULL if the default is being used. ETMProcRetType ETMSetExitStatus (status) int status; This routine is used to register the status value that is passed to exit() when a panic occurs. The default is 1. For some applications it is desirable to return a different value. For instance, a mail server that processes messages may send back a message to the person who sent mail when a request is erroneous, then panic (perhaps by writing a message to the system log). On some systems, if a program invoked to handle mail returns non-zero, the mailer will send another message to that person stating that there was a problem handling the mail. This extra message is unnecessary, and can be suppressed by registering an exit status of 0. If ETMSetAbort() has been called to force an abort() on a panic, the exit status is not returned. int ETMGetExitStatus () Returns the current exit status which will be returned if a panic occurs. ETMProcRetType ETMSetAbort (val) int val; Calling this function with a non-zero value of val causes ETM to try to generate a core image when ETMPanic() is called (after the panic message is printed). This can sometimes be useful for debugging. If val is zero, image generation is suppressed. The default is no image. ETMSetAbort() is meaningless on systems with no concept of a core image. Also, if you install a signal catcher for SIGABRT, you may end up in a panic loop. int ETMGetAbort () int val; Return current image generation value.
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